Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Whanganui Girls' College

2024-09-28T02:56:27Z

Eyeup: Added alumni Mina McKenzie

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Whanganui Girls' College
| seal_image =
| motto = Ad Astra<br>Poutamatia
| fundingtype = State
| gender = Single-sex Secondary School for Girls
| years = 9–13
| established = 1891
| address = Jones Street, [[Whanganui]], <br /> [[Manawatū-Whanganui]], New Zealand
| coordinates = {{Coord|-39.91875|175.05614339|type:edu_region:NZ-MWT|display=inline,title}}
| principal = Nita Pond
| roll = {{NZ school roll data|188|y||y}} <small>({{NZ school roll data|||y}})</small>
| decile = 3I<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.minedu.govt.nz/~/media/MinEdu/Files/EducationSectors/PrimarySecondary/SchoolOpsResourcing/OperationalFundingDeciles/DecileChanges_20142015.xls |title= Decile Change 2014 to 2015 for State & State Integrated Schools |publisher=Ministry of Education |accessdate= 12 February 2015}}</ref>
| MOE = 188
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.wanganui-girls.school.nz/}}
}}
'''Whanganui Girls' College''' is located in Jones Street [[Whanganui]] near the Dublin Street Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wanganui-girls.school.nz/contact-us/|title=Contact us|publisher=Wanganui Girls' College}}</ref> The school is one of the oldest single sex educational facilities in New Zealand, founded in 1891.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Centennial Committee|first1=Wanganui Girls College|title=Wanganui Girls College Centennial Programme 1891 to 1991|date=1991|location=Wanganui|ref=Hanton and Andersen, Wanganui}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Centennial Committee|first1=Wanganui Girls College|title=Wanganui Girls College Centennial Retrospect, A Supplement to the Programme 1891 to 1991|date=1991|location=Wanganui|ref=Hanton and Andersen, Wanganui}}</ref>

==Principals==

*[[Mary Isabel Fraser]]

==Notable alumnae==
{{Alumni|date=September 2023}}{{maincat|People educated at Whanganui Girls' College}}
*[[Jackie Abraham-Lawrie]] (born 1974), rower
*[[Monica Brewster]] (1886–1973), arts patron and women's rights advocate
*[[Edith Collier]] (1885–1964), artist
*[[Dorothy Davies (pianist)|Dorothy Davies]] (1899–1987), pianist
*[[Ellen France]] (born 1956), lawyer and judge
*[[Patricia France]] (1911–1995), artist
*[[Nola Luxford]] (1901–1994), radio pioneer
*[[Jennie McCormick]] (born 1963), astronomer
*[[Christine McElwee]] (1946–2022), politician, historian, author and teacher
*[[Anne Noble]] (born 1954), photographer
*[[Victoria Ransom]], entrepreneur
*[[Ruth Ross]] (1920–1982), historian
*[[Gillian Weir]] (born 1941), organist
*[[Mina McKenzie]] (born 1930) museum director

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Schools in Whanganui]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in Manawatū-Whanganui]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in New Zealand]]
[[Category:1891 establishments in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1891]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in New Zealand]]

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-28T02:51:25Z

Eyeup: Added paragraph on mentorship

{{orphan|date=September 2024}}
{{Short description|New Zealand Museum Professional}}

'''Mina Louise McKenzie''' {{née}} Gillespie (2 February 1930 – 11 March 1997) of [[Ngāti Hauiti]], [[Ngāti Raukawa]], [[Whanganui Māori|Te Āti Haunui a Pāpārangi]], and [[Rangitāne]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina Louise McKenzie |url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509052219/https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Komako}}</ref> was a museum director in New Zealand and specifically [[Palmerston North]]. She was known to many as "Aunty Mina". She was the Curator at the Manawatū Museum (later [[Te Manawa, Palmerston North|Te Manawa]]) from June 1974 to 1978. From 1978 she served as the Manawatū Museum director until her retirement in 1994. She was the first [[Māori people|Māori]] director of a New Zealand museum.

== Early life and education ==
McKenzie was born in Palmerston North in 1930.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina McKenzie |url=https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/b958437b-9926-466d-bc4d-6fcd098a6bd0 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Manawatu Heritage}}</ref> She attended [[Whanganui Girls' College]]. She then went on to study zoology, geology and chemistry at [[University of Otago|Otago University]] between 1948 and 1950. Later, in 1963, she enrolled in arts papers at [[Massey University, Palmerston North|Massey University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
McKenzie returned to Palmerston North in 1952, she worked briefly for the Department of Māori Affairs (forerunner of [[Te Puni Kōkiri]]) and co-founded a [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] branch of the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]] in 1953. In 1967 a Manawatū museum society was incorporated. In 1971, along with other volunteers, McKenzie and her husband Bruce worked to set up Palmerston North's first museum in an old house offered by the [[Palmerston North City Council]]. She was appointed acting curator in 1974. This new position came with a small honorarium. Her curator role became a full-time position when the museum moved to larger premises in 1975. In 1978 she was appointed as Manawatū Museum’s first director. She was known colloquially to many as "Aunty Mina".<ref name=":0" /> She was the first Māori to hold such a position in New Zealand.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=McKenzie, Mina Louise |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6m17/mckenzie-mina-louise |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> In addition to her work at the [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] Museum, she was involved in national museum movements, committees and projects, until she retired in 1994.<ref name=":1"/>

== Legacy ==
When McKenzie was appointed director of the Manawatū Museum in 1978 she engaged local Iwi ([[Māori language|Māori]]: tribe) as kaitiaki (Māori: guardians) of the museum. Contrary to prevailing museum practices of the time she pursued a philosophy of 'keeping the taonga (Māori: sacred objects) warm.' This approach facilitated access for source communities to the museum collections including touching and wearing items of significance. By 1980 McKenzie had already established herself as an advocate for a new kind of bi-cultural museological practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 1 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/10/a-bridge-between-worlds-mina-mckenzie-temaori-part-1/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref>

McKenzie was a member of the ''[[Te Maori]]'' committee.<ref name=":2">{{CiteQ|Q130375879|pages= 45}}</ref> She was instrumental in having the North American tour extended to the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] in [[Chicago]].<ref name=":3" /> The ''Te Maori'' exhibition is credited with generating new ways of exhibiting and understanding Māori taonga within museum contexts.<ref name=":2" /> Mina was the only woman on the ''Te Maori'' committee and the museum she was director of was not asked to contribute any collection items to the exhibition. This enabled Mina to work in a mediator role, as both a Māori and a museum professional. She facilitated negotiations between Iwi and museums to gain the necessary permissions to allow taonga to travel to America.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Butler |first=Philippa Jane |title=Te Maori past and present : stories of Te Maori : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology at Massey University |date=1996 |publisher=Massey University |url=https://mro.massey.ac.nz/items/3aed1d07-edf1-4869-bffb-f42030b6e6b4 |language=en}}</ref>

Mina was a mentor to many young people who went on to become prominent museum and heritage professionals and scholars in New Zealand. Throughout the 1980s she utilised funding from government work schemes to employ students and Māori and train them in museum practice. Mina was instrumental in the establishment of a Museum Studies programme at Massey University. She was made an honorary associate professor at the University from 1990 until her death in 1997.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and honours ==
McKenzie received the Palmerston North Civic Honour Award in 1993.<ref name=":1" /> After her death in 1997 the Mina McKenzie scholarship and annual Mina McKenzie lecture were established.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 2 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/11/a-bridge-between-worlds-part-2/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref> In 1998 she was awarded the Massey University Medal for contributions to the university's Museum Studies programme and strengthening of the museum sector in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 1998 |title=Citation Award of the Massey University Medal to Mina McKenzie |url=https://tamiro.massey.ac.nz/nodes/view/12398#idx186272 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Massey University Library}}</ref> In 2018 the Mina McKenzie Award was introduced at the New Zealand Museum Awards, recognising individual achievements in the museum sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2018 |title=2018 ServiceIQ New Zealand Museum Awards - WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1805/S00208/2018-serviceiq-new-zealand-museum-awards-winners-announced.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=Scoop Independent News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McKenzie, Mina}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:New Zealand curators]]
[[Category:People educated at Whanganui Girls' College]]
[[Category:University of Otago alumni]]
[[Category:Massey University alumni]]
[[Category:Ngāti Hauiti people]]
[[Category:Ngāti Raukawa people]]
[[Category:Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi people]]
[[Category:Rangitāne people]]
[[Category:New Zealand public servants]]
[[Category:People from Palmerston North]]

{{NewZealand-stub}}

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-28T02:20:09Z

Eyeup: added citations

{{Short description|New Zealand Museum Professional}}
{{Draft topics|biography|oceania}}
{{AfC topic|bdp}}
{{AfC submission|||ts=20240925014446|u=Eyeup|ns=2}}

'''Mina Louise McKenzie''' {{née}} Gillespie (2 February 1930 – 11 March 1997) of [[Ngāti Hauiti]], [[Ngāti Raukawa]], [[Whanganui Māori|Te Āti Haunui a Pāpārangi]], and [[Rangitāne]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina Louise McKenzie |url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509052219/https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Komako}}</ref> was a museum director in New Zealand and specifically [[Palmerston North]]. She was known to many as "Aunty Mina". She was the Curator at the Manawatū Museum (later [[Te Manawa, Palmerston North|Te Manawa]]) from June 1974 to 1978. From 1978 she served as the Manawatū Museum director until her retirement in 1994. She was the first [[Māori people|Māori]] director of a New Zealand museum.

== Early life and education ==
McKenzie was born in Palmerston North in 1930.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina McKenzie |url=https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/b958437b-9926-466d-bc4d-6fcd098a6bd0 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Manawatu Heritage}}</ref> She attended [[Whanganui Girls' College]]. She then went on to study zoology, geology and chemistry at [[University of Otago|Otago University]] between 1948 and 1950. Later, in 1963, she enrolled in arts papers at [[Massey University, Palmerston North|Massey University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
McKenzie returned to Palmerston North in 1952, she worked briefly for the Department of Māori Affairs (forerunner of [[Te Puni Kōkiri]]) and co-founded a [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] branch of the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]] in 1953. In 1967 a Manawatū museum society was incorporated. In 1971, along with other volunteers, McKenzie and her husband Bruce worked to set up Palmerston North's first museum in an old house offered by the [[Palmerston North City Council]]. She was appointed acting curator in 1974. This new position came with a small honorarium. Her curator role became a full-time position when the museum moved to larger premises in 1975. In 1978 she was appointed as Manawatū Museum’s first director. She was known colloquially to many as "Aunty Mina".<ref name=":0" /> She was the first Māori to hold such a position in New Zealand.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=McKenzie, Mina Louise |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6m17/mckenzie-mina-louise |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara — the Encyclopedia of New Zealand}}</ref> In addition to her work at the [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] Museum, she was involved in national museum movements, committees and projects, until she retired in 1994.
<ref name=":1"/>

== Legacy ==
When McKenzie was appointed director of the Manawatū Museum in 1978 she engaged local Iwi ([[Māori language|Māori]]: tribe) as kaitiaki (Māori: guardians) of the museum. Contrary to prevailing museum practices of the time she pursued a philosophy of 'keeping the taonga (Māori: sacred objects) warm.' This approach facilitated access for source communities to the museum collections including touching and wearing items of significance. By 1980 McKenzie had already established herself as an advocate for a new kind of bi-cultural museological practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 1 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/10/a-bridge-between-worlds-mina-mckenzie-temaori-part-1/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref>

McKenzie was a member of the ''[[Te Maori]]'' committee.<ref name=":2">{{CiteQ|Q130375879|pages= 45}}</ref> She was instrumental in having the North American tour extended to the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] in [[Chicago]].<ref name=":3" /> The ''Te Maori'' exhibition is credited with generating new ways of exhibiting and understanding Māori taonga within museum contexts.<ref name=":2" />

== Awards and honours ==
McKenzie received the Palmerston North Civic Honour Award in 1993.<ref name=":1" /> After her death in 1997 the Mina McKenzie scholarship and annual Mina McKenzie lecture were established.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 2 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/11/a-bridge-between-worlds-part-2/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref> In 1998 she was awarded the Massey University Medal for contributions to the university's Museum Studies programme and strengthening of the museum sector in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 1998 |title=Citation Award of the Massey University Medal to Mina McKenzie |url=https://tamiro.massey.ac.nz/nodes/view/12398#idx186272 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Massey University Library}}</ref> In 2018 the Mina McKenzie Award was introduced at the New Zealand Museum Awards, recognising individual achievements in the museum sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2018 |title=2018 ServiceIQ New Zealand Museum Awards - WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1805/S00208/2018-serviceiq-new-zealand-museum-awards-winners-announced.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=Scoop Independent News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-26T01:54:51Z

Eyeup: editing of sentence order

{{Short description|New Zealand Museum Professional}}
{{Draft topics|biography|oceania}}
{{AfC topic|bdp}}
{{AfC submission|||ts=20240925014446|u=Eyeup|ns=2}}

'''Mina Louise McKenzie''' ({{née}} Gillespie; 2 February 1930 – 11 March 1997) of [[Ngāti Hauiti]], [[Ngāti Raukawa]], [[Whanganui Māori|Te Āti Haunui a Pāpārangi]], and [[Rangitāne]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina Louise McKenzie |url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509052219/https://www.komako.org.nz/person/546 |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Komako}}</ref> was a museum director in New Zealand and specifically [[Palmerston North]]. She was known to many as "Aunty Mina".<ref name=":0" /> She was the Curator at the Manawatū Museum (later [[Te Manawa, Palmerston North|Te Manawa]]) from June 1974 to 1978. From 1978 she served as the Manawatū Museum director until her retirement in 1994. She was the first [[Māori people|Māori]] director of a New Zealand museum.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=McKenzie, Mina Louise |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/6m17/mckenzie-mina-louise |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mina was born in Palmerston North in 1930.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Mina McKenzie |url=https://manawatuheritage.pncc.govt.nz/item/b958437b-9926-466d-bc4d-6fcd098a6bd0 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Manawatu Heritage}}</ref> She attended [[Whanganui Girls' College]]. She then went on to study zoology, geology and chemistry at [[University of Otago|Otago University]] between 1948 and 1950. Later, in 1963, she enrolled in arts papers at [[Massey University, Palmerston North|Massey University]].

