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Bitsa Equestrian club

2024-07-27T10:54:10Z

Fallen Sheep: duplicate page

#REDIRECT [[Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex]]

Bittsa Equestrian Complex

2024-07-27T10:53:25Z

Fallen Sheep: added coordinates, description, weblinks; integrated informated from page Bitsa Equestrian club (now redirected to here)

{{no footnotes|date=October 2019}}
{{Short description|Russian horse riding club}}
{{coord|55|38|31|N|37|34|59|E|display=title}}
[[File:KSK Bittsa Concour1.jpg|thumb|Show jumping stadium|right|250 px]]

The '''Trade Unions' Equestrian Complex''' (now '''Equestrian Complex «Bitsa»''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|iː|t|s|ə}}, {{lang-ru|Битца}}) is an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] venue located near [[Bitsa Park]] in the South District of [[Moscow|Moscow city]], [[Russia]]. During the [[1980 Summer Olympics]], it hosted the riding and running portions of the [[Modern pentathlon at the 1980 Summer Olympics|modern pentathlon]] events and all of the [[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|equestrian events]] except individual jumping, which was held at the main venue, [[Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium]].

Its construction began in 1977 before the XXII [[Moscow Olympic Games]]. July 4, 1980 marks the official opening of the complex. The venue consisted of {{convert|45|ha|acre|abbr=on}}.

==References==
* [https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/29539/rec/47 1980 Summer Olympics official report.] Volume 2. Part 1. pp. 104–10.

==External links==
* [https://bitsa.mossport.ru/ Offical site of ''Equestrian Complex "Bitsa"'']

{{1980 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues equestrian}}
{{Olympic venues modern pentathlon}}

[[Category:Venues of the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Moscow]]
[[Category:Olympic equestrian venues]]
[[Category:Olympic modern pentathlon venues]]

{{Russia-sports-venue-stub}}
{{Summer-Olympic-venue-stub}}

Luzhniki Stadium

2024-07-27T10:42:34Z

Fallen Sheep: grammar

{{Short description|Stadium in Moscow, Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Luzhniki Stadium {{nobold|стадион «Лужники»}}
| former_names = {{nowrap|Central Lenin Stadium (1956–1992)}}
| image = LuzhnikiStadium.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = '''[[UEFA Elite stadium|UEFA]]''' {{rating|4|4}}
| caption =
| fullname = Luzhniki Stadium
| broke_ground = {{Start date and age|1955}}
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=y|1956|7|31}}
| renovated =
{{Plainlist|
* 1996–1997
* 2001–2004
* 2013–2017
}}
| publictransit = {{MOSMETRO-bull|1|}} [[Sportivnaya (Moscow Metro)|Sportivnaya]] {{MOSMETRO-bull|1|}} [[Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow Metro)|Vorobyovy Gory]] {{MOSMETRO-bull|14|}} [[Luzhniki (Moscow Central Circle)|Luzhniki]]
| owner = [[Government of Moscow]]
| operator = Luzhniki Olympic Sport Complex JSC
| surface = SISGrass (Hybrid Grass)
| construction_cost = €350 million (2013–2017)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://special.tass.ru/en/sport/807434 |title=TASS: Sport – Reconstruction of World Cup 2018 opening match stadium to cost 350 mln euros |publisher=Special.tass.ru |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>
| architect = PA Arena, [[Gmp Architekten]] and Mosproject-4
| seating_capacity = 78,011 (60,000 with proposed extra platform for athletics)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=810/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118045214/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/destination/stadiums/stadium=810/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 November 2015 |title=Luzhniki Stadium |work=FIFA |access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>
| record_attendance = {{formatnum: 102538}} ([[Soviet Union national football team|Soviet Union]]–[[Italy national football team|Italy]], 13 October 1963)
| dimensions = {{convert|105|x|68|m|yd|1}}
| tenants = [[Russia national football team]] (selected matches) [[FC Torpedo Moscow]] (since 2022)
| website = {{URL|eng.luzhniki.ru/}}
{{Coord|55|42|56|N|37|33|13|E|}}
}}

The '''Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex''',{{efn|{{lang-ru|Большая спортивная арена олимпийского комплекса «Лужники»|Bolshaya sportivnaya arena olimpiyskogo kompleksa “Luzhniki”}}}} commonly known as
'''Luzhniki Stadium''',{{efn|{{lang-ru|стадион «Лужники»|Stadion Luzhniki|links=no}}, {{IPA-ru|stədʲɪˈon lʊʐnʲɪˈkʲi|pron}}}} is the [[national stadium]] of [[Russia]], located in its capital city, [[Moscow]]. Its total [[seating capacity]] of 78,011 makes it the [[List of football stadiums in Russia|largest football stadium in Russia]] and the [[List of European stadiums by capacity|ninth-largest stadium in Europe]]. The stadium is a part of the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex]], and is located in [[Khamovniki District]] of the [[Central Administrative Okrug]] of Moscow city. The name ''Luzhniki'' derives from the flood meadows in the bend of [[Moskva River]] where the stadium was built, translating roughly as "The Meadows". The stadium is located at Luzhniki Street, 24, Moscow.

Luzhniki was the main stadium of the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Games]], hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as some of the competitions, including the [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics|athletics]] and [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|final]] of the football tournament. A [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Category 4]] stadium, Luzhniki hosted the [[List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals|UEFA Cup final]] in 1999 and [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|UEFA Champions League final]] in 2008. The stadium also hosted such events as [[1973 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]], [[1986 Goodwill Games|Goodwill Games]] and [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]]. It was the main stadium of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] and hosted 7 matches of the tournament, including the opening match and the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final|final]].

In the past, its field has been used as the home ground for many years of football rivals [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] and [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]. It is currently used for some matches of the [[Russia national football team]], as well as being used for various other sporting events and for concerts. Luzhniki Stadium is currently the temporary home ground of [[FC Torpedo Moscow]].

==Location==
The stadium is located in [[Khamovniki District]]<ref name="thesefootballtime">{{cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2018/07/11/how-the-luzhniki-stadium-became-a-monument-through-60-years-of-triumph-and-tragedy/ |title=How the Luzhniki Stadium became a monument through 60 years of triumph and tragedy |publisher=thesefootballtimes.co |date=11 July 2018 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> of the [[Central Administrative Okrug]] of Moscow city, south-west of the city center. The name ''Luzhniki'' derives from the flood meadows in the bend of [[Moskva River]] where the stadium was built, translating roughly as "The Meadows". It was necessary to find a very large plot of land, preferably in a green area close to the city center that could fit into the transport map of the capital without too much difficulty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/grounds/russia/moscow/ |title=Moscow Football Clubs and Stadiums |publisher=football-stadiums.co.uk |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

According to one of the architects: "On a sunny spring day of 1954, we, a group of architects and engineers who were tasked with designing the Central stadium, climbed onto a large paved area on the Lenin Hills [which after the Soviet era would revert to their old name, the [[Sparrow Hills]] ]... the proximity of the river, green mass of clean, fresh air – this circumstance alone mattered to select the area of the future city of sports... In addition, Luzhniki is located relatively close to the city center and convenient access to major transport systems with all parts of the capital".<ref>{{cite news|trans-title=Moscow to host Champions League final on natural grass|url=http://www.luzhniki.ru/content/about/history/complex.php|title=История создания комплекса|publisher=Luzhniki Stadium|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220122820/http://www.luzhniki.ru/content/about/history/complex.php|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Playing surface==
It was one of the few major European football stadia to use an artificial pitch, having installed a FIFA-approved [[FieldTurf]] pitch in 2002. However, a temporary natural grass pitch was installed for the [[2008 UEFA Champions League Final]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Moscow to host Champions League final on natural grass|url=http://espnfc.com/news/story?id=383543&cc=5739|newspaper=[[ESPN]]|date=5 October 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226125402/http://espnfc.com/news/story?id=383543&cc=5739|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> The game between [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] and [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] was the first [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|UEFA Champions League final]] held in Russia.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/7408082.stm |title=Chelsea and Man Utd set for final |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=21 May 2008 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.fr/football/ligue-des-champions/2007-2008/live-manchester-united-chelsea_mtc234097/live.shtml |title=Le respect de votre vie privée est notre priorité |publisher=eurosport.fr |date=21 May 2008 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> On the match day, [[UEFA]] gave Luzhniki its elite status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metropolis-group.ru/en/news/bsa_luzhniki_rekonstruktsiya_v_detalyakh/ |title=Breathing life into Architecture. Best engineering and structural solutions |publisher=metropolis-group.ru |date=12 April 2019 |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>

In August 2016 a permanent hybrid turf was installed, consisting of 95 percent natural grass reinforced with plastic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2016/10/hybrid-football-pitches-why-the-grass-is-always-greener/|title=Hybrid football pitches: why the grass is always greener|first=Crispin|last=Andrews|date=11 October 2016|website=eandt.theiet.org|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>

==History==
===Background and early years===
[[File:RIAN archive 487039 Opening ceremony of the 1980 Olympic Games.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[1980 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]]]
[[File:Stamp of USSR 1914.jpg|thumb|The Central Lenin Stadium depicted on a 1956 postage stamp]]
On 23 December 1954, the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Government of the USSR]] adopted a resolution on the construction of a stadium in the Luzhniki area in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archsovet.msk.ru/en/article/actual/luzhniki-stadium-reconstruction-almost-completed |title=Luzhniki Stadium reconstruction almost completed |publisher=archsovet.msk.ru |date=10 May 2017 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> The decision of the Soviet Government was a response to a specific current international situation: By the early 1950s, Soviet athletes took to the world stage for the first time after [[World War II]] (rus. the [[Great Patriotic War]]), participating in the Olympic Games. The [[1952 Summer Olympics]] in Helsinki brought the Soviet team 71 medals (of which 22 gold) and second place in the unofficial team standings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.processhistory.org/redihan-1952-olympics/ |title=The 1952 Olympic Games, the US, and the USSR |publisher=processhistory.org |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

It was a success, but the increased athletic development of the Soviet Union, which was a matter of [[Sports in the Soviet Union|state policy]], required the construction of a new sports complex. The proposed complex was to meet all modern international standards and at the same time serve as a training base for the Olympic team and arena for large domestic and international competitions.{{fact|date=March 2022}}

The stadium was built in 1955–56 as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium. The design began in January 1955 and was completed in 90 days<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.besttopnews.com/creatiff/31-07-2009/76752-0/ |title=The main stadium of the country was coined in 90 days, and built – for the half year |publisher=besttopnews.com |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> by the architects Alexander Vlasov, Igor Rozhin, Nikolai Ullas, Alexander Khryakov and engineers Vsevolod Nasonov, Nikolai Reznikov, Vasily Polikarpov.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intelros.ru/pdf/Razvitie_i_ekonomika/2014_9/16.pdf |title=Лужники: осторожно, реконструкция! |publisher= intelros.ru |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> Building materials came from [[Leningrad]] and the [[Armenian SSR]], electrical and oak beams for the spectator benches from the [[Ukrainian SSR]], furniture from [[Riga]] and [[Kaunas]], glass was brought from [[Minsk]], electrical equipment from [[Podolsk]] in [[Moscow Oblast]], and larch lumber from Irkutsk in Siberia. It was necessary to demolish a whole area of dilapidated buildings (including the Trinity Church, which is supposed to be restored). Because the soil was heavily waterlogged, almost the entire area of the foundations of the complex had to be raised half a meter. 10,000 piles were hammered into the ground and dredgers reclaimed about 3 million cubic metres of [[soil]]. The total area of the stadium occupies 160 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/sport/964810 |title=Putin says renovated stadium deserves being main host for 2018 FIFA World Cup |publisher=tass.com |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref> Eight thousand people moved home to make place for the stadium. The Church [[Tikhvin]], an architectural monument of the 18th century was moved, too.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20160729/1473078985.html |title=1956 2016 Город спорта |date=29 July 2016 |publisher=ria.ru |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>

The stadium was officially opened on 31 July 1956,<ref name=stadiumguide>{{cite web|title=Luzhniki Stadium|url=http://www.stadiumguide.com/luzhniki/|publisher=The Stadium Guide}}</ref> with a friendly football match between the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]] and China. 100 thousand spectators welcomed the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/spec/luzhniki |title=Главный стадион страны История "Лужников" от замысла до приезда лионеля месси |publisher=tass.ru |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://micetimes.asia/luzhniki-happy-anniversary/ |title=''Luzhniki'', happy anniversary! |publisher=micetimes.asia |date=31 July 2016 |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> The stadium was built in just 450 days. It was the [[national stadium]] of the [[Soviet Union]], and is now the national stadium of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/rus/luzhniki_stadion |title=Stadion Luzhniki |publisher=stadiumdb.com |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref> In 1960 a 26-foot bronze statue of [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] by sculptor [[Matvey Manizer|Matvei Manizer]], which was created for [[Expo 58]] in [[Brussels|Brussel]], was placed on the square in front of the main stadium entrance.<ref name="thesefootballtime" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lenin-statue-sandwiched-by-ads-for-budweiser-visa/ |title=Lenin statue sandwiched by ads for Budweiser, Visa |publisher=timesofisrael.com |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref>

On 10, 11 and 12 June 1958, the first [[motorcycle speedway]] races to be held in the Soviet Union were conducted at the stadium. However, the stadium became better known for hosting [[ice speedway]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2S0E7iN-7f8 |title=Speedway On Ice (1970) |website=YouTube |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> and it held the final of the [[Individual Ice Speedway World Championship]] in [[1966 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship|1966]], [[1967 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship|1967]], [[1975 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship|1975]] and [[1984 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship|1984]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speedway.org/history/ |title=Ice Speedway World Championships |website=Speedway.org |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ms&n=8245|title=
Anatoly Gladyschev|publisher=motorsport memorial|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

=== 1980 Summer Olympics ===
[[File:Moscow Olympic Games, 1980 (22).jpg|thumb|Luzhniki Stadium during the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
In 1976–1979 the [[sports complex]] was repaired for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/russia-argentina-reopen-luzhniki-stadium-style-2919562-2919601 |title=Russia and Argentina re-open Luzhniki Stadium in style |publisher= fifa.com |date=11 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref> The stadium was the chief venue for the [[1980 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/gallery/world-cup-russia-final-stadium-11221050|title=Russia World Cup final venue completed as new look Luzhniki Stadium is revealed|last=Flanagan|first=Aaron|date=22 September 2017|work=mirror|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> the spectator capacity being 103,000 at that time. The events hosted in this stadium were the [[1980 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|opening]] and [[1980 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|closing]] ceremonies, [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics|athletics]], [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|football]] finals, and the [[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|individual jumping grand prix]].<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v2pt1.pdf 1980 Summer Olympics official report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118143909/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1980/or1980v2pt1.pdf |date=18 November 2008 }} Volume 2. Part 1. pp. 48–51.</ref>
Then General Secretary of the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU Central Committee]] and Chairman of the Presidium of the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|USSR Supreme Soviet]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]] declared the [[1980 Summer Olympics|XXII Summer Olympic Games]] open.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soviet-art.ru/xxii-summer-olympic-games-in-the-soviet-union/ |title=XXII Summer Olympic Games in the Soviet Union |date=19 July 2017 |publisher=soviet-art.ru |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

===1982 Luzhniki disaster===
{{main|Luzhniki disaster}}
On 20 October 1982, [[Luzhniki disaster|disaster struck]] during a [[1982–83 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] match between FC Spartak Moscow and [[HFC Haarlem]]. 66 people died in the [[crowd crush]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Зайкин, В.|script-title=ru:Трагедия в Лужниках. Факты и вымысел|journal=[[Izvestia|Известия]]|issue=202|language=ru|url=http://october20.ru/site/20-07-89_izvestiya.html|date=20 July 1989|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915085934/http://october20.ru/site/20-07-89_izvestiya.html|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> which made it Russia's worst sporting disaster and most infamous cover-up at the time.

===1990s and 2000s===
[[File:Luzhniki Inside View B Stand.jpg|thumb|Luzhniki Stadium in 2009]]
In the spring of 1992, the state enterprise, including the sports complex, was privatized and renamed the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and by June of the same year, Lenin's name was removed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tass.ru/spec/luzhniki|title=Main stadium of the country|work=TASS|access-date=21 October 2020 | location=Moscow}}</ref> An extensive renovation in 1996 saw the construction of a roof over the stands, and the refurbishment of the seating areas, resulting in a decrease in capacity.<ref name=stadiumguide/> Till the renovation, the stadium could accommodate 81 thousand people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/2018-world-cup-luzhniki-stadium-speech |title=2018 World Cup. Luzhniki Stadium by Speech |publisher=metalocus.es |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

In 1998, the stadium was listed by UEFA in the list of [[UEFA stadium categories|5-star European football stadiums]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadiumdb.com/lists/uefa-5-star-stadiums |title=UEFA 5 Star Stadiums |publisher=stadiumdb.com |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

The stadium hosted the [[1999 UEFA Cup Final]] in which [[Parma F.C.|Parma]] defeated [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] in the second [[List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals|UEFA Cup final]] to be played as a single fixture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestsport.news/moscow-first-took-the-european-cup-final-in-the-hungry-1990s-the-rouble-then-fell-4-times/ |title=Moscow first took the European Cup final in the hungry 1990s. the Rouble then fell 4 times |publisher=bestsport.news|date=27 March 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

The Luzhniki Stadium was chosen by the UEFA to host the [[2008 UEFA Champions League Final]] won by [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] who beat [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] in the first all-English [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|Champions League final]] on 21 May. The match passed incident-free and a spokesman for the British Embassy in Moscow said, "The security and logistical arrangements put in place by the Russian authorities have been first-rate, as has been their cooperation with their visiting counterparts from the UK."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/european_football/article3985272.ece|title=Moscow proud of trouble-free Champions League final|work=The Times|date=22 May 2008|access-date=22 May 2008 | location=London | first=Tony | last=Halpin}}</ref>

In August 2013, the stadium hosted the [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Athletics Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2013/08/10/gallery-mo-farah-stars-in-10000m-at-2013-world-athletics-championships-in-moscow-3918942/ |title=Gallery: Mo Farah stars in 10,000m at 2013 World Athletics Championships in Moscow |publisher=metro.co.uk |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

===Renovation for FIFA World Cup===

[[File:Portugal-Marocco_4.jpg|thumb|The renovated stadium]]
The original stadium was demolished in 2013 to give a way for the construction of a new stadium. However, the self-supported cover was retained. The facade wall was retained as well, due to its architectural value, and was later reconnected to the new building. Construction of the new stadium was completed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m24.ru/m/articles/51305|title=Реконструкция Лужников – образец заботы о культурном наследии – мэр|publisher=m24.ru }}</ref> The total cost of repairs was 24 billion [[Russian ruble|rubles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/sport/962608 |title=Luzhniki Stadium's reconstruction for 2018 FIFA World Cup totals $410 mln |publisher=tass.com |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

The [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] was held in Russia with the Luzhniki Stadium selected as the venue for the opening match and also the [[2018 FIFA World Cup final|final]], which was held on 15 July 2018. For the 2018 World Cup the stadium organized six checkpoints with 39 inspection lanes and seven pedestrian points with 427 points for the passage of spectators. About 900 scanners, 3000 cameras and monitors were installed. Special seats were provided for fans with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m24.ru/articles/stadiony/06022017/129436 |title=Три тысячи камер и другие факты о подготовке "Лужников" к ЧМ-2018 |publisher=m24.ru |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> The stadium's capacity was increased from 78,000 to 81,000 seats,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2017/m=3/news=luzhniki-stadium-blossoms-as-it-prepares-for-a-new-chapter-2874700.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306142338/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2017/m=3/news=luzhniki-stadium-blossoms-as-it-prepares-for-a-new-chapter-2874700.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2017|title=Luzhniki Stadium blossoms as it prepares for a new chapter|last=FIFA.com|date=1 January 1900|work=FIFA.com|access-date=7 December 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> partly caused by the removal of the athletics track around the pitch. In 2018 FIFA named the stadium as best arena in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://russianfootballnews.com/luzhniki-stadium-named-worlds-best-football-arena/ |title=Luzhniki Stadium Named World's Best Football Arena |publisher=russianfootballnews.com |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

The stadium joins Rome's [[Stadio Olimpico]], London's [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|old Wembley Stadium]], Berlin's [[Olympiastadion (Berlin)|Olympiastadion]] and Munich's [[Olympiastadion (Munich)|Olympiastadion]] as the only stadiums to have hosted the finals of the [[FIFA World Cup]] and UEFA's [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup/Champions League]] and featured as a main stadium of the [[Summer Olympic Games]]. Saint Denis' [[Stade de France]] is scheduled to become another in 2024.{{fact|date=March 2022}}

==Largest sport events==

[[File:Luzhniki Stadium during 2013 IAAF World Championships 20130812.jpg|350px|thumb|Luzhniki Stadium during 2013 IAAF World Championships]]
*1956 – Summer [[Spartakiad]] of the Peoples of the USSR.
*1957 – [[1957 Ice Hockey World Championships|Ice Hockey World Championship]].
*1957 – [[6th World Festival of Youth and Students|VI World Festival of Youth and Students]].
*1961 – [[1961 World Modern Pentathlon Championship|World Modern Pentathlon Championship]].
*1962 – [[World Speed Skating Championship]].
*1973 – [[1973 Summer Universiade|Summer Universiade]].
*1974 – [[1974 World Modern Pentathlon Championship|World Modern Pentathlon Championship]].
*1979 – [[1979 Soviet Spartakiad|VII Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR]].
*1980 – [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]], including opening and closing ceremonies.
*1984 – [[Friendship Games]], including opening and closing ceremonies.
*1984 – [[1984 Individual Ice Speedway World Championship]]
*1985 – [[12th World Festival of Youth and Students|XII World Festival of Youth and Students]].
*1986 – [[1986 Goodwill Games|Goodwill Games]], including the opening ceremony.
*1997 – [[Russia national football team|Russia]] vs. FIFA team in honor of the 850th anniversary of Moscow, the 100th anniversary of [[Russian football]] and the opening after the reconstruction of the Luzhniki stadium.
*1998 – [[World Youth Games|First World Youth Games]], including the opening ceremony.
*1999 – [[1999 UEFA Cup final|UEFA Cup final]]: [[Olympique de Marseille]] (France) vs. [[Parma Calcio 1913|Parma]] (Italy).
*2008 – [[2008 UEFA Champions League final|UEFA Champions League final]]: [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] (England) vs. [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] (England)
*2013 – [[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens|Rugby World Cup Sevens]].
*2013 – [[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].
*2018 – [[2018 FIFA World Cup|FIFA World Cup]], including the [[2018 FIFA World Cup final|final match]].

==Concerts and other events==
[[File:Фестиваль в лужниках2.jpg|thumb|Moscow Music Peace Festival]]
*1987 – Festival of [[India–Russia relations|Soviet-Indian Friendship]].
*12–13 August 1989 – The [[Moscow Music Peace Festival]] was held at the stadium. Bands such as [[Bon Jovi]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[Ozzy Osbourne]], [[Skid Row (American band)|Skid Row]], [[Mötley Crüe]], [[Cinderella (band)|Cinderella]], [[Gorky Park (band)|Gorky Park]] took part in the event.
*24 June 1990 – As part of the festival of the newspaper ''[[Moskovsky Komsomolets]]'', the last concert of [[Viktor Tsoi]] and [[Kino (band)|Kino]] took place.
*29 June 1991 – As part of the holiday of the newspaper ''Moskovsky Komsomolets'', [[Oleg Gazmanov]] took part in the concert. It was the last time the [[Olympic flame]] was lit at the stadium.
*20 June 1992 – A concert took place in memory of Viktor Tsoi. [[DDT (band)|DDT]], [[Alisa (Russian band)|Alisa]], [[Nautilus Pompilius (band)|Nautilus Pompilius]], [[Joanna Stingray]], [[Brigada S]], [[Chaif]], [[Kalinov Most]], and others took part in the event.
*15 September 1993 – A concert by [[Michael Jackson]] took place as part of the [[Dangerous World Tour]]; this was Jackson's first performance in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/09/15/Jacksons-Moscow-gig-a-success-despite-the-rain/1750748065600/ | title=Jackson's Moscow gig a success, despite the rain - UPI Archives }}</ref>
*11 August 1998 – [[The Rolling Stones]] performed at the stadium for the first time in Russia.
*28 February 2003 – [[Agatha Christie (band)|Agata Kristi]] played a concert in honour of its 15th anniversary.
*12 September 2006 – [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] came to Russia and performed at the stadium for the first time, as part of her world [[Confessions Tour]].
*18 July 2007 – [[Metallica]] played a concert at the stadium for the first time, [[Monsters of Rock|16 years after the first arrival in Russia]], as part of the [[Sick of the Studio '07]] tour.
*26 July 2008 – The holiday "MosKomSport – 85 years" was held. During it a concert took place, in which the bands [[U-Piter]], [[Chaif]], [[Krematorij|Crematory]], and others took part.
*25 August 2010 – A [[U2]] concert took place as part of the [[U2 360° Tour]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.u2.com/news/title/this-extraordinary-city|title=U2 > News > 'This Extraordinary City...'|website=www.u2.com|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref>
*22 July 2012 – The [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] with the support of [[Gogol Bordello]] gave a concert on the stage of the complex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Luzniky Stadium|url=http://redhotchilipeppers.com/tour/1370-2012-07-22-luzniky-stadium/|publisher=[[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015954/http://redhotchilipeppers.com/tour/1370-2012-07-22-luzniky-stadium/|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
*2011–2013 – A musical competition [[Factor A]] was held in the [[Luzhniki Olympic Complex|complex]].
*31 May 2014 – A concert of the [[Mashina Vremeni]] dedicated to the band's 45th anniversary was held in front of the stadium, which was closed for the renovation.
*29 August 2018 – [[Imagine Dragons]] performed at the stadium as part of the [[Evolve World Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/imagine-dragons/2018/luzhniki-stadium-moscow-russia-1be81974.html |title=Imagine Dragons setlist, Luzhniki Stadium |publisher=setlist.fm}}</ref>
*29 July 2019 – [[Rammstein]] performed during the European half of the [[Rammstein Stadium Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rammstein.de/en/history/europe-stadium-tour-2019/ |title=Europe Stadium Tour 2019 |publisher=[[Rammstein]]}}</ref>

==Notable events==
[[File:Стадион Лужники (29 марта 2017) · 1.jpg|thumb|The dressing room]]
When the Luzhniki Stadium hosted the final game of the 1957 [[Ice Hockey World Championship]] between Sweden and the [[Soviet Union]], it was attended by a crowd of 55,000 and set a new world record at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ph/news/what-date-and-time-is-the-world-cup-2018-final-and-where-will-it-/17m3gfaix01vd1mz7j3sk9grwp |title=What date and time is the World Cup 2018 final and where will it be? |publisher=goal.com |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> On 23 May 1963, [[Fidel Castro]] made a historic speech in Luzhniki Stadium during his record 38-day visit to the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/36000/Sharma%20-%20Castro%20USSR%20Paper.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Castro to Canossa or El Dorado? The Causes, Events, and Impact of Fidel Castro's Journey to the Soviet Union, Spring 1963 |publisher=digital.lib.washington.edu |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075721/https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/36000/Sharma%20-%20Castro%20USSR%20Paper.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=16 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[New Japan Pro-Wrestling]], the Japanese [[professional wrestling]] promotion, ran a show in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrestlinginsomniac.com/2016/09/new-japan-pro-wrestling-in-soviet-union.html |title=The Wrestling Insomniac |publisher=thewrestlinginsomniac.com |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> Luzhniki Stadium also makes an appearance in the Russian supernatural thriller film ''[[Night Watch (2004 film)|Night Watch]]'' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Ночной дозор, Nochnoy Dozor}}), during the power shut-down scene when the power station goes into overload. The stadium is seen with a match taking place, and then the lights go out.{{fact|date=March 2022}}

In 2008, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] beat [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on penalties after a 1–1 draw to win their third [[European Cup]]. This was United's third appearance in the final, and Chelsea's first.<ref name="bbc" />

On 18 March 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin held a [[2022 Moscow rally|rally]] at the stadium marking the eighth anniversary of the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] and to draw support for [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]]. It was attended by approximately 200,000 supporters, according to police, with media reports suggesting that state employees were bussed to the rally while others were paid or forced to attend.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasilyeva|first=Nataliya|title= Russian TV cuts off Vladimir Putin mid-speech during major Moscow rally|url=https://uk.yahoo.com/news/russian-tv-cuts-off-vladimir-141713931.html |date=March 18, 2022|work=The Telegraph |location=London, England |access-date=March 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Putin Marks Crimea Anniversary, Defends 'Special Operation' in Ukraine in Stadium Rally |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/18/putin-marks-crimea-anniversary-defends-special-operation-in-ukraine-in-stadium-rally-a76995 |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=18 March 2022}}</ref>
==2018 FIFA World Cup==
Luzhniki Stadium hosted seven games of the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], including the opening and the final matches.
{{anchor|WC2018}}
{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
!Date
!Time
!Team No. 1
!Result
!Team No. 2
!Round
!Attendance
|-
|14 June 2018||18:00|| {{fb|RUS}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 5–0 || {{fb|KSA}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup Group A|Group A]] (opening match)||rowspan="7"style="text-align:center;"| 78,011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/4ad194dc95428ce8/original/pu4pxs0jv3ldwtjexj9f-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Group A – Russia – Saudi Arabia |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/645f665d01d87900/original/vdedmcpen3hfh1sym6yb-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Group F – Germany – Mexico |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/517f9216d4fc5378/original/mii2jztnh9q1ysjpmwrv-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Group B – Portugal – Morocco |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=20 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/460c71e4959b983/original/zqrivlhq0vm1zrz9c8zd-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Group C – Denmark – France |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=26 June 2018 |access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/15da28168fdb2153/original/rix0h2ufiablhohc1hsj-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Round of 16 – Spain – Russia |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=1 July 2018 |access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/43aa874d64d3c3e2/original/wokewexwh4sfkhzk8qwz-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Semi-final – Croatia – England |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=11 July 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/7fd5d6b7c5477832/original/ahrvofztw0aucrsywr2c-pdf.pdf |title=Match report – Final – France – Croatia |website=FIFA.com |publisher=[[FIFA|Fédération Internationale de Football Association]] |date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|17 June 2018||18:00 || {{fb|GER}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 0–1 || {{fb|MEX}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup Group F|Group F]]
|-
|20 June 2018||15:00 || {{fb|POR}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 || {{fb|MAR}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup Group B|Group B]]
|-
|26 June 2018||17:00 || {{fb|DEN}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 0–0 ||{{fb|FRA|1974}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup Group C|Group C]]
|-
|1 July 2018||17:00 || {{fb|ESP}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 1–1 (3–4 [[penalty shoot-out (association football)|pen.]]) || {{fb|RUS}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Round of 16|Round of 16]]
|-
|11 July 2018|| 21:00 || {{fb|CRO}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 2–1 {{aet}} || {{fb|ENG}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage#Semi-final|Semi-final]]
|- style="background:gold;"
|15 July 2018||18:00 || {{fb|FRA|1974}} ||style="text-align:center;"| 4–2 || {{fb|CRO}} ||[[2018 FIFA World Cup Final|Final]]
|}

=== Security measures ===
[[File:Final of the Soccer World Cup Russia between the national teams of France and Croatia.jpg|thumb|The stadium prior to the [[2018 FIFA World Cup Final]] kick-off]]
During the World Cup, Luzhniki had six access control stations with 39 inspection lines, and seven access control points with 427 entrances for fans arriving on foot. The grounds were serviced by 3,000 surveillance cameras and about 900 scanners, monitors, and detectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m24.ru/articles/%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B/06022017/129436|title=Три тысячи камер и другие факты о подготовке "Лужников" к ЧМ-2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Luzhniki Stadium}}
{{Portal|Olympics|Association football|Russia}}
* {{Official website|http://www.luzhniki.ru/}}

{{WikidataCoord}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-sta|et}}}}
{{succession box |
| before = [[Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino|Stadio Comunale]] [[Turin]]
| title = Summer [[Universiade]] Opening and closing ceremonies
| years = 1973
| after = [[Stadio Olimpico]] [[Rome]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] [[Montreal]]
| title = [[Summer Olympic Games|Summer Olympics]] Opening and closing ceremonies ([[Olympic Stadium]])
| years = 1980
| after = [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] Los Angeles
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] [[Montreal]]
| title = Summer Olympics [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Athletics competitions]] Main venue
| years = [[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]
| after = [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] Los Angeles
}}
{{Succession box
| before =[[Olympic Stadium (Montreal)|Olympic Stadium]] [[Montreal]]
| title = Summer Olympics [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Men's football]] final venue
| years = [[Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]
| after = [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]] Los Angeles ([[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]])
}}
{{succession box |
title=[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] [[List of UEFA Cup and Europa League finals|Final venue]]|
before=[[Parc des Princes]] Paris|
after=[[Parken Stadium]] [[Copenhagen]]|
years=1999
}}
{{succession box |
title=[[UEFA Champions League]] [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|Final venue]]|
before=[[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Olympic Stadium]] [[Athens]]|
after=[[Stadio Olimpico]] [[Rome]]|
years=2008
}}
{{succession box |
title=[[IAAF World Athletics Championships|IAAF World Championships in Athletics]] Main venue|
before=[[Daegu Stadium]] [[Daegu]]|
after=[[Beijing National Stadium]] Beijing|
years=[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|2013]]
}}
{{succession box |
title=[[Rugby World Cup Sevens]] Men's venue|
before=[[The Sevens Stadium]] [[Dubai]]|
after=[[Oracle Park|AT&T Park]] San Francisco|
years=2013
}}
{{succession box |
title=[[FIFA World Cup]] [[List of FIFA World Cup opening matches|Opening venue]]|
before=[[Arena Corinthians]] [[São Paulo]]|
after=[[Al Bayt Stadium]] [[Al Khor]]|
years=2018
}}
{{succession box |
title=FIFA World Cup [[List of FIFA World Cup finals|Final venue]]|
before=[[Maracanã Stadium|Estádio do Maracanã]] [[Rio de Janeiro]]|
after=[[Lusail Stadium]] [[Lusail]]|
years=[[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
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{{IAAF World Athletic Championships stadiums}}
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{{2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{FIFA World Cup Opening stadiums}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1956]]
[[Category:Football venues in Russia]]
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[[Category:Olympic stadiums|Moscow]]
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[[Category:FC Torpedo Moscow]]
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[[Category:Khamovniki District]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Russia]]
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[[Category:Venues of the Friendship Games]]

Bitsa Park, Moscow

2024-07-27T01:25:27Z

Fallen Sheep: Wikilink

{{expand Russian|topic=geo|otherarticle=Битцевский лес|date=February 2018}}
[[File:Bitsevsky-park.jpg|thumb|Bitsa Park, recreation area]]

'''Bitsevski Park''' ({{lang-ru|Битцевский парк}}), or '''Bitsa Park''', is one of the largest [[nature park|natural parks]] (forests) in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. The park, traversed by the [[Chertanovka River]] and the [[Bitsa River]], sprawls for some {{cvt|10|km|mi}} from north to south and covers the area of {{cvt|18|km2|mi2}}. The park is [[linear park|elongated]] from north to south and is bounded by [[Balaklavsky Avenue]] from the north.

The park is home to more than 500 species of plants, including [[Tilia|linden]]s, [[oak]]s, and fine [[fir]]s, planted by [[Mikhail Katkov]]'s son at his family [[Manor house|manor]] in the 19th century. 33 species of mammals and 78 species of birds have been registered in the park.

The grounds of the park contain the [[Moscow Paleontological Museum]], as well as the 18th-century country estates of [[Uzkoye]] and [[Znamenskoye-Sadki]] and the reconstructed estate of [[Yasenevo Estate|Yasenevo]]. In 1974 the park was the location of the [[Bulldozer Exhibition]]. They skirt the [[Bitsa Equestrian club]] which was built for the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Games]]. The forest was the site where [[serial killer]] [[Alexander Pichushkin]] committed the vast majority of his 61 murders.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Bitsa Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503134851/http://www.bitsevskipark.ru/ The official site of the Bitsevski Park] {{in lang|ru}}

{{coord|55|37.05|N|37|34.02|E|region:RU_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Parks and gardens in Moscow]]
[[Category:Forests of Russia]]
[[Category:Forest parks in Russia]]

{{Moscow-geo-stub}}

Bascombe Race Course

2024-07-26T22:16:49Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Fall 1842 */ removed irrelevant information, changed date according to source

{{one source|date=December 2023}}

{{Short description|Thoroughbred racetrack in Mobile, Alabama}}
{{Infobox Racecourse
| Name = Bascombe Race Course
|Image =
|Location = Mobile, Alabama
|Opened = 1836
| CourseType = Flat/Thoroughbred
| coordinates = {{coord|40|34|19|N|94|32|13|W|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Bascombe Race Course''' is a former [[thoroughbred]] [[horseracing]] [[Race track|track]] in [[Mobile, Alabama]], built in 1836 that hosted [[The Mobile Jockey Club]].

==History==
===Spring 1837===
[[File:Mobile Jockey Club, Alabama - New York Daily Herald Mon Apr 3 1837.jpg|thumb|left|Mobile Jockey Club New York Daily Herald Mon Apr 3 1837]]
The Race Course is completed. <ref>New York Daily Herald
03 Apr 1837, Mon ·Page 2·https://www.newspapers.com/image/466519885/</ref>
On Tuesday, March 13th, 1838 races were held, secretary F.K. West. The First Day's Race was a Sweepstakes for colts and fillies, 3 years old, $300 Entrance Fee, $150 Forfeit Fee, four entries, closed. Local Vance Johnson's ''Melzare,'' David Stevenson's ''Frolicsome Fanny,'' [[Henry Augustine Tayloe|Henry A. Tayloe]]'s ''Black Maria,'' and James S. Garrison's ''Wagner.'' Day Two Jockey Club Purse, Two Mile Heats, purse $500. Day Three Jockey Club Purse $700, Three Mile Heats. Fourth Day Jockey Club Purse $1000, Four Mile Heats. Fifth Day The Proprietors Purse followed by The Jockey Club Purse, both $300. Results: J.S. Garrison's ''Charles Magic,'' beat D. Stephenson's ''Oseola'' in the Proprietor's Purse. [[Henry Augustine Tayloe|Henry A. Tayloe]]'s ''Hortense,'' beat J.S. Garrison's ''Pollard,'' and D. Stephenson's ''Frolicsome Fanny.''

[[File:Mobile Jockey Club Token Mobile, Alabama 1853.png|thumb|Mobile Jockey Club Token Mobile, Alabama 1853]]
[[The Mobile Jockey Club]] announce their races to be held beginning Tuesday, April 4, a special race was held between Col. Vance Johnson's ''Scarlet'' and P. B. Starke's ''Birminghand'', four-mile heats, $5,000 aside, the day before. Tuesday featured The Colt Sweepstakes: five entries of $500 each, and closed; that same day the Jockey Club purse of $500, two-mile heats. On Wednesday three mile heats, on Thursday four mile heats, on Friday mile heats, best 3 of 5, and Saturday the Proprietors Purse of $350, at two-mile heats. In attendance were Col. Garrison of [[Virginia]], who would go on to found the [[Metairie Cemetery|Metairie Course]] in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] with Richard Adams; and Col. Langford of the Canebrake.<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/image/466519885/</ref>
[[File:Bascombe Race Course Spring Races 1838 The Times Picayune Tue Feb 27 1838 (1).jpg|thumb|left|Bascombe Race Course Spring Races March 1838]]

===Fall 1838===
The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club commenced Tuesday, Nov 27th, with a sweepstakes race for colts and fillies, being 2 years old in the Spring of 1838, $250 Entrance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee. There were six entries, three forfeited. J. S. Garrison (C. Robinson's) ''Martha Robins,'' D. Stephenson's ''Amazon,'' and Doctor Wither's ''Pulaski,'' raced.<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/image/604506757/</ref>

===Fall 1842===
The Fall Meeting of The Mobile Jockey Club began Wednesday, Dec 14, with the Jockey Club Purse, two mile heats, $250, and a sweepstakes race for four year olds, two mile heats, $300 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, to name and close the Dec. 1, three or more to make a race. Thursday, Dec 15, Jockey Club Purse, three mile heats, $400. Friday, Dec 16, Jockey Club Purse, four mile heats, $700, of which $100 goes to the second best horse. Saturday, Dec 17, Mile Heats, best three in five, Purse $200, and a Sweepstakes race for three year olds, mile heats, $200 Enterance Fee, $100 Forfeit Fee, three or more to make a race, to name and close Dec. 14th.
<ref>https://www.newspapers.com/image/272704753/</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center packed">
File:The Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Wed Mar 21 1838.jpg|The Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Wed Mar 21 1838
File:Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Fri Apr 7 1837.jpg|Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Fri Apr 7 1837
File:Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Fri Apr 7 1837 1.jpg|Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course The Times Picayune Fri Apr 7 1837
File:Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course Fall Meeting Charleston Courier Wed Dec 5 1838.jpg|Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course Fall Meeting Charleston Courier Wed Dec 5 1838
File:The Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course Fall Races Mobile Daily Advertiser and Chronicle Thu Oct 13 1842.jpg|The Mobile Jockey Club Bascombe Race Course Fall Races Mobile Daily Advertiser and Chronicle Thu Oct 13 1842
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Eclipse Race Course]]
*[[Metairie Cemetery|Metairie Course]]
*[[The Louisiana Jockey Club]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct horse racing venues in Alabama]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Mobile, Alabama]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1836]]
[[Category:Year of disestablishment missing]]

Odds (band)

2024-07-26T12:22:41Z

Fallen Sheep: added image

{{Short description|Canadian alternative rock band}}
{{redirect|The Odds|the album by The Evens|The Odds (album)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Odds
| image = Odds In Concert.jpg
| caption = Odds in 2011
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada
| genre = [[Alternative rock]]
| years_active = {{start date|1987}}–{{end date|2000}} 2007–present
| label = [[Zoo Entertainment (record label)|Zoo]], [[Elektra Records|Elektra]], [[Warner Music Group|Warner]], [[Pheromone Recordings]], [[Second Motion Records]]
| associated_acts = [[The Kids in the Hall]] [[Warren Zevon]] [[Colin James]] Sharkskin [[Stripper's Union]] [[The Tragically Hip]] [[Rosanne Cash]]
| website = {{URL|oddsmusic.com}}
| current_members = [[Craig Northey]] [[Doug Elliott (musician)|Doug Elliott]] [[Pat Steward]] Murray Atkinson
| past_members = Steven Drake [[Paul Brennan (Canadian musician)|Paul Brennan]]
}}

'''Odds''' are a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[alternative rock]] band based in [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].<ref>[https://newspaperarchive.com/winnipeg-free-press-oct-10-1996-p-50/ "Big Sugars music isnt so sweet"]. ''Winnipeg Free Press'', via Newspaper Archives. October 10, 1996 - Page 50</ref> They were nominated for six [[Juno Awards]] in the 1990s. As of 2014, they are on their fifth record label.

==History==
===Odds (1987–1999)===
The band was formed in 1987 in [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], consisting of vocalist-guitarists [[Craig Northey]] and Steven Drake (both of whom had led different bands appearing on a [[Vancouver]] music compilation album, ''Spotlight '86''), bassist [[Doug Elliott (musician)|Doug Elliott]] and drummer [[Paul Brennan (Canadian musician)|Paul Brennan]]. [[Pat Steward]] was originally asked to be the band's drummer, but he declined. The band members claim the name came when Brennan asked Drake, in a town somewhere on the BC coast, "What are the odds of us ever escaping bullshit gigs like this?"

In the late 1980s, the band played up to four nights a week as a 1960s and 1970s cover band called Dawn Patrol at the Roxy nightclub in Vancouver, while playing as Odds on weekends and funding their own demo recordings at Crosstown Studios in North Vancouver, hoping for a break. They travelled to Los Angeles doing showcases and eventually signed to [[Zoo Entertainment (record label)|Zoo Entertainment]].

In 1991 they released their debut self-produced album ''[[Neopolitan (album)|Neopolitan]]'', which spawned the radio hits "Love Is the Subject" and "King of the Heap" (both sung by Northey).<ref>[https://newspaperarchive.com/medicine-hat-news-nov-22-1991-p-51/ "The Odds an eclectic band"]. ''Medicine Hat News'', via Newspaper Archives. November 22, 1991 - Page 51</ref> The third single, the sexually explicit "Wendy Under the Stars" (sung by Drake), charted only on the ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' Canadian Content chart, but attracted the attention of American music critic [[Greil Marcus]] in his book ''[[Dead Elvis (book)|Dead Elvis]]''. After the release of ''Neopolitan'', the band were picked up by [[Warren Zevon]], becoming his touring band for his album ''[[Mr. Bad Example]]''.<ref>[https://newspaperarchive.com/lethbridge-herald-mar-05-1992-p-43/ "Zevon helps young band to stardom"]. ''Lethbridge Herald'', via Newspaper Archives. March 05, 1992 - Page 43</ref>

In 1993, Zevon returned the favour by guesting on the band's ''[[Bedbugs (album)|Bedbugs]]'' album. Its lead single was "[[Heterosexual Man]]". The video for that song featured the band members performing in [[drag (clothing)|drag]], with [[Dave Foley]], [[Kevin McDonald]] and [[Mark McKinney]] from [[The Kids in the Hall]], themselves often noted for drag performances, as stereotypically [[macho]] jocks in the audience until Foley inexplicably turns into a woman.<ref>[https://www.bclocalnews.com/entertainment/odds-heading-to-cumberland/ "Odds heading to Cumberland"]. ''BC Local News'', Mar. 14, 2013</ref> Three more singles were released from the album: "It Falls Apart", "Jack Hammer" and "Yes (Means it's Hard to Say No)". "Jack Hammer" features a guitar battle between [[Robert Quine]] (Lou Reed, Richard Hell, Matthew Sweet, etc.) and Zevon.

In 1995, Brennan left the band, moving to [[Toronto]] during the recording of their third album, and subsequently joined [[Big Sugar (band)|Big Sugar]]. He was replaced by Pat Steward, who was a friend of Doug and former drummer for [[Bryan Adams]].<ref>[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/odds "Odds"]. ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', Jeff Bateman, October 5, 2008</ref> ''[[Good Weird Feeling]]'', their most commercially successful album, included drum tracks from both Brennan and Steward. The album featured the top 10 hit singles "Truth Untold" and "Eat My Brain". "Satisfied" hit the top 20. "Mercy to Go" and "Smokescreen" also charted. "Eat My Brain" later found a place on the Craig Northey-produced soundtrack to The Kids in the Hall movie ''[[Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy]]''. Northey composed the score for the movie along with Steward and Elliott.

In 1996, the album ''[[Nest (album)|Nest]]'' was released. The albums's lead single, "Someone Who's Cool", originally intended for a sequel to the ''[[Friends]]'' soundtrack,<ref>[http://www.mp3.com/albums/474793/reviews.html Singles: Individually Wrapped – The Odds – Music Reviews] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306025415/http://www.mp3.com/albums/474793/reviews.html |date=March 6, 2008 }}</ref> peaked at No. 2 in their native Canada. In the U.S., it was a No. 6 hit at AAA radio, but was not a mainstream chart hit. It later was also used as the title theme for the short-lived CBS comedy ''Love Monkey''. The follow-up single "Make You Mad" featured a video which was co-directed by and starred [[Bruce McCulloch]] of The Kids in the Hall. "Nothing Beautiful" was the third single.

Odds toured extensively during the 1990s, including as an opening act for [[The Tragically Hip]] and [[Barenaked Ladies]]. The band performed until 1999, headlining that year's Arts County Fair year-end concert at the [[University of British Columbia]], but released no further new studio albums.

===Hiatus (1999–2007)===
In March 1999, Northey announced that he was leaving the band, although he continued to work with Elliott and Steward frequently in subsequent years. The band members pursued other projects after 1999, releasing a greatest hits/singles compilation in 2000, entitled ''[[Singles: Individually Wrapped]]''. A second compilation, ''The Essentials'', was released in 2005.

Later in 1999 Elliott, Steward and Northey teamed up with organist Simon Kendall (of [[Doug & the Slugs]]) to release an instrumental soul CD under the moniker Sharkskin. Drake followed up his previous work mixing The Tragically Hip's 1996 album ''[[Trouble at the Henhouse]]'' by furthering his career as a recording engineer and producer based in Vancouver.

Northey released a solo album, ''Giddy Up'', in 2002, and worked as a songwriter and producer for other acts (including [[Rosanne Cash]]) throughout the decade. In 2004, he collaborated with [[Gin Blossoms]] guitarist [[Jesse Valenzuela]] on the ''Northey Valenzuela'' album. The pair also recorded the theme song to the sitcom ''[[Corner Gas]]'', "Not a Lot Going On". Northey, Steward and Elliott all recorded and toured with Rob Baker of the Tragically Hip as the band [[Stripper's Union]], and continued to perform as the Craig Northey Power Trio, in addition to forming the core of the backup band for Canadian blues-rock guitarist [[Colin James]].

In early 2006 Odds' song "Someone Who's Cool" was used as the theme song to the short-lived CBS music industry comedy ''[[Love Monkey]]'', starring [[Tom Cavanagh]], [[Jason Priestley]] and [[Teddy Geiger]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mp3.com/news/stories/4127.html |title=MP3.com: Music News – Love Monkey swings again |access-date=2007-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208112612/http://www.mp3.com/news/stories/4127.html |archive-date=2007-12-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===New Odds and Odds again (2008–2014)===
In 2007, Craig Northey, Doug Elliott, Pat Steward and new guitarist [[Murray Atkinson]] performed old and new songs on the [[Barenaked Ladies]]' "Ships and Dip" event aboard a cruise ship in the Caribbean Sea. They released a new album, ''Cheerleader'', on May 20, 2008, with Northey now performing all lead vocals. It was the very first release by [[Kim Cooke]]'s new label Pheromone Recordings.<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i4e4b94c11d15b8f2b392a0076c53bb1f "Newly Launched Pheromone Recordings Preps First Releases"]. ''Billboard Biz'',</ref> The first single, "My Happy Place," (used over the closing credits throughout the run of ''Corner Gas'') was released in mid-March.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chartattack.com/news/53312/meet-the-new-odds-almost-the-same-as-the-old-odds | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512161824/http://www.chartattack.com/news/53312/meet-the-new-odds-almost-the-same-as-the-old-odds | url-status=usurped | archive-date=May 12, 2009 | title=Meet The New Odds, Almost The Same As The Old Odds | publisher=[[Chart (magazine)|Chart]] | access-date=2008-11-15 | date=2008-02-27 }}</ref> As the band's right to "Odds" had lapsed, the album was released under the name '''The New Odds'''.

After resecuring the right to its original name, the band obtained U.S. distribution through independent record label [[Second Motion Records]]. A new EP, ''Noise Trade'' (named for the [[NoiseTrade|website used to sell it]]), comprising several songs from ''Cheerleader'' and covers of tunes from [[Pointed Sticks]] and [[Art Bergmann]] was prepared for early 2009 release. Early in the year, the band also appeared as themselves (in retro-'50s garb) during a dream sequence in the final season of the ''Corner Gas'' television series. The band continues to perform regularly, mostly at festivals and events across Canada including such performances as on the 2009 and 2010 [[Canadian Pacific]] [[Canadian Pacific Railway#Holiday Train|Holiday train]]. During the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver Odds were the "house band" at Canada Hockey House.

The band was named the Vancouver Canucks 'house band' of the 2010 and 2011 NHL playoffs. The Odds performed the theme music to the CBC/IFC television series ''[[The Kids in the Hall: Death Comes to Town]]''.

Odds made several shorter-length record releases in later years. On February 21, 2013, Odds released an EP called "The Most Beautiful Place on Earth." The five-song EPs "Game Face On" and "Party Party Party" followed in 2014.

== In pop culture ==
On December 3, 2021, Odds were mentioned in the song "Canada Loves You Back" by [[Steven Page]], which he performed at the [[Governor General's Awards]] in honour of [[Ryan Reynolds]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada Loves You Back – Single |url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3vrIGABDbLCAg0BDKpU8lB?autoplay=true |website=spotify.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steven Page Song to Ryan Reynolds Now Raising Funds for Reconciliation Canada |url=https://www.fyimusicnews.ca/articles/2021/12/09/steven-page-song-ryan-reynolds-now-raising-funds-reconciliation-canada |website=fyimusicnews.ca|date=9 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ryan Reynolds Gets Emotional Watching Musical Tribute 'Canada Loves You Back': 'Made Me Cry' |url=https://people.com/movies/ryan-reynolds-ggpaa-award-song-tribute-canada-loves-you-back/ |website=people.com}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|rowspan="2"| '''Release Year'''
|rowspan="2"| '''Title'''
|colspan="8"| '''Peak chart positions'''
|rowspan="2"| '''Album'''
|-
!align="center"|[[RPM (magazine)|CAN]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?q1=Odds&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20&sk=41&&&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5 |title=Odds Top Singles positions (60–173) |publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] |access-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016041004/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?q1=Odds&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20&sk=41&&&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5 |archive-date=2012-10-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Canadian Rock/Alternative chart|CAN Alt]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5&q1=Odds&q2=Rock%2FAlternative&interval=20 |title=Odds Rock/Alternative positions |publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] |access-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015135549/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5&q1=Odds&q2=Rock%2FAlternative&interval=20 |archive-date=2012-10-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!align="center"|[[RPM (magazine)|CAN Content (Cancon)]] <ref>Peak positions for Odds singles on ''RPM'''s Canadian Content chart:
*For "Love Is the Subject": {{cite magazine | url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.1639&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.1639.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.1639 | title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 54, No. 19 Oct 12, 1991 |magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] | access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "King of the Heap" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2032&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2032.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2032|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 55, No. 5 Jan 25, 1992|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "Wendy Under the Stars" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2007&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2007.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2007|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 56, No. 1 Apr 07, 1992|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "Heterosexual Man" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0968&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0968.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0968|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 57, No. 21 Jun 05, 1993|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "It Falls Apart" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2225&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2225.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2225|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 58, No. 8 Sep 04, 1993|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "Jack Hammer" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2343&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2343.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2343|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 58, No. 24 Dec 25, 1993|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "Yes (Means It's Hard to Say No)" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2416&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2416.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2416|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 59, No. 9 Mar 21, 1994|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}
*For "Truth Untold" {{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2710&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2710.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2710|title=Canadian Content (Cancon) - Volume 60, No. 25 Jan 23, 1995|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=May 13, 2021}}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Bubbling Under Hot 100|US Bubbling Under Hot 100]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BA8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Billboard+Odds+Someone+Who%27s+Cool+Bubbling+Under&pg=PA89|title=Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=5 April 1997 |access-date=December 17, 2023}}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Adult Alternative Airplay|US AAA]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/triple-a/1997-04-26/|title=Adult Alternative Airplay|magazine=Billboard|date=April 26, 1997|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 7, 2024}}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Radio & Records|US Alt]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Archive-RandR/1990s/1997/RR-1997-03-14.pdf|title=Alternative Top 50|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|page=90|access-date=January 7, 2024}}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Radio & Records|US AOR]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/90s/93/RR-1993-07-09-OCR-Page-0066.pdf|title=AOR Tracks|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|access-date=January 4, 2024}}</ref>
!align="center"|[[Radio & Records|US Rock]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-RandR-IDX/IDX/90s/97/RR-1997-03-21-OCR-Page-0082.pdf|title=Rock Top 50|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|access-date=January 6, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|"Love Is the Subject"
|align="center"|43
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|rowspan="3"|''[[Neopolitan (album)|Neopolitan]]''
|-
|1991
|"King of the Heap"
|align="center"|42
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1992
|"Wendy Under the Stars"
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1993
|"[[Heterosexual Man]]"
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|-
|rowspan="5"|''[[Bedbugs (album)|Bedbugs]]''
|-
|1993
|"It Falls Apart"
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1993
|"Jack Hammer"
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1994
|"Yes (Means It's Hard to Say No)"
|align="center"|60
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1994
|"Love of Minds"
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1995
|"Truth Untold"
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|rowspan="5"|''[[Good Weird Feeling]]''
|-
|1995
|"Eat My Brain"
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|21
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1995
|"Satisfied"
|align="center"|29
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1995
|"I Would Be Your Man"
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1996
|"Mercy to Go"
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1996
|"[[Someone Who's Cool]]"
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|20
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|41
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|33
|rowspan="3"|''[[Nest (album)|Nest]]''
|-
|1997
|"Make You Mad"
|align="center"|8
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|1997
|"Nothing Beautiful"

|align="center"|73
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|-
|2008
|"My Happy Place"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''Cheerleader''
|}

===Albums===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="1" | Peak chart positions
! colspan="1" | Certifications
|- style="font-size: smaller;"
! width="90" | [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref>Peak positions for Odds' albums in Canada:
*For "Good Weird Feeling" {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9019&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Albums/CDs – Volume 61, No. 23, July 03 1995|publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|access-date=2011-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023172830/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9019&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|archive-date=2012-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! width="90" | [[Music Canada|CAN]] <ref name="CRIA">{{cite web|url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Odds|title=Gold/Platinum|publisher='[[Music Canada]]|access-date=2011-07-10}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|''[[Neopolitan (album)|Neopolitan]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|1993
|''[[Bedbugs (album)|Bedbugs]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|1995
|''[[Good Weird Feeling]]''
| align="center" | 23
| align="center" |Platinum
|-
|1996
|''[[Nest (album)|Nest]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |Gold
|-
|2000
|''[[Singles: Individually Wrapped]]''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2005
|''The Essentials''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2008
|''Cheerleader''
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2009
|''Noise Trade'' EP
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2013
|''the Most Beautiful Place on Earth'' EP
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2014
|''Game Face On'' EP
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2014
|''Party Party Party'' EP
| align="center" | –
| align="center" |
|-
|2022
|''Universal Remote''
|
|
|-
|2023
|Crash the Time Machine
|
|
|}

==Juno Award nominations==
*''Best New Group'' (1994)<ref name="JUNO Awards Database">[http://junoawards.ca/database/artist-summary/?artist_name=Odds&show_details=1 JUNO Awards Database]</ref><ref name=ej94>[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/475859637/ "Slate of discs a healthy sign for city bands"]. ''Edmonton Journal'', Edmonton, Alberta, February 11, 1994, page: 39</ref>
*''Best Rock Album'' (1996)<ref name="JUNO Awards Database"/>
*''Songwriter of the Year'' (1996, 1998)<ref name="JUNO Awards Database"/>
*''Group of the Year'' (1996)<ref name="JUNO Awards Database"/>
*''Best Video (Someone Who's Cool)'' (1997)<ref name="JUNO Awards Database"/>

==Members==
* [[Craig Northey]] – Lead vocals, guitar
* [[Doug Elliott (musician)|Doug Elliott]] – Bass, backup vocals
* [[Pat Steward]] – Drums, backup vocals
* Murray Atkinson – Guitar, backup vocals

===Former===
* Steven Drake - Vocals, guitar
* [[Paul Brennan (Canadian musician)|Paul Brennan]] - Drums, backup vocals

==See also==
{{Portal|Music|Canada}}
*[[Canadian rock]]
*[[Music of Canada]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oddsmusic.com Odds]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Odds}}
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1987]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2000]]
[[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Vancouver]]
[[Category:Canadian alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Zoo Entertainment (record label) artists]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Canadian power pop groups]]
[[Category:Second Motion Records artists]]

Blast of Storm

2024-07-26T11:09:43Z

Fallen Sheep: moved ref to ref section

{{Short description|Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox racehorse
| horsename = Blast of Storm
| image =
| caption =
| sire = Perugino
| grandsire = [[Danzig (horse)|Danzig]]
| dam = Key Partner
| damsire = [[Law Society (horse)|Law Society]]
| sex = [[Stallion (horse)|Stallion]]
| foaled = 1996
| country = [[Ireland]]
| colour = [[Brown]]
| breeder = W. Powell-Harris
| owner = Lady Sally Arbib
| trainer = [[William C. Marshall]]
| record = 21: 10-2-5
| earnings = [[Pound sterling|£]]169,175
| race = [[Barbados Gold Cup]] (2000, 2001, 2002)
| awards =
| honours =
| updated=
}}
'''Blast of Storm''' (foaled 1996 in [[Ireland]]) was a [[Barbados|Barbadian]] [[Thoroughbred]] [[Horse racing|racehorse]] who was the first horse to win three consecutive runnings of the [[Barbados Gold Cup]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080315003142/http://www.barbadosturfclub.com/Stake%20Races/Sandy%20Lane%20Barbados%20Gold%20Cup.aspx The Barbados Gold Cup – The most prestigious horse race in the Caribbean]</ref>

Trained by [[William C. Marshall]] for owner Lady Sally Arbib, Blast of storm was ridden by [[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]] in all three of his Gold Cup wins.

Retired from racing, Blast of storm entered stud in Barbados in 2003.

A life-size bronze statue of Blast of Storm now graces the infield opposite the finishing line.

==Pedigree==

{{Pedigree
|name = Blast of Storm
|f = Perugino
1991
|m = Key Partner
1987
|ff = [[Danzig (horse)|Danzig]]
1977
|fm = Fairy Bridge
1975
|mf = [[Law Society (horse)|Law Society]]
1982
|mm = Roscrea
1977
|fff = [[Northern Dancer]]
|ffm = Pas de Nom
|fmf = [[Bold Reason]]
|fmm = Special
|mff = [[Alleged (horse)|Alleged]]
|mfm = Bold Bikini
|mmf = [[Ballymore (horse)|Ballymore]]
|mmm = Twaddle
|ffff = [[Nearctic]]
|fffm = [[Natalma]]
|ffmf = [[Admiral's Voyage]]
|ffmm = Petitioner
|fmff = [[Hail to Reason]]
|fmfm = [[Lalun]]
|fmmf = [[Forli (horse)|Forli]]
|fmmm = Thong
|mfff = [[Hoist The Flag]]
|mffm = Princess Pout
|mfmf = [[Boldnesian]]
|mfmm = Ran-Tan
|mmff = [[Ragusa (horse)|Ragusa]]
|mmfm = Paddy's Sister
|mmmf = [[Tim Tam (horse)|Tim Tam]]
|mmmm = Blarney Bess
|}}

==References==
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=horse&query_type=horse&h=BLAST+OF+STORM&g=5&cellpadding=0&small_font=1&l= Blast of Storm's pedigree and partial racing stats]
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1996 racehorse births]]
[[Category:Thoroughbred family 3-l]]
[[Category:Racehorses bred in Ireland]]
[[Category:Racehorses trained in Barbados]]
[[Category:Barbadian racehorses]]

{{Racehorse-stub}}

Barbados Gold Cup

2024-07-26T11:07:08Z

Fallen Sheep: fixed table, result taken from https://www.barbadosturfclub.org/results-for-for-saturday-march-2-2024-the-sandy-lane-barbados-gold-cup-raceday/ Race #8

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox horseraces
| surface = Turf
| class = Group I
| horse race = [[Sandy Lane (resort)|Sandy Lane]] Barbados Gold Cup
| image =
| caption =
| location = [[Garrison Savannah Racetrack]] [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]
| inaugurated = 1982
| race type = [[Thoroughbred]] - [[Flat racing]]
| website = [http://www.barbadosturfclub.com/default.aspx barbadosturfclub.com]
| distance = 1800 metres (8.95 furlongs)
| track = Right-handed
| qualification = Three-year-olds & up
| weight = Assigned
| purse = [[Barbadian dollar|Bds$]]200,000
| bonuses =
}}
The '''[[Sandy Lane (resort)|Sandy Lane]] Gold Cup''' is a [[Barbados|Barbadian]] [[Group One|Group I]] [[Thoroughbred horse race]] run annually in late February/early March since 1982 at the [[Garrison Savannah Racetrack]] in [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]]. Contested over a [[Grass|turf]] course at a distance of 1,800 meters (8.95 furlongs), it is open to horses, age three or older.

The most important event on the Barbados horse racing calendar, it was inaugurated in 1982 with the intention of attracting the top horses from [[Caribbean]] countries. Since 1997 the race has been sponsored by the [[Sandy Lane (resort)|Sandy Lane Hotel]].

In 1999, nineteen-year-old Attie S. Joseph III became the youngest owner to win the Gold Cup.

In 2007, [[Elizabeth Deane]] became the first female [[Horse trainer|trainer]] to saddle a winner of the Barbados Gold Cup.

The race was not run in 2021 and 2022 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], but returned in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-07 |title=Gold Cup put back indefinitely |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2021/03/07/gold-cup-put-back-indefinitely/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.nationnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Barbados |date=2023-02-18 |title=Bigger and Better Gold Cup |url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/02/18/bigger-and-better-gold-cup/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Barbados Today |language=en-US}}</ref> The 2023 edition was won by It's a Gamble, a son of [[English Channel (horse)|English Channel]], and jockey Jalon Samuel, who furthered his record wins to six. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Jalon Samuel wins sixth Gold Cup on It’s A Gamble |url=https://www.nationnews.com/2023/03/04/jalon-samuel-wins-sixth-gold-cup-gamble/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.nationnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Antonio Bishop guided Portfolio Company to his second Gold Cup victory in the 2024 edition of the race.