== Career ==
Mina returned to Palmerston North in 1952, she worked briefly for the Department of Māori Affairs (forerunner of [[Te Puni Kōkiri]]) and co-founded a [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] branch of the [[Māori Women's Welfare League]] in 1953. In 1967 a Manawatū museum society was incorporated. In 1971, along with other volunteers, McKenzie and her husband Bruce worked to set up Palmerston North's first museum in an old house offered by the [[Palmerston North City Council]]. Mina was appointed acting curator in 1974. This new position came with a small honorarium. Her curator role became a full-time position when the museum moved to larger premises in 1975. In 1978 she was appointed as Manawatū Museum’s first director. She was the first Māori to hold such a position in New Zealand. In addition to her work at the [[Manawatū District|Manawatū]] Museum, she was involved in national museum movements, committees and projects, until she retired in 1994.
<ref name=":1"/>

== Legacy ==
When McKenzie was appointed director of the Manawatū Museum in 1978 she engaged local Iwi ([[Māori language|Māori]]: tribe) as kaitiaki (Māori: guardians) of the museum. Contrary to prevailing museum practices of the time she pursued a philosophy of 'keeping the taonga (Māori: sacred objects) warm.'<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 1 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/10/a-bridge-between-worlds-mina-mckenzie-temaori-part-1/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref> This approach facilitated access for source communities to the museum collections including touching and wearing items of significance. By 1980 McKenzie had already established herself as an advocate for a new kind of bi-cultural museological practice.

McKenzie was a member of the ''[[Te Maori]]'' committee. She was instrumental in having the North American tour extended to the [[Field Museum of Natural History|Field Museum]] in [[Chicago]]. The ''Te Maori'' exhibition is credited with generating new ways of exhibiting and understanding Māori taonga within museum contexts.

== Awards and honours ==
McKenzie received the Palmerston North Civic Honour Award in 1993.<ref name=":1" /> After her death in 1997 the Mina McKenzie scholarship and annual Mina McKenzie lecture were established.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=A Bridge Between Worlds: Mina McKenzie and Te Māori - Part 2 |url=https://www.temanawa.co.nz/2024/09/11/a-bridge-between-worlds-part-2/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Te Manawa}}</ref> In 1998 she was awarded the Massey University Medal for contributions to the university's Museum Studies programme and strengthening of the museum sector in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 1998 |title=Citation Award of the Massey University Medal to Mina McKenzie |url=https://tamiro.massey.ac.nz/nodes/view/12398#idx186272 |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Massey University Library}}</ref> In 2018 the Mina McKenzie Award was introduced at the New Zealand Museum Awards, recognising individual achievements in the museum sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2018 |title=2018 ServiceIQ New Zealand Museum Awards - WINNERS ANNOUNCED |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1805/S00208/2018-serviceiq-new-zealand-museum-awards-winners-announced.htm |url-status=live |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=Scoop Independent News}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

User talk:Eyeup/sandbox

2024-09-25T01:46:30Z

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User:Eyeup/sandbox

2024-09-25T01:46:30Z

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Mina McKenzie

2024-09-25T01:46:30Z

Eyeup: Eyeup moved page User:Eyeup/sandbox to Draft:Mina McKenzie: Move to draftspace (WP:DRAFTIFY): Preferred location for AfC submissions

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-25T01:44:46Z

Eyeup: Submitting using AfC-submit-wizard

Talk:Mina McKenzie

2024-09-25T01:44:46Z

Eyeup: Adding WikiProject tags using AfC-submit-wizard

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-25T01:43:07Z

Eyeup: /* Mina McKenzie */ additions of links and citations, corrections and additional info in honours and awards

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-19T05:24:59Z

Eyeup: /* Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home */ started stub

User:Eyeup

2024-09-19T03:38:23Z

Eyeup: Added 'who am i' info

Kia Ora
I'm a new editor from Aotearoa New Zealand.
I am a Museums and Heritage student and am currently working on two editathons with The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
I am still learning and happy to receive any advice or assistance with my articles.

Ngā mihi mahana

(warm regards)

Talk:Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai

2024-09-19T03:34:35Z

Eyeup: /* Tauoma Takata Editathon */ new section

== Tauoma Takata Editathon ==

Kia ora! I have created this article in preparation for two topical editathons on September 28 and October 12 2024. [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Wellington/Te Māori editathons at Te Papa|More information on the event page]] [[User:Eyeup|Eyeup]] ([[User talk:Eyeup|talk]]) 03:34, 19 September 2024 (UTC)

Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai

2024-09-19T03:32:18Z

Eyeup: New article, preparation for editathons see talk page

{{short description|Exhibition of Māori Art}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox exhibition
|fetchwikidata=All
|qid=Q126190606
|name=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai
|noicon=on
}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' ([[Māori language|Māori]]: the return home) was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes ''Te Māori'' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded ''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=David |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126190702 |title=Te Maori: te hokinga mai: The return home |last2=Penfold |first2=Merimeri |last3=Brake |first3=Brian |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki |isbn=978-0-86463-148-0}}</ref>

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' new art works were added including textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== Art works ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== New Zealand tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]]<ref name=":0" /> it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As ''Te Māori'' made international headlines, New Zealanders awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. Māori leaders saw the tour as a chance for more Māori to interact with their heritage.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q130232970}}</ref> On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Te Maori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Te Hokinga Mai'' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.<ref>{{CiteQ|Q129544091}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Indigenous art]]
[[Category:Māori art]]
[[Category:1986 in New Zealand]]
[[Category:1987 in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Art exhbitions in New Zealand]]

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-19T03:20:14Z

Eyeup: Added citation

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' ([[Māori language|Māori]]: the return home) was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes ''Te Māori'' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded ''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=David |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126190702 |title=Te Maori: te hokinga mai: The return home |last2=Penfold |first2=Merimeri |last3=Brake |first3=Brian |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki |isbn=978-0-86463-148-0}}</ref>

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' new art works were added including textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== Art works ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== New Zealand tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]]<ref name=":0" /> it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As ''Te Māori'' made international headlines, New Zealanders awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. Māori leaders saw the tour as a chance for more Māori to interact with their heritage.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q130232970}}</ref> On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Te Maori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Te Hokinga Mai'' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.<ref>{{CiteQ|Q129544091}}</ref>

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-19T03:15:20Z

Eyeup: Corrected reference

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' ([[Māori language|Māori]]: the return home) was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes ''Te Māori'' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded ''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=David |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126190702 |title=Te Maori: te hokinga mai: The return home |last2=Penfold |first2=Merimeri |last3=Brake |first3=Brian |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki |isbn=978-0-86463-148-0}}</ref>

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' new art works were added including textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== Art works ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.

== New Zealand tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]]<ref name=":0" /> it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As ''Te Māori'' made international headlines, New Zealanders awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. Māori leaders saw the tour as a chance for more Māori to interact with their heritage.<ref>{{Cite Q|Q130232970}}</ref> On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Te Maori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Te Hokinga Mai'' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Maori Te Hokinga Mai: Some reflections |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129544091 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-19T03:09:11Z

Eyeup: /* Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home */ added link to wikipedia article

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' ([[Māori language|Māori]]: the return home) was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes ''Te Māori'' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded ''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=David |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126190702 |title=Te Maori: te hokinga mai: The return home |last2=Penfold |first2=Merimeri |last3=Brake |first3=Brian |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki |isbn=978-0-86463-148-0}}</ref>

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' new art works were added including textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== Art works ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.

== New Zealand tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]]<ref name=":0" /> it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As ''Te Māori'' made international headlines, New Zealanders awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. Māori leaders saw the tour as a chance for more Māori to interact with their heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu D.B.E., Hon. D. |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130232970 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Te Maori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Te Hokinga Mai'' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Maori Te Hokinga Mai: Some reflections |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129544091 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-19T02:49:32Z

Eyeup: /* Reception */ Corrections and additions of citations

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' (the return home) was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes ''Te Māori'' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded ''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simmons |first=David |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126190702 |title=Te Maori: te hokinga mai: The return home |last2=Penfold |first2=Merimeri |last3=Brake |first3=Brian |date=1986-01-01 |publisher=Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki |isbn=978-0-86463-148-0}}</ref>

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' new art works were added including textiles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115628903 |title=Crafting Aotearoa: A Cultural History of Making in New Zealand and the Wider Moana Oceania |date=2019-11-07 |publisher=Te Papa Press |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |editor-last=Chitham |editor-first=Karl |language=English |editor-last2=Māhina-Tuai |editor-first2=Kolokesa U. |editor-last3=Skinner |editor-first3=Damian Hugh}}</ref>

== Art works ==
The ''Te Maori'' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as ''Te Hokinga Mai'' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.

== New Zealand tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]]<ref name=":0" /> it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As ''Te Māori'' made international headlines, New Zealanders awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. Māori leaders saw the tour as a chance for more Māori to interact with their heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu D.B.E., Hon. D. |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130232970 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref> On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2024 |title=Te Maori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=Te Ara}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Te Hokinga Mai'' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Maori Te Hokinga Mai: Some reflections |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129544091 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-12T04:53:20Z

Eyeup: Reference corrections.

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded '''''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home'''''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530033520/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528051734/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as '''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' new art works were added including textiles.

== Art Works ==
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912042402/https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as '''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.

== New Zealand Tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]] it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As '''''Te Māori''''' made international headlines, New Zealander’s awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.

== Legacy ==
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-12T04:25:42Z

Eyeup: Added references, shortened text

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded '''''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home'''''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/te-maori-exhibition-opens-in-new-york* |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=New Zealand History}}</ref>

== Background ==
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2024 |title=Te Maori: Te hokinga mai. The return home |url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/page/te-maori-te-hokinga-mai-the-return-home* |archive-date=24 July 2021 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Auckland Art Gallery}}</ref>. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).

== Development ==
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].<ref name=":0" /> As part of its New Zealand tour as '''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' new art works were added including textiles.

== Art Works ==
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matariki |date=20 January 2024 |title=On Te Maori and it’s legacy |url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://artnews.co.nz/on-te-maori-and-its-legacy/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=Art News Aotearoa}}</ref> The return to New Zealand as '''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' enabled some of these criticisms to be addressed.

== New Zealand Tour ==
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]] it remained free entry.

== Reception ==
As '''''Te Māori''''' made international headlines, New Zealander’s awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.

== Legacy ==
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.

== References ==

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-12T02:56:28Z

Eyeup: Citation

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' was a touring exhibition of [[Māori people|Māori]] art gathered from major museum collections throughout [[New Zealand]]. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) in 1984 to 1986. It is notable as the first occasion on which Māori art had been exhibited by Māori, and also the first occasion on which Māori art was shown internationally as art. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1986 and was rebranded '''''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home'''''. It toured to the four major metropolitan centers in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

=== Background ===
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition was ten years in the planning. It opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).

==== Development ====
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].

==== Art Works ====
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.

==== New Zealand Tour ====
In 1986 and 1987 the exhibition toured to the four metropolitan centers of New Zealand, Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch<ref>{{Cite web |title=Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai |url=https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185145/https://christchurchartgallery.org.nz/exhibitions/te-maori |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Christchurch Art Gallery}}</ref> and Dunedin. It was the most expensive exhibition ever to tour New Zealand but due to a further financial commitment from the primary sponsor [[Mobil New Zealand]] it remained free entry.

==== Reception ====
As '''''Te Māori''''' made international headlines, New Zealander’s awoke to the nation’s unique Māori point of difference and the public appetite for a national tour grew. On its return to New Zealand, the exhibition was rebranded and the organising committee worked with each venue to facilitate wider Māori participation.

==== Legacy ====
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' precipitated and inspired more Māori to work in museums and galleries. With these new professionals came increased use of Māori customs and language within these institutions. Increased exposure to Māori relationships to their art or [[taonga]] as living treasures resulted in repatriation programmes between overseas museums and New Zealand.

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-11T04:44:06Z

Eyeup:

Mina McKenzie

2024-09-11T04:23:36Z

Eyeup: ←Created page with '== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home == {{User sandbox}} '''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' was a touring exhibition of Māori art gathered from major museum collections throughout New Zealand. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''Te Maori''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) in 1984 (later continued to 1985, 1986 and 1987). It is notable as the first occ...'

== Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home ==
{{User sandbox}}
'''''Te Hokinga Mai''''' was a touring exhibition of Māori art gathered from major museum collections throughout New Zealand. The exhibition was initially organised by the American Federation of Arts and toured four North American cities as '''''[[Te Maori]]''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) in 1984 (later continued to 1985, 1986 and 1987). It is notable as the first occasion on which Māori art had been exhibited by Māori, and also the first occasion on which Māori art was shown internationally as art. Upon completion of the North American tour the exhibition returned to New Zealand in 1987 and was rebranded Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai - The Return Home. It toured to the four major metropolitan centres in New Zealand; Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

=== Background ===
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition was ten years in the planning. It opened at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York in September 1984. The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand. The exhibition met with such success in North America that a New Zealand tour was planned. Upon it's return to New Zealand in 1986 the exhibition was rebranded and travelled the country starting at the National Museum, Wellington (August - October 1986), [[Tūhura Otago Museum|Otago Museum]], Dunedin (November 1986 - February 1987), the [[Robert McDougall Art Gallery]], Christchurch (March - May 1987) and finally to the [[Auckland Art Gallery]] (June - September 1987).

==== Development ====
The exhibition was initially organised by the [[American Federation of Arts]] under the curatorship of Douglas Newton of the New York Metropolitan Museum, David Simmonds, of the Auckland Museum and [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]].

==== Art Works ====
The '''''Te Maori''''' exhibition featured 174 unique and ancient Māori art treasures. While lauded for putting Māori art on the global stage, the exhibition also received criticism for its exclusion of arts associated with Māori women and contemporary art.

Te Maori

2024-08-14T03:11:54Z

Eyeup: Spelling correction 'intuitions' to 'institutions'

{{short description|Exhibition of Maori art}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=November 2013}}
'''''Te Maori''''' (sometimes '''''Te Māori''''' in modern sources) was a watershed exhibition of [[Māori culture|Māori]] art in 1984 (later continued to 1985, 1986 and 1987). It is notable as the first occasion on which Māori art had been exhibited by Māori, and also the first occasion on which Māori art was shown internationally as art. In retrospect it is seen as a milestone in the [[Māori Renaissance]].

==History==

The Te Māori exhibition was driven by Secretary for Maori Affairs, [[Kara Puketapu]], under the auspices of the [[Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council]] with funding from [[Mobil]]. Prominent Māori leader [[Sidney Moko Mead|Hirini Moko Mead]] was co-curator of the exhibition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mead|first=Sidney|url=|title=Tikanga Māori : living by Māori values|publisher=Huia|year=2016|isbn=978-1-77550-222-7|edition=Revised|location=Wellington|pages=|chapter=Forward|oclc=936552206}}</ref> The exhibition was ten years in the planning.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1296712119 |title=Toi tū, toi ora : contemporary Māori art |date=2022 |others=Nigel Borell, Moana Jackson, Taarati Taiaroa, Auckland Art Gallery |isbn=978-0-14-377673-4 |location=Auckland, New Zealand |oclc=1296712119}}</ref> The exhibition featured 174 customary carved Māori art items<ref name=":3" /> from the collections of 12 museums in New Zealand.<ref name="AMnewsletter" /> The largest contributor was the [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]], who loaned 51 pieces.<ref name="AMnewsletter">{{citeq|Q115749474}}</ref>

The exhibition started at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (the Met) in [[New York City|New York]] on 10 September 1984<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nuku |first=Maia |date=2021-12-01 |title="Te Maori": New Precedents for Indigenous Art at The Met |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/718034 |journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal |language=en |volume=56 |pages=32–50 |doi=10.1086/718034 |s2cid=245010880 |issn=0077-8958}}</ref> and was also presented at [[Saint Louis Art Museum]] (February–May 1985), the [[M. H. de Young Memorial Museum]] in [[San Francisco]] (July–September 1985), and the [[Field Museum]] in [[Chicago]] (March–June 1986).

Part of the exhibition was carefully held practices and values guided by [[Tikanga Māori|Māori tikanga]]. This included a dawn ceremony, traditional [[karakia]], speeches in the [[Māori language]], [[Māori music|waiata]] and [[kapa haka]]. Mead described the effect at the prestigious institution of the Met, "It did much to make tikanga Māori more acceptable not only to the population at large of Aotearoa but, more importantly, among our own people."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mead|first=Sidney M.|url=|title=Tikanga Māori : living by Māori values|publisher=|year=2016|isbn=978-1-77550-222-7|edition=Revised|location=Wellington|pages=|oclc=936552206}}</ref>

''Te Maori: Te Hokinga Mai'', the New Zealand leg of the exhibition, toured [[Wellington]], [[Christchurch]], [[Dunedin]], and finally ended in [[Auckland]] on 10 September 1987, three years to the day after opening at the Met.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/te-maori-exhibition-of-traditional-maori-art-opens-at-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art-in-new-york |title=Te Maori exhibition opens in New York |work=nzhistory.net.nz |year=2011 |accessdate=2 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230141015/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/te-maori-exhibition-of-traditional-maori-art-opens-at-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art-in-new-york |archivedate=30 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thebigidea.co.nz/news/industry-news/2009/sep/60220-te-maori-new-york-celebration |title=Te Maori in New York celebration |work=The Big Idea |publisher= Te Aria Nui |date=7 September 2009 |accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2009/09/09/te-maori-25th-year-anniversary/ |title=Te Māori – 25th year anniversary « Te Papa's Blog |work=blog.tepapa.govt.nz |year=2011 |accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

==Artworks==

*The gateway of Pukeroa Pa<ref name="AMnewsletter"/>
*Patetonga lintel<ref name="AMnewsletter"/>
*Te Kaha pātaka carvings<ref name="AMnewsletter"/>

==Legacy and reception==

The exhibition was very well received, both at home and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.art-newzealand.com/Issues31to40/temaori.htm |title=Te Maori in New York |work=art-newzealand.com |year=2011 |quote=Douglas Newton, chairman of the Department of Primitive Art at the Met, had no doubt that the exhibition would be a great success. He assured me of this months before the opening. But even he was delighted with the response of the media, of the people of New York and of the art world in the United States. When the ''Te Maori'' cultural group performed at the American Museum of Natural History there was no doubt something had happened. The audience was already won over even before the performance began. What they wanted was to touch Maori culture and Maori people to learn more and more and more. They were reaching out to us in a way that is difficult to describe. |accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1109/S00252/te-maori-exhibition-remembered.htm |title=Te Maori Exhibition remembered |work=scoop.co.nz |year=2011 |accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref> It was very popular in New Zealand with the institutions that hosted the exhibiting experiencing 'unprecedent audience' numbers.<ref name=":3" /> The impact of the exhibition is described by the late museum ethnologist Robert Neich:<blockquote>The effect of ''Te Māori'' has been so pervasive that its influence cannot be avoided. (Robert Neich 1985)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neich|first=Roger|url=|title=Tradition and change in Māori and Pacific art : essays|publisher=|others=Clarke, Chanel,, Pereira, Pandora Fulimalo,, Prickett, Nigel,, Auckland War Memorial Museum|year=2013|isbn=978-0-473-25872-6|location=Auckland|pages=167|oclc=870529690}}</ref></blockquote>The process of dialogue shared decision making and connection alongside the artwork as it was exhibited with iwi Māori (tribal authorities) left a legacy for indigenous communities and museums bringing an institutional shift.<ref name=":0" /> Part of the consultation was that iwi had to give permission for the artworks to be included in the exhibition highlighting the difference between museum ownership and authority. This was seen as an outcome of political and cultural advocacy by Māori since the 1960s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Chitham |first1=Karl |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1118996645 |title=Crafting Aotearoa : a cultural history of making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania |last2=Māhina-Tuai |first2=Kolokesa Uafā |last3=Skinner |first3=Damian |date=2019 |others=Rigel Sorzano |isbn=978-0-9941362-7-5 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |oclc=1118996645}}</ref> The objects displayed were called ''[[taonga]]'' by the institutes acknowledging more meaning than the term 'artwork'.<ref name=":2" /> <blockquote>The model it established—one that favors the participation of indigenous communities in the interpretation and display of their art—has evolved as an international standard of practice for museums with holdings of Māori and Pacific art. (Maia Nuku, Curator of Oceanic Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art (2021))<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>The international response to the exhibition influenced New Zealand media to pay attention to Māori art.<ref name=":1" /> It also made concrete changes to museums in New Zealand imbedding a bicultural approach to 'consultation, planning, presentation' and audience engagement with taonga.<ref name=":3" /> It also influenced the new building of the national museum of New Zealand [[Te Papa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Conal |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/719427870 |title=Museums and Māori : heritage professionals, indigenous collections, current practice |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-61132-076-3 |location=Walnut Creek, CA |oclc=719427870}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tapsell |first=Paora |date=22 Oct 2014 |title=Te Māori and its impact |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The exhibition was criticised for what it excluded, which was [[Māori traditional textiles|toi raranga]] (fibre art / weaving) mostly created by women as opposed to carving, mostly men, and contemporary Māori art. This was addressed in a new touring exhibition ''[[Te Waka Toi: contemporary Māori art from New Zealand]]'' which toured the United States in 1992 and 1993.<ref name=":2" />

== References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Gathercole |first1=Peter |editor1-last=Herle |editor1-first=Anita |editor2-last=Stanley |editor2-first=Nick |editor3-last=Stevenson |editor3-first=Karen |editor4-last=Welsch |editor4-first=Robert L. |title=Pacific Art: Persistence, Change, and Meaning |date=2002 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0-8248-2556-X |pages=271–279 |chapter='Te Maori' in the Longer View}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Mead |editor1-first=Sidney Moko |title=Te Maori: Maori Art from New Zealand Collections |date=1984 |publisher=Abrams |location=New York |isbn=0-8109-1344-5}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nuku |first1=Maia |title='Te Maori': New Precedents for Indigenous Art at The Met |journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal |date=2021 |volume=56 |pages=32–50 |doi=10.1086/718034 |s2cid=245010880 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Nuku_Metropolitan_Museum_Journal_v_56_2021}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/about-us/mfat75/te-maori/ Te Māori] at [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade]]
*[https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-and-museums-nga-whare-taonga/page-3 Te Māori and its impact] at [[Te Ara]]
{{Metropolitan Museum of Art}}

[[Category:Indigenous art]]
[[Category:Māori art]]
[[Category:1984 in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Art exhibitions in the United States]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibitions]]
[[Category:Art exhibitions in New Zealand]]
[[Category:1984 in New York City]]
[[Category:1985 in Missouri]]
[[Category:1980s in St. Louis]]
[[Category:1985 in San Francisco]]
[[Category:1980s in Chicago]]
[[Category:1986 in Illinois]]
[[Category:1980s in Manhattan]]

Anti-nuclear protests

2024-08-14T02:35:04Z

Eyeup: added reference to Mururoa as intended destination of Rainbow Warrior protest

{{Short description|Protests in opposition of nuclear power or nuclear weapons.}}
{{Main|Anti-nuclear movement}}
[[Image:Able crossroads.jpg|thumb|alt=The airburst nuclear explosion of July 1, 1946. Photo taken from a tower on Bikini Island, {{convert|3.5|mi}} away.|[[Operation Crossroads]] ''Test Able'', a 23-kiloton air-deployed nuclear weapon detonated on July 1, 1946. This bomb used, and consumed, the infamous [[Demon core]] that took the lives of two scientists in two separate [[criticality accident]]s.]]
[[File:Antinulear Demonstration in Colmar, October 3, 2009.jpg|thumb|Anti-nuclear demonstration in [[Colmar]], north-eastern France, on October 3, 2009.]]
[[File:20110426-IWHO-22.jpg|thumb|Deceased [[Chernobyl liquidator|Liquidators']] portraits used for an [[anti-nuclear]] power protest in [[Geneva]].]]
{{Anti-nuclear movement sidebar}}

'''Anti-nuclear protests''' began on a small scale in the U.S. as early as 1946 in response to [[Operation Crossroads]].<ref>Radio Bikini. DVD. Directed by Stone, Robert. Produced by Robert Stone Productions. 1988; New Video Group, 2003. www.imdb.com/title/tt0093817/</ref> Large scale anti-nuclear protests first emerged in the mid-1950s in Japan in the wake of the March 1954 [[Lucky dragon|Lucky Dragon Incident]]. August 1955 saw the first meeting of the World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, which had around 3,000 participants from Japan and other nations.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. "Hiroshima Rally Splits on the U. S.: Leftist Meeting Cheers and Jeers as O. K. Armstrong Defends American Way." The New York Times. [New York, N.Y] 07 Aug 1955: 4.</ref> Protests began in Britain in the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref>David Cortright (2008). ''Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas'', Cambridge University Press, pp. 134–135.</ref> In the United Kingdom, the first [[Aldermaston Marches|Aldermaston March]], organised by the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]], took place in 1958.<ref name="cnduk">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnduk.org/pages/binfo/hist.html |title=A brief history of CND |publisher=Cnduk.org |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news | work = [[Guardian Unlimited]] | title = Early defections in march to Aldermaston | date = 1958-04-05 | url = http://century.guardian.co.uk/1950-1959/Story/0,,105488,00.html }}</ref> In 1961, at the height of the [[Cold War]], about 50,000 women brought together by [[Women Strike for Peace]] marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against [[nuclear weapons]].<ref name="latimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-dagmar-wilson-20110130,0,5499397.story |title=Dagmar Wilson dies at 94; organizer of women's disarmament protesters |author=Woo, Elaine |date=January 30, 2011 |work=Los Angeles Times }}</ref><ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html |title=Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94 |author=Hevesi, Dennis |date=January 23, 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> In 1964, Peace Marches in several Australian capital cities featured "Ban the Bomb" placards.<ref name="australia1964">[http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:114192 Women with Ban the Bomb banner during Peace march on Sunday April 5th 1964, Brisbane, Australia]. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</ref><ref name="australia2">[http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:114194 Girl with placard Ban nuclear tests during Peace march on Sunday April 5th 1964, Brisbane, Australia]. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</ref>

[[Nuclear power]] became an issue of major public protest in the 1970s<ref name=jimfalk>Jim Falk (1982). ''Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', Oxford University Press, pp. 95–96.</ref> and demonstrations in France and West Germany began in 1971. In France, between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations.<ref name="marcuse">Herbert P. Kitschelt. [http://www.marcuse.org/harold/hmimages/seabrook/861KitscheltAntiNuclear4Democracies.pdf Political Opportunity and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies] ''British Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 16, No. 1, 1986, p. 71.</ref> In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites.<ref name=marcuse/> Many mass demonstrations took place in the aftermath of the 1979 [[Three Mile Island accident]] and a New York City protest in September 1979 involved two hundred thousand people. Some 120,000 people demonstrated against nuclear power in [[Bonn]], in October 1979.<ref name=marcuse/> In May 1986, following the [[Chernobyl disaster]], an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program,<ref name="google55">{{cite book|author=Marco Giugni|title=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6YhNtyVigC&pg=PA55|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1827-8|page=55}}</ref> and clashes between anti-nuclear protesters and police became common in West Germany.<ref name="time1986">John Greenwald. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228221114/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html#ixzz0ceyKaRdI Energy and Now, the Political Fallout], ''TIME'', June 2, 1986.</ref>