==Records==
'''Speed record:'''
* 1:48.40 - Sterwins (2010)

'''Most wins:'''
* 3 - [[Sandford Prince]] (1989, 1991, 1992)
* 3 - [[Blast of Storm]] (2000, 2001, 2002)
* 2 - Dorsett (2016, 2017)

'''Most wins by an owner:'''
* 8 - Sir David Seale (1986, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2012, 2013, 2020)

'''Most wins by a [[jockey]]:'''
* 6 - Jalon Samuel (2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2023)
* 4 - Venice Richards (1986, 1989, 1991, 1992)
* 4 - [[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]] (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003)
* 4 - [[Patrick Husbands]] (1990, 2006, 2010, 2014)

'''Most wins by a [[Horse trainer|trainer]]:'''
* 7 - [[William C. Marshall]] (1984, 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003)

==Winners of the Barbados Gold Cup==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="Sayler's Creek" | Year 
! style="width:140px" | Winner 
! Age 
! style="Rico Walcott" | Jockey 
! style="width:145px" | Trainer 
! style="width:180px" | Owner 
! Time
|-
|2024
|Portfolio Company
|5
|Antonio Bishop
|Chad Brown
|Gay Smith
|1:49.60
|-
|2023
|It's a Gamble
|5
|Jalon Samuel
|Romell Lovell
|Mark Goodridge
|1:50.20
|-
|2022
|RACE NOT RUN
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2021
|RACE NOT RUN
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|2020
|Night Prowler
|8
|Jalon Samuel
|Elizabeth Deane
|Sir David Seale
|
|-
|2019
|Celestial Storm
|4
|Rasheed Hughes
|Roger Parravicino
|C.N Parravicino
|
|-
|2018
|Sir Dudley Digges
|6
|Jalon Samuel
|[[Michael J. Maker]]
|[[Kenneth and Sarah Ramsey]]
|
|-
|2017
|Dorsett
|7
|Jalon Samuel
|Robert Pierce
|Steve and Allan Madoo
|1:54.30
|-
|2016
|Dorsett
|6
|Jalon Samuel
|Robert Pierce
|Steve and Allan Madoo
|1:49.20
|-
|2015
|Sayler's Creek
|5
|Rico Walcott
|[[Michael J. Maker]]
|[[Kenneth and Sarah Ramsey]]
|1:53.40
|-
|2014
|Major Marvel
|8
|[[Patrick Husbands|Patrick Husbands BSS]]
|[[Michael J. Maker]]
|[[Kenneth and Sarah Ramsey]]
|1:49.20
|-
|-
|-
|2013
|Aristodemus
|4
|A. Trotman
|E. Deane SCM
|Sir David Seale
|1:50.20
|-
|-
|2012
|Dancin David
|5
|Jalon Samuel
|E. Deane SCM
|Sir David Seale
|2:02.60
|-
|-
|2011
|Zoom
|6
|Antonio Bishop
|Edward Walcott Jr
|Gay Smith
|1:49.40
|-
|-
|2010
|Sterwins
|7
|[[Patrick Husbands|Patrick Husbands BSS]]
|[[Mark E. Casse]]
|Eugene Melnyk
|1:48.40
|-
|-
|2009
|Daylight Express
|4
|Anderson Ward
|Robert Peirce
|Michael Taylor
|1:51.40
|-
|2008
|Pure Temptation
|4
|Anderson Ward
|William Clarke
|Michael Taylor
|1:50.40
|-
|2007
|Whiskey For Me
|5
|[[Rickey Walcott]]
|[[Elizabeth Deane]]
|Aysha Syndicate
|1:50.20
|-
|2006
|Sharp Impact
|6
|[[Patrick Husbands]]
|Robert Peirce
|Gay Smith
|1:50.60
|-
|2005
|Feet On Flames
|6
|Anderson Trotman
|Clayton Greenidge
|Luther G. Miller III
|1:50.20
|-
|2004
|Kathir
|7
|[[Slade Callaghan]]
|Nazih Issa
|[[Eugene Melnyk|E.& L. Melnyk]]
|1:53.73
|-
|2003
|Thady Quill
|6
|[[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Gay Smith
|1:48.60
|-
|2002
|[[Blast of Storm]]
|5
|[[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Sally Arbib
|1:48.60
|-
|2001
|[[Blast of Storm]]
|5
|[[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Sally Arbib
|1:48.60
|-
|2000
|[[Blast of Storm]]
|4
|[[Jonathan C. Jones|Jono Jones]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Sally Arbib
|1:49.20
|-
|1999
|Peace Envoy
|7
|Anderson Ward
|R. Deane
|Attie S. Joseph III
|1:49.20
|-
|1998
|Federico
|5
|[[Simon Husbands]]
|Challenor Jones
|Richard Edwards
|1:51.60
|-
|1997
|Incitatus
|4
|Dale Whittaker
|Challenor Jones
|Blair Down
|1:49.80
|-
|1996
|Rambrino
|4
|Chris Griffith
|Sean Hall
|[[Robert Sangster]]
|1:50.00
|-
|1995
|Asian Jane
|4
|[[Richard Quinn (jockey)|Richard Quinn]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Paul H. Locke
|1:50.60
|-
|1994
|Alto Jane
|5
|[[Richard Quinn (jockey)|Richard Quinn]]
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Paul H. Locke
|1:49.60
|-
|1993
|Chou Chou Royale
|6
|[[Sandy Hawley]]
|[[Scobie Breasley]]
|Sir David Seale
|1:52.60
|-
|1992
|[[Sandford Prince]]
|7
|Venice Richards
|[[Scobie Breasley]]
|Sir David Seale
|1:49.20
|-
|1991
|[[Sandford Prince]]
|6
|Venice Richards
|[[Scobie Breasley]]
|Sir David Seale
|1:50.20
|-
|1990
|Vardar
|3
|[[Patrick Husbands]]
|Challenor Jones
|Sylvie Beuzelin
|1:50.40
|-
|1989
|[[Sandford Prince]]
|4
|Venice Richards
|[[Scobie Breasley]]
|Sir David Seale
|1:51.00
|-
|1988
|Call To Account
|nf
|[[Emile Ramsammy]]
|V. Roberts
|Roland I. Khan
|1:49.80
|-
|1987
|Stangrave Park
|4
|[[Emile Ramsammy]]
|G. Edghill
|W. Greenidge
|1:50.80
|-
|1986
|Bentom
|4
|Venice Richards
|Ronald G. Burke
|Sir David Seale
|1:50.80
|-
|1985
|Frisky Wharf
|4
|[[Emile Ramsammy]]
|Joseph Hadeed
|George Bros. Stables
|1:50.60
|-
|1984
|Tinkers Image
|4
|Ricky Griffith
|[[William C. Marshall]]
|Mrs. Gill Wilson
|1:50.80
|-
|1983
|Iron Lover
|4
|[[Bryn Crossley]]
|Guy Cottrell
|Laurent Cottrell
|1:54.00
|-
|1982
|Bold Lewis
|6
|Declan Gillespie
|Cyril Arneaud
|J. E. Camacho
|1:52.80
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080315003142/http://www.barbadosturfclub.com/Stake%20Races/Sandy%20Lane%20Barbados%20Gold%20Cup.aspx The Barbados Gold Cup at the Barbados Turf Club website]
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/index.php?search_bar=stakes&query_type=stakes&field=view&id=4020 The Barbados Gold Cup at Pedigree Query]

[[Category:Horse races established in 1982]]
[[Category:Horse races in Barbados]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Barbados]]

Ayr Racecourse

2024-07-25T17:22:52Z

Fallen Sheep: updated image to closer-up

{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Racecourse
| Name = Ayr
| Image =[[File:Ayr Racecourse - geograph.org.uk - 5996688.jpg|250px]]
| Caption =
| Website = http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk
| Location = [[Ayr]], Scotland
| Opened = 1907
| Channel = [[Racing TV]]
| CourseType = [[Flat racing|Flat]] [[National Hunt]]
| NotableRaces = [[Scottish Grand National]] [[Ayr Gold Cup]]
| Prev = [[Ascot Racecourse|Ascot]]
| Next = [[Bangor on Dee Racecourse|Bangor on Dee]]
}}
'''Ayr Racecourse''' at Whitletts Road, [[Ayr]], [[Scotland]],<ref name=BRR-71 >''[[British Racing and Racecourses]]'' ({{ISBN|978-0950139722}}) by [[Marion Rose Halpenny]] – Page 71</ref> was opened in 1907.<ref name= "BRR-71"/> There are courses for [[Flat racing|flat]] and for [[National Hunt racing]].

==History==

Horse racing in Ayr dates back to 1576, but the first official meeting did not take place until 1771<ref name=history>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/the-races/racecourse-history |title=Racecourse History |publisher=Ayr Racecourse |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> at a racecourse situated in the [[Seafield, Ayr|Seafield]] area of the town. This first racecourse was a mile oval with sharp bends.

In the early days, racing was supported by the local landed [[gentry]] and members of the Caledonian [[Fox hunting|Hunt]]. Important figures in the course's history have included the [[Earl of Eglinton]], [[Boswell baronets|Sir James Boswell]] and the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]].<ref name=history />

In 1824, Ayr's most important race meeting, the Western Meeting, was established and by 1838 it offered £2000 in prize money and the most valuable two-year-old race of the season in Britain. The meeting's feature race, the [[Ayr Gold Cup]], became a [[Handicap (horse racing)|handicap race]] in 1855 and is now the richest sprint handicap in Europe.<ref name=history />

Due to the small size of the track and limitations on the size of the [[paddock]], a new site for the racecourse was eventually sought and in 1907, the course was moved to its current location in the [[Craigie, Ayrshire|Craigie]] area of town. After extensive research into other British courses, the new course layout was based on that of [[Newbury Racecourse|Newbury]], with the exception that Ayr's straight course is six furlongs rather than a mile.<ref name=history /> The former racecourse is now playing fields, known as the Old Racecourse, and part of Seafield golf course. Local road names Racecourse Road and Racecourse View also reflect this history.

The Western Club, who owned the course, built the Western House (1919-25) initially as a club house, which later became a hotel and events venue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Building/Design Report (October 1, 2022, 4:03 pm) |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=220469 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.scottisharchitects.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Western House Hotel {{!}} Ayr Racecourse |url=https://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/conferences-events/western-house-hotel/ |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk}}</ref> It is a listed building and an example of [[Arts and Crafts movement|Arts and Crafts]] influenced architecture by [[Harold Tarbolton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=66 CRAIGIE ROAD, WESTERN HOUSE (LB47172) |url=http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB47172 |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=portal.historicenvironment.scot}}</ref>

A jumps track was added in 1950 and in 1966 the [[Scottish Grand National]] was transferred to the track after [[Bogside Racecourse]] was closed down.<ref name=history /> It is now regarded as the premier racecourse in [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishracing.co.uk/ayr-racecourse.asp |title=Ayr Racecourse |publisher=Scottish Racing |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417022047/http://www.scottishracing.co.uk/ayr-racecourse.asp |archive-date=17 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Ayr Racecourse hosts numerous race meets throughout the year, but the two primary ones are over jumps in April and on the Flat in September. The Scottish National festival runs for two days every April and is a Grade 3 handicap National Hunt steeplechase race. The Grand National race itself is broadcast live on ITV annually, and more than 20,000 attendees see it live at the track itself. Flat handicap race the Ayr Gold Cup is run over six furlongs every September, with eight races taking place throughout the day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All About Ayr Racecourse|url=https://www.britishracecourses.org/ayr/|website=British Racecourses|date=18 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Characteristics==

===Flat===

Flat races at Ayr are run over the following distances:
*5 furlongs
*6 furlongs
*7 furlongs 50 yards
*1 mile
*1 mile 1 furlong 20 yards
*10 furlongs
*1 mile 2 furlongs 192 yards (disused)
*1 mile 5 furlongs 13 yards
*1 mile 7 furlongs
*2 miles 1 furlong 105 yards

The track is a left-handed oval of 12 furlongs including a half mile run in. A six furlong chute joins the round track after just over a furlong.
The course is generally flat, with gentle undulations, particularly in the straight. The turns are well graded and it can be regarded as basically a fair track.<ref name=TFF>{{Cite report |author=Timeform |author-link=Timeform |title=Racecourse Maps Flat |url=http://www.timeform.com |publisher=Portman Press |page=1}}</ref> The turn approaching the straight is slightly downhill, and those prominent can gain an advantage once in line for home. Sprints are held over the straight course. It is a particularly wide course which allows sprints to have fields of up to 28. The jumps course is left-handed with nine fences. There is a steady downhill run to the home turn and a gentle rise to the finish. There is a run-in of 210 yards after the last.

Hurdle races are run over distances of:
*2 miles 1 furlong
*2 miles 4 furlongs
*2 miles 6 furlongs
*3 miles 110 yards
*3 miles 2 furlongs 110 yards
*3 miles 3 furlongs 110 yards

Chases are run over:
*2 miles
*2 miles 4 furlongs
*2 miles 5 furlongs 110 yards
*3 miles 1 furlong
*3 miles 2 furlongs 110 yards
*3 miles 3 furlongs 110 yards
*3 miles 5 furlongs
*4 miles 110 yards (Scottish National)

The jumps course is a left-handed one and a half mile circuit with nine fences. It runs downhill to the home turn and thereafter there is a gentle rise to the finish, a run-in of 210 yards. Conditions can get extremely gruelling.<ref name=TFJ>{{Cite report |author=Timeform |author-link=Timeform |title=Racecourse Maps Jumps |url=http://www.timeform.com |publisher=Portman Press |page=2}}</ref>

==Facilities==

The paddock stand at Ayr is named the Rothesay Stand in honour of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Charles]] and [[Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall|Camilla]], [[Duke of Rothesay|Duke]] and [[Duchess of Rothesay]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/2012-archive/september-2012/stand-to-be-renamed-in-honour-of-duke-and-duchess |title=Stand to be renamed in honour of Duke and Duchess |publisher=Ayr Racecourse| date=14 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==

Ayr has been voted Best Racecourse in Scotland and the North East nineteen times by the Racegoers Club, including nine years in a row up until 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/january-2013/nine-in-a-row-for-ayr-racecourse |title=Nine in a Row for Ayr Racecourse |publisher=Ayr Racecourse|date=7 January 2013 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

It has also won the Neil Wyatt Ground Staff Award for the Best Dual Purpose Course twice – in 1996 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/2011-archive/january-2011/top-award-for-racecourse-team |title=Top Award For Racecourse Team |publisher=Ayr Racecourse|date=31 January 2011 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> This award is voted on by representatives of the [[National Trainers Federation]] and [[Professional Jockeys' Association]] to recognise the achievements of racecourse groundstaff.

In 2012, Ayr was nominated in two categories in the [[Racecourse Association]] Showcase Awards<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/2012-archive/november-2012/ayr-nominated-for-two-national-racecourse-awards |title=Ayr nominated for two national racecourse awards |publisher=Ayr Racecourse|date=7 November 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> – the Food and Beverage and Owners' Experience categories, winning the latter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/2012-archive/november-2012/ayr-wins-national-racecourse-award |title=Ayr wins national racecourse award |publisher=Ayr Racecourse|date=27 November 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

It has been designated a five star visitor attraction by [[VisitScotland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/news/2011-archive/august-2011/ayr-racecourse-awarded-visitscotland-4-star-rating |title=Ayr racecourse awarded VisitScotland 4 star rating |publisher=Ayr Racecourse|date=7 November 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

==Facts and figures==
===Flat===

*'''Number of fixtures''' (2016) – 19<ref name="Number of Fixtures">{{cite web|title=Race Calendar|url=http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk/races-tickets/race-calendar/|website=Ayr Racecourse|publisher=Ayr Racecourse|access-date=23 December 2015|ref=Numbers of Flat Races in 2016}}</ref>
*'''Prize money''' (2015) – £1,384,100
*'''Top jockey''' (2010–2015) – Graham Lee<ref name="Top Jockey at Ayr Racecourse">{{cite web|title=Top Jockey|url=https://www.racingpost.com/profile/course/3/ayr|work=[[Racing Post]]|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
*'''Top owner''' (2010–2015) – Johnie Delta Racing<ref name="Top Trainer at Ayr Racecourse">{{cite web|url=https://www.racingpost.com/profile/course/3/ayr|work=[[Racing Post]]|access-date=23 December 2015|title=Ayr Racecourse | Racecourse Statistics | Racing Post}}</ref>
*'''Top trainer''' (2010–2015) – Jim Goldie<ref name="Top Trainer at Ayr Racecourse"/>
*'''Top trainer''' (2007 – 2011 inc.) – Richard Fahey, 55 wins from 325 runs<ref name=TFF />

===Jumps===

*'''Top trainer''' (2007 – 2011 inc.) – [[Donald McCain]], 44 wins from 319 runs<ref name=TFJ />

==Notable races==
{| class = "sortable" | border="1" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size:90%"
|- bgcolor="#77dd77" align="center"
! style="width:70px" |Month
! style="width:80px" |DOW
! Race Name
! style="width:60px" |Type
! style="width:70px" | '''Grade'''
! style="width:80px" |Distance
! style="width:50px" |Age/Sex
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1|April}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Scottish Grand National]]
| style="text-align:center" |Chase
| style="text-align:center" | Grade 3
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|6538|4m 110y}}
| style="text-align:center" |5yo +
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|2|April}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Scottish Champion Hurdle]]
| style="text-align:center" |Hurdle
| style="text-align:center" | Grade 2
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|3219|2m }}
| style="text-align:center" |4yo +
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|3|April}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Future Champion Novices' Chase]]
| style="text-align:center" |Chase
| style="text-align:center" | Grade 2
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|4023|2m 4f }}
| style="text-align:center" |5yo +
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|4|May}}
| style="text-align:center" |Wednesday
| [[Rothesay Stakes]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Listed
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|2012|1m 2f }}
| style="text-align:center" |4yo + f
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|5|June}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Land O'Burns Fillies' Stakes]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Listed
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1006|5f }}
| style="text-align:center" |3yo + f
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|6|September}}
| style="text-align:center" |Friday
| [[Harry Rosebery Stakes]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Listed
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1006|5f }}
| style="text-align:center" |2yo only
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|7|September}}
| style="text-align:center" |Friday
| [[Arran Scottish Fillies' Sprint Stakes]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Listed
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1106|5f 110y}}
| style="text-align:center" |3yo + f
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|8|September}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Doonside Cup]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Listed
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|2012|1m 2f }}
| style="text-align:center" |3yo +
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|9|September}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Firth of Clyde Stakes]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Group 3
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1207|6f }}
| style="text-align:center" |2yo only f
|-
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|10|September}}
| style="text-align:center" |Saturday
| [[Ayr Gold Cup]]
| style="text-align:center" |Flat
| style="text-align:center" | Handicap
| style="text-align:center" |{{Sort|1207|6f }}
| style="text-align:center" |3yo +
|}

;Discontinued races
* [[Scottish Derby]] (''last run in 2005'')

==See also==
* [[Horseracing in Great Britain]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ayr-racecourse.co.uk Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070317184111/http://www.gg.com/ayr Course guide on GG.COM]
*[http://www.drawbias.com/Jumps/Ayrj.html Course guide at Drawbias.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070322074241/http://www.attheraces.com/course.asp?CID=112 Course guide on At The Races]

{{Coord|55|27|54|N|4|36|31|W|type:landmark_scale:10000_region:GB|display=title}}
{{Horse racing in Great Britain}}

[[Category:Ayr Racecourse| ]]
[[Category:Horse racing venues in Scotland]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Ayr]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1907]]

Chloé

2024-07-16T00:14:34Z

Fallen Sheep: /* External links */ + Commons

{{Short description|Luxury fashion house}}
{{About|the fashion design company|the human given name|Chloe|other uses|Chloe (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chloé
| logo = Chloe 2024 Logo.svg
| image = HK 中環 Central 太子大廈 Prince's Building mall Chloe clothing shop Sunday morning December 2019 SSG.jpg
| image_caption = Chloé's unit in Hong Kong
| type = Subsidiary
| foundation = {{start date and age|1952|df=yes}}
| founders = [[Gaby Aghion]] Jacques Lenoir
| location_city = [[8th arrondissement of Paris|Paris]]
| location_country = France
| key_people = Chemena Kamali
| industry = Fashion
| products =
| parent = [[Richemont]]
| homepage = {{URL|chloe.com}}
}}
[[File:HK IFC mall near MTR station.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong]]

'''Chloé''' ({{IPA-fr|klɔe}}) is a French luxury [[fashion]] house founded in 1952 by [[Gaby Aghion]]. During the next year of 1953 Aghion joined forces with Jacques Lenoir,<ref>"[http://www.chloe.com/attitudes/PR/en Chloé - Biographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407185001/http://www.chloe.com/attitudes/pr/en |date=7 April 2016 }}." retrieved 13 August 2014.</ref> formally managing the business side of the brand, allowing Aghion to purely pursue the creative growth of Chloé. Its headquarters are located in Paris. The house is owned by luxury brands holding company [[Richemont]] Group. Chloé has been worn by many celebrities, including [[Marion Cotillard]], [[Sienna Miller]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[January Jones]], [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Cameron Diaz]], [[Emma Stone]], [[Clémence Poésy]] and [[Katie Holmes]].<ref>[http://www.chloe.com/#/contact/find-a-chloe-office/en Chloé Offices] Retrieved on 23 August 2009.</ref> The brand is characterized by a youthful and bohemian aesthetic, and has produced several successful fragrances. As of October 2023, Chemena Kamali is its [[creative director]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/chemena-kamali-appointed-creative-director-french-fashion-house-chloe-2023-10-09/#:~:text=PARIS%2C%20Oct%209%20(Reuters),Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20in%20February. Chemena Kamali appointed creative director at French fashion house Chloe] Reuters, October 9, 2023</ref>

==History==
Chloé was founded in 1952 by Egyptian-born [[Gaby Aghion]], who sought to offer luxury ''[[prêt-à-porter]]'' (ready-to-wear)—a concept new at that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mower|first=Sarah|title=Chloe: Attitudes|year=2013|publisher=Rizzoli Intl Pubns|isbn=978-0847838523}}</ref> Gaby Aghion and her partner Jacques Lenoir continued to run the house until 1985, when Chloé was bought by [[Alfred Dunhill Ltd.]] (now part of [[Richemont]]).

===Timeline===
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
* 1952: Chloé is founded by [[Gaby Aghion]], a Parisian of Egyptian-Jewish origin. She and her partner, Jacques Lenoir, were among the first to become aware of the rising demand for collections that could merge the strict requirements of haute couture and those of ready-to-wear.
* 1956: The first collection is introduced at [[Café de Flore]], one of their favorite cafes and the meeting place of artists in Paris. The collection was designed by Gaby Aghion and made by a first assistant at Lelong. Gaby Aghion and Jacques Lenoir start hiring young talented designers, who would eventually make a name of their own: Christiana Bailly, [[Michèle Rosier]], [[Maxime de la Falaise]], [[Graziella Fontana]], Tan Giudicelli, Guy Paulin, Carlos Rodriguez.
* 1966: [[Karl Lagerfeld]] is the main designer and Chloé becomes one of the symbolic brands of the 1970s. Among its customers : [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie Kennedy]], [[Brigitte Bardot]], [[Maria Callas]] and [[Grace Kelly]].
* 1971: The first Chloé boutique opens at the 3 rue Gribeauval in Paris.
* 1985: The company is acquired by the [[Richemont|Richemont group]].
* 1980s: Chloé keeps working with promising and eventually famous artistic directors: [[Martine Sitbon]] in 1988, [[Karl Lagerfeld]] in 1992.
* 2001: [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Natalie Portman]], and [[Lou Doillon]] become customers.
* 2002: Chloé launches a line of bags, small leather goods and shoes. Among Phoebe Philo’s notable achievements at the brand was introducing the Paddington bag, a leather handbag that became one of the first [[It bag|“It” bag]]s.<ref>Nina Jones (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/feature/chlos-revolving-door-6346355-520107/ Chloé’s Revolving Door] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2009: Hannah MacGibbon introduces her first collection in March at the Spring-Summer 2009 runway. She cited the fashion illustrations of [[Antonio Lopez (illustrator)|Antonio Lopez]] as an inspiration.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Mower
| first = Sarah
| title = Chloé Fall 2009 Ready-to-Wear Collection
| newspaper = Style.com
| date = 11 March 2009
| url = http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2009RTW-CHLOE
| access-date = 11 February 2010
}}</ref> American actress, former model and fashion designer [[Chloë Sevigny]] becomes a spokesperson for the company.
* 2023: Chloé collaborates with [[Angelina Jolie]]'s newly launched fashion brand, Atelier Jolie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On sait enfin à quoi ressemblera la collection signée Angelina Jolie et Chloé |url=https://www.vogue.fr/article/angelina-jolie-nouvelle-marque-mode |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Vogue France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé, c'est du Jolie ! |url=https://www.stylist.fr/chloe-x-atelier-jolie-la-marque-d-angelina-jolie-leur-premiere-collection-est-disponible,320146.asp |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Stylist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé et Atelier Jolie dévoilent leur collaboration |url=https://fashionunited.fr/actualite/mode/chloe-et-atelier-jolie-devoilent-leur-collaboration/2024011734003 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Fashion United}}</ref>
* 2024: Chloé Perfume names [[Guan Xiaotong]] as its first Chinese brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé Perfume Appoints Guan Xiaotong As First Chinese Ambassador |url=https://jingdaily.com/posts/chloe-perfume-appoints-guan-xiaotong-as-first-chinese-ambassador |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Jing Daily}}</ref>

==Artistic directors==
* 1974–1988: Karl Lagerfeld<ref>[[Suzy Menkes]] (1 October 2012), [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/fashion/02iht-fchloe02.html Chloé at 60: Forward and Back] ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.</ref>
* 1988–1992: [[Martine Sitbon]]<ref>Elizabeth Paton (27 September 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/fashion/chloe-natacha-ramsay-levi-paris-fashion-week.html The New Chloé Girl] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>
* 1992–1996: Karl Lagerfeld<ref>[[Suzy Menkes]] (15 April 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/15/style/IHT-stella-mccartney-takes-over-at-chloe.html Stella McCartney Takes Over at Chloe] ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.</ref>
* 1997–2001: [[Stella McCartney]]
* 2001–2006: [[Phoebe Philo]]
* 2006–2008: Paulo Melim Andersson<ref>Miles Socha (12 October 2006), [https://wwd.com/feature/chloe-taps-paulo-melim-andersson-as-designer-520166-2011257/ Chloe Taps Paulo Melim Andersson as Designer] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2008–2011: Hannah MacGibbon<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From the Archive: The Many Designers of Chloé |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/gallery/from-the-archive-the-many-designers-of-chloe-1234761234/from-the-archive-the-many-designers-of-chloe-7/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=WWD}}</ref>
* 2011–2017: [[Clare Waight Keller]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2017–2020: Natacha Ramsay-Levi<ref>Pascale Denis and Dominique Vidalon (10 March 2017), [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN16H1ZW/ French fashion label Chloe names new creative director] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref><ref>Elizabeth Paton (27 September 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/fashion/chloe-natacha-ramsay-levi-paris-fashion-week.html The New Chloé Girl] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>Miles Socha (3 December 2020), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/natacha-ramsay-levi-exits-chloe-1234668297/ Natacha Ramsay-Levi Steps Down at Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2020–2023: [[Gabriela Hearst]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2023–present: Chemena Kamali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé: Chemena Kamali est la nouvelle directrice de la créationChloé: Chemena Kamali est la nouvelle directrice de la création |url=https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Chloe-chemena-kamali-est-la-nouvelle-directrice-de-la-creation,1564640.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Fashion Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemena Kamali fait son grand retour chez Chloé et succède à Gabriela Hearst à la tête de la création |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/luxe/mode/chemena-kamali-fait-son-grand-retour-chez-chloe-et-succede-a-gabriela-hearst-a-la-tete-de-la-creation_GN-202310090463.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=BFMTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qui est Chemena Kamali, qui remplace Gabriela Hearst chez Chloé ? |url=https://www.elle.fr/Mode/Les-news-mode/Qui-est-Chemena-Kamali-qui-remplace-Gabriela-Hearst-chez-Chloe-4173674 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=ELLE}}</ref>

==CEOs==
* 1999–2009: [[Ralph Toledano]]<ref>[https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1077948/ TOLEDANO NAMED CHLOE CEO, CHAIRMAN] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'', 4 May 1999.</ref>
* 2010–2019: Geoffroy de la Bourdonnaye
* 2019–2023: Riccardo Bellini<ref>Miles Socha (31 October 2019), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/exclusive-chloe-names-new-ceo-1203359483/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Names New CEO] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2024–present: Laurent Malecaze<ref>Miles Socha (13 December 2023), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/chloe-has-new-ceo-he-comes-dunhill-1236038693/ Chloé Has a New CEO — and He Comes From Dunhill] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==''See by Chloé''==
Established as a [[diffusion line]] in 2001, See by Chloé at its peak represented about 10 percent of Chloé's total business. Designers included Laure de Sade (2011–2012).<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> In 2022, the brand announced plans to phase out its See by Chloé business over the following three years.<ref>Miles Socha (25 March 2022), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/exclusive-chloe-is-phasing-out-its-see-by-chloe-label-1235139246/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Is Phasing Out Its ‘See by Chloé’ Label] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> For the time of the brand's existence, Italy’s SINV SpA held the license for production of See by Chloé ready-to-wear, and also handled distribution for all but certain European markets.<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> Bags, shoes and jewelry under the label were produced and distributed in house.<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Other products==
===Beauty products===
In 1973, Chloé introduced its first scent, Chloé Classique.<ref>Miles Socha and Jennifer Weil (14 September 2007), [https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/chloe-coty-chart-fragrance-growth-483694/ Chloe, Coty Chart Fragrance Growth] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> With the purchase of Unilever Cosmetics International in 2005, [[Coty]] acquired the perfume license for Chloé, among other brands.<ref>Damian Reece (21 May 2005), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/unilever-sells-its-perfumes-business-to-coty-of-the-us-491537.html Unilever sells its perfumes business to Coty of the US] ''[[The Independent]]''.</ref> In 2012, Coty launched a See by Chloé fragrance.<ref>Julie Naughton (6 December 2012), [https://wwd.com/feature/coty-launching-see-by-chlo-fragrance-6525111-478386/ Coty Launching See by Chloé Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

===Eyewear===
For corrective eyewear frames and sunglasses, Chloé has had licensing agreements with Marcolin SpA (from 1998),<ref>[https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1093876/ MARCOLIN GETS CHLOE LICENSE FOR EYEWEAR] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'', 28 April 1998.</ref> [[Marchon Eyewear]] (2012–2019)<ref>Luisa Zargani (4 June 2020), [https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/kering-eyewear-chloe-ink-new-partnership-1203647173/ Kering Eyewear, Chloé Ink New Partnership] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[Kering|Kering Eyewear]] (since 2020).<ref>Luisa Zargani (4 June 2020), [https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/kering-eyewear-chloe-ink-new-partnership-1203647173/ Kering Eyewear, Chloé Ink New Partnership] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Advertising campaigns==
For its advertising campaigns, Chloé has been working with photographers like [[Craig McDean]] (2003),<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Terry Richardson]] (2004),<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin]] (2006, 2010),<ref>Jennifer Weil (23 July 2010), [https://wwd.com/feature/chloe-sends-a-spritz-of-love-3192542-1292023/ Chloé Sends a Spritz of Love] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref><ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Ryan McGinley]] (2018)<ref>Jennifer Weil (31 January 2018), [https://wwd.com/feature/exclusive-chloe-readies-introduction-of-nomade-fragrance-11133084/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Readies Introduction of Nomade Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Mario Sorrenti]] (2021)<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[David Sims (photographer)|David Sims]] (2024).<ref>Miles Socha (5 February 2024), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/chloe-kamali-new-camaign-image-sims-1236162279/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Teases ‘New Spirit’ in Portraits of Iconic Women] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> The campaigns have featured actresses [[Chloë Sevigny]] (2008–2010), [[Clémence Poésy]] (2008–2010, 2014),<ref>Jennifer Weil (22 May 2017), [https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/exclusive-haley-bennett-named-face-of-chloe-signature-fragrance-10891337/ EXCLUSIVE: Haley Bennett Named Face of Chloé Signature Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref><ref>Julie Naughton (19 March 2014), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/return-trip-7601372/ Chloé Taps Clémence Poésy for New Scent] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[Ariane Labed]] (2018).<ref>Jennifer Weil (15 January 2018), [https://wwd.com/feature/ariane-labed-named-the-face-of-chloes-new-perfume-11101531/ Ariane Labed Named the Face of Chloé’s New Perfume] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Locations==
Chloé's headquarters are located at Avenue Percier, [[8th arrondissement of Paris]]. The regional offices are in New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Dubai.

Chloé has boutiques in Toronto, Bal Harbour, Costa Mesa, Las Vegas, New York City, Beijing (2), Sydney, Shanghai (2), Shenzhen, Hong Kong (2), Singapore, Kaohsiung, Taipei (3), Bangkok, Bandung, Paris, Munich, Porto Cervo, Moscow (2), Marbella, Istanbul, London, Tokyo (2), Nagoya, Salmiya, Beirut, Doha, Seoul, Zurich, Dubai (2) and Kuwait.

In 2017, Chloé inaugurated Maison Chloé, its new multifunctional cultural space located at 28 Rue de La Baume, which houses the brand's showrooms, VIP fitting rooms and working archives.<ref>Katya Foreman (30 June 2017), [https://wwd.com/feature/maison-chloe-to-open-during-couture-week-10934419/ Maison Chloé to Open During Couture Week] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Sponsoring==
Since 2012, Chloé has been sponsoring the annual Prix Chloé at the Festival de Mode de Hyères. In 2016, the brand also sponsored the [[Port Eliot|Port Eliot Festival]].<ref>Ellie Pithers (1 August 2016), [https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/port-elliot-chloe-clare-waight-keller-interview Chloé Takes Port Eliot] ''[[British Vogue]]''.</ref>

==Recognition==
* 2023: Human Capital & Social Impact Award – [[Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana]] (CNMI) Sustainable Fashion Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gucci, Valentino and Chloé among recipients at CNMI’s Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023 |url=https://fashionunited.com/news/business/gucci-valentino-and-chloe-among-recipients-at-cnmi-s-sustainable-fashion-awards-2023/2023092556018 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Fashion United}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023 |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/cnmi-sustainable-fashion-awards/2023-award-winners |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Ellen MacArthur Foundation}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Companies}}
{{Commons|Chloé}}
* [http://www.chloe.com/ Chloé's official site]
*{{fashionlabel|id=chloe}}

{{Richemont}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chloe}}
[[Category:Richemont brands]]
[[Category:High fashion brands]]
[[Category:French brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Paris]]
[[Category:Comité Colbert members]]
[[Category:Eyewear brands of France]]

Chloé

2024-07-16T00:13:19Z

Fallen Sheep: removed fr-category

{{Short description|Luxury fashion house}}
{{About|the fashion design company|the human given name|Chloe|other uses|Chloe (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Chloé
| logo = Chloe 2024 Logo.svg
| image = HK 中環 Central 太子大廈 Prince's Building mall Chloe clothing shop Sunday morning December 2019 SSG.jpg
| image_caption = Chloé's unit in Hong Kong
| type = Subsidiary
| foundation = {{start date and age|1952|df=yes}}
| founders = [[Gaby Aghion]] Jacques Lenoir
| location_city = [[8th arrondissement of Paris|Paris]]
| location_country = France
| key_people = Chemena Kamali
| industry = Fashion
| products =
| parent = [[Richemont]]
| homepage = {{URL|chloe.com}}
}}
[[File:HK IFC mall near MTR station.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong]]

'''Chloé''' ({{IPA-fr|klɔe}}) is a French luxury [[fashion]] house founded in 1952 by [[Gaby Aghion]]. During the next year of 1953 Aghion joined forces with Jacques Lenoir,<ref>"[http://www.chloe.com/attitudes/PR/en Chloé - Biographies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407185001/http://www.chloe.com/attitudes/pr/en |date=7 April 2016 }}." retrieved 13 August 2014.</ref> formally managing the business side of the brand, allowing Aghion to purely pursue the creative growth of Chloé. Its headquarters are located in Paris. The house is owned by luxury brands holding company [[Richemont]] Group. Chloé has been worn by many celebrities, including [[Marion Cotillard]], [[Sienna Miller]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[January Jones]], [[Maggie Gyllenhaal]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Cameron Diaz]], [[Emma Stone]], [[Clémence Poésy]] and [[Katie Holmes]].<ref>[http://www.chloe.com/#/contact/find-a-chloe-office/en Chloé Offices] Retrieved on 23 August 2009.</ref> The brand is characterized by a youthful and bohemian aesthetic, and has produced several successful fragrances. As of October 2023, Chemena Kamali is its [[creative director]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/chemena-kamali-appointed-creative-director-french-fashion-house-chloe-2023-10-09/#:~:text=PARIS%2C%20Oct%209%20(Reuters),Paris%20Fashion%20Week%20in%20February. Chemena Kamali appointed creative director at French fashion house Chloe] Reuters, October 9, 2023</ref>

==History==
Chloé was founded in 1952 by Egyptian-born [[Gaby Aghion]], who sought to offer luxury ''[[prêt-à-porter]]'' (ready-to-wear)—a concept new at that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mower|first=Sarah|title=Chloe: Attitudes|year=2013|publisher=Rizzoli Intl Pubns|isbn=978-0847838523}}</ref> Gaby Aghion and her partner Jacques Lenoir continued to run the house until 1985, when Chloé was bought by [[Alfred Dunhill Ltd.]] (now part of [[Richemont]]).

===Timeline===
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
* 1952: Chloé is founded by [[Gaby Aghion]], a Parisian of Egyptian-Jewish origin. She and her partner, Jacques Lenoir, were among the first to become aware of the rising demand for collections that could merge the strict requirements of haute couture and those of ready-to-wear.
* 1956: The first collection is introduced at [[Café de Flore]], one of their favorite cafes and the meeting place of artists in Paris. The collection was designed by Gaby Aghion and made by a first assistant at Lelong. Gaby Aghion and Jacques Lenoir start hiring young talented designers, who would eventually make a name of their own: Christiana Bailly, [[Michèle Rosier]], [[Maxime de la Falaise]], [[Graziella Fontana]], Tan Giudicelli, Guy Paulin, Carlos Rodriguez.
* 1966: [[Karl Lagerfeld]] is the main designer and Chloé becomes one of the symbolic brands of the 1970s. Among its customers : [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie Kennedy]], [[Brigitte Bardot]], [[Maria Callas]] and [[Grace Kelly]].
* 1971: The first Chloé boutique opens at the 3 rue Gribeauval in Paris.
* 1985: The company is acquired by the [[Richemont|Richemont group]].
* 1980s: Chloé keeps working with promising and eventually famous artistic directors: [[Martine Sitbon]] in 1988, [[Karl Lagerfeld]] in 1992.
* 2001: [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Natalie Portman]], and [[Lou Doillon]] become customers.
* 2002: Chloé launches a line of bags, small leather goods and shoes. Among Phoebe Philo’s notable achievements at the brand was introducing the Paddington bag, a leather handbag that became one of the first [[It bag|“It” bag]]s.<ref>Nina Jones (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/feature/chlos-revolving-door-6346355-520107/ Chloé’s Revolving Door] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2009: Hannah MacGibbon introduces her first collection in March at the Spring-Summer 2009 runway. She cited the fashion illustrations of [[Antonio Lopez (illustrator)|Antonio Lopez]] as an inspiration.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Mower
| first = Sarah
| title = Chloé Fall 2009 Ready-to-Wear Collection
| newspaper = Style.com
| date = 11 March 2009
| url = http://www.style.com/fashionshows/review/F2009RTW-CHLOE
| access-date = 11 February 2010
}}</ref> American actress, former model and fashion designer [[Chloë Sevigny]] becomes a spokesperson for the company.
* 2023: Chloé collaborates with [[Angelina Jolie]]'s newly launched fashion brand, Atelier Jolie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On sait enfin à quoi ressemblera la collection signée Angelina Jolie et Chloé |url=https://www.vogue.fr/article/angelina-jolie-nouvelle-marque-mode |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Vogue France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé, c'est du Jolie ! |url=https://www.stylist.fr/chloe-x-atelier-jolie-la-marque-d-angelina-jolie-leur-premiere-collection-est-disponible,320146.asp |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Stylist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé et Atelier Jolie dévoilent leur collaboration |url=https://fashionunited.fr/actualite/mode/chloe-et-atelier-jolie-devoilent-leur-collaboration/2024011734003 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Fashion United}}</ref>
* 2024: Chloé Perfume names [[Guan Xiaotong]] as its first Chinese brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé Perfume Appoints Guan Xiaotong As First Chinese Ambassador |url=https://jingdaily.com/posts/chloe-perfume-appoints-guan-xiaotong-as-first-chinese-ambassador |access-date=15 April 2024 |website=Jing Daily}}</ref>

==Artistic directors==
* 1974–1988: Karl Lagerfeld<ref>[[Suzy Menkes]] (1 October 2012), [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/fashion/02iht-fchloe02.html Chloé at 60: Forward and Back] ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.</ref>
* 1988–1992: [[Martine Sitbon]]<ref>Elizabeth Paton (27 September 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/fashion/chloe-natacha-ramsay-levi-paris-fashion-week.html The New Chloé Girl] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>
* 1992–1996: Karl Lagerfeld<ref>[[Suzy Menkes]] (15 April 1997), [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/15/style/IHT-stella-mccartney-takes-over-at-chloe.html Stella McCartney Takes Over at Chloe] ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''.</ref>
* 1997–2001: [[Stella McCartney]]
* 2001–2006: [[Phoebe Philo]]
* 2006–2008: Paulo Melim Andersson<ref>Miles Socha (12 October 2006), [https://wwd.com/feature/chloe-taps-paulo-melim-andersson-as-designer-520166-2011257/ Chloe Taps Paulo Melim Andersson as Designer] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2008–2011: Hannah MacGibbon<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From the Archive: The Many Designers of Chloé |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/gallery/from-the-archive-the-many-designers-of-chloe-1234761234/from-the-archive-the-many-designers-of-chloe-7/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=WWD}}</ref>
* 2011–2017: [[Clare Waight Keller]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2017–2020: Natacha Ramsay-Levi<ref>Pascale Denis and Dominique Vidalon (10 March 2017), [https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN16H1ZW/ French fashion label Chloe names new creative director] ''[[Reuters]]''.</ref><ref>Elizabeth Paton (27 September 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/27/fashion/chloe-natacha-ramsay-levi-paris-fashion-week.html The New Chloé Girl] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>Miles Socha (3 December 2020), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/natacha-ramsay-levi-exits-chloe-1234668297/ Natacha Ramsay-Levi Steps Down at Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2020–2023: [[Gabriela Hearst]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2023–present: Chemena Kamali<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chloé: Chemena Kamali est la nouvelle directrice de la créationChloé: Chemena Kamali est la nouvelle directrice de la création |url=https://fr.fashionnetwork.com/news/Chloe-chemena-kamali-est-la-nouvelle-directrice-de-la-creation,1564640.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=Fashion Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chemena Kamali fait son grand retour chez Chloé et succède à Gabriela Hearst à la tête de la création |url=https://www.bfmtv.com/luxe/mode/chemena-kamali-fait-son-grand-retour-chez-chloe-et-succede-a-gabriela-hearst-a-la-tete-de-la-creation_GN-202310090463.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=BFMTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qui est Chemena Kamali, qui remplace Gabriela Hearst chez Chloé ? |url=https://www.elle.fr/Mode/Les-news-mode/Qui-est-Chemena-Kamali-qui-remplace-Gabriela-Hearst-chez-Chloe-4173674 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=ELLE}}</ref>

==CEOs==
* 1999–2009: [[Ralph Toledano]]<ref>[https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1077948/ TOLEDANO NAMED CHLOE CEO, CHAIRMAN] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'', 4 May 1999.</ref>
* 2010–2019: Geoffroy de la Bourdonnaye
* 2019–2023: Riccardo Bellini<ref>Miles Socha (31 October 2019), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/exclusive-chloe-names-new-ceo-1203359483/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Names New CEO] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>
* 2024–present: Laurent Malecaze<ref>Miles Socha (13 December 2023), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/chloe-has-new-ceo-he-comes-dunhill-1236038693/ Chloé Has a New CEO — and He Comes From Dunhill] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==''See by Chloé''==
Established as a [[diffusion line]] in 2001, See by Chloé at its peak represented about 10 percent of Chloé's total business. Designers included Laure de Sade (2011–2012).<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> In 2022, the brand announced plans to phase out its See by Chloé business over the following three years.<ref>Miles Socha (25 March 2022), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/exclusive-chloe-is-phasing-out-its-see-by-chloe-label-1235139246/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Is Phasing Out Its ‘See by Chloé’ Label] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> For the time of the brand's existence, Italy’s SINV SpA held the license for production of See by Chloé ready-to-wear, and also handled distribution for all but certain European markets.<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> Bags, shoes and jewelry under the label were produced and distributed in house.<ref>Miles Socha (7 March 2011), [https://wwd.com/feature/de-sade-to-design-see-by-chloe-3542014-918653/ Laure de Sade to Design See by Chloé] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Other products==
===Beauty products===
In 1973, Chloé introduced its first scent, Chloé Classique.<ref>Miles Socha and Jennifer Weil (14 September 2007), [https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/chloe-coty-chart-fragrance-growth-483694/ Chloe, Coty Chart Fragrance Growth] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> With the purchase of Unilever Cosmetics International in 2005, [[Coty]] acquired the perfume license for Chloé, among other brands.<ref>Damian Reece (21 May 2005), [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/unilever-sells-its-perfumes-business-to-coty-of-the-us-491537.html Unilever sells its perfumes business to Coty of the US] ''[[The Independent]]''.</ref> In 2012, Coty launched a See by Chloé fragrance.<ref>Julie Naughton (6 December 2012), [https://wwd.com/feature/coty-launching-see-by-chlo-fragrance-6525111-478386/ Coty Launching See by Chloé Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

===Eyewear===
For corrective eyewear frames and sunglasses, Chloé has had licensing agreements with Marcolin SpA (from 1998),<ref>[https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/article-1093876/ MARCOLIN GETS CHLOE LICENSE FOR EYEWEAR] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]'', 28 April 1998.</ref> [[Marchon Eyewear]] (2012–2019)<ref>Luisa Zargani (4 June 2020), [https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/kering-eyewear-chloe-ink-new-partnership-1203647173/ Kering Eyewear, Chloé Ink New Partnership] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[Kering|Kering Eyewear]] (since 2020).<ref>Luisa Zargani (4 June 2020), [https://wwd.com/accessories-news/eyewear/kering-eyewear-chloe-ink-new-partnership-1203647173/ Kering Eyewear, Chloé Ink New Partnership] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Advertising campaigns==
For its advertising campaigns, Chloé has been working with photographers like [[Craig McDean]] (2003),<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Terry Richardson]] (2004),<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin]] (2006, 2010),<ref>Jennifer Weil (23 July 2010), [https://wwd.com/feature/chloe-sends-a-spritz-of-love-3192542-1292023/ Chloé Sends a Spritz of Love] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref><ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Ryan McGinley]] (2018)<ref>Jennifer Weil (31 January 2018), [https://wwd.com/feature/exclusive-chloe-readies-introduction-of-nomade-fragrance-11133084/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Readies Introduction of Nomade Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> [[Mario Sorrenti]] (2021)<ref>Laure Guilbault (28 September 2012), [https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/chlo-campaigns-spirited-away-6344946/ Chloé’s Campaigns: Spirited Away] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[David Sims (photographer)|David Sims]] (2024).<ref>Miles Socha (5 February 2024), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/chloe-kamali-new-camaign-image-sims-1236162279/ EXCLUSIVE: Chloé Teases ‘New Spirit’ in Portraits of Iconic Women] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> The campaigns have featured actresses [[Chloë Sevigny]] (2008–2010), [[Clémence Poésy]] (2008–2010, 2014),<ref>Jennifer Weil (22 May 2017), [https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/exclusive-haley-bennett-named-face-of-chloe-signature-fragrance-10891337/ EXCLUSIVE: Haley Bennett Named Face of Chloé Signature Fragrance] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref><ref>Julie Naughton (19 March 2014), [https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/return-trip-7601372/ Chloé Taps Clémence Poésy for New Scent] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref> and [[Ariane Labed]] (2018).<ref>Jennifer Weil (15 January 2018), [https://wwd.com/feature/ariane-labed-named-the-face-of-chloes-new-perfume-11101531/ Ariane Labed Named the Face of Chloé’s New Perfume] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Locations==
Chloé's headquarters are located at Avenue Percier, [[8th arrondissement of Paris]]. The regional offices are in New York, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Dubai.

Chloé has boutiques in Toronto, Bal Harbour, Costa Mesa, Las Vegas, New York City, Beijing (2), Sydney, Shanghai (2), Shenzhen, Hong Kong (2), Singapore, Kaohsiung, Taipei (3), Bangkok, Bandung, Paris, Munich, Porto Cervo, Moscow (2), Marbella, Istanbul, London, Tokyo (2), Nagoya, Salmiya, Beirut, Doha, Seoul, Zurich, Dubai (2) and Kuwait.

In 2017, Chloé inaugurated Maison Chloé, its new multifunctional cultural space located at 28 Rue de La Baume, which houses the brand's showrooms, VIP fitting rooms and working archives.<ref>Katya Foreman (30 June 2017), [https://wwd.com/feature/maison-chloe-to-open-during-couture-week-10934419/ Maison Chloé to Open During Couture Week] ''[[Women's Wear Daily]]''.</ref>

==Sponsoring==
Since 2012, Chloé has been sponsoring the annual Prix Chloé at the Festival de Mode de Hyères. In 2016, the brand also sponsored the [[Port Eliot|Port Eliot Festival]].<ref>Ellie Pithers (1 August 2016), [https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/port-elliot-chloe-clare-waight-keller-interview Chloé Takes Port Eliot] ''[[British Vogue]]''.</ref>

==Recognition==
* 2023: Human Capital & Social Impact Award – [[Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana]] (CNMI) Sustainable Fashion Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gucci, Valentino and Chloé among recipients at CNMI’s Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023 |url=https://fashionunited.com/news/business/gucci-valentino-and-chloe-among-recipients-at-cnmi-s-sustainable-fashion-awards-2023/2023092556018 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Fashion United}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The CNMI Sustainable Fashion Awards 2023 |url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/cnmi-sustainable-fashion-awards/2023-award-winners |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Ellen MacArthur Foundation}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [http://www.chloe.com/ Chloé's official site]
*{{fashionlabel|id=chloe}}

{{Richemont}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chloe}}
[[Category:Richemont brands]]
[[Category:High fashion brands]]
[[Category:French brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Paris]]
[[Category:Comité Colbert members]]
[[Category:Eyewear brands of France]]

Groupe Flammarion

2024-07-08T10:07:41Z

Fallen Sheep: dead link fix

{{Short description|French publisher}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = Flammarion logo.svg
| parent = [[Groupe Madrigall]]
| status =
| founded = 1876
| founder = Ernest Flammarion
| successor =
| country = [[France]]
| headquarters = [[Café Voltaire]], [[Paris]]
| distribution =
| keypeople =
| publications = [[Book]]s, [[Magazine]]s
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints = Autrement, [[Casterman]], J'ai Lu, Jungle
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://editions.flammarion.com/}}
}}

'''Groupe Flammarion''' ({{IPA-fr|gʁup flamaʁjɔ̃|lang}}) is a French publishing group, comprising many units, including its namesake, founded in 1876 by [[Ernest Flammarion]], as well as units in distribution, sales, printing and bookshops (La Hune and Flammarion Center). Flammarion became part of the [[Italy|Italian]] media conglomerate [[RCS MediaGroup]] in 2000. [[Éditions Gallimard]] acquired Flammarion from RCS MediaGroup in 2012.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/flammarion-sold-gallimard.html |title=Flammarion sold to Gallimard |first=Benedicte |last=Page |date=6 September 2012 |magazine=[[The Bookseller]] |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> Subsidiaries include [[Casterman]]. Its headquarters in [[Paris]] are in the building that was the former [[Café Voltaire]] (named in honour of the writer and philosopher [[Voltaire]]), located on the [[Place de l'Odeon]] in the current [[6th arrondissement of Paris]].

Flammarion is a subsidiary of [[Groupe Madrigall]], the third largest French publishing group.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Beuve-Méry |first=Alain |date=26 June 2015 |title=Antoine Gallimard, seul maître à bord du troisième groupe d'édition français |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/actualite-medias/article/2015/06/26/antoine-gallimard-seul-maitre-a-bord-du-troisieme-groupe-d-edition-francais_4662898_3236.html |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
Ernest Flammarion successfully launched his family publishing venture in 1875 with the ''Treaty of Popular Astronomy'' of his brother, the astronomer [[Camille Flammarion]]. The firm published [[Émile Zola]], [[Maupassant]], and [[Jules Renard]], as well as [[Hector Malot]], [[Colette]], and a wide list of medical, scientific, geographical, historical works, and various autobiographies, including also the [[:fr:Père Castor|Père Castor]] children's series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://editions.flammarion.com/Qui-sommes-nous|title=Qui sommes nous?|trans-title=Who are we?|website=Groupe Flammarion|access-date=2017-09-05|language=fr}}</ref>

== Brands ==
{{col-list|colwidth=18em|
* Arthaud
* Aubier
* Autrement
* Baam!
* [[Casterman]]
* Champs
* [[Chan-Ok]]
* Climats
* Etonnants Classiques
* Flammarion
* [[Flammarion Jeunesse]]
* Flammarion Québec
* GF
* J'ai Lu
* Jungle Editions
* KSTR
* La Maison Rustique
* Librio
* [[Père Castor]]
* Pygmalion
* Pygmalion Fantasy
* Sakka
* Skira-Flammarion
}}

== See also ==

* [[Café Voltaire]]
* [[Place de l'Odeon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Editions Flammarion}}
* {{Official website|http://www.groupe-flammarion.com}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Publishing companies of France]]
[[Category:RCS MediaGroup]]
[[Category:Visual arts publishing companies]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1876]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1876]]

2011 Little League World Series

2024-07-07T13:16:58Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Teams */ corrected per 2011 Little League World Series qualification

{{Short description|Children's baseball tournament}}
{{Infobox international baseball tournament
| image = Little_League_World_Series_official_logo_2011.png
| dates = August 18–28, 2011
| num_teams = 16
| champion_other = Ocean View Little League {{flagicon|USA}}{{Flagdeco|California}} [[Huntington Beach]], [[California]]
| second_other = Hamamatsu Minami Little League {{flagicon|Shizuoka}}{{Flagdeco|Japan}} [[Hamamatsu|Hamamatsu City]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], [[Japan]]
| prevseason = {{llwsy|2010}}
| nextseason = {{llwsy|2012}}
}}

The '''{{baseball year|2011}} [[Little League World Series]]''' took place in [[South Williamsport, Pennsylvania]], between August 18 and 28.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2010/Sep-Dec/2011LLWSTournamentsDatesSitesAnnounced.htm |title=Dates and Sites for 2011 Little League World Series Tournaments Announced |author=Communications Division |date=November 12, 2010 |work=Littleleagueonline.org |access-date=February 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305140725/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2010/Sep-Dec/2011LLWSTournamentsDatesSitesAnnounced.htm |archive-date=March 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Eight teams from the [[United States]] and eight from elsewhere in the world competed in the 65th edition of this tournament. Ocean View Little League of [[Huntington Beach]], [[California]], defeated Hamamatsu Minami Little League of [[Hamamatsu|Hamamatsu City]], [[Japan]], in the championship game. [[Nick Pratto]] hit an [[run batted in|RBI]] single to clinch the title for Ocean View.

==Tournament changes==
On June 16, 2011, Little League announced that it was modifying the [[Double-elimination tournament|double-elimination]] format that was first used in the previous year's tournament. The format of four pools consisting of four teams in each pool, a format that had been used since the tournament expanded to 16 teams in [[2001 Little League World Series|2001]], was eliminated. Instead, the eight teams from the United States were placed into one bracket, and the eight International teams into another bracket. The tournament remained double-elimination until the United States and International championship games, where it became single-elimination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/2011LLBBWSScheduleAnnounced.htm |title=2011 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule Announced |author=Communications Division |date=June 16, 2011 |work=Little League |access-date=June 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110620145508/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/2011LLBBWSScheduleAnnounced.htm |archive-date=June 20, 2011 }}</ref>

Little League International renewed deals with uniform suppliers [[Russell Athletic]] and [[New Era Caps]]. As part of the deal, regions had new color schemes this year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.littleleague.org/learn/partnerships/sponsornews/RussellAthleticRenewsAgreementWithLLBBSB.htm |title=Russell Athletic Renews Agreement with Little League Baseball and Softball |access-date=2011-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164858/http://www.littleleague.org/learn/partnerships/sponsornews/RussellAthleticRenewsAgreementWithLLBBSB.htm |archive-date=2011-07-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.littleleague.org/learn/partnerships/sponsornews/NewEraPartnershipExtended.htm |title=Little League Baseball and Softball Extends Partnership with New Era Cap |access-date=2011-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918023124/http://www.littleleague.org/learn/partnerships/sponsornews/NewEraPartnershipExtended.htm |archive-date=2011-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Teams==
{{Main article|2011 Little League World Series qualification}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! United States
! International
|-
| {{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[La Grange, Kentucky|La Grange]], [[Kentucky]] [[Great Lakes Region (Little League World Series)|Great Lakes Region]] North Oldham Little League
| {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Kaohsiung]], [[Chinese Taipei]] [[Asia-Pacific Region (Little League World Series)|Asia-Pacific Region]] Ching-Tan Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Clinton County, Pennsylvania|Clinton County]], [[Pennsylvania]] [[Mid-Atlantic Region (Little League World Series)|Mid-Atlantic Region]] Keystone Little League
| {{flagicon|British Columbia}} [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley]], [[British Columbia]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada in the Little League World Series|Canada Region]] Langley Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]], [[South Dakota]] [[Midwest Region (Little League World Series)|Midwest Region]] Harney Little League
| {{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]] [[Caribbean Region (Little League World Series)|Caribbean Region]] Aruba North Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Cumberland, Rhode Island|Cumberland]], [[Rhode Island]] [[New England Region (Little League World Series)|New England Region]] Cumberland American Little League
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam, Netherlands|Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]] [[Europe in the Little League World Series|Europe Region]] Rotterdam Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|Montana}} [[Billings, Montana|Billings]], [[Montana]] [[Northwest Region (Little League World Series)|Northwest Region]] Big Sky Little League
| {{flagicon|Shizuoka}} [[Hamamatsu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan in the Little League World Series|Japan Region]] Hamamatsu Minami Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Warner Robins, Georgia|Warner Robins]], [[Georgia (U.S. State)|Georgia]] [[Southeast Region (Little League World Series)|Southeast Region]] Warner Robins American Little League
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Maracay]], [[Venezuela]] [[Latin America Region (Little League World Series)|Latin America Region]] Gran Maracay Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]], [[Louisiana]] [[Southwest Region (Little League World Series)|Southwest Region]] Lafayette Little League
| {{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Mexicali]], [[Baja California]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico in the Little League World Series|Mexico Region]] Segura Social Little League
|-
| {{flagicon|California}} [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]], [[California]] [[West Region (Little League World Series)|West Region]] Ocean View Little League
| {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]]{{ref label|MEA|a|a}} [[Middle East & Africa Region (Little League World Series)|Middle East-Africa Region]] [[Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran|Arabian American]] Little League
|}
* Due to complicated relations with the [[People's Republic of Korea]], the [[Republic of Korea]]—commonly known as [[South Korea]]—is recognized by the name [[South Korea]] by a majority of international organizations, including [[Little League Baseball]]. For more information, see [[Cross-Strait relations]]. LLWS records and news accounts may use Republic of Korea, South Korea, or South Korea to refer to the same entity.
*Of the 16 teams, 11 made their first LLWS appearance. Most notable among these was the Keystone Little League, based less than {{convert|30|mi}} from Little League headquarters. The last LLWS to feature a team from the immediate Williamsport area was the {{llwsy|1969}} edition.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/LLBBWSMidAtlantic2011.htm |title=Keystone Little League Earns Berth in Little League Baseball World Series as Mid-Atlantic Region Champion |publisher=Little League Baseball |date=August 15, 2011 |access-date=August 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145556/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/LLBBWSMidAtlantic2011.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Keystone's game on August 19 against the North Oldham Little League set an attendance record for [[Howard J. Lamade Stadium]], at 41,848.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23024443/central_pa_team_shut_down_by_kentucky/ |title=Central Pa. team shut down by Kentucky |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |page=E05 |date=August 20, 2011 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> The record stood until it was broken during the {{llwsy|2015}} event.
*The Big Sky Little League team from Billings was the first team from Montana to win a regional and advance to the Little League World Series. They compiled a 3–1 record at the tournament before falling to the eventual tournament champions from Huntington Beach, California. Montana was scheduled to play the team from Tijuana, Mexico in the third place game but it was canceled due to the threat of [[Hurricane Irene (2011)|Hurricane Irene]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Little League Baseball World Series Championship Game Moved Up to Noon on Sunday|url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/Championshipgamechangedtonoon.htm|author=Communications Division|date=August 26, 2011|work=Little League|access-date=August 27, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the latter stages of the tournament.

==Results==
{{Main article|2011 Little League World Series results}}

===United States bracket===
{{#section-h:2011 Little League World Series results|United States}}

===International bracket===
{{#section-h:2011 Little League World Series results|International}}

===Crossover games===
Teams that lost their first two games played a crossover game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games. These games were labeled Game A and Game B. This provided teams who were already eliminated the opportunity to play a third game.
{{Round2
|RD1=Game A


|August 22 – [[Lamade Stadium]]|{{flagicon|ARU}} '''Aruba'''|5|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} South Dakota|0}}
{{Round2
|RD1=Game B


|August 23 – [[Lamade Stadium]]|{{flagicon|NED}} Netherlands|7|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} '''Rhode Island'''|8}}

===World Championship===
{{Round2
|RD1=Little League World Championship


|August 28 – [[Lamade Stadium]]|{{flagicon|California}} '''California'''|2|{{flagicon|JPN}} Japan|1}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;"
|-
!2011 Little League World Series Champions
|-
|[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|100px|border|United States]] [[Image:Flag of California.svg|88px|border|California]] '''Ocean View Little League''' '''Huntington Beach, California'''
|}

The consolation game between Montana and Mexico was cancelled due to the expected arrival of [[Hurricane Irene (2011)|Hurricane Irene]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Little League Baseball World Series Championship Game Moved Up to Noon on Sunday|url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/Championshipgamechangedtonoon.htm|author=Communications Division|date=August 26, 2011|work=Little League|access-date=August 27, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=April 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Middle East-Africa qualification==
[[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] defeated [[Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran|Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]] in the [[Middle East-Africa Region (Little League World Series)|Middle East-Africa Region]] Final but the Ugandan team was denied [[Visa (document)|visas]] by the [[United States Department of State|State Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/Page58513.aspx|title=Visa Applications Denied for Little League Team from Uganda|author=Communications Division|date=July 22, 2011|work=Little League|access-date=July 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012071502/http://www.littleleague.org/Page58513.aspx|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Reportedly, the visas were denied because some players provided false information, specifically related to their ages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/uganda-probing-age-of-youth-baseball-team-denied-us-visas-to-participate-in-little-league/2011/07/30/gIQAle5CjI_story.html|title=Uganda investigating age of youth baseball team denied US visas for Little League|date=July 30, 2011|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 30, 2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Dead link as of August 15, 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/sports/baseball/no-little-league-world-series-for-ugandan-team.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2|title=No Little League World Series for Ugandan Team|last=Zinser|first=Lynn|date=July 29, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 31, 2011}}</ref> The runner-up, Saudi Arabia, was invited to the [[Little League World Series]] in their spot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/ArabianAmericanLLFromSaudiArabiaReceivesBerthLLBWS11.htm |title=Arabian-American Little League of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, to Receive Berth in Little League Baseball World Series |author=Communications Division |work=Little League |access-date=August 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012071507/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/ArabianAmericanLLFromSaudiArabiaReceivesBerthLLBWS11.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2012 }}</ref>

==Champions path==
The Ocean View Little League won 20 games and lost 1 game to reach the Little League World Series. Overall, their record was 25–2. Their two losses came against Rancho Mission Viejo LL (from California),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpage.org/socal/cs-2011.htm|title=Southern California Divisional Tournament|publisher=Unpage.com|access-date=August 28, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072929/http://unpage.org/socal/cs-2011.htm| archive-date= 19 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> and Billings Big Sky LL (from Montana).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpage.org/west/wrn-2011.htm|title=West Region Tournament|publisher=Unpage.com|access-date=August 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719074105/http://unpage.org/west/wrn-2011.htm|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Round!!Opposition!!Result
|-
!colspan=3|District 62
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Winner's Bracket Quarterfinals||{{flagicon|California}} Costa Mesa National LL ||6-0
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Winner's Bracket Semifinals||{{flagicon|California}} Costa Mesa American LL ||19-0
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Winner's Bracket Final||{{flagicon|California}} Huntington Valley LL ||7-1
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|District 62 Championship||{{flagicon|California}} Huntington Valley LL ||13-3
|-
!colspan=3|Section 10
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Game 1||{{flagicon|California}} Aliso Viejo LL ||5–4
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Game 2||{{flagicon|California}} Rancho Mission Viejo LL ||2–1
|- bgcolor=ffcccc
|Game 3||{{flagicon|California}} Rancho Mission Viejo LL ||5–6 (8 inn.)
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Section 10 Championship||{{flagicon|California}} Rancho Mission Viejo LL ||3–1
|-
!colspan=3|South California Divisional
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Winner's Bracket Semifinals||{{flagicon|California}} Fontana Community LL ||13-2 (4 inn.)
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Winner's Bracket Finals||{{flagicon|California}} Canyon Springs LL||5–1
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|South Sub-Divisional Championship||{{flagicon|California}} Park View LL||5–4
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|South Championship||{{flagicon|California}} Encino LL||12–1 (4 inn.)
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|South Championship||{{flagicon|California}} Encino LL||11–1
|-
!colspan=3|West Regional
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Group Stage||{{flagicon|California}} [[Red Bluff, California|Red Bluff LL]] ||10–2
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Group Stage||{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Central East Maui LL]]||3–0
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Group Stage||{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Rio Rico, Arizona|Rio Rico LL]]||10–0 (4 inn.)
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Group Stage||{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Las Vegas Valley|Silverado LL]]||11–3
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|Semifinals||{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Washington, Utah|Washington LL]]||5–0
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|West Region Championship||{{flagicon|California}} [[Red Bluff, California|Red Bluff LL]]||2–1
|}

==Notable players==
===Major League Baseball===
[[Nick Pratto]] ([[Huntington Beach, California]]) - [[Kansas City Royals]] - Infielder

[[Hagen Danner]] ([[Huntington Beach, California]]) - [[Toronto Blue Jays]] - Pitcher

[[Yonny Hernández (baseball)|Yonny Hernández]] ([[Maracaibo, Venezuela]]) - [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] - Infielder

===National Football League===
[[Jake Fromm]] ([[Warner Robins, Georgia]]) - [[Washington Commanders]] - Quarterback

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180111054820/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/series.htm 2011 official results] via [[Wayback Machine]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160721170635/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/11LLBWS%20BrackFullPg.pdf 2011 tournament bracket] via Wayback Machine

{{Little League World Series}}

[[Category:2011 Little League World Series| ]]
[[Category:2011 in baseball|Little League World Series]]
[[Category:2011 in sports in Pennsylvania|Little League World Series]]
[[Category:Little League World Series]]

2011 Little League World Series qualification

2024-07-07T13:14:46Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Middle East-Africa */ corrected scores (see: https://web.archive.org/web/20121012071502/http://www.littleleague.org/Page58513.aspx)

{{Infobox Little League World Series qualification
| Great Lakes Winner = {{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[La Grange, Kentucky]]
| Mid-Atlantic Winner = {{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Clinton County, Pennsylvania]]
| Midwest Winner = {{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[Rapid City, South Dakota]]
| New England Winner = {{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Cumberland, Rhode Island]]
| Northwest Winner = {{flagicon|Montana}} [[Billings, Montana]]
| Southeast Winner = {{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Warner Robins, Georgia]]
| Southwest Winner = {{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]
| West Winner = {{flagicon|California}} [[Huntington Beach, California]]
| Asia-Pacific Winner = {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Kaohsiung]], [[Taiwan]]
| Canada Winner = {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley, British Columbia]]
| Caribbean Winner = {{flagicon|Aruba}} [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]], [[Aruba]]
| Europe Winner = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]
| Japan Winner = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hamamatsu]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]]
| Latin America Winner = {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Maracay]], [[Venezuela]]
| Mexico Winner = {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexicali]], [[Baja California]]
| Middle East-Africa Winner = {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| prevseason_year = [[Qualification for the 2010 Little League World Series|2010]]
| nextseason_year = [[Qualification for the 2012 Little League World Series|2012]]
}}

'''Qualification for the [[2011 Little League World Series]]''' took place in eight United States regions and eight international regions from June through August 2011.