In the early 1980s, the revival of the [[nuclear arms race]] triggered large [[Demonstration (people)|protests]] about [[nuclear weapons]].<ref>Lawrence S. Wittner. {{cite web|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/disarmament-movement-lessons-yesteryear|title=Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear|access-date=2010-03-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209103702/http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/disarmament-movement-lessons-yesteryear|archive-date=2012-12-09|url-status=dead}} ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', 27 July 2009.</ref> In October 1981 half a million people took to the streets in several cities in Italy, more than 250,000 people protested in Bonn, 250,000 demonstrated in London, and 100,000 marched in Brussels.<ref name="university1">David Cortright (2008). ''Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas'', Cambridge University Press, p. 147.</ref> The largest anti-nuclear protest was held on June 12, 1982, when one million people demonstrated in [[New York City]] against [[nuclear weapons]].<ref name="thenation2007">Jonathan Schell. [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070702/schell The Spirit of June 12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204074218/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20070702/schell |date=2009-12-04 }} ''The Nation'', July 2, 2007.</ref><ref name="university145">David Cortright (2008). ''Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas'', Cambridge University Press, p. 145.</ref><ref name="icanw1982">[http://www.icanw.org/1982 1982 – a million people march in New York City] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175116/http://www.icanw.org/1982 |date=June 16, 2010 }}</ref> In October 1983, nearly 3 million people across western Europe protested nuclear missile deployments and demanded an end to the arms race; the largest crowd of almost one million people assembled in [[the Hague]] in the Netherlands.<ref name="university148">David Cortright (2008). ''Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas'', Cambridge University Press, p. 148.</ref> In Britain, 400,000 people participated in what was probably the largest demonstration in British history.<ref name=Wit144>Lawrence S. Wittner (2009). ''Confronting the Bomb: A Short History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement'', Stanford University Press, p. 144.</ref>

On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].<ref name="indymedia2005">Lance Murdoch. [http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861.shtml Pictures: New York MayDay anti-nuke/war march] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728132228/http://indymedia.us/en/2005/05/6861.shtml |date=2011-07-28 }} '' IndyMedia'', 2 May 2005.</ref><ref name="foxnews2005">[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155210,00.html Anti-Nuke Protests in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031203654/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,155210,00.html |date=2010-10-31 }} '' Fox News'', May 2, 2005.</ref> This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades.<ref name=thebulletin/> In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [[UK Trident programme|Trident weapons system]] with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants.<ref name="thebulletin">Lawrence S. Wittner. [http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement A rebirth of the anti-nuclear weapons movement? Portents of an anti-nuclear upsurge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619072842/http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/roundtables/a-rebirth-the-anti-nuclear-weapons-movement |date=2010-06-19 }} ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'', 7 December 2007.</ref> In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched from [[Lower Manhattan]] to the [[United Nations headquarters]], calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons.<ref name=jpnews/>

The [[2011 Japanese nuclear accidents]] undermined the nuclear power industry's proposed renaissance and revived anti-nuclear passions worldwide, putting governments on the defensive.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-16/news/28693627_1_nuclear-plants-nuclear-safety-nuclear-power |title=Japan crisis rouses anti-nuclear passions globally |date=March 16, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133708/http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-16/news/28693627_1_nuclear-plants-nuclear-safety-nuclear-power |archive-date=January 18, 2012 }}</ref> There were large protests in Germany, India, Japan, Switzerland, and Taiwan.

==Australia and the Pacific==
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Australia}}
[[File:Jim Green from FoE.jpg| thumb| Australian anti-nuclear campaigner [[Jim Green (activist)|Jim Green]] at [[General Post Office, Melbourne|Melbourne's GPO]] in March 2011]].
In 1964, Peace Marches which featured "Ban the bomb" placards, were held in several Australian capital cities.<ref name="australia1964"/><ref name="australia2"/>

In 1972, the [[Nuclear disarmament|anti-nuclear weapons]] movement maintained a presence in the Pacific, largely in response to [[French nuclear testing]] there. Activists, including [[David McTaggart]] from [[Greenpeace]], defied the French government by sailing small vessels into the test zone and interrupting the testing program.<ref>Paul Lewis. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/24/world/david-mctaggart-a-builder-of-greenpeace-dies-at-69.html?pagewanted=1 David McTaggart, a Builder of Greenpeace, Dies at 69] ''The New York Times'', March 24, 2001.</ref><ref name="japanfocus">Lawrence S. Wittner. [http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lawrence_S_-Wittner/3179 Nuclear Disarmament Activism in Asia and the Pacific, 1971–1996] ''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', Vol. 25–5–09, June 22, 2009.</ref> In Australia, thousands joined protest marches in Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, and Sydney. Scientists issued statements demanding an end to the tests; unions refused to load French ships, service French planes, or carry French mail; and consumers boycotted French products. In Fiji, activists formed an Against Testing on [[Mururoa]] organization.<ref name=japanfocus/>

In November and December 1976, 7,000 people marched through the streets of Australian cities, protesting against uranium mining. The Uranium Moratorium group was formed and it called for a five-year moratorium on uranium mining. In April 1977 the first national demonstration co-ordinated by the Uranium Moratorium brought around 15,000 demonstrators into the streets of Melbourne, 5,000 in Sydney, and smaller numbers elsewhere.<ref name=jf>Falk, Jim (1982). ''Global Fission:The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', pp. 264–5.</ref> A National signature campaign attracted over 250,000 signatures calling for a five-year moratorium. In August, another demonstration brought 50,000 people out nationally and the opposition to uranium mining looked like a potential political force.<ref name=jf/><ref>Cawte, Alice (1992). ''Atomic Australia 1944–1990'', New South Wales University Press, p. 156.</ref>

On Palm Sunday 1982, an estimated 100,000 Australians participated in anti-nuclear rallies in the nation's largest cities. Growing year by year, the rallies drew 350,000 participants in 1985.<ref name="japanfocus"/> The movement focused on halting Australia's uranium mining and exports, abolishing nuclear weapons, removing foreign military bases from Australia's soil, and creating a nuclear-free Pacific.<ref name=japanfocus/>

On Dec 17th 2001, 46 Greenpeace activists occupied the Lucas Heights facility to protest the construction of a second research reactor. Protestors gained access to the grounds, the HIFAR reactor, the high-level radioactive waste store and the radio tower. Their protest highlighted the security and environmental risks of the production of nuclear materials and the shipment of radioactive waste from the facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2001/12/18/443080.htm|title=Greenpeace raid on Australian nuclear reactor|date=2001-12-18|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref>

In March 2012, hundreds of anti-nuclear demonstrators converged on the Australian headquarters of global mining giants BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto to mark one year since the [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]]. The 500-strong march through southern Melbourne called for an end to [[uranium mining in Australia]]. There were also events in Sydney, and in Melbourne the protest included speeches and performances by representatives of the expatriate Japanese community as well as Australia's Indigenous communities, who are worried about the effects of uranium mining near tribal lands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east-pacific/Australian-Rallies-Remember-Fukushima-Disaster-142242575.html |title=Australian Rallies Remember Fukushima Disaster |author=Phil Mercer |date=March 11, 2012 |work=VOA News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312194611/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/asia/east-pacific/Australian-Rallies-Remember-Fukushima-Disaster-142242575.html |archive-date=2012-03-12 }}</ref>

==Czech Republic==
As early as 1993 there were local and international protests against the [[Temelin Nuclear Power Plant]]'s construction.<ref>{{cite web|author=WISE Amsterdam |url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/389/3795.html |title=WISE – Nuclear issues information service |publisher=0.antenna.nl |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> Large grassroots civil disobedience actions took place in 1996<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/RESIST.HTM | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917090149/http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/RESIST.HTM | archive-date=17 September 2010 | title=Resistance | work=ecn.cz | access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> and 1997.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/blockade.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917090032/http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/blockade.htm | archive-date=17 September 2010 | title=Blockade 1997 | work=ecn.cz | access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/block97/block97.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609001628/http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/block97/block97.htm | archive-date=9 June 2007 | title=Chernobyl Broadcast System | work=ecn.cz | access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> These were organized by the so-called [[Paxus Calta|Clean Energy Brigades]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/BRIGADES.HTM#How%20do%20I%20get | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917090106/http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/BRIGADES.HTM#How%20do%20I%20get | archive-date=17 September 2010 | title=Citizen's Energy Brigades | work=ecn.cz | access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/space.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917091909/http://www.ecn.cz/temelin/space.htm | archive-date=17 September 2010 | title=The Seminar of Positive Actions to Conserve Energy (SPACE) | work=ecn.cz | access-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> In September and October 2000, Austrian [[anti-nuclear]] protesters demonstrated against the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant and at one stage temporarily blocked all 26 border crossings between Austria and the Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/926434.stm |title=Anti-nuclear protest on Czech border |work=BBC News |date=15 September 2000 |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/963826.stm |title=Austrian anti-nuclear protests continue |work=BBC News |date=14 October 2000 |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref> The first reactor was finally commissioned in 2000 and the second in 2002.<ref name=ekolist>{{cite web|title=Historie výstavby Jaderné elektrárny Temelín|url=http://ekolist.cz/cz/zpravodajstvi/zpravy/historie-vystavby-jaderne-elektrarny-temelin|publisher=Ekolist.cz|access-date=September 24, 2012|date=November 10, 2006}}</ref>

==France==
[[File:Essais nucleaires manif.jpg|thumb|Demonstration against nuclear tests in [[Lyon]], France, in the 1980s.]]
[[File:Anti-EPR demonstration in Toulouse 0166 2007-03-17.jpg|thumb|right|A scene from the 2007 Stop EPR ([[European Pressurised Reactor#Flamanville 3 (second unit)|European Pressurised Reactor]]) protest in [[Toulouse]], France.]]
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in France}}

In 1971, 15,000 people demonstrated against French plans to locate the first light-water reactor power plant in Bugey. This was the first of a series of mass protests organized at nearly every planned nuclear site in France until the massive demonstration at the [[Superphénix]] breeder reactor in Creys-Malvillein in 1977 culminated in violence.<ref name=nelkin>Dorothy Nelkin and Michael Pollak (1982). ''[http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf The Atom Besieged: Antinuclear Movements in France and Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105857/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/chapters/026264021Xchap1.pdf |date=2011-06-04 }}'', ASIN: B0011LXE0A, p. 3.</ref>

In France, between 1975 and 1977, some 175,000 people protested against nuclear power in ten demonstrations.<ref name="marcuse"/>

In January 2004, up to 15,000 anti-nuclear protesters marched in Paris against a new generation of nuclear reactors, the European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPWR).<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/01/18/1027267.htm Thousands march in Paris anti-nuclear protest] ''ABC News'', January 18, 2004.</ref>

On March 17, 2007, simultaneous protests, organised by ''[[Sortir du nucléaire (France)|Sortir du nucléaire]]'', were staged in five French towns to protest construction of [[European Pressurized Reactor|EPR]] plants; [[Rennes]], [[Lyon]], [[Toulouse]], [[Lille]], and [[Strasbourg]].<ref name=NEI>{{cite news
|title=French protests over EPR
|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International
|date=2007-04-03
|url=http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2043436
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191242/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2043436
|archive-date=2007-09-27
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=France hit by anti-nuclear protests
|publisher=Evening Echo
|date=2007-04-03
|url=http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j=13919232&p=y39y9z78&n=13919320
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929005415/http://www.eveningecho.ie/news/bstory.asp?j=13919232&p=y39y9z78&n=13919320
|archive-date=2007-09-29
}}</ref>

Following the [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents|2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents]], around 1,000 people took part in a protest against nuclear power in [[Paris]] on March 20.<ref>[http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/pres-d-un-millier-de-manifestants-a-paris-demandent-la-sortie-du-nucleaire-20-03-2011-1308974_23.php Près d'un millier de manifestants à Paris demandent la sortie du nucléaire] [[Le Point]], published 2011-03-20, accessed 2011-04-14</ref> Most of the protests, however, are focused on the closure of the [[Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant]], where some 3,800 French and Germans demonstrated on April 8 and April 25.<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2011/04/10/nucleaire-3-800-manifestants-demandent-l-arret-de-la-centrale-de-fessenheim_1505660_3244.html Des milliers de manifestants demandent l'arrêt de la centrale de Fessenheim] [[Le Monde]], published 2011-04-11, accessed 2011-04-12</ref>

Thousands staged anti-nuclear protests around France, on the eve of the 25th anniversary of Chernobyl and after Japan's [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]], demanding reactors be closed. Protesters' demands were focused on getting France to shut its oldest nuclear power station at Fessenheim, which lies in a densely populated part of France, less than two kilometres from Germany and around 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Switzerland.<ref name=afp11>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g-RY6At4kvtH2P31Nk5xiUeIr8mw?docId=CNG.e738123e4ccce6019851c695501ca633.1211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091138/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g-RY6At4kvtH2P31Nk5xiUeIr8mw?docId=CNG.e738123e4ccce6019851c695501ca633.1211 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 21, 2014 |title=Thousands in France mark Chernobyl with protests |author=Arnaud Bouvier |date=Apr 25, 2011 |work=AFP }}</ref>

Around 2,000 people also protested at the Cattenom nuclear plant, France's second most powerful, in the Mosel region to the northwest of Strasbourg. Protesters in southwestern France staged another demonstration in the form of a mass picnic in front of the Blayais nuclear reactor, also in memory of Chernobyl. In France's northwestern region of Brittany, around 800 people staged a good-humoured march in front of the Brennilis experimental heavy-water atomic plant that was built in the 1960s. It was taken offline in 1985 but its dismantling is still not completed after 25 years.<ref name=afp11/>

Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti-nuclear campaigners protested in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns-us-japan-nuclear-protest-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 |title=Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake |author=Antoni Slodkowski |date=Jun 15, 2011 |work=Reuters }}</ref>

On June 26, 2011, around 5,000 protesters gathered near Fessenheim nuclear power plant, demanding the plant be shut down immediately. Demonstrators from France and Germany came to Fessenheim and formed a human chain along the road. Protesters claim that the plant is vulnerable to flooding and earthquakes. Fessenheim has become a flashpoint in renewed debate over nuclear safety in France after the Fukushima accident. The plant is operated by French power group EDF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntn24.com/news/videos/protesters-demand-shutdown-frances-oldest-nuclear-power-plant |title=Protesters demand shutdown of France's oldest nuclear power plant |date=June 26, 2011 |work=NTN24 News |access-date=2012-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524161723/http://www.ntn24.com/news/videos/protesters-demand-shutdown-frances-oldest-nuclear-power-plant |archive-date=2012-05-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/27/nicolas-sarkozy-france-nuclear-power |title=Nicolas Sarkozy makes €1bn commitment to nuclear power |author=Kim Willsher |date=27 June 2011 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>

In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactive waste began in 1995. The shipment, the first since Japan's Fukishima nuclear disaster, faced large protests in France where activists damaged the train tracks.<ref name=spieg11/> Thousands of people in Germany also interrupted the train's journey, forcing it to proceed at a snail's pace, covering 1,200 kilometers (746 miles) in 109 hours. More than 200 people were reported injured in the protests and several arrests were made.<ref name=spieg11>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,800319,00.html |title=Thousands of Protesters Obstruct Nuclear Waste Transport |date=2011-11-28 |work=Spiegel Online }}</ref>

On December 5, 2011, nine Greenpeace activists cut through a fence at the [[Nogent Nuclear Power Plant]]. They scaled the roof of the domed reactor building and unfurled a "Safe Nuclear Doesn't Exist" banner before attracting the attention of security guards. Two activists remained at large for four hours. On the same day, two more campaigners breached the perimeter of the [[Cruas Nuclear Power Plant]], escaping detection for more than 14 hours, while posting videos of their sit-in on the internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/zoom/html/2017034281.html |title= Breaches at N-plants heighten France's debate over reactors |author=Tara Patel |date=December 16, 2011 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] }}</ref>

In [[Aquitaine]], the local group [[TchernoBlaye]] continue to protest against the continued operation of the [[Blayais Nuclear Power Plant]].

On the first anniversary of the [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]], organisers of French anti-nuclear demonstrations claim 60,000 supporters formed a human chain 230 kilometres long, stretching from Lyon to Avignon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euronews.com/2012/03/11/anti-nuclear-demos-across-europe-on-fukushima-anniversary/ |title=Anti-nuclear demos across Europe on Fukushima anniversary |date=11 March 2011 |work=Euronews |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415164415/http://www.euronews.com/2012/03/11/anti-nuclear-demos-across-europe-on-fukushima-anniversary |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2014, police arrested 57 Greenpeace protesters who used a truck to break through security barriers and enter the Fessenheim nuclear power plant in eastern France. The activists hung antinuclear banners, but France's nuclear safety authority said that the plant's security had not been compromised. President Hollande has promised to close Fessenheim by 2016, but Greenpeace wants immediate closure.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/19/world/europe/france-greenpeace-activists-arrested-in-break-in.html?_r=0 |title=France: Greenpeace Activists Arrested in Break-In |date=March 18, 2014 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

==Germany==
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Germany}}
[[File:ANTIAKW.jpg|thumb|right|120,000 people attended an anti-nuclear protest in [[Bonn]], Germany, on October 14, 1979, following the [[Three Mile Island accident]].<ref name="marcuse" />]]
[[File:Massale vredesdemonstratie in Bonn tegen de modernisering van kernwapens in West, Bestanddeelnr 253-8611.jpg|thumb|About 300,000 people {{ill|protested in Bonn|de|Friedensdemonstration im Bonner Hofgarten 1981}} against the deployment of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Europe, 10 October 1981]]
[[File:Gorleben0001.JPG|thumb|Anti-nuclear demonstrations near [[Gorleben]], Lower Saxony, Germany, 8 May 1996.]]
[[File:Grüne protests against nuclear energy.jpg|thumb|Anti-nuclear protest near [[Deep geological repository|nuclear waste disposal centre]] at Gorleben in Northern Germany, on 8 November 2008.]]
[[File:Neckarwestheim Demonstration Energiewende jetzt 20120311 22.jpg|thumb|Protest at Neckarwestheim, Germany, 11 March 2012.]]

In 1971, the town of [[Wyhl]], in Germany, was a proposed site for a nuclear power station. In the years that followed, public opposition steadily mounted, and there were large protests. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major issue. In 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant.<ref name=pub>{{cite book|author1=Stephen C. Mills|author2=Roger Williams|title=Public Acceptance of New Technologies: An International Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SeMNAAAAQAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-4319-8|pages=375–376}}</ref><ref name=got>{{cite book|author=Robert Gottlieb|title=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR0n6oqMNPkC&pg=PP1|edition=Revised|year=2005|publisher=Island Press|location=U.S.|isbn=978-1-59726-761-8|page=237}}</ref><ref name="dw-world">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00.html |title=Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology |publisher=Dw-world.de |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites.<ref name=pub/> Many other anti-nuclear groups formed elsewhere, in support of these local struggles, and some existing citizen action groups widened their aims to include the nuclear issue.<ref name=pub/>

In West Germany, between February 1975 and April 1979, some 280,000 people were involved in seven demonstrations at nuclear sites. Several site occupations were also attempted. In the aftermath of the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, some 200,000 people attended a demonstration against nuclear power in [[Hanover|Hannover]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The history behind Germany's nuclear phase-out|url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/history-behind-germanys-nuclear-phase-out|date=2014-09-25|website=Clean Energy Wire|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> and [[Bonn]].<ref name=marcuse/>

In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration took place to protest against the construction of the [[Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant]] on the North Sea coast west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. Twenty-one policemen were injured by demonstrators armed with gasoline bombs, sticks, stones and high-powered slingshots.<ref name="dw-world" /><ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F16FA3F5D0C728CDDAA0894D9484D81 West Germans Clash at Site of A-Plant] ''The New York Times'', March 1, 1981, p. 17.</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DC1439F932A35750C0A967948260 Violence Mars West German Protest] ''The New York Times'', March 1, 1981, p. 17</ref>

The largest anti-nuclear protest was most likely a 1983 nuclear weapons protest in West Berlin which had about 600,000 participants.<ref>[http://www.blogsforbush.com/mt/archives/2007/02/edwards_calls_i.html Blogs for Bush: The White House Of The Blogosphere: Edwards Calls Israel a Threat] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601024242/http://www.blogsforbush.com/mt/archives/2007/02/edwards_calls_i.html |date=June 1, 2009 }}</ref>

In October 1983, nearly 3 million people across western Europe protested [[NATO Double-Track Decision|nuclear missile deployments]] and demanded an end to the [[nuclear arms race]]. The largest turnout of protesters occurred in West Germany when, on a single day, 400,000 people marched in Bonn, 400,000 in Hamburg, 250,000 in Stuttgart, and 100,000 in West Berlin.<ref name="university148"/>

In May 1986, following the [[Chernobyl disaster]], clashes between anti-nuclear protesters and West German police became common. More than 400 people were injured in mid-May at the site of a nuclear-waste reprocessing plant being built near Wackersdorf. Police "used water cannons and dropped tear-gas grenades from helicopters to subdue protesters armed with slingshots, crowbars and Molotov cocktails".<ref name="time1986"/>

During a weekend in October 2008, some 15,000 people disrupted the transport of radioactive nuclear waste from France to a dump in Germany. This was one of the largest such protests in many years and, according to ''[[Der Spiegel]]'', it signals a revival of the [[anti-nuclear movement in Germany]].<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589456,00.html The Renaissance of the Anti-Nuclear Movement] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/10/2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,589782,00.html Anti-Nuclear Protest Reawakens: Nuclear Waste Reaches German Storage Site Amid Fierce Protests] ''Spiegel Online'', 11/11/2008.</ref><ref>Simon Sturdee. [http://news.theage.com.au/world/police-break-up-german-nuclear-protest-20081111-5lw7.html Police break up German nuclear protest] ''The Age'', November 11, 2008.</ref> In 2009, the coalition of green parties in the European parliament, who are unanimous in their anti-nuclear position, increased their presence in the parliament from 5.5% to 7.1% (52 seats).<ref>[http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090609/full/news.2009.556.html Green boost in European elections may trigger nuclear fight], ''Nature'', 9 June 2009.</ref>

A convoy of 350 farm tractors and 50,000 protesters took part in an anti-nuclear rally in Berlin on September 5, 2009. The marchers demanded that Germany close all nuclear plants by 2020 and close the Gorleben radioactive dump.<ref>Eric Kirschbaum. [https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUSTRE58426820090905 Anti-nuclear rally enlivens German campaign] ''Reuters'', September 5, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.thelocal.de/national/20090905-21723.html 50,000 join anti-nuclear power march in Berlin] ''The Local'', September 5, 2009.</ref> Gorleben is the focus of the [[anti-nuclear movement in Germany]], which has tried to derail train transports of waste and to destroy or block the approach roads to the site. Two above-ground storage units house 3,500 containers of radioactive sludge and thousands of tonnes of spent fuel rods.<ref>Roger Boyes. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6997652.ece German nuclear programme threatened by old mine housing waste] ''The Times'', January 22, 2010.</ref>

Following the [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]], anti-nuclear opposition intensified in Germany. On 12 March 2011, 60,000 Germans formed a 45-km human chain from [[Stuttgart]] to the [[Neckarwestheim]] power plant.<ref name=reuters31511>{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-nuclear-extension-idUSTRE72D5WX20110314 | title = Germany suspends deal to extend nuclear plants' life | last = Stamp | first = David |date = 14 March 2011 | work = [[Reuters]] | access-date = 15 March 2011}}</ref> On 14 March, 110,000 people protested in 450 other German towns, with opinion polls indicating 80% of Germans opposed the government's extension of nuclear power.<ref name=dw31511>{{cite news | url = http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912184,00.html | title = Merkel shuts down seven nuclear reactors | last = Knight | first = Ben |date = 15 March 2011 | publisher = [[Deutsche Welle]] | access-date = 15 March 2011}}</ref> On March 15, 2011, Angela Merkel said that seven nuclear power plants which went online before 1980 would be temporarily closed and the time would be used to study speedier [[renewable energy commercialization]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/business/global/16euronuke.html |title=Germany Shuts 7 Plants as Europe Plans Safety Tests |author=James Kanter and Judy Dempsey |date=March 15, 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

In March 2011, more than 200,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in four large German cities, on the eve of state elections. Organisers called it the biggest anti-nuclear demonstration the country has seen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/germany-nuclear-idUKLDE72P0FG20110326 |title=Anti-nuclear Germans protest on eve of state vote |date=March 26, 2011 |work=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/world/europe/28germany.html?_r=1 |title=Merkel Loses Key German State on Nuclear Fears |author=Judy Dempsey |date=March 27, 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside of [[RWE]]'s headquarters in Essen.<ref name="businessweek.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981.htm |title=Thousands of Germans protest against nuclear power |date=April 2, 2011 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508123412/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9MBL8981.htm |archive-date=2011-05-08 }}</ref>

Thousands of Germans demanding an end to the use of nuclear power took part in nationwide demonstrations on 2 April 2011. About 7,000 people took part in anti-nuclear protests in Bremen. About 3,000 people protested outside of [[RWE]]'s headquarters in Essen. Other smaller rallies were held elsewhere.<ref name="businessweek.com"/>

Chancellor Angela Merkel's coalition announced on May 30, 2011, that Germany's 17 nuclear power stations will be shut down by 2022, in a policy reversal following Japan's [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]]. Seven of the German power stations were closed temporarily in March, and they will remain off-line and be permanently decommissioned. An eighth was already off line, and will stay so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-germany-nuclear-idUKTRE74Q2P120110530 |title=German government wants nuclear exit by 2022 at latest |author=Annika Breidthardt |date=May 30, 2011 |work=Reuters }}</ref>

In November 2011, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters delayed a train carrying radioactive waste from France to Germany. Many clashes and obstructions made the journey the slowest one since the annual shipments of radioactive waste began in 1995. The shipment, the first since Japan's Fukishima nuclear disaster, faced large protests in France where activists damaged the train tracks.<ref name="spieg11"/>

=== German Nuclear Power Plant Closures c. 2023 ===
In 2023, Germany closed all of its remaining Nuclear power plants. Environmentalists and commentators have criticized the closures for destabilizing the German power grid, and for forcing reliance on coal and other forms of carbon emitting fossil fuels to power the nation's towns and cities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=German government rejects new call to delay nuclear shutdown |url=https://apnews.com/article/germany-nuclear-power-plants-shut-down-5ce6958e25374bbbe1dd80cbfbc2398a |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> Others have also pointed out the lack of domestic power production as a national security vulnerability, as most of the power that Germany imports comes from overseas, primarily from Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=2022-07-08 |title=Germany to reactivate coal power plants as Russia curbs gas flow |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/08/germany-reactivate-coal-power-plants-russia-curbs-gas-flow |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eddy |first1=Melissa |last2=Solomon |first2=Erika |date=2023-04-14 |title=Germany Quits Nuclear Power, Ending a Decades-Long Struggle |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/world/europe/germany-nuclear-power-plants.html |access-date=2023-06-05 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==India==
Following the March 2011 Fukushima disaster, many are questioning the mass roll-out of new plants in India, including the World Bank, the former Indian Environment Minister, Jairam Ramesh, and the former head of the country's nuclear regulatory body, A. Gopalakrishnan. The massive [[Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project]] is the focus of concern — "931 hectares of farmland will be needed to build the reactors, land that is now home to 10,000 people, their mango orchards, cashew trees and rice fields" — and it has attracted many protests. Fishermen in the region say their livelihoods will be wiped out.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/world/indian-antinuclear-protesters-will-not-be-deterred-20110422-1drcv.html#ixzz1KOlpfMoG |title=Indian anti-nuclear protesters will not be deterred |first=Ben |last=Doherty |date=April 23, 2011 |work=Sydney Morning Herald }}</ref>

Environmentalists, local farmers and fishermen have been protesting for months over the planned six-reactor nuclear power complex on the plains of Jaitapur, 420 km south of Mumbai. If built, it would be one of the world's largest nuclear power complexes. Protests have escalated in the wake of Japan's [[Fukushima I nuclear accidents]]. During two days of violent rallies in April 2011, a local man was killed and dozens were injured.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/fisherman-shot-dead-in-indian-nuke-protest/story-e6frg6so-1226042424159 |title=Fisherman shot dead in Indian nuke protest |author=Amanda Hodge |date=April 21, 2011 |work=The Australian }}</ref>