==United States==

===[[Great Lakes Region (Little League World Series)|Great Lakes]]===
The tournament took place in [[Indianapolis]] on August 5–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/greatlakes.htm|title=Great Lakes Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012111902/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/greatlakes.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Indiana}}'''
| [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]
| Golfmoor
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Kentucky}}'''
| [[La Grange, Kentucky|La Grange]]
| North [[Oldham County, Kentucky|Oldham]]
| 3–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Michigan}}'''
| [[Grosse Pointe]]
| [[Grosse Pointe Park, Michigan|Grosse Pointe Park]]
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Ohio}}'''
| [[Hamilton, Ohio|Hamilton]]
| Westside
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Wisconsin}}'''
| [[Burlington, Wisconsin|Burlington]]
| Burlington
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Illinois}}'''
| [[Rock Falls, Illinois|Rock Falls]]
| Rock Falls
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|August 10 – Indianapolis|1 {{flag|Indiana}}|3|'''4 {{flag|Ohio}}'''|4
|August 10 – Indianapolis|'''2 {{flag|Kentucky}}'''|8|3 {{flag|Michigan}}|0

|August 13 – Indianapolis|4 {{flag|Ohio}}|0|'''2 {{flag|Kentucky}}'''|3}}

===[[Mid-Atlantic Region (Little League World Series)|Mid-Atlantic]]===
The tournament took place in [[Bristol, Connecticut]] on August 5–15.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/midatlantic.htm|title=Mid-Atlantic Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112227/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/midatlantic.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Pennsylvania}}'''
| [[Clinton County, Pennsylvania|Clinton County]]
| Keystone
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Delaware}}'''
| [[Newark, Delaware|Newark]]
| Newark National
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|New Jersey}}'''
| [[Paramus, New Jersey|Paramus]]
| Paramus
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|New York}}'''
| [[Staten Island, New York|Staten Island]]
| Great Kills American
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Maryland}}'''
| [[Williamsport, Maryland|Williamsport]]
| Conocoheague
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Washington, D.C.}}'''
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| Northwest Washington
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|August 12 – Bristol|'''1 {{flag|Pennsylvania}}'''|3|4 {{flag|New York}}|0
|August 12 – Bristol|2 {{flag|Delaware}}|1|'''3 {{flag|New Jersey}}'''|2

|August 15 – Bristol|'''1 {{flag|Pennsylvania}}'''|5|3 {{flag|New Jersey}}|2}}

===[[Midwest Region (Little League World Series)|Midwest]]===
The tournament took place in [[Indianapolis]] on August 6–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/midwest.htm|title=Midwest Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228162245/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/midwest.htm|archive-date=2014-02-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Note:''' [[The Dakotas]] are organized into a single Little League district.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|South Dakota}}'''
| [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]]
| Harney
| 3–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Iowa}}'''
| [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
| Grandview
| 3–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Nebraska}}'''
| [[Kearney, Nebraska|Kearney]]
| Kearney
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Missouri}}'''
| [[Webb City, Missouri|Webb City]]
| Webb City
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Minnesota}}'''
| [[Circle Pines, Minnesota|Circle Pines]]
| Centennial Lakes West
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Kansas}}'''
| [[Cherokee, Kansas|Cherokee]]
| Cherokee Community
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|August 11 – Indianapolis|'''1 {{flag|South Dakota}}'''|7|4 {{flag|Missouri}}|2
|August 11 – Indianapolis|2 {{flag|Iowa}}|1|'''3 {{flag|Nebraska}}'''|5

|August 13 – Indianapolis|1 '''{{flag|South Dakota}}'''|4|3 {{flag|Nebraska}}|2}}

===[[New England Region (Little League World Series)|New England]]===
The tournament took place in [[Bristol, Connecticut]] on August 5–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/newengland.htm|title=New England Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227143701/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/newengland.htm|archive-date=2014-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|New Hampshire}}'''
| [[Goffstown, New Hampshire|Goffstown]]
| Goffstown Junior Baseball
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Connecticut}}'''
| [[Fairfield, Connecticut|Fairfield]]
| Fairfield American
| 3–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Rhode Island}}'''
| [[Cumberland, Rhode Island|Cumberland]]
| Cumberland American
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Massachusetts}}'''
| [[Andover, Massachusetts|Andover]]
| Andover National
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Maine}}'''
| [[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]]
| Yarmouth
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Vermont}}'''
| [[Barre (town), Vermont|Barre]]
| Barre Community
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|August 11 – Bristol|1 {{flag|New Hampshire}}|4|'''4 {{flag|Massachusetts}}'''|9
|August 11 – Bristol|2 {{flag|Connecticut}}|7|'''3 {{flag|Rhode Island}}'''|8

|August 13 – Bristol|4 {{flag|Massachusetts}}|7|'''3 {{flag|Rhode Island}}'''|13}}

===[[Northwest Region (Little League World Series)|Northwest]]===
The tournament took place in [[San Bernardino, California]] on August 5–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/northwest.htm|title=Northwest Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112256/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/northwest.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Washington}}'''
| [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]]
| North Bothell
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Montana}}'''
| [[Billings, Montana|Billings]]
| Billings Big Sky
| 3–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Idaho}}'''
| [[Lewiston, Idaho|Lewiston]]
| Lewiston
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Oregon}}'''
| [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]]
| Bend South
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Wyoming}}'''
| [[Laramie, Wyoming|Laramie]]
| Laramie
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Alaska}}'''
| [[Anchorage]]
| Abbott-O-Rabbit
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|August 11 – San Bernardino|1 {{flag|Washington}}|3|'''4 {{flag|Oregon}}'''|4
|August 11 – San Bernardino|'''2 {{flag|Montana}}'''|6|3 {{flag|Idaho}}|2

|August 13 – San Bernardino|4 {{flag|Oregon}}|1|'''2 {{flag|Montana}}'''|7}}

===[[Southeast Region (Little League World Series)|Southeast]]===
The tournament took place in [[Warner Robins, Georgia]] on August 5–12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/southeast.htm|title=Southeast Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012112302/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/southeast.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Florida}}'''
| [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]
| New Tampa
| 3–0
|-bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|West Virginia}}'''
| [[Fairmont, West Virginia|Fairmont]]
| Fairmont
| 2–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Virginia}}'''
| [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]]
| Reston National
| 1–2
|-
| '''{{flag|South Carolina}}'''
| [[Irmo, South Carolina|Irmo]]
| Irmo
| 0–3
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}'''
| [[Warner Robins, Georgia|Warner Robins]]
| Warner Robins American
| 3–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Alabama}}'''
| [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]
| Westside
| 2–1
|-
| '''{{flag|North Carolina}}'''
| [[Greenville, North Carolina|Greenville]]
| Tar Heel
| 1–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Tennessee}}'''
| [[Goodlettsville, Tennessee|Goodlettsville]]
| Goodlettsville Baseball
| 0–3
|}

{{Round4


|August 10 – Warner Robins|'''1A {{flag|Florida}}'''|12|2B {{flag|Alabama}}|6
|August 10 – Warner Robins|'''1B {{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}'''|7|2A {{flag|West Virginia}}|0

|August 12 – Warner Robins|1A {{flag|Florida}}|2|'''1B {{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}'''|4}}

===[[Southwest Region (Little League World Series)|Southwest]]===
The tournament took place in [[Waco, Texas]] on August 5–11.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/southwest.htm|title=Southwest Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110092925/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/southwest.htm|archive-date=2013-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Louisiana}}'''
| [[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]]
| Lafayette
| 3–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Texas}} East'''
| [[Pearland, Texas|Pearland]]
| Pearland Maroon
| 2–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Texas}} West'''
| [[Midland, Texas|Midland]]
| Northern
| 1–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Arkansas}}'''
| [[White Hall, Arkansas|White Hall]]
| White Hall
| 0–3
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Colorado}}'''
| [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]]
| North Boulder
| 3–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|New Mexico}}'''
| [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]
| Altamont
| 2–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Mississippi|2001}}'''
| [[Ocean Springs, Mississippi|Ocean Springs]]
| Ocean Springs
| 1–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Oklahoma}}'''
| [[Krebs, Oklahoma|Krebs]]
| Pittsburg County
| 0–3
|}

{{Round4


|August 9 – Waco|'''1A {{flag|Louisiana}}'''|14|2B {{flag|New Mexico}}|6
|August 9 – Waco|1B {{flag|Colorado}}|4|'''2A {{flag|Texas}} East'''|5

|August 11 – Waco (7 inn.)|'''1A {{flag|Louisiana}}'''|8|2A {{flag|Texas}} East|7}}

===[[West Region (Little League World Series)|West]]===
The tournament took place in [[San Bernardino, California]] on August 5–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/west.htm|title=West Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227072328/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/west.htm|archive-date=2014-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! State
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flagicon|California}} [[Southern California]]'''
| [[Huntington Beach, California|Huntington Beach]]
| Ocean View
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flagicon|California}} [[Northern California]]'''
| [[Red Bluff, California|Red Bluff]]
| Red Bluff
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Nevada}}'''
| [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
| Silverado
| 2–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Utah}}'''
| [[Washington, Utah|Washington]]
| Washington
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Arizona}}'''
| [[Rio Rico, Arizona|Rio Rico]]
| Rio Rico
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Hawaii}}'''
| [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]]
| Central East Maui
| 1–3
|}

{{Round4


|August 12 – San Bernardino|'''1 {{flagicon|California}} [[Southern California]]'''|5|4 {{flag|Utah}}|0
|August 12 – San Bernardino|'''2 {{flagicon|California}} [[Northern California]]'''|3|3 {{flag|Nevada}}|2

|August 13 – San Bernardino|'''1 {{flagicon|California}} [[Southern California]]'''|2|2 {{flagicon|California}} [[Northern California]]|1}}

==International==

===[[Asia-Pacific Region (Little League World Series)|Asia-Pacific]]===
The tournament took place in [[Guam]] from July 9–15.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/asiapacific.htm|title=Asia-Pacific Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145354/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/asiapacific.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{TWN}}'''
| [[Kaohsiung]]
| Ching-Tan
| 5–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{THA}}'''
| [[Chiang Mai]]
| Sanuk
| 3–2
|-
| '''{{SIN}}'''
| [[Singapore]]
| Singapore
| 3–2
|-
| '''{{AUS}}'''
| [[Adelaide]]
| Southern Adelaide Districts
| 2–3
|-
| '''{{NZL}}'''
| [[Auckland]]
| Bayside Westhaven
| 2–3
|-
| '''{{INA}}'''
| [[Jakarta]]
| Indonesian
| 0–5
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| colspan="3"| '''{{KOR}}'''
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Guam}}'''
| [[Hagåtña, Guam|Agana]]
| Central
| 3–1
|-
| '''{{MNP}}'''
| [[Saipan]]
| Saipan
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{HKG}}'''
| [[Hong Kong, China]]
| Hong Kong
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{PHI}}'''
| [[Makati|Makati City]]
| Illam Central
| 1–3
|}

{{Round4


|July 14 – Guam|'''1A {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taiwan]]'''|'''12'''|2B {{flag|Guam}}|2
|July 14 – Guam|2A {{THA}}|0|'''1B {{KOR}}'''|'''10'''

|July 15 – Guam|'''1A {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taiwan]]'''|'''3'''|1B {{KOR}}|1}}

===[[Canada in the Little League World Series|Canada]]===
The tournament took place in [[North Vancouver (district municipality)|North Vancouver, British Columbia]] on August 6–13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/canada.htm|title=Canadian Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145359/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/canada.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Province
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Ontario}}'''
| [[Toronto]]
| High Park
| 5–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|British Columbia}}'''
| [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley]]
| Langley
| 4–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|British Columbia}}'''
| [[North Vancouver, British Columbia (district municipality)|North Vancouver]]
| Mt. Seymour*
| 3–2
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Quebec}}'''
| [[Salaberry-de-Valleyfield|Valleyfield]]
| Valleyfield
| 2–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Alberta}}'''
| [[Calgary]]
| Rocky Mountain
| 1–4
|-
| '''{{flag|Nova Scotia}}'''
| [[Sydney, Nova Scotia|Sydney]]
| Sydney Steel Kings
| 0–5
|}
(*): host league

{{Round4


|August 12 – North Vancouver|1 {{flag|Ontario}} |3|'''4 {{flag|Quebec}}'''|4
|August 12 – North Vancouver|{{nowrap|'''2 {{flag|British Columbia}}''' (Langley)}}|2|{{nowrap|3 {{flag|British Columbia}} (North Vancouver)}}|1

|August 13 – North Vancouver (4 inn.)|4 {{flag|Quebec}}|0|{{nowrap|'''2 {{flag|British Columbia}}''' (Langley)}}|11}}

===[[Caribbean Region (Little League World Series)|Caribbean]]===
The tournament took place [[St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands]] on July 9–16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/caribbean.htm|title=Caribbean Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609023926/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/caribbean.htm|archive-date=2014-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Pool A'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{PRI}}'''
| [[Manatí, Puerto Rico|Manatí]]
| Jose M. Rodriguez
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'''
| [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]
| [[Elrod Hendricks]] West
| 3–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Dominican Republic}}'''
| [[Puerto Plata (city)|Puerto Plata]]
| José Tatis
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'''
| [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]]
| [[Elmo Plaskett]] West
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{ATG}}'''
| [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|Saint John's]]
| Antigua
| 0–4
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Pool B'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Curaçao}}'''
| [[Willemstad]]
| Pariba
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{ARU}}'''
| [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
| Aruba North
| 3–1
|-
| '''{{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}'''
| [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]
| Alvin McBean East
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Cayman Islands}}'''
| [[Grand Cayman|Grand Cayman Island]]
| Cayman Islands
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Sint Maarten}}'''
| [[Sint Maarten]]
| Sint Maarten
| 0–4
|}

{{Round4


|July 15 – St. Thomas|1A {{PRI}}|0|'''2B {{ARU}}'''|4
|July 15 – St. Thomas|1B {{flag|Curaçao}}|7|{{nowrap|'''2A {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}}''' (Elrod Hendricks West)}}|8

|July 16 – St. Thomas|'''2B {{ARU}}'''|4|{{nowrap|2A {{flag|U.S. Virgin Islands}} (Elrod Hendricks West)}}|2}}

===[[Europe in the Little League World Series|Europe]]===
The tournament took place in [[Kutno]], Poland on July 22–29.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/europe.htm|title=Europe Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145444/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/europe.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{CZE}}'''
| [[South Moravian Region|South Moravia]]
| South Moravia
| 5–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Lithuania}}'''
| [[Vilnius]]
| Vilnius
| 4–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{UKR}}'''
| [[Kropyvnytskyi|Kirovograd]]
| Kirovograd/Nove Celo
| 2–3
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{BEL}}'''
| [[West Flanders]]
| Flanders West
| 2–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Moldova}}'''
| [[Tiraspol]]
| Kvint
| 1–4
|-
| '''{{SWE}}'''
| [[Stockholm]]
| Stockholm
| 1–4
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{NED}}'''
| [[Rotterdam]]
| Rotterdam
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{ITA}}'''
| [[Bologna]]
| Emilia
| 3–1
|-
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Belarus}}'''
| [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]
| Brest Zubrs
| 1–3
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Great Britain}}'''
| [[London]]
| London Youth Baseball
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{POL}}'''
| [[Kutno]]
| Kutno
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flagicon|GER}}{{flagicon|USA}} [[Germany]]-[[United States|US]]'''
| [[Ramstein Air Base|Ramstein]]
| KMC American
| DQ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/sports/europe/kmc-team-disqualified-from-little-league-tournament-1.150004|title=KMC team disqualified from Little League tournament|last=Harris|first=Kent|date=July 24, 2011|work=Stripes.com|access-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref>
|}

{{Round8


|July 27 – Kutno|'''1A {{flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic'''|7|4B {{flagicon|GBR}} Great Britain|1
|July 27 – Kutno|'''2B {{flagicon|ITA}} Italy'''|10|3A {{flagicon|UKR}} Ukraine|0
|July 27 – Kutno|2A {{flagicon|LTU}} Lithuania|1|'''3B {{flagicon|BLR}} Belarus'''|2
|July 27 – Kutno|'''1B {{flagicon|NED}} Netherlands'''|5|4A {{flagicon|BEL}} Belgium|1

|July 28 – Kutno|'''1A {{flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic'''|20|2B {{flagicon|ITA}} Italy|1
|July 28 – Kutno|3B {{flagicon|BLR}} Belarus|1|'''1B {{flagicon|NED}} Netherlands'''|11

|July 29 – Kutno|1A {{flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic|1|'''1B {{flagicon|NED}} Netherlands'''|7}}

===[[Japan in the Little League World Series|Japan]]===
The first two round of the tournament was held on July 2, and the remaining three rounds were played on July 9. All games were played in [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/japan.htm|title=Japan Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145450/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/japan.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Participating teams
! Prefecture
! City
! LL Organization
|-
| '''{{flag|Chiba}}'''
| [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]
| Chiba City
|-
| '''{{flag|Ehime}}'''
| [[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]]
| Niihama
|-
| '''{{flag|Hokkaido}}'''
| [[Sapporo]]
| Sapporo Shinkotoni
|-
| '''{{flag|Kanagawa}}'''
| [[Yokohama]]
| Seya
|-
| '''{{flag|Mie}}'''
| [[Matsusaka, Mie|Matsusaka]]
| Matsusaka
|-
| '''{{flag|Miyagi}}'''
| [[Sendai]]
| Sendai Higashi
|-
| '''{{flag|Miyazaki}}'''
| [[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]
| Miyakonojō
|-
| '''{{flag|Nagano}}'''
| [[Suzaka, Nagano|Nagano City]]
| Suzaka
|-
| '''{{flag|Okayama}}'''
| [[Kasaoka, Okayama|Kasaoka]]
| Kasaoka
|-
| '''{{flag|Osaka}}'''
| [[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]]
| Osaka Ibaraki
|-
| '''{{flag|Osaka}}'''
| [[Osaka]]
| Osaka Yodogawa
|-
| '''{{flag|Saitama}}'''
| [[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]
| Koshigaya
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Shizuoka}}'''
| [[Hamamatsu]]
| Hamamatsu Minami
|-
| '''{{flag|Tokyo}}'''
| [[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]
| Chōfu
|-
| '''{{flag|Tokyo}}'''
| [[Tokyo]]
| Tokyo Kitasuna
|-
| '''{{flag|Yamagata}}'''
| [[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]]
| Yamagata
|}

{{Round16


|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Kanagawa}} '''[[Yokohama|Seya]]'''|5|{{flagicon|Tokyo}} [[Tokyo]] Kitasuna|4
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Okayama}} [[Kasaoka, Okayama|Kasaoka]]|5|{{flagicon|Mie}} '''[[Matsusaka, Mie|Matsusaka]]'''|16
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Hokkaido}} [[Sapporo]] Shinotoni|1|{{flagicon|Osaka}} '''[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Osaka Ibaraki]]'''|17
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Chiba}} [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] City|7|{{flagicon|Miyagi}} '''[[Sendai]] Higashi'''|13
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Nagano}} [[Suzaka, Nagano|Suzaka]]|1|{{flagicon|Shizuoka}} '''[[Hamamatsu]] Minami'''|13
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Ehime}} [[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]]|2|{{flagicon|Tokyo}} '''[[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]'''|13
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Miyazaki}} '''[[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]'''|2|{{flagicon|Osaka}} [[Osaka]] [[Yodogawa-ku, Osaka|Yodogawa]]|1
|July 2 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Saitama}} '''[[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]'''|4|{{flagicon|Yamagata}} [[Yamagata, Yamagata|Yamagata]]|1

|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Kanagawa}} '''[[Yokohama|Seya]]'''|22|{{flagicon|Mie}} [[Matsusaka, Mie|Matsusaka]]|6
|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Osaka}} '''[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Osaka Ibaraki]]'''|8|{{flagicon|Miyagi}} [[Sendai]] Higashi|4
|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Shizuoka}} '''[[Hamamatsu]] Minami'''|3|{{flagicon|Tokyo}} [[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]|1
|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Miyazaki}} [[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]|12|{{flagicon|Saitama}} '''[[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]'''|13

|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Kanagawa}} '''[[Yokohama|Seya]]'''|2|{{flagicon|Osaka}} [[Ibaraki, Osaka|Osaka Ibaraki]]|0
|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Shizuoka}} '''[[Hamamatsu]] Minami'''|11|{{flagicon|Saitama}} [[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]|1

|July 9 – Tokyo|{{flagicon|Kanagawa}} [[Yokohama|Seya]]|3|{{flagicon|Shizuoka}} '''[[Hamamatsu]] Minami'''|14
|3rdplace=no}}

===[[Latin America Region (Little League World Series)|Latin America]]===
The tournament took place in [[San José, Costa Rica]] on July 16–23.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/latinamerica.htm|title=Latin American Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145455/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/latinamerica.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''
| [[Maracay]]
| Gran Maracay
| 4–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Panama}}'''
| [[David, Chiriquí|David]]
| David Doleguita
| 3–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Honduras}}'''
| [[San Pedro Sula]]
| Mariners
| 2–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''
| [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
| Atlantica
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|Brazil}}'''
| [[São Paulo]]
| Liga Paulista Baseball District 1
| 0–4
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Colombia}}'''
| [[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]]
| Falcon
| 4–1
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|El Salvador}}'''
| [[San Salvador]]
| FESA
| 4–1
|-
| '''{{flag|Nicaragua}}'''
| [[Chinandega]]
| El Viejo
| 3–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Costa Rica}}'''
| [[Santo Domingo Canton, Costa Rica|Santo Domingo]]
| Santa Domingo De Heredia
| 3–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Guatemala}}'''
| [[Guatemala City]]
| Liga Pequena De Beisbol De Guatemala
| 1–4
|-
| '''{{flag|Ecuador}}'''
| [[Guayaquil]]
| Unidad Miraflores
| 0–5
|}

{{Round4


|July 22 – San José|'''1A {{flag|Venezuela}}'''|4|2B {{flag|El Salvador}}|3
|July 22 – San José|'''1B {{flag|Colombia}}'''|6|2A {{flag|Panama}}|5

|July 23 – San José|1A '''{{flag|Venezuela}}'''|13|1B {{flag|Colombia}}|6}}

===[[Mexico in Little League World Series|Mexico]]===
The tournament took place in [[Mexicali, Baja California]] on July 24–30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/mexico.htm|title=Mexico Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145507/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/mexico.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool A'''
|-
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| {{flagicon|Baja California}} '''[[Mexicali]], [[Baja California]]'''
| Segura Social
| 6–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| {{flagicon|Nuevo León}} '''[[Monterrey]], [[Nuevo León]]'''
| Mitras
| 5–1
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexican Federal District}} '''[[Mexico City|Mexico, Distrito Federal]]'''
| Olmeca
| 4–2
|-
| {{flagicon|Coahuila}} '''[[Torreón]], [[Coahuila]]'''
| Sertoma
| 3–3
|-
| {{flagicon|Chihuahua}} '''[[Nuevo Casas Grandes]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]'''
| Paquime
| 2–4
|-
| {{flagicon|Jalisco}} '''[[Ocotlán, Jalisco|Ocotlán]], [[Jalisco]]'''
| Ocotlan
| 1–5
|-
| {{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} '''[[Matamoros, Tamaulipas|Matamoros]], [[Tamaulipas]]'''
| Villa Del Refugio
| 0–6
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Pool B'''
|-
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| {{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} '''[[Nuevo Laredo]], [[Tamaulipas]]'''
| Oriente
| 6–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| {{flagicon|Nuevo León}} '''[[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]], [[Nuevo León]]'''
| Epitacia Mala Torres
| 5–1
|-
| {{flagicon|Baja California}} '''[[Tijuana Municipality, Baja California|Tijuana]], [[Baja California]]'''
| Municipal De Tujuana
| 4–2
|-
| {{flagicon|Chihuahua}} '''[[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]'''
| Satellite
| 2–4
|-
| {{flagicon|Coahuila}} '''[[Saltillo]], [[Coahuila]]'''
| Saltillo
| 2–4
|-
| {{flagicon|Jalisco}} '''[[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]]'''
| Guadalajara Sutaj
| 1–5
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexican Federal District}} '''[[Mexico City|Mexico, Distrito Federal]]'''
| Maya
| 1–5
|}

{{Round4


|July 30 – Mexicali|'''1A {{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Mexicali]]'''|12|2B {{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Guadalupe, Nuevo León|Guadalupe]]|3
|July 30 – Mexicali|1B {{flagicon|Tamaulipas}} [[Nuevo Laredo]]|2|'''2A {{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Monterrey]]'''|4

|July 30 – Mexicali|'''1A {{flagicon|Baja California}} [[Mexicali]]'''|4|2A {{flagicon|Nuevo León}} [[Monterrey]]|1}}

===[[Middle East-Africa Region (Little League World Series)|Middle East-Africa]]===
The tournament took place in [[Kutno]], Poland on July 13–16.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/mea.htm|title=MEA Regional Tournament|work=Littleleague.org|access-date=August 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012145526/http://www.littleleague.org/series/2011divisions/llbb/qualify/mea.htm|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! City
! LL Organization
! Record
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}'''
| [[Dhahran]]
| [[Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran|Arabian American]]
| 5–0
|- bgcolor=#bbffbb
| '''{{flag|Uganda}}'''
| [[Kampala]]
| Rev. John Foundation
| 3–2
|-
| '''{{flag|Kuwait}}'''
| [[Kuwait City]]
| Kuwait
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|South Africa}}'''
| [[Durban]]
| Kwa Zulu Natal BB Association
| 1–3
|-
| '''{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}'''
| [[Dubai]]
| Dubai
| 1–3
|}

{{Round2
|July 16 - Kutno|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|4|'''{{flag|Uganda}}'''{{ref label|Note1|1|1}}|6}}

==Notes==
*{{note label|Note1|1|1}}[[Kampala]], [[Uganda]] won the Middle East-Africa Region, but were denied [[Visa (document)|visas]] to enter the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/Page58513.aspx|title=Visa Applications Denied for Little League Team from Uganda|author=Communications Division|date=July 22, 2011|work=Little League|access-date=July 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012071502/http://www.littleleague.org/Page58513.aspx|archive-date=2012-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/sports/baseball/no-little-league-world-series-for-ugandan-team.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907103424/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/30/sports/baseball/no-little-league-world-series-for-ugandan-team.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 7, 2012|title=No Little League World Series for Ugandan Team|last=Zinser|first=Lynn|date=July 29, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 31, 2011}}</ref> In order to maintain the 16-team field in the Little League World Series, Little League invited the runners-up of the MEA Region, [[Dhahran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], to participate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/ArabianAmericanLLFromSaudiArabiaReceivesBerthLLBWS11.htm |title=Arabian-American Little League of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, to Receive Berth in Little League Baseball World Series |author=Communications Division |work=Little League |access-date=August 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012071507/http://www.littleleague.org/media/newsarchive/2011/May-Aug/ArabianAmericanLLFromSaudiArabiaReceivesBerthLLBWS11.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Little League World Series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qualification For The 2011 Little League World Series}}
[[Category:2011 Little League World Series]]

Anheuser-Busch

2022-11-21T13:55:22Z

Fallen Sheep: red link turned blue

{{Short description|American brewing company}}
{{About|the St. Louis based company|the parent company|AB InBev|the historic brewery|Anheuser-Busch Brewery}}
{{Coord|38.5992341|-90.214344|display=title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC
| logo = Anheuser-Busch logo.gif
| type = [[subsidiary|Wholly owned subsidiary]]
| parent = [[AB InBev]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1852}} (as Bavarian Brewery) [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], [[United States]]
| founder = {{unbulleted list| [[Eberhard Anheuser]]<ref name="anheuser-busch.com">{{cite web|title=For the Love of Lager: The History of Anheuser-Busch|url=http://www.anheuser-busch.com/about/heritage.html}}</ref> |[[Adolphus Busch]]<ref name="anheuser-busch.com"/>}}
| fate =
| location_city = [[St. Louis]], Missouri
| location_country = U.S.
| locations = 12 breweries (2012)<ref name="abinbevusreport2012">{{Cite report |author=AB InBev |author-link=Anheuser-Busch Inbev |date=April 2012 |title=Anheuser-Busch InBev in the United States |url=http://www.ab-inbev.com/pdf/factsheets/US2012.pdf |publisher=AB InBev |page=1 |access-date=August 12, 2012}}</ref>
| area_served = North America
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Brendan Whitworth<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ab-inbev.com/about-us/management-team.html|title = Our Leaders}}</ref> (President)}}
| industry = {{unbulleted list|Beverages|Beverage packaging}}
| products = {{unbulleted list|[[Beer]]|[[Malt beverage]]s|[[Energy drink]]s|[[Bottled water]]}}
| revenue = US$15.588 billion (2018)<ref name="revenuenote">Revenue and gross profit for 2018 was reported by zone unit and therefore includes other North American subsidiaries of AB InBev, from pg. 58 of company annual report</ref>
| net_income = US$9.811 billion (2018)<ref name="revenuenote">Revenue and gross profit for 2018 was reported by zone unit and therefore includes other North American subsidiaries of AB InBev, from pg. 58 of company annual report</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|anheuser-busch.com}}
}}

'''Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=103284 |title=Company Overview of Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC |author= |date=February 5, 2017 |website=Bloomberg Research |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=February 5, 2017 |quote=Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC brews and sells beers. Its portfolio includes spirits, malt beverages, and wines.}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|h|aɪ|z|ər|_|ˈ|b|ʊ|ʃ}} is an American [[brewing company]] headquartered in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref name="Hampson18">{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=Tim |date=2008 |title=The Beer Book |location=London |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |page=18 |isbn=978-1405333016}}</ref> Since 2008, it has been wholly owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV ([[AB InBev]]), now the world's largest brewing company,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ab-inbev.com/media/our-company.html |title=Company Information|access-date=20 May 2015 |publisher=Anheuser-Busch InBev}}</ref><ref name="Hampson18"/><ref name="aboutab">{{cite web |author=Dun & Bradstreet |author-link=Anheuser-Busch InBev |year=2019 |title=Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC, company profile |url=https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.anheuser-busch_companies_llc.03826aea9ef132b9676f22ddd179d1f3.html?sitespectflag=TRUE&imok=hoovers&aka_re=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726040631/https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.anheuser-busch_companies_llc.03826aea9ef132b9676f22ddd179d1f3.html?sitespectflag=TRUE&imok=hoovers&aka_re=1 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="aboutnazone">{{cite web |author=AB InBev |author-link=Anheuser-Busch InBev |year=2011 |title=North America Zone Leadership |access-date=August 12, 2012 |url=http://anheuser-busch.com/index.php/our-company/na-zone-leadership/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329183545/http://www.anheuser-busch.com/index.php/our-company/na-zone-leadership/ |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> which owns multiple global brands, notably [[Budweiser]], [[Michelob]], [[Stella Artois]], and [[Beck's]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anheuser-Busch-Companies-Inc |website=Britannica |access-date=8 May 2022}}</ref>

The company employs over 30,000 people, operates 12 breweries in the United States,<ref name="abinbevusreport2012"/> and until December 2009, was one of the largest theme park operators in the United States, with ten theme parks through the company's family entertainment division [[SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment|Busch Entertainment Corporation]].<ref name="Ledger">{{cite web
|url=http://www.theledger.com/article/20091007/news/910079954
|title=InBev Selling Busch Gardens, SeaWorld Parks
|agency=Associated Press
|work=TheLedger.com
|date=October 7, 2009
|access-date=October 7, 2009}}</ref>

==History==

===Beginnings and national expansion===
In 1852, [[German American]] brewer and saloon operator George Schneider opened the Bavarian Brewery on Carondelet Avenue (later known as South Broadway) between Dorcas and Lynch streets in South St. Louis.<ref name="herbst 32">Herbst, 32.</ref><ref name="Hampson20">{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=Tim |date=2008 |title=The Beer Book |location=London |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |page=20 |isbn=978-1405333016}}</ref> Schneider's brewery expanded in 1856 to a new brewhouse near Eighth and Crittenden streets; however, the following year financial problems forced the sale of the brewery to various owners during the late 1850s.<ref name="herbst 32"/> In 1860, the brewery was purchased on the brink of bankruptcy by William D'Oench, a local pharmacist, and [[Eberhard Anheuser]], a prosperous German-born soap manufacturer.<ref name="herbst 32"/><ref name=Jackson>[[Michael Jackson (writer)|Jackson, Michael]] (1977). ''The World Guide to Beer'', pp. 210–211. New York: Ballantine. {{ISBN|0-89471-292-6}}</ref><ref name="Hampson20"/> D'Oench was the [[Partnership|silent partner]] in the business until 1869, when he sold his half-interest in the company.<ref name="herbst 32"/> From 1860 to 1875, the brewery was known as E. Anheuser & Co., and from 1875 to 1879 as the E. Anheuser Company's Brewing Association.<ref name="herbst 32"/>

[[Adolphus Busch]], a wholesaler who had immigrated to St. Louis from Germany in 1857, married Eberhard Anheuser's daughter, Lilly, in 1861. Following his service in the [[American Civil War]], Busch began working as a salesman for the Anheuser brewery.<ref name="herbst 33">Herbst, 33.</ref><ref name="Hampson20"/> Busch purchased D'Oench's share of the company in 1869, and he assumed the role of company secretary from that time until the death of his father-in-law.<ref name="herbst 33"/>

[[File:Reefers-shorty-Anheuser-Busch-Malt-Nutrine ACF builders photo pre-1911.jpg|thumb|left|Anheuser-Busch was one of the first companies to transport beer nationwide using railroad [[refrigerator car]]s.]]
Adolphus Busch was the first American brewer to use [[pasteurization]] to keep beer fresh; the first to use mechanical [[refrigeration]] and [[refrigerator car|refrigerated railroad cars]], which he introduced in 1876; and the first to bottle beer extensively.<ref name="anheuser-busch.com"/><ref>Sanford Wexler, "From Soap Suds to Beer Suds: How Anheuser-Busch became the Largest Brewer in the World", ''Financial History'', Dec 2002, Issue 77, pp. 30–34</ref><ref name="herbst 34">Herbst, 34.</ref> By 1877, the company owned a fleet of 40 refrigerated railroad cars to transport beer.<ref name="herbst 34"/> Expanding the company's distribution range led to increased demand for Anheuser products, and the company substantially expanded its facilities in St. Louis during the 1870s.<ref name="herbst 36">Herbst, 36.</ref> The expansions led production to increase from 31,500 barrels in 1875 to more than 200,000 in 1881.<ref name="herbst 36"/>

To streamline the company's refrigerator car operations and achieve vertical integration, Busch established the St. Louis Refrigerator Car Company in 1878, which was charged with building, selling, and leasing refrigerator cars; by 1883, the company owned 200 cars, and by 1888 it owned 850.<ref name="herbst 37"/> To serve these cars and switch them in and out of their St. Louis brewery, Anheuser-Busch founded the [[Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)|Manufacturers Railway Company]] in 1887. The shortline operated until 2011 when Anheuser-Busch sought to shut down operations.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20News/News%20Wire/2011/03/Manufacturers%20Railway%20applies%20to%20shut%20down.aspx | title=Manufacturers Railway applies to shut down | access-date=April 9, 2011 | date=March 25, 2011 | magazine=Trains Magazine}}</ref>

During the 1870s, Adolphus Busch toured Europe and studied the changes in brewing methods which were taking place at the time, particularly the success of [[pilsner]] beer, which included a popular Budweiser beer brewed in [[Budweis]].<ref name=Jackson/> In 1876, Busch took the already well-known name [[Budweiser]] and used it for his new beer, even though his product had no connections to the city of Budweis.<ref name=Jackson/> His company's ability to transport bottled beer made US Budweiser the first national beer brand in the United States, and it was marketed as a "premium" beer.<ref name=Jackson/>

The company was renamed Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association in 1879; in 1880, Adolphus Busch became company president upon Anheuser's death.<ref name="herbst 37">Herbst, 37.</ref><ref name=Rhodes>Rhodes, Christine P. (1995). ''The Encyclopedia of Beer'', pp. 49–53. New York: Henry Holt & Co. {{ISBN|0-8050-3799-3}}.</ref> The Busch family fully controlled the company through the generations until Anheuser-Busch's sale to InBev in 2008.<ref>Salter, Jim. [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40806859 "Busch family touched by scandal, tragedy"], NBC News via Associated Press. December 25, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2011.</ref>

During the 1880s and 1890s, Busch introduced a series of advertisements and marketing giveaways for the company, including bottle openers, calendars, [[Mounted corkscrew|corkscrews]], pocketknives, postcards, and prints.<ref name="herbst38">Herbst, 38.</ref> Among the most well-known of these giveaways was ''Custer's Last Fight'', a lithograph print of a painting by St. Louis artist Cassilly Adams.<ref name="herbst38"/> As a marketing tactic, Busch distributed thousands of copies of the print to bars in 1896,<ref name="herbst38"/> the same year Anheuser-Busch introduced its new "super-premium" brand, [[Michelob]].<ref>Chura, Hillary. [http://adage.com/article/news/a-b-cranks-michelob-ads-accents-light/57566/ A-B cranks up Michelob ads, accents Light]. ''Advertising Age''. July 17, 2000. Retrieved March 14, 2011.</ref> Eventually more than one million copies of the print were produced, and it became "one of the most popular pieces of artwork in American history."<ref name="herbst38"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chromolithograph entitled "Custer's Last Fight" |url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_326129 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref>

At the turn of the 20th century, Anheuser-Busch continued to expand its production facilities to keep up with demand.<ref name="herbst39">Herbst, 39.</ref> In 1905, the company built a new stockhouse in St. Louis, and by 1907 it produced nearly 1.6 million barrels of beer.<ref name="herbst39"/> As demands for the [[prohibition of alcohol]] in the United States grew, Anheuser-Busch began producing non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages (known as [[near beer]]); the most successful of these was [[Bevo (beverage)|Bevo]], a [[malt beverage]] introduced in 1908.<ref name="herbst39"/> After the death of Adolphus Busch in 1913, control of the company passed to his son, [[August Anheuser Busch Sr.]], who continued to combat the rise of prohibitionists.<ref name="herbst39"/> As part of an effort to improve the respectability of drinking, August Busch built three upscale restaurants in St. Louis during the 1910s: the Stork Inn, the Gretchen Inn (now known as the Feasting Fox), and the [[Bevo Mill, St. Louis|Bevo Mill]].<ref name="herbst39"/>

[[File:Olivedrabcan.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Anheuser-Busch produced olive-colored [[Budweiser]] cans during World War II.]]

===Prohibition period===
As with all breweries in the country, the [[Temperance movement]] and eventual [[Prohibition in the United States]] dealt a major blow to the company in the 1910s through the 1930s. Some of the products sold by Anheuser-Busch to survive during Prohibition included brewer's yeast, malt extract, ice cream, and Bevo, a nonalcoholic malt beverage, or "near beer".<ref name=Rhodes/><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/jacksonville/stories/2006/04/03/daily37.html |title=Anheuser-Busch celebrates anniversary of Prohibition repeal |journal=Jacksonville Business Journal |date=April 7, 2006 |access-date=March 14, 2011}}</ref>

===Prohibition to last years of independence===
In 1957, Anheuser-Busch became the largest brewer in the United States.

In 1981, Anheuser-Busch International, Inc., was established as a subsidiary responsible for the company's international operations and equity investments. Prior to its 2008 acquisition, Anheuser-Busch operated 15 breweries internationally: 14 in China and one in the United Kingdom.

In 1997, Chinese production of Anheuser-Busch products began after the company's purchase of a local brewery; later, the company operated both Budweiser Wuhan International Brewing Company and [[Harbin Brewery]], which Anheuser-Busch fully acquired in 2004. In the United Kingdom, the Budweiser Stag Brewing Company produced and packaged Budweiser at the Stag Brewery in [[Mortlake]].

At one time, Anheuser-Busch International also held investments in [[Grupo Modelo]] in Mexico<ref name="abpr2006">[http://anheuser-buschcompanies.com/Press/ModeloChina_120406.html Grupo Modelo Appoints Anheuser-Busch as the Importer of its Brands in China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430094911/http://anheuser-buschcompanies.com/Press/ModeloChina_120406.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, ''Anheuser-Busch Press Release'', 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> [[Tsingtao Brewery]] in China;<ref name="abpr2006"/> Anheuser-Busch also held investments in [[Redhook Ale Brewery]] of [[Seattle, Washington]]<ref name="wotp">[http://www.beernewsletter.com/blog/?p=205 "Anybody Watching Redhook's Stock..."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003182838/http://www.beernewsletter.com/blog/?p=205 |date=October 3, 2011 }}, ''What's on tap? Newsletter''. Retrieved March 24, 2008.</ref> and [[Widmer Brothers Brewery]] of [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="wotp"/> After the 2008 acquisition, most international operations were transferred to AB InBev zones where the interests are located.

===Acquisition by InBev===
On June 12, 2008, Belgian-Brazilian brewing company [[InBev]] announced that it had made a US$46 billion offer for the company,<ref>[http://www.globalbeerleader.com/home.php InBev Proposes Combination with Anheuser-Busch]. [[Press release]]. ''InBev''</ref> which if it was accepted would join two of the world's four largest brewing companies (based on revenue) and create a company brewing three of the highest-grossing beers in the world, namely [[Bud Light]], Budweiser, and [[Skol]]. InBev also stated that the merger would not result in any U.S. brewery closures and they would attempt to retain management and board members from both companies.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/business/business-inbev.html | title=InBev: U.S. Anheuser Breweries to Stay After Merger | agency=Reuters | work=The New York Times | date=June 20, 2008 | access-date=June 20, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> On June 25, 2008, Anheuser-Busch officially announced that they would reject InBev's offer and provide a restructuring of the company to maintain shareholders and United States World Headquarters in St. Louis.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article4215711.ece | title=Anheuser-Busch set to snub InBev and propose own revamp | newspaper=The Times | date=June 25, 2008 | access-date=June 25, 2008 | location=London | first=Suzy | last=Jagger}}</ref> On July 1, 2008, InBev urged Anheuser-Busch shareholders to vote in favor of the buyout as InBev felt the offer of $65 per share should be considered a reasonable offer in view of the falling stock market. The company had previously filed suit in [[Delaware]], after the rejection of their offer, to ensure that the stockholders could oust Anheuser-Busch's 13 board members.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25472139 | title=InBev pitches buyout bid to Bud shareholders | agency=Associated Press |work=NBC News | date=July 1, 2008 | access-date=July 1, 2008}}</ref> On July 7, 2008, Anheuser-Busch filed a lawsuit against InBev to stop them from soliciting the support of shareholders, stating that the company's offer is an illegal scheme. InBev was also accused of concealing that they do business in [[Cuba]], which might have created additional obstacles to their efforts to operate in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D91PU0BO2.htm |title=Anheuser-Busch calls InBev takeover bid illegal |agency=Associated Press |work=Business Week |date=July 8, 2008 |access-date=July 9, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112185753/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D91PU0BO2.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2011 }}</ref>

On July 13, 2008, Anheuser-Busch and InBev said they had agreed to a deal, pending shareholder and regulatory approval,<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/07/13/2008-07-13_anheuserbusch_belgian_firm_inbev_are_bre.html
|title=Anheuser-Busch, Brazilian Belgian firm InBev are brewin' up a merger
|agency=Associated Press |newspaper=New York Daily News
|date=July 13, 2008
|access-date=July 14, 2008
}}</ref> for InBev to purchase the American icon at $70 per share, creating a new company to be named Anheuser-Busch InBev. Anheuser-Busch would get two seats on the combined board of directors. The all-cash agreement, almost $52 billion in total equity, created the world's largest brewer, uniting the maker of Budweiser and Michelob with the producer of [[Beck's]], [[Stella Artois]], [[Hoegaarden Brewery|Hoegaarden]], [[Leffe]], [[Bass (beer)|Bass]], [[Labatt]] and [[Brahma (beer)|Brahma]]. The two companies had combined yearly sales of more than $36.4 billion, surpassing the current No. 1 brewer, London-based [[SABMiller]].<ref>De la Merced, Michael J. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/14/business/worldbusiness/14beer.html?ref=europe nytimes.com, "Anheuser-Busch Agrees to Be Sold to InBev"], ''The New York Times''. July 14, 2008.</ref><ref>Spain, William; Goldstein, Steve. [http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/anheuser-busch-accepts-70-share-52-billion/story.aspx?guid=%7B02125469-49F4-4C21-824D-01EB0623A817%7D&dist=hplatest "Anheuser-Busch accepts $52 billion InBev offer"], ''MarketWatch''. July 14, 2008.</ref>

Grupo Modelo took InBev to arbitration for more than a year and a half after the deal was completed, attempting to block the deal.

On October 7, 2009, parent company Anheuser-Busch InBev announced plans to sell the theme parks division to The Blackstone Group for up to {{USD|2.7 billion}}.<ref>[http://www.marketwatch.com/story/blackstone-buys-a-b-inbevs-theme-parks-for-27b-2009-10-07 Blackstone to buy A-B InBev's theme parks for $2.7 billion]. MarketWatch, October 7, 2009</ref>

In July 2010, a panel decided that the takeover did not violate Anheuser-Busch's agreement with Modelo.<ref>p. 338 ''Dethroning the King, The Hostile Takeover of AnHeuser-Busch, An American Icon'' – [[Julie MacIntosh]]</ref>

===Post-acquisition changes===
On November 18, 2008, the [[hostile takeover]] was completed, and the [[parent corporation]] was renamed Anheuser-Busch InBev; Anheuser-Busch became a [[wholly owned subsidiary]] of the new corporation, controlled within the North America zone unit of AB InBev. By early 2009, AB InBev "turned a family-led company that spared little expense into one that is focused intently on cost-cutting and [[profit margin]]s, while rethinking the way it sells beer."<ref name="wsjchanges">{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124096182942565947 | title=Unease Brewing at Anheuser As New Owners Slash Costs | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal| date=April 29, 2009| access-date=April 30, 2009 | first1=David | last1=Kesmodel | first2=Suzanne | last2=Vranica| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090430134003/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124096182942565947.html| archive-date= April 30, 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> AB InBev focused on reducing costs in the Anheuser-Busch Companies subsidiary and implemented performance-related pay,<ref name="wsjchanges"/> along with several other changes. They immediately laid off 1,400 employees and 415 contractors,<ref name="layoffs">{{cite web|url=http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/lager-heads/uncategorized/2010/01/small-number-laid-off-today-at-anheuser-busch-inbev/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100118075843/http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/lager-heads/uncategorized/2010/01/small-number-laid-off-today-at-anheuser-busch-inbev/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |title=Small number laid off today at Anheuser-Busch InBev |publisher=St. Louis post Dispatch |date=January 15, 2010 |access-date=February 6, 2010 }}</ref> sold Busch Entertainment Corporation, and sold company-owned aircraft<ref name="loschmanagement.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.loschmanagement.com/content/bitter-brew|title=Bitter Brew|publisher=Losch Management |date=April 2013}}</ref>

For employees, AB InBev ended [[perquisite]]s such as executive assistants for senior management, company contributions to the salaried employee [[pension]] plan, and company-provided [[life insurance]] to retirees; it also reduced the number of company-provided cell phones, taking back 1200 Blackberries;<ref name="loschmanagement.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.loschmanagement.com/content/bitter-brew|title=Bitter Brew|publisher=Losch Management |date=April 2013}}</ref> and ended tuition reimbursement, and [[severance package]]s. Perks like free tickets to [[St. Louis Cardinals]] baseball games and for [[Busch Gardens]] were taken away from employees. Anheuser-Busch stopped providing free beer to its employees and visitors to its theme parks.<ref name=":0"/> These internal changes accompanied changes in its [[advertising]]. These cost-cutting measures rapidly reduced AB InBev's debt from $56.6 billion in 2008 to $30.1 billion at the end of 2012. When the restructuring was complete, only three senior-level Anheuser-Busch managers remained.<ref name="loschmanagement.com"/>

InBev auctioned off several large assets in an effort to pay off debt to the banks that financed the merger.<ref name=":0">p 334 ''Dethroning the King, The Hostile Takeover of AnHeuser-Busch, An American Icon'', [[Julie MacIntosh]]</ref> It sold Anheuser's 27% stake in China's [[Tsingtao Brewery|Tsingtao]], sold a few beverage can and lid-making plants to Ball Corporation, and sold its own [[Beer in South Korea|Korean beer]] business for $1.8 billion to [[private equity]] firm Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts & Co.<ref>p. 356 ''Dethroning the King, The Hostile Takeover of AnHeuser-Busch, An American Icon'' – [[Julie MacIntosh]]</ref> It put the 10 theme parks in Anheuser's Busch Entertainment Unit, which included its three [[SeaWorld]] locations, up for sale.<ref name=":0"/>

Under InBev, Anheuser-Busch also lengthened [[accounts payable]] terms, and introduced [[zero-based budgeting]]. These changes caused concern from its suppliers when Anheuser-Busch announced it would take 120 days to pay its bills rather than 30 days, taking time to use that money for other purposes. The new payment policy often results in longer periods than 120 days, since the 120 days starts from the end of the month in which the invoice is 'approved' internally, which can be many days/months after an invoice is submitted.<ref name=":0" />

InBev signed a 10-year lease on 31,500 square feet of office space on [[Park Avenue]] in [[New York City|New York]], which led to speculation that they would move Anheuser-Busch InBev North American headquarters from [[St. Louis|St Louis]].<ref>[[Julie MacIntosh]], ''Dethroning the King'', p. 335</ref>

In February 2013, a widely publicized lawsuit accused AB InBev<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21597076|title=Drinkers sue Anheuser-Busch for 'watering down' beer|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=February 27, 2013|date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> "watering down" products including Budweiser and Michelob. Such beers are intentionally brewed over-strength and then "watered down" to the intended level, creating a product of equal or greater quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mooseheadbeeracademy.com/high-gravity-brewing-risks-benefits-considerations/|title=High Gravity Brewing – risks, benefits and considerations|work=Moosehead Beer Academy|access-date=October 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018044301/http://www.mooseheadbeeracademy.com/high-gravity-brewing-risks-benefits-considerations/|archive-date=October 18, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/02/28/173076501/budweiser-may-seem-watery-but-it-tests-at-full-strength-lab-says|title=Budweiser May Seem Watery, But It Tests At Full Strength, Lab Says|date=February 27, 2013|work=NPR|access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/judge-dismisses-lawsuits-alleging-a-b-waters-down-beer/article_428f5a24-0d32-5062-95ab-c8162f13cb86.html|title=Judge dismisses lawsuits alleging A-B waters down beer|author=Lee Enterprises|work=stltoday.com|access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref>

Of Anheuser's top executives, only three remained in their jobs following the acquisition: [[Dave Peacock (businessman)|Dave Peacock]] as president of the merged company's US division; Gary Rutledge as general counsel for the company's North American business; and Bob Golden, Anheuser's former acquisitions head, as global head of the merged company's [[mergers and acquisitions]] effort.<ref>p. 350 Dethroning the King, The Hostile Takeover of Anheuser-Busch, An American Icon – Julie Macintosh</ref>

==Operations and products==
Anheuser-Busch Companies operates as one of several subsidiaries in the North America zone unit of [[Anheuser-Busch InBev]] SA/NV (AB InBev) and it produces and distributes hundreds of products from the AB InBev portfolio.

On October 10, 2016, a $100 billion merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller closed. The new company is trading as NewbelcoSABMiller.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/taranurin/2016/10/10/its-final-ab-inbev-closes-on-deal-to-buy-sabmiller/#2e5f846437d6 |title=It's Final: AB InBev Closes On Deal To Buy SABMiller |last=Nurin |first=Tara |date=October 10, 2016 |work=Forbes |access-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref>

===Corporate leadership===
Michel Doukeris is the current President and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], North America at Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, the parent company of the U.S. operation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anheuser-busch.com/about/north-american-leadership.html |title=About |author= |date=2017 |website=Anheuser-Busch |publisher=Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV |access-date=February 10, 2017 |quote=Before joining the North American team as president and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], João held several key finance and business roles at ABI, including the zone president role for Latin America South.}}</ref>

Previous corporate leaders of Anheuser-Busch include:

* 1860–1880 Eberhard Anheuser
* 1880–1913 Adolphus Busch
* 1913–1934 August A. Busch Sr.
* 1934–1946 [[Adolphus Busch III]]
* 1946–1971 [[Gussie Busch]]
* 1971–1974 [[Richard A. Meyer]]
* 1974–2002 [[August A. Busch III]]
* 2002–2006 [[Patrick Stokes (businessman)|Patrick Stokes]]
* 2006–2008 [[August A. Busch IV]]
After Anheuser-Busch's acquisition by InBev, August A. Busch IV was replaced as the subsidiary president by [[Dave Peacock (business)|Dave Peacock]].
* 2008–2012 Dave Peacock
* 2012–2014 Luiz Edmond
* 2014–2018 João Castro Neves
* 2018–2021 Michel Doukeris
* 2021–Present Brendan Whitworth

===Brewery operations===
[[File:Anheuser-Busch Brewery at St. Louis.jpg|thumb|Brewery at [[St. Louis]]|alt=]]
[[File:StLouisABPackaging Plant.JPG|thumb|The packaging plant in [[St. Louis]]|alt=]]
Anheuser-Busch Companies has operated 13 breweries, all located in the United States:
*[[St. Louis, Missouri]] (opened 1852)
*[[Newark, New Jersey]] (opened 1951)
*[[Los Angeles, California]] (opened 1954)
*[[Tampa, Florida]] (opened 1959, now closed)
*[[Houston, Texas]] (opened 1966)
*[[Columbus, Ohio]] (opened 1968)
*[[Jacksonville, Florida]] (opened 1969)
*[[Merrimack, New Hampshire]] (opened 1970)
*[[Williamsburg, Virginia]] (opened 1972)
*[[Fairfield, California]] (opened 1976)
*[[Baldwinsville, New York]] (opened 1983)
*[[Fort Collins, Colorado]] (opened 1988)
*[[Cartersville, Georgia]] (opened 1993)

The [[Anheuser-Busch Brewery (St. Louis, Missouri)|St. Louis brewery]], which opened in 1852, is a [[National Historic Landmark District]], and includes three buildings listed as [[National Historic Landmarks]]. Public tours of the brewery are offered. The tour takes visitors through the complex where they can see beer being made and packaged in a working part of the brewery. The company keeps a rotation of its famous [[Budweiser Clydesdales]] at its headquarters, and visitors to the brewery can observe the [[Clydesdale (horse)|clydesdales]] in their exercise field and see their places in the carriage house.

The brewery was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.<ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite journal|url={{NHLS url|id=66000945}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Anheuser-Busch Brewery|date=April 1978 |format=PDF |author=Cecil McKithan and Stephen Lissandrello |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=June 22, 2009}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000945|title=''Accompanying four photos, from 1895, ca. 1900, 1942, and ca. 1970''|photos=y}} {{small|(1.90 MB)}}</ref><ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=715&ResourceType=District|title=Anheuser-Busch Brewery |access-date=June 28, 2008|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> The landmarked area includes 189 structures spread over {{convert|142|acre|ha}}, including many red brick Romanesque ones "with square crenelated towers and elaborate details."<ref name="nrhpinv2"/> The Brew House, built in 1891–1892, is particularly notable for its "multi-storied hop chandeliers, intricate iron-work, and utilization of natural light".<ref name="nrhpinv2"/>

===Other operations===
Aside from supply operations like brewing and packaging, Anheuser-Busch Companies includes Anheuser-Busch Wholesale Operations Divisions (WOD), Anheuser-Busch Agricultural Operations, Anheuser-Busch Recycling Corporation, Eagle Packaging, and [[Busch Properties]], which manages subsidiary-owned property. Anheuser Busch owns and operates aluminum can plants (Metal Container Corporation).
MCC supplies Anheuser Busch breweries and Pepsi Beverages Group fillers across the US. Suppliers to Anheuser-Busch Companies include [[Owens-Illinois]], which provides glass bottles to several Anheuser-Busch breweries. Anheuser-Busch also owns glass production facilities, such as the former Longhorn Glass, which provides glass for the Houston brewery. Anheuser-Busch Companies delivers its products to retailers through a network of more than 500 independent wholesalers and 13 wholly owned distributors.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://anheuser-busch.com/index.php/our-company/operations/wholesale-operations/ | title=Anheuser-Busch Wholesaler Operations | publisher=Anheuser-Busch | access-date=August 12, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224132200/http://anheuser-busch.com/index.php/our-company/operations/wholesale-operations/ | archive-date=February 24, 2014 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

On February 20, 1953, Anheuser-Busch purchased the St. Louis Cardinals [[Major League Baseball|major league baseball]] club and owned them until March 21, 1996, when the club was sold to a group of private investors.

In 1966, [[Busch Memorial Stadium]] was paid for and built by the brewery and opened for business; Anheuser-Busch later purchased the stadium in 1981 for $53 million and removed the "Memorial" in its name. The stadium was demolished in late 2005 and replaced by a [[Busch Stadium|new ballpark]] in 2006. Anheuser-Busch signed an agreement to retain the "Busch Stadium" name on the new building through 2025.

Up until 2009, Anheuser-Busch was also one of the largest theme park owners/operators in the United States, with ten parks throughout the country through its entertainment division, Busch Entertainment Corporation, including its three SeaWorld locations. The company is now known as [[SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment]].

===Beverage products===
{{Main|Anheuser-Busch brands}}
Anheuser-Busch Companies is responsible for the production, importation and distribution of several AB InBev products, including three company-designated global brands, Budweiser, Stella Artois, and Beck's.<ref name="abinbevusreport2012"/> Other multi-country brands distributed or produced by Anheuser-Busch Companies include Leffe and Hoegaarden, while local brands produced by the company include [[Bass Brewery|Bass Pale Ale]], Bud Light, [[Busch Beer]], [[Landshark Lager]], Michelob, Michelob Ultra, [[Natural Light]], and [[Shock Top]].<ref name="abinbevusreport2012"/> The company also produces nonalcoholic beverages, [[malt liquor]]s (such as King Cobra and Hurricane), and flavored malt beverages (e.g. the Bacardi Silver family and [[Tequiza]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

On December 22, 2015, it was announced that Anheuser-Busch would purchase Breckenridge Brewery for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wallace|first1=Alicia|title=Breckenridge Brewery sold to giant Anheuser-Busch's "High End"|url=http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_29298392/breckenridge-brewery-sold-giant-anheuser-buschs-high-end|website=denver Post|date=December 22, 2015|access-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref>

==Advertising==
[[File:Clydesdale-busch-gardens.jpg|thumb|right|Anheuser-Busch Clydesdale at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia.]]
[[File:Malt-Nutrine, 1898.jpg|thumb|right|1898 magazine ad for Malt-Nutrine.]]

Prior to its acquisition by InBev, the company was known in the United States for its advertising presence, including a sports marketing division which created advertising material for the [[Super Bowl]] and many other sporting events. Budweiser has sponsored horse racing events and [[motor sports]] including [[NASCAR]], the "[[Miss Budweiser]]" racing [[hydroplane (boat)|hydroplane]], and the "Budweiser King" championship top fuel dragster of [[Kenny Bernstein]].

Since the acquisition by AB InBev, the company has significantly cut back its advertising, predicated on the belief that "changing [[demographics]] and media habits no longer require spending as much on mainstream sports events".<ref name="wsjchanges"/>

==Controversies==

===Spykes underaged alcohol marketing===
In 2007, the company introduced a flavored 12% abv malt liquor under the name ''Spykes''. It was sold in colorful, 2-[[ounce]] bottles. Available flavors included [[mango]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[melon]] and [[chocolate]].<ref name="Hot melon">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16815536|title=Hot melon in your Budweiser? – Business – US business – Food Inc. – NBC News|work=NBC News|access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref> It was withdrawn in the same year after criticism from [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] industry watchdog groups that it was being marketed to underage customers, and the [[Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau]] found that the labeling of Spykes was illegal.<ref name="Booze buzz">[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17862137 "A booze buzz for teenyboppers?"], March 30, 2007, NBC News</ref><ref name="Spykes labels illegal">{{cite web|url=http://www.cspinet.org/new/200704161.html|title=Anheuser-Busch's "Spykes" Labels Illegal, Group Says|date=April 16, 2007|access-date=October 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/18/national/main2824509.shtml |title=Anheuser-Busch Pulls "Spykes" – CBS News |publisher=www.cbsnews.com |access-date=December 22, 2009 | date=May 18, 2007}}</ref>

===Environmental record===
In 2002, the [[Political Economy Research Institute]] ranked Anheuser–Busch 40th among the "Toxic 100", a list of U.S. corporations most responsible for [[air pollution]]. The study found that Anheuser–Busch released 1,002,786 kg (2,213,657 lbs) of toxic pollutants annually into the air.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html |title=PERI: Home |access-date=October 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001071549/http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html |archive-date=October 1, 2011 }}</ref> This is mainly because large amounts of [[CO2|CO2]] are released during the process of [[Brewing#Fermenting|fermentation]].

Anheuser-Busch has received numerous awards for its efforts to reduce its impact on the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abehsreport.com/docs/performanceawards.html#China|title=Anheuser-Busch Environmental, Health & Safety Report|access-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211145956/http://www.abehsreport.com/docs/performanceawards.html#China|archive-date=February 11, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1995 Anheuser-Busch's Baldwinsville brewery won an award for pollution prevention from the New York Governor for its use of a "comprehensive, energy-producing pollution-prevention system – bioenergy recovery – to treat wastewater from the brewing process." The brewery also reduced solid waste by nearly 70 percent from 1990 to 1994. In addition, the Baldwinsville brewery found markets for previous "waste" materials used in the fermentation of Anheuser-Busch beers.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/public/22539.html "NYS Governor's Awards for Pollution Prevention – Anheuser-Busch"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200709/http://www.dec.ny.gov/public/22539.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}. Retrieved May 6, 2008</ref> The Anheuser-Busch Recycling Corp. recycled more than 27 billion cans in 2006, a number far greater than what was used in its own packaging. Similarly, Anheuser-Busch has set short-term goals to reduce energy consumption 5% and increasing use of renewable fuel from 8 to 15% by 2010. Along with these goals, Anheuser-Busch has succeeded in cutting down its water use by 3% since 2002.<ref>[http://gliving.tv/news/anheuser-busch-to-make-green-beer/ "Anheuser-Busch To Make Green Beer"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200858/http://gliving.tv/news/anheuser-busch-to-make-green-beer/ |date=March 3, 2016 }}. Retrieved May 6, 2008</ref> Its parent company Anheuser-Busch InBev has recently announced a commitment to secure 100% of the company's purchased electricity from renewable sources by 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anheuser-busch.com/newsroom/2017/03/anheuser-busch-inbev-commits-to-a-100--renewable-electricity-fut.html|title=Anheuser-Busch InBev Commits to a 100% Renewable Electricity Future|access-date=2017-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2017/04/06/bud-boss-promises-green-beer-in-big-shift-to-renewable-energy/#2ea456bb7ea9|title=Bud Boss Promises 'Greener' Beer In Big Shift To Renewable Energy|last=Helman|first=Christopher|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-04-08}}</ref>

The brewery also operates an environmental outreach program to encourage recycling, energy conservation, and habitat preservation, as well as to prevent [[litter]]ing and water pollution.<ref>[http://www.abenvironment.com/ Anheuser-Busch Environmental Outreach.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203082112/http://www.abenvironment.com/ |date=February 3, 2016 }}</ref> For past 18 years Anheuser-Busch employees have participated in "Green Week", which focuses on environmental conservation education for employees and their families.<ref name="csrwire1">[https://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/26465-anheuser-busch-employees-seeing-green "Anheuser-Busch Employees Seeing Green"] "Corporate Social Responsibility Newswire" April 11, 2008. Retrieved May 6, 2008</ref>

Anheuser-Busch states they do not use animal-derived products, artificial ingredients, additives or preservatives at any stage of the brewing process or as part of the packaging in any of their range, with the exception of three Michelob products and two Bud Light products, which contain honey and shellfish respectively, and are marketed as such.<ref>[http://www.barnivore.com/beer/3/Anheuser-Busch Anheuser-Busch: Has Some Vegan Options]. Barnivore.com. Feb 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2011.</ref> All other Anheuser-Busch beers are brewed using water, yeast, barley malt, hops, and additional cereal grains. Anheuser-Busch eliminates the need for [[isinglass]] [[finings]] by settling and removing particles before fermentation. The beechwood aging process also helps to attract and remove yeast from the brew before the lagering process has ended.<ref>[https://archive.today/20110707212845/http://www.barnivore.com/beer/Rolling%20Rock?keyword=rolling+rock Barnivore – Your online drink directory]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zen159730.zen.co.uk/Vegetarian_beers.html#AnheuserBusch|title=Vegetarian beers|author=Geraint Paul Bevan|access-date=October 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925000414/http://www.zen159730.zen.co.uk/Vegetarian_beers.html#AnheuserBusch|archive-date=September 25, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This only applies to the beers the company brews itself.

Anheuser-Busch became a pioneer for electricity-powered heavy trucks. It ordered hundreds of trucks from [[Nikola Motor]], an Arizona company specialized in the development of hydrogen-fueled engines.<ref>Christof Leisinger: [https://www.nzz.ch/finanzen/wasserstoffbrennzellen-nikola-motor-im-hoehenflug-ld.1560518 ''Nikola – der «Tesla» der Lastwagenbranche hebt ab wie eine Rakete''.] Neue Zürcher Zeitung, June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020</ref>

===Budweiser Bill===
In 2003, after numerous deaths in [[association football|football]] stadiums, Brazil passed a law outlawing alcohol sales in stadiums. FIFA demanded that Brazil allow alcohol sales at the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] because Budweiser, a major World Cup sponsor is the "Official Beer of the FIFA World Cup", a role it has played since 1986.

In response, Brazil passed a law paving the way for alcohol sales in the World Cup, nicknamed the "Budweiser Bill".<ref>[https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/03/07/148155110/brazil-moves-to-ease-soccer-beer-ban-as-world-cup-spat-with-fifa-grows Brazil Moves To Ease Soccer Beer Ban, As World Cup Spat With FIFA Grows], ''[[NPR]]'' (March 7, 2012).</ref><ref>[http://en.mercopress.com/2012/05/10/brazilian-senate-approves-budweiser-bill-ending-dispute-with-fifa-over-world-cup-sponsoring Brazilian Senate approves 'Budweiser bill' ending dispute with FIFA over World Cup sponsoring], ''Merco Press'', (May 10, 2012).</ref>

==="Up for Whatever" beer campaign controversy===
In April 2015, Anheuser-Busch, in an effort to target new, younger consumers to buy its products, the company printed a slogan on Bud Light bottles that said "The perfect beer for removing 'no' from your vocabulary for the night. #UpForWhatever."<ref>{{cite news|author=Kurtis Lee |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-budweiser-controverisal-slogan-20150429-htmlstory.html|title=Bud Light's 'Up for Whatever' slogan hits a target, but is it the wrong one? |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 29, 2015}}</ref> The label triggered a backlash, and the company was immediately criticized by people who charged that it could be interpreted as promoting rape.<ref>{{cite news|author= Anthony Venutolo |url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/04/bud_light_label_rape_culture_poll.html|title=Poll: Does Bud Light\u0027s controversial label promote rape? |newspaper=[[The Star-Ledger]] |date=April 29, 2015}}</ref> Alexander Lambrecht, Vice President of Anheuser-Busch, later apologized in a statement for the bottle tagline, saying that the message "missed the mark" and that they would never "condone disrespectful or irresponsible behavior."<ref>{{cite news|author=Chris Morran|url=http://consumerist.com/2015/04/28/bud-light-we-missed-the-mark-on-bottle-suggesting-that-no-is-a-drink-away-from-yes/|title=Bud Light: We "Missed The Mark" On Bottle Suggesting That "No" Is A Drink Away From "Yes"|publisher=[[Consumerist]] |date=April 28, 2015}}</ref>

===Liquor law violations in Seattle===
The Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (WSLCB) issued a $150,000 violation to Anheuser-Busch in May 2016. Investigators determined that Anheuser-Busch entered into an illegal agreement of exclusivity with two concert venues in Seattle – the [[The Showbox|Showbox]] and the Showbox SoDo.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kendall Jones|url=http://www.washingtonbeerblog.com/anheuser-busch-gets-fine-for-liquor-law-violations-seattle/|title=Anheuser-Busch gets $150,000 fine for liquor law violations in Seattle|publisher=[[Washington Beer Blog]] |date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>

===2017 Super Bowl advertising===
In early February 2017, Anheuser-Busch's "Budweiser – Born the Hard Way" Super Bowl commercial was released online, prompting conservative political rebuke over its depiction of the immigration of founder Adolphus Busch from Germany to St. Louis. Although the ad had been conceived eight months before its release, some perceived the ad to be a political statement in opposition to President Donald Trump. A week before the ad's release, public controversy erupted over an executive order prohibiting entry of immigrants, refugees, and re-entry of permanent residents from seven countries into the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/people-boycotting-budweiser-super-bowl-ad-2017-2|title=People are boycotting Budweiser because of this immigration-themed Super Bowl ad|last=Snyder|first=Chris|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> The script for the advertisement was finalized after the November elections, when Budweiser's internal marketing team settled on the twelfth revision of the script. Shooting for the commercial then took place in January.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/how-budweiser-created-an-epic-immigrant-story-to-reclaim-the-super-bowl-spotlight/|title=How Budweiser Created an Epic Immigrant Story to Reclaim the Super Bowl Spotlight|last1=Monllos|first1=Kristina|date=January 29, 2017|website=www.adweek.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> The ad controversy followed after controversy in May 2016 when then Presidential candidate Donald Trump was perceived by some to be hijacking Budweiser's 'America' branding campaign for his own political purposes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-takes-credit-for-budweiser-beer-name-change-to-america/|title=Donald Trump takes credit for Budweiser beer name change to "America"|website=CBS News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

===2019 Super Bowl advertising===
On March 21, 2019, Anheuser-Busch was sued for false advertising by rival [[MillerCoors]] over a Bud Light commercial that aired during [[Super Bowl LIII]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Belmonte |first1=Adriana |title=MillerCoors sues Anheuser-Busch over corn syrup Super Bowl ads |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/bud-light-super-bowl-ads-lawsuit-174127974.html |website=finance.yahoo.com |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> The commercial claimed MillerCoors' [[Miller Lite]] and [[Coors Light]] products contain [[corn syrup]], but the lawsuit argues that corn syrup is only used during the brewing process as a fermentation aid and neither beer contains corn syrup. The suit alleges that Anheuser-Busch is using "false and misleading statements" to confuse health-conscious consumers into thinking the beers contain [[high-fructose corn syrup]], which has been linked with obesity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lucas |first1=Amelia |title=MillerCoors sues Anheuser-Busch for its Bud Light Super Bowl ad |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/21/millercoors-sues-anheuser-busch-for-its-bud-light-super-bowl-ad.html |website=www.cnbc.com |access-date=21 March 2019 |date=21 March 2019}}</ref> An Anheuser-Busch spokesperson called the lawsuit "baseless" and said it wouldn't deter Bud Light from "providing consumers with the transparency they demand."<ref>{{cite web |title=Beer war escalates: MillerCoors sues Anheuser-Busch over Super Bowl corn syrup commercial |url=https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/beer-war-escalates-millercoors-sues-anheuser-busch-over-super-bowl/article_7fcd7f63-47d6-5085-a1d4-9f0f3b1801b9.html |website=stltoday.com |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> MillerCoors is seeking an injunction to prevent Bud Light from continuing the ad campaign, as well as a trial by jury and legal fees.

== Ties with Washington University in St. Louis ==
Adolphus Busch joined [[Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University]]'s Board of Directors in 1895, back when the school was still located on its old downtown St. Louis campus. Adolphus would continue to serve on the board until his death in 1913, at which point his son, [[August Anheuser Busch Sr.|August Busch Sr.]] took over his seat. Though [[Adolphus Busch III]] and [[Gussie Busch]] never sat on the board, the ties between their company and the school were still strong. August Busch III, CEO of Anheuser-Busch from 1975 to 2002, would become a trustee of the university, a position he holds to this day. The Anheuser-Busch Foundation donation that gave its name to Anheuser-Busch Hall was made in honor of Fred L. Kuhlmann, an executive officer of both the company and the St. Louis Cardinals under August Busch III. Kuhlmann, who held these positions for most of the 1980s and early 1990s, graduated from Wash. U.'s undergraduate and law programs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wustl.edu/about/campuses/danforth-campus/anheuser-busch-hall/ |title=Anheuser-Busch Hall |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis |language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> Though the Busch family no longer owns Anheuser-Busch, the connection between the company and the university is ongoing. Jack H. Purnell, former CEO of Anheuser-Busch, where he worked for 36 years, is an executive in residence of the [[Olin Business School]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.studlife.com/scene/2019/02/06/bears-and-beer-a-history-of-wus-connection-to-anheuser-busch/ |title=Bears and beer: A history of WU's connection to Anheuser-Busch |website=Student Life |date=February 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|Beer}}
*[[Anheuser-Busch InBev]]
*[[Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association Building]]
*[[SeaWorld Entertainment]]
*[[Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)]]
*[[Jacques Chirac]] – former [[President of France]] worked at the St Louis plant in the 1950s during his summer term at [[Harvard University]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*''Dethroning the King – The Hostile Takeover of Anheuser-Busch, an American Icon''. [[Julie MacIntosh]] (John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2011)
*''Bitter Brew – The Rise and Fall of Anheuser-Busch and America's Kings of Beer''. [[William Knoedelseder]] (HarperCollins, 2012)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{HABS |survey=MO-1613 |id=mo0926 |title=Anheuser-Busch Brewery, Broadway & Pestalozzi, Saint Louis, Independent City, MO |photos=3 |data=2 |cap=1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113182118/http://www.budweisertours.com/toursSTL.htm Anheuser-Busch Web Page on the St. Louis Brewery Tour]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170215120911/http://gogd.tjs-labs.com/gallery-view?advertiser=anheuser*busch Collection of mid-twentieth century advertising featuring Anheuser-Busch products] from the TJS Labs Gallery of Graphic Design.

{{Anheuser-Busch}}
{{St. Louis Cardinals owners}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anheuser-Busch| ]]
[[Category:Busch family| ]]
[[Category:German-American culture in St. Louis]]
[[Category:Amusement park companies]]
[[Category:Beer brewing companies based in St. Louis]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1852]]
[[Category:American subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Eclipse Award winners]]
[[Category:AB InBev]]
[[Category:1852 establishments in Missouri]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1852]]
[[Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions]]

António Correia

2022-04-18T23:14:01Z

Fallen Sheep: + António Correia de Oliveira

'''António Correia''' may refer to:

* [[António Correia (admiral)]] (c. 1487–1566), Portuguese commander who conquered Bahrain in 1521
* [[António Correia (Angolan footballer)]] (born 1983), Angolan footballer
* [[Antonio Correia (Cape Verde footballer)]] (born 1993), Cape Verde footballer
* [[António Correia (sailor)]] (born 1933), Portuguese Olympic sailor
* [[António Correia de Oliveira]] (1879-1960), Portuguese poet
* António [[Jesus Correia]] (1924–2003), Portuguese footballer and roller hockey player
* [[António Mendes Correia]] (1888–1960), Portuguese anthropologist, physician and scientist

{{hndis|Correia, Antonio}}

Thomas L. Jennings

2021-02-12T16:19:51Z

Fallen Sheep: space

{{short description|African-American inventor}}
'''Thomas L. Jennings''' (January 1 1791 – February 11, 1859) was an [[African-American]] [[tradesman]] and [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. He operated and owned a tailoring business. In 1821 he was one of the first African Americans to be granted a patent for his method of [[dry cleaning]]. With the proceeds of his invention he bought his wife and children’s freedom, then continued his civil rights work.

Jennings became active in working for civil rights for the African-American community. In 1831, he was selected as assistant secretary to the First Annual Convention of the People of Color in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], which met in June of that year. He helped arrange legal defense for his daughter, [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham|Elizabeth Jennings]], in 1854 when she challenged a private streetcar company's segregation of seating and was arrested. She was defended by the young [[Chester Arthur]], and won her case the next year.

With two other prominent African-American leaders, Jennings organized the [[Legal Rights Association]] in 1855 in New York, which raised challenges to discrimination and organized legal defense for court cases. He founded and was a trustee of the [[Abyssinian Baptist Church]], a leader in the African-American community.<ref name="leslie">Alexander, Leslie M. ''African or American? Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784-1861,'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), p. 192 f8</ref>

==Early life==
Thomas L. Jennings was born free to a free African-American family in New York City. As a youth he learned a trade as a tailor. He built a business and married a woman named Elizabeth, who was born in 1798 in Delaware into slavery and died March 5, 1873.<ref>Death Record NYC #cn 142327</ref> Under New York's gradual abolition law of 1799, she was converted to the status of an [[indentured servant]] and was not eligible for full emancipation until 1827. It freed slave children born after July 4, 1799, but only after they had served “apprenticeships” of twenty-eight years for men and twenty-five for women (far longer than traditional apprenticeships, designed to teach a young person a craft), thus compensating owners for the future loss of their property.<ref name="Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad">[http://www.archives.nysed.gov/education/showcase/201011afamvoting/index.shtml "African American Voting Rights"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109220448/http://www.archives.nysed.gov/education/showcase/201011afamvoting/index.shtml |date=2010-11-09 }}, Longreads, accessed 17 July 2019</ref><ref name = "lr_slavery">{{cite web|url = https://longreads.com/2015/04/30/slavery-and-freedom-new-york-city/|title = Slavery and Freedom in New York City|date=1 January 2015|accessdate = 2019-07-17|publisher = W. W. Norton & Company}}</ref>

He and his wife had three children: Matilda Jennings (b. 1824, d. 1886), Elizabeth Jennings (b. March 1827 d. June 5, 1901), and James E. Jennings (b. 1832). Matilda Jennings was a dressmaker and wife of James A. Thompson, a Mason. Elizabeth Jennings was the wife of Charles Graham, whom she married on June 18, 1860. James E. Jennings was a public school teacher.

==Career==
Jennings built a business as a tailor, and was well-respected in the community. He spent his early earnings on legal fees to purchase his wife and some of their children out of [[slavery]]. Their daughter [[Taryn_Jennings_Graham|Elizabeth Jennings]] was born free on July 11, 1827 and became a schoolteacher and church organist.<ref name="greider"/>

Jennings also supported the abolitionist movement and became active in working for civil rights of free African-Americans. He was active on issues related to emigration to other countries; opposing colonization in Africa, as proposed by the [[American Colonization Society]]; and supporting expansion of suffrage for African-American men.<ref name="leslie"/>

==Civil rights activism==
Jennings was a leader in the cause of abolitionism and African-American civil rights. After his daughter, [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham|Elizabeth Jennings]], was forcibly removed from a "whites only" streetcar in New York City, he organized a movement against racial segregation in public transit in the city; the services were provided by private companies. Elizabeth Jennings won her case in 1855. Along with [[James McCune Smith]] and Rev. [[James W.C. Pennington]], her father created the [[Legal Rights Association]] in 1855, a pioneering minority-rights organization.<ref name="greider">{{Cite news
| last=Greider
| first=Katherine
| title = The Schoolteacher on the Streetcar
| work = New York Times
| date = 13 November 2005
| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/nyregion/thecity/13jenn.html?pagewanted=all
| accessdate = 2008-09-24
}}</ref> Its members organized additional challenges to discrimination and segregation, and gained legal representation to take cases to court. A decade after Elizabeth Jennings won her case, New York City streetcar companies stopped practicing segregation.<ref>Volk, Kyle G. (2014). ''Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 146–151, 164-166. {{ISBN|019937192X}}.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Alexander, Leslie M. ''African or American? Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784-1861,'' (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008), chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6
*Potter, Joan. ''African American Firsts'' (New York: Kensington Publishing Group, 2002)
*Volk, Kyle G. (2014). ''Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy''. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 146–151. {{ISBN|019937192X}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Thomas L.}}
[[Category:19th-century American inventors]]
[[Category:African-American inventors]]
[[Category:African-American history]]
[[Category:1791 births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]

Tat

2021-02-06T14:05:32Z

Fallen Sheep: added interwiki links (cannot be merged because of duplicate in Swedish Wikipedia, check :d:Q258327 and :d:Q32326922

{{wiktionarypar|tat}}

'''Tat''' or '''TAT''' may refer to:
{{toc right}}

==Geography==
*[[Tát]], a Hungarian village
*[[Tat, Iran]], a village in Kerman Province, Iran
*[[Tat Ali]], an Ethiopian volcano

==People==
*Tat, a son and disciple of [[Hermes Trismegistus]]
*[[Tiffani Amber Thiessen]], initials T.A.T.
*[[Tat Wood]], a British author

==Arts, entertainment, and media==
*[[TAT (band)]], a punk/rock band from London, England
*''[[Die Tat]]'', a former magazine

==Aviation==
*TAT, the IATA Airport code of [[Poprad-Tatry Airport]]
*[[TAT European Airlines]], a former French regional airline
*[[Total air temperature]], sometimes referred to as Stagnation Temperature
*[[Transcontinental Air Transport]], a former US airline

==Enterprises and organizations==
*[[Tat Bank]], a bank based in Tehran, Iran
*The Astonishing Tribe (or TAT), the former name of the Swedish company [[Research In Motion]]
*[[Truckers Against Trafficking]] (or TAT), a nonprofit organization

==Ethnology==
*Tat, a sub-group of Crimean Tatars, see [[Crimean Tatars #Sub-ethnic groups]]
*[[Armeno-Tats]], a subgroup of Armenians in the South Caucasus that speak the Tat language, a Southwestern Iranian language, a branch of Persian language
*[[Juhuri language]], the Jewish Tat language
*[[Tat people (Caucasus)]], an Iranian people of Persian origin from the Caucasus
**[[Tat language (Caucasus)]], a Southwestern Iranian language, a branch of Persian language
*[[Tat people (Iran)]], an Iranian ethnic group from Iran
**[[Tati language (Iran)]], a Northwestern Iranian language
*The [[Three Affiliated Tribes]] (TAT), a Northern Plains Native American tribe also known as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation

==Medicine and psychology==
*[[Tat (HIV)]], Trans-Activator of Transcription, HIV protein
*[[Tapas Acupressure Technique]], an alternative medicine therapy
*[[Targeted alpha-particle therapy]], radiation therapy for cancer
*[[Thematic apperception test]], a projective psychological test
*[[Thrombin–antithrombin complex]], a protein complex
*[[Tropine acyltransferase]], an enzyme
*[[Twin-arginine translocation pathway]], cellular protein export pathway
*[[Tyrosine aminotransferase]], an enzyme encoded by the TAT gene

==Other uses==
*Tat, verb for the action of making lace, see [[Tatting]]
*Tat, short for [[tattoo]]
*Tat, a British colloquial term for cheap and tasteless [[:wikt:trinket|trinkets]] or for personal possessions, particularly when at a music festival
**Tatting, a British colloquial term for searching for abandoned, useful tat (personal possessions)
*Tat down, to pack up a [[campsite]]
*[[Tat Tvam Asi]], a Hindu philosophical concept
*[[Transatlantic telephone cable]]
*[[Turnaround time]]

==See also==
*[[Tati (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig|geo}}

[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

[[azb:تات (دقیقلشدیرمه)]]
[[de:TAT]]
[[fa:تات]]
[[fi:TAT]]
[[fr:TAT]]
[[it:TAT]]
[[ja:TAT]]
[[nl:TAT]]
[[pl:TAT]]
[[pt:TAT]]
[[ru:TAT]]
[[sh:TAT]]
[[sr:TAT]]
[[zh:TAT]]

Harry Bassett

2019-09-06T12:19:00Z

Fallen Sheep: replaced with coloured image

{{short description|19th-century American Thoroughbred racehorse}}
{{Other uses|Bassett (disambiguation){{!}}Bassett}}
{{about|the 19th-century racehorse|the football club manager|Dave Bassett}}
{{Infobox racehorse
| name = Harry Bassett
| image = [[File:Ready for the signal- the celebrated running horse Harry Bassett, by Lexington, dam Canary Bird, the property of Col. D. McDaniel's & Co. of Princeton, N.J. (James Roe, rider) LCCN2001703968 (cropped).jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| sire = [[Lexington (horse)|Lexington]]
| grandsire = [[Boston (horse)|Boston]]
| dam = Canary Bird
| damsire = Albion
| sex = [[Stallion]]
| foaled = 1868
| country = United States
| colour = [[Chestnut (coat)|Chestnut]]
| breeder = [[Woodburn Stud|A. J. Alexander]]
| owner = [[David McDaniel (racehorse trainer)|David McDaniel]]
| trainer = David McDaniel
| jockey = W. Miller
| record = 36: 23-5-3
| earnings = $55,920 (approximately ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|55920|1870|r=-3}}}} today)
| race = {{unbulleted list | [[Belmont Stakes]] (1871) | [[Travers Stakes]] (1871) | [[Jerome Handicap]] (1871) | [[Jersey Derby]] (1871) | [[Kenner Stakes]] (1872) | [[Saratoga Cup]] (1872) }}
| awards = {{unbulleted list |[[American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt]] (1870) | [[American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse]] (1871) | [[American Champion Older Male Horse]] (1872) }}
| honours = [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|United States Racing Hall of Fame]] (2010)
}}

'''Harry Bassett''' (1868–1878) was an American [[Thoroughbred]] racehorse, winner of the 1871 [[Belmont Stakes]] and an outstanding racehorse of the 19th century. He also won a number of other [[stakes race]]s, and was named the Champion male of his age group in 1870, 1871 and 1872. He was retired to stud duties in New Jersey when his five-year racing career ended, having recorded 23 wins from 36 starts. Harry Bassett died in New Jersey in 1878 and was inducted into the United States [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|Racing Hall of Fame]] in 2010.

==Breeding and early life==

Harry Bassett was a [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] [[stallion]],<ref name=ASB275/> foaled on 27 April 1868,<ref name=Obit/> that was sired by [[Lexington (horse)|Lexington]] and out of the [[mare]] Canary Bird.<ref name=ASB275/> Canary Bird was by the imported stallion Albion and out of the mare Panola, who was sired by the imported stallion Ainderby. Canary Bird's second dam, or maternal grandmother, was the imported mare Sweetbriar by Recovery. Harry Basset was bred either by [[Robert A. Alexander|R. A. Alexander]]<ref name=ASB275/> or by A. J. Alexander,<ref name=PPBS1871/> both of the [[Woodburn Stud]] of [[Woodburn, Kentucky]], and was the second of Canary Bird's [[foal]]s.<ref name=ASB275>Bruce ''American Stud Book'' '''1''' p. 275</ref> He was sold at the 1869 S. D. Bruce yearling sale to trainer [[David McDaniel (trainer)|David McDaniel]] for $315.<ref name=Obit/>

==Racing career==
Harry Bassett was trained by his owner David McDaniel; his jockey was W. Miller. As a two-year-old he won the 1870 Nursery Stakes at [[Pimlico Race Course]], the Central Stakes, the Kentucky Stakes, and the Saratoga Stakes.<ref name=Hogan144>Hogan ''Index to Stakes Winners'' p. 144</ref> He made a total of four starts as a two-year-old of which he won three, placing third in the other.<ref name=HOF/>

Harry Bassett won the fifth running of the Belmont Stakes in 1871 at [[Jerome Park Racetrack]] in a time of 2 minutes 56 seconds. He carried {{convert|110|lb|kg|abbr=off}} pounds in the race, and won $5,400 (approximately ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|5400|1871|r=-3}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}) for his owner.<ref name=BS>New York Racing Association "Belmont Stakes" ''Belmont Stakes''</ref>{{Inflation-fn|US}} The race was run on June 10 over a distance of {{frac|1|5|8}} miles (13 furlongs/2,600 meters) on a fast track. Harry Bassett won by three lengths from the second-placed finisher Stockwood; the third place went to [[August Belmont]]'s By The Sea.<ref name=PPBS1871>New York Racing Association "1871 Belmont" ''Belmont Stakes''</ref> This was the first of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as both owner and trainer, as he went on to win the 1872 race with [[Joe Daniels (horse)|Joe Daniels]] and the 1873 race with [[Springbok (horse)|Springbok]].<ref name=BS/>

As a three-year-old, Harry Bassett also won the [[Jerome Handicap]], the [[Travers Stakes]], the Reunion Stakes, the [[Kenner Stakes]], the Champion Stakes and the [[Jersey Derby]].<ref name=Hogan144/> He was undefeated in nine starts at age three.<ref name=HOF/>

During his three-year-old year Harry Bassett started 11 times and won eight, finishing second in the remaining three. At four he increased his win record to 14, with wins in the Westchester Cup and a victory in a {{convert|2|mi|m}} heat, before he was beaten in the [[Monmouth Cup]] by [[Longfellow (horse)|Longfellow]].<ref name=HOF/> He then won the {{frac|2|1|4}} mile [[Saratoga Cup]], in which he defeated Longfellow.<ref name=Hogan144/> His jockey in that race was [[James G. Rowe, Sr.|James Rowe, Sr.]], who went on to become a leading trainer for [[James R. Keene]].<ref name=Robertson211>Robertson ''History of Thoroughbred Racing'' p. 211</ref> At age five, Harry Bassett started eight times, winning two, placing second in two, and third once. At six, he started four times, winning once and placing third once.<ref name=HOF/>

Harry Bassett's racing career spanned five years and ended with 23 wins from 36 starts; he finished second five times and third three times. His total earnings on the racetrack were $55,920 (approximately ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|55920|1870|r=-3}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}).<ref name=HOF/>{{Inflation-fn|US}} He was awarded the title of Champion Two-Year-Old Male in 1870,<ref name=Hewitt18/><ref name=ARM545>Daily Racing Form ''American Racing Manual'' p. 545</ref> the title of Champion Three-Year-Old Male in 1871,<ref name=Hewitt18/><ref name=RAlm81>Thoroughbred Times Staff ''Thoroughbred Times Racing Almanac 2008'' p. 81</ref> and the Champion Older Horse title in 1872.<ref name=Hewitt18>Hewitt ''Great Breeders'' p. 18</ref>

==Stud record==
When his racing career ended Harry Bassett was retired to McDaniel's stud farm in [[Trenton, New Jersey]], where he sired stakes winners such as Bowstring and [[Lettina]] out of the imported mare Letty by imported Australian.<ref name=Hogan593>Hogan ''Index to Stakes Winners'' p. 593</ref> Lettina won the [[Young America Stakes]], the Jackson Stakes and the Ladies Stakes in 1881, when she was two years old.<ref name=Hogan302>Hogan ''Index to Stakes Winners'' p. 302</ref>

Harry Bassett died on October 27, 1878 at McDaniel's farm in New Jersey.<ref name=Obit>Staff "Death of a Famous Racer" ''New York Times''</ref> He was inducted into the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 2010.<ref name=HOF>National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame "Harry Bassett" ''Hall of Fame: Horses''</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|40em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book|author=Bruce, S. D. |title=[[American Stud Book]] |volume=1 |year=1884 |edition=Revised |publisher=Turf, Field, and Farm |location=New York |oclc= 11751904}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Daily Racing Form]] |title=1932 [[American Racing Manual]] |year=1932 |publisher=Daily Racing Form Publishing |location=Chicago, IL |oclc= 222440702}}
* {{cite book |author=Hewitt, Abram S. |title=The Great Breeders and Their Methods |publisher= Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association |location=Lexington, KY |year=1982 |oclc= 12739523}}
* {{cite book |author=Hogan, Clio D. |title=Index to Stakes Winners 1865-1967|location= Solvang, CA |publisher=Flag Is Up Farms |year=n.d. |oclc= 29213840}}
* {{cite web |author=National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame |url=http://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/horses-view.asp?varID=690 |title=Harry Bassett |work=Hall of Fame: Horses |publisher=National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame |accessdate=January 9, 2011 |year=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808201213/http://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/horses-view.asp?varID=690 |archivedate=August 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite web |author=New York Racing Association |url=http://www.belmontstakes.com/UserFiles/file/1871.pdf |format=PDF |title=1871 Belmont Stakes |work=The Belmont Stakes |publisher=New York Racing Association |accessdate=January 9, 2011 |year=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223228/http://www.belmontstakes.com/UserFiles/file/1871.pdf |archivedate=July 7, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite web |author=New York Racing Association |url=http://www.belmontstakes.com/racing/belmontstakes.aspx |title=Belmont Stakes |work=The Belmont Stakes |publisher=New York Racing Association |accessdate=January 9, 2011 |year=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707223215/http://www.belmontstakes.com/racing/belmontstakes.aspx |archivedate=July 7, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
* {{cite book |author=Robertson, William H. P. |title=The History of Thoroughbred Racing in America |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York |year=1964 |lccn=64-17364 }}
* {{cite news|author=Staff |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/10/28/88162945.pdf |title=Death of a Famous Racer |work=New York Times |date=October 28, 1878 |accessdate=January 13, 2011}}
* {{cite book |author=Thoroughbred Times Staff |title=Thoroughbred Times Racing Almanac 2008 |publisher=Thoroughbred Times Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-933958-38-5 |location=Lexington, KY}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pedigreequery.com/harry+bassett Harry Bassett Pedigree] at Thoroughbred Pedigree Database
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_20_AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Famous Horses of America''], pages 32–33

{{Belmont Stakes Winners}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2017}}

[[Category:1868 racehorse births]]
[[Category:1878 racehorse deaths]]
[[Category:Racehorses trained in the United States]]
[[Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Belmont Stakes winners]]
[[Category:United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Thoroughbred family 24]]
[[Category:Byerley Turk sire line]]

Horse leg protection

2019-09-04T07:59:22Z

Fallen Sheep: + commonscat

[[File:Veterinary notes for horse owners - a manual of horse medicine and surgery (1903) (14595409728).jpg|thumb|An illustration of a pair of brushing boots from 1903]]
'''Leg wraps''' or '''boots''' are used for the protection of the lower legs of [[horses]] during training, shipping, and exercise, as well as for therapeutic and medical purposes to provide support or cover for injuries. Variations include:

*[[Bell boots]]
*[[Polo wraps]], sometimes called track bandages when used in horse racing
*[[Shipping bandage]] or travel boots
*[[Stable bandage]] or standing wraps. These sometimes utilize [[Cohesive bandage]] material (aka "Vetwrap"), especially for veterinary uses
*[[Splint boots]] or brushing boots
*[[Skid boots]]

==See also==
{{Commonscat|position=left}}

[[Category:Horse protective equipment]]

T. S. Lippy

2019-08-31T21:01:15Z

Fallen Sheep: found an image on commons

[[File:T S Lippy, with packtrain, Yukon Territory (CURTIS 611).jpeg|thumb|T. S. Lippy returning from Yukon with packtrain in 1899, carrying about one ton of gold]]
'''Thomas''' or '''Tom S. Lippy''' (c. 1860 – 1931<ref name=Berton/>) was an American millionaire and philanthropist who became wealthy as a result of the [[Klondike Gold Rush]].<ref name=Herald>{{cite news |title=Wealthy Klondiker Here: T. S. Lippy Made His Money in Alaska and Is Doing Good With It |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Herald]] |date=February 8, 1904 |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LAH19040208.2.170}}</ref>

Lippy was the athletic director at the [[Seattle]] [[YMCA]] before he and his wife Salome headed north in search of gold in 1896<ref>{{cite news |title=Klondike fever shakes Seattle |author=George Tibbits |newspaper=[[Juneau Empire]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 13, 1997 |url=http://juneauempire.com/stories/071397/klondike.html#.V9eflTWrHGB}}</ref> or 1897 after an injury forced him to leave his job.<ref>Berton, p. ?</ref>

On July 25, 1898, the Lippys arrived in San Francisco aboard the ''Excelsior'', the first ship to reach the lower United States from the Klondike with now-wealthy prospectors; the Lippys brought with them gold valued, according to the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', at "not less than $200,000."<ref>{{cite news |title=Treasure on the Nelson: Vessel Arrives at Seattle with a Million and a Half of Klondike Gold. ... Former Y. M. C. A. Instructor Brings a Fortune From the Frozen North. |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=July 25, 1898 |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1898/07/26/page/7/article/treasure-on-the-nelson}}</ref> He sold his holdings in 1903.<ref name=Berton>{{cite book |last=Berton |first=Pierre |authorlink=Pierre Berton |title=The Klondike Fever: The Life And Death Of The Last Great Gold Rush |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEhvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT563 |accessdate=September 8, 2016 |date=November 6, 2015 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |isbn=9781786256737 |pages=563–564}}</ref>

He and his wife went on a worldwide tour, before building a lavishly decorated 15-room house in Seattle.<ref name=Berton/> He gave generously to the YMCA, the First United Methodist Church<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pnwumc.org/news/seattles-first-church-unveils-160-year-timeline/ |title=Seattle's First Church Unveils 160-year timeline}}</ref> and the [[Anti-Saloon League]], and donated the land for a five-story addition to the [[Seattle General Hospital]].<ref name=Berton/> He also established a free hospital for miners in [[Dawson City]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Cargo of Gold from Klondike. |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=June 25, 1901 |url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1901/06/25/page/7/article/cargo-of-gold-from-klondike}}</ref> and sent "a library of 1000 volumes" to [[Skagway, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Library for Skagway |newspaper=The Daily Alaskan |date=January 10, 1900 |url=http://alaskaweb.org/itn/dailyakn/19000110.html}}</ref>

He won the 1907 [[Pacific Northwest Amateur]] golf tournament<ref name=Francaviglia>{{cite book|last=Francaviglia|first=Richard V.|title=Hard Places: Reading the Landscape of America's Historic Mining Districts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf_tqwBA-EoC&pg=PR14|accessdate=September 12, 2016|date=September 1, 1997|publisher=University of Iowa Press|isbn=9780877456094|page=14}}</ref> and was the Port Commissioner of the [[Port of Seattle]] from 1918 to 1921.<ref name=Berton/>

Unfortunately, his business investments, "a mattress-and-upholstery company, a brick company, a trust-and-savings bank, and the Lippy Building", all failed, and he died bankrupt in 1931 at the age of 71.<ref name=Berton/><ref>{{cite news |title=Back To The Klondike Stampeder's Relatives Mark Alaska Gold Rush Centenial (sic) With Cruise |author=David Germain |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |agency=Associated Press |date=July 19, 1997 |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/jul/19/back-to-the-klondike-steders-relatives-mark/}}</ref> However, his widow was provided with $50 a month from a hospital land agreement.<ref name=Berton/><ref name=Francaviglia/> Salome Lippy died in 1938.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/curtis/id/1366 Photo of " Three men in front of 16 Eldorado claim owned by T. S. Lippy, Eldorado Creek, ca. 1898"], in the Special Collections, University of Washington Libraries

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lippy, T. S.}}
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:American gold prospectors]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:People of the Klondike Gold Rush]]
[[Category:People from Seattle]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

Nordlandshest/Lyngshest

2019-08-31T15:33:19Z

Fallen Sheep: /* See also */ + commonscat

{{Infobox horse
|name= Nordlandshest
|image= Ninni.JPG
|image_caption= Aged Nordlandshest/Lyngshest mare
|features =
|altname= Lyngshest, Northlands pony
|nickname=
|country= [[Norway]]
|group1=
|std1= }}


The '''Nordlandshest/Lyngshest''' also known as the "Northlands horse" or "Northlands pony", is a [[horse breed]] originating in [[Norway]].<ref name="om NLH/LH"/> It is the smallest of the three Norwegian national horse breeds. It originated in [[Lyngen]], but was given the name Nordlandshest in 1968 by breeders in that area. The name change was hotly disputed by breeders in Lyngen and surrounding areas, but a compromise was later reached, and today the official name of the breed is both Nordlandshest and Lyngshest.

== Breed characteristics ==
The Nordlandshest/Lyngshest is a small and sturdy horse with drive and eagerness to work. It is [[surefootedness|surefooted]] and very strong relative to its size. It typically has a little [[feather (horse)|feather]] on its legs and grows a heavy winter coat.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/> Its height at withers varies between {{hands|12.1|and|14.1}}, with most horses falling between {{hands|12.3|to|13.3}}. For [[stallion]]s offered for the studbook, reaching that height at three years old is desirable but not necessary.<ref name="breeding plan"/>

The Nordlandshest/Lyngshest should have balanced [[equine conformation|conformation]] and a strong, long build, with vitality and good temperament. The head should be dry and in proportion to the body and neck. The neck tends to be unrefined in conformation, but should be well set, and not be [[Equine conformation#Neck arch and musculature|ewe-necked]] or too thick at the [[Equine anatomy#External anatomy|throatlatch]]. The [[back (horse)|back and especially the loin]] should be well-muscled. The [[rump (animal)|croup and thigh]] should have good angles and be well-muscled. The croup may be somewhat sloping. The forequarters of the horse should be well-muscled with a wide and deep chest. Legs should be dry and set correctly with short, flat bone. Strong, hardy legs and good quality [[horse hoof|hooves]] are typical for the breed.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

The [[horse gait|gaits]] should be smooth, correct, and agile with good overreach. Emphasis is placed on good hock action in all gaits. The [[trot]] should be energetic and ground-covering with good suspension. The [[Canter|gallop]] should be light with good rhythm.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

Of coat colours, the breed standard allows the following: [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]], [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[black (horse)|black]], [[palomino]], [[buckskin (horse)|buckskin]], [[silver dapple gene|silver dappled]] bay, silver dappled black, silver dappled buckskin, and [[gray (horse)|gray]]. Retaining diversity of coat colour is desirable. [[cream gene|BEC/Blue-eyed cream]] individuals may not be accepted in the studbook. Star and blaze are common [[horse markings|markings]], but blazes extending to the eye area, bald faces, and stockings reaching or exceeding 1/3 of the cannon on hind legs are discouraged. Blue eyes, white markings on the body, and "white reaching the skin of the forelegs"{{efn|This is the closest translation into English from the Norwegian source, ''og alle avtegn på hud over hoven på frambein''}} are disqualifying faults.<ref name="breeding plan"/>

== History ==
The first documentation of the Nordlandshest/Lyngshest dates to 1898, in [[Lyngseidet]], Troms. Organised breeding began in the 1930s, when most of the breed population lived in the northern counties of Norway. The breeding was set back harshly by [[World War II]], and the breed remained endangered into the 1960s. In the 2000s the breed is no longer in acute danger of extinction, but its breeding program is challenged by limited genetic material and a desire to avoid outcrosses.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

There were only about 15-20 left, mostly older mares, and only one stallion; Rimfakse, from whom all Nordlandshest/Lyngshest today descend. The breed was saved due to the efforts of people like Christian Klefstad who laboured intensely to bring the breed back, traveling all over northern Norway to gather fertile horses for breeding. By 2005, approximately 3000 horses were in the national registry, and about 200 foals are born every year. {{As of|2013}}, approximately 2500 individuals are reported to be registered, with annual births of approximately 200. Numbers are dwindling, and the breed is still endangered.

== Use ==
Throughout its history, the Nordlandshest/Lyngshest has been versatile, with uses that include farm work and horse transport. Nowadays it is popular as a family pet due to its relative great strength, and its suitability for both riding and driving. Thanks to its strength and endurance, the breed is suitable for [[trail riding]] and serving as [[packhorse]]. Its smooth gaits make it well-suited for [[therapeutic horseback riding|therapy riding]]. It is also used for junior [[harness racing]], [[dressage]], and [[show jumping|jumping]], owing to a natural boldness and well-developed competitive instinct combined with a willing and cooperative nature.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

== See also ==
{{Commonscat|Lyngshest|Nordlandshest/Lyngshest}}
* [[Nordland]], a county in Norway
* [[Lyngen]], a municipality in Troms, Norway

==Notes==
{{notes}}

== Sources ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="breeding plan">[http://www.nhest.no/NHS/Avl%20og%20registrering/Avlsplaner%20for%20nett/Nordlandshest-lyngshest_vedtatt_30.april_2014.pdf Avlsplan for nordlandshest/lyngshest] (PDF), Nord-Norsk hestesenter (in Norwegian)</ref>

<ref name="om NLH/LH">[http://www.nordnorskhestesenter.no/index.php/om-nordlandshest-lyngshest Om nordlandshest/lyngshest], Nord-Norsk hestesenter (in Norwegian)</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813065948/http://troms.kulturnett.no/finn/reportasjer/nordlandshester/hestebesok.htm Kulturenett Troms information (on Wayback Machine)]

{{Equine|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nordlandshest Lyngshest}}
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Culture in Nordland]]
[[Category:Natural history of Norway]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in Norway]]

Nordlandshest/Lyngshest

2019-08-31T15:27:49Z

Fallen Sheep: /* See also */ + commonscat

{{Infobox horse
|name= Nordlandshest
|image= Ninni.JPG
|image_caption= Aged Nordlandshest/Lyngshest mare
|features =
|altname= Lyngshest, Northlands pony
|nickname=
|country= [[Norway]]
|group1=
|std1= }}


The '''Nordlandshest/Lyngshest''' also known as the "Northlands horse" or "Northlands pony", is a [[horse breed]] originating in [[Norway]].<ref name="om NLH/LH"/> It is the smallest of the three Norwegian national horse breeds. It originated in [[Lyngen]], but was given the name Nordlandshest in 1968 by breeders in that area. The name change was hotly disputed by breeders in Lyngen and surrounding areas, but a compromise was later reached, and today the official name of the breed is both Nordlandshest and Lyngshest.

== Breed characteristics ==
The Nordlandshest/Lyngshest is a small and sturdy horse with drive and eagerness to work. It is [[surefootedness|surefooted]] and very strong relative to its size. It typically has a little [[feather (horse)|feather]] on its legs and grows a heavy winter coat.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/> Its height at withers varies between {{hands|12.1|and|14.1}}, with most horses falling between {{hands|12.3|to|13.3}}. For [[stallion]]s offered for the studbook, reaching that height at three years old is desirable but not necessary.<ref name="breeding plan"/>

The Nordlandshest/Lyngshest should have balanced [[equine conformation|conformation]] and a strong, long build, with vitality and good temperament. The head should be dry and in proportion to the body and neck. The neck tends to be unrefined in conformation, but should be well set, and not be [[Equine conformation#Neck arch and musculature|ewe-necked]] or too thick at the [[Equine anatomy#External anatomy|throatlatch]]. The [[back (horse)|back and especially the loin]] should be well-muscled. The [[rump (animal)|croup and thigh]] should have good angles and be well-muscled. The croup may be somewhat sloping. The forequarters of the horse should be well-muscled with a wide and deep chest. Legs should be dry and set correctly with short, flat bone. Strong, hardy legs and good quality [[horse hoof|hooves]] are typical for the breed.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

The [[horse gait|gaits]] should be smooth, correct, and agile with good overreach. Emphasis is placed on good hock action in all gaits. The [[trot]] should be energetic and ground-covering with good suspension. The [[Canter|gallop]] should be light with good rhythm.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

Of coat colours, the breed standard allows the following: [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]], [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[black (horse)|black]], [[palomino]], [[buckskin (horse)|buckskin]], [[silver dapple gene|silver dappled]] bay, silver dappled black, silver dappled buckskin, and [[gray (horse)|gray]]. Retaining diversity of coat colour is desirable. [[cream gene|BEC/Blue-eyed cream]] individuals may not be accepted in the studbook. Star and blaze are common [[horse markings|markings]], but blazes extending to the eye area, bald faces, and stockings reaching or exceeding 1/3 of the cannon on hind legs are discouraged. Blue eyes, white markings on the body, and "white reaching the skin of the forelegs"{{efn|This is the closest translation into English from the Norwegian source, ''og alle avtegn på hud over hoven på frambein''}} are disqualifying faults.<ref name="breeding plan"/>

== History ==
The first documentation of the Nordlandshest/Lyngshest dates to 1898, in [[Lyngseidet]], Troms. Organised breeding began in the 1930s, when most of the breed population lived in the northern counties of Norway. The breeding was set back harshly by [[World War II]], and the breed remained endangered into the 1960s. In the 2000s the breed is no longer in acute danger of extinction, but its breeding program is challenged by limited genetic material and a desire to avoid outcrosses.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

There were only about 15-20 left, mostly older mares, and only one stallion; Rimfakse, from whom all Nordlandshest/Lyngshest today descend. The breed was saved due to the efforts of people like Christian Klefstad who laboured intensely to bring the breed back, traveling all over northern Norway to gather fertile horses for breeding. By 2005, approximately 3000 horses were in the national registry, and about 200 foals are born every year. {{As of|2013}}, approximately 2500 individuals are reported to be registered, with annual births of approximately 200. Numbers are dwindling, and the breed is still endangered.

== Use ==
Throughout its history, the Nordlandshest/Lyngshest has been versatile, with uses that include farm work and horse transport. Nowadays it is popular as a family pet due to its relative great strength, and its suitability for both riding and driving. Thanks to its strength and endurance, the breed is suitable for [[trail riding]] and serving as [[packhorse]]. Its smooth gaits make it well-suited for [[therapeutic horseback riding|therapy riding]]. It is also used for junior [[harness racing]], [[dressage]], and [[show jumping|jumping]], owing to a natural boldness and well-developed competitive instinct combined with a willing and cooperative nature.<ref name="om NLH/LH"/>

== See also ==
{{Commons|Lyngshest|Nordlandshest/Lyngshest}}
* [[Nordland]], a county in Norway
* [[Lyngen]], a municipality in Troms, Norway

==Notes==
{{notes}}

== Sources ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="breeding plan">[http://www.nhest.no/NHS/Avl%20og%20registrering/Avlsplaner%20for%20nett/Nordlandshest-lyngshest_vedtatt_30.april_2014.pdf Avlsplan for nordlandshest/lyngshest] (PDF), Nord-Norsk hestesenter (in Norwegian)</ref>

<ref name="om NLH/LH">[http://www.nordnorskhestesenter.no/index.php/om-nordlandshest-lyngshest Om nordlandshest/lyngshest], Nord-Norsk hestesenter (in Norwegian)</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813065948/http://troms.kulturnett.no/finn/reportasjer/nordlandshester/hestebesok.htm Kulturenett Troms information (on Wayback Machine)]

{{Equine|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nordlandshest Lyngshest}}
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Culture in Nordland]]
[[Category:Natural history of Norway]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in Norway]]

Orville (horse)

2019-08-30T19:20:18Z

Fallen Sheep: + commonscat

{{Short description|British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse}}

{{Infobox racehorse
| horsename = Orville
| image_name = Orville (horse).JPG
| caption =
| sire = [[Beningbrough (horse)|Beningbrough]]
| grandsire = [[King Fergus]]
| dam = Evelina
| damsire = [[Highflyer (horse)|Highflyer]]
| sex = [[Stallion]]
| foaled = 1799
| country = [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]
| colour = [[Bay (horse)|Bay]]
| breeder = [[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam]]
| owner = 4th Earl Fitzwilliam [[King George IV|The Prince of Wales]]
| trainer = Christopher Scaife
| record = 34: 20-8-1
| earnings =
| race = [[St Leger Stakes]] (1802) Doncaster Free Handicap (1804) Match against Stockton (1804) Somerset Stakes (1805, 1807) Brighton Gold Cup (1805) King's Plate (Lewes) (1805) Match against [[Sancho (horse)|Sancho]] (1806) Newmarket Free Handicap (1807) Match against [[Pelisse (horse)|Pelisse]] (1807) Ladies' Plate (Lewes) (1807)
| awards = [[Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland]] (1817, 1823)
| honours =
|updated=
}}

'''Orville''' (1799–1826) was a British [[Thoroughbred]] racehorse and [[Horse breeding#Terminology|sire]]. In a racing career which lasted from August 1801 until October 1807 the horse ran thirty-four times and won twenty races. In his early career he was based in Yorkshire and won the [[British Classic Races|classic]] [[St Leger Stakes]] at [[Doncaster Racecourse]] as a three-year-old in 1802.

He had some success in the next two seasons before being sold to the [[King George IV|Prince of Wales]] and being moved to campaign in the south of England. In his last three seasons he won fifteen races at long distances, becoming particularly effective over [[Newmarket Racecourse|Newmarket]]'s four mile Beacon Course, and winning several match races against the leading stayers of the day. After his racing career ended he became a highly successful breeding stallion.

==Background==
Orville was a bay horse with a white [[Horse markings|star]] bred by his owner [[William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam]]. He was from the first crop of foals sired by the St Leger winner [[Beningbrough (horse)|Beningbrough]], who at the time was based at [[Shipton, North Yorkshire|Shipton]] in [[Yorkshire]]. Beningbrough went on to sire the [[Oaks Stakes]] winner [[Briseis (British horse)|Briseis]] and the Doncaster Cup winner Scud, who in turn sired [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] winners [[Sailor (horse)|Sailor]] and [[Sam (horse)|Sam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Bios/Beningbrough.htm |title=Beningbrough |publisher=Bloodlines.net |date= |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> Orville's dam Evelina, also bred by Fitzwilliam, was a half-sister of the St Leger winner [[Pewett]], and went on to produce the successful stallions Cervantes and Paulowitz.<ref name="bloodlines1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Bios/Orville.htm |title=Orville |publisher=Bloodlines.net |date= |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

==Racing career==

===1801: two-year-old season===
[[Image:2ndEarlFitzwilliam.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lord Fitzwilliam, who bred Orville and owned him for his first four seasons of racing]]
Until 1913 there was no requirement for British racehorses to have official names (two-year-olds were allowed to race unnamed until 1946).<ref name="Guinness">{{cite book|last1=Morris|first1=Tony|last2=Randall|first2=John| title=Horse Racing: Records, Facts, Champions (Third Edition)|publisher=Guinness Publishing |year=1990|isbn=0-85112-902-1}}</ref> The colt who became known as Orville raced unnamed in 1801, being described on his debut as "Ld Fitzwilliam's b.c. by Beningbrough, out of Evelina". At [[York Racecourse]] in August, the colt finished fourth of the five runners in a Sweepstakes.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590914;view=1up;seq=154;q1=beningbrough%20evelina;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=90 |title=Racing calendar. 1801 |page=90 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1802 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> On 23 September Lord Fitzwilliam's colt recorded his first success when he won a race over one mile at [[Doncaster Racecourse]] in which he started the [[Fractional odds|4/5]] favourite against four opponents.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590914;view=1up;seq=178;q1=beningbrough%20evelina;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=114 |title=Racing calendar. 1801 |page=114 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1802 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

===1802: three-year-old season===
Orville made his first appearance as a three-year-old at York on 25 August. In a Sweepstakes over a distance of two miles he finished second to Mr Wardell's colt Sir John. Three days later, over the same course and distance he finished second of the four runners in another Sweepstakes, the race being won by the favourite, a colt named Peter.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590906;view=1up;seq=151;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=85 |title=Racing calendar. 1802 |page=85 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1803 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

A month later, Orville was one of seven colts to contest the [[St Leger Stakes]] at [[Doncaster Racecourse]]. He started at odds of [[Fractional odds|5/1]] with Christopher Wilson's unnamed colt by Young Eclipse being made the 4/5 favourite. Orville's stable companion Sparrowhawk was the second choice in the betting at 5/2. Orville won the race from Pipylin, with Sparrowhawk in third place.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590906;view=1up;seq=174;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=108 |title=Racing calendar. 1802 |page=108 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1803 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> Two days later, Orville ran in the [[weight-for-age]] [[Doncaster Cup]] over a distance of four miles. He finished second of the eight runners behind the four-year-old Alonzo.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590906;view=1up;seq=176;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=110 |title=Racing calendar. 1802 |page=110 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1803 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref>

===1803: four-year-old season===
Orville failed to win in three starts in 1803. At York in May he finished second to Lennox in a two-mile Sweepstakes. At the same course in August he finished second to Duxbury in a four-mile race and second again when beaten by Mr Mellish's horse Stockton four days later.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066599113;view=1up;seq=411;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=45 |title=Sporting magazine (Apr. -Sept. 1803) |page=45 |publisher=J Wheble |year=1803 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

===1804: five-year-old season===
Orville began his five-year-old season by winning a two-mile Sweepstakes at York on 29 May. He returned to York in August when he finished last of the five runners behind Haphazard in a four-mile subscription race and second to R Garfoth's horse by Traveller in a similar event two days later.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590898;view=1up;seq=158;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=90 |title=Racing calendar. 1804 |page=90 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1805 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> In September at Doncaster Orville won the two mile Free Handicap Sweepstakes and a four-mile match race against Mr Mellish's horse Stockton.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590898;view=1up;seq=185;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=117 |title=Racing calendar. 1804 |page=117 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1805 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> In October, Orville was sent south to run at [[Newmarket Racecourse|Newmarket]] where he finished second to [[Eleanor (horse)|Eleanor]] in a race over the four mile Beacon Course.

===1805: six-year-old season===
[[Image:George IV bust1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Prince of Wales, who owned Orville from 1805]]
Before the start of the 1805 season, Orville was sold and entered into the ownership of the [[George IV|Prince of Wales]]. Following a dispute with the [[Jockey Club]] in 1791, the Prince's horses did not run at Newmarket: when Orville appeared at the course he was temporarily transferred to the ownership of Delme Radcliffe.<ref name="Mortimer">{{cite book | last1 = Mortimer|first1=Roger |last2=Onslow|first2=Richard|last3=Willett|first3=Peter| title=Biographical Encyclopedia of British Flat Racing|publisher=Macdonald and Jane’s| year=1978|isbn=0-354-08536-0}}</ref> On 27 July Orville ran his first race as a six-year-old in the four mile Somerset Stakes at [[Brighton Racecourse]]. He finished fourth but was declared the winner after the first three finishers were disqualified for "not having run the proper Course".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590880;view=1up;seq=135;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=73 |title=Racing calendar. 1805 |page=73 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1806 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> Three days later, at the same course, Orville won the Brighton Gold Cup, beating Houghton Lass and two others. The cup for this race had been donated by the Prince of Wales, who was therefore the winner of his own trophy. At [[Lewes]] in August, Orville won a King's Plate in two four-mile heats, and a subscription race in which he defeated [[Walton (horse)|Walton]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590880;view=1up;seq=145;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=83 |title=Racing calendar. 1805 |page=83 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1806 |accessdate=2012-11-25}}</ref> On 31 October, Orville again failed to show his best form at Newmarket, where he finished unplaced in a [[Handicap (horse racing)|handicap race]] over the two mile "Ditch-In" course.

===1806: seven-year-old season===
Orville began his sixth season by beating the St Leger winner [[Quiz (horse)|Quiz]] over the Beacon Course at Newmarket in May. In the summer he finished third in the Somerset Stakes and then claimed two prizes at Lewes without having to race: Houghton Lass was scratched from a scheduled match race against Orville who also [[walkover|walked over]] in a Sweepstakes.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590872;seq=150;view=1up;num=84 |title=Racing calendar. 1806 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |page=84 |publisher=H Reynell |year=1807 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> Orville completed his season with three races at Newmarket in October. He defeated the [[Duke of Grafton]]'s mare [[Parasol (horse)|Parasol]] and the St Leger winner [[Staveley (horse)|Staveley]] over the Beacon Course and then stepped down in distance to win a 200 [[Guinea (British coin)|guinea]] match against Mr Mellish's horse [[Sancho (horse)|Sancho]] (another St Leger winner) over the Abington mile. On the same day as his match with Sancho he was then beaten by the five-year-old Bustard, conceding six pounds, in a four-mile subscription race.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590872;seq=204;view=1up;num=138 |title=Racing calendar. 1806 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |page=138 |publisher=H Reynell |year=1807 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

===1807: eight-year-old season===
Orville began his final season at Newmarket in March where he finished fourth in the Oatlands Stakes, a handicap race in which he carried top weight of 132 pounds. At the next meeting in April he won a Free Handicap Sweepstakes over the Beacon Course, conceding eight pounds to the [[Oaks Stakes|Oaks]] winner [[Pelisse (horse)|Pelisse]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590864;view=1up;seq=81;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=29 |title=Racing calendar. 1807 |page=29 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1808 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> In August Orville walked over for the Somerset Stakes at Brighton and then contested three events at Lewes. He won a match against Pelisse, a Sweepstakes, beating Cerberus and the Ladies' Plate in which he conceded forty-one pounds to a three-year-old colt named Brighton.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590864;view=1up;seq=158;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=106 |title=Racing calendar. 1807 |page=106 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1808 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> Orville ended his career at Newmarket in autumn with two further wins beating Canopus in a subscription race over the Beacon Course on 28 September and Parasol in a similar event on 9 October.

==Stud record==
[[Image:Emilius, Derby winner.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Orville's son Emilius, who emulated his sire by being Champion Sire on two occasions]]
Orville retired from racing to become a breeding stallion. He was initially based at [[Six Mile Bottom]] near Newmarket where he stood at a fee of 10 guineas, with a half-guinea for the groom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590864;view=1up;seq=495;q1=orville;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=443 |title=Racing calendar. 1807. - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library |publisher=Babel.hathitrust.org |date=2010-09-23 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref> He moved to Newmarket the following year and was then sent north to stand in Yorkshire from 1810.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066590849;view=1up;seq=544;q1=orville;start=11;size=10;page=search;num=494 |title=Racing calendar. 1809 |page=494 |author=Edward and James Weatherby |publisher=H Reynell |year=1810 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>

Orville was an immediate success at stud, siring the Derby winner [[Octavius (horse)|Octavius]] from his first crop of foals. His other classic winners were [[Charlotte (horse)|Charlotte]], [[Zoe (horse)|Zoe]], [[Ebor (horse)|Ebor]] and [[Emilius]]. The last-named became a successful stallion, as did Andrew, the sire of [[Cadland]], Pollio, the sire of [[Pussy (horse)|Pussy]], and Muley, the sire of [[Margrave (horse)|Margrave]], [[Vespa (horse)|Vespa]] and [[Little Wonder (horse)|Little Wonder]]. Orville was also the broodmare sire of the St Leger winners [[Birmingham (horse)|Birmingham]] and Jerry and the Oaks winners [[Songstress (horse)|Songstress]] and [[Miss Letty]]. Orville was the [[Leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1817 when his offspring won 41 races and £6,439 and again in 1823 with 22 races and £9,978.<ref name="Guinness"/>

Orville was [[animal euthanasia|euthanised]] in November 1826.<ref name="bloodlines1"/>

==Pedigree==
{{Pedigree
|name = Orville (GB), Bay stallion 1799<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=5315672&registry=T&horse_name==Orville%20(GB)&dam_name==Evelina%20(GB)&foaling_year=1799&nicking_stats_indicator=Y |title=Orville pedigree |publisher=equineline.com |date=2012-05-08 |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>
|inf =
|f = [[Beningbrough (horse)|Beningbrough]] (GB) 1791
|m = Evelina (GB) 1791
|ff = [[King Fergus]] 1775
|fm = Fenwick's Herod mare 1780
|mf = [[Highflyer (horse)|Highflyer]] 1774
|mm = Termagant 1772
|fff = [[Eclipse (horse)|Eclipse]]
|ffm = Creeping Polly
|fmf = '''[[Herod (horse)|Herod]]'''
|fmm = Pyrrha
|mff = '''Herod'''
|mfm = Rachel
|mmf = Tantrum
|mmm = Cantatrice
|ffff = [[Marske (horse)|Marske]]
|fffm = [[Spilletta]]
|ffmf = Portmore's Othello
|ffmm = Fanny
|fmff = '''Tartar'''
|fmfm = '''Cypron'''
|fmmf = [[Matchem]]
|fmmm = Duchess
|mfff = '''Tartar'''
|mffm = '''Cypron'''
|mfmf = [[Blank (horse)|Blank]]
|mfmm = Regulus mare
|mmff = Cripple
|mmfm = Childers mare
|mmmf = Sampson
|mmmm = Regulus mare (Family:8-a)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodlines.net/TB/Families/Family8a.htm |title=Regulus Mare - Family 8-a |publisher=Bloodlines.net |date= |accessdate=2012-11-26}}</ref>
}}

*Orville was [[inbreeding|inbred]] 3 × 3 to Herod, meaning that this stallion appears twice in the third generation of his pedigree.

==Weblinks==
{{Commonscat|Orville (horse)|Orville}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{St Leger Winners}}

[[Category:1799 racehorse births]]
[[Category:1826 racehorse deaths]]
[[Category:Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Thoroughbred family 8-a]]
[[Category:St Leger winners]]

Of Horses and Men

2019-08-30T16:23:02Z

Fallen Sheep: /* See also */ + commonscat

{{short description|2013 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Of Horses and Men
| image = Of Horses and Men.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Benedikt Erlingsson]]
| producer = [[Friðrik Þór Friðriksson]]
| writer = Benedikt Erlingsson
| starring = [[Helgi Björnsson]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2013|8|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = Iceland
| language = Icelandic
| budget =
}}

'''''Of Horses and Men''''' ({{lang-is|Hross í oss}}) is a 2013 Icelandic [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Benedikt Erlingsson]] and produced by fellow director [[Friðrik Þór Friðriksson]].

The film was selected as the Icelandic entry for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] at the [[86th Academy Awards]],<ref name="Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-iceland-nominates-horses-men-635412 |title=Oscars: Iceland Nominates 'Of Horses and Men' for Foreign Language Category |accessdate=24 September 2013 |work=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref name="News">{{cite web |url=http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/entertainment-leisure/motion-picture/item/2301-of-horses-and-men-selected-for-the-2014-oscars |title=Of Horses and Men selected for the 2014 Oscars |accessdate=24 September 2013 |work=News of Iceland |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164701/http://www.newsoficeland.com/home/entertainment-leisure/motion-picture/item/2301-of-horses-and-men-selected-for-the-2014-oscars |archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> but it was not nominated. The film won the 2014 [[Nordic Council Film Prize]]. In 2014, it won the audience award at the [[Tromsø International Film Festival]] in Norway.<ref>[http://tiff.no/en/awards/troms-audience-award Tromsø Audience Award]</ref>

==Plot==
In the remote Icelandic valley, there is not much to do other than observe the horses, the neighbors, and the neighbors' horses with [[binoculars]]. Undisturbed, the stallions and mares do what nobody else in the valley dares to even talk about: love. However, there is still a feeling of love among some of the valley dwellers. Kolbeinn ([[Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson]]) and Solveig's ([[Charlotte Bøving]]) attempts at love are the subject of much interest for the valley dwellers.

Meanwhile, Vernhardur ([[Steinn Ármann Magnússon]]), who has a [[alcoholism|weakness for liquor]], makes a name for himself on a Russian fishing vessel with the sailor Gengis ([[Kash Erden Baater]]). There is often disagreement about the riding routes between Grimur ([[Kjartan Ragnarsson]]) and Egill ([[Helgi Björnsson]]); Grimur generally prefers the classic routes on horseback, whereas Egill prefers riding through rough terrain on his tractor. Jóhanna ([[Sigríður María Egilsdóttir]]), on the other hand, has nothing to say concerning her mare Raudka. One day, she encounters an injured old man. The religious [[Juan Camillo Roman Estrada|Juan Camillo]] (himself) is seeking God on a high spiritual level.