As of October 2011, thousands of protesters and villagers living around the Russian-built [[Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] in the southern Tamil Nadu province, are blocking highways and staging hunger strikes, preventing further construction work, and demanding its closure as they fear of the disasters like the [[Environmental impact of nuclear power]], [[Radioactive waste]], [[nuclear accident]] similar to the releases of radioactivity in March at Japan's [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]].<ref name=nzh11>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10762102 |title=Indian activists fear nuclear plant accident |author=Rahul Bedi |date=October 28, 2011 |work=NZ Herald }}</ref>

A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has also been filed against the government's civil nuclear program at the apex Supreme Court. The PIL specifically asks for the "staying of all proposed nuclear power plants till satisfactory safety measures and cost-benefit analyses are completed by independent agencies".<ref name=nukeindia>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |title=India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns |author=Siddharth Srivastava |date=27 October 2011 |work=Asia Sentinel |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215238/http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3889&Itemid=614 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20111024/india-nuclear-energy-expansion-grassroots-uprising-jaitapur-maharashtra-tamil-nadu-west-bengal-fukushima |title=Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads |author=Ranjit Devraj |date=25 October 2011 |work=Inside Climate News }}</ref>

The [[People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy]] is an [[anti-nuclear]] power group in [[Tamil Nadu, India]]. The aim of the group is to close the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] site and to preserve the largely untouched coastal landscape, as well as educate locals about [[nuclear power]].<ref name=dutt11>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-radio-and-tv-15835060 |title= India faces people power against nuclear power |author=Nidhi Dutt |date=22 November 2011 |work=BBC News }}</ref> In March 2012, police said they had arrested nearly 200 [[anti-nuclear]] activists who were protesting the restart of work at the long-stalled nuclear power plant. Engineers have resumed working on one of two 1,000-megawatt Koodankulam nuclear reactors a day after the local government gave the green light for the resumption of the Russia-backed project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120320-nearly-200-arrested-india-nuclear-protest |title=Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest |date=20 March 2012 |work=France24 |access-date=24 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531034131/http://www.france24.com/en/20120320-nearly-200-arrested-india-nuclear-protest |archive-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Italy==
In May 1986, an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people marched in Rome to protest against the Italian nuclear program, and 50,000 marched in Milan.<ref name="google55"/>

==Japan==
{{Main|Anti-nuclear movement in Japan}}
[[File:Anti nuclear rally in Tokyo on Sunday 27 March 2011.JPG|thumb|Anti nuclear rally in Tokyo on Sunday 27 March 2011.]]
[[File:Monksantinuclear.JPG|thumb|Buddhist monks of Nipponzan-Myōhōji protest against nuclear power near the Diet of Japan in Tokyo on April 5, 2011.]]
[[File:VOA Herman - 2011-04-16 anti-nuclear protests in Tokyo.jpg|thumb|Peaceful anti-nuclear protest in Tokyo, Japan, escorted by policemen, 16 April 2011.]]
[[File:Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Rally on 19 September 2011 at Meiji Shrine Outer Garden 03.JPG|thumb|Anti-Nuclear Power Plant Rally on 19 September 2011 at [[Meiji Shrine]] complex in Tokyo.]]

In March 1982 some 200,000 people participated in a nuclear disarmament rally in Hiroshima. In May 1982, 400,000 people demonstrated in Tokyo.<ref>David Cortright (2008). ''Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas'', Cambridge University Press, p. 139.</ref> In mid-April, 17,000 people protested at two demonstrations in Tokyo against nuclear power.<ref name=krista>{{cite magazine|url=http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/04/11/what-does-fukushima%E2%80%99s-new-%E2%80%9Clevel-7%E2%80%9D-status-mean/ |title=What Does Fukushima's Level 7 Status Mean? |author=Krista Mahr |date=April 11, 2011 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415072415/http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/04/11/what-does-fukushima%E2%80%99s-new-%E2%80%9Clevel-7%E2%80%9D-status-mean/ |archive-date=2011-04-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1982, [[Chugoku Electric Power Company]] proposed building a [[nuclear power plant]] near [[Iwaishima]], but many residents opposed the idea, and the island's fishing cooperative voted overwhelmingly against the plans. In January 1983, almost 400 islanders staged a protest march, which was the first of more than 1,000 protests the islanders carried out. Since the [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]] in March 2011 there has been wider opposition to construction plans for the plant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/28/world/asia/28nuclear.html |title=Japanese Island's Activists Resist Nuclear Industry's Allure |author=Hiroko Tabuchi |author-link=Hiroko Tabuchi |date=August 27, 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

Research results show that some 95 post-war attempts to site and build nuclear power plants resulted in only 54 completions. Many affected communities "fought back in highly publicized battles". Co-ordinated opposition groups, such as the Citizens' Nuclear Information Center and the anti-nuclear newspaper ''Hangenpatsu Shinbun'' have operated since the early 1980s.<ref name=api12>{{cite web |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/22213/api103.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Post-crisis nuclear policy |author=Daniel P. Aldrich |date=January 2012 |work=Asia Pacific Issues |author-link=Daniel P. Aldrich }}</ref> Cancelled plant orders included:

*The Maki NPP at [[Maki, Niigata (Kambara)]]—Canceled in 2003
*The Kushima NPP at [[Kushima, Miyazaki]]—1997
*The Ashihama NPP at Ashihama, [[Mie Prefecture]]—2000 (the first Project at the site in the 1970s where realized at Hamaoka as Unit 1&2)
*The Hōhoku NPP at Hōhoku, Yamaguchi—1994
*The Suzu NPP at [[Suzu, Ishikawa]]—2003

In May 2006, an international awareness campaign about the dangers of the [[Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant]], [[Stop Rokkasho]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stop-rokkasho.org/ |title=Stop Rokkasho |publisher=Stop Rokkasho |date=1999-12-04 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> was launched by musician [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]]. [[Greenpeace]] has opposed the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant under a campaign called "Wings of Peace – No more Hiroshima Nagasaki",<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.or.jp/campaign/nuclear/hiroshima/slide/index_en_html Wings of Peace] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121200/http://www.greenpeace.or.jp/campaign/nuclear/hiroshima/slide/index_en_html |date=2011-07-22 }} – No more Hiroshima Nagasaki</ref> since 2002 and has launched a cyberaction<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.or.jp/cyberaction/npt/index_en_html |title= No more Hiroshima Nagasaki Stop the plutonium production plant at Rokkasho!|website=Greenpeace Japan|access-date=August 6, 2013|url-status= dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030122702/http://www.greenpeace.or.jp/cyberaction/npt/index_en_html|archive-date=October 30, 2012}}</ref> to stop the project. [[Consumers Union of Japan]] together with 596 organisations and groups participated in a parade on 27 January 2008 in central Tokyo against the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nishoren.org/en/?p=35 |title=Rokkasho: Nobody talks, Nothing changes " Consumers Union of Japan |publisher=Nishoren.org |date=2008-01-29 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> Over 810,000 signatures were collected and handed in to the government on 28 January 2008. Representatives of the protesters, which include fishery associations, consumer cooperatives and surfer groups, handed the petition to the Cabinet Office and the [[Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]]. Seven consumer organisations have joined in this effort: [[Consumers Union of Japan]], Seikatsu Club Consumer's Co-operative Union, Daichi-o-Mamoru Kai, Green Consumer's Co-operative Union, Consumer's Co-operative Union "Kirari", Consumer's Co-operative Miyagi and Pal-system Co-operative Union. In June 2008, several scientists stated that the Rokkasho plant is sited directly above an active geological fault line that could produce a magnitude 8 earthquake. But Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited have stated that there was no reason to fear an earthquake of more than magnitude 6.5 at the site, and that the plant could withstand a 6.9 quake.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Japanese nuclear plant in quake risk|journal = Nature|date = 4 June 2008|first = David |last =Cyranoski|volume = 453|issue =704|page= 704|doi = 10.1038/453704a |doi-access = free|pmid= 18528355}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://upiasiaonline.com/Security/2008/06/12/japans_nuclear_facilities_face_quake_risk/3945/ |title=Japan's nuclear facilities face quake risk |publisher=Upiasiaonline.com |date=2012-07-22 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref>

Three months after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, thousands of anti-nuclear protesters marched in Japan. Company workers, students, and parents with children rallied across Japan, "venting their anger at the government's handling of the crisis, carrying flags bearing the words 'No Nukes!' and 'No More Fukushima'."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/columns-us-japan-nuclear-protest-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 |title=Japan anti-nuclear protesters rally after quake |author=Antoni Slodkowski |date=June 15, 2011 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716225836/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/15/columns-us-japan-nuclear-protest-idUSTRE75A0QH20110615 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Problems in stabilizing the Fukushima I plant have hardened attitudes to [[nuclear power]]. As of June 2011, "more than 80 percent of Japanese now say they are [[anti-nuclear]] and distrust government information on [[radiation]]".<ref name=refuse2011/> The ongoing Fukushima crisis may spell the end of nuclear power in Japan, as "citizen opposition grows and local authorities refuse permission to restart reactors that have undergone safety checks". Local authorities are skeptical that sufficient safety measures have been taken and are reticent to give their permission – now required by law – to bring suspended nuclear reactors back online.<ref name=refuse2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0620/Beginning-of-the-end-for-nuclear-power-in-Japan |title=Beginning of the end for nuclear power in Japan? |author=Gavin Blair |date=June 20, 2011 |work=CSMonitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622035458/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0620/Beginning-of-the-end-for-nuclear-power-in-Japan |archive-date=2011-06-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 60,000 people in Japan marched in demonstrations in Tokyo, Osaka, Hiroshima and Fukushima on June 11, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-26/fukushima-retiree-to-lead-anti-nuclear-motion.html |title=Fukushima Retiree Leads Anti-Nuclear Shareholders at Tepco Annual Meeting |author=Tomoko Yamazaki and Shunichi Ozasa |date=June 27, 2011 |work=Bloomberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630151243/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-26/fukushima-retiree-to-lead-anti-nuclear-motion.html |archive-date=2011-06-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2011, Japanese mothers, many new to political activism, have started "taking to the streets to urge the government to protect their children from radiation leaking from the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant". Using social networking media, such as Facebook and Twitter, they have "organized antinuclear energy rallies nationwide attended by thousands of protesters".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110709f2.html |title=Moms rally around antinuke cause |author=Junko Horiuichi |date=July 9, 2011 |work=The Japan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709023857/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110709f2.html |archive-date=2011-07-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2011, anti-nuclear protesters, marching to the beat of drums, "took to the streets of Tokyo and other cities to mark six months since the March earthquake and tsunami and vent their anger at the government's handling of the nuclear crisis set off by meltdowns at the Fukushima power plant".<ref name=reut11/> An estimated 2,500 people marched past TEPCO headquarters, and created a human chain around the building of the Trade Ministry that oversees the power industry. Protesters called for a complete shutdown of Japanese nuclear power plants and demanded a shift in government policy toward alternative sources of energy. Among the protestors were four young men who started a 10-day hunger strike to bring about change in Japan's nuclear policy.<ref name=reut11>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-quake-protests-idUSTRE78A1AB20110911 |title=Japan anti-nuclear protests mark 6 months since quake |author=Olivier Fabre |date=11 September 2011 |work=Reuters }}</ref>

Tens of thousands of people marched in central Tokyo in September 2011, chanting "Sayonara nuclear power" and waving banners, to call on Japan's government to abandon atomic energy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Author [[Kenzaburō Ōe]], who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1994, and has campaigned for pacifist and [[anti-nuclear]] causes addressed the crowd. Musician [[Ryuichi Sakamoto]], who composed the score to the movie ''[[The Last Emperor]]'' was also among the event's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-09-19/japan-anti-nuclear-protest/50461872/1 |title=Thousands march against nuclear power in Tokyo |date=September 2011 |work=USA Today }}</ref>

Thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Yokohama on the weekend of January 14–15, 2012, to show their support for a nuclear power-free world. The demonstration showed that organized opposition to nuclear power has gained momentum in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. The most immediate demand was for the protection of rights for those affected by the Fukushima accident, including basic human rights such as health care, living standards and safety.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/ed20120122a2.html |title=Protesting nuclear power |date=Jan 22, 2012 |work=The Japan Times }}</ref>

On the anniversary of the 11 March 2011 earthquake and tsunami all over Japan protesters called for the abolishment of nuclear power, and the scrapping of nuclear reactors.<ref name=ms12/>
* Tokyo:
** a demonstration was held in the streets of Tokyo and the march ended in front of the headquarters of TEPCO
* [[Koriyama, Fukushima]]
**16,000 people were at a meeting, they walked through the city calling for the end of nuclear power.
* [[Shizuoka Prefecture]]
** 1,100 people called for the scrapping of the [[Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant|Hamaoka reactors]] of [[Chubu Electric Power Company|Chubu Electric Power Co.]]
* [[Tsuruga, Fukui]]
** 1,200 people marched in the streets of the city of Tsuruga, the home of the [[Monju Nuclear Power Plant|Monju fast-breeder reactor prototype]] and the nuclear reactors of Kansai Electric Power Co.
** The crowd objected the restart of the reactors of the Oi-nuclear power plant. Of which [[Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency|NISA]] did approve the so-called stress-tests, after the reactors were taken out of service for a regular check-up.
* [[Saga, Saga|Saga city]], [[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori city]]
** Likewise protests were held in the cities of Saga and Aomori and at various other places hosting nuclear facilities.
* [[Nagasaki]] and [[Hiroshima]]
** Anti-nuclear protesters and atomic-bomb survivors marched together and demanded that Japan should end its dependency on nuclear power.<ref name=ms12>The Mainichi Shimbun (12 March 2012) [http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html Antinuclear protests held across Japan on anniversary of disaster] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312172051/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120312p2g00m0dm069000c.html |date=2012-03-12 }}</ref>

In June 2012, tens of thousands of protesters participated in anti-nuclear power rallies in Tokyo and Osaka, over the government's decision to restart the first idled reactors since the Fukushima disaster, at [[Oi Nuclear Power Plant]] in Fukui Prefecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120624a4.html |title=Oi prompts domestic, U.S. antinuclear rallies |date=June 24, 2012 |work=The Japan Times }}</ref>

==New Zealand==
{{Further|Nuclear-free zone#New Zealand}}

From the early 1960s New Zealand peace groups [[CND]] and the Peace Media organised nationwide anti-nuclear campaigns in protest of [[Nuclear testing|atmospheric testing]] in [[French Polynesia]]. These included two large national [[petitions]] presented to the New Zealand government which led to a joint [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]]n Government action to take France to the [[International Court of Justice]] (1972).<ref>[http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/index.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124170238/http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/index.html|date=January 24, 2009}}</ref> In 1972, [[Greenpeace]] and an amalgam of [[New Zealand]] peace groups managed to delay nuclear tests by several weeks by trespassing with a ship in the testing zone. During the time, the skipper, [[David McTaggart]], was beaten and severely injured by members of the French military.