Above all, all the people in the valley share a love of their horses, and eventually come to understand one another.

==Cast==
* [[Helgi Björnsson]]
* [[Charlotte Bøving]]
* [[Sigríður María Egilsdóttir]]
* [[Maria Ellingsen]]
* [[Juan Camillo Roman Estrada]]
* [[Halldóra Geirharðsdóttir]]
* [[Erlingur Gíslason]]
* [[Kristbjörg Kjeld]]
* [[Steinn Ármann Magnússon]]
* [[Kjartan Ragnarsson]]
* [[Atli Rafn Sigurðsson]]
* [[Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson]]

==Reception==
The film holds [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|an approval rating of 100%]] on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.58 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Well-crafted and resoundingly original, ''Of Horses and Men'' is as intelligent, inscrutable, and breathtakingly lovely as its titular equines."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/of_horses_and_men/|title=Of Horses and Men (2015)|author=|date=|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref>

[[Robbie Collin]] described ''Of Horses and Men'' as a "collection of six-or-so interlocking fables about a group of rural Icelanders’ relationships with their horses and each other, and which run the gamut from stony-black comedies of sex and death to chilly meditations on the blind cruelty of fate." He gave it four stars out of five and called it "something truly and seductively strange" and "tenderly attuned to the weather and landscape, both of which are captured in you-could-almost-be-there vividness, and underscored by a heady swirl of choral works and primal drumming."<ref>{{cite web| first= Robbie |last=Collin | authorlink= Robbie Collin| title= Of Horses and Men, Tokyo International Film Festival, review | date= 29 October 2013 | publisher= The Telegraph| url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/10409900/Of-Horses-and-Men-Tokyo-International-Film-Festival-review.html| accessdate=12 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons}}
* [[List of films with a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes]]
* [[List of submissions to the 86th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Icelandic submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://web.archive.org/web/20150801152307/http://hrosss.is/}} (via Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
* {{IMDb title|3074732|Of Horses and Men}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|of_horses_and_men}}

{{The Nordic Council Film Prize}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Of Horses And Men}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:Icelandic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Icelandic romance films]]
[[Category:Films about horses]]
[[Category:Icelandic-language films]]

Bit guard

2019-08-29T20:12:46Z

Fallen Sheep: + commons cat

[[Image:Polo pony Pelham bridle.jpg|thumb|Polo pony wearing a [[Pelham bit]] with bit guards]]
A '''bit guard''' ('''cheek guard''' in Australia) is a specialty piece of [[horse tack]]: a [[washer (hardware)|washer]], usually made of flexible rubber, that is sometimes used in pairs on a [[bit (horse)|bit]].

[[Image:Cabalo044eue.jpg|thumb|left|Bit guard on [[pelham bit]]]]
Reasons for using a bit guard include:
* to protect the horse's lips from chafing or pinching by the [[bit (horse)|bit rings]]
* to provide a better fit when the bit is too wide for the horse's mouth
* to prevent the bit rings from being pulled through the horse's mouth

A pair of bit guards is placed on a bit by stretching them to pass over one bit ring. Then the bit is attached to a [[bridle]]. The bridle is then put on a [[horse]] so that the bit guards lie outside of the horse's mouth. Bit guards are used with loose ring [[snaffle bit]]s, [[gag bit]]s, and [[pelham bit]]s. Bit guards are used more often in jumping events, such as [[eventing]] and [[show jumping]], and in [[polo]]. They are not permitted in competitive [[dressage]], and are not used in horse show [[hunt seat]] competition.

A pair of bit guards with an integral forked strap, to suspend them from the browband or crownpiece of the bridle, are known as [[cheekers]] (see [[Frentera]]).

==Bit burr==
[[Image:Eventer head.JPG|thumb|left|Bit burr]]
Resembling a bit guard is a '''bit burr''' (sometimes '''burr bit''', also '''bubble cheeker''' in Australia), which has teeth laid against the horse's cheek. The burr bit was for a time widely used on coach horses in New York City, until the use was stopped in part through the efforts of [[Henry Bergh]] circa 1879.<ref>Wood, John George (1885) ''Horse and Man: Their Mutual Dependence and Duties'', Longmans, Green, 339 pages, page 221.</ref> Bubble cheekers are approved for use in [[thoroughbred racing]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Register of Nationally Approved Gear
|author=Dion Villella
|publisher=Racing Victoria Limited
|url=http://www.racingvictoria.net.au/asset/cms/Stewards%20Notifications%20PDF/128312%20RVL%20Gear%20Register%20Book.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Bit guards}}
{{reflist}}

{{Horse equipment}}

[[Category:Bit accessories]]
[[Category:Horse protective equipment]]

Longeing

2019-08-25T15:17:15Z

Fallen Sheep: /* See also */ + commonscat

{{refimprove|date=November 2011}}
[[Image:HorseLonge377884347.jpg|thumb|300px|A horse in training for [[equestrian vaulting]] at the halt on a longe line.]]

'''Longeing''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ʌ|n|dʒ|ᵻ|ŋ}} (US English, classical spelling) or '''lungeing''' (UK English, informal US) is a technique for [[horse training|training horses]], where a horse is asked to work at the end of a lunge line and respond to commands from a handler on the ground who holds the line. It is also a critical component of the sport of [[equestrian vaulting]]. Longeing is performed in a large circle with the horse traveling around the outside edge of a real or imaginary ring with the trainer in the middle.

==Pronunciation and spelling==
[[Image:Nunzer Gropaden.jpg|thumb|250px|Historic copperplate engraving of a horse and rider being worked on a longe line]]
The word is believed to be derived from either the [[French language|French]] word ''allonge,''<ref name="Def">[http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=longe&x=25&y=9 Definition and origins of "Longe"]</ref> meaning "to lengthen",<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/allonge Translation of ''allonge'']</ref> or the [[Latin]] ''longa'' ("long").<ref name="Def"/> In both cases, the root word featured spelling with an "o" and emphasizes lengthening and extension, so although always pronounced ''"lungeing"'', the traditional spelling of the word in English is "longeing",<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/longe "longe". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: March 19, 2007).]</ref><ref>Hill, Cherry. ''Longeing and Long Lining, The English and Western Horse: A Total Program.'' Howell Reference Books, p.1</ref> This spelling has been used by the majority of past [[dressage]] masters who wrote in English,<ref>''See, e.g.'' Wynmalen, Henry. ''Dressage,'' Podhajsky, Alois. ''The Complete Training of Horse and Rider.''</ref> and remains in use by traditional horsemanship organizations in the United States such as the [[United States Pony Clubs]].<ref>Harris, Susan E. ''The USPC Guide to Longeing and Ground Training.'' Howell Equestrian Library, 1997. {{ISBN|0-87605-640-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87605-640-0}}</ref>

The phonetic "lungeing" spelling dates back to the 1800s,<ref name="Def"/><ref>The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] in its entry under "lunge, longe" quotes the "lungeing" spelling for the verb used as early as 1806 ('You might as safely have backed Bucephalus, before Alexander had lunged him.') and the noun in 1886 ('The colt should be kept going round the lunge, until [etc.].')</ref> but has only become popular since the late 20th century. It is now used by an increasing number of books and magazine articles on the subject<ref>See, e.g. Loriston-Clark, Jennie ''Lungeing and Long Reining Book'' J.A.Allen & Co Ltd.</ref> and in the United Kingdom, is the spelling both the [[British Horse Society]]<ref>[http://www.bhs.org.uk/Training_and_Qualifications/BHS_Examinations_and_Qualifications/PTT/~/media/MainSite/Qualifications%20and%20Training/BHS%20Exams%20and%20Qualifications/PTT/PTT%20Candidate%20Syllabus%20%20%20Guidelines%202011.ashx BHS Preliminary Teaching Test syllabus.], ''British Horse Society''. Web site accessed November 20, 2011.</ref> and the [[Association of British Riding Schools]] (ABRS)<ref>[http://www.abrs-info.org/site-docs/ATD_Syllabus.pdf Association of British Riding Schools, ADVANCED TEACHING DIPLOMA SYLLABUS.] Web site accessed February 9, 2012.</ref> use in their material. It is also the usual spelling in both New Zealand and Australia,<ref>Delbridge, Arthur, The Macquarie Dictionary, 2nd ed., Macquarie Library, North Ryde, 1991</ref> and, since 2009, by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|FEI]] in their [[equestrian vaulting]] rules.<ref>[http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Vaulting_rules%202009_final.pdf FEI 2009 vaulting rules] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801204336/http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Vaulting_rules%202009_final.pdf |date=2012-08-01 }}</ref>

==Reasons for longeing==
[[Image:VaultLonge41715187.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A horse and vaulter on a longe line with handler on the ground. (In vaulting, the handler is called a ''longeur.'') The longe is also used to develop a person's [[equestrianism|equestrian]] skills.]]
Longeing has many benefits for both horses and riders.

For a young or green (inexperienced) horse, longeing is used to teach a horse to respond to voice commands and the trainer's body language, to accustom them to the feel of a saddle and bridle, and to begin their introduction to the feel of reins and bit pressure. In many training stables, a horse is first introduced on the longe to nearly everything it is going to be asked to do under saddle, including movement at all [[horse gait|gaits]], response to hand and voice commands (called [[riding aids]]), and remaining calm in unusual or stressful situations.

On horses of any age or level of experience, longeing is used to exercise a horse when it cannot be ridden, or when additional work is needed to develop balance, rhythm, and to improve the horse's gaits. It is also useful to help settle a horse before riding, especially a high-strung horse, a young horse, or a horse that has been confined more than usual. However, longeing for long periods or with the intent to tire a horse out can cause joint strain. It can be used to "blow off steam" or "get the bucks out" before a rider gets on, though proper turnout or liberty work is a better alternative, because a longeing session is training time, not play time.

Longeing riders is valuable for teaching, as they may develop their seat and position without having to worry about controlling the horse.[http://www.dressageunltd.com/usdf/images/carthlon.jpg] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060519030720/http://www.northstartrainingcenter.com/gfx/lynn_lunging_katie_trainer_.jpg] Classical schools of riding and training, such as the [[Spanish Riding School]], require new riders to work extensively on the longe before they are allowed [[rein]]s or [[stirrup]]s, and riders are required to periodically return to longe work to refine their seat and balance.

==Equipment for longeing==
[[Image:Lipizzaner DSC02439.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Longe cavesson fitted with a bridle. Also note front leg wraps and that the stirrups are put up to keep them from hitting the horse's side.]]

===Longe line===
The [[longe line]] (or longe) is about 30 feet (10 m) long, so the longeing circle can have a diameter of 60 feet (20 m). It is usually a flat woven webbing made of nylon, cotton, or Dacron. In the [[natural horsemanship]] tradition, the longe line is usually made of round cotton rope, and is often much shorter, as short as 15 or 20 feet. In general, cotton longe lines are less likely to burn the trainer's hands than nylon, but nylon is more durable and less likely to break.

It may have a snap, buckle, or chain on one end to attach to a longeing cavesson or bridle. A chain [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103025857/http://www.horse-rider-etc.com/tack/lunge_line2.jpg], although sometimes used with difficult horses, has no subtlety of contact and is quite severe. In most cases, it is best to use a snap-end longe line. Many longe lines have a loop handle at the other end, but this is dangerous to use, as a person's hand can be trapped in the handle and be injured should the horse bolt.

The longe line takes the place of the [[rein]] [[riding aids|aids]] while longeing. It can be held in a rein hold (coming out the bottom of the hand) or a driving hold (coming out the top of the hand), and the extra line is folded back and forth rather than coiled, as coiled line can tighten and trap the trainer's hand or fingers if the horse [[bolting (horse)|bolts]].

===Longe whip===
The whip usually has a stock of 6 feet (1.8 m), with a lash of 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) (although some are longer). The whip is light, easy to handle, and well balanced. It is not safe to use a riding or driving whip for longeing because they are too short to reach the horse without bringing the handler close enough to the horse's hindquarters to risk being kicked by the horse. The longe whip is used as an encouragement to the horse but never as a punishment.

===Longeing cavesson===
[[File:Swiss national stud farm Avenches-IMG 8514.jpg|thumb|A horse wearing a longeing cavesson]]
A [[longeing cavesson]] (alternate spelling caveson) is the classic headgear specialized for longeing, but in modern times is not the most commonly used equipment. It is a type of headstall with one to three rings on the noseband to which the longe line is attached. The most common point of attachment is the center ring at the top of the cavesson, which allows the horse to go both directions without having to stop and change the adjustment of the line. The two side rings are occasionally used for attachment of the longe line, but more often are used for attachment of [[side reins]] or long lines.

The classic design is made of leather. The [[noseband]] is usually metal on top with padding beneath, providing good control of the horse, but no risk of injury to the head. Unlike a bridle, there is no chance of damaging the horse's mouth. Newer designs are made of nylon web, similar to some types of [[halter]], with three rings and fleece padding underneath the noseband, often without the metal component. This style is less bulky, less expensive, and available in a very wide range of sizes, but without adequate stiffness to the noseband, may offer less precise control.

A longeing cavesson may be used with or without a [[bridle]]. When used with a bridle containing a [[snaffle bit]], the noseband of the bridle is removed, and the bridle goes over the longeing cavesson, to prevent pinching. The bridle cheekpieces sometimes need to be lengthened so that the [[bit (horse)|bit]] still rests correctly in the mouth.

When fitting a longe cavesson, the noseband must be on the nasal bone of the horse's nose, not on the [[cartilage]]. Nosebands that are too low are very uncomfortable for the horse and, in extreme cases, can cause damage to the cartilage if misused. The throatlatch of the cavesson must be snug enough to keep it from slipping over the horse's eye, or from falling off altogether, but not so tight as to restrict the windpipe if the horse flexes its neck properly in response to pressure from the bit and side reins. Some designs replace the throatlatch with a strap that is placed further down the cheek so as to not interfere with the windpipe when adjusted snugly.

===Use of a bridle alone===
[[File:Thoroughbredmarebeinglunged.jpg|thumb|left|A horse being longed off of a bridle, showing some resistance.]]
On a well-trained horse, a bridle may be used instead of a longeing cavesson. However, it is possible to injure a horse's mouth if the line is incorrectly attached or misused. Some sensitive horses may react badly to the attachment of the line to the bit, and some classical dressage masters considered this method to be crude.

The bit used is a [[snaffle bit]]. [[Curb bit]]s, having [[bit shank]]s of any kind are dangerous; the line can tangle in them, causing injury to the horse's mouth. When longed off a bridle, the reins are kept out of the way, either by removing them, or by twisting them once or twice over the neck and then running the throatlatch of the bridle under the reins before buckling it.

The correct method is to run the longe line through the inside bit ring, over the [[poll (livestock)|poll]], and attach it to the outside bit ring. This method of attaching the line requires it to be changed each time the horse changes direction. This method has a slight [[gag bit|gag]] effect, raising the bit up and applying pressure on the corners of the mouth and placing pressure on the poll, but puts less lateral pressure on the bit. It is best for horses that pull, or when the trainer is longeing a rider, to ensure maximum control of the horse.

If the longe line is attached just to the inside bit ring, the outside ring can slide through the mouth when the line is pulled and damage the horse's mouth. If the line is run through the inside bit ring, under the chin, and attached to the outside bit ring, the bit can pinch the horse's jaw, and it alters the action of the bit to put pressure on the roof of the horse's mouth. When a method of attachment causes more pain than control, the horse often resists the pressure and will not perform properly.

===Halter===
[[Image:LongeHalter63082209.jpg|thumb|left|Longeing with a halter offers very little control, but may be suitable for basic exercise. This handler would have additional control if the longe line was attached to the side ring rather than under the jaw.]]
A [[halter]] is used for basic exercise when a longeing cavesson or a bridle is not available. It offers very little control, less finesse, and does not give signals as clearly. When used with a bridle, the halter is placed on over the bridle. This sometimes is done when warming up a horse just prior to competition. The longe line is attached to the inside side ring of the halter noseband on a flat web halter, not the ring under the jaw. If it is attached under the jaw, not only is the halter apt to twist and slip out of place, possibly rubbing the horse in the eye and risking injury, but if the horse is disobedient, the handler has virtually no lateral leverage or control. Some rope halters have knots placed on the noseband and crownpiece that may apply some additional pressure if a longe line is placed under the jaw, which is the only place possible on a rope halter.

===Protective boots or bandages===
Horses' legs are often protected while longeing, as they are more likely to interfere when on a circle. Both [[bell boots]] and [[brushing boots|"brushing" or "splint" boots]] are often put on the front legs. Brushing boots are sometimes on the hind legs as well. [[Polo wraps]] are sometimes used instead of brushing boots.

===Saddles and surcingles===
A [[saddle]] is often worn when a horse is longeing. In these circumstances, it is important that the [[stirrup]]s do not bang against the horse's side. On an [[English saddle]], the stirrups are "run up." To do this, run up the stirrups as they are kept when the saddle is off the horse, then bring the loop of stirrup leather around the stirrup iron before bringing it under the back branch and attaching looping the end of the leather (with the holes in it) through the stirrup leather keeper. Stirrups on a [[western saddle]] cannot be run up, so they are usually tied together under the belly of the horse with a piece of twine or rope, though for a very skittish young horse they also can be thrown up over the top of the saddle and tied down in that fashion.

A [[surcingle]] or roller is a padded band that straps around the horse's girth area, and has rings around on its side for [[side reins]], or long reins or other training equipment, such as an [[bearing rein|overcheck]]. It may also be used on a young horse to get it used to girth pressure. It may be used with or without an English saddle underneath.

===Side reins===
[[Image:TurquoiseVault41715062.jpg|thumb|left|A horse properly equipped for vaulting with surcingle, leg wraps, side reins, and longeing cavesson]]
[[Side reins]] are usually used for more advanced horses. They give the horse something to take contact with, encourage balance and correct head carriage, help develop self-carriage, and keep the horse from putting its head too low. Side reins may be attached from the [[bit (horse)|bit]] to the surcingle rings, or from the bit to the billets of the girth.

Side reins are adjusted longer for less-experienced horses, and gradually shortened, and raised higher (from point of shoulder up to the point of hip) as a horse becomes better trained. For green horses, the side reins are adjusted so that the horse can take contact with the bit, but does not have to flex beyond its abilities. A good starting point is to adjust the reins so the green horse carries its head approximately 4 inches in front of the vertical. In any case, the head is not to be pulled behind the vertical.

Side reins are adjusted so they are the same length on either side, or slightly shorter on the inside. Side reins adjusted too tightly can cause a horse to go behind the bit, deaden the mouth and in extreme cases cause the horse to feel trapped, leading to rearing and the possibility that the horse will flip over.

A horse is warmed up and cooled down without the side reins, allowing the neck to stretch down and the back muscles to relax. Side reins are most useful for work in the trot and canter, where the neck, back and hindquarter muscles are engaged. Working a horse in side reins at the walk actually discourages a relaxed, forward-moving gait. Side reins are not used for jumping, as they restrict the use of the neck too much, and may even cause the horse to fall.

===Equipment for the trainer===
Wearing gloves when longeing prevents rope burns if the horse pulls the line hard. Proper boots are also necessary, and at a minimum, shoes with an enclosed toe are a must. A helmet is also sometimes worn, especially if the horse tends to kick at the trainer. It is wise not to wear spurs, which can get caught on the line and cause the trainer to trip.

==Use of the aids==
[[File:Riding house Babolna 0001.jpg|thumb|Rider being longed on a horse by a riding instructor]]

===Longe line===

The longe line takes the place of the rider's rein aids. It may be held like a riding [[rein]], with the line running to the horse held between the fourth and fifth finger, or held like a driving rein, with it running between the thumb and pointer finger. The elbow is softly bent, with the arm at an approximately 90-degree angle. The horse and handler should not pull, jerk, or "hang" on the line. Like rein aids while riding, signals are given smoothly and as softly as possible to get the desired response, with aids given by squeezing or turning the hand.

The longe line traveling from the horse to the hand is held in the hand in which direction the horse is moving (so if the horse is working clockwise to the right, the right hand is the leading hand). The extra longe line is folded, never coiled, in the other hand. If the horse were to take off, a coiled line could tighten around the trainer's hand, dragging the trainer and possibly leading to life-threatening injuries. Large loops could be stepped on or caught on something.

* Opening rein: where the lead hand moves to the side and out, away from the trainer's body. It helps to lead the horse forward.
* Direct rein: a squeeze and release on the line backwards helps to keep the horse from moving out on the circle, causes the horse to bend inward, or asks the horse to make the circle smaller.
* Indirect rein: where the longe hand moves back and sideways towards the other hip. It asks the horse to slow or halt.
* Giving the longe: briefly releasing the line towards the horse's head, before re-establishing contact. Acts as a reward, asks the horse to lower its head, or asks the horse to move out onto a larger circle. The line should not drag or become very loose when this is performed.
* Vibrating: several short, brief squeezes of the longe line. Used to halt or slow the horse down without pulling.
* [[Half-halt]]ing: as in riding, it is used for re-balancing the horse, calling the animal's attention to the trainer, and preparing it for a command. Must be used in conjunction with the whip and voice.

===Whip===

The longe whip takes the place of the rider's legs, asking the horse to move forward or out. It is held with the tip low, pointing towards the horse's hocks, with the lash dragging on the ground. The whip is held in the hand that the horse is not going (so if the horse were going to the right, the whip would be held in the lunger's left hand). The horse is to accept the whip as an aid, and not be fearful. When the handler goes toward the horse to adjust equipment, the lash is caught up and the whip turned backward, under the arm, so that it does not interfere with the horse.

* Pointing the whip at the shoulder is used to make the horse move out or stops him from moving inward on the circle.
* Pointing the whip, and making a forward rotating movement, at the hocks asks the horse to increase speed or impulsion.
* Pointing the whip in front of the head, going under the longe line, can be used to ask a horse to slow or halt.
* Cracking the whip is reserved for extreme cases, such as a horse that refuses to move forward. If overused, the horse may begin to ignore it. Cracking upsets some horses. If a crack is needed, it is done behind the hindquarters.
* Touching the horse with the lash is used to make the horse move strongly forward. The lash is usually applied where the rider's leg would be, in the girth area. It may also be used on the hindquarters, although this causes some horses to kick, or on the shoulder, to prevent the horse from running inward. It is usually used only lightly, in an upward motion.

===Voice===

The voice is used in the same manner as when riding. It is used mainly for transitions, praise, or to express displeasure. Although the voice is not commonly used for riding, it is very important in longeing. However, overuse of voice to encourage impulsion will cause a horse to ignore the trainer. Voice commands used in longeing are identical to voice commands used when leading or riding the horse, but more voice commands are used when longeing than at other times. All words used in transitions for longeing are spoken slowly, clearly and each command should be phonetically distinct from and others. For upward transitions the voice might raise to a higher pitch, downward transitions should lower the pitch. A trainer may cluck or make another type of chirping or kissing sound to increase speed or impulsion.

* A word, such as the name of the horse, or simply a word like "and..." can be used as a "half-halt," essentially to warn the horse that a command is coming. A word other than whoa is used to calm a horse (such as "easy" or "steady"), spoken in a low tone and calm manner. Similarly, a word such as "quit!" can be spoken in a displeased tone when the horse misbehaves; as "no" can be confused with "whoa" by the horse. A word for praise (such as "good boy") can be used if horse responds correctly to a command.

==Longe area==
It is safest to longe in an enclosed area. If the horse escapes, it will be easier to catch, and an enclosed area will make him easier to control on the longe. Ideally, a 60 to 70-foot (20–25 m) [[round pen]] is used. However, the corner of any enclosed arena or small field may also be used. For safety, it is best if there is no one riding in the longeing area.

The footing should not be slippery, to help prevent slipping and injuries. The ground should be relatively flat for the horse's balance. The circle should be large (approx. 20 meters), as smaller circles tend to increase strain on the horse's joints and ligaments.

==Roundpenning, liberty work and "free longeing"==
[[Image:Lautrec equestrienne (at the cirque fernando) 1887-8.jpg|thumb|Liberty work at a circus. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, c. 1887-88]]
In the field of [[natural horsemanship]], it is a common practice to work a horse loose in a [[round pen]] {{convert|40|to|70|ft}} in [[diameter]]. ({{convert|50|to|60|ft}} feet is considered standard). This is sometimes called ''free longeing'' or work ''at liberty,'' because the horse is asked to travel in a circle and obey human commands, only without a longe line attached. The handler uses voice, [[body language]] and a [[lasso|lariat]] or a longe whip to give commands to the horse, eventually teaching it to speed up, slow down, stop and change direction on command.

A variation of these techniques are also used by [[circus]] trainers to train horses and other animals, such as [[elephants]] to work in a ring for exhibition purposes. Both single animals and groups of animals can be trained to perform at liberty.

These types of liberty work are considered schooling disciplines and to simply turn a horse loose in a small pen and make it run around to get exercise is not free longeing.

==Time limits==
Work in small circles is stressful on a horse's legs, so it is best to limit a longeing session to about 20 minutes. Gaits should be changed frequently, and the horse should be worked for equal time in both directions so that both sides of the horse are worked evenly and to keep the work interesting for the horse.

==See also==
{{Commons category|Horse longeing|Longeing}}
*[[Horse training]]
*[[Horse tack]]
*[[Longeing cavesson]]
*[[Round pen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Haanstra, Lammert. Longeren met Lammert Haanstra + DVD: Tirion Natuur {{ISBN|9789052107110}}
*Benedik, Linda. ''Longeing the Rider for a Perfect Seat: A How-to Guide for Riders, Instructors, and Longeurs'' Trafalgar Square Books, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-57076-384-7}}
*Esterson, Emily. ''The Adult Longeing Guide: Exercises to Build an Independent Seat.'' The Lyons Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-59921-196-1}}
*Harris, Susan E. ''The USPC Guide to Longeing and Ground Training.'' Howell Book House, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-87605-640-0}}
*Hill, Cherry. ''Longeing and Long Lining, The English and Western Horse: A Total Program.'' Howell Book House, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-87605-080-4}}
*Inderwick, Sheila. ''Lungeing the Horse and Rider.'' David & Charles PLC, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7153-1596-5}}
*Loriston-Clark, Jennie. ''Lungeing and Long-Reining.'' Half Halt Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-872119-53-3}}
*Richter, Judy. ''The Longeing Book'' Arco Equestrian Books, Prentice Hall; 1986. {{ISBN|978-0-668-06324-1}}
*Stanier, Sylvia. ''The Art of Lungeing.'' J.A.Allen & Co Ltd., 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-85131-573-7}}
*German National Equestrian Federation. ''Lungeing.'' Kenilworth Press Ltd., 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-872082-16-5}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.is/20130420035355/http://www.dogwoodlondon.co.uk/articles/equestrian-guide-to-lungeing-aids.htm Lungeing aids]

[[Category:Horse training]]

Richard Phelps (pentathlete)

2019-08-25T13:03:59Z

Fallen Sheep: Moved image to box

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Richard Phelps
| image = SammyOlympics.png
| imagesize =
| caption = Richard Phelps riding The Golden Machine at the [[1996 Atlanta Olympic Games]]
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|4|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gloucester]], England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country =
| sport = [[Modern pentathlon]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's modern pentathlon}}
{{MedalCountry | {{GBR}} }}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{MedalBronze|[[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] | [[Modern pentathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Team]]}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Richard Phelps''' (born 19 April 1961) is a British former [[Modern pentathlon|modern pentathlete]]. He competed at the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984]], [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]], [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992]] and the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=sref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ph/richard-phelps-1.html |accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref> He won a bronze medal in the team event at the 1988 Games.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phelps, Richard}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British male modern pentathletes]]
[[Category:Olympic modern pentathletes of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Modern pentathletes at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Modern pentathletes at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Modern pentathletes at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Modern pentathletes at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in modern pentathlon]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]

{{UK-Olympic-medalist-stub}}
{{UK-modern-pentathlon-bio-stub}}

Daryl Jacob

2019-08-18T19:04:46Z

Fallen Sheep: space

{{Infobox horseracing personality
|name = Daryl Jacob
|image = [[File:Sanctuaire & Daryl Jacob.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Jacob riding Sanctuaire at the Celebration Chase at Sandown in 2013
|occupation = [[Jockey]]
|birth_place = [[Enniscorthy|Enniscorthy, County Wexford]], [[Ireland]]
|birth_date = 25 August 1983<ref name="aintree.co.uk">http://www.aintree.co.uk/news/round_up_of_the_remaining_action_on_grand_national_day/</ref>
|death_date =
|career wins =
|race =
|awards =
|honours = 2012 Aintree Grand National, 2011 JCB Triumph hurdle, 2014 County hurdle,
|horses =
|updated =
}}
''' Daryl Jacob ''' is an [[Irish people|Irish]] [[National Hunt racing|National Hunt]] [[jockey]] who rode for trainer [[Paul Nicholls (horse racing)|Paul Nicholls]] as second jockey to [[Ruby Walsh]]. When Walsh left the Nicholas yard Jacob took over as principal rider.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.racingpost.com/horses/jockey_home.sd?jockey_id=81266#topJockTabs=jockey_race_record&bottomJockTabs=jockey_form|title=Jockey Daryl Jacob - Record By Race Type - Racing Post|work=racingpost.com|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cheltenham-festival.co.uk/jockeys/daryl-jacob.php|title=Daryl Jacob|work=cheltenham-festival.co.uk|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref> He won at the Cheltenham festival for the first time in 2011 on Zarkandar in the Triumph Hurdle.<ref name="aintree.co.uk"/> His second Cheltenham Festival win was in 2014 on Lac Fontana in the Vincent O Brien County Handicap Hurdle on the last day of the festival. However, before the start of the next race he suffered a broken leg, knee and elbow after Port Melon crashed into the rail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/racing/daryl-jacob-on-the-mend-after-surgery-following-injuries-sustained-at-cheltenham-1.1729737|title=Daryl Jacob on the mend after surgery following injuries sustained at Cheltenham|work=Irish Times|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

Jacob is most noted for winning the [[2012 Grand National]] on the grey [[Neptune Collonges]]. The pairing beat second-place Sunnyhillboy in a [[photo finish]] and the closest ever finish to a [[Grand National]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/17453652|title=BBC Sport - Grand National: Neptune Collonges seals dramatic victory|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

==Major wins==
{{flagicon|Ireland}} '''Ireland'''
* [[Irish Gold Cup]] -(1) The Listener (2008)
* [[Ryanair Novice Chase]] -(1) Footpad (2018)
* [[Champion Four Year Old Hurdle]] -(1) Fusil Raffles (2019)
* [[JNwine.com Champion Chase]] -(1) Kauto Stone (2012)
* [[Savills Chase]] -(1) The Listener (2006)

----
{{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Great Britain]]'''
* [[Triumph Hurdle]] -(1) Zarkandar (2011)
* [[Betfair Chase]] -(2) Bristol De Mai (2017,2018)
* [[Aintree Hurdle]] -(1) L'Ami Serge (2018)
* [[Top Novices' Hurdle]] -(1) Topolski (2011)
* [[Henry VIII Novices' Chase]] -(2) Hinterland (2013), Sceau Royal (2017)
* [[Long Walk Hurdle]] -(1) Reve De Sivola (2014)
* [[Finale Juvenile Hurdle]] -(3) Me Voici (2009), Bristol De Mai (2014), We Have A Dream (2017)
* [[Challow Novices' Hurdle]] -(2) Reve De Sivola (2010), Messire Des Obeaux (2017)
* [[Scilly Isles Novices' Chase]] -(4) Gitane Du Berlais (2015), Bristol De Mai (2016), Top Notch (2017), Terrefort (2018)
* [[Anniversary 4-Y-O Novices' Hurdle]] -(1) We Have A Dream (2018)
* [[Mildmay Novices' Chase]] -(1) Terrefort (2018)
* [[Celebration Chase]] -(1) Sanctuaire (2012)

----
{{flagicon|France}} '''France'''
* [[Grande Course de Haies d'Auteuil]] -(1) L'Ami Serge (2017)

==See also==
*[[List of jockeys]]
*[[List of Grand National winners]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Daryl}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Irish jockeys]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from County Wexford]]

{{Ireland-horseracing-bio-stub}}

Italia Ricci

2019-05-15T01:03:45Z

Fallen Sheep: typo

{{Infobox person
| name = Italia Ricci
| image = Italia Ricci (35313559405) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ricci at the 2017 Heroes & Villains FanFest
| birth_name = Stephanie Italia Ricci
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Richmond Hill, Ontario|Richmond Hill]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| alma_mater = [[Queen's University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2007–present
| relatives =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Robbie Amell]]|2016}}
}}

'''Stephanie Italia Ricci''' ({{IPA-it|iˈtaːlja ˈrittʃi|lang}}; born October 29, 1986) is a Canadian actress best known for playing [[White House Chief of Staff]] Emily Rhodes in ''[[Designated Survivor (TV series)|Designated Survivor]]''.

==Career==
Ricci made her major acting debut in 2007, in the ''[[American Pie (film series)|American Pie]]'' direct-to-video film, ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House|Beta House]]''.<ref>[http://www.starsentertainment.com/item/1751-italia-ricci-her-lucky-break-and-her-new-show.html Italia Ricci: Her Lucky Break and Her New Show] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117021014/http://www.starsentertainment.com/item/1751-italia-ricci-her-lucky-break-and-her-new-show.html |date=2012-11-17 }}, starsentertainment.com</ref> She then went on to have a recurring role on the [[Disney XD]] series ''[[Aaron Stone]]''. Ricci also appeared in the music video "Hate" by [[Plain White T's]] as the ex-girlfriend.

During 2009, Ricci began appearing in American productions with minor roles in ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'', ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' and ''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]''. During that same year, she had a recurring role in the [[Comedy Central]] series ''[[Secret Girlfriend]]'' as Sasha. In 2010, she co-starred in the [[Cartoon Network]] live-action series ''[[Unnatural History (TV series)|Unnatural History]]'' as Maggie Winnock. She also appeared in a [[Clean & Clear]] commercial as herself. In 2011, she appeared in the short film ''[[Valediction (film)|Valediction]]''.

In 2013, Ricci appeared in a small role in [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]]'s directorial debut film ''[[Don Jon]]''. From 2014 to 2015, she played April Carver in the [[ABC Family]] series ''[[Chasing Life]]''.<ref name="ABC Family starts">{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/08/14/abc-family-starts-production-on-new-drama-series-chasing-life-125112/20130814abcfamily01/ |title=Breaking News - ABC Family Starts Production on New Drama Series "Chasing Life" |publisher=TheFutonCritic.com |date=August 14, 2013 |accessdate=October 3, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chasing-life-canceled-abc-family-828994|title=ABC Family's 'Chasing Life' Canceled After Two Seasons|work=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref>

Ricci joined the cast of ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]'' in December 2015 as [[Silver Banshee|Siobhan Smythe / Silver Banshee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etonline.com/tv/177379_supergirl_lands_chasing_life_star_italia_ricci_as_villain/?viewFull=true|title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Supergirl' Lands 'Chasing Life' Star in Major Villain Role|work=etonline.com|accessdate=22 September 2016}}</ref> Since September 2016, Ricci has starred as Emily Rhodes in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] political drama ''[[Designated Survivor (TV series)|Designated Survivor]]''.<ref name="deadline.com">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/02/kal-penn-maggie-q-natascha-mcelhone-italia-ricci-cast-designated-survivor-abc-1201696876/|title=‘Designated Survivor’ Casts Kal Penn, Maggie Q, Natascha McElhone, Italia Ricci|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> The show was renewed by [[Netflix]] for a third season which will be released on June 7, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/designated-survivor-anthony-edwards-julie-white-cast-in-season-3-on-netflix-1202485492/|title=‘Designated Survivor’: Anthony Edwards & Julie White Cast In Season 3 On Netflix|last2=Petski|first2=Denise|last1=Nellie|first1=Andreeva|date=October 18, 2018|work=Deadline|access-date=October 27, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ricci was born in [[Richmond Hill, Ontario]], and is of [[Italians|Italian]] descent. She graduated from [[Queen's University]]. She began dating Canadian actor [[Robbie Amell]] in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thetomorrowpeoplecw.com/italia-ricci-is-robbie-amells-real-life-leading-lady/ |title=Italia Ricci is Robbie Amell's real life leading lady |last=Falls |first=Kayla |publisher=TheTomorrowPeopleCW.com |date=June 16, 2013 |accessdate=May 22, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422045550/http://thetomorrowpeoplecw.com/italia-ricci-is-robbie-amells-real-life-leading-lady/ |archivedate=April 22, 2014 |df= }}</ref> They became engaged on August 19, 2014,<ref>{{cite web|last=Longeretta |first=Emily |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/08/20/italia-ricci-robbie-amell-engaged/ |title=Italia Ricci & Robbie Amell Engaged — After 6 Years Of Dating |publisher=Hollywood Life |date=August 20, 2014 |accessdate=August 27, 2014}}</ref> and were married on October 15, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.com/style/italia-ricci-robbie-amell-wedding-day-bridal-beauty/ |title=Italia Ricci’s Wedding Day Beauty Look |publisher=people.com |accessdate=March 27, 2017}}</ref>

On April 19, 2019, Ricci and her husband, Robbie Amell announced through social media they are expecting their first child.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[American Pie Presents: Beta House]]''
| Laura Johnson
| Direct-to-video film
|-
| 2008
| ''{{sortname|The|Death of Indie Rock|nolink=1}}''
| Diane
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Valediction (film)|Valediction]]''
| Erica
| Short film
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Don Jon]]''
| Gina
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[imdbtitle:2369235|Dean Slater: Resident Advisor]]''
| Samantha Montaigne
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Remaining]]''
| Allison
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Late Bloomer''
| Jenny Taft
| Hallmark TV Movie
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Aaron Stone]]''
| Chase Ravenwood
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2009
| ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''
| Hot Woman #1
| Episode: "[[The Front Porch]]"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Immigration Officer #2
| Episode: "[[House Divided]]"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Greek (TV series)|Greek]]''
| Delia
| Episode: "Social Studies"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Secret Girlfriend]]''
| Sasha
| 6 episodes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[True Jackson, VP]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Pajama Party"
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Unnatural History (TV series)|Unnatural History]]''
| Maggie Winnock
| Series regular
|-
| 2012
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Vanessa Drake
| Episode: "Pick and Roll"
|-
| 2014–15
| ''[[Chasing Life]]''
| April Carver
| Lead role Nominated {{ndash}} [[Golden Maple Award]] for Newcomer of the Year in a TV series broadcasted in the U.S. (2015)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Levine|first1=Sydney|title=Golden Maple Awards’15 Winners Include Brandon Jay McLaren and Amanda Crew {{!}} IndieWire |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2015/07/golden-maple-awards15-winners-include-brandon-jay-mclaren-and-amanda-crew-171061/|website=www.indiewire.com|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Fatal Memories''
| Sutton Roberts
| [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] movie
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]''
| [[Silver Banshee|Siobhan Smythe / Silver Banshee]]
| 5 episodes <ref>{{cite web|title="Supergirl" Italia Ricci joins series as Silver Banshee |url=http://pulse.com.gh/movies/supergirl-italia-ricci-joins-series-as-silver-banshee-id4436352.html|website=Pulse.com.gh|publisher=Chidumga Izuzu|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–present
| ''[[Designated Survivor (TV series)|Designated Survivor]]''
| Emily Rhodes
| Series regular
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2680758}}
*{{Facebook|id=missitaliaricci|name=Italia Ricci}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ricci, Italia}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ontario]]
[[Category:Actresses of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States]]
[[Category:Canadian film actresses]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Richmond Hill, Ontario]]
[[Category:Queen's University alumni]]

Barbour County, West Virginia

2019-04-07T21:22:42Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Unincorporated communities */ Adma added

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox U.S. County
| county = Barbour County
| state = West Virginia
| seal =
| founded date = March 3
| founded year = 1843
| named for = [[Philip Pendleton Barbour]]
| seat wl = Philippi
| largest city wl = Philippi
| area_total_sq_mi = 343
| area_land_sq_mi = 341
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.8
| area percentage = 0.5%
| census estimate yr = 2016
| pop = 16831<ref name=PopHousingEst>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates |date=August 15, 2017 |accessdate=August 15, 2017|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
| density_sq_mi = 49
| time zone = Eastern
| ex image = BarbourCountyCourthouse.jpg
| ex image cap = [[Barbour County Courthouse]] in Philippi
| web = http://www.barbourcounty.wv.gov/
| district = 1st
}}

[[File:Map of Barbour County, W.Va., 1883.jpg|thumb|278px|<center>"Map of Barbour County, W.Va., 1883" showing its eight magisterial districts.</center>]]

'''Barbour County''' is a [[County (United States)|county]] in north-central [[West Virginia]], USA. At the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], the population was 16,589.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=State & County QuickFacts|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/54/54001.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> The [[county seat]] is [[Philippi, West Virginia|Philippi]],<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=May 31, 2011 }}</ref> which was [[Municipal charter#United States|chartered]] in 1844. Both county and city were named for [[Philip Pendleton Barbour]] (1783–1841), a [[United States Congress|U.S. Congressman]] from Virginia and Associate Justice of the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]. The county was formed in 1843<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcounties.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=July 23, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010923185022/http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcounties.html |archivedate=September 23, 2001 }}</ref> when the region was still part of the state of [[Virginia]]. In 1871, a small part of Barbour County was transferred to [[Tucker County]], West Virginia.

The [[Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)|Battle of Philippi]], also known as the "Philippi Races", was fought in Barbour County on June 3, 1861. Although a minor action, it is generally considered the first land engagement of the [[American Civil War]].

[[Alderson Broaddus University]], an [[American Baptist Churches USA|American Baptist]] institution, is in the county. The University's [[Physician Assistant]] (PA) program is one of the world's oldest and best established.

==History==

===Settlement and formation===
The first white settlement in present-day Barbour County was established in 1780 by Richard Talbott – along with his brother Cotteral and sister Charity – about three miles (5 km) downriver from the future site of Philippi.<ref>The Talbotts settled at the mouth of Hacker's Creek. [[Hu Maxwell|Maxwell, Hu]] (1899), ''The History of Barbour County, From its Earliest Exploration and Settlement to the Present Time'', [[The Acme Publishing Company]], [[Morgantown, West Virginia|Morgantown, W.Va.]]. (Reprinted, [[McClain Printing Company]], [[Parsons, West Virginia|Parsons, W.Va.]], 1968.), pg 473.</ref> At this time the region was still a part of [[Monongalia County, West Virginia|Monongalia County]], Virginia. The region had had no permanent [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] settlements and so conflicts with Native Americans were relatively infrequent in the early days. Nevertheless, the Talbotts were obliged to leave their homestead several times for safety and twice found it necessary to retreat back east of the Alleghenies, returning each time. No member of this eventually large family was ever killed by Indian attacks.<ref>Maxwell, ''Op. cit.'', pg 474.</ref>

Over time, parts of the future Barbour County were included in the newly created Harrison (1784), Randolph (1787), and Lewis (1816) Counties. Barbour County itself was created in 1843 and named for the late Virginia politician and [[jurist]] [[Philip Pendleton Barbour]] (1783–1841). (Barbour had served as a [[United States Congress|U.S. Congressman]] from Virginia, Speaker of the House, and Associate Justice of the [[United States Supreme Court]].) The settlement of [[Philippi, West Virginia|Philippi]] – formerly "Anglin's Ford" and "Booth's Ferry" – was [[platted]], named, and made the [[county seat]] in the same year; it was chartered in 1844. By the 1850s, when a major [[Philippi Covered Bridge|covered bridge]] was constructed at Philippi to service travellers on the [[Beverly-Fairmont Turnpike]], the County's population was approaching 10,000 people.

The first newspaper in the County was the ''Barbour Jeffersonian'', published starting in August 1857 and running only to about June 1861. It was put out by Thompson Surghnor (1820-1864).<ref>Barbour County Historical Society (1979), ''Barbour County, West Virginia...Another Look''; Taylor Publishing Company, pg 30.</ref>

===Civil War===
In April 1861, an [[Ordinance of Secession|Ordinance of Secession from the United States of America]] was approved throughout the state of [[Virginia]] in a [[referendum]]. Delegates from 25 western counties, however, assembled at [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] on 13 May for the first of a two meetings (see [[Wheeling Convention]]) called to repeal the Ordinance. The delegates from Barbour County for the first convention were Spencer Dayton, John H. Shuttleworth, and E.H. Manafee. Barbour County had voted in favor of Virginia's secession, though, and a palmetto secession flag had been flying above the courthouse since January, 1861.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbarbour00maxw|title=The history of Barbour County, West Virginia, from its earliest exploration and settlement to the present time|last=Maxwell|first=Hu|date=1899|publisher=Morgantown, W. Va. : Acme Publishing Company|others=West Virginia University Libraries}}</ref>

On 3 June 1861, Philippi was the scene of one of the [[Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)|first battles]] of the [[American Civil War]]. The battle was later lampooned as the "Philippi Races" because of the hurried retreat by the Confederate troops encamped in the town. (The skirmish is [[American Civil War reenactment|reenacted]] every June during the town's "Blue and Gray Reunion".) At daylight on June 3, two columns of Union forces under the command of Col. [[Benjamin Franklin Kelley]] and Col. [[Ebenezer Dumont]], with perhaps 3,000 men, arrived from [[Grafton, West Virginia|Grafton]] and attacked about 800 poorly armed [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] recruits under the command of Col. [[George A. Porterfield]]. The Union troops had marched all night through a heavy rain storm to arrive just before daylight. The surprise attack awakened the sleeping Confederates. After firing a few shots at the advancing Union troops, the Southerners broke lines and began running frantically to the south, some still in their bed clothes.

The Union victory in a relatively bloodless battle propelled the young [[Major General (United States)|Major General]] [[George B. McClellan]] into the national spotlight, and he would soon be given command of all Union armies. The battle also inspired more vocal protests in the Western part of Virginia against secession. On 11 June, the second [[Wheeling Convention]] met in that city and Barbour County was again represented by Dayton and Shuttleworth, who were this time joined by N.H. Taft. The Convention nullified the Virginia Ordinance of Secession and named [[Francis H. Pierpont]] governor. These events would eventually result in the separate statehood of West Virginia.

===Later history===
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
The economy and infrastructure in Barbour grew steadily, but slowly, through the late 19th century. Although the first railroad had reached nearby [[Grafton, West Virginia|Grafton]] in 1852, a narrow-gauge railroad was not laid through the County until the early 1880s; a standard gauge line followed in the 1890s.

In 1990, private developers offered Barbour County citizens $4M to $6M annually in host fees to accept out-of-state garbage into a County landfill over the following three decades. Up to 200,000 tons of garbage per month would be delivered.<ref>"Landfill Controversy Divides Barbour County" (1990), ''Charleston Gazette'' (Oct 28 issue).</ref> (At the time, the County's annual budget was only about $1M.) County voters rejected the offer.<ref>"Barbour Rejecting Landfill" (1990), ''[[Charleston Gazette]]'', (Nov 7 issue).</ref>

===Registered Historic Places===
{{main|List of Registered Historic Places in West Virginia}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* '''Belington'''
** [[Bernard E. Wilmoth House]]
* '''Berryburg'''
** [[Adaland]], ''restored home of a 19th Century lawyer''
* '''Carrollton'''
** [[Carrollton Covered Bridge]]
* '''Clemtown'''
** [[Ida L. Reed Homestead]]
{{col-break}}
* '''Elk City'''
** [[J. N. B. Crim House]]
* '''Philippi'''
** [[Barbour County Courthouse]]
** [[Peck-Crim-Chesser House]]
** [[Philippi B & O Railroad Station]]
** [[Philippi Covered Bridge]]
** [[Philippi Historic District]]
** [[Whitescarver Hall]]
{{col-end}}

==Geography==

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the county has a total area of {{convert|343|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|341|sqmi}} is land and {{convert|1.8|sqmi}} (0.5%) is water.<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/counties_list_54.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 23, 2015|date=August 22, 2012|title=2010 Census Gazetteer Files}}</ref>

Barbour County is situated on the [[Allegheny Plateau]] at the western edge of the [[Allegheny Mountains]] (represented by [[Laurel Mountain (West Virginia)|Laurel Mountain]] at the County's eastern boundary). Most of the County is drained by the [[Tygart Valley River]] which traverses it from south to north and on which its three largest settlements – Philippi, [[Belington, West Virginia|Belington]], and [[Junior, West Virginia|Junior]] – are sited. Tributaries of the Tygart in the County include Teter Creek, Laurel Creek, Hacker's Creek, the [[Buckhannon River]] and the [[West Fork River]]. A portion of the County in the west drains into the [[Middle Fork River]], principally through [[Elk Creek (West Virginia)|Elk Creek]]. [[Audra State Park]] – the County's only state park – is situated on the Middle Fork in the southwest corner. [[Teter Creek Lake Wildlife Management Area]] – the County's only WMA – is located on that stream and lake in the eastern portion. All of the mentioned streams are part of the greater [[Monongahela River]] watershed.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Major highways===
*[[Image:US 119.svg|23px]] [[U.S. Highway 119]]
*[[Image:US 250.svg|23px]] [[U.S. Highway 250]]
*[[Image:WV-20.svg|20px]] [[West Virginia Route 20]]
*[[Image:WV-38.svg|20px]] [[West Virginia Route 38]]
*[[Image:WV-57.svg|20px]] [[West Virginia Route 57]]
*[[Image:WV-76.svg|20px]] [[West Virginia Route 76]]
*[[Image:WV-92.svg|20px]] [[West Virginia Route 92]]
{{col-break}}

===Adjacent counties===
*[[Taylor County, West Virginia|Taylor County]] (north)
*[[Tucker County, West Virginia|Tucker County]] (east)
*[[Randolph County, West Virginia|Randolph County]] (southeast)
*[[Upshur County, West Virginia|Upshur County]] (southwest)
*[[Harrison County, West Virginia|Harrison County]] (west)
*[[Preston County, West Virginia|Preston County]] (northeast)
{{col-end}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 9005
|1860= 8958
|1870= 10312
|1880= 11870
|1890= 12702
|1900= 14198
|1910= 15858
|1920= 18028
|1930= 18628
|1940= 19869
|1950= 19745
|1960= 15474
|1970= 14030
|1980= 16639
|1990= 15699
|2000= 15557
|2010= 16589
|estyear=2016
|estimate=16831
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |title=U.S. Decennial Census |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=January 9, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html |archivedate=May 12, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref> 1790–1960<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu|title=Historical Census Browser|publisher=University of Virginia Library|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 1900–1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/wv190090.txt|title=Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 1990–2000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf|title=Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> 2010–2015<ref name="QF" />
}}

===2000 census===
At the census<ref name="GR8">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=2011-05-14 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 }}</ref> of 2000, there were 15,557 people, 6,123 households, and 4,365 families residing in the county. The population density was 46 people per square mile (18/km²). There were 7,348 housing units at an average density of 22 per square mile (8/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.36% [[Race (U.S. census)|White]], 0.49% [[Race (U.S. census)|Black]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|African American]], 0.71% [[Race (U.S. census)|Native American]], 0.26% [[Race (U.S. census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Race (U.S. census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.12% from [[race (U.S. census)|other races]], and 1.03% from two or more races. 0.47% of the population were [[Race (U.S. census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (U.S. census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 6,123 households out of which 30.10% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.20% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 25.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out with 23.00% under the age of 18, 9.40% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 25.20% from 45 to 64, and 15.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $24,729, and the median income for a family was $29,722. Males had a median income of $24,861 versus $17,433 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,440. 22.60% of the population and 18.40% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 32.00% of those under the age of 18 and 16.70% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States Census]], there were 16,589 people, 6,548 households, and 4,643 families residing in the county.<ref name="census-dp1">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US54001
|title=DP-1 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data
|accessdate=2016-04-03
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The population density was {{convert|48.6|PD/sqmi}}. There were 7,849 housing units at an average density of {{convert|23.0|/sqmi}}.<ref name="census-density">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY07/0500000US54001
|accessdate=2016-04-03
|title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The racial makeup of the county was 96.8% white, 0.7% black or African American, 0.6% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.6% of the population.<ref name="census-dp1"/> In terms of ancestry, 23.4% were [[Germans|German]], 22.3% were [[Americans|American]], 13.6% were [[Irish people|Irish]], and 11.0% were [[English people|English]].<ref name="census-dp2">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US54001
|title=DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|accessdate=2016-04-03
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>

Of the 6,548 households, 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 29.1% were non-families, and 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age was 41.5 years.<ref name="census-dp1"/>

The median income for a household in the county was $31,212 and the median income for a family was $39,434. Males had a median income of $34,573 versus $21,797 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,304. About 14.3% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 27.5% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.<ref name="census-dp3">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP03/0500000US54001
|title=DP03 SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
|accessdate=2016-04-03
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Hidden begin
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff;
|title = Presidential elections results
}}
{| align="center" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Presidential elections results'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS|title=Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections|last=Leip|first=David|website=uselectionatlas.org|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref>
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Year
! [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
! [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
! [[Third Party (United States)|Third parties]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2016|2016]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''74.0%''' ''4,527''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|20.0% ''1,222''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|6.0% ''367''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2012|2012]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''66.2%''' ''3,824''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|30.6% ''1,768''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|3.2% ''185''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2008|2008]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''59.1%''' ''3,685''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|38.8% ''2,419''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|2.1% ''128''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2004|2004]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''60.2%''' ''4,004''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|39.2% ''2,610''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.6% ''41''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 2000|2000]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''56.4%''' ''3,411''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|41.4% ''2,503''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|2.3% ''137''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1996|1996]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|35.6% ''2,155''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''50.9%''' ''3,076''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|13.5% ''816''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1992|1992]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|33.4% ''2,322''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''49.9%''' ''3,467''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|16.8% ''1,165''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1988|1988]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|48.3% ''3,023''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''51.5%''' ''3,221''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.3% ''17''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1984|1984]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''55.4%''' ''3,877''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|44.4% ''3,108''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.1% ''10''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1980|1980]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|46.7% ''3,311''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''48.7%''' ''3,451''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|4.6% ''324''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1976|1976]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.0% ''3,235''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''53.0%''' ''3,647''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1972|1972]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''66.3%''' ''4,432''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|33.8% ''2,258''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1968|1968]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.3% ''3,206''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''47.3%''' ''3,210''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|5.4% ''365''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1964|1964]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|34.7% ''2,533''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''65.3%''' ''4,758''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1960|1960]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''51.2%''' ''4,006''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|48.8% ''3,818''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election in West Virginia, 1956|1956]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''54.6%''' ''4,460''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|45.4% ''3,707''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1952|1952]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''50.1%''' ''4,504''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|49.9% ''4,489''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1948|1948]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.3% ''3,834''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''52.3%''' ''4,238''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.4% ''28''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1944|1944]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''51.8%''' ''3,993''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|48.2% ''3,718''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1940|1940]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|47.7% ''4,576''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''52.3%''' ''5,025''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1936|1936]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|42.1% ''3,875''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''57.5%''' ''5,284''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|0.4% ''39''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1932|1932]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|45.5% ''3,652''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''52.7%''' ''4,228''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.8% ''142''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1928|1928]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''53.5%''' ''4,023''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|46.5% ''3,491''
| style="text-align:center;|
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1924|1924]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''45.4%''' ''3,347''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|43.3% ''3,188''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|11.3% ''836''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1920|1920]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''56.6%''' ''3,763''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|41.8% ''2,777''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.7% ''111''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1916|1916]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|'''52.2%''' ''2,083''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|46.3% ''1,848''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|1.4% ''57''
|-
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''[[United States presidential election, 1912|1912]]'''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Republican}}|16.5% ''607''
| style="text-align:center; {{Party shading/Democratic}}|'''42.3%''' ''1,561''
| style="text-align:center; background:honeyDew;"|41.3% ''1,523''
|}
{{Hidden end}}

==Economy==
Major employment in Barbour County is provided by health care and social service sectors, retail, education, accommodation and food services, logging and wood product manufacturing, trucking and construction. The largest employers are Alderson Broaddus University and Broaddus Hospital.

[[Bituminous coal]] mining has been significant in Barbour; seven times as much tonnage has been produced from underground as by [[surface mining]]. Natural gas and oil wells provide a modest amount of employment. Wholesale [[lumber]] production (wood and wood products) is also present. (The county is a member of the West Virginia Hardwood Alliance Zone.) There is notable production of eggs and horse raising, but the major agricultural products are livestock, forage, dairy foods and orchard fruits.

==Communities==
[[Image:PhilippiWV3.jpg|thumb|400px|right|View of [[Philippi, West Virginia|Philippi]], county seat of Barbour County. Visible are the historic [[Philippi Covered Bridge]] spanning the [[Tygart Valley River]] and the main administrative building and chapel of [[Alderson Broaddus University]] atop "Battle Hill" (upper left) overlooking the town.]]

===City===
*[[Philippi, West Virginia|Philippi]] (county seat)

===Towns===
*[[Belington, West Virginia|Belington]]
*[[Junior, West Virginia|Junior]]

===Census-designated places===
*[[Century, West Virginia|Century]]
*[[Galloway, West Virginia|Galloway]]

===Unincorporated communities===
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
*[[Adaland, West Virginia|Adaland]]
*[[Adma, West Virginia|Adma]]
*[[Arden, Barbour County, West Virginia|Arden]]
*[[Audra, West Virginia|Audra]]
*[[Bear Mountain, West Virginia|Bear Mountain]]
*[[Berryburg, West Virginia|Berryburg]]
*[[Berryburg Junction, West Virginia|Berryburg Junction]]
*[[Boulder, West Virginia|Boulder]] (Rangoon)
*[[Brownton, West Virginia|Brownton]]
*[[Calhoun, West Virginia|Calhoun]]
*[[Carrollton, West Virginia|Carrollton]]
*[[Century Junction, West Virginia|Century Junction]]
*[[Claude, West Virginia|Claude]]
*[[Clemtown, West Virginia|Clemtown]]
*[[Corder Crossing, West Virginia|Corder Crossing]]
*[[Corley, Barbour County, West Virginia|Corley]]
*[[Cove Run, West Virginia|Cove Run]]
*[[Dartmoor, West Virginia|Dartmoor]]
*[[Dent, West Virginia|Dent]]
*[[Elk City, West Virginia|Elk City]]
*[[Finegan Ford, West Virginia|Finegan Ford]]
*[[Gage, West Virginia|Gage]]
*[[Hall, West Virginia|Hall]]
*[[Hopewell, Barbour County, West Virginia|Hopewell]]
*[[Independence, Barbour County, West Virginia|Independence]]
*[[Jones, West Virginia|Jones]]
*[[Kalamazoo, West Virginia|Kalamazoo]]
*[[Kasson, West Virginia|Kasson]]
*[[Kirt, West Virginia|Kirt]]
*[[Lantz, West Virginia|Lantz]]
*[[Longview, West Virginia|Longview]]
*[[Mansfield, West Virginia|Mansfield]]
*[[Meadowville, West Virginia|Meadowville]]
*[[Meriden, West Virginia|Meriden]]
*[[Middle Fork, West Virginia|Middle Fork]]
*[[Moatsville, West Virginia|Moatsville]]
*[[Mount Liberty, West Virginia|Mount Liberty]]
*[[Murphy, West Virginia|Murphy]]
*[[Nestorville, West Virginia|Nestorville]]
*[[Overfield, West Virginia|Overfield]]
*[[Peeltree, West Virginia|Peeltree]]
*[[Pepper, West Virginia|Pepper]]
*[[Pleasure Valley, West Virginia|Pleasure Valley]]
*[[Stringtown, Barbour County, West Virginia|Stringtown]]
*[[Tacy, West Virginia|Tacy]]
*[[Talbott, West Virginia|Talbott]]
*[[Tygart Junction, West Virginia|Tygart Junction]]
*[[Union, Barbour County, West Virginia|Union]]
*[[Valley Bend, Barbour County, West Virginia|Valley Bend]]
*[[Valley Furnace, West Virginia|Valley Furnace]]
*[[Vannoys Mill, West Virginia|Vannoys Mill]]
*[[Volga, West Virginia|Volga]]
*[[Weaver Community, West Virginia|Weaver Community]]
*[[Wellington Heights, West Virginia|Wellington Heights]]
*[[Werner, West Virginia|Werner]]
*[[West Junior, West Virginia|West Junior]]
{{div col end}}

===Minor civil divisions===
Barbour County is divided into three [[United States magistrate judge#State courts|magisterial districts]]: North, South and West. Assessment and Tax Districts include: Barker, Belington Corporation, Cove, Elk, Glade, Junior Corporation, Philippi, Philippi Corporation, Pleasant, Union and Valley. The City of Philippi is sub-divided into that city's four [[Wards of the United States|wards]]. The town of Belington, however, has its Wards 1 and 2 in Valley District and Wards 3 and 4 in Barker District.

==Notable natives and residents==
*[[Ann Jarvis|Ann Maria Reeves Jarvis]] (1832–1905), social activist who – along with her daughter [[Anna Jarvis|Anna Marie Jarvis]] (1864–1948) – is credited with founding [[Mother's Day (United States)|Mother's Day]], lived in the county for several years
*[[William Smith O'Brien (Congressman)]] (1862–1948), born at [[Audra, West Virginia|Audra]]
*[[Ida Lilliard Reed]] (1865–1951), hymn writer
*[[Ted Cassidy]] (1932–79), actor who played [[Lurch (The Addams Family)|Lurch]] and "[[Thing (Addams Family)|Thing]]" on the 1960s TV show ''[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]''
*[[Larry Groce]] (b. 1948), noted singer and songwriter, lived near [[Galloway, West Virginia|Galloway]] in the late 1980s

==See also==
* [[Barbour County Schools]]
* [[USS Barbour County (LST-1195)]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Barbour County, West Virginia]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Other sources===
*''Barbour County West Virginia...Another Look'' (1979), Compiled by [[The Barbour County Historical Society]], [[Taylor Publishing Company]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas, TX]] and [[Paoli, Pennsylvania|Paoli, PA]].
*Coonts, Violet Gadd (2nd ed, May 1991), ''The Western Waters: Early Settlers of Eastern Barbour County, West Virginia'', Assisted by Gilbert Gray Coonts and Harold Cart Gadd, Published by Stephen P. Coonts, [[Denver, Colorado|Denver, CO]].
*Coffman, Mary Stemple and Ethel Park Stemple (1978), ''Footsteps of Our Fathers: Early Settlers of Tacy (Barbour County) W. Va.''; Baltimore.
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iVqoPQAACAAJ Hardesty's Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia, Illustrated]: Containing large scale copper plate Maps of Each State and Territory of the United States, and the Provinces of Canada ... Special History of the Virginias, Maps and Histories of Lewis, Upshur and Barbour Counties, West Virginia ...'' Volume 4 of the series published by H.H. Hardesty, 1883, 391 pages. (Reprint edition edited by [[Jim Comstock]]; Subsequent reprint by Wes Cochran. Contains a brief history of Barbour County and biographical sketches of its citizens.)
*Mattaliano, Jane K. and Lois G. Omonde (1994), ''Milestones: A Pictorial History of Philippi, West Virginia, 1844–1994'', [[Virginia Beach, Virginia]]: [[The Donning Company Publishers]].
*Myers, Karl or Elmer (''ca.'' 1935), ''One-Room Schoolhouses'', 1 min. home movie of one-room Barbour County schoolhouses; [[West Virginia State Archives]] (Available on DVD set ''[[Treasures from American Film Archives: 50 Preserved Films]]'', 2000).
*Shaffer, John W. (2003), ''Clash of Loyalties: A Border County in the Civil War'', [[Morgantown, West Virginia]]: [[West Virginia University Press]].
*Shingleton, George A. (1976), ''History of Mt. Morris School, Church and Cove District'', [[Parsons, West Virginia]]: [[McClain Printing Company]].
*Smith, Barbara and Carl Briggs (2000), ''Barbour County'' (Series: Images of America), [[Arcadia Publishing]], [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston, SC]].
*Zinn, W.D. (1931), ''The Story of Woodbine Farm'', [[Buckhannon, West Virginia]]: Kent Reger, Job Printer. (A detailed account of life and work on a Barbour County [Shooks Run] farm in the late-19th/early-20th centuries.)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629143235/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/barbour.html Barbour County history sources at the West Virginia Division of Culture and History]
*[http://www.barbourcountywveda.org/ Barbour County Economic Development Authority]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070925041326/http://www.bc-net.org/barbour/Barbour+Schools.nsf?OpenDatabase Barbour County Schools]
*[http://barbourcountyfair.com/ Barbour County Fair Association]
*[http://www.wvgenweb.org/barbour/ WVGenWeb Barbour County]
*[http://afobcwv.org/ Animal Friends of Barbour County – A No-Kill Shelter]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Barbour County, West Virginia
|North = [[Taylor County, West Virginia|Taylor County]]
|Northeast = [[Preston County, West Virginia|Preston County]]
|East = [[Tucker County, West Virginia|Tucker County]]
|Southeast = [[Randolph County, West Virginia|Randolph County]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Upshur County, West Virginia|Upshur County]]
|West = [[Harrison County, West Virginia|Harrison County]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Barbour County, West Virginia}}
{{West Virginia}}

{{coord|39.13|-80.00|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-WV_source:UScensus1990}}

[[Category:Barbour County, West Virginia| ]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1843]]
[[Category:Counties of Appalachia]]

Revolution (disambiguation)

2019-04-03T17:38:53Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Albums */ typo

{{Wiktionary|Revolution|revolution|révolution}}

A '''[[revolution]]''' is a drastic political or social change that usually occurs relatively quickly.

'''Revolution''' may also refer to:

{{TOC Right}}

==Aviation==
*[[Warner Revolution I]], an American homebuilt aircraft design
*[[Warner Revolution II]], an American homebuilt aircraft design

==Books==
*[[Revolution (book)|''Revolution'' (book)]], by Russell Brand, 2014
*[[Revolution (novel)|''Revolution'' (novel)]], by Jennifer Donnelly, 2010
*''Revolution'', the first part of the 2013 novelization of the first book of the animated TV series ''[[The Legend of Korra]]''
*''[[The Revolution: A Manifesto]]'', by Ron Paul, 2008

==Comics==
*[[Revolution (Marvel Comics)|''Revolution'' (Marvel Comics)]], 2000
*[[Revolution (IDW Publishing)|''Revolution'' (IDW Publishing)]], 2016

==Computing==
*[[Revolution Analytics]], a statistical software company
*Revolution, former name of [[LiveCode]], a software platform and cross-platform software development environment featuring a dynamically-typed programming language known as Transcript
*Runtime Revolution (RunRev), former name of [[LiveCode (company)|LiveCode]], Ltd., the software company that develops the LiveCode software platform
*Revolution, prototype name for the [[Wii]] video game console produced by Nintendo
*[[Revolution Software]], an English videogame company
*Revolution Web Call Accounting, a call accounting company acquired by [[Resource Software International Ltd.]]
*[[Revolution (video game)|''Revolution'' (video game)]], 1986 computer game released by U.S. Gold

==Engineering and science==
*In astronomy and related fields, the term "[[Orbital revolution|revolution]]" is used when one body moves around (orbits) another while the term "[[rotation]]" is used to mean the movement around an axis
*[[Industrial Revolution]], an 18th–19th-century period of rapid technological development in the West
*[[Second Industrial Revolution]], also known as the Technological Revolution
*[[Revolution engine]], a Harley–Davidson engine
*[[Revolutions per minute]] (RPM), a unit of frequency measuring rotational speed, as around a fixed axis

==Film==
*''Revolution'', a 1967 eight-minute short by [[Peter Greenaway]]
*[[Revolution (1968 film)|''Revolution'' (1968 film)]], a documentary film by Jack O'Connell made in San Francisco
*''Révolution'', a 1985 French adult film directed by [[José Bénazéraf]]
*[[Revolution (1985 film)|''Revolution'' (1985 film)]], a film about a New York fur trapper during the American Revolutionary War
*[[Revolution!!]] (1989), a comic re-enactment of the French Revolution by the National Theatre of Brent
*[[Revolution (2009 film)|''Revolution'' (2009 film)]], a Moroccan 2009 short film
*[[Revolution (2012 film)|''Revolution'' (2012 film)]], a documentary movie about taking a stand against environmental degradation
*''[[RevoLOUtion: The Transformation of Lou Benedetti]]'' a 2006 dramedy about a Brooklyn boxer
*''[[Revolution OS]]'' (2001), a 2001 documentary on Linux and the free software movement
*[[Revolution Studios]], a film production company

==Television==
*[[Revolution (Law & Order: Criminal Intent)|"Revolution" (''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'')]], the ''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'' eighth season finale based on a banking revolution
*[[The Revolution (miniseries)|''The Revolution'' (miniseries)]], a 2006 American documentary miniseries about the American Revolution that was broadcast on History Channel
*[[The Revolution (TV program)|''The Revolution'' (TV program)]], a 2012 American health and lifestyle talk television program that aired on ABC
*[[Revolution (TV series)|''Revolution'' (TV series)]], a U.S. science fiction series that ran from 2012 to 2014
*[[Revolucija (TV series)|''Revolucija'' (TV series)]], a Serbian television series that ran from 2013 to 2015

==Mathematics==
*[[Surface of revolution]]
*[[Revolution (geometry)]] or turn, a complete rotation, 360°
**[[Orbital revolution]], the cyclical path taken by one object around another object, as of planets

==Medicine==
*[[Selamectin]], a parasiticide and anthelminthic for cats and dogs, with the trade name Revolution

==Music==
===Albums===
*[[Revolution (All Star United album)|''Revolution'' (All Star United album)]], and the title song
*[[Revolution (Crematory album)|''Revolution'' (Crematory album)]], and the title song
*[[Revolution (The Dubliners album)|''Revolution'' (The Dubliners album)]]
*[[Revolution (Hypnogaja album)]]
*[[Revolution (Kara album)|''Revolution'' (Kara album)]]
*[[Revolution (Lacrimosa album)|''Revolution'' (Lacrimosa album)]], and the title song
*[[Revolution (Little Steven album)|''Revolution'' (Little Steven album)]], and the title song
*[[Revolution (Miranda Lambert album)|''Revolution'' (Miranda Lambert album)]]
*[[Revolution (Sirsy album)|''Revolution'' (Sirsy album)]]
*[[Revolution (Sister Machine Gun album)|''Revolution'' (Sister Machine Gun album)]]
*[[Revolution (Slaughter album)|''Revolution'' (Slaughter album)]]
*[[Revolution (Tiësto album)|''Revolution'' (Tiësto album)]]
*[[Revolution (YFriday album)|''Revolution'' (YFriday album)]], and the title song
*''[[Revolution!]]'', by Paul Revere & The Raiders
*[[Revolution (One Minute Silence EP)|''Revolution'' (One Minute Silence EP)]], and the title song
*[[Revolution (Anew Revolution EP)|''Revolution'' (Anew Revolution EP)]]
*''Revolution'', by [[2R (group)|2R]]
*''Revolution'', by [[Dilba]]
*''Revolution'', by [[Diplo]], and the title song
*''Revolution'', by [[Wickeda]]
*[[The Revolution (Belly album)|''The Revolution'' (Belly album)]]
*[[The Revolution (Inhabited album)|''The Revolution'' (Inhabited album)]]
*''The Revolution (EP)'', by [[Van William]], and the title song featuring [[First Aid Kit (band)|First Aid Kit]]
*''[[(R)evolution]]'', by Minimum Serious
*''[[(r)Evolution]]'', by HammerFall
*''[[REvolution]]'', by Lynch Mob

===Songs===
*[[Revolution (Beatles song)|"Revolution" (Beatles song)]], 1968
*[[Revolution (Chumbawamba song)|"Revolution" (Chumbawamba song)]], 1985
*[[Revolution (Jars of Clay song)|"Revolution" (Jars of Clay song)]], 2002
*[[Revolution (Judas Priest song)|"Revolution" (Judas Priest song)]], 2005
*[[Revolution (Nina Simone song)|"Revolution" (Nina Simone song)]], 1968
*[[Revolution (R3hab and Nervo and Ummet Ozcan song)|"Revolution" (R3hab and Nervo and Ummet Ozcan song)]], 2013
*[[Revolution (Stefanie Heinzmann song)|"Revolution" (Stefanie Heinzmann song)]], 2008
*[[Revolution (Tomorrow song)|"Revolution" (Tomorrow song)]], 1967
*[[Revolution (The Veronicas song)|"Revolution" (The Veronicas song)]], 2006
*"Revolution", by [[30 Seconds to Mars#Non-album tracks|30 Seconds to Mars]], an unreleased song
*"Revolution", by [[Aimee Allen]], used as the title music for the TV series ''Birds of Prey''
*"Revolution", by [[Arrested Development (group)|Arrested Development]]
*"Revolution", by Bang Camaro from ''[[Bang Camaro II]]''
*"Revolution", by Bob Marley from ''[[Natty Dread]]''
*"Revolution", by Built to Spill from ''[[Ultimate Alternative Wavers]]''
*"Revolution", by The Cult from ''[[Love (The Cult album)|Love]]''
*"Revolution", by [[Dennis Brown]]
*"Revolution", by Doug Wimbish from ''[[CinemaSonics]]''
*"Revolution", by Eric Clapton from ''[[Back Home (Eric Clapton album)|Back Home]]''
*"Revolution", by Flogging Molly from ''[[Speed of Darkness]]''
*"Revolution", by Krayzie Bone, featuring The Marley Brothers, from ''[[Thug Mentality 1999]]''
*"Revolution", by Lil' Kim from ''[[The Notorious K.I.M.]]''
*"Revolution", by Livin Out Loud from ''[[Then and Now (Livin Out Loud album)|Then and Now]]''
*"Revolution", by Moth from ''[[Immune to Gravity]]''
*"Revolution", by P.O.D. from ''[[Payable on Death]]''
*"Revolution", by Public Enemy from ''[[New Whirl Odor]]''
*"Revolution", by R.E.M. from the soundtrack ''Batman & Robin'' and their documentary video ''[[Road Movie (video)|Road Movie]]''
*"Revolution", by Robbie Williams from ''[[Escapology (album)|Escapology]]''
*"Revolution", by Rogue Traders from ''[[We Know What You're Up To]]''
*"Revolution", by Spacemen 3 from ''[[Playing with Fire (Spacemen 3 album)|Playing with Fire]]''
*"Revolution" by Steve Angello from ''[[Wild Youth (album)|Wild Youth]]
*"Revolution", by Theatre of Tragedy from ''[[Forever Is the World]]''
*"Revolution", by Thompson Twins from ''[[Here's to Future Days]]''
*"[[Revolution (B-Boy Anthem)]]", by Zion I
*"[[Revolution (In the Summertime?)]]", by Cosmic Rough Riders
*"[[Revolution 9]]", by The Beatles
*"[[Revolution 909]]", by Daft Punk
*"Revolution 1993", by Jamiroquai from ''[[Emergency on Planet Earth]]''
*"Revolution Song", by Oasis, a demo recorded during the sessions for ''[[Standing on the Shoulder of Giants]]''
*[[The Revolution (Exile Tribe song)|"The Revolution" (Exile Tribe song)]]
*"The Revolution", by Attack Attack! from ''[[This Means War (Attack Attack! album)|This Means War]]''
*"The Revolution", by BT from the soundtrack ''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider#Soundtrack|Lara Croft: Tomb Raider]]''
*"The Revolution", by Chris de Burgh from ''[[The Getaway (Chris de Burgh album)|The Getaway]]''
*"The Revolution", by Coolio from ''[[Gangsta's Paradise (album)|Gangsta's Paradise]]''
*"The Revolution", by David Byrne from ''[[Look into the Eyeball]]''
*"The Revolution", by Scooter from ''[[Back to the Heavyweight Jam]]''
*"The Revolution", by Tom Verlaine from ''[[The Miller's Tale: A Tom Verlaine Anthology]]''
*"La révolution", by Tryo from ''[[Mamagubida]]''
*"(r)Evolution", by HammerFall from ''[[(r)Evolution]]''

===Other===
*[[The Revolution (band)]], Prince's original band, formed in 1979
*[[Revolution Records]], a U.S. record label

==Politics==
*[[Revolution (political group)]], a political group founded by the League for a Fifth International
*[[Total revolution]], the political philosophy of veganism and anarchism

==Publications==
*[[Revolution (weekly)|''Revolution'' (weekly)]], organ of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA
*[[The Revolution (newspaper)|''The Revolution'' (newspaper)]], a women's rights newspaper published from 1868 to 1872
*[[Revolution (magazine)|''Revolution'' (magazine)]], a luxury horology quarterly magazine

==Society==
*[[Revolution (Pleasure Beach Blackpool)]], a roller coaster at Blackpool Pleasure Beach, England
*[[Vekoma Illusion#Revolution|Vekoma Illusion]], a roller coaster model named Revolution at Bobbejaanland in Belgium
*[[Revolution (vodka bar)]], a brand of bars founded in Manchester in 1996
*[[Revolution LLC]], a principal investment firm founded by former AOL chairman Steve Case
*[[Revolution (pet medicine)]], a flea and heartworm preventative treatment for cats and dogs
*[[The Revolution (radio station)]], a radio station broadcasting to Oldham, Rochdale and Tameside, United Kingdom

==Sport==
*[[New England Revolution]], a Major League Soccer team
*Revolution, a ball rotation in [[ten-pin bowling]]
*Revolution, nickname of a [[United States men's national Australian rules football team]]
*[[Shropshire Revolution]], American football team in Shropshire, England
*[[Revolution (cycling series)]], a track cycling event held at the Manchester Velodrome, England
*Various professional wrestling tag teams and stables:
**[[The Revolution (TNA)]] in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
**[[The Revolution (WCW)]], in World Championship Wrestling
**[[Revolution (puroresu)]] in various puroresu promotions

==See also==
*[[List of revolutions and rebellions]]
*[[Revolución (disambiguation)]]
*[[Revolutions (disambiguation)]]
*[[Viva la revolución (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

Monet's Garden (horse)

2019-03-25T15:39:11Z

Fallen Sheep: added country

{{About|the racehorse|the gardens of painter Claude Monet|Fondation Monet in Giverny}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=October 2011}}
{{weasel|date=November 2018}}}}
{{Infobox thoroughbred racehorse
| horsename = Monet's Garden
| image_name = Monet's Garden (Racehorse).jpg
| caption =
| sire = Roselier
| grandsire = Misti IV
| dam = Royal Remainder
| damsire = Remainder Man
| sex = [[Gelding]]
| foaled = 1 April 1998
| country = [[Ireland]]
| colour = [[Grey (horse)|Grey]]
| breeder = William Delahunty
| owner = David Wesley Yates
| trainer = Nicky Richards
| record = 32: 17-4-2
| earnings = £683,265<ref name="Monet's Garden Form Guide"/>
| race = [[Ascot Hurdle]] (2004) [[Liverpool Hurdle]] (2005) [[Future Champion Novices' Chase]] (2006) [[Ascot Chase]] (2007, 2010) [[Melling Chase]] (2007) [[Old Roan Chase]] (2007, 2009, 2010) [[Peterborough Chase]] (2008)
| awards =
| honours =
|updated=
}}

'''Monet's Garden''' was a retired Irish [[racehorse]]. Born in April 1998, he was a winner in 17 of his 32 starts, being placed second four times and third on two other occasions, earning £683,265 total prize money. The [[grey (horse)|grey]] [[gelding]] was owned by David Wesley Yates and trained by [[Nicky Richards]]; he was bred by William Delahunty.<ref name="Monet's Garden Form Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.racingpost.com/horses/horse_home.sd?horse_id=573513#topHorseTabs=horse_race_record&bottomHorseTabs=horse_form|title=Monet's Garden|publisher=Racing Post}}</ref>

==Aintree Record==
Although Monet's Garden was a winner of big races at [[Ascot Racecourse|Ascot]] and [[Huntingdon Racecourse|Huntingdon]], he was perhaps best known for his wins at [[Aintree Racecourse|Aintree]]: Of his 32 career starts, 9 of them were at Aintree, producing 5 wins. He finished runner-up to Garde Champetre in the 2004 [[Mersey Novices' Hurdle]], notably beating [[Inglis Drever]] into fourth place with Court Shareef in third. His next appearance at Liverpool was in the [[Liverpool Hurdle]] of 2005, then only a Grade 2 contest. Monet's Garden went one better this time however in a dramatic race- with the well fancied Rule Supreme unseating [[Ruby Walsh]] after being hampered by the refusing Westender at only the second flight.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

Monet's Garden would next appear at Aintree for the 2007 renewal of the Grade 1 [[Melling Chase]], when he recorded a sound victory over Taranis and Well Chief.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

[[File:Monet's Garden.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.50|alt=With Tony Dobbin aboard, leaving the parade ring at Aintree prior to his Melling Chase victory in April 2007.]]
His next start at Aintree was also a winning one on his 2007-08 [[National Hunt]] Season reappearance in the Grade 2 [[Old Roan Chase]]. He beat the then [[Cheltenham Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] hero [[Kauto Star]], although the latter was conceding weight all-round to his three rivals on his reappearance. Monet's Garden wouldn't then win at Aintree again for a clear two years- he was well beaten in the [[Totesport Bowl]] in 2008 and was beaten again in the 2008 renewal of the Old Roan by Knowhere. However, in the 2009 renewal, he made most of the running en route to convincingly reversing that 2008 form, with [[Tidal Bay]] in second, said 2008 victor Knowhere coming home in third and subsequent [[Grand National]] winner [[Don't Push It]] in fourth.

==Ascot and Windsor==
Monet's Garden had a good record at Ascot, winning twice and finishing second out of four starts. He also won the [[Ascot Hurdle]] when it was staged at [[Windsor Racecourse|Windsor]] in November 2004, with Ascot being closed for rebuilding at the time- beating Monkerhostin by a clear 4 lengths.<ref>http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=360480&r_date=2004-11-19&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS</ref>

His first win at Ascot was achieved in great fashion in the [[Ascot Chase]] of 2007, when beating Thisthatandtother, River City, Fota Island and Central House.<ref>http://www.racingpost.com/horses/result_home.sd?race_id=424174&r_date=2007-02-17&popup=yes#results_top_tabs=re_&results_bottom_tabs=ANALYSIS</ref>

His next start at Ascot would be in the 2008 renewal of the Ascot Chase, although this time Kauto Star convincingly extracted his revenge for his Old Roan defeat earlier that Season. He would be well beaten again when contesting the Amlin 1965 Grade 2 Chase in November 2009, although Monet's Garden rolled back the years in his final start at Ascot in the Ascot Chase of 2010- beating subsequent [[Ryanair Chase|Ryanair]] and Melling Chase victor Alberta's Run by a length and a half.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

==Peterborough Chase==
Monet's Garden won the 2008 Totesport Peterborough Chase at Huntingdon, narrowly beating 2008 [[Betfair Chase]] winner Snoopy Loopy by a half length.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

==Retirement==
Monet's Garden returned lame after his win in the 2010 Old Roan Chase and missed his intended target of competing in the 2010 [[Peterborough Chase]]. He had sustained an abscess on his foot and was hoped to be aimed at another tilt at the 2011 Ascot Chase. However the problem became life-threatening and news of his immediate retirement broke in January 2011. Monet's Garden was treated at Oaklands Veterinary Centre, where he received treatment for the infection, part of which involved having a specialist horse shoe fitted.

In October 2011, it was announced that the Old Roan Chase would be renamed the Monet's Garden Old Roan Chase in honour of the three-time winner and the horse would return to Aintree to parade before racegoers. In 2013, he followed Grand National legend Red Rum in having a bar at Carlisle racecourse named after him and was present at the opening of Monet's Bar.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

Monet's Garden was euthanized on 20 November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/horseracing/7793348/jumps-racing-legend-monets-garden-dies-at-the-age-of-20/|title=Jumps racing legend Monet’s Garden dies at the age of 20|work=[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]|date=20 November 2018|accessdate=20 November 2018}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=tabloid|date=November 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1998 racehorse births]]
[[Category:Racehorses bred in Ireland]]
[[Category:Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Steeplechase racehorses]]
[[Category:2018 racehorse deaths]]
[[Category:Thoroughbred family 2-n]]

Secretariat (horse)

2019-03-21T02:05:00Z

Fallen Sheep: /* References */ added commons link

{{short description|Thoroughbred race horse; winner of US Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in 1973}}
{{featured article}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox racehorse
| horsename = Secretariat
| image = Secretariat at stud.jpg
| caption = Secretariat as an older stallion
| sire = [[Bold Ruler]]
| grandsire = [[Nasrullah (horse)|Nasrullah]]
| dam = [[Somethingroyal]]
| damsire = [[Princequillo]]
| sex = [[Stallion (horse)|Stallion]]
| foaled = March 30, 1970 [[Christopher Chenery##Meadow Stable|The Meadow]], [[Caroline County, Virginia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|10|4|1970|3|30}} [[Claiborne Farm]] [[Paris, Kentucky]]
| country = United States
| color = [[Chestnut (coat)|Chestnut]]
| breeder = Meadow Stud ([[Christopher Chenery]])
| racing_colors= Blue, white blocks, white stripes on sleeves, blue cap
| owner = Meadow Stable ([[Christopher Chenery]], [[Penny Chenery]])
| trainer = [[Charels Floyd ]]
| record = 21:16–3–1
| earnings = $1,316,808<ref name="EquibaseProfile">{{cite web|title=Profile – Secretariat|url=http://www.equibase.com/profiles/Results.cfm?type=Horse&refno=444670&registry=T&rbt=TB|website=Equibase|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref>
| race = [[Sanford Stakes]] (1972) [[Hopeful Stakes (United States)|Hopeful Stakes]] (1972) [[Belmont Futurity Stakes|Futurity Stakes]] (1972) [[Laurel Futurity]] (1972) [[Garden State Futurity]] (1972) [[Bay Shore Stakes]] (1973) [[Gotham Stakes]] (1973) [[Secretariat Stakes|Arlington Invitational]] (1973) [[Marlboro Cup]] (1973) [[Man o' War Stakes]] (1973) [[Canadian International Stakes|Canadian International]] (1973)
'''[[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown race]] wins:''' [[Kentucky Derby]] ([[1973 Kentucky Derby|1973]]) [[Preakness Stakes]] ([[1973 Preakness Stakes|1973]]) [[Belmont Stakes]] ([[1973 Belmont Stakes|1973]])
| awards = [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion]] (1973) [[American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt]] (1972) [[American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse]] (1973) [[American Champion Male Turf Horse]] (1973) [[American Horse of the Year]] (1972, 1973) [[Leading broodmare sire in North America]] (1992)
| honors = [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|U.S. Racing Hall of Fame]] (1974) [[Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame]] (2007) [[Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame]] (2013) [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postage Stamp]] (1999) [[Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century|#2 – Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century]]<ref name=Duke14>Duke, p. 14</ref>
}}

'''Secretariat''' (March 30, 1970 – October 4, 1989) was an American [[Thoroughbred]] [[racehorse]] who, in 1973, became the first [[United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] winner in 25 years. His record-breaking victory in the [[Belmont Stakes]], which he won by 31 [[Horse length|lengths]], is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time. During his racing career, he won five [[Eclipse Awards]], including [[American Horse of the Year|Horse of the Year]] honors at ages two and three. He was elected to the [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]] in 1974. In the [[Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century|List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century]], Secretariat is second only to [[Man o' War]] (racing career 1919–1920), who also was a large [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]] [[Colt (horse)|colt]] given the nickname "Big Red".

At age two, Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a [[Glossary of North American horse racing#M|maiden]] race, but then won seven of his remaining eight starts, including five stakes victories. His only loss during this period was in the [[Champagne Stakes (United States)|Champagne Stakes]], where he finished first but was disqualified to second for interference. He received the [[Eclipse Award]] for [[American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt|champion two-year-old colt]], and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year, a rare honor for a horse so young. At age three, Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown, he set speed records in all three races. His time in the [[Kentucky Derby]] still stands as the [[Churchill Downs]] track record for {{frac|1|1|4}} miles, and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for {{frac|1|1|2}} miles on the dirt. His controversial time in the [[Preakness Stakes]] was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012. Secretariat's win in the [[Gotham Stakes]] tied the track record for 1 mile, he set a world record in the [[Marlboro Cup]] at {{frac|1|1|8}} miles, and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on [[Poaceae#Sports turf|turf]]. He lost three times that year: in the [[Wood Memorial]], [[Whitney Handicap|Whitney]], and [[Woodward Stakes]], but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon. He won his second Horse of the Year title, plus Eclipse Awards for [[Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Colt|champion three-year-old colt]] and [[American Champion Turf Horse|champion turf horse]].

At the beginning of his three-year-old year, Secretariat was [[Syndicate#Business syndicates|syndicated]] for a record-breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year. Although he sired several successful racehorses, he ultimately was most influential through his daughters' offspring, becoming the [[leading broodmare sire in North America]] in 1992. His daughters produced several notable [[Glossary of equestrian terms#S|sires]], including [[Storm Cat]], [[A.P. Indy]], [[Gone West]], [[Dehere]] and [[Chief's Crown]], and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions. Secretariat died in 1989 due to [[laminitis]] at age 19. He is recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history.

==Background==
Secretariat was officially bred by [[Christopher Chenery|Christopher Chenery's]] Meadow Stud,<ref name="EquibaseProfile" /> but the breeding was actually arranged by [[Penny Chenery]] (then known as Penny Tweedy), who had taken over the running of the stable in 1968 when her father became ill.<ref name="drfUnscripted" /> Secretariat was sired by [[Bold Ruler]] and his dam was [[Somethingroyal]], a daughter of [[Princequillo]]. Bold Ruler was the [[leading sire in North America]] from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973.<ref name="TBheritage">{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Anne|last2=Erigero|first2=Patricia|title=Leading Sires of the U.S.A|url=http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricSires/LeadingSires/AmLeadSires.html|website=Thoroughbred Heritage|accessdate=July 23, 2016}}</ref> Owned by the [[Phipps family]], Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina, having won the [[Preakness Stakes]] and Horse of the Year honors in 1957, and [[American Champion Sprint Horse]] honors in 1958.<ref name="InfluenceBoldRuler">{{cite web|title=The Influence of Bold Ruler|last1=Peters|first1=Anne|date=March 28, 2014|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/115401/the-influence-of-bold-ruler|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 25, 2016}}</ref> Bold Ruler was retired to [[Stud (horse)|stud]] at [[Claiborne Farm]], but the Phippses owned most of the [[mare]]s to which Bold Ruler was bred, and few of his offspring were sold at public auction.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tower|first1=Whitney|title=Bold is the Badge of Champions|date=February 22, 1965|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1965/02/22/607320/bold-is-the-badge-of-champions|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> To bring new blood into their breeding program, the Phippses sometimes negotiated a foal-sharing agreement with other mare owners:<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hall|first1=Tom|date=February 1, 1998|title=Foal Sharing |url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10409/foal-sharing |website=The Horse|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Instead of charging a [[stud fee]] for Bold Ruler, they would arrange for multiple matings with Bold Ruler, either with two mares in one year or one mare over a two-year period. Assuming two foals were produced, the Phipps family would keep one and the mare's owner would keep the other, with a [[coin toss]] determining who received first pick.<ref name="drfUnscripted">{{cite web|last=Christine|first=Bill|url=http://www.drf.com/news/penny-chenerys-life-unscripted|title=Penny Chenery's life, unscripted|work=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 27, 2016|date=September 30, 2010}}</ref><ref name=BigRedBook41>Nack, p.41</ref>

Under such an arrangement, Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968, Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal. She then sent [[Cicada (horse)|Cicada]] and Somethingroyal in 1969. The foal-sharing agreement stated that the winner of the coin toss would get first pick of the foals produced in 1969, while the loser of the toss would get first pick of the foals due in 1970. In the spring of 1969, a [[colt (horse)|colt]] and [[filly]] were produced. In the 1969 breeding season, Cicada did not conceive, leaving only one foal due in the spring of 1970. Thus, the winner of the coin toss would get only one foal (the first pick from 1969), and the loser would get two (the second pick from 1969 and the only foal from 1970). Chenery later said that both owners hoped they would lose the coin toss,<ref>Woolfe, p.10</ref> which was held in the fall of 1969 in the office of [[New York Racing Association]] Chairman [[Alfred G. Vanderbilt II]], with [[Arthur B. Hancock, Jr.|Arthur "Bull" Hancock]] of Claiborne Farm as witness. [[Ogden Phipps]] won the toss and took the 1969 [[weanling]] filly out of Somethingroyal.<ref name="drfUnscripted"/><ref name="Woolfe9">Woolfe, pp. 9–12</ref> The filly was named The Bride and never won a race, though she did later become a stakes producer.<ref name="EVirginia">{{cite web|title=Chenery, Christopher T. (1886–1973)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Chenery_Christopher_T_1886-1973#start_entry|website=Encyclopedia Virginia|accessdate=July 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Bride|url=http://www.pedigreequery.com/the+bride|website=Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database|accessdate=June 5, 2016}}</ref> Chenery received the Hasty Matelda colt in 1969 and the as-yet-unborn 1970 foal of Somethingroyal, which turned out to be Secretariat.<ref name=drfUnscripted />

===Early years===
{{quote box
| quote = 'A foal is born at midnight And in the frosty morn The horseman eyes him fondly, And a secret hope is born. But breathe it not, nor whisper For fear of a neighbor's scorn. He's a chestnut colt, and he's got a star. He may be another Man o' War. Nay, say it aloud – be shameless. Dream and hope and yearn, For there's never a man among you But waits for his return.
| source = —''from "Big Red"'', by J.A. Estes<ref name="Blood-Horse p39">"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 39</ref>{{efn|Man o' War, like Secretariat, was known as "Big Red."<ref name="Schwartz">{{cite web|last1=Schwartz|first1=Larry|title=Man o' War came close to perfection|url=http://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016132.html|website=ESPN|accessdate=October 3, 2016}}</ref> The poem was quoted by Edward L. Bowen in "Joining the Giants", an article in ''[[The Blood-Horse]]'' magazine about Secretariat's Belmont win. The article's author added a footer to the poem, "Perhaps the wait has ended," in reference to Secretariat.<ref name="Blood-Horse p39" /> The author of the poem, Joe Estes, joined ''The Blood-Horse'' in 1930 and became its editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bowen|first1=Edward|title=BH 100: Instant Classic|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/213278/bh-100-instant-classic|website=Blood-Horse |accessdate=October 2, 2016|date=February 20, 2016}}</ref>}}
| font = 110%
| width = 18em
| align = right
| bgcolor = #c9def5
}}

On March 30, 1970, at 12:10 a.m. at the Meadow Stud in [[Caroline County, Virginia]], Somethingroyal foaled a bright-red chestnut colt with three white [[Horse markings#Leg markings|socks]] and a [[Horse markings#Facial markings|star with a narrow stripe]]. The foal stood when he was 45 minutes old and nursed 30 minutes later. Howard Gentry, the manager of Meadow Stud, was at the foaling and later said, "He was a very well-made foal. He was as perfect a foal that I ever delivered."<ref name="Glauber">{{cite web |last1=Glauber |first1=Bill |title='It Was Like He Was Flying': In Five Weeks in 1973, Secretariat Went From a Potentially Great Horse to a Racing Legend |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1993-05-02/sports/sp-30060_1_horse-racing |website=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=July 4, 2016 |date=May 2, 1993}}</ref> The colt soon distinguished himself from the others. "He was always the leader in the crowd," said Gentry's nephew, Robert, who also worked at the farm. "To us, he was Big Red, and he had a personality. He was a clown and was always cutting up, always into some devilment."<ref>{{cite web|title=Gentry Shares Life on Farm with Secretariat |url=http://www.bluefield.edu/article/gentry-shares-life-on-farm-with-secretariat/ |website=bluefield.edu|date=February 18, 2011|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> Some time later, Chenery got her first look at the foal and made a one word entry in her notebook: "Wow!"<ref name=Woolfe25>Woolfe, p. 25</ref>

That fall, Chenery and Elizabeth Ham, the Meadow's longtime secretary, worked together to name the newly weaned colt. The first set of names submitted to the Jockey Club (Sceptre, Royal Line, and Something Special) played on the names of his sire and dam, but were rejected. The second set, submitted in January 1971, were Games of Chance, Deo Volente ("God Willing"), and Secretariat, the last suggested by Ham based on her previous job associated with the [[United Nations Secretariat|secretariat]] of the [[League of Nations]] (the predecessor of the United Nations).<ref name=EVirginia /><ref name=BigRedBook49>Nack, p. 49</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lusky |first1=Leonard |title=Ask Penny |url=http://www.secretariat.com/ask-penny/|website=secretariat.com|accessdate=June 23, 2016}}</ref>

==Appearance and conformation==
[[File:Points of a horse.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Equine anatomy]]]]
Secretariat grew into a massive, powerful horse said to resemble his sire's maternal grandsire, [[Discovery (horse)|Discovery]]. He stood {{hands|16.2}} when fully grown.<ref name="AmericanClassicPedigrees">{{cite web|title=Secretariat (horse)|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/secretariat.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> He was noted for being exceptionally well-balanced, a big, powerful horse described as having "nearly perfect" [[equine conformation|conformation]] and stride [[Sports biomechanics|biomechanics]].<ref name="Mitchell93-4">Mitchell, p. 93–94</ref> His [[Equine conformation#The Chest|chest]] was so large that he required a custom-made [[girth (tack)|girth]], and he was noted for his large, powerful, well-muscled hindquarters. An Australian trainer said of him, "He is incredible, an absolutely perfect horse. I never saw anything like him."<ref name="drfIllman"/>

Secretariat's absence of major conformation flaws was important, as horses with well made [[limbs of the horse|limbs]] and feet are less likely to become injured.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tate|first1=James|title=Is Conformation Relevant?|url=http://trainermagazine.com/articles/2013/4/29/is-conformation-relevant|website=Trainer Magazine|date=July 10, 2008|accessdate=July 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708105615/http://trainermagazine.com/articles/2013/4/29/is-conformation-relevant|archive-date=July 8, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Secretariat's hindquarters were the main source of his power, with a sloped [[Rump (animal)|croup]] that extended the length of his femur.<ref name=SecretariatGears>{{cite web|title=Secretariat: Horsegears conformation analysis|url=http://www.horsegears.com/secretariat.html|website=Horsegears|accessdate=July 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182825/http://www.horsegears.com/secretariat.html|archive-date=October 9, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> When in full stride, his hind legs were able to reach far under himself, increasing his drive.<ref name="drfHatton1972" /> His ample girth, long back and well-made neck all contributed to his heart-lung efficiency.<ref name=SecretariatGears /><ref name=drfHatton1972 />

The manner in which Secretariat's body parts fit together determined the efficiency of his stride, which affected his acceleration and endurance. Even very small differences in the length and angles of bones can have a major effect on performance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Horsegears Racehorse Conformation Gears Theory|url=http://horsegears.com/gearstheory.html|website=Horsegears|accessdate=July 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182700/http://horsegears.com/gearstheory.html|archive-date=October 9, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Secretariat was well put together even as a two-year-old, and by the time he was three, he had further matured in body and smoothed out his gait. The New York Racing Association's Dr. M. A. Gilman, a veterinarian who routinely measured leading Thoroughbreds with a goal of applying science to create better ways to breed and evaluate racehorses, measured Secretariat's development from two to three as follows:<ref name="drfIllman">{{cite web|last1=Illman|date=September 23, 2010|first1=Dan|title=Secretariat, Charles Hatton, HandiGambling pp's|url=http://www.drf.com/blogs/secretariat-charles-hatton-handigambling-pps|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>Mitchell, pp. 83–84</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; "
|-
!Measurement
!October aged 2
!October aged 3
|-
|Height (at [[withers]])
|{{hands|16+3/4}}
|{{hands|16.1+1/2}}
|-
|Point of shoulder to point of shoulder (chest width)
|{{convert|16 |in|cm}}
|{{convert|16.5 |in|cm}}
|-
|Girth (around [[center of gravity]])
|{{convert|74 |in|cm|0}}
|{{convert|76 |in|cm|0}}
|-
|Withers to point of shoulder
|{{convert|28 |in|cm}}
|{{convert|28.5 |in|cm}}
|-
|[[Limbs of the horse#legs|Elbow to ground]] (length of leg)
|{{convert|37.5 |in|cm}}
|{{convert|38.5 |in|cm}}
|-
|Point of shoulder to point of hip
| {{convert|46 |in|cm|0}}
| {{convert|49 |in|cm|0}}
|-
|Point of hip to point of hip
| {{convert|25 |in|cm}}
| {{convert|26 |in|cm}}
|-
|Point of hip to [[hock (zoology)|hock]]
|{{convert|40 |in|cm}}
| {{convert|40 |in|cm}}
|-
|Point of hip to buttock
|{{convert|24 |in|cm}}
|{{convert|24 |in|cm}}
|-
|[[Poll (livestock)|Poll]] to withers (neck length)
| {{convert|40 |in|cm}}
|{{convert|40 |in|cm}}
|-
|Buttock (croup) to ground (height in rear)
|{{convert|53.5 |in|cm|0}}
|{{convert|55.5 |in|cm|0}}
|-
|Point of shoulder to point of buttock (body length)
|{{convert|68 |in|cm|0}}
| {{convert|69.5 |in|cm|0}}
|-
|Circumference of [[Limbs of the horse#legs|cannon under knee]]
|{{convert|8.25|in|cm}}
|{{convert| 8.5 |in|cm}}
|}

Secretariat's length of stride was considered large even after taking into account his large frame and strong build.<ref name="Mitchell93-4"/> While training for the Preakness Stakes, his stride was measured as 24 feet, 11 inches.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 28</ref> His powerful hindquarters allowed him to unleash "devastating" speed and because he was so well-muscled and had significant cardiac capacity, he could simply out-gallop competitors at nearly any point in a race.<ref name="Mitchell93-4"/>

His weight before the Gotham Stakes in April 1973 was {{convert|1155|lb}}.<ref name=BH5/> After completing the grueling Triple Crown, his weight on June 15 had dropped only 24 pounds, to {{convert|1131|lb}}.<ref name=drfIllman /> Secretariat was known for his appetite—during his three-year-old campaign, he ate 15 quarts of oats a day—and to keep the muscle from turning to fat, he needed fast workouts that could have won many a stakes race.<ref name="SI17" />

[[Seth Hancock]] of Claiborne Farm once said,
{{quote | You want to know who Secretariat is in human terms? Just imagine the greatest athlete in the world. The greatest. Now make him six-foot-three, the perfect height. Make him real intelligent and kind. And on top of that, make him the best-lookin' guy ever to come down the pike. He was all those things as a horse.<ref name=SILongform />}}

==Racing career==
[[File:Owner Meadow Stable.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|Racing colors of Meadow Stable]]
Secretariat raced in Meadow Stables' blue-and-white-checkered colors. He never raced in [[leg wraps|track bandages]], but typically wore a [[blinders|blinker hood]], mostly to help him focus, but also because he had a tendency to run in towards the rail during races.<ref name="drfIllman"/> In January 1972, he joined trainer [[Lucien Laurin]]'s winter stable at [[Hialeah Park Race Track|Hialeah]]. Secretariat gained a reputation as a kind horse, likeable and unruffled in crowds or by the bumping that occurs between young horses. He had the physique of a runner, but at first was awkward and clumsy. He was frequently outpaced by more precocious stable mates, running a quarter-mile in 26 seconds compared to 23 seconds by his peers.<ref name=BigRedBook66>Nack, pp. 66-7</ref> His regular exercise riders were Jim Gaffney and Charlie Davis. Davis was not initially impressed. "He was a big fat sucker", Davis said. "I mean, he was big. He wasn't in a hurry to do nothin'. He took his time. The quality was there, but he didn't show it until he wanted to."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hiers|first1=Fred|title=Secretariat's exercise rider reflects on champion horse|url=http://www.ocala.com/news/20100604/secretariats-exercise-rider-reflects-on-champion-horse|website=Ocala StarBanner|date=June 4, 2010|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> Gaffney though recalled his first ride on Secretariat in early 1972 as "having this big red machine under me, and from that very first day I knew he had a power of strength that I have never felt before ..."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jeansonne|first1=John|title=Jim Gaffney, exercise rider for Secretariat, dead at 75|url=http://www.newsday.com/long-island/obituaries/jim-gaffney-exercise-rider-for-secretariat-dead-at-75-1.1978626|website=Newsday|date=June 3, 2010|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref>

Groom [[Eddie Sweat]] was another important member of the Secretariat team, providing most of the daily hands-on care. Sweat once told a reporter, "I guess a groom gets closer to a horse than anyone. The owner, the trainer, they maybe see him once a day. But I lived with him, worked with him."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scanlan |first1=Lawrence |title=The horse God built: the untold story of Secretariat, the world's greatest racehorse |date=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-312-38225-4 |edition=1st U.S. |chapter=Prologue |url=https://www.amazon.com/Horse-God-Built-Secretariat-Racehorse/dp/0312382251/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8 }}</ref>

Laurin sent Chenery regular updates on Secretariat's progress, saying that the colt was still learning to run, or that he still needed to lose his baby fat.<ref name=BigRedBook66 /><ref name="Beauty" /> Chenery recalled that when Secretariat was in training, Lucien once said: "Your big Bold Ruler colt don't show me nothin'. He can't outrun a fat man."<ref name=loumag /> But Secretariat made steady progress over the spring. On June 6, he wore blinkers for the first time to keep his attention focused and responded with a half-mile workout in a solid 47{{frac|3|5}} seconds. On June 24, he ran a "bullet", the fastest workout of the day, at 6 furlongs in 1:12{{frac|4|5}} on a sloppy track. Laurin called Chenery at her Colorado home and advised her that Secretariat was ready to race.<ref name=BigRedBook77>Nack, pp. 77–78</ref>

===1972: Two-year-old season===
For his first start on July 4, 1972 at [[Aqueduct Racetrack]], Secretariat was made the lukewarm favorite at 3–1. At the start, a horse named Quebec cut in front of the field, causing a chain reaction that resulted in Secretariat being bumped hard. According to jockey Paul Feliciano, he would have fallen if he hadn't been so strong. Secretariat recovered, only to run into traffic on the backstretch. In tenth position at the top of the stretch, he closed ground rapidly and finished fourth, beaten by only {{frac|1|1|4}} [[horse length|lengths]].<ref name=SILongform /><ref name="Woolfe41">Woolfe, pp. 41–45</ref> In many of his subsequent races, Secretariat hung back at the start, which Laurin later attributed to the bumping he received in his debut.<ref name="SIPerfect" />

With Feliciano again up, Secretariat returned to the track on July 15 as the 6–5 favorite. He broke poorly, but then rushed past the field on the turn to win by six lengths.<ref name=Woolfe /> On July 31 in an allowance race at [[Saratoga Race Course|Saratoga]], Feliciano was replaced by [[Ron Turcotte]], the regular jockey for Meadow Stables. Turcotte had ridden the colt in several morning workouts, but had missed his first two starts while recovering from a fall. Secretariat's commanding win as the 2–5 favorite<ref name="Woolfe47">Woolfe, pp. 47–48</ref> caught the attention of veteran sportswriter, [[Charles Hatton]]. He later reported, "You carry an ideal around in your head, and boy, I thought, 'This is it.' I never saw perfection before. I absolutely could not fault him in any way. And neither could the rest of them and that was the amazing thing about it. The body and the head and the eye and the general attitude. It was just incredible. I couldn't believe my eyes, frankly."<ref name=Beauty>{{cite web|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/thoroughbred-bloggers-alliance/archive/2010/09/22/secretariat-the-beauty-of-being-everything.aspx|title=Secretariat: the beauty of being everything|last1=Wirth|first1=Jennifer|date=September 22, 2010|access-date=May 26, 2016|website=Blood-Horse }}</ref>

In August, Secretariat entered the [[Sanford Stakes]], facing off with highly regarded Linda's Chief. Entering the stretch, Secretariat was blocked by the horses in front of him but then made his way through "like a hawk scattering a barnyard of chickens"<ref name="drfHatton1972">{{cite web|last1=Hatton|first1=Charles|title=Secretariat: Hatton on the 1972 season (from the 1972 American Racing Manual)|date=March 8, 2012|url=http://www.drf.com/news/secretariat-hatton-1972-season|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> on his way to a three-length win. Sportswriter [[Andrew Beyer]] covered the race for the ''[[Washington Star]]'' and later wrote, "Never have I watched a lightly raced 2-year-old stamp himself so definitively as a potential great."<ref name="Beyer">{{cite web|last1=Beyer|first1=Andrew|title='Secretariat' introduces extraordinary horse to a new generation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/07/AR2010100700237.html|website=Washington Post|accessdate=June 26, 2016|date=October 7, 2010}}</ref>

Ten days later in the [[Hopeful Stakes]], Secretariat made a "dazzling" move, passing eight horses within {{frac|1|4}} mile to take the lead then drawing off to win by five lengths.<ref name=Keane /> His time of 1:16{{frac|1|5}} for {{frac|6|1|2}} furlongs was only {{frac|3|5}} of a second off the track record.<ref name=Woolfe51>Woolfe, p. 51</ref> Returning to Belmont Park on September 16, he won the [[Belmont Futurity]] by a length and a half after starting his move on the turn. He then ran in the [[Champagne Stakes (United States)|Champagne Stakes]] at Belmont on October 14 as the 7–10 favorite.<ref name="Woolfe" /> As had become his custom, he started slowly and then made a big move around the turn, blowing past his rivals to win by two lengths. However, following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards, Secretariat was disqualified and placed second for bearing in and interfering with [[Stop The Music (horse)|Stop the Music]], who was declared the winner.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Canadian Press|title=Stop the Music wins disqualification|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=82xkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GX0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2477,2912731&dq=secretariat+champagne-stakes&hl=en|work=Calgary Herald|accessdate=July 6, 2016|date=October 16, 1972|page=27}}</ref>

Secretariat then took the [[Laurel Futurity]] on October 28, winning by eight lengths over Stop the Music. His time on a sloppy track was just {{frac|1|5}} of a second off the track record.<ref name=Woolfe59>Woolfe, p. 59</ref> He completed his season in the [[Garden State Futurity]] on November 18, dropping back early and making a powerful move around the turn to win by {{frac|3|1|2}} lengths at 1–10 odds. Laurin said, "In all his races, he has taken the worst of it by coming from behind, usually circling his field. A colt has to be a real runner to do this consistently and get away with it."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tower|first1=Whitney|title=Thorns among the roses|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1972/11/27/619154/thorns-among-the-roses|website=Sports Illustrated|date=November 27, 1972|accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref>

Secretariat won the [[Eclipse Award]] for [[American Champion Two-Year-Old Male Horse]] and, in a rare occurrence, two two-year-olds topped the balloting for 1972 [[American Horse of the Year]] honors, with Secretariat edging out the undefeated filly, [[La Prevoyante]]. Secretariat received the votes of the [[Thoroughbred Racing Associations of North America]] and the [[Daily Racing Form]], while La Prevoyante was chosen by the [[National Turf Writers Association]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La Prevoyante or Secretariat, Horse of the Year 1972|url=http://colinsghost.org/2010/01/la-prevoyante-or-secretariat-horse-of-the-year-1972.html|website=Colin's Ghost: Thoroughbred Horse Racing History|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Cady| first1=Steve |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/27/archives/secretariat-is-horse-of-year-topping-la-prevoyante-in-poll.html | title=Secretariat Is Horse of Year, Topping La Prevoyante in Poll | work=New York Times | date=December 27, 1972 | accessdate=August 30, 2016 }}</ref> Only one horse since then, [[Favorite Trick]] in 1997, has won that award as a two-year-old.<ref name="FavoriteTrick">{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Alan|title=Trick's Pic Reinforces Nick|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/155908/tricks-pic-reinforces-nick|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 10, 2016}}</ref>

===1973: Three-year-old season===
In January 1973, Christopher Chenery, the founder of Meadow Stables, died and the taxes on his estate forced his daughter Penny to consider selling Secretariat. Together with Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm, she instead managed to [[syndicate]] the horse, selling 32 shares worth $190,000 each for a total of $6.08 million, a world syndication record at the time, surpassing the previous record for [[Nijinsky (horse)|Nijinsky]] who was syndicated for $5.44 million in 1970.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/27/archives/secretariat-is-syndicated-for-record-608million.html?_r=0|title=Secretariat Is Syndicated For Record $6.08‐Million|work=New York Times|date=February 27, 1973|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Hancock said the sale was easy, citing Secretariat's two-year-old performance, breeding, and appearance. "He's, well, he's a hell of a horse." Chenery retained four shares in the horse and would have complete control over his three-year-old racing campaign, but agreed that he would be retired at the end of the year.<ref name="SIPerfect">{{cite web|last1=Putnam|first1=Pat|date=March 26, 1973|title=Oh Lord, He's Perfect|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/03/26/567199/oh-lord-hes-perfect|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=June 26, 2016}}</ref>

Secretariat wintered in Florida but did not race until March 17, 1973 in the [[Bay Shore Stakes]] at Aqueduct, where he went off as the heavy favorite. As the trainer of one of his opponents put it, "The only chance we have is if he falls down."<ref name=SIPerfect /> Racing boxed in by horses on each side, Turcotte decided to go through a narrow gap between horses rather than try to circle the field. Secretariat broke free and won easily, but one of the other jockeys claimed that Secretariat had committed a foul going through the hole. The stewards reviewed photos from the race and determined that Secretariat was actually on the receiving end of a bump, so let the result stand.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 3</ref> The Bay Shore established that Secretariat had improved over the winter and that he could also handle adversity.<ref name="HaskinWinter">{{cite web|last1=Haskin|first1=Steve|date=January 21, 2013|title=Big Red and the Winter of '73|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2013/01/21/big-red-and-the-winter-of-73.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref>


In the [[Gotham Stakes]] on April 7, Laurin decided to experiment with Secretariat's running style. With no speed horses entered in the race, Secretariat would be allowed to set his own pace. Accordingly, Turcotte hustled Secretariat from the [[starting gate]] and they led easily. Down the stretch though, Champagne Charlie came running and at the [[Glossary of North American horse racing#E|eighth pole]] was almost even. Turcotte tapped Secretariat once on each side with the whip and Secretariat drew away to win by three lengths. He ran the first 3/4 mile in 1:08{{frac|3|5}} and finished the one-mile race in 1:33{{frac|2|5}}, matching the track record.<ref name=BH5>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 5</ref>

His final preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby was the [[Wood Memorial]], where he finished a surprising third to [[Angle Light]] and [[Santa Anita Derby]] winner [[Sham (horse)|Sham]]. Laurin was crushed, even though he had trained the winner, Angle Light, who set a slow pace and "stole" the race.<ref name=HaskinWinter /> Secretariat's loss was later attributed to a large abscess in his mouth, which made him sensitive to the bit.<ref name="SILongform">{{cite web|last1=Nack|first1=William|title=Pure Heart|url=https://www.si.com/longform/belmont/|website=Sports Illustrated Longform|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date=June 4, 1990}}</ref> Before and after the race, there was some ill feeling between Laurin and the trainer of Sham, [[Pancho Martin]], fanned by comments in the press. The dispute concerned the use of coupled entries{{efn|An "entry" or "coupled entry" is when multiple horses with the same owner or trainer are grouped together for betting purposes. A bet on the entry cashes in if either horse wins.<ref name="Industry glossary">{{cite web|title=Industry Glossary|url=http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm#e|website=Equibase|accessdate=August 21, 2016}}</ref>}} as Martin had entered two horses in addition to Sham, all with the same owner. There was fear that an entry could be used tactically to gang up on another horse. Stung by such insinuations, Martin wound up scratching the two horses that he had originally entered with Sham, and asked Lauren to do the same, but Laurin could not follow suit as Secretariat and Angle Light had different owners.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 6</ref>

Because of the Wood Memorial results, Secretariat's chances in the Kentucky Derby became the subject of much speculation in the media.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Capps|first1=Timothy T.|title=Secretariat|date=2003|publisher=Eclipse Press|location=Lexington, KY|isbn=1-58150-091-2|page=121|edition=1st}}</ref> Some questioned his stamina: in part because of his "blocky" build, more typical of a sprinter, and in part because of Bold Ruler's reputation as a sire of precocious sprinters.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 14</ref> Rumors circulated that Secretariat was unsound.<ref name=SILongform />

====Kentucky Derby====
The [[1973 Kentucky Derby]] on May 5 attracted a crowd of 134,476 to [[Churchill Downs]], then the largest crowd in North American racing history.<ref name="SIMurder">{{cite web|last1=Tower|first1=Whitney|title=It was murder|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/05/14/618031/it-was-murder|website=Sports Illustrated|date=May 14, 1973|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref> The bettors made the entry of Secretariat and Angle Light the 3–2 favorite, with Sham the second choice at 5–2. The start was marred when Twice a Prince reared in his stall, hitting Our Native, positioned next to him, and causing Sham to bang his head against the gate, loosening two teeth. Sham then broke poorly and cut himself, also bumping into Navajo. Secretariat avoided problems by breaking last from [[Glossary of North American horse racing#P|post position]] 10, then cut over to the rail. Early leader Shecky Greene set a reasonable pace, then gave way to Sham around the far turn. Secretariat came charging as they entered the stretch and battled with Sham down the stretch, finally pulling away to win by {{frac|2|1|2}} lengths. Our Native finished eight lengths further back in third.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', pp. 12, 14</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xXwsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1swEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6946,1218071&dq=secretariat+kentucky-derby&hl=en |title=Secretariat charges past Sham in Kentucky Derby win |work=Herald-Journal |date=May 6, 1973 |accessdate=June 20, 2012 |page=B1}}</ref>
[[File:1973 Kentucky Derby Secretariat.jpg|thumb|left|Secretariat at the Derby]]
On his way to a still-standing track record of 1:59{{frac|2|5}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Track Records – Churchill Downs|url=https://www.churchilldowns.com/racing-handicapping/handicapping/track-records|website=Churchill Downs|accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> Secretariat ran each quarter-mile segment faster than the one before it. The successive quarter-mile times were :25{{frac|1|5}}, :24, :23{{frac|4|5}}, :23{{frac|2|5}}, and :23.<ref name=SILongform /> This means he was still accelerating as of the final quarter-mile of the race.<ref name="AmericanClassicPedigrees" /> No other horse had won the Derby in less than 2 minutes before, and it would not be accomplished again until [[Monarchos]] ran the race in 1:59.97 in 2001.<ref name=Drape2001>{{cite web|last1=Drape|first1=Joe|title=Monarchos Makes His Point and Roars to Victory in the Derby|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/06/sports/horse-racing-monarchos-makes-his-point-and-roars-to-victory-in-the-derby.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date=May 6, 2001}}</ref>

Sportswriter Mike Sullivan later said:
{{quote|
I was at Secretariat's Derby, in '73 ... That was ... just beauty, you know? He started in last place, which he tended to do. I was covering the second-place horse, which wound up being Sham. It looked like Sham's race going into the last turn, I think. The thing you have to understand is that Sham was fast, a beautiful horse. ''He'' would have had the Triple Crown in another year. And it just didn't seem like there could ''be'' anything faster than that. Everybody was watching him. It was over, more or less. And all of a sudden there was this, like, just a disruption in the corner of your eye, in your peripheral vision. And then before you could make out what it was, here Secretariat came. And then Secretariat had passed him. No one had ever seen anything run like that – a lot of the old guys said the same thing. It was like he was some other animal out there.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=John Jeremiah|title=Blood horses : notes of a sportswriter's son|date=2004|publisher=Picador|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-312-42376-6|pages=19–20|url=https://www.amazon.com/Blood-Horses-Notes-Sportswriters-Son/dp/0312423764}}</ref>
}}

====Preakness Stakes====
[[File:Secretariat 1973 Preakness Winners Circle.jpg|thumb|Secretariat in the winner's circle after the Preakness, with Ron Turcotte, Lucien Lauren, Eddie Sweat and Penny Chenery (then Tweedy)]]
In the [[1973 Preakness Stakes]] on May 19, Secretariat broke last, but then made a huge, last-to-first move on the first turn. Raymond Woolfe, a photographer for the ''Daily Racing Form'', captured Secretariat launching the move with a leaping stride in the air. This was later used as the basis for the statue by [[John Skeaping]] that stands in the Belmont Park paddock.<ref name="HaskinViva">{{cite web|last1=Haskin|first1=Steve|title=Viva Big Red!|date=June 20, 2012|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2012/06/20/viva-big-red.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref> Turcotte later said that he was proudest of this win because of the split-second decision he made going into the turn: "I let my horse drop back, when I went to drop in, they started backing up into me. I said, 'I don't want to get trapped here.' So I just breezed by them."<ref name="PhillyTurcotte">{{cite web|last1=Jerardi|first1=Dick|title=Jockey looks back at Secretariat's 1973 Triple Crown|url=http://articles.philly.com/2008-06-05/sports/24990373_1_secretariat-s-triple-crown-ron-turcotte-greatest-race-horse|website=Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date=June 5, 2008}}</ref> Secretariat completed the second quarter mile of the race in under 22 seconds.<ref name=SI17 /> After reaching the lead with {{frac|5|1|2}} furlongs to go, Secretariat was never challenged, and won by {{frac|2|1|2}} lengths, with Sham again finishing second and Our Native in third, a further eight lengths back. It was the first time in history that the top three finishers in the Derby and Preakness were the same; the distance between each of the horses was also the same.<ref name=BH32>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 32</ref>

The time of the race was disputed. The infield teletimer displayed a time of 1:55 but it had malfunctioned because of damage caused by people crossing the track to reach the infield. The [[Pimlico Race Course]] clocker E.T. McLean Jr. announced a hand time of 1:54{{frac|2|5}}, but two ''Daily Racing Form'' clockers claimed the time was 1:53{{frac|2|5}}, which would have broken the track record of 1:54 set by [[Cañonero II]]. Tapes of Secretariat and Cañonero II were played side by side by CBS, and Secretariat got to the finish line first on tape, though this was not a reliable method of timing a horse race at the time. The Maryland Jockey Club, which managed the Pimlico racetrack and is responsible for maintaining Preakness records, discarded both the electronic and ''Daily Racing Form'' times and recognized the clocker's 1:54{{frac|2|5}} as the official time; however, the ''Daily Racing Form'', for the first time in history, printed its own clocking of 1:53{{frac|2|5}} underneath the official time in the chart of the race.<ref name=HaskinViva /><ref name=BH32/><ref name=drfpreakness/><ref name="Woolfe192">Woolfe, p.192</ref>

On June 19, 2012, a special meeting of the Maryland Racing Commission was convened at [[Laurel Park Racecourse|Laurel Park]] at the request of Penny Chenery, who hired companies to conduct a forensic review of the videotapes of the race. After over two hours of testimony, the commission unanimously voted to change the time of Secretariat's win from 1:54{{frac|2|5}} to 1:53, establishing a new stakes record. The ''Daily Racing Form'' announced that it would honor the commission's ruling with regard to the running time.<ref name=drfpreakness>{{cite web |url=http://www.drf.com/news/secretariat-awarded-preakness-record-153-after-review|title=Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1:53 after review|author=Hegarty, Matt|date=June 19, 2012|work=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> With the revised time, Sham also would have broken the old stakes record.<ref name=HaskinViva />

As Secretariat prepared for the [[Belmont Stakes]], he appeared on the covers of three national magazines: ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[Newsweek]]'', and ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''. He had become a national celebrity.<ref name="Keane">{{cite web|last1=Keane|first1=Patrick J.|title=Secretariat: A Personal Memoir|url=http://numerocinqmagazine.com/2015/09/06/secretariat-a-personal-memoir-patrick-j-keane/|website=Numéro Cinq|accessdate=June 27, 2016|date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> William Nack wrote: "Secretariat suddenly transcended horse racing and became a cultural phenomenon, a sort of undeclared national holiday from the tortures of [[Watergate]] and the [[Vietnam War]]."<ref name="SILongform" />
Chenery needed a secretary to handle all the fan mail and hired the [[William Morris Agency]] to manage public engagements.<ref name="Glauber" /> Secretariat responded to his fame by learning to pose for the camera.<ref name="HaskinRemembering" /><ref name="ChristineChampion">{{cite web|last1=Christine|first1=Bill|title=Secretariat Was Champion of the People, Both Young and Old|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-05/sports/sp-994_1_horse-racing-notes|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=July 4, 2016|date=October 5, 1989}}</ref>

====Belmont Stakes====
Only four horses ran against Secretariat for the June 9 [[1973 Belmont Stakes|Belmont Stakes]], including Sham and three other horses thought to have little chance by the bettors: Twice A Prince, My Gallant, and Private Smiles. With so few horses in the race, and Secretariat expected to win, no "show" bets were taken. Secretariat was sent off as a 1–10 favorite<ref name=APBelmont>{{cite web |agency=Associated Press| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19730610&id=SAYkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_AUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6608,2219029 | title=Secretariat: A Triple Terror | work=Ocala Star-Banner | date=June 10, 1973 | accessdate=June 20, 2012 | page=D1}}</ref> before a crowd of 69,138, then the second largest attendance in Belmont history.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nichols|first1=Joe|title=This Day In Sports – A Horse for the Ages|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/06.09.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=August 21, 2016|date=June 9, 1973}}</ref> The race was televised by CBS and was watched by over 15 million households, an [[Nielsen ratings#Ratings.2Fshare and total viewers|audience share]] of 52%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roundtable Discussion of the Jockey Club (1973)|url=http://www.jockeyclub.com/roundtable/pdf/roundtable_73.pdf|website=Jockey Club|accessdate=August 23, 2016|page=16}}</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = His only point of reference is himself.<ref name="ESPN1" />
| source = — Charles Hatton
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}}
On race day, the track was fast, and the weather was warm and sunny.<ref name=APBelmont /> Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him. The two ran the first quarter in a quick :23{{frac|3|5}} and the next quarter in a swift :22{{frac|3|5}}, completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field. After the six-furlong mark, Sham began to tire, ultimately finishing last. Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field. His time for the mile was 1:34{{frac|1|5}}, over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history, set by his sire Bold Ruler, who had eventually tired and finished third. Secretariat, however, did not falter. Turcotte said, "This horse really paced himself. He is smart: I think he knew he was going {{frac|1|1|2}} miles, I never pushed him."<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 40</ref> In the stretch, Secretariat opened a lead of almost {{frac|1|16}} of a mile on the rest of the field. At the finish, he won by 31 lengths, breaking the margin-of-victory record set by Triple Crown winner [[Count Fleet]] in 1943 of 25 lengths.<ref name=ESPN1 />
CBS Television announcer [[Chic Anderson]] described the horse's pace in a famous commentary:
{{quote|Secretariat is widening now! He is moving like a tremendous machine!<ref>{{cite news | date=June 11, 2012 | title= This day in history: June 9, 1973 | url= https://vancouversun.com/sports/This+history+June+1973/6764080/story.html | newspaper=Vancouver Sun | access-date=June 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ESPN1">{{cite web|last1=Flatter|first1=Ron|title=Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing|url=http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html|website=ESPN|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref>}}

The time for the race was not only a record, it was the fastest {{frac|1|1|2}} miles on dirt in history, 2:24 flat, breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds.<ref name=ESPN1 /> Secretariat's record still stands as an American record on the dirt.<ref name=AmericanRecords>{{cite web|title=North American Records|url=http://www.equibase.com/about/northamericanrecords.cfm|website=Equibase|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> If the [[Beyer Speed Figure]] calculation had been developed during that time, Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139, the highest he has ever assigned.<ref name=Beyer /><ref name="DRFBeyer">{{cite web|title=Daily Racing Form: Beyer Numbers|url=http://www.drf.com/products/beyers/beyers.html|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=July 10, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707190245/http://www1.drf.com/products/beyers/beyers.html|archivedate=July 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

A large crowd had started gathering around the paddock hours before the Belmont, many missing the races run earlier in the day for a chance to see the horses up close. Secretariat and Chenery were greeted with an enthusiasm that Chenery responded to with a wave or smile;<ref name=Hollingsworth /> Secretariat was imperturbable. A large cheer went up at the break, but as the race went on, the two most commonly reported reactions were disbelief and fear that Secretariat had gone too fast.<ref name="SILongform" /><ref name=Hollingsworth /><ref name="SIHistory" /><ref name="Woolfe121">Woolfe, pp. 121–122</ref> When it was clear that Secretariat would win, the sound reached a crescendo that reportedly made the grandstand shake.<ref name="HaskinRemembering">{{cite web|last1=Haskin|first1=Steve|title=Remembering Big Red|date=June 4, 2012|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2012/06/04/haskin-s-belmont-report-remembering-big-red.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Blood-Horse]]'' magazine editor Kent Hollingsworth described the impact: "Two twenty-four flat! I don't believe it. Impossible. But I saw it. I can't breathe. He won by a sixteenth of a mile! I saw it. I have to believe it."<ref name=Hollingsworth>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/187734/triple-crown-heroes-secretariat|title=Triple Crown Heroes: Secretariat|author=Hollingsworth, Kent|date=June 18, 1973|website=Blood-Horse|access-date=May 27, 2016}}</ref>

The race is widely considered the greatest performance of the twentieth century by a North American racehorse.<ref name="SIHistory">{{cite web|last1=Tower|first1=Whitney|date=June 18, 1973|title=History in the Making|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/06/18/614651/history-in-the-making|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Atlantic2013 /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cherwa|first1=John|title=Ranking the Triple Crown winners|url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-ranking-the-triple-crown-winners-20150605-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|date=June 5, 2015|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Secretariat became the ninth Triple Crown winner in history, and the first since [[Citation (horse)|Citation]] in 1948, a gap of 25 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Triple Crown Winners|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/triple-crown/triple-crown-winners|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Bettors holding 5,427 winning parimutuel tickets on Secretariat never redeemed them, presumably keeping them as souvenirs (and because the tickets would have paid only $2.20 on a $2 bet).<ref>{{cite web|title=Souvenir hunters failing to cash in on triple crown winner|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19730711&id=YORdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BV8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1480,1457892&hl=en|date=July 11, 1973|work=Observer-Reporter|accessdate=July 11, 2016|page=B3}}</ref>