On 1 July 1972, the Canadian [[ketch]] ''[[Greenpeace#Moruroa Atoll and the Vega|Vega]]'', flying the [[Greenpeace]] III banner, collided with the French naval minesweeper ''La Paimpolaise'' while in [[international waters]] to protest French [[nuclear weapon]] [[Moruroa|tests]] in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].

In 1973 the New Zealand Peace Media organised an international flotilla of protest yachts including the [[Fri (yacht)|Fri]], Spirit of Peace, Boy Roel, Magic Island and the Tanmure to sail into the test exclusion zone.<ref>[http://library.bullerdc.govt.nz/cgi-bin/library/liinquiry?acc=00000711] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209094841/http://library.bullerdc.govt.nz/cgi-bin/library/liinquiry?acc=00000711|date=February 9, 2012}}</ref> Also in 1973, [[New Zealand Prime Minister]] [[Norman Kirk]] as a symbolic act of protest sent two navy frigates, [[HMNZS Canterbury (F-421)|HMNZS Canterbury]] and [[HMNZS Otago]], to Mururoa.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723050155/http://www.mururoavet.com/] They were accompanied by [[HMAS Supply (AO 195)|HMAS ''Supply'']], a fleet oiler of the [[Royal Australian Navy]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Frame |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Frame (bishop) |title=No Pleasure Cruise: the story of the Royal Australian Navy |year=2004 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=Crows Nest |isbn=1-74114-233-4 |page=251}}</ref>

In 1985 the Greenpeace ship ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1978)|Rainbow Warrior]]'' was [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|bombed and sunk]] by the French [[Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure|DGSE]] in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], as it prepared for another protest of [[nuclear test]]ing in the French military zone at Mururoa Atoll.<ref name=protest>{{CiteQ|Q125828231}} </ref> One crew member, [[Fernando Pereira]] of [[Portugal]], photographer, drowned on the sinking ship while attempting to recover his photographic equipment. Two members of DGSE were captured and sentenced, but eventually repatriated to France in a controversial affair.

==Philippines==
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines}}

In the Philippines, a focal point for protests in the late 1970s and 1980s was the proposed [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant]], which was built but never operated.<ref name=as/> The project was criticised for being a potential threat to public health, especially since the plant was located in an earthquake zone.<ref name=as>{{cite book|author1=Yok-shiu F. Lee|author2=Alvin Y. So|title=Asia's Environmental Movements: Comparative Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj9m7HMa6-wC&pg=PA160|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-909-9|pages=160–161}}</ref>

==South Korea==
In March 2012, environmental conservation groups staged a rally in central Seoul to voice opposition to nuclear power on the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. According to organizers, over 5,000 people attended, and the turnout was one of the biggest in recent memory for an antinuclear demonstration. The rally adopted a declaration demanding that President Lee Myung Bak abandon his policy to promote nuclear power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html |title=Antinuclear rally held in Seoul on eve of Japan quake anniversary |date=March 11, 2012 |work=Mainichi Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719173708/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/international/news/20120311p2g00m0in018000c.html |archive-date=July 19, 2012 }}</ref>

==Spain==
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Spain}}

In Spain, in response to a surge in nuclear power plant proposals in the 1960s, a strong anti-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, which ultimately impeded the realisation of most of the projects.<ref name=spain>Lutz Mez, [[Mycle Schneider]] and [[Stephen Thomas (economist)|Steve Thomas]] (Eds.) (2009). ''International Perspectives of Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power'', Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd, p. 371.</ref> On July 14, 1977, in Bilbao, Spain, between 150,000 and 200,000 people protested against the [[Lemoniz Nuclear Power Plant]]. This has been called the "biggest ever anti-nuclear demonstration".<ref>Wolfgang Rudig (1990). ''Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy'', Longman, p. 138.</ref>

==Sweden==
In June 2010, Greenpeace [[anti-nuclear]] activists invaded Forsmark nuclear power plant to protest the then-plan to remove the government prohibition on building new nuclear power plants. In October 2012, 20 Greenpeace activists scaled the outer perimeter fence of the Ringhals nuclear plant, and there was also an incursion of 50 activists at the Forsmark plant. Greenpeace said that its non-violent actions were protests against the continuing operation of these reactors, which it says are unsafe in European stress tests, and to emphasise that stress tests did nothing to prepare against threats from outside the plant. A report by the Swedish nuclear regulator said that "the current overall level of protection against sabotage is insufficient". Although Swedish nuclear power plants have security guards, the police are responsible for emergency response. The report criticised the level of cooperation between nuclear site staff and police in the case of sabotage or attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurethe-antis-attack/ |title=The antis attack! |date=5 April 2013 |work=Nuclear Engineering International }}</ref>

==Switzerland==
In May 2011, some 20,000 people turned out for Switzerland's largest anti-nuclear power demonstration in 25 years. Demonstrators marched peacefully near the [[Beznau Nuclear Power Plant]], the oldest in Switzerland, which started operating 40 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026080657/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9NCL8100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 26, 2012 |title=Biggest anti-nuclear Swiss protests in 25 years |date=May 22, 2011 |work=Bloomberg Businessweek }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Anti-nuclear_protests_attract_20,000.html?cid=30291990 |title=Anti-nuclear protests attract 20,000 |date=May 22, 2011 |work=Swissinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728155903/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Anti-nuclear_protests_attract_20,000.html?cid=30291990 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |url-status=live |access-date=2011-07-04 }}</ref> Days after the anti-nuclear rally, Cabinet decided to ban the building of new nuclear power reactors. The country's five existing reactors would be allowed to continue operating, but "would not be replaced at the end of their life span".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/business/global/26nuclear.html?_r=1 |title=Switzerland Decides on Nuclear Phase-Out |author=James Kanter |date=May 25, 2011 |work=The New York Times }}</ref>

==Taiwan==
[[File:日本2011年震災後臺灣的反核四橫幅 - 不要再有下一個福島 Banner of TAIWAN's anti-Fourth Nuclear Power Plant Movement ~ No More Fukushima.jpg|thumb|Anti Taiwan's 4th nuclear power plant banner.]]
[[File:Longmen Nuclear Power Plant from VOA (4).jpg|thumb|Anti-nuclear movements in Taipei]]

In March 2011, around 2,000 anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated in Taiwan for an immediate end to the construction of the island's [[Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant|fourth nuclear power plant]]. The protesters were also opposed to lifespan extensions for three existing nuclear plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110320-269104.html |title=Over 2,000 rally against nuclear plants in Taiwan |date=March 20, 2011 |work=AFP }}</ref>

In May 2011, 5,000 people joined an anti-nuclear protest in [[Taipei City]], which had a carnival-like atmosphere, with protesters holding yellow banners and waving sunflowers. This was part of a nationwide "No Nuke Action" protest, against construction of the fourth nuclear plant and in favor of a more [[renewable energy policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 |title=Anti-nuclear rally draws legions |author=Lee I-Chia |date=May 1, 2011 |work=Taipei Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503152335/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/05/01/2003502115 |archive-date=2011-05-03 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On [[World Environment Day]] in June 2011, environmental groups demonstrated against Taiwan's nuclear power policy. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, together with 13 environmental groups and legislators, gathered in Taipei and protested against the nation's three operating nuclear power plants and the construction of the fourth plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/06/05/2003505021 |title=Conservationists protest against nuclear policies |author=Lee I-Chia |date=June 5, 2011 |work=Tapai Times }}</ref>

In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan's capital following the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. The protesters rallied in Taipei to renew calls for a nuclear-free island by taking lessons from Japan's disaster on March 11, 2011. They "want the government to scrap a plan to operate a newly constructed nuclear power plant – the fourth in densely populated Taiwan". Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on their [[Orchid Island]], off south-eastern Taiwan. Authorities have failed to find a substitute storage site amid increased awareness of nuclear danger over the past decade".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_776471.html |title=About 2,000 Taiwanese stage anti-nuclear protest |date=11 March 2011 |work=Straits Times }}</ref>

In March 2013, 68,000 Taiwanese protested across major cities against the island's fourth nuclear power plant, which is under construction. Taiwan's three existing nuclear plants are near the ocean, and prone to geological fractures, under the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-11/taiwan-anti-nuclear-protests-may-derail-8-9-billion-power-plant.html |title=Taiwan Anti-Nuclear Protests May Derail $8.9 Billion Power Plant |author=Yu-Huay Sun |date=Mar 11, 2013 |work=Bloomberg }}</ref>

Active seismic faults run across the island, and some environmentalists argue Taiwan is unsuited for nuclear plants.<ref name="nyt-20120112">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/world/asia/nuclear-power-emerges-as-election-issue-in-taiwan.html |title=Vote Holds Fate of Nuclear Power in Taiwan |author=Andrew Jacobs |date=12 January 2012 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Construction of the [[Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant]] using the [[Advanced boiling water reactor|ABWR]] design has encountered public opposition and a host of delays, and in April 2014 the government decided to halt construction.<ref name="reuters-20140428">{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/taiwan-nuclear-idUKL3N0NJ08C20140427 |title=Taiwan to halt construction of fourth nuclear power plant |work=Reuters |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

==The Netherlands==
[[File:Anti kernwapendemonstratie in Den Haag ( 550 duizend deelnemers ) overzichten m, Bestanddeelnr 253-8819.jpg|thumb|Protest in The Hague against the [[nuclear arms race]] between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1983]]
On 21 November 1981, a large demonstration against nuclear weapons was organised in Amsterdam. The demonstration was attended by 400,000 to 450,000 people, and was organised by the {{ill|Interkerkelijk Vredesberaad|nl}} (Interdenominational Peace Council) in collaboration with political parties, unions, and peace groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://anderetijden.nl/aflevering/571/De-vredesdemonstratie-van-1981 |title=De vredesdemonstratie van 1981 |website=Andere Tijden |author=Ger Wieberdink |year=2001 |language=nl |access-date=28 February 2022 }}</ref> On 29 October 1983, the {{ill|Committee Cruise Missiles No|nl|Komitee Kruisraketten Nee}} organised a demonstration in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by 550,000 people, and was the largest demonstration in the history of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vpro.nl/programmas/zomergasten/lees/gasten/1988/sienie-strikwerda.html |title=Sienie Strikwerda|website=VPRO Television |year=1988 |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/522198-sienie-strikwerda-91-overleden |title=Sienie Strikwerda (91) overleden |website=Nederlandse Omroep Stichting |date=25 June 2013 |language=nl |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>

==United Kingdom==
[[File:Anti-nuclear weapons protest, UK 1980.JPG|thumb|[[Nuclear disarmament|Anti-nuclear weapons]] protest march in Oxford, 1980]]
[[File:No nuclear.jpg|thumb|In March 2006, a protest took place in Derby where campaigners handed a letter to [[Margaret Beckett]], head of [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|DEFRA]], outside Derby City Council about the dangers of nuclear power stations.]]
[[File:Marche antinucléaire Angers.jpg|thumb|Anti-nuclear march from London to Geneva, 2008]]
[[File:Antinuclear Walk Geneva-Brussels 2009 Geneva.jpg|thumb|Start of anti-nuclear march from Geneva to Brussels, 2009]]
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom}}

The first [[Aldermaston Marches|Aldermaston March]] organised by the [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] took place at [[Easter]] 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from [[Trafalgar Square]], London, to the [[Atomic Weapons Establishment|Atomic Weapons Research Establishment]] close to [[Aldermaston]] in [[Berkshire]], England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons.<ref name="cnduk"/><ref name="guardian"/> The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.<ref name=falkj>Jim Falk (1982). ''Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power'', Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97.</ref>

Many significant anti-nuclear mobilizations in the 1980s occurred at the [[Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp]]. It began in September 1981 after a [[Wales|Welsh]] group called "Women for Life on Earth" arrived at Greenham to protest against the decision of the Government to allow [[cruise missile]]s to be based there.<ref name="university1"/> The women's peace camp attracted significant media attention and "prompted the creation of other peace camps at more than a dozen sites in Britain and elsewhere in Europe".<ref name="university1" /> In December 1982 some 30,000 women from various peace camps and other peace organisations held a major protest against nuclear weapons on Greenham Common.<ref name="university148" /><ref name=Wit144/>

On 1 April 1983, about 70,000 people linked arms to form a human chain between three nuclear weapons centres in Berkshire. The anti-nuclear demonstration stretched for 14 miles along the Kennet Valley.<ref>Paul Brown, Shyama Perera and Martin Wainwright. [https://www.theguardian.com/fromthearchive/story/0,,1866956,00.html Protest by CND stretches 14 miles] ''The Guardian'', 2 April 1983.</ref>

In London, in October 1983, more than 300,000 people assembled in Hyde Park. This was "the largest protest against nuclear weapons in British history", according to ''The New York Times''.<ref name="university148" />

In 2005 in Britain, there were many protests about the government's proposal to replace the aging [[UK Trident programme|Trident weapons system]] with a newer model. The largest protest had 100,000 participants and, according to polls, 59 percent of the public opposed the move.<ref name="thebulletin"/>

In October 2008 in the United Kingdom, more than 30 people were arrested during one of the largest anti-nuclear protests at the [[Atomic Weapons Establishment]] at Aldermaston for 10 years. The demonstration marked the start of the UN World Disarmament Week and involved about 400 people.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/28/anti-nuclear-aldermaston-protest-disarmament More than 30 arrests at Aldermaston anti-nuclear protest] ''The Guardian'', 28 October 2008.</ref>

In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the [[Hinkley Point C nuclear power station]] site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to the site in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/03/hinkley-point-protest-nuclear-power |title=Hinkley Point power station blockaded by anti-nuclear protesters |date=3 October 2011 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>

In January 2012, three hundred anti-nuclear protestors took to the streets of Llangefnia, against plans to build a new nuclear power station at Wylfa. The march was organised by a number of organisations, including Pobl Atal Wylfa B, Greenpeace and Cymdeithas yr Iaith, which are supporting farmer Richard Jones who is in dispute with Horizon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theonlinemail.co.uk/bangor-and-anglesey-news/local-bangor-and-anglesey-news/2012/01/25/hundreds-protest-against-nuclear-power-station-plans-66580-30188845/ |title=Hundreds protest against nuclear power station plans |author=Elgan Hearn |date=Jan 25, 2012 |work=Online Mail }}</ref>

On March 10, 2012, the first anniversary of the [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]], hundreds of anti-nuclear campaigners formed a symbolic chain around Hinkley Point to express their determined opposition to new nuclear power plants, and to call on the coalition government to abandon its plan for seven other new nuclear plants across the UK.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In April 2013, thousands of Scottish campaigners, MSPs, and union leaders, rallied against nuclear weapons. The Scrap Trident Coalition wants to see an end to nuclear weapons, and says saved monies should be used for health, education and welfare initiatives. There was also a blockade of the [[Faslane Naval Base]], where Trident missiles are stored.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/thousands-anti-nuclear-protesters-glasgow-march-1828754 |title=Thousands of anti-nuclear protesters attend Glasgow march against Trident |date=13 April 2013 |work=Daily Record }}</ref>

==United States==
{{Main|Anti-nuclear protests in the United States}}
[[File:US nuclear sites map.svg|thumb|Map of major U.S. nuclear weapons infrastructure sites during the Cold War and into the present. Places with grayed-out names are no longer functioning and are in various stages of environmental remediation.]]
[[File:Women Strike for Peace NYWTS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Women Strike for Peace]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in 1962.]]