====Arlington Invitational====
Three weeks after his win at Belmont, Secretariat was shipped to [[Arlington Park]] for the [[Secretariat Stakes|Arlington Invitational]]. Laurin explained: "Even before the Belmont, you remember, I said I really didn't know how I could give this horse a rest. He's so strong and full of energy. Well, this is only a week and a half after the Belmont, and believe me when I tell you, if I don't run this horse he's going to hurt himself in his stall. So we decided it would be nice to race him in Chicago to let the people in the Midwest have a chance to see him run." The race was run at {{frac|1|1|8}} miles with a purse of $125,000. The challengers were grouped as a single betting entry at 6–1: Secretariat was 1–20 (the legal minimum) and created a [[Glossary of North American horse racing#M|minus pool]] of $17,941.<ref name=BH47>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 47</ref>

Mayor [[Richard J. Daley|Richard Daley]] of Chicago declared that the Saturday of the race was Secretariat Day. A crowd of 41,223 (the largest at Arlington in three decades) greeted his arrival on the track with sustained applause. Secretariat broke poorly but soon went to the lead, setting slow early fractions. He gathered momentum on the final turn and eventually won by nine lengths in 1:47 flat, just {{frac|1|5}} off the track record set by [[Damascus (horse)|Damascus]].<ref name=BH47/> [[George Plimpton]] commented, "With a better start, a horse to press him and less bow to his turns, Secretariat might have posted a time that would have stood a century."<ref name=SIPlimpton>{{cite web|last1=Plimpton|first1=George|date=July 9, 1973| title=Crunch went the Big Red Apple|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/07/09/606526/crunch-went-the-big-red-apple|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref>

====Whitney Stakes====
Secretariat next went to Saratoga, popularly nicknamed "the graveyard of champions", in preparation for the [[Whitney Stakes]] on August 4, where he would face older horses the first time. On July 27, he put in a stunning workout of 1:34 for a mile on a sloppy track, a time that would have broken Saratoga's track record. On race day though, he was beaten by the [[Allen Jerkens]]-trained [[Onion (horse)|Onion]], a four-year-old [[gelding]] who had set a track record at {{frac|6|1|2}} furlongs in his previous start. The [[Going (horse racing)#USA|track condition]] for the Whitney was labelled fast but was running slow, especially along the inside rail. Secretariat broke poorly and Onion led from the start, setting a slow pace running well off the rail. Down the backstretch, Turcotte chose to make his move along the rail rather than sweeping wide. Secretariat responded more sluggishly than usual and Turcotte went to the whip. Secretariat closed to within a head on the final turn before Onion pulled ahead in the straight to win by a length.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', pp. 49–50</ref> A record crowd of more than 30,000 witnessed what was described as an "astonishing" upset.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6mseAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dckEAAAAIBAJ&pg=872,1115749&dq=secretariat+onion&hl=en |title=Secretariat beaten! |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |date=August 5, 1973 |accessdate=June 20, 2012 |page=B1}}</ref>

Despite Jerkens's reputation as the "Giant Killer," Secretariat's stunning loss can possibly be attributed to a viral infection, which caused a low-grade fever and diarrhea. "I was learning then that anything could happen in horse racing," said Chenery. "We knew he had a low-grade infection. But we decided he was strong enough to win anyway, and we were wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first=Jay |last= Hovdey |url=http://www.drf.com/news/jay-hovdey-day-onion-slayed-secretariat |title=The day Onion slayed |work=Daily Racing Form|date=August 2, 2013 |accessdate=March 12, 2014}}</ref>

Secretariat lost his appetite and acted sluggishly for several days.<ref name=Unbeatable /> Charles Hatton wrote: "He seemed distressingly ill walking off, and he missed the Travers. Returned to Belmont to point for the $250,000 Marlboro, the sport's pin-up horse looked bloody awful, rather like one of those sick paintings which betoken an inner theatre of the macabre. It required supernatural recuperative powers to recover as he did. He was subjected to four severe preps in two weeks. Astonishingly, he gained weight and blossomed with every trial."<ref name=drfIllman />

====Marlboro Cup====
On September 15, Secretariat returned to Belmont Park in the inaugural [[Marlboro Cup]], which was originally intended to be a match race with stablemate [[Riva Ridge]], the 1972 Derby and Belmont Stakes winner. After Secretariat's loss in the Whitney, the field was expanded to invite top horses from across the country.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 51</ref> Entries included 1972 [[Eclipse Award for Outstanding Male Turf Horse|turf champion]] and top California stakes winner [[Cougar II]], [[Sovereign Award|Canadian champion]] [[Kennedy Road (horse)|Kennedy Road]], 1972 [[Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three-Year-Old Colt|American champion three-year-old colt]] [[Key to the Mint]], [[Travers Stakes|Travers]] winner [[Annihilate 'Em]] (the only other three-year-old in the race), and Onion. Riva Ridge was assigned top weight of 127 pounds (one pound over the [[weight-for-age]] scale), Key to the Mint and Cougar II were at 126 pounds, scale weight, while Secretariat was at 124, three pounds over scale for his age. The field included five champions, and the seven starters had won 63 stakes races between them.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', pp. 52–53</ref>

It rained the night before, but the track dried out by race time. Secretariat stalked a fast pace in fifth, while Riva Ridge rated just behind Onion and Kennedy Road. Around the turn, Secretariat raced wide and started to make up ground. Coming into the stretch, Secretariat overtook Riva Ridge, while the other early leaders dropped back. Secretariat drew away to win, completing {{frac|1|1|8}} miles in 1:45 {{frac|2|5}}, then a world record on the dirt for the distance. Riva Ridge ran second with Cougar II in third and Onion in fourth. Turcotte said, "Today he was the old Secretariat and he did it on his own."<ref name="SIPigeons">{{cite web|last1=Tower|first1=Whitney|date=September 24, 1973|title=They made pigeons of the field|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/09/24/618055/they-made-pigeons-of-the-field|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=July 7, 2016}}</ref> The purse for the Marlboro Cup was $250,000, then the highest prize money offered: the win made Secretariat the 13th Thoroughbred millionaire in history.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 55</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sekulic|first1=Mike|date=September 23, 2013|title=Marlboro Cup of Champions|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/racinghub/archive/2013/09/23/marlboro-cup-of-champions.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 25, 2016}}</ref>

====Woodward Stakes====
After the Marlboro Cup, the original plan was to enter Riva Ridge in the {{frac|1|1|2}} mile [[Woodward Stakes]], just two weeks later, while Secretariat put in some slow workouts on the turf in preparation for the Man o' War Stakes in October. It rained before the Woodward and the track was sloppy, which Riva Ridge could not handle, so Secretariat was entered in his place. Secretariat led into the straight but was overtaken by the Allen Jerkens-trained four-year-old [[Prove Out]], who pulled clear to win by {{frac|4|1|2}} lengths despite carrying five more pounds than Secretariat under the [[weight-for-age]] conditions of the race. Prove Out ran the race of his life that day: his time was the second-fastest mile-and-a-half on the dirt in Belmont Park's history despite the sloppy conditions.<ref name=Unbeatable>{{cite web|last1=Haskin|first1=Steve|date=August 4, 2008|title=The Unbeatable Horse|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2008/08/04/The-Unbeatable-Horse.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mKkbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hVQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7403,6275655&dq=secretariat+prove-out&hl=en |title=Prove Out beats Secretariat |work=Pittsburgh Press |date=September 30, 1973 |accessdate=June 20, 2012 |page=D14}}</ref> Prove Out went on to beat Riva Ridge in that year's Jockey Club Gold Cup.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 62</ref>

====Man o' War Stakes====
On October 8, just nine days after the Woodward, Secretariat was moved to turf for the [[Man O' War Stakes]] at a distance of {{frac|1|1|2}} miles. He faced Tentam, who had set a world record for {{frac|1|1|8}} miles on the turf earlier that summer, and five others. Secretariat went to the lead early, followed by Tentam, who gradually closed the gap down the backstretch. Tentam got to within a half-length before Secretariat responded, pulling away by three lengths. Tentam made another run around the far turn, but Secretariat again drew away eventually winning by five lengths over Tentam, with Big Spruce seven and a half lengths further back in third. Secretariat set a course record time of 2:24{{frac|4|5}}. After the race, Ron Turcotte explained that "when Tentam came up to him in the backstretch I just chirped to him and he pulled away."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IG9kAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dX0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3433,3582956&dq=secretariat+tentam&hl=en |title=Another purse to Secretariat | work=Calgary Herald |date=October 9, 1973 |accessdate=June 20, 2012 |page=17}}</ref>

====Canadian International Stakes====
The syndication deal for Secretariat precluded the horse racing past age three. Accordingly, Secretariat's last race was against older horses in the [[Canadian International Stakes]] over one and five-eighths miles on the turf at [[Woodbine Racetrack]] in [[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada on October 28, 1973. The race was chosen in part because of long-time ties between [[E.P. Taylor]] and the Chenery family,<ref name="CHoF">{{cite web|title=Secretariat – Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame|url=http://horseracinghalloffame.com/2013/08/17/secretariat/|website=Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref> and partly to honor Secretariat's Canadian connections, Laurin and Turcotte.<ref name="StarPerkins">{{cite web|last1=Perkins|first1=Dave|title=Secretariat one of a kind|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2010/10/15/perkins_secretariat_one_of_a_kind.html|website=Toronto Star|accessdate=July 11, 2016|date=October 15, 2010}}</ref> Unfortunately, Turcotte missed the race with a five-day suspension: [[Eddie Maple]] got the mount.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 63</ref>

The day of the race was cold, windy and wet, but the Marshall turf course was firm. Despite the weather, some 35,000 people turned out to greet Secretariat in a "virtual hysteria" that Secretariat seemed not to notice. His biggest opponents were Kennedy Road, whom he had already beaten in the Marlboro Cup, and Big Spruce, who had finished third in the Man o' War. Kennedy Road went to the early lead, while Secretariat moved to second after breaking from an outside post. On the backstretch, Secretariat made his move and forged to the lead. "Snorting steam in the raw twilight",<ref name="Adieu">{{cite web|last1=Deford|first1=Frank|title=Adieu, Adieu, Kind Friends|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1973/11/05/618077/adieu-adieu-kind-friends|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref> he rounded the far turn with a 12-length lead before gearing down in the final furlong, ultimately winning by {{frac|6|1|2}} lengths.<ref name="Blood-Horse p. 64">"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 64</ref> Once again, many winning tickets went uncashed by souvenir hunters.<ref name=StarPerkins />

After the race, Secretariat was brought to Aqueduct Racetrack where he was paraded with Turcotte dressed in the Meadow silks before a crowd of 32,990 in his final public appearance. "It's a sad day, and yet it's a great day," said Laurin. "I certainly wish he could run as a 4-year-old. He's a great horse and he loves to run."<ref>{{cite news |title=A Ceremonial Windup for Secretariat |first=Joe |last=Nichols |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/07/archives/a-ceremonial-windup-for-secretariat-super-red-parades-in-silks-to.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 7, 1973 |page=35 |accessdate=November 4, 2011}}</ref>

Altogether, Secretariat won 16 of his 21 career races, with three seconds and one third, and total earnings of $1,316,808.<ref name=EquibaseProfile />

For 1973, Secretariat was again named Horse of the Year, and won Eclipse Awards as the [[American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse]] and the [[American Champion Male Turf Horse]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hhMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6aEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2262,698356&dq=secretariat+horse-of-the-year&hl=en |agency=Associated Press|title=Triple Crown winner Secretariat sweeps Horse of the Year ballotting | work=Montreal Gazette |date=December 19, 1973 |accessdate=June 20, 2012 |page=29}}</ref>

==Retirement==

===Stud career===
When Secretariat first retired to Claiborne Farm, his sperm showed some signs of immaturity,<ref name="drfIllman" /> so he was bred to three non-Thoroughbred mares in December 1973 to test his fertility. One of these, an [[Appaloosa]] named Leola, produced Secretariat's first foal in November 1974. Named First Secretary, the foal was a chestnut like his sire, but spotted like his dam.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Illman|first1=Dan|date=February 7, 2011|title=Top Beyers, Secretariat's First Foal, Arlington Pars|url=http://www.drf.com/blogs/top-beyers-secretariats-first-foal-arlington-pars|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

Secretariat's first official foal crop, arriving in 1975, consisted of 28 foals, the best of which was [[Dactylographer (horse)|Dactylographer]], who won the [[William Hill Futurity]] in October 1977.<ref name=SireOrDud>{{cite web|title=Secretariat – great sire or a dud at stud?|url=http://www.sportingpost.co.za/2012/04/secretariat-great-sire-or-a-dud-at-stud/|website=Sporting Post|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date=April 25, 2012}}</ref> The first crop also included [[Canadian Bound]], who at the 1976 [[Keeneland Sales|Keeneland July sale]] was the first yearling to break the $1 million barrier, selling for $1.5 million. Canadian Bound, however, was a complete failure in racing,<ref>{{cite web|title=A Memorable Date: First Seven-Figure Yearling Sold|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/34505/a-memorable-date-first-seven-figure-yearling-sold?id=34505|website=Blood-Horse|date=July 20, 2006|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> and for several years, the value of Secretariat's offspring declined considerably, especially given the rising popularity of [[Northern Dancer]]'s offspring in the sales ring.<ref name="EraEnds">{{cite web|last1=Schmitz|first1=David|title=Era Ends With Mr. Prospector's Last Foal Crop|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/192443/era-ends-with-mr-prospectors-last-foal-crop|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 12, 2016|date=July 15, 2001}}</ref>

Secretariat eventually sired a number of major stakes winners, including:<ref name="AmericanClassicPedigrees" />
*[[General Assembly (horse)|General Assembly]], winner of the 1979 [[Travers Stakes]], setting a track record of 2:00 flat that stood for 37 years.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beyer|first1=Andrew|date=August 19, 1979|title=General Assembly Shows His Heels|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1979/08/19/general-assembly-shows-his-heels/6753e155-5e85-468f-8574-8d2f3f35c2cf/|website=Washington Post|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baffert Reflects on Arrogate's Travers Romp|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/214597/baffert-reflects-on-arrogates-travers-romp|work=Blood-Horse|date=August 28, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Lady's Secret]], 1986 Horse of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Oakford|first1=Glenye Cain|date=September 17, 2011|title=Lady's Secret dead at age 21|url=http://www.drf.com/news/ladys-secret-dead-age-21|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Risen Star]], 1988 Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crist|first1=Steven|title=Risen Star Runs Away with the Belmont|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/12/sports/risen-star-runs-away-with-the-belmont.html|website=New York Times|date=June 12, 1988| accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Kingston Rule]], 1990 [[Melbourne Cup]] winner, breaking the course record.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne Cup Winner Kingston Rule Dies|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/132791/melbourne-cup-winner-kingston-rule-dies|website=Blood-Horse|date=December 8, 2011 |accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tinners Way (horse)|Tinners Way]], born in 1990 to Secretariat's last crop, winner of the 1994 and 1995 [[Pacific Classic Stakes|Pacific Classic]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schmitz|first1=David|date=September 14, 2010|title=Tinners Way Retired to Old Friends|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/140422/tinners-way-retired-to-old-friends|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

Ultimately, Secretariat officially sired 663 named foals, including 341 winners (51.4%) and 54 stakes winners (8.1%) .<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|title=Secretariat (horse)|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/secretariat.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> There has been some criticism of Secretariat as a stallion, mainly because he did not produce male offspring of his own ability and did not leave a leading sire son behind, but his legacy is assured though the quality of his daughters, several of whom were excellent racers and even more of whom were excellent producers. In 1992, Secretariat was the [[leading broodmare sire in North America]]. Overall, Secretariat's daughters produced 24 Grade/Group 1 winners.<ref name=SireOrDud /> As a broodmare sire, Secretariat's most notable progeny were:<ref name="AmericanClassicPedigrees" /><ref name="SireOrDud" />
* [[Weekend Surprise]], a stakes winner and the 1992 [[Kentucky Broodmare of the Year]]. Her sons include 1990 Preakness winner [[Summer Squall]] and 1992 Horse of the Year [[A.P. Indy]].<ref name="WeekendSurprise">{{cite web|title=Kentucky Broodmare of the Year Weekend Surprise Dead|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/194071/kentucky-broodmare-of-the-year-weekend-surprise-dead|date=March 4, 2011 |website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Terlingua (horse)|Terlingua]], a stakes winner and dam of leading sire [[Storm Cat]].<ref name=Terlingua>{{cite web|title=Terlingua, Storm Cat's Dam, Dead|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/154327/terlingua-storm-cats-dam-dead|website=Blood-Horse| date=April 29, 2008 | accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Secrettame]], a stakes winner and dam of important sire [[Gone West]], whose descendants include Kentucky Derby winner [[Smarty Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Anne|date=January 30, 2015|title=The Legacy of Gone West|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/109542/the-legacy-of-gone-west|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>
* Six Crowns, dam of champion two-year-old and sire [[Chief's Crown]].<ref name="SixCrowns">{{cite web|title=Six Crowns, Dam of Champion Chief's Crown, Dies at Age 26|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/189427/six-crowns-dam-of-champion-chiefs-crown-dies-at-age-26|date=February 15, 2002 |website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref>
* Sister Dot, dam of champion two-year-old and sire [[Dehere]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammonds|first1=Evan|title=Champion Dehere Dead at 23 in Turkey|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/114213/champion-dehere-dead-at-23-in-turkey|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 11, 2016|date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>
* Celtic Assembly, dam of [[Volksraad (horse)|Volksraad]], leading sire in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Volksraad Wins Third New Zealand Sire Title|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/174624/volksraad-wins-third-new-zealand-sire-title|date=August 26, 2004 |website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref>
* Betty's Secret, dam of [[Secreto]], winner of [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]], and [[Istabraq]], three-time winner of the [[Champion Hurdle]].<ref name="RoyalAscot">{{cite web|last1=Oppenheim|first1=Bill|title=The Royal Ascot of Jumping|url=http://www.thoroughbreddailynews.com/pdf/opp/opp030227.pdf|website=Thoroughbred Daily News|accessdate=July 23, 2016|date=February 27, 2003}}</ref>

Through Weekend Surprise and Terlingua alone, Secretariat appears in the pedigree of numerous champions. Weekend Surprises's son A.P. Indy was the leading sire in North America in 2003 and 2006, and is the sire of 2003 Horse of the Year [[Mineshaft (horse)|Mineshaft]] and 2007 Belmont Stakes winner [[Rags to Riches (horse)|Rags to Riches]]. He has also established a successful sire-line that leads to Kentucky Derby winners [[Orb (horse)|Orb]] and [[California Chrome]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot Sire: A.P. Indy|last1=Reed|first1=Patrick|date=August 22, 2013|url=http://www.drf.com/news/hot-sire-ap-indy|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> A.P. Indy's leading sire-line descendant is [[Tapit]], who led the sire list in 2014–2015 and is the sire of Belmont Stakes winners [[Tonalist]] and [[Creator (horse)|Creator]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Russo|first1=Nicole|date=June 13, 2016|title=Tapit in familiar spot atop sires list|url=http://www.drf.com/news/tapit-familiar-spot-atop-sires-list|website=Daily Racing Form|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Terlingua's son Storm Cat is also a two time leading sire, whose offspring include [[Giant's Causeway]], three-time leading sire in North America.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|title=Giant's Causeway (horse)|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/giants-causeway.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Storm Cat also sired Yankee Gentleman, who is the broodmare sire of 2015 Triple Crown winner [[American Pharoah]].<ref name="TripleCrownConnections">{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|title=Triple Crown Connections|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/106728/triple-crown-connections|website=Blood-Horse|date=June 26, 2015 |accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Both Storm Cat and A.P. Indy appear in the pedigree of 2018 Triple Crown winner [[Justify (horse)|Justify]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pedigree of Justify |url=http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Justify?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=9896728&registry=T&horse_name=Justify&foaling_year=2015&dam_name=Stage+Magic&include_sire_line=Y&nicking_stats_indicator=Y&sire_reference_number=0&dam_reference_number=0&color=&sex=&hypo_foaling_year=&breeder=|website=www.equineline.com |accessdate=7 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Inbreeding]] to Secretariat has also proven successful, as exemplified by numerous [[graded stakes race|graded stakes winners]], including two-time Horse of the Year [[Wise Dan]], as well as [[Eclipse Award for Outstanding Sprint Horse|sprint champion]] [[Speightstown (horse)|Speightstown]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|title=Inbreeding to Secretariat: Not a Passing Fad|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/117777/inbreeding-to-secretariat-not-a-passing-fad|website=Blood-Horse| date=November 1, 2013 |accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

Secretariat's paddock at Claiborne Farm bordered three other stallions: [[Drone (horse)|Drone]], [[Sir Ivor]], and Hall of Fame inductee [[Spectacular Bid]]. Secretariat did not pay much attention to Drone or Sir Ivor, but he and Spectacular Bid became friendly and occasionally raced each other along the fence line between their paddocks.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crist|first1=Steven|date=April 17, 1984|title=Secretariat, at 14, is still a star|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/17/sports/sports-of-the-times-secretariat-at-14-is-still-a-star.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Toepfer|first1=Susan|last2=Shaw |first2=Bill |date=June 13, 1988 | title=After 15 Years of Foaling Around, Superhorse Secretariat Fathers a Big Winner|url=http://people.com/archive/after-15-years-of-foaling-around-superhorse-secretariat-fathers-a-big-winner-risen-star-vol-29-no-23/|website=People|accessdate=July 5, 2016}}</ref>

===Death===
In the fall of 1989, Secretariat became afflicted with [[laminitis]]—a painful and debilitating hoof condition. When his condition failed to improve after a month of treatment, he was [[Animal euthanasia|euthanized]] on October 4 at the age of 19.<ref name="SILongform"/> Secretariat was buried at Claiborne Farm,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Embry|first1=Mike|title=Secretariat, Suffering From Incurable Condition, Destroyed|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-05/sports/sp-984_1_secretariat|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=October 6, 2016|date=October 5, 1989}}</ref> given the rare honor of being buried whole (traditionally only the head, heart, and hooves of a winning race horse are buried).<ref name="loumag">{{cite web|last1=Moss|first1=Josh|title=Stride for Stride with Big Red|url=https://www.loumag.com/articledisplay.aspx?id=37837893|website=Louisville Magazine|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date=April 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820092248/https://www.loumag.com/articledisplay.aspx?id=37837893|archivedate=August 20, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

At the time of Secretariat's death, the veterinarian who performed the [[necropsy]], Dr. Thomas Swerczek, head pathologist at the University of Kentucky, did not weigh Secretariat's heart, but stated, "We just stood there in stunned silence. We couldn't believe it. The heart was perfect. There were no problems with it. It was just this huge engine."<ref name="SILongform" /> Later, Swerczek also performed a necropsy on Sham, who died in 1993. Swerczek did weigh Sham's heart, and it was {{convert|18|lb|kg}}. Based on Sham's measurement, and having necropsied both horses, he estimated Secretariat's heart probably weighed {{convert|22|lb|kg}}, or about 2.5 times that of the average horse ({{convert|8.5|lb|kg}}).<ref name="Heart of the matter"/>

An extremely large heart is a trait that occasionally occurs in Thoroughbreds, hypothesized to be linked to a genetic condition, called the "[[Circulatory system of the horse#X factor|x-factor]]", passed down in specific inheritance patterns.<ref name="Heart of the matter">{{cite web|url=http://horsesonly.com/crossroads/xfactor/heart-1.htm |first1=Marianna |last1=Haun | title=The X Factor: The Heart of the Matter |website=HorsesOnly.com |date=January 25, 2012 |accessdate=June 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Haun|first1=Marianna|title=The x factor : what it is & how to find it : the relationship between inherited heart size and racing performance|date=1996|publisher=Russell Meerdink Co|location=Neenah, WI|isbn=978-0-929346-46-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/121999/Sports/Secretariat_proves_he.shtml | title=Secretariat proves he's a unique breed | work=St. Petersburg Times | date=December 19, 1999 | accessdate=June 20, 2012 | last1=Lowitt |first1= Bruce}}</ref> The x-factor can be traced to the historic racehorse [[Eclipse (horse)|Eclipse]], who was necropsied after his death in 1789. Because Eclipse's heart appeared to be much larger than the hearts of other horses, it was weighed, and found to be {{convert|14|lb|kg}}, almost twice the normal weight. Eclipse is believed to have passed the trait on via his daughters, and pedigree research verified that Secretariat traces his [[Glossary of equestrian terms#D|dam line]] to a daughter of Eclipse. Secretariat's success as a broodmare sire has been linked by some to this large heart theory.<ref name="Heart of the matter"/> However, it has not been proven whether the x-factor exists, let alone if it contributes to athletic ability.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Alan| date=September 11, 2009 | title=Q & A -- Can the 'X-Factor' be Incorporated in TrueNicks Pedigrees?|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/truenicks/archive/2009/09/11/q-amp-a-can-the-x-factor-be-included-in-truenicks-pedigrees.aspx |website=True Nicks|accessdate=October 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The X-Factor Theory|url=http://www.sophiastallions.com/breeding-theories/27/The%20x-factor%20theory|website=Sophia Stallions|accessdate=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009131814/http://www.sophiastallions.com/breeding-theories/27/The%20x-factor%20theory#|archive-date=October 9, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Honors and recognition==
[[File:Secretariat statue.jpg|thumb|The ''Secretariat'' statue at Belmont Park is modeled after Secretariat's leaping stride during the Preakness.<ref name="HaskinViva" />]]
Secretariat was inducted into the [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]] in 1974, the year following his Triple Crown victory.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretariat – National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|url=https://www.racingmuseum.org/hall-of-fame/secretariat|website=National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref> Also in 1974, [[Paul Mellon]] commissioned a bronze statue, sometimes known as ''Secretariat in Full Stride'', from John Skeaping. The life-size statue remained in the center of the walking ring at Belmont Park until 1988 when it was replaced by a replica.<ref>{{cite web|title=The stamp of greatness: Thoroughbred legends in sculpture|url=https://www.thoroughbredracing.com/articles/stamp-greatness-thoroughbred-legends-sculpture|website=Thoroughbred Racing Commentary| first1=Paul |last1= Roberts |first2=Isabelle |last2= Taylor |first3=Laurence |last3=Weatherly | date=January 4, 2015 |accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> The original is now located at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web|title="Secretariat" by John Skeaping – National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|url=https://www.racingmuseum.org/artistic-work/secretariat-john-skeaping|website=National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> The [[Kentucky Horse Park]] has two other life-sized statues of Secretariat. The first, created by [[Jim Reno]] in 1992, shows Secretariat as an older sire, while the second, completed by Edwin Bogucki in 2004, shows him being led into the winner's circle after the Kentucky Derby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Equestrian Sculpture – Horse Sculptures – Kentucky Horse Park|url=http://www.kyhorsepark.com/equine-theme-park/park-memorials-statues/sculpture-park|website=Kentucky Horse Park|accessdate=May 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604162110/http://www.kyhorsepark.com/equine-theme-park/park-memorials-statues/sculpture-park#|archive-date=June 4, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2015, a new statue of Secretariat and Ron Turcotte crossing the finish line at the Belmont Stakes was unveiled in [[Grand Falls, New Brunswick]], Turcotte's hometown.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretariat's jockey touched by hometown tribute|date=July 20, 2015 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/ron-turcotte-honoured-with-statue-in-grand-falls-1.3159653|website=CBC|accessdate= June 16, 2016}}</ref>

In 1994, ''Sports Illustrated'' ranked Secretariat #17 in their list of the 40 greatest sports figures of the past 40 years.<ref name=SI17>{{cite web|last1=Nack|first1=William|date=September 19, 1994|title=17 Secretariat|url=https://www.si.com/vault/1994/09/19/132047/17-secretariat|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref> In 1999, [[ESPN]] listed him 35th of [[ESPN Sports Century|the 100 greatest North American athletes of the 20th century]], the highest of three non-humans on the list (the other two were also racehorses: [[Man o' War]] at 84th and Citation at 97th).<ref>{{cite web|title=Top North American athletes of the century|url=http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/athletes.html|website=ESPN|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref> Secretariat ranked second behind Man o' War in ''[[The Blood-Horse]]'''s [[Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century|List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century]].<ref name=Duke14/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/sports/Horse-of-the-Century-Man-o-War-vs-Secretariat-201932431.html | website=NBC Bay Area | first=Scott | last=Ross | title=Horse of the Century: Man o' War vs. Secretariat | date=April 18, 2013|accessdate=February 11, 2018}}</ref> He was also ranked second behind Man o' War by both a six-member panel of experts assembled by the [[Associated Press]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/horse/news/story?id=247832 |website=ESPN |agency=The Associated Press |title=Man o'War voted best of 20th Century |date=December 22, 1999 |accessdate=October 11, 2011}}</ref> and a ''Sports Illustrated'' panel of seven experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/vault/issue/710861/12/2 | website=Sports Illustrated | first=William | last=Reed | title=Then & Now 30 Years Ago 'the Best I Ever Rode' | date=October 27, 1992 |accessdate=July 26, 2016}}</ref>

On October 16, 1999 in a ceremony conducted in the winner's circle at [[Keeneland Race Course]] in [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]] honored Secretariat with a 33-cent [[List of people on stamps of the United States|postage stamp]] bearing his image.<ref name="USPS">{{cite web|last1=United States Postal Service|title=Regal Thoroughbred Rides Into History When U.S Postal Service Commemorates Secretariat|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/regal-thoroughbred-rides-into-history-when-us-postal-service-commemorates-secretariat-76669582.html| date=October 16, 1999 |website=PR Newswire|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1999 Stamp Program |url=http://www.usps.com/images/stamps/99/sec.htm |website=USPS.com |accessdate=June 27, 2016 |date=October 7, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007200220/http://www.usps.com/images/stamps/99/sec.htm |archivedate=October 7, 2008}}</ref> In 2005, Secretariat was featured in [[ESPN Classic]]'s show "[[Who's No. 1?]]" in the episode "Greatest Sports Performances". He was the only nonhuman on the list, with his run at Belmont ranking second behind [[Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hengler | first1=Greg |date= October 5, 2010 |url=http://townhall.com/tipsheet/greghengler/2010/10/05/secretariat_why_hes_one_of_espns_greatest_athletes_of_all_time| title=Secretariat: Why He's One Of ESPN's Greatest Athletes Of All Time|website=townhall.com|accessdate=February 11, 2018}}</ref> On May 2, 2007, Secretariat was inducted into the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame, marking the first time an animal received this honor.<ref>{{cite web|last=McAninch |first=Kelly |url=http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/national-news/2007/march/29/secretariat-first-equine-to-enter-kentucky-athletic-hall-of-fame.aspx |title=Secretariat first equine to enter Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame| work= Thoroughbred Times| date =March 29, 2007|accessdate=February 11, 2018}}</ref> In 2013, Secretariat was inducted into the [[Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame]] in honor of his victory in the Canadian International 40 years earlier.<ref name="CHoF" /> Secretariat was also the focus of a 2013 segment of ''[[60 Minutes Sports]]''.<ref name="Atlantic2013">{{cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Andrew|title=Secretariat's Jockey on Winning the Triple Crown at Belmont, 40 Years Ago|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/06/secretariats-jockey-on-winning-the-triple-crown-at-belmont-40-years-ago/276453/|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=August 21, 2016|date=June 7, 2013}}</ref> In March 2016, Secretariat's Triple Crown victory was rated #13 in the ''Sports Illustrated'' listing of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History.<ref name="SI100">{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History – Triple Triumph|url=https://www.si.com/100-greatest/?q=13-triple-triumph|website=Sports Illustrated's 100 Greatest Moments|accessdate=July 26, 2016}}</ref>

Due to Secretariat's enduring popularity, Chenery remained a prominent figure in racing and a powerful advocate for Thoroughbred aftercare and veterinary research until her death in 2017.<ref name="AMightyPair">{{cite web|last1=Bowen|first1=Edward L.| date=July 23, 2016 | title=BH 100: A Mighty Pair|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/213752/bh-100-a-mighty-pair|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=August 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldstein|first1=Richard|title=Penny Chenery, Owner of the Triple Crown Winner Secretariat, Dies at 95|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/17/sports/horse-racing/penny-chenery-dead.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytobits&smtyp=cur&_r=0|website=The New York Times|accessdate=September 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 2004, the Maker's Mark Secretariat Center, dedicated to reschooling former racehorses and matching them to new homes, opened at the Kentucky Horse Park.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Eblen|first1=Tom|title=Retired racehorses given new life at Maker's Mark Secretariat Center|url=http://www.kentucky.com/news/business/article44486817.html|website=Lexington Herald-Leader|accessdate=October 17, 2016|date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> In 2010, Chenery developed the [[Secretariat Vox Populi Award|Secretariat Vox Populi]] ("voice of the people") Award, which is voted for by racing fans. It is intended to acknowledge "the horse whose popularity and racing excellence best resounded with the American public and gained recognition for Thoroughbred racing."<ref name="Paynter">{{cite web|last1=Novak|first1=Claire| date=December 26, 2012 |title=Paynter to Rejoin Baffert, Wins Vox Populi|url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/124096/paynter-to-rejoin-baffert-wins-vox-populi|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref> The consideration of the racing fan's engagement is what distinguishes the Vox Populi award from others. The first honoree in 2010 was [[Zenyatta]], that year's Horse of the Year, while the second award went to [[Rapid Redux]], a former claimer who went on to win 22 consecutive races at smaller racetracks.<ref name="HaskinVoxPopuli">{{cite web|last1=Haskin|first1=Steve |date=December 7, 2012 |title=Vox Populi Gets It Right|url=http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/horse-racing-steve-haskin/archive/2012/12/07/vox-populi-gets-it-right.aspx|website=Blood-Horse|accessdate=July 6, 2016}}</ref> Paynter received the 2012 award for his battle with laminitis, the same condition that led to Secretariat's death. "Paynter's popularity stems from his ability to battle and exceed expectations, making him the perfect choice as the recipient of this year's Vox Populi Award", said Chenery. "After seeing firsthand the devastating effects of this disease, I am even more convinced that the industry must continue to diligently fight laminitis. The progress we have made to date clearly benefited Paynter — a beautiful colt with a tremendous spirit."<ref name=Paynter />

The Secretariat Stakes was created in 1974 to honor his appearance at Arlington Park in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stakes Histories – Secretariat Stakes|url=http://www.arlingtonpark.com/sites/default/files/u16155/secretariat_0.pdf|website=arlingtonpark.com |accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref> The Meadow, the farm at which he was born, was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. It is now known as [[Meadow Event Park|The Meadow Historic District]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shulleeta|first1=Brandon|title=Secretariat birthplace makes National Register of Historic Places|url=http://www.richmond.com/news/local/article_9388ff26-b8c9-5e0f-ae2e-8f46a79dd951.html|website=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=October 17, 2016|date=May 28, 2015}}</ref>

''[[Secretariat (film)|Secretariat]]'', a [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] live-action film about the racing career of Secretariat, written by [[Mike Rich]] and directed by [[Randall Wallace]], was released on October 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=John|title=In 'Secretariat,' Horse's Owner Is the Underdog| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/movies/03secretariat.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=October 11, 2016|date=October 1, 2010}}</ref>

In the animated series ''[[BoJack Horseman]]'', BoJack looked up to Secretariat as a child and would go on to star in a biopic about him. [[Margo Martindale]], who plays herself in a recurring role on the show, also had a role in the Disney film ''Secretariat'' mentioned above.

==Racing statistics==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:95%""
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Date
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Age
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Distance*
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Race
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Track
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Odds
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Field
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Finish
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Time
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Margin
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Jockey
! scope="col" style="background:#c9def5;" | Ref
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Jul|4}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|5.5}} {{frac|5|1|2}} [[furlong]]s
| Maiden Special Weight
| [[Aqueduct Racetrack|Aqueduct]]
| 3.10
| 12
| 4
| 1:05
| {{ntsh|-1.5}}({{frac|1|1|2}}) [[Horse length|lengths]]
| Paul Feliciano
|<ref name="Woolfe">Woolfe, front end papers</ref><ref name="PPs">{{cite web|title=Past Performances at Secretariat.com|url=http://www.secretariat.com/past-performances/|website=secretariat.com|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Jul|15}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|6}} 6 [[furlong]]s
| Maiden Special Weight
| [[Aqueduct Racetrack|Aqueduct]]
| 1.30
| 11
| 1
| 1:10 {{frac|3|5}}
| {{ntsh|6}} 6 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| Paul Feliciano
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Jul|31}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|6}} 6 [[furlong]]s
| Allowance
| [[Saratoga Race Course|Saratoga]]
| 0.40
| 7
| 1
| 1:10 {{frac|4|5}}
| {{ntsh|1.5}} {{frac|1|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Aug|16}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|6}} 6 [[furlong]]s
| [[Sanford Stakes]]
| [[Saratoga Race Course|Saratoga]]
| 1.50{{efn|The Sanford was the only race in his career in which Secretariat was not the betting favorite<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>}}
| 5
| 1
| 1:10
| {{ntsh|3}} 3 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Aug|26}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|6.5}} {{frac|6|1|2}} [[furlong]]s
| [[Hopeful Stakes]]
| [[Saratoga Race Course|Saratoga]]
| 0.30
| 9
| 1
| 1:16 {{frac|1|5}}
| {{ntsh|5}} 5 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Sep|16}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|6.5}} {{frac|6|1|2}} [[furlong]]s
| [[Futurity Stakes (USA)|Futurity Stakes]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.20
| 7
| 1
| 1:16 {{frac|2|5}}
| {{ntsh|1.75}} {{frac|1|3|4}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Oct|14}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|8}} 1 mile
| [[Champagne Stakes (United States)|Champagne Stakes]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.70
| 12
| 2{{efn|Finished first, disqualified to second}}
| 1:35
| {{ntsh|2}} 2 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Oct|28}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|8.5}} {{frac|1|1|16}} mile
| [[Laurel Futurity Stakes|Laurel Futurity]]
| [[Laurel Raceway|Laurel]]
| 0.10
| 6
| 1
| 1:42 {{frac|4|5}}
| {{ntsh|8}} 8 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1972|Nov|18}}
| 2
| {{ntsh|8.5}} {{frac|1|1|16}} mile
| [[Garden State Futurity|Garden State]]
| [[Garden State Racetrack|Garden State]]
| 0.10
| 6
| 1
| 1:44 {{frac|2|5}}
| {{ntsh|3.5}} {{frac|3|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack">Woolfe, back end papers</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Mar|17}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|7}} 7 furlongs
| [[Bay Shore Stakes]]
| [[Aqueduct Racetrack|Aqueduct]]
| 0.20
| 6
| 1
| 1:23 {{frac|1|5}}
| {{ntsh|4.5}} {{frac|4|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Apr|7}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|8}} 1 mile
| [[Gotham Stakes]]
| [[Aqueduct Racetrack|Aqueduct]]
| 0.10
| 6
| 1
| 1:33 {{frac|2|5}}{{efn|Equaled track record}}
| {{ntsh|3}} 3 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Apr|21}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|9}} {{frac|1|1|8}} miles
| [[Wood Memorial]]
| [[Aqueduct Racetrack|Aqueduct]]
| 0.30
| 8
| 3
| 1:49 {{frac|4|5}}
| {{ntsh|-4}} (4) [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|May|5}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|10}} {{frac|1|1|4}} miles
| [[Kentucky Derby]]
| [[Churchill Downs]]
| 1.50
| 13
| 1
| 1:59 {{frac|2|5}}{{efn|New track record}}
| {{ntsh|2.5}} {{frac|2|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe192"/><ref name=PPs/><ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 16</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|May|19}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|9.5}} {{frac|1|3|16}} miles
| [[Preakness Stakes]]
| [[Pimlico Race Course|Pimlico]]
| 0.30
| 6
| 1
| 1:54 {{frac|2|5}}{{efn|This was the official time until revisited in 2012 when it was adjusted to 1:53, a stakes record (see [[Secretariat (horse)#The Preakness Stakes|section above]] for details)}}
| {{ntsh|2.5}} {{frac|2|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe192"/><ref name=PPs/><ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 34</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|June|9}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|12}} {{frac|1|1|2}} miles
| [[Belmont Stakes]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.10
| 5
| 1
| 2:24 {{efn|New track record. American record on the dirt,<ref name=AmericanRecords /> though this was not noted on the chart}}
| {{ntsh|31}} 31 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe192"/><ref name=PPs/><ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 44</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|June|30}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|9}} {{frac|1|1|8}} miles
| Arlington Invitational
| [[Arlington Racetrack|Arlington]]
| 0.05
| 4
| 1
| 1:47
| {{ntsh|9}} 9 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Aug|4}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|9}} {{frac|1|1|8}} miles
| [[Whitney Stakes]]
| [[Saratoga Race Course|Saratoga]]
| 0.10
| 5
| 2
| 1:49 {{frac|1|5}}
| {{ntsh|-1}} (1) [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Sep|15}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|9}} {{frac|1|1|8}} miles
| [[Marlboro Cup Invitational Handicap|Marlboro Cup]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.40
| 7
| 1
| 1:45 {{frac|2|5}}{{efn|Then a world record on dirt. Still stands as the track record<ref>{{cite web|title=Belmont Track Records|url=https://www.nyra.com/belmont/records/|website=NYRA|accessdate=June 16, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428053418/https://www.nyra.com/belmont/records/|archivedate=April 28, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>}}
| {{ntsh|3.5}} {{frac|3|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name="Woolfe192"/><ref name=PPs/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Sep|29}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|12}} {{frac|1|1|2}} miles
| [[Woodward Stakes]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.30
| 5
| 2
| 2:25 {{frac|4|5}}
| {{ntsh|-4.5}} ({{frac|4|1|2}}) [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Oct|8}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|12}} {{frac|1|1|2}} miles (turf)
| [[Man o' War Stakes]]
| [[Belmont Park|Belmont]]
| 0.50
| 7
| 1
| 2:24 {{frac|4|5}}{{efn|Then a course record}}
| {{ntsh|5}} 5 [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Ron Turcotte]]
|<ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{dts|1973|Oct|28}}
| 3
| {{ntsh|13}} {{frac|1|5|8}} miles (turf)
| [[Canadian International Stakes|Canadian International]]
| [[Woodbine Racetrack|Woodbine]]
| 0.20
| 12
| 1
| 2:41 {{frac|4|5}}
| {{ntsh|6.5}} {{frac|6|1|2}} [[Horse length|lengths]]
| [[Eddie Maple]]
|<ref name="Blood-Horse p. 64"/><ref name=PPs/><ref name="WoolfeBack"/>
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
|+ * Conversion of race distances
|-
! scope= "col" | Furlongs
! scope= "col" | Miles
! scope= "col" | Meters
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{frac|5|1|2}}
| {{frac|11|16}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|.6875|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 6
| {{frac|3|4}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|.75|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{frac|6|1|2}}
| {{frac|13|16}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,308
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 7
| {{frac|7|8}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|.875|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 8
| 1
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{frac|8|1|2}}
| {{frac|1|1|16}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.0625|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 9
| {{frac|1|1|8}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.125|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | {{frac|9|1|2}}
| {{frac|1|3|16}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.1875|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 10
| {{frac|1|1|4}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.25|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 12
| {{frac|1|1|2}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.5|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;" | 13
| {{frac|1|5|8}}
| style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|1.625|mi|m|0|sp=us|disp=output only|abbr=values}}
|}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Age
! scope="col" |Starts
! scope="col" |Win  (1st)
! scope="col" |Place (2nd)
! scope="col" | Show (3rd)
! scope="col" |Earnings ([[United States dollar|$]])
|-
|1972
|2
|9
|7
|1
|—
|align="right"|456,404<ref name="Philly">{{cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Russ|date=October 5, 1989|title=Few Dispute That Secretariat Was The Best Ever|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-10-05/sports/26118170_1_secretariat-chick-anderson-meadow-stud|website=The Inquirer|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|1973
|3
|12
|9
|2
|1
|align="right"|860,404<ref name=Philly />
|-
|colspan=2|'''Total'''

|'''21'''
|'''16'''
|'''3'''
|'''1'''
|align=right|'''1,316,808'''<ref name=EquibaseProfile />
|-
|}
Secretariat's earnings in 1973 were, at the time, a single-season record.<ref name=drfIllman />

==Pedigree==
Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler, who led the North America sire list eight times, more than any other stallion in the 20th century. He also led the juvenile (two-year-old) sire list a record six times. Before Secretariat's Triple Crown run, Bold Ruler was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that lacked stamina or did not train on past age two.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hunter|first1=Avalyn|title=Bold Ruler|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/bold-ruler.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> However, even before Secretariat, Bold Ruler actually had sired 11 stakes winners of races at 10 furlongs or more.<ref>"A Look Back", ''Blood-Horse'', p. 21</ref> Ultimately, seven of the ten Kentucky Derby winners in the 1970s can be traced directly to Bold Ruler in their tail male lines, including Secretariat and fellow Triple Crown winner [[Seattle Slew]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Great Bold Ruler|url=http://kznbreeders.co.za/stallions/influential-stallions/the-great-bold-ruler/| website=KZN Breeders|accessdate=June 28, 2016|date= September 13, 2015}}</ref>

Secretariat's dam was Somethingroyal, the 1973 [[Kentucky Broodmare of the Year]]. Although Somethingroyal was unplaced in her only start, she had an excellent pedigree. Her sire Princequillo was the leading broodmare sire from 1966 to 1970 and was noted as a source of stamina and soundness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Princequillo|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/princequillo-ire.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref> Her dam [[Imperatrice]] was a stakes winner who was purchased by Christopher Chenery at a dispersal sale in 1947 for $30,000. Imperatrice produced several stakes winners and stakes producers for the Meadow. Prior to foaling Secretariat at age 18, Somethingroyal had already produced [[Sir Gaylord]], a stakes winner who became an important sire, whose offspring included [[Epsom Derby]] winner Sir Ivor. Somethingroyal's other stakes winners were First Family, Sir Gaylord and Syrian Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pedigreequery.com/progeny/somethingroyal/|title=Progeny of Somethingroyal|website=Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database|accessdate=February 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|title=Somethingroyal|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/somethingroyal.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

Breeders speak of a '[[Thoroughbred breeding theories#Nicking|nick]]" occurring when a sire or grandsire produces significantly better offspring from the daughters of one particular sire than with mares from other bloodlines. The breeding of Bold Ruler with Somethingroyal is an example of a famous nick between Bold Ruler's sire [[Nasrullah (horse)|Nasrullah]] and daughters of Princequillo. The goal was to balance the speed, precocity, and fiery temperament provided by the Nasrullah side of the pedigree with Princequillo's stamina, soundness, and sensible temperament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicking (American Classic Pedigrees)|url=http://www.americanclassicpedigrees.com/nicking.html|website=American Classic Pedigrees|accessdate=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

{{Pedigree|
name = Secretariat, chestnut colt, 1970<ref>{{cite web|title=Pedigree – Secretariat|url=http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm/Secretariat?page_state=DISPLAY_REPORT&reference_number=444670&registry=T&horse_name=Secretariat&dam_name=Somethingroyal&foaling_year=1970&include_sire_line=Y|website=Equineline|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref>|
f = [[Bold Ruler]] dkb/br. 1954 |
m = [[Somethingroyal]] b. 1952|
ff = [[Nasrullah (horse)|Nasrullah]] b. 1940|
fm = Miss Disco b. 1944|
mf = [[Princequillo]] b. 1940|
mm = Imperatrice dkb/br. 1938|
fff = [[Nearco]] b. 1932|
ffm = Mumtaz Begum|
fmf = [[Discovery (horse)|Discovery]]|
fmm = Outdone|
mff = [[Prince Rose]]|
mfm = Cosquilla|
mmf = Caruso|
mmm = Cinquepace|
ffff = [[Pharos (horse)|Pharos]]|
fffm = Nogara|
ffmf = [[Blenheim (horse)|Blenheim]]|
ffmm = [[Mumtaz Mahal (horse)|Mumtaz Mahal]]|
fmff = [[Display (horse)|Display]]|
fmfm = Ariadne|
fmmf = [[Pompey (horse)|Pompey]]|
fmmm = Sweep Out|
mfff = [[Rose Prince (horse)|Rose Prince]]|
mffm = Indolence|
mfmf = [[Papyrus (horse)|Papyrus]]|
mfmm = Quick Thought|
mmff = Polymelian|
mmfm = Sweet Music|
mmmf = Brown Bud|
mmmm = Assignation (Family 2-s)<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretariat|url=http://www.pedigreequery.com/secretariat|website=Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database|accessdate=June 27, 2016}}</ref>
|}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{commons category|Secretariat (horse)|Secretariat}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|author1=Blood-Horse, Inc|editor1-last=Duke|editor1-first=Jacqueline|title=Thoroughbred champions : top 100 racehorses of the 20th century|date=1999|publisher=The Blood-Horse, Inc.|location=Lexington, KY|isbn=978-1-58150-024-0|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWGNmICO5OAC}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Frank J.|last2=Roman|first2=Steven A.|editor1-last=Mitchell|editor1-first=Frank J.|title=Racehorse breeding theories|date=2004|publisher=Russell Meerdink Co.|location=Neenah, WI|isbn=978-0-929346-75-5|edition=New 1st}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nack|first1=William|title=Big Red of Meadow Stables: Secretariat, the Making of a Champion|date=1975|publisher=A. Fields Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-525-63012-0|edition=1st}}
*{{cite web|author1=Various| date=1973|title=From the pages of The Blood-Horse: A Look Back at Secretariat's Triple Crown Season |url=http://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/special-reports/459/blood-horse-look-back-secretariat-triple-crown-season |website=Blood-Horse |accessdate=July 1, 2016|registration=yes}}
*{{cite book|last1=Woolfe, Jr|first1=Raymond G.|title=Secretariat|date=1974|publisher=[[Chilton Book Co.]]|location=Radnor, PA|isbn=0-8019-6156-4|edition=1st }}

==External links==
* [http://www.secretariatsmeadow.com Secretariat's Meadow: The Birthplace of Big Red!]
* [https://www.secretariat.com The official Secretariat website]
* [https://www.si.com/horse-racing/video/2016/03/02 ''Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports''] – short video on Secretariat's Triple Crown (#13 on list)
* [https://www.si.com/more-sports/photos/2013/06/07/classic-photos-secretariat Classic Photos of Secretariat from ''Sports Illustrated'']
* [http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016464.html ESPN Sports Century] – # 35 – Secretariat
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022121815/http://www.kentuckyderby.com/2006/derby_history/derby_charts/years/1973.html Kentucky Derby.com] – Secretariat – 1973
* [https://www.si.com/horse-racing/2015/01/02/pure-heart-william-nack-secretariat ‘’Pure Heart: The Thrilling Life and Emotional Death of Secretariat’’]
* [http://espn.go.com/classic/s/secretariatadd.html ''ESPN Classic''] – ''ESPN Classic'' story on 1973 Belmont – November 19, 2003
* {{findagrave|1606}}

{{Kentucky Derby Winners}}
{{Preakness Stakes Winners}}
{{Belmont Stakes Winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secretariat}}
[[Category:1970 racehorse births]]
[[Category:1989 racehorse deaths]]
[[Category:American Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires]]
[[Category:American Grade 1 Stakes winners]]
[[Category:American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year]]
[[Category:Horse monuments]]
[[Category:Belmont Stakes winners]]
[[Category:Chefs-de-Race]]
[[Category:Eclipse Award winners]]
[[Category:Kentucky Derby winners]]
[[Category:Preakness Stakes winners]]
[[Category:Racehorses bred in Virginia]]
[[Category:Racehorses trained in the United States]]
[[Category:Thoroughbred family 2-s]]
[[Category:Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners]]
[[Category:United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires]]
[[Category:United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees]]

Fred Archer (jockey)

2019-03-14T11:59:41Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Death */ typo

{{EngvarB|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox horseracing personality
|name = Fred Archer
|image= Fredarcher3.gif
|caption =
|occupation = Jockey
|birth_place = [[Cheltenham]], Gloucestershire, England
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1857|1|11}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1886|11|8|1857|1|11}}
|death_place = [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]], Cambridgeshire, England
|career wins = 2,748
|race =
'''[[British Classic Races|British Classic Race]] wins:''' [[Epsom Oaks]] (1875, 1878, 1880, 1885) [[1,000 Guineas Stakes|1,000 Guineas]] (1875, 1879) [[2,000 Guineas Stakes|2,000 Guineas]] (1874, 1879, 1883, 1885) [[Epsom Derby]] (1877, 1880, 1881, 1885, 1886) [[St. Leger Stakes|St Leger]] (1877, 1878, 1881, 1882, 1885, 1886)

'''Other Major British Race wins:''' [[St. James's Palace Stakes]] (1886) [[Prince of Wales's Stakes]] (1879, 1881, 1883) [[Champion Stakes]] (1878, 1881, 1885, 1886)

'''[[French Classic Races|French Classic Race]] wins:''' [[Prix du Jockey Club]] (1880, 1883) [[Grand Prix de Paris]] (1882, 1885, 1886)
|awards = [[British flat racing Champion Jockey]] (1874–1886)
|honours = [[Fred Archer Stakes]] at [[Newmarket Racecourse]]
|horses = [[Bend Or]], [[Iroquois (horse)|Iroquois]], [[Ormonde (horse)|Ormonde]], [[Melton (horse)|Melton]], [[Paradox (horse)|Paradox]], [[Wheel of Fortune (horse)|Wheel of Fortune]], [[Silvio (horse)|Silvio]], [[Atlantic (horse)|Atlantic]]
|updated = 19 October 2007
}}

'''Frederick James Archer''' (11 January 1857 – 8 November 1886), also known by the nickname '''The Tin Man''', was an English [[flat race]] jockey of the [[Victorian era]], described as "the best all-round jockey that the [[Horse racing|turf]] has ever seen".<ref name="NHM" />

He was [[British flat racing Champion Jockey|Champion Jockey]] for 13 consecutive years until 1886, riding 2,748 winners from 8,084 starts, in so doing setting records for the number of [[British flat racing Champion Jockey|Champion Jockey]] titles (13), number of wins in a [[Season (sports)|season]] (246) and number of race wins (2748) which remained unthreatened until the arrival of [[Steve Donoghue]] and Sir [[Gordon Richards]] well into the 20th century.

Delirious from wasting and the loss of his wife during childbirth, he committed suicide at the age of 29.

==Early life==
Archer was born at St. George's Cottage, [[Cheltenham]], Gloucestershire on 11 January 1857, the second son of jockey William Archer and Emma Hayward, daughter of [[publican]] William Hayward. His elder brother, William, was also a jockey. His younger brother, Charles, was also a jockey, and later a trainer. He had at least one sister, Alice.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

William Archer was a short, squat man, who had taken a [[stud (animal)|stud]] of English horses to Russia in 1842, and the year after Fred was born won the [[Grand National]] on [[Little Charlie (horse)|Little Charlie]]. He eventually became landlord of the King's Arms [[public house]] in [[Prestbury, Gloucestershire|Prestbury]], near Cheltenham, of which his father-in-law was formerly proprietor.<ref name=DONB/> He taught Fred to box.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}}

Emma was "a big, fine-looking woman with handsome aquiline features" who some presumed to have been of good stock.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} Fred was said to have inherited his spirit from her, even if he adopted his profession from his father.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} He was only semi-literate.<ref name=Thompson031228/>

When Archer was two, the family moved to Prestbury, where he was educated a first learned to ride.<ref name=EveStar/> A "quick, retentive, and exceedingly secretive boy",<ref name=DONB/> by the age of eight he was riding in pony and donkey races, losing his first match on a pony, against a donkey.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} This may have been one of two races he rode on a pony called Mossrose at [[Great Malvern]].<ref name=EveStar/> William disciplined him sternly to make him improve. He soon began winning races, even after breaking his leg while out hunting.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}}

In contradiction of his later reputation as a miser, Archer would send money home to his family, who were always in debt. At first it was postal orders for a few shillings, but as his success grew, this increased to fivers and latterly big sums.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

==Career==
[[File:Frederick J. Archer, Vanity Fair, 1881-05-28.jpg|thumb|left|Fred Archer caricature in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'']]
At the suggestion of a hunting acquaintance, William Le Terriere, Archer was apprenticed to [[horse trainer|trainer]] [[Mathew Dawson]] at [[Heath House]] in [[Newmarket, Suffolk]], now home to trainer [[Mark Prescott]], for five years. Some sources say this was in February 1868,{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}}<ref name=EveStar/> others that it was the day before his 10th birthday.<ref name=DONB/> He weighed 4st 11 lb. William and Fred spent a week there, after which Dawson told William, "He will do, Archer, you may leave him."{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} Archer served Dawson as a stable jockey from 1874 until 1886. He married Dawson's niece, Helen Rose Dawson.<ref name="NHM" />

At Dawson's stable, the delicate Archer was bullied by the older boys, but with no children of their own, the Dawsons took him almost as a surrogate. Mrs Dawson called him "the little cat",{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}} and to Mr Dawson the relationship was close to father and son.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}} His fondness for Mrs Dawson's cake and blackberry jam contributed to his weight gain, and over a good dinner, his weight could rise by 3 or 4 lb{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80-81}} He grew to around 5 ft 10 and, over the winter, weighted 11st. He was largely illiterate when he left home but attended a night school run by Mrs Dawson during his early years there.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}}

While at Dawson's, Archer came under the tutelage of Dawson's right-hand man Jockey Swift, who claimed to have taught Archer all he knew, and Tom French.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}} Archer was evidently in high regard at the stable, receiving wages of seven guineas compared to the five guineas typical of apprentices. One of his fellow apprentices was in fact thrown from his horse and killed during Archer's time there. Dawson demanded the same discipline of Archer as he did of other apprentices, making him stand to attention for visitors the same as any other lad. But he was aware of his ability. "I have a wonderful boy here who will do marvellous things," he commented.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}}

Because of this, and his father's reputation, he was soon given race-riding opportunities. Aged 12, he was allowed to ride in the [[Newmarket Town Plate]] on 14 October 1869, on a three-year-old filly called Honoria. Acting as pacemaker for stablemate Stomboli, who won, Honoria came last. His first win was a steeplechase at [[Bangor-on-Dee Racecourse|Bangor-on-Dee]] in either 1869{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}} or 1870<ref name="jockey" /> on a horse called Maid of Trent for an old pony-racing acquaintance of his family. His first official win under [[Jockey Club]] rules was in a two-year-old nursery handocap at [[Chesterfield Racecourse|Chesterfield]] on 28 September 1870 on a horse called Atholl Daisy.<ref name=DONB/><ref name=EveStar/>{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}} The horse was trained by John Peart at [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]], rather than Dawson. He finished the season with 2 wins and 9 seconds from 15 rides. His other winner was Lincoln Lass at [[Ayr Racecourse|Ayr]].{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}}

There is a story, probably apocryphal, that Archer cried because he hadn't ridden both winners in a dead-heat.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}}

===1870s===
[[File:Boscawen E Vanity Fair 1877-09-01.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Viscount Falmouth, Archer's patron, in a caricature by [[Leslie Ward]].]]

Archer's first important win was on Salvanos in the 1872 [[Cesarewitch Handicap|Cesarewitch]], for which he weighed out at 5st 7 lb. It is said he "rode Salvanos with the coolness and steadiness of a veteran and thus made his mark as one of the rising lightweights." When [[Jem Snowden]] rode against him for the first time, however, he commented, "Tha cassn't ride for nuts".{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=84}} His apprenticeship ended that year, and Dawson presented him with a gold watch inscribed for "good conduct". Archer in return commented, "I value this more than anything I have and shall keep it as long as I live."{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=83}}

In 1873, with leading stable jockey [[Tom French (jockey)|Tom French]] sick, Archer had more opportunity to succeed. He rode 107 winners and came second in the championship to [[Harry Constable]]. French, who was an influence on the young Archer, died later that year from consumption, brought on by excessive wasting.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=84}}

The first of Archer's [[Classic Races|Classic]] wins followed the next season on [[Atlantic (horse)|Atlantic]] in the 1874 [[2,000 Guineas]]. This made him a "veritable mascotte"<ref name=DONB/> for his stable. After this, he became retained jockey for [[Evelyn Boscawen, 6th Viscount Falmouth|Lord Falmouth]], for whom he won over half of his Classics. Falmouth was Dawson's principal owner between 1870 and 1883. Archer's retainer for him was a nominal £100.<ref name=EveStar/> He finished 1874 with 147 wins from 530 rides. By now, he was riding at 6st, but weight was becoming a problem. For the [[Cesarewitch Handicap]], he failed to make a riding weight of 6st 1 lb, putting up 3 lbs overweight and losing by a neck. Archer blamed wasting for taking his strength away.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=84}}

[[Spinaway]] was the star filly of the following season, winning the 1,000 Guineas and Oaks double.

In 1877, he won his first Derby, on Lord Falmouth’s [[Silvio (horse)|Silvio]], and followed up in the [[St. Leger]].

1879 was the championship year of [[Wheel of Fortune (horse)|Wheel of Fortune]], one of Archer's favourite horses, that he thought was "wonderfully good". She was small, at {{hands|15.1}}, leading the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland|Duke of Portland]] to say she "looked like a polo pony" with Archer's long legs round her. Like Spinaway four years earlier, Wheel of Fortune won both the 1,000 Guineas and Oaks. She won the [[Yorkshire Oaks]] in August as well but was prevented an attempt at the [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|Triple Crown]] when she broke down going for a second race at [[York Racecourse|York]] two days later.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=86}}

One of Archer's most notable victories came in the 1880 Derby. He came from behind on [[Bend Or]] with an "extraordinary rush", to beat [[Robert the Devil (horse)|Robert the Devil]] by a head. He took the inside of the turn at Tattenham Corner, along the rails, with a "nerve of iron".<ref name=DONB/>

By the end of the 1870s, he was struggling to make 8st 7 lb.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}}

===1880s===
[[File:Rosa Corder, Fred Archer, Restrike etching.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rosa Corder]], ''Fred Archer'', Restrike etching]]

By the 1880s, his annual income was around £10,000, made up of retainers, gifts from owners and gamblers, and nearly £2,500 in riding fees.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

Archer's win on [[Dutch Oven (horse)|Dutch Oven]] in the [[St Leger]] caused controversy. It had been presumed that the filly had not stayed the distance when losing the [[Great Yorkshire Stakes]] at York, so she was sent off at odds of 40/1 for the Leger. When she won, Archer was accused of pulling the horse at York to get longer odds for the Leger. In fact, Archer had not wanted to ride Dutch Oven in the race at all, preferring the John Porter-trained Geheimniss.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=86}}

Falmouth withdrew from racing in 1883. It has been suggested that this was prompted by a suspicion that Archer pulled Galliard in the Derby, being beaten into third by [[St Blaise (horse)|St Blaise]] and Highland Chief. Archer was accused of not showing the same will to win that he had on Bend Or or Iroquois, and Highland Chief was trained by his brother Charles, which seemed to be circumstantial evidence of his guilt. Against this, Fred had no previous history of helping his brother in this way, and Charles had once sent him through the rails when riding against him. It seems highly unlikely Archer would have thrown the Derby in this way.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=86}}

Retainers with the Duke of Portland and Lord Hastings brought him a combined £2,000 per year, the Duke of Westminster £1,000, and Lord Alington £500.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

He married Rose Nellie Dawson, eldest daughter of [[John Dawson (trainer)|John Dawson]], on 31 January 1883 at All Saints' Church in Newmarket. It was called the celebrity wedding of the decade.<ref name=NewmktJourn/> The whole town was involved, and it concluded with a firework display which had spelled out "May they be happy”.<ref name=NewmktJourn/>

In January 1884, the couple's infant son, William, died at birth. He had been named after Archer’s brother, who had been killed in a hurdle race at [[Cheltenham Racecourse|Cheltenham]]. Nellie was left in a critical condition but recovered to became pregnant again almost immediately. On 6 November 1884, she gave birth to a daughter, also Nellie. Fred received a telegram about the birth after riding Thebais to victory in the Liverpool Cup. But the mother was again left dangerously ill after the birth, with symptoms of post-natal [[eclampsia]]. Archer arrived home to find his wife was dying. Her convulsions continued until she died. Archer later told a friend, “She did not know me and never spoke to me again."<ref name=NewmktJourn/>

In 1884, when he first visited [[Thirsk Racecourse]], his arrival was announced in the market place by the [[town crier]].{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=78}} That year, of 377 rides, he won 241.

His most successful year was probably 1885, when he won the 2,000 Guineas on [[Paradox (horse)|Paradox]], the Oaks on [[Lonely (horse)|Lonely]], the Derby and St. Leger on [[Melton (horse)|Melton]], and the Grand Prix, also on Paradox. In his final season, he won the Derby and St. Leger on [[Ormonde (horse)|Ormonde]].

Archer took his sport very seriously and was noted for his ruthlessness. In 1882, he built Falmouth Lodge and Stables (now Pegasus Stables).

In 1885, he rode 246 winners, a record that wasn't broken until Gordon Richards' 1933 season. He won [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] five times and won a total of 21 classic races. In total, he rode 2,748 winners in 8,084 races (some sources say 8,004{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=78}}), a win percentage of over 34%.