[[File:PeacePark.jpg|thumb|right|The [[White House Peace Vigil]], June 2006]]
On November 1, 1961, at the height of the [[Cold War]], about 50,000 women brought together by [[Women Strike for Peace]] marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against [[nuclear weapons]]. It was the largest national women's [[peace march|peace protest]] of the 20th century.<ref name="latimes"/><ref name="nytimes1"/>

On May 2, 1977, 1,414 [[Clamshell Alliance]] protesters were arrested at [[Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant]].<ref>Michael Kenney. [http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/12/30/beyond_vietnam_tracks_protest_movements_with_roots_in_new_england/ Tracking the protest movements that had roots in New England] ''The Boston Globe'', December 30, 2009.</ref><ref name=rut>Williams, Eesha. [http://www.valleypost.org/node/164 Wikipedia distorts nuclear history] ''Valley Post'', May 1, 2008.</ref>
The protesters who were arrested were charged with criminal trespass and asked to post bail ranging from $100 to $500. They refused and were then held in five national guard armories for 12 days. The Seabrook conflict, and role of New Hampshire Governor [[Meldrim Thomson]], received much national media coverage.<ref>William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani. [http://www.mendeley.com/research/media-discourse-public-opinion-nuclear-power-constructionist-approach-author-s-william-gamson-andre-modigliani-source-american-journal-sociology-vol-95-1-jul-1989-pp-137-published-university-1/ Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120324142029/http://www.mendeley.com/research/media-discourse-public-opinion-nuclear-power-constructionist-approach-author-s-william-gamson-andre-modigliani-source-american-journal-sociology-vol-95-1-jul-1989-pp-137-published-university-1/ |date=March 24, 2012 }}, ''American Journal of Sociology'', Vol. 95, No. 1, July 1989, p. 17.</ref>

The American public were concerned about the release of radioactive gas from the [[Three Mile Island accident]] in 1979 and many mass demonstrations took place across the country in the following months. The largest one was held in New York City in September 1979 and involved two hundred thousand people; speeches were given by [[Jane Fonda]] and [[Ralph Nader]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Ronald J. Hrebenar|title=Interest Group Politics in America|url=https://archive.org/details/interestgrouppol00hreb|url-access=registration|year=1997|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-703-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/interestgrouppol00hreb/page/149 149]}}</ref><ref name=diablo>{{cite book|author=Marco Giugni|title=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6YhNtyVigC&pg=PA45|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1827-8|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Herman |title=Nearly 200,000 Rally to Protest Nuclear Energy |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=B1 |date=September 24, 1979 }}</ref>

On June 3, 1981, [[Thomas (activist)|Thomas]] launched the longest running peace [[vigil]] in US history at [[President's Park#Lafayette Square|Lafayette Square]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/07/AR2009020701843.html|title=From Lafayette Square Lookout, He Made His War Protest Permanent|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 8, 2009|author=Colman McCarthy|author-link=Colman McCarthy}}</ref> He was later joined on the [[White House Peace Vigil]] by anti-nuclear activists [[Concepcion Picciotto]] and [[Ellen Thomas|Ellen Benjamin]].<ref name=Jazeera>{{cite news|url=http://aje.me/HHwQcE |title=The Oracles of Pennsylvania Avenue |publisher=Al Jazeera Documentary Channel |date=April 17, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710053132/http://aje.me/HHwQcE |archive-date=July 10, 2012 }}</ref>

On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's [[Central Park]] against [[nuclear weapons]] and for an end to the [[cold war]] [[arms race]]. It was the largest anti-nuclear [[Demonstration (people)|protest]] and the largest political demonstration in American history.<ref name="thenation2007"/><ref name="university145"/><ref name="icanw1982"/>

Beginning in 1982, an annual series of [[Christianity|Christian]] peace vigils called the "Lenten Desert Experience" were held over a period of several weeks at a time, at the entrance to the [[Nevada Test Site]] in the USA. This led to a faith-based aspect of the nuclear disarmament movement and the formation of the anti-nuclear [[Nevada Desert Experience]] group.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ken Butigan|title=Pilgrimage through a Burning World: Spiritual Practice and Nonviolent Protest at the Nevada Test Site|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzZFXx-fvpgC&pg=PA73|year=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8650-4|page=73}}</ref>

The [[Seneca Women's Encampment for a Future of Peace and Justice]] was located in [[Seneca County, New York]], adjacent to the [[Seneca Army Depot]]. It took place mainly during the summer of 1983. Thousands of women came to participate and rally against nuclear weapons and the "[[patriarchal society]]" that created and used those weapons. The purpose of the Encampment was to stop the scheduled deployment of Cruise and Pershing II missiles before their suspected shipment from the Seneca Army Depot to Europe that fall. The Encampment continued as an active political presence in the Finger Lakes area for at least 5 more years.

Hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1986 in what is referred to as the [[Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament]]. The march took nine months to traverse {{Convert|3700|mi}}, advancing approximately fifteen miles per day.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1320&dat=19861116&id=6NARAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ekDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4346,12809 Hundreds of Marchers Hit Washington in Finale of Nationwide Peace March] ''Gainesville Sun'', November 16, 1986.</ref>

Other notable anti-nuclear protests in the United States have included:
* May 2, 1977: 1,414 protesters were arrested at [[Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant|Seabrook]], an event which received much media coverage.
* June 1978: some 12,000 people attended a protest at Seabrook.<ref name=rut/>
* August 1978: almost 500 [[Abalone Alliance]] protesters were arrested at [[Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant]].<ref name=diab>{{cite book|author=Marco Giugni|title=Social Protest and Policy Change: Ecology, Antinuclear, and Peace Movements in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6YhNtyVigC&pg=PA45|year=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1827-8|page=44}}</ref>
* April 8, 1979: 30,000 people marched in San Francisco to support shutting down the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant.<ref name=amp>[http://www.policyagendas.org/pdf/agnone_paper1.pdf Amplifying Public Opinion: The Policy Impact of the U.S. Environmental Movement] p. 7. {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* April 28, 1979: 15,000 people demonstrated against the [[Rocky Flats Plant|Rocky Flats Nuclear Processing Plant]] in [[Colorado]], making the link between nuclear power and nuclear weaponry.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephen Zunes|author2=Sarah Beth Asher|author3=Lester Kurtz|title=Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlIH-NQbFQgC&pg=PA295|year=1999|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-57718-076-0|page=295}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=263456 |title=Headline: Rocky Flats Nuclear Plant / Protest |publisher=Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu |date=1979-04-28 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref>
* May 1979: An estimated 65,000 people, including the Governor of California, attended a march and rally against nuclear power in Washington, D.C.<ref name=diablo/><ref name=amp/>
* June 2, 1979: about 500 people were arrested for protesting about construction of the [[Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=rut/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=264513 |title=Anti-Nuclear Demonstrations |publisher=Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu |date=1979-06-02 |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref>
* June 3, 1979: following the Three Mile Island accident, some 15,000 people attended a rally organized by the [[Shad Alliance]] and about 600 were arrested at [[Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant]] in New York.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/04/archives/shoreham-action-is-one-of-largest-held-worldwide-15000-protest-li.html Shoreham Action Is One of Largest Held Worldwide; 15,000 Protest L.I. Atom Plant; 600 Seized 600 Arrested on L.I. as 15,000 Protest at Nuclear Plant Nuclear Supporter on Hand Governor Stresses Safety Thousands Protest Worldwide] ''The New York Times'', June 4, 1979.</ref>
* June 30, 1979: about 40,000 people attended a protest rally at Diablo Canyon.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Gottlieb|title=Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lR0n6oqMNPkC&pg=PP1|edition=Revised|year=2005|publisher=Island Press|location=U.S.|isbn=978-1-59726-761-8|page=240}}</ref>
* June 22, 1980: about 15,000 people attended a protest near [[San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station]] in [[California]].<ref name=rut/>
* September, 1981: close to 2,000 arrests were made during an attempted occupation at [[Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant]].
* June 5, 1989: Police arrested 627 people protesting at Seabrook Nuclear Power Station.
* 1997: Over 2,000 people turned out for a demonstration at the [[Nevada Test Site]] and 700 were arrested.<ref>{{cite book|author=Brian Paltridge|title=Discourse Analysis: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RhT1IXA4_ecC&pg=PA188|year=2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-8557-1|page=188}}</ref>

Anti-nuclear protests preceded the shutdown of the Shoreham, Yankee Rowe, Millstone I, Rancho Seco, Maine Yankee, and about a dozen other nuclear power plants.<ref name=dec>Williams, Estha. [http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid=8218 Nuke Fight Nears Decisive Moment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015825/http://www.valleyadvocate.com/article.cfm?aid=8218 |date=2014-11-29 }} ''Valley Advocate'', August 28, 2008.</ref>

On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].<ref name="indymedia2005"/><ref name="foxnews2005"/> This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades.<ref name=thebulletin/>

In 2008 and 2009, there have been protests about, and criticism of, several new nuclear reactor proposals in the United States.<ref>[http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2008/10/protest-against-nuclear-recator.html Protest against nuclear reactor] ''Chicago Tribune'', October 16, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2008/08/405999.html Southeast Climate Convergence occupies nuclear facility] ''Indymedia UK'', August 8, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wasserman |first=Harvey |url=http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2008/01/05/6191 |title=Anti-Nuclear Renaissance: A Powerful but Partial and Tentative Victory Over Atomic Energy |publisher=Commondreams.org |access-date=2014-01-24}}</ref> There have also been some objections to license renewals for existing nuclear plants.<ref>Maryann Spoto. [http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1 Nuclear license renewal sparks protest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175958/http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/jersey/index.ssf?/base/news-14/1243915641194930.xml&coll=1 |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Star-Ledger'', June 02, 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/BT/20100114/NEWS01/1140347/0/BENNETT Anti-nuclear protesters reach capitol]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Rutland Herald'', January 14, 2010.</ref>

In May 2010, some 25,000 people, including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors, marched for about two kilometers from downtown New York to a square in front of United Nations headquarters, calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons. The march occurred ahead of the opening of the review conference on the [[Non-Proliferation Treaty|Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty]] (NPT).<ref name=jpnews>[http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx A-bomb survivors join 25,000-strong anti-nuclear march through New York] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512133429/http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/GlobalNuclearEnergyPartnership/Library/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/314/Default.aspx |date=2013-05-12 }} ''Mainichi Daily News'', May 4, 2010.</ref>

==USSR==
{{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Russia|Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan}}
The anti-nuclear organisation "Nevada Semipalatinsk" was formed in 1989 and was one of the first major anti-nuclear groups in the former [[Soviet Union]]. It attracted thousands of people to its protests and campaigns which eventually led to the closure of the [[nuclear test site]] at [[Semipalatinsk]], in north-east [[Kazakhstan]], in 1991. The Soviet Union conducted over 400 [[nuclear weapons tests]] at the Semipalatinsk Test Site between 1949 and 1989.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Semipalatinsk: 60 years later (collection of articles) | journal = [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] | date = September 2009 | url = http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/special-topics/semipalatinsk-60-years-later | access-date = 2009-10-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091014204454/http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/special-topics/semipalatinsk-60-years-later | archive-date = 2009-10-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The [[United Nations]] believes that one million people were exposed to radiation.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/288008.stm World: Asia-Pacific: Kazakh anti-nuclear movement celebrates tenth anniversary] ''BBC News'', February 28, 1999.</ref><ref>Matthew Chance. [http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/08/30/btsc.chance.nukes/index.html Inside the nuclear underworld: Deformity and fear] ''CNN.com'', August 31, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220511014846/http://peoplebuildingpeace.microhost.nl/thestories/print.php?id=137&typ=theme Protests Stop Devastating Nuclear Tests: The Nevada-Semipalatinsk Anti-Nuclear Movement in Kazakhstan]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|Renewable energy|Environment}}
* [[List of peace activists]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Demonstrations and protests against nuclear technology}}
*[http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=nuclear*protests&results=10 ALSOS Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
* [http://www.nuclear-free-future.com/en/laureates/ Nuclear-free future award]

{{Anti-nuclear movement}}

[[Category:Anti-nuclear protests| ]]
[[Category:Environmental protests]]
[[Category:Nuclear history]]
[[Category:Technology in society]]