==Appearance==
He was slim, graceful, with remarkably small hands and feet, and eyes of a cold blue-grey,{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} or, according to other sources, sorrowful brown eyes, in a long pale face.{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}} He had pronounced front teeth, meaning his lips did not quite meet. He also had a round-shouldered stoop, typical of tall jockeys. He could have passed as a gentleman, and some, including [[Lord Rosebery]], thought he may have been the son of Lord Wilton.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}}

==Personality and critical opinion==
Archer "captured the public imagination as no other jockey had ever done".{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}}

In his early career he was known as a severe rider, who was not sparing with whip and spurs on the horse. This was a style he may have adopted under the influence of stable jockey [[Tom French (jockey)|Tom French]].

He was always first down to the start, so as to get the best starting place and was obedient to the starter, unlike some other jockeys. He was always quick away, "like a greyhound from the slips". He would let his horse's head hang loose, and get the horse going with a touch of the spur.<ref name=EveStar/>

===Miserliness===
He was a taciturn and morose character, known for being miserly with money,<ref name=Paley101107/> hence the nickname "Tin Man". He made shrewd investments of most of his income,{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}} but the squandering of much of a reputed £250,000 fortune by the time of his death challenges the perception of acquisitiveness, which may have been partly cultivated.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}} He seemed to take perverse satisfaction in it. He is reputed to have asked bystanders for coins he could put in his breeches to increase his weight when he was short a few pounds for his race, only never to return them.{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}} But he could also be generous. He was also known to throw a ball for colleagues each winter, and once, before a trip to America in November 1884, he left a blank cheque for his friend Herbert Mills, in case he was in need.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

He was a reckless gambler, with losing runs bringing him close to running out of cash, but he always maintained his integrity, sometimes winning against his own money.{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}}

===Trainer opinion===
Trainer [[John Porter (horseman)|John Porter]] said of Archer, "His whole heart and soul were in the business he had in hand. He was almost invariably the first to weigh out, the first at the starting post, the first away as the flag fell, and, as the record shows, very often the first to pass the winning post. I am afraid he was not too scrupulous. Very masterful, he generally had pretty much his own way, especially in minor races. If he did not want a horse to run, he never hesitated to suggest to the owner he should keep the animal in the stable that day. In short, Fred Archer was a powerful personality as well as a brilliantly successful jockey."

Another trainer, [[John Osborne Jr.]] said, "He became so conceited that no man believed more in Mr Archer than Fred Archer the jockey", but this was not a universal opinion. In 1879, [[The World (1753 newspaper)|The World]] newspaper wroter "a very large income, the unbounded confidence of employers and public might help to turn less ordinary heads, but Fred Archer quietly goes his own way and studies diligently to improve his calling".{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}} And after his death [[George Lambton]] said, "Even when quite a boy he was courted and flattered by every kind of man and woman, and early in life he became the idol of the public... and yet he never suffered from that prevalent and disagreeable complaint, 'swollen head'. I think the shrewd, hard common sense of Mat Dawson, for whom he had the greatest affection and respect, was a great help to him."{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}}

Dawson was not entirely complimentary about him, calling him "that damned, long-legged, tin-scrapping young devil".{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}

===Other comments===
His sister Alice spoke of him thus. "He was gentle, but he took no liberties himself and no one ever thought of taking one with him. And he was always so quiet. There was never any ranting and raving. He would also rather be two minutes early than two minutes late."{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}}
Others have said similar. "He was a polite and driven man, whose life would have been so much easier had he been five inches shorter."<ref name=Thompson031228/>

Lambton described him his as having "the shadow of melancholy in his face which indicated a side to his nature never far absent even in his brightest days".{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} Friend and fellow jockey, [[Fred Webb (jockey)|Fred Webb]], "It is not wasting that makes Archer so thin and worn. He wears that worried look because he cannot ride two winners in one race."{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=647}}

Archer "rode like a man possessed" and "had the devil at his elbow".{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=78}} He could ride rough when necessary,{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|1978|p=20}} but his success has been attributed primarily to his coolness and to judgement of pace.<ref name=DONB/>
He had the "passion of a lover for what he did".<ref name=Thompson031228/> One contemporary newspaper described him as "all jockey, from the button of his cap to the tips of his spurs, and rode irrespective of the odds. Whether on a 6 to 4 or a 20 to 1 chance he equally strove to win."<ref name=EveStar/>

In his lifetime, his fame rivalled that of royalty. Once, leaving [[Ascot Racecourse]], the first-class train, full of [[Member of parliament|MPs]] and members of the aristocracy was held up for him.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=79}}

He was particularly popular with women. [[Lady Hastings]] wrote "the way in which some women ran after Archer was amazing", and it is widely believed that the [[Caroline Agnes Graham, Duchess of Montrose|Duchess of Montrose]], who was 40 years older than Archer, wanted to marry him and invited him to her home and the theatre.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=79}}

In the end, he outgrew his profession.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=78}} London cab drivers would shout "Archer's up" to mean that everything was alright with the world.{{sfn|Mortimer|Onslow|Willett|p=20}}

==Death==
[[File:Fred Archer's grave, Newmarket.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of jockey Frederick James Archer, Newmarket, Suffolk]]
Because of his height (5 ft 10in/1.78 m) Archer had to [[Dieting|diet]] far more than other jockeys. His racing weight was 8st 10 lb in later years, and to keep to it he used [[Turkish bath]]s, abstained almost totally from solid food, and used alkaline medicines to purge.<ref name=DONB/> A Newmarket doctor, JR Wright, created a special purgative which became known as "Archer's Mixture", which he drank by the sherry glass.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}} His diet consisted of half an orange, a sardine and a nip of champagne,<ref name=Thompson031228/> or [[castor oil]], a biscuit and a small champagne at midday, and he once left the dining room on the sight of a steak and kidney pie.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}} He was a poor walker, and could hardly run, which reduced his ability to lose weight through exercise.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=80}}

In October 1886, he had to lose 6 lbs over two days, for his first, and ultimately, only ride in Ireland - Cambusmore for Lord Londonderry in the Lieutenant's Plate at [[The Curragh]], a race he won easily<ref name=EveStar/> On his return, he wasted down to 8st 7 lb for the [[Cambridgeshire Handicap|Cambridgeshire]] by going three days without food.<ref name=EveStar/> This was still 1 lb overweight and cost him the race on St Mirin, as he was beaten by a head.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=82}} The afternoon was very cold, and he fell seriously ill. He still undertook engagements at [[Brighton Racecourse|Brighton]] and on the first day at Lewes on the Thursday, but here he is reported to have "taken a chill" which "developed into fever of a typhoid character", forcing him to return home.<ref name=EveStar/> He was declared ill on the Saturday, and by Sunday he was in a state of high fever.<ref name=EveStar/>

The next day, Monday 8 November 1886, he was at his residence, Falmouth House, Newmarket, under medical supervision.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Death Of A Famous Jockey. Fred Archer Kills Himself In A Fever. His Remarkable Career On The Turf And Its Tragic End. Some Of His Most Noteworthy Races |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E01E3DA1F30E533A2575AC0A9679D94679FD7CF&legacy=true |quote= |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=November 9, 1886 }}</ref><ref name="French"/> About 2.25pm his sister, Mrs Colman, visited him in his room and he asked her to send the nurse away. Colman was looking out of the window when Archer got out of bed. She then heard him say "Are they coming?" and saw he had the gun in his hand. She sprang towards him, and while she was struggling with him, he put the gun in his mouth and fired the revolver. He died bleeding in her arms, the bullet having passed out of the back of his neck. The doctor was on the scene very quickly and pronounced him dead.<ref name=Humphris/><ref name=EveStar/> The verdict of the jury at the inquest was: "That the deceased committed suicide whilst in a state of unsound mind". His death at the age of 29 occurred on 8 November 1886; his wife had died on 7 November, two years earlier.<ref name=Humphris>{{cite book|last=Humphris|first=E M|title=The Life of Fred Archer|publisher=Hutchinson & Co|location=London}}</ref>

The death of his wife was a factor. "Poor Nellie - she was my glory, my pride, my life, my all," he had earlier told a friend. "She was taken from me at the very moment that my happiness did really seem to me to be so great and complete as to leave nothing else in this world that I could wish for."<ref name=NewmktJourn/> He was also £30,000 in the red on his betting, exacerbated by having heavily backed St Mirin.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}} He had reportedly not been his "old self" for the past year.<ref name=EveStar/>

The gun had been bought because Falmouth House was in an exposed location and he had had trouble with housebreakers.<ref name=EveStar/>

He was buried in Newmarket cemetery on 12 November. Wreaths were sent by the [[Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster|Duke of Westminster]] and the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]].<ref name=DONB/> His burial plot can be found there to the right of the chapel.

He left a fortune of £66,662 (equal to about £{{Inflation|UK|0.066662|1886|r=1}} million today) to his only daughter, the inheritance being looked after by trustees during her minority.<ref name="NYT" /> At one time, he was rumoured to be worth £250,000.{{sfn|Tanner|Cranham|1992|p=81}} Some of his effects are now on display at the [[National Horseracing Museum]], including the gun with which he shot himself.<ref name="NHM"/> In October 2010 a [[Stevengraph]] silk portrait of Archer sold at auction for £320.<ref name="WDP" />

News of Archer's death reached far beyond racing. In London, special editions of the evening newspapers were issued, with crowds queuing in [[Fleet Street]] to buy them, and [[bus|omnibuses]] stopped to allow commuters to read the billboards. The adoration the public showed for him was close to that shown for [[Diana, Princess of Wales]] over a century later.<ref name=Thompson031228/>

He was survived by his second child, Nellie, who was brought up by her grandparents in the Newmarket area. She married shipping magnate, Max Tosetti in 1911.<ref name=NewmktJourn/>

==Legacy==
Archer's life has been fictionalised in two books - ''The Tinman's Farewell'' by Michael Tanner<ref name=Paley101107/> and ''Just One More Smile'' by his great-granddaughter Diana Foster.<ref name=NewmktJourn/>

His ghost is said to ride a light grey horse over Newmarket Heath.<ref name=Thompson031228/>

==Statistics by year==
* 1869 – 2 / 15
* 1870 – 3 / 40
* ''not known''
* 1872 – 27 / ''not known''
* 1874 – 147 / 530
* 1882 – 195 / 512<ref>{{cite news |title=Principal Winning Jockeys On The Flat This Year |work=The Cornishman |issue=226 |date=9 November 1882 |page=7}}</ref>
* 1884 – 241 / 377

==Classic race victories==
{{flagicon|Great Britain}} '''Great Britain'''
* [[Epsom Derby]] – ''[[Silvio (horse)|Silvio]] (1877)'', ''[[Bend Or]] (1880)'', ''[[Iroquois (horse)|Iroquois]] (1881)'', ''[[Melton (horse)|Melton]] (1885)'', ''[[Ormonde (horse)|Ormonde]] (1886)''
* [[Epsom Oaks]] – ''Spinaway (1875)'', ''[[Jannette]] (1878)'', ''Wheel of Fortune (1880)'', ''Lonely (1885)''
* [[1,000 Guineas Stakes|1,000 Guineas]] – ''Spinaway (1875)'', ''[[Wheel of Fortune (horse)|Wheel of Fortune]] (1879)''
* [[2,000 Guineas Stakes|2,000 Guineas]] – ''[[Atlantic (horse)|Atlantic]] (1874)'', ''Charibert (1879)'', ''[[Galliard (horse)|Galliard]] (1883)'', ''[[Paradox (horse)|Paradox]] (1885)''
* [[St. Leger Stakes|St. Leger]] – ''Silvio (1877)'', ''Jannette (1878)'', ''[[Iroquois (horse)|Iroquois]] (1881)'', ''Dutch Oven (1882)'', ''[[Melton (horse)|Melton]] (1885)'', ''[[Ormonde (horse)|Ormonde]] (1886)''

{{flagicon|France}} '''France'''
* [[Grand Prix de Paris]] – ''Bruce'' (1882), ''[[Paradox (horse)|Paradox]]'' (1885), ''[[Minting (horse)|Minting]]'' (1886)
* [[Prix du Jockey Club]] – ''Beauminet'' (1880), ''Frontin'' (1883)

==See also==
*[[List of jockeys]]

==References==
{{DNB01 poster|Archer, Frederick|Frederick Archer}}
{{Reflist
|refs =

<ref name=DONB>
{{cite wikisource | title=Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement |last=Seccombe
|first=Thomas |year=1901}}</ref>

<ref name=EveStar>
{{cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001707/18861109/015/0003 |title=Tragic Death of Fred. Archer |newspaper=Evening Star |location=Suffolk |date=9 November 1886 |access-date=28 October 2017}}
</ref>

<ref name="French">
{{cite book |editor1-first=Yvonne |editor1-last=French |title=News From the Past 1805–1887: The Autobiography of the Nineteenth Century |url= |accessdate= |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=}}</ref>

<ref name=NewmktJourn>
{{cite news |title=The tragedy of Fred Archer as told by his great granddaughter |url=http://www.newmarketjournal.co.uk/news/the-tragedy-of-fred-archer-as-told-by-his-great-granddaughter-1-7319039 |newspaper=Newmarket Journal |date=8 April 2016 |accessdate=28 October 2017}}
</ref>

<ref name="NHM">
{{cite web |url=http://www.horseracinghistory.co.uk/hrho/action/viewDocument?id=973 |title=Archer, Frederick James (1857–1886) |publisher=[[National Horseracing Museum]] |accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="NYT">
{{cite news |title=Jockey Leaves $1,250,000 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/10/16/105095555.pdf |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=16 October 1910 |accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=Paley101107>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/nov/07/the-tinmans-farewell-michael-tanner-review| title=The Tinman's Farewell by Michael Tanner – review| last = Paley| first = Tony |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=Thompson031228>
{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3609214/He-won-2748-races-with-nothing-but-fire-in-his-belly.html |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |title=He won 2,748 races with nothing but fire in his belly |last=Thompson |first=Laura |date=28 December 2003 |access-date=28 October 2017}}
</ref>

<ref name="WDP">
{{cite news |title=''Focus on: The tragic Fred Archer'' |newspaper= [[Western Daily Press]] |date=23 October 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name="jockey">A Great Jockey." Times [London, England] 19 June 1923: 10. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 28 April 2013.</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Life of Fred Archer'' by E.M. Humphries, Hutchinson, 1923.<ref name="jockey" />

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Fred Archer}}
*{{cite book |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of British Racing |last1=Mortimer |first1=Roger |last2=Onslow |first2=Richard |last3=Willett |first3=Peter |year=1978 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-354-08536-0 |ref=harv }} 
*{{cite book|last1=Tanner|first1=Michael |last2=Cranham|first2=Gerry |title=Great Jockeys of the Flat - A celebration of two centuries of jockeyship|year=1992|publisher=[[Guinness World Records|Guinness]]|isbn=978-0-85112-989-1|ref=harv}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archer, Fred}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:British Champion flat jockeys]]
[[Category:English jockeys]]
[[Category:Sports competitors who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cheltenham]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in England]]

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== Lineal titles ==

This bullshit has spread out across many articles following Álvarez, Fury and Mikey Garcia's recent fights, so it's time for centralised discussion to be held here. The [[lineal championship]], as currently described on WP, ''cannot'' be allowed to remain on [[MOS:BOXING/RECORD|record tables]], [[MOS:BOXING/TITLES|succession boxes]], and [[MOS:BOXING/LEAD|lead sections]]. This is because [[list of lineal boxing world champions|the list article]]'s primary sources are [http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/pastchp.htm CBZ] and the [https://www.tbrb.org/all-rankings/ TBRB], both of which contradict each other regularly, leading to myriad interpretations by every man and their dog. In particular, the credibility of CBZ should be in serious question due to how they've handled the Pacquiao/lineal welterweight situation post-Bradley III. The notion that Horn, and thereby Crawford, is the current lineal welterweight champion is laughable. But again, that's just an interpretation.

The lack of unanimity regarding "who is the lineal champion" means that the entire premise of these intangible, pseudo titles on WP fails [[WP:NOR]], [[WP:SYNTH]], and [[WP:V]]. At the most, lineal titles could be mentioned in the article body along with detailed and well-sourced rationales from boxing media outlets (e.g., "considered by some sources to be the lineal champion of his division; other sources disagree"), but I maintain that they absolutely ''should not'' be anywhere stat-based sections such the abovementioned record tables, succession boxes and lead. The [insert sanctioning body] champion in a given weight class is set in stone—lineal champions are not, and never will be.

The question goes:

'''Should lineal titles be removed from record tables, succession boxes, and lead sections?''' [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 17:21, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Remove it from everywhere. It's not a real title. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 20:23, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
*'''Strong oppose'''. Has to stay everywhere for me. It is the oldest title in existance, you could actually argue that it is infact the most prestigious title along with The Ring. Just because you don't get a belt from a corrupt sanctioning body it doesn't mean that it is not real. Before the sanctioning bodies came along we only had the world (lineal) title from the 1880s and then The Ring title came along in the 1920s, we didn't see the alphabet titles until the 1960s and the lineal championship was still called the world championship up until that time, are you saying all the guys that held the title before this didn't hold a real title and therefore were not champions? How can it not be real when it would been either one of two championships or indeed the only championship title you could fight for until the 60s? The problem today is we have too many sanctioning bodies with too many different titles and therefore too many champions in each division, being a champion doesn't necessarily mean you're the best or that you've even fought any of the best anymore. These days you have hold multiple titles to be considered the best and a real champion and even then when a division doesn't have a lineal or The Ring champion it means that the true number 1 in the division is unknown. Today The Ring and lineal titles being vacant for a fight means the determined top two in a division are fighting to determine who is the best so it is actually very significant also because if a fighter holds both those titles they are without question the no1 in their division. Meanwhile its possible to fight for and therefore possible to win an alphabet title and not even be the 10th best fighter at the weight. The lineal championship represents a time when there was one world title and therefore one world champion so it showed who the best was and who was a real champion and it still does that today. Personally I do not think it is too difficult to discern who the lineal champion is in each division (if there is one) and on the occasions when it is in question then I'm sure it won't too hard for us to reach a conclusion. [[User:Lorenzo9378|Lorenzo9378]] ([[User talk:Lorenzo9378|talk]]) 01:14, 27 September 2018 (UTC)
::That simply isn't true. As far back as the 1930s the major world titles were sanctioned by bodies such as the NYSAC and the NBAA, often with different boxers recognised as world champions at the same weight, and also sometimes other boxers recognised as world champions in Europe. The Ring title held little importance until recently, and the 'lineal title' isn't officially determined by anyone, nor was it discussed much for most of the modern (post-1900) history of boxing. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 05:38, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

:::'''Comment''' – ''"Has to stay everywhere"'' is non-negotiable, and I'm going by the hard-and-fast WP rules listed above—[[WP:NOR]], [[WP:SYNTH]], and [[WP:V]]. "We" aren't making this up. Because there are so many interpretations of who a lineal champion is, such material simply cannot be included in tables, etc. Granted, I see no reason why the [[lineal championship]] article itself cannot stay, as long as it is made up solely of prose, with a variety of reliable sources discussing the discrepancies and disagreements that the so-called "title" has faced over the decades.

:::However, the inclusion of them in list- or stat-related sections cannot and will not stay for much longer, and that [[lineal championship#Current Lineal world champions|ambiguous table]] in the aforementioned article will be gone very soon—it goes against the entire ethos of WP. It would be utterly ridiculous to put something like this in Fury's record table: ''"Defending lineal heavyweight title according to ''[insert opinion/agenda here]''; not defending lineal heavyweight according to TBRB and CBZ."'' That stuff can be hashed out in the prose, where it belongs. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 17:01, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

::::In its current revision, even the [[lineal championship]] article itself acknowledges the failings of such an intangible concept: ''"Since the modern lineal championship is '''merely a notional title tracked by fans''', there is no money or organization to arrange a box-off to fill a vacant title, and there '''may not be consensus''' on who the top contenders are"''. To reiterate: we cannot include within tables and succession boxes something that does not even exist. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 19:37, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

:::::'''Comment''' - Yes they may been sanctioned by bodies such as those you mention at the time but the sanctioning bodies were still of no real significance until the 60s when the WBA and WBC came along, (in fact the NBA became WBA for instance) and as I said, it was was still called the 'world' championship/title until that time no matter who sanctioned it. The 'lineal' title wasn't discussed much back then for the same reason, it was still called the 'world' title. As for the Fury lineal champion thing, we already discussed it on his talk page and reached a conclusion. Obviously it would be ridiculous to have that in Fury's record table as you would never put that anyway because either they are the champion or they aren't but as we agreed he cannot still be the lineal champ after two and half years out. However, if you try and remove the lineal status from a legitimate lineal champion like Usyk for example then I think you will encounter problems (and I don't mean from me). But if you're thinking removing all traces of the lineal title will solve any edit warring issues, then think again. Michig has already tried to remove the only mention of the lineal title from the Wilder-Fury article, despite the fact I did say former champion not current, and was countered by a user who regularly updates various fighters articles. It seems the three of us are the only ones discussing it here, but if you try and make this change without consulting any of the users who reguarly update various figthers and fight pages, then good luck I guess. [[User:Lorenzo9378|Lorenzo9378]] ([[User talk:Lorenzo9378|talk]]) 00:42, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::There were multiple world champions at the same weight before the WBA and WBC came along because different sanctioning bodies recognized different champions - I've read plenty of newspaper articles from the era which discuss this. When I removed 'lineal' from the Wilder-Fury article it stated that Fury was the ''current'' lineal champion, not former - here's the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deontay_Wilder_vs._Tyson_Fury&diff=862010536&oldid=862005619 diff]. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 07:19, 2 October 2018 (UTC) One example I came across recently was from 1942 when the NYSAC agreed to recognize the winner of the Jackie Paterson-Peter Kane fight as the world flyweight champion, while the NBA(A) stuck with Little Dado as world champion. Another was when Freddie Mills beat Len Harvey - Harvey was at the time recognized by the BBBofC as world champion, but Mills didn't value the title as he regarded Gus Lesnovich as the genuine world champion. There was certainly one widely-recognized world champion most of the time, but there were still multiple world champions, and often dispute as to who should be considered world champion. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 07:45, 2 October 2018 (UTC)

:::::::''"[I]f you try and remove the lineal status from a legitimate lineal champion like Usyk"'''—Usyk, Fury, Ali, Stevenson.. doesn't matter. Their lineal statuses (or lack thereof; see Pacquiao in 2016–2017) can be explained in the lead or article body where they belong, with multiple refs explaining ''who'' considers them lineal champion, and by what definition.

:::::::''"[I]f you're thinking removing '''all traces''' of the lineal title"''—Not all traces; just from the stat-based sections like record tables and succession boxes. For Fury's current status, it can worded something like how I suggested at the top of this discussion: ''"Fury is considered by some sources to be the reigning lineal heavyweight champion based on his victory over Klitschko; however, his two-year period of inactivity and sporadic announcements of retirement have caused debate over his status as lineal champion."''

:::::::..There ya go. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 17:57, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::It looks like you've softened your position on removing any mention of lineal titles from the lead. Including it in the lead shouldn't be automatic just because CBZ or someone else called them the lineal champion, but it belongs there in some articles (for example: Michael Spinks and George Foreman).--[[User:SaskatchewanSenator|SaskatchewanSenator]] ([[User talk:SaskatchewanSenator|talk]]) 19:45, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

:::I don't know much about titles from the early days of boxing, but it looks like The Ring's champions are as good as any, from when they started. I'm open to discussion about what we could do to recognize world champions before 1922.--[[User:SaskatchewanSenator|SaskatchewanSenator]] ([[User talk:SaskatchewanSenator|talk]]) 19:45, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
*'''Support''' removing it from record tables and succession boxes. It's an opinion, not a fact.--[[User:SaskatchewanSenator|SaskatchewanSenator]] ([[User talk:SaskatchewanSenator|talk]]) 19:45, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

::::::::@Michig "One recognised world champion", there you said it yourself. There may have occasionally been other champions in other insignificant sanctioning bodies but the lineal/world title represents the line of succession from this one recognised world champion you mention. And okay, you removed the only mention of the lineal title instead of changing it back from 'former' to 'current' even though the conclusion we reached was that he is not the current lineal champion, not to remove all mention of it. You can also see I called him the former champion and a random IP changed it to current.
::::::::@Mac I simply don't agree with removing it from the lead sections or record tables and succession boxes and I know I'll be far from the only one. To take it out of the record table implies it's not on the line even when it unquestionably is, like in Usyk-Gassiev or Klitschko-Fury for instance and to say the lineal title wasn't on the line in those fights would just be plain wrong in my opinion. To say it is not a real title when many people and media involved in the sport are mentioning it on a daily basis makes no sense. I actually stumbled across a new source for the lineal title here (https://www.linealboxingchampion.com/) which looks a good website but considers Fury to still be the current lineal champion on the basis you cannot be stripped of or vacate the title unless you retire or move to another weight class. Fury by his own admission did retire but changed his mind, so does that mean his retirement was never official therefore he didn't vacate the title? By their admission the answer is yes but by their policy you could just as easily say the title is vacant until the no1 and no2 fight for it which is the conclusion we reached, I think it just depends whether or not you consider Fury's 30 month lay off as a retirement. Either way I recommend having a look at their policy for the lineal championship because other than that I can't argue with any of it and it's defintely worth a look I'd be interested to see what you think. [[User:Lorenzo9378|Lorenzo9378]] ([[User talk:Lorenzo9378|talk]]) 20:02, 9 October 2018 (UTC)
:::::::::Looks like a website/blog set up by a fan to me, with no evidence of satisfying [[WP:RS]], and this is the real problem here, there is no official body that decides who the lineal champion is, so it is impossible for us to state that someone ''is'' the lineal champion without qualifying it with ''according to '' x. We would need a governing body awarding the title and reliable sources to state that someone ''is'' the lineal champion. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 20:19, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

::::::::::Lorenzo, you've highlighted exactly what I've been talking about since I opened this thread—complete lack of agreement across mainstream media and boxing publications. ''"Fury is! Isn't! Is! Isn't! Is! Isn't! Is! Isn't! Is!"''.. Please see some sense and realise that such a shaky premise fails [[WP:OR]] automatically, and thus means there is no place for lineal titles in factual sections such as the record tables and succession boxes. There's no way around it.
::::::::::WP core policy—that being reliable sources ''in agreement of a fact''—isn't going to change just because some boxing fans are debating a pseudo title. If Fury's disputed lineal status means it cannot be included in the aforementioned sections, that it can only mean it needs to be zapped from all other boxers' articles for consistency. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 20:21, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

:::::::::::I think that LBC website is no worse of a source for the lineal title than TBRB or CBZ, and I don't think it matters that they are not sanctioning bodies, the problem is that they don't always agree. So in the case of disputed lineal status, we can reach an agreement on here. The lineal championship decides itself, whether there is a source for it or not. It is either the man who beat the man or the winner of a fight between the no1 and no2 to become the man. I think I highlighted the lack of agreement only on the Fury lineal situation not the lineal championship as a whole, and don't get me wrong I can see the point both of you are making, but you can also understand the Fury lineal situation is pretty much unique. I previously stated that I don't think it is difficult to discern who the lineal champion is (if any) in each division is and I stand by that even if you exclude the Fury case, but we reached a conclusion on that and I stand by that too. Either a fighter is the lineal champion or they're not, we agreed Fury can no longer be classed lineal champ after that length lay off so at this point the lineal title would only be mentioned in his record table for the Klitschko fight, I don't see why it should be removed for that fight so obviously don't see why it should be zapped from all relevant record tables and succession boxes either. Removing the lineal title from the record tables would mean removing the world heavyweight title from any record tables prior to the 60s, and this is something I just cannot agree to. [[User:Lorenzo9378|Lorenzo9378]] ([[User talk:Lorenzo9378|talk]]) 03:09, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
::::::::::::World titles prior to the 1960s were awarded by recognized sanctioning bodies. They are not in any way similar to the putative lineal title. It isn't up to editors to reach a consensus on what the truth is, we need to reflect facts cited to reliable sources. Personally, I wouldn't give any weight to the TBRB or the CBZ either. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 09:03, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

*'''Oppose'''. Listing the lineal championships, I believe, is an important information because it identifies a division's one true champion. I also noticed that one of the main cause of this issue is the difference between the main sources namely CBZ and TBRB as they listed differently these past 2 years. I learned that the reason, according to Tracy Callis, whom I inquired to last March, why CBZ's list has been outdated is because the person "keeping up" the list "has departed" and that no one "inherited" the task. But just recently, the list is now updated and recognizes TBRB champions and their previous abdications.

::Here are the recent updates from CBZ. The update includes the following:
::*'''Heavyweight:''' Fury's reign now reflects that of TBRB's.
::*'''Cruiserweight:''' Usyk is added.
::*'''Light Hevyweight:''' Gvozdyk is added, Stevenson's reign is updated as well.
::*'''Super Middleweight:''' Ward's reign now reflects that of TBRB's.
::*'''Middleweight:''' Alvarez's reign now reflects that of TBRB's (his abdication in 2017 and recapturing this year).
::*'''Welterweight:''' Pacquiao's reign is updated and now reflects that of TBRB's (he retired).
::*'''Junior Welterweight:''' Crawford and Mikey Garcia are added.
::*'''Junior Bantamweight:''' Sor Rungvisai is added.
::*'''Flyweight''': Gonzalez's reign now reflects that of TBRB's.

:I also believe that Fury's recent claim just adds to the confusion and is a distraction. The fact that he announced abdication, whether he retracted or not, is an statement of abdication. As per the traditional rule, once a boxer vacates and returns he has to fight his way back to the top contention and fight the other top contender. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 16:44, 11 December 2018 (UTC)
{{od}}
Ongoing edit wars at the [[list of lineal boxing world champions]] prove my point, yet again. "Lineal titles" need to ''vanish'' from all record tables and succession boxes, and new guidelines formed on how to handle them in lead sections. We now have clear agendas being demonstrated by certain editors, and no clarity whatsoever in determining [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]—whether it's CBZ, TBRB, or this [https://www.linealboxingchampion.com/ linealboxingchampion.com] site. As far as I'm concerned, they're all dubious in their credibility, because the "lineal title" is a dubious concept in itself—an intangible, subjective, pseudo championship. The way this is being handled is unacceptable, and not how WP works. If sources pertaining to content are in dispute, then said content should ''not'' be present at all until there is clarity. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 18:02, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

:That LBC.com site is clearly a fan-made blog site. Just from the looks of it's homepage. Seems to be created to add more confusion (a pseudo main source) that Tyson Fury is still the lineal champion. Those who points out that Fury is still the LC disregards the fact that he announced retirement and clearly violated the traditional rule of gaining back a championship. To make it worse, Fury self-proclaims that he's still as such. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 06:54, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

== Editing task: weight class / world champion categories ==

Wherever a category of <nowiki>[[Category:World</nowiki> (insert weight class) boxing champions]] is accompanied by <nowiki>[[Category:</nowiki>(Insert weight class) boxers]], please remove the latter; it is redundant, and included within the former. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 15:36, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

== Amateur weights in categories ==

Currently in [[MOS:BOXING]], we include categories for weight classes in which a boxer competed as an amateur. I'm a bit torn on this. On one hand, it makes sense to categorise [[Lennox Lewis]] or [[Anthony Joshua]] under [[:Category:Super-heavyweight boxers]] because they won their Olympic medals at that weight. However, categorising [[Roy Jones Jr.]] under [[:Category:Light-welterweight boxers]] for winning a Golden Gloves tournament, or [[Callum Smith]] under [[:Category:Welterweight boxers]] for silver at the Commonwealth Games seems weird. Perhaps they could be limited to the most major international amateur tournaments only, or we could do away with including amateur weights completely. Suggestions? [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 18:33, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

== Boxing records for professional fighters ==

I apologize if this question has been asked before but does anyone thing all professional boxers should have to have boxing records on display. It seems only after [[Jake LaMotta]] died he got a proper professional fighter record. It seems that many early 20th Century boxers such as [[Jack Kid Berg]], [[Randolph Turpin]], [[Dick Turpin (boxer)]] don't have fight records. Does anyone think it be mandatory that all professional boxers should have fight records on display? [[User:Dwanyewest|Dwanyewest]] ([[User talk:Dwanyewest|talk]]) 15:00, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

:It has been asked before, but about two years ago perhaps—so it's not a recent question. They aren't currently mandatory, but to qualify for a [[WP:GA|good article]], a boxer's professional record absolutely should be displayed. To build an encyclopaedia, we need all the details of a boxer's career. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 17:33, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

:It can take quite a bit of effort to add a full record, particularly for boxers from the first half of the 20th century who had hundreds of professional fights, so no, it can't be mandatory to include them in articles, or we would get very few articles created. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 17:41, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

::I think prioritizing Hall-of-Famers and world champions would suffice. But for boxers with more than a certain number of fights, non-title fights prior to his first title fight can be "omitted" in the meantime. It's execution needs to be discussed, if any. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 18:23, 31 December 2018 (UTC)

== Tyson Fury Propagandists ==

It seems that there are lots of IP-only Tyson Fury propagandists vandalizing some related pages, particularly [[Lineal championship]] and [[List of lineal boxing world champions]] pages. Some of them are promoting the website LBC.com. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 23:46, 3 January 2019 (UTC)

:No worries. Just keep reverting 'til the cows go home. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 18:09, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

== The Ring kept Fury as their Champion in 2016/17 ==

Why didn't The Ring make their title vacant in 2016 or 2017?

...Fury vacated his ABC belts in 2016, but at no point did he ever formally retire or vacate the real world championship. The Ring didn't view the "Twitter retirement" as an official retirement.

This is surely very credible evidence that he never retired as Lineal Champion.

[[User:Anthony Williams Boxing|Anthony Williams Boxing]] ([[User talk:Anthony Williams Boxing|talk]]) 13:39, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

:It's not possible to retire as lineal champion because it isn't a real title. --[[User:Michig|Michig]] ([[User talk:Michig|talk]]) 18:28, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

:The point is he announced retirement, whether it's formal, informal, official or not. That's how the traditional lineal championship system works. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 21:40, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Didn't Fury's "Twitter retirement" in 2016 last 3 hours?! ...a little different to Marciano's, Jeffries' and Lennox's retirements... — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Anthony Williams Boxing|Anthony Williams Boxing]] ([[User talk:Anthony Williams Boxing#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anthony Williams Boxing|contribs]]) 22:16, 10 January 2019 (UTC) 

:Yes, different time frame but still a retirement. It's not a question of how long he stayed retired, the question is if he announced retirement in any form. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 23:57, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

== Interim Champions ==

How about making a separate category for Interim World Champions? And then a list page? [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 12:55, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

:List page sure, or incorporate them into the sanctioning body lists ([[list of WBA world champions|WBA]], [[list of WBC world champions|WBC]], [[list of IBF world champions|IBF]], [[list of WBO world champions|WBO]]), but not categories—they'd have to be updated and/or replaced every time they win a full world title. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 18:16, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

::You're right, a list page is fine. Would be better if we separate them to the full world champions. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 10:18, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

I created a [[List of interim boxing world champions|page]] for the list. I hope someone can double-check, especially the flags since I'm not familiar on how to know if the flag is correct at the time they won. [[User:PinoyBoxing11|PinoyBoxing11]] ([[User talk:PinoyBoxing11|talk]]) 10:50, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

:Looks good. Unless anyone takes up the task, I'll try to create/edit links to them from bio articles. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 19:25, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

== Tyson Fury is the lineal champion until beaten in the ring ==

Very simple. The lineal champion owns the lineage when he beats the man that beat the man and the lineage is not subject to other people's views.
Fury says he's the lineal champion. He doesn't say that he vacated the lineal title. Never did. He vacated the belts. Not the lineal title.
Until he actually gets beaten IN THE RING and/or OFFICIALLY retires from the sport, he will always be the lineal champion. Clearly, he's never been beaten. And clearly HE'S BACK.
Now, if in his absence, the consensus #1 and #2 fighters fought to replace him, there could be an argument and the winner could be shown to have replaced him, but the lineage would STILL be his when he came back. Just like when Muhammad Ali was suspended in 1967 and Joe Frazier fought the #2 guy to replace Ali. In the ensuing Fight Of The Century, Ali was STILL referred to as the lineal champion because he had never been beaten in the ring.
When you keep it simple, there really is no confusion. Tyson Fury owns the lineage until he's beaten or he says otherwise. If you want to control the lineage, YOU GET IN THE RING AND YOU BEAT HIM. Otherwise, it's not yours to control. [[User:Davidjohnadams|Davidjohnadams]] ([[User talk:Davidjohnadams|talk]]) 19:27, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

== False information on the lineal page ==

Mohammed Ali never vacated his lineal title and Tyson Fury never vacated his lineal title. The lineage page has been sabotaged by people who either don't understand the simple concept behind the lineage, or worse, have a political agenda or personal bias. You either beat the man who beat the man or you retire from boxing FOR GOOD, and a new lineage is created when there is a winner between the consensus #1 and #2 in the division.

Mohammed Ali was lineal champion until beaten by Joe Frazier. He was banned from boxing. He was stripped of his titles. But he was STILL considered the lineal champion until the Fight of the Century.

Wladimir Klitschko was lineal champion ONLY after defeating the #2 fighter at the time, Alexander Povetkin. Wladimir never fought his brother, #2 ranked Vitali, so the lineage was vacant until Vitali retired. Vitali was still around when Wladimir won the RING belt against #3 Ruslan Chagaev.

Tyson Fury is still the lineal champion today, having defended his lineage three times since beating Wladimir Klitschko.

Manny Pacquiao has NEVER been the welterweight lineal champion, having lost to Floyd Mayweather. When Manny Pacquiao fought Timothy Bradley in early 2016, he was ranked #2 and Timothy Bradley was ranked #4 (Kell Brook was #1). Keith Thurman was ranked #2 at the end of 2016. Floyd Mayweather has yet to officially retire from the sport of boxing, having defended his lineage against Manny Pacquiao, Andre Berto and Conor McGregor. [[User:Davidjohnadams|Davidjohnadams]] ([[User talk:Davidjohnadams|talk]]) 03:58, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
== WP 1.0 Bot Beta ==

Hello! Your WikiProject has been selected to participate in the WP 1.0 Bot rewrite beta. This means that, starting in the next few days or weeks, your assessment tables will be updated using code in the new bot, codenamed Lucky. You can read more about this change on the [[Wikipedia_talk:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Index#New_WP_1.0_Bot_in_beta|Wikipedia 1.0 Editorial team page]]. Thanks! [[User:Audiodude|audiodude]] ([[User talk:Audiodude|talk]]) 06:49, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

== Infobox boxer: BoxRec field ==

For infoboxes, please add <code>boxrec=</code> (plus the boxer's corresponding ID) below the <code>style=</code> field. It'll create a ref-link to their record, without the need to scroll to the bottom of the article for it. [[User:Mac Dreamstate|Mac Dreamstate]] ([[User talk:Mac Dreamstate|talk]]) 22:21, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

== [[JaRico O'Quinn]] ==

Boxer [[JaRico O'Quinn]] is listed as champion on [[List of United States national amateur boxing bantamweight champions]] but it seems to me that he competed in [[Featherweight]] class (56kg)? Champion in the 52kg division would be [[Malik Jackson (boxer)|Malik Jackson]] then. Maybe I'm missing something, though, that's why I wanted to inquire here first. -- [[User:Fallen Sheep|Fallen Sheep]] ([[User talk:Fallen Sheep|talk]]) 10:55, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

List of Olympic medalists in equestrian events

2019-02-21T19:35:54Z

Fallen Sheep: typo

[[File:Mon Cherie 2 1980-1-s.jpg|thumb|right|Dressage at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]|alt=A gray horse performing in a dirt ring, ridden by a woman in a dark top hat, coat and boots and white pants. In the background a white fence, small grassy area and a seated crowd are visible.]]
[[File:Sara Algotsson-Ostholt Wega, eventing London 2012 7.jpg|thumb|right|Show jumping at the 2012 Summer Olympics|alt=A gray horse, ridden by a woman, in mid-air over a red and white striped fence.]]
[[File:Zara Phillips High Kingdom cross country Olympics 2012.jpg|thumb|right|An eventer jumps out of a water obstacle at the 2012 Summer Olympics|alt=A dark brown horse with a rider on its back in mid-air, jumping out of the water to land on a grassy bank.]]
[[File:Lantinus and Lynch.jpg|thumb|right|A show-jumper at the 2008 Olympic Games|alt=A brown horse with a rider in mid-air over a jump, surrounded by potted plants, in a dirt ring.]]
{{Main|Equestrian at the Summer Olympics}}

[[Equestrianism|Equestrian]] sports are among those contested at the [[Summer Olympic Games]]. Equine events began at the Olympics in 1900, when competitions in [[Polo at the Summer Olympics|polo]] (considered by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) to be a separate sport from the other equestrian events), [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]], four-in-hand [[Driving (horse)|driving]], [[mail coach]] driving, mixed [[show hack|hacks]] and [[show hunter|hunters]] and three types of [[Jumping (horse)|jumping]] (high jump, long jump and [[show-jumping]]) were held.<ref name=SR>{{cite web|author=Kubatko, Justin|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/EQU/|title=Equestrianism|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=October 21, 2009|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Olympic Equestrian: The Sports and the Stories from Stockholm to Sydney|author=Bryant, Jennifer O.|date=2000|publisher=The Blood-Horse, Inc|location=Canada|isbn=1-58150-044-0|pages=24–25}}</ref> Most of these events were later discontinued, although equestrian events have continued through the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], and now include team and individual [[dressage]], [[three-day eventing]] and show-jumping.<ref name=Beijing>{{cite web|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/sports/equestrian/index.shtml|title=Equestrian|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|accessdate=October 21, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006061636/http://en.beijing2008.cn/sports/equestrian/index.shtml|archivedate=October 6, 2009|df=}}</ref> Competitors in the [[modern pentathlon]] event also have to complete an equestrian show-jumping course, but this is not part of the equestrian events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/modernpentathlon/insidethissport/index.html|title=Modern Pentathlon: Inside this Sport|publisher=NBC Universal|work=NBC Beijing 2008|accessdate=October 29, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161222/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/modernpentathlon/insidethissport/index.html|archivedate=July 14, 2011|df=}}</ref>

Modern-day Olympic equestrian events are rooted in cavalry skills and classical horsemanship,<ref>{{cite book |author= Bryant, Jennifer O. |title= Olympic Equestrian: The Sports and the Stories from Stockholm to Sydney |publisher= The Blood-Horse, Inc |edition=1st|location=Canada |year= 2000|isbn=1-58150-044-0|pages=14–15}}</ref> and through 1948, competition was restricted to active-duty officers on military horses.<ref>{{cite book |author= Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors) |page=292|title= The Complete Horse Book |publisher= Trafalgar Square, Inc |edition=|location= North Pomfret, VT|year= 1987 |isbn=0-943955-00-9}}</ref> Only after 1952, as mechanization of warfare reduced the number of military riders, were civilian riders allowed to compete.<ref>{{cite book |author= Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors) |title= The Complete Horse Book |publisher= Trafalgar Square, Inc |edition=|location= North Pomfret, VT|year= 1987 |isbn=0-943955-00-9|page=296}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-Olympics/idUSKUA76733420080807|title=Factbox for Equestrianism|work=Reuters Website|accessdate=August 7, 2008|author=Reuters|date=August 7, 2008|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Equestrian is the only Olympic sport in which animals compete with humans, and is one of four sports in which the genders compete against each other,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/equestrian/insidethissport/index.html|title=Equestrian: Inside this Sport|publisher=NBC Universal|work=NBC Beijing 2008|accessdate=October 21, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161230/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/equestrian/insidethissport/index.html|archivedate=July 14, 2011|df=}}</ref> the others being some [[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|sailing]] divisions, mixed doubles division in [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|tennis]] and the mixed doubles division of [[Badminton at the Summer Olympics|badminton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/insidethissport/index.html|title=Sailing: Inside This Sport|publisher=NBC Universal|work=NBC Beijing 2008|accessdate=November 9, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161238/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/sailing/insidethissport/index.html|archivedate=July 14, 2011|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/badminton/insidethissport/index.html|title=Badminton: Inside this Sport|publisher=NBC Universal|work=NBC Beijing 2008|accessdate=November 9, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161245/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/badminton/insidethissport/index.html|archivedate=July 14, 2011|df=}}</ref> The rules for Olympic equestrian competition are set by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|Fédération Équestre Internationale]], the international governing body for equestrian sports.<ref name=Beijing/>

In two instances, the equestrian portion of the Olympics has been held in a different location from the rest of the games. The first was during the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] in [[Melbourne, Australia]] when, due to Australian quarantine laws, the equestrian portion was held in [[Stockholm, Sweden]]. At the next IOC meeting, it was decided to hold a special Equestrian Olympic Games several months before the actual Olympics, complete with its own opening and closing ceremonies.<ref name=Stockholm>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/equestrian/1956/|title=1956 Stockholm Equestrian Games|author=Kubatko, Justin|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=November 11, 2009}}</ref> This meant that Switzerland, which had officially boycotted the 1956 Games because of the Soviet Union's recent invasion of Hungary, still brought home a medal because of its participation in the equestrian portion several months earlier.<ref name=Stockholm/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/olympics/history/story/2008/05/07/f-olympics-history-1956.html|title=Three countries boycott the Games in Melbourne|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=November 18, 2009|date=August 7, 2009|work=CBC Sports}}</ref> The second instance was during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], when the equestrian events were held in [[Hong Kong]] rather than [[Beijing]]. This decision was made when, in 2005, international veterinary groups refused to certify the main Olympic city as free of equine diseases. This would have resulted in horses leaving Beijing after the games and having to go through lengthy quarantine processes before being allowed to re-enter their home countries. Hong Kong also had the benefit of having better facilities, including a top equine hospital and one of only a few equine drug-testing labs in the world.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/sports/olympics/03horses.html?_r=1|title=Haze, Humidity and Horses|author=Bradsher, Keith|date=August 3, 2008|accessdate=November 11, 2009|journal=The New York Times}}</ref>

The Summer Olympics have included 2,129 equestrian participants, including 1,751 men and 378 women, from 69 countries.<ref name=SR/>{{#tag:ref|This number is approximate, because the number of competitors in early games is uncertain in many cases.|group=note}}, of which 564 won a medal. As of the 2008 Olympics, 395 medals have been awarded to 31 NOCs. The oldest rider was 72-year-old Arthur von Pongracz of Austria at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], while the youngest was 16-year-old Luiza Almeida of Brazil at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=SR/> The leading medalist is [[Isabell Werth]] of Germany (10, 6 gold), followed by [[Anky van Grunsven]] of the Netherlands (9, 3 gold), and [[Reiner Klimke]] of Germany (8, 6 gold). Germany leads the country medalist rankings with 25 gold medals (52 overall),{{#tag:ref|Note that this is only the medals won Germany as a whole country; medals won by the [[United Team of Germany]] (EUA) and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) are not included. The IOC considers these three separate [[National Olympic Committee]]s and lists their results as such, but another major database combines Germany and the EUA, while leaving the FRG separate.<ref name=SR/>|group=note}} followed by Sweden with 17 (43 overall) and France with 14 (37 overall).<ref name=SR/> Canadian rider [[Ian Millar]] holds the record for the most Olympic equestrian appearances and matches the record for athletes in any sport, having competed in ten Olympics as of 2012.<ref>[http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/10-time-olympian-ian-millar-left-canadian-show-jumping-team "10-time Olympian Ian Millar left off Canadian show jumping team"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821010116/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/10-time-olympian-ian-millar-left-canadian-show-jumping-team# |date=2016-08-21 }}, ''NBC Olympics'', July 14, 2016.</ref>

==Current program==
===Dressage, individual===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carl Bonde]] on ''Emperor''|SWE|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern]] on ''Neptun''|SWE|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans von Blixen-Finecke]] on ''Maggie''|SWE|1912 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Janne Lundblad]] on ''Uno''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bertil Sandström]] on ''Sabel''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans von Rosen]] on ''Running Sister''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ernst Linder]] on ''Piccolomino''|SWE|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bertil Sandström]] on ''Sabel''|SWE|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Xavier Lesage]] on ''Plumard''|FRA|1924 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carl Freiherr von Langen]] on ''Draufgänger''|GER|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles Marion]] on ''Linon''|FRA|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ragnar Olson]] on ''Günstling''|SWE|1928 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Xavier Lesage]] on ''Taine''|FRA|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles Marion]] on ''Linon''|FRA|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hiram Tuttle (equestrian)|Hiram Tuttle]] on ''Olympic''|USA|1932 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Heinz Pollay]] on ''Kronos''|GER|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Friedrich Gerhard]] on ''Absinth''|GER|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alois Podhajsky]] on ''Nero''|AUT|1936 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans Moser (rider)|Hans Moser]] on ''Hummer''|SUI|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[André Jousseaume]] on ''Harpagon''|FRA|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern Jr.]] on ''Trumf''|SWE|1948 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Henri Saint Cyr]] on ''Master Rufus''|SWE|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lis Hartel]] on ''Jubilee''|DEN|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[André Jousseaume]] on ''Harpagon''|FRA|1952 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Henri Saint Cyr]] on ''Juli''|SWE|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lis Hartel]] on ''Jubilee''|DEN|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Liselott Linsenhoff]] on ''Adular''|EUA|1956 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sergei Filatov]] on ''Absent''|URS|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gustav Fischer (equestrian)|Gustav Fischer]] on ''Wald''|SUI|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Josef Neckermann]] on ''Asbach''|EUA|1960 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Henri Chammartin]] on ''Wörmann''|SUI|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Harry Boldt]] on ''Remus''|EUA|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sergei Filatov]] on ''Absent''|URS|1964 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ivan Kizimov]] on ''Ikhor''|URS|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Josef Neckermann]] on ''Mariano''|FRG|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Reiner Klimke]] on ''Dux''|FRG|1968 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Liselott Linsenhoff]] on ''Piaff''|FRG|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yelena Petushkova]] on ''Pepel''|URS|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Josef Neckermann]] on ''Venetia''|FRG|1972 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christine Stückelberger]] on ''Granat''|SUI|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Harry Boldt]] on ''Woycek''|FRG|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Reiner Klimke]] on ''Mehmed''|FRG|1976 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Elisabeth Theurer]] on ''Mon Cherie''|AUT|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yuri Kovshov]] on ''Igrok''|URS|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Viktor Ugryumov]] on ''Shkval''|URS|1980 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Reiner Klimke]] on ''[[Ahlerich]]''|FRG|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anne Grethe Jensen]] on ''Marzog''|DEN|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Otto Hofer]] on ''Limandus''|SUI|1984 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nicole Uphoff]] on ''[[Rembrandt (horse)|Rembrandt]]''|FRG|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Margit Otto-Crépin]] on ''Corlandus''|FRA|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christine Stückelberger]] on ''Gauguin de Lully CH''|SUI|1988 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nicole Uphoff]] on ''[[Rembrandt (horse)|Rembrandt]]''|GER|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Isabell Werth]] on ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]''|GER|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Klaus Balkenhol]] on ''Goldstern''|GER|1992 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Isabell Werth]] on ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]''|GER|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anky van Grunsven]] on ''[[Bonfire (horse)|Bonfire]]''|NED|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sven Rothenberger]] on ''Weyden''|NED|1996 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anky van Grunsven]] on ''[[Bonfire (horse)|Bonfire]]''|NED|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Isabell Werth]] on ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]''|GER|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ulla Salzgeber]] on ''Rusty''|GER|2000 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anky van Grunsven]] on ''[[Salinero]]''|NED|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ulla Salzgeber]] on ''Rusty''|GER|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Beatriz Ferrer-Salat]] on ''Beauvalais''|ESP|2004 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anky van Grunsven]] on ''[[Salinero]]''|NED|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Isabell Werth]] on ''Satchmo''|GER|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Heike Kemmer]] on ''Bonaparte''|GER|2008 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charlotte Dujardin]] on ''[[Valegro]]''|GBR|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adelinde Cornelissen]] on ''Parzival''|NED|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Tomlinson|Laura Bechtolsheimer]] on ''[[Mistral Højris]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charlotte Dujardin]] on ''[[Valegro]]''|GBR|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Isabell Werth]] on ''Weihegold''|GER|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kristina Bröring-Sprehe]] on ''Desperados''|GER|2016 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Individual dressage}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Dressage, team===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1928 Summer}} [[Carl Freiherr von Langen]] on ''Draufgänger'' [[Hermann Linkenbach]] on ''Gimpel'' [[Eugen Freiherr von Lotzbeck]] on ''Caracalla''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1928 Summer}} [[Ragnar Olson]] on ''Günstling'' [[Janne Lundblad]] on ''Blackmar'' [[Carl Bonde]] on ''Ingo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1928 Summer}} [[Jan van Reede]] on ''Hans'' [[Pierre Versteegh]] on ''His Excellence'' [[Gerard le Heux]] on ''Valérine''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1932 Summer}} [[Xavier Lesage]] on ''Taine'' [[Charles Marion]] on ''Linon'' [[André Jousseaume]] on ''Sorelta''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1932 Summer}} [[Bertil Sandström]] on ''Kreta'' [[Thomas Byström]] on ''Gulliver'' [[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern Jr.]] on ''Ingo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1932 Summer}} [[Hiram Tuttle (equestrian)|Hiram Tuttle]] on ''Olympic'' [[Isaac Kitts]] on ''American Lady'' [[Alvin Moore]] on ''Water Pat''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}} [[Heinz Pollay]] on ''Kronos'' [[Friedrich Gerhard]] on ''Absinth'' [[Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski]] on ''Gimpel''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1936 Summer}} [[André Jousseaume]] on ''Favorite'' [[Gérard de Ballorre]] on ''Debaucheur'' [[Daniel Gillois]] on ''Nicolas''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1936 Summer}} [[Gregor Adlercreutz]] on ''Teresina'' [[Sven Colliander]] on ''Kål XX'' [[Folke Sandström]] on ''Pergola''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1948 Summer}} [[André Jousseaume]] on ''Harpagon'' [[Jean Saint-Fort Paillard]] on ''Sous les Ceps'' [[Maurice Buret]] on ''Saint Quen''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1948 Summer}} [[Robert Borg]] on ''Klingson'' [[Earl Foster Thomson]] on ''Pancraft'' [[Frank Henry]] on ''Reno Overdo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|POR|1948 Summer}} [[Fernando Paes]] on ''Matamas'' [[Francisco Valadas]] on ''Feitiço'' [[Luís Mena e Silva]] on ''Fascinante''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1952 Summer}} [[Henri Saint Cyr]] on ''Master Rufus'' [[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern Jr.]] on ''Krest'' [[Gehnäll Persson]] on ''Knaust''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1952 Summer}} [[Gottfried Trachsel]] on ''Kursus'' [[Henri Chammartin]] on ''Wöhler'' [[Gustav Fischer (equestrian)|Gustav Fischer]] on ''Soliman''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1952 Summer}} [[Heinz Pollay]] on ''Adular'' [[Ida von Nagel]] on ''Afrika'' [[Fritz Thiedemann]] on ''Chronist''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1956 Summer}} [[Henri Saint Cyr]] on ''Juli'' [[Gehnäll Persson]] on ''Knaust'' [[Gustaf Adolf Boltenstern Jr.]] on ''Krest''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1956 Summer}} [[Liselott Linsenhoff]] on ''Adular'' [[Hannelore Weygand]] on ''Perkunos'' [[Anneliese Küppers]] on ''Afrika''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1956 Summer}} [[Gottfried Trachsel]] on ''Kursus'' [[Henri Chammartin]] on ''Wöhler'' [[Gustav Fischer (equestrian)|Gustav Fischer]] on ''Vasello''
|-
|''1960 Rome''|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''not included in the Olympic program''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1964 Summer}} [[Harry Boldt]] and ''Remus'' [[Reiner Klimke]] and ''Dux'' [[Josef Neckermann]] and ''Antoinette''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1964 Summer}} [[Henri Chammartin]] and ''Wörmann'' [[Gustav Fischer (equestrian)|Gustav Fischer]] and ''Wald'' [[Marianne Gossweiler]] and ''Stephan''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1964 Summer}} [[Sergei Filatov]] and ''Absent'' [[Ivan Kizimov]] and ''Ikhor'' [[Ivan Kalita (equestrian)|Ivan Kalita]] and ''Moar''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1968 Summer}} [[Josef Neckermann]] and ''Mariano'' [[Reiner Klimke]] and ''Dux'' [[Liselott Linsenhoff]] and ''Piaff''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1968 Summer}} [[Yelena Petushkova]] and ''Pepel'' [[Ivan Kizimov]] and ''Ikhor'' [[Ivan Kalita (equestrian)|Ivan Kalita]] and ''Absent''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1968 Summer}} [[Henri Chammartin]] and ''Wolfdietrich'' [[Marianne Gossweiler]] and ''Stephan'' [[Gustav Fischer (equestrian)|Gustav Fischer]] and ''Wald''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1972 Summer}} [[Yelena Petushkova]] and ''Pepel'' [[Ivan Kizimov]] and ''Ikhor'' [[Ivan Kalita (equestrian)|Ivan Kalita]] and ''Tarif''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1972 Summer}} [[Karin Schlüter-Schmidt]] and ''Liostro'' [[Liselott Linsenhoff]] and ''Piaff'' [[Josef Neckermann]] and ''Venetia''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1972 Summer}} [[Ulla Håkansson]] and ''Ajax'' [[Ninna Swaab]] and ''Casanova'' [[Maud von Rosen]] and ''Lucky Boy''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1976 Summer}} [[Harry Boldt]] and ''Woycek'' [[Reiner Klimke]] and ''Mehmed'' [[Gabriela Grillo]] and ''Ultimo''
|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1976 Summer}} [[Christine Stückelberger]] and ''Granat'' [[Ulrich Lehmann]] and ''Widin'' [[Doris Ramseier]] and ''Roch''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1976 Summer}} [[Hilda Gurney]] and ''Keen'' [[Dorothy Morkis]] and ''Monaco'' [[Edith Master]] and ''Dahlwitz''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1980 Summer}} [[Yuri Kovshov]] and ''Igrok'' [[Viktor Ugryumov]] and ''Shkfval'' [[Vera Misevich]] and ''Plot''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|BUL|1980 Summer}} [[Petar Mandajiev]] and ''Stchibor'' [[Svetoslav lvanov]] and ''Aleko'' [[Gheorghi Gadjev]] and ''Vnimatelen''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|ROU|1980 Summer}} [[Anghelache Donescu]] and ''Dor'' [[Dumitru Veliku]] and ''Decebal'' [[Petre Rosca]] and ''Derbist''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1984 Summer}} [[Reiner Klimke]] and ''[[Ahlerich]]'' [[Uwe Sauer (equestrian)|Uwe Sauer]] and Montevideo [[Hubert Krug]] and ''Muscadeur''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1984 Summer}} [[Otto Hofer]] and ''Limandus'' [[Christine Stückelberger]] and ''Tansanit'' [[Amy De Bary]] and ''Aintree''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1984 Summer}} [[Ulla Hakansson]] and ''Flamingo'' [[Louise Nathorst]] and ''Inferno'' [[Ingamay Bylund]] and ''Aleks''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1988 Summer}} [[Reiner Klimke]] and ''Ahlerich'' [[Ann-Kathrin Linsenhoff]] and ''Courage'' [[Monica Theodorescu]] and ''Ganimedes'' [[Nicole Uphoff]] and ''[[Rembrandt (horse)|Rembrandt]]''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1988 Summer}} [[Otto Josef Hofer]] and ''Andiamo'' [[Christine Stückelberger]] and ''Gauguin de Lully CH'' [[Daniel Ramseier]] and ''Random'' [[Samuel Schetzmann]] and ''Rochus''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|CAN|1988 Summer}} [[Cynthia Neale-Ishoy]] and ''Dynasty'' [[Eva Pracht]] and ''Emirage'' [[Gina Smith]] and ''Malte'' [[Ashley Nicoll]] and ''Reipo''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1992 Summer}} [[Klaus Balkenhol]] and ''Goldstern'' [[Nicole Uphoff]] and ''[[Rembrandt (horse)|Rembrandt]]'' [[Monica Theodorescu]] and ''Grunox'' [[Isabell Werth]] and ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1992 Summer}} [[Tineke Bartels]] and ''Courage'' [[Anky van Grunsven]] and ''Bonfire'' [[Ellen Bontje]] and ''Larius'' [[Annemarie Sanders-Keijzer]] and ''Olympic Montreux''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1992 Summer}} [[Robert Dover (equestrian)|Robert Dover]] and ''Lectron'' [[Carol Lavell]] and ''Gifted'' [[Charlotte Bredahl]] and ''Monsieur'' [[Michael Poulin]] and ''Graf George''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1996 Summer}} [[Klaus Balkenhol]] and ''Goldstern'' [[Martin Schaudt]] and ''Durgo'' [[Monica Theodorescu]] and ''Grunox'' [[Isabell Werth]] and ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1996 Summer}} [[Tineke Bartels]] and ''Barbria'' [[Anky van Grunsven]] and ''Bonfire'' [[Sven Rothenberger]] and ''Weyden'' [[Gonnelien Rothenberger]] and ''Gonnelien''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1996 Summer}} [[Robert Dover (equestrian)|Robert Dover]] and ''Metallic'' [[Michelle Gibson]] and ''Peron'' [[Steffen Peters]] and ''Udon'' [[Guenter Seidel]] and ''Graf George''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2000 Summer}} [[Isabell Werth]] and ''[[Gigolo FRH|Gigolo]]'' [[Nadine Capellmann]] and ''Farbenfroh'' [[Ulla Salzgeber]] and ''Rusty'' [[Alexandra Simons de Ridder]] and ''Chacomo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|2000 Summer}} [[Ellen Bontje]] and ''Silvano'' [[Anky van Grunsven]] and ''[[Bonfire (horse)|Bonfire]]'' [[Arjen Teeuwissen]] and ''Goliath'' [[Coby van Baalen]] and ''Ferro''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2000 Summer}} [[Susan Blinks]] and ''Flim Flam'' [[Robert Dover (equestrian)|Robert Dover]] and ''Ranier'' [[Guenter Seidel]] and ''Foltaire'' [[Christine Traurig]] and ''Etienne''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2004 Summer}} [[Heike Kemmer]] and ''Bonaparte'' [[Hubertus Schmidt]] and ''Wansuela Suerte'' [[Martin Schaudt]] and ''Weltall'' [[Ulla Salzgeber]] and ''Rusty''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|ESP|2004 Summer}} [[Beatriz Ferrer-Salat]] and ''Beauvalais'' [[Juan Antonio Jimenez]] and ''Guizo'' [[Ignacio Rambla]] and ''Oleaje'' [[Rafael Soto]] and ''Invasor''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2004 Summer}} [[Lisa Wilcox (equestrian)|Lisa Wilcox]] and ''Relevant'' [[Günter Seidel]] and ''Aragon'' [[Deborah McDonald]] and ''[[Brentina]]'' [[Robert Dover (equestrian)|Robert Dover]] and ''Kennedy''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2008 Summer}} [[Heike Kemmer]] and ''Bonaparte'' [[Nadine Capellmann]] and ''Elvis Va'' [[Isabell Werth]] and ''Satchmo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|2008 Summer}} [[Hans Peter Minderhoud]] and ''Nadine'' [[Imke Schellekens-Bartels]] and ''Sunrise'' [[Anky van Grunsven]] and ''[[Salinero]]''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|DEN|2008 Summer}} [[Anne van Olst]] and ''Clearwater'' [[Princess Nathalie of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg]] and ''Digby'' [[Andreas Helgstrand]] and ''Don Schufro''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2012 Summer}} [[Carl Hester]] on ''[[Uthopia]]'' [[Laura Tomlinson|Laura Bechtolsheimer]] on ''Mistral Hojris'' [[Charlotte Dujardin]] on ''[[Valegro]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2012 Summer}} [[Dorothee Schneider]] on ''Diva Royal'' [[Kristina Sprehe]] on ''Desperados'' [[Helen Langehanenberg]] on ''Damon Hill''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|2012 Summer}} [[Anky van Grunsven]] on ''[[Salinero]]'' [[Edward Gal]] on ''Undercover'' [[Adelinde Cornelissen]] on ''Parzival''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2016 Summer}} [[Isabell Werth]] on ''Weihegold'' [[Dorothee Schneider]] on ''Showtime'' [[Kristina Broring-Sprehe]] on ''Desperados'' [[Sönke Rothenberger]] on ''Cosmo''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2016 Summer}} [[Carl Hester]] on ''Nip Tuck'' [[Charlotte Dujardin]] on ''[[Valegro]]'' [[Fiona Bigwood]] on ''Orthilia'' [[Spencer Wilton]] on ''Super Nova II''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2016 Summer}} [[Laura Graves]] on ''Verdades'' [[Steffen Peters]] on ''Legolas'' [[Kasey Perry-Glass]] on ''Dublet'' [[Allison Brock|Allison M. Brock]] on ''Rosevelt''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Team dressage}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Eventing, individual===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Axel Nordlander]] on ''Lady Artist''|SWE|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Friedrich von Rochow]] on ''Idealist''|GER|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jacques Cariou]] on ''Cocotte''|FRA|1912 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Helmer Mörner]] on ''Germania''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Åge Lundström]] on ''Yrsa''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ettore Caffaratti]] on ''Caniche''|ITA|1920 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adolph van der Voort van Zijp]] on ''Silver-Piece''|NED|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Frode Kirkebjerg]] on ''Metoo''|DEN|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sloan Doak]] on ''Pathfinder''|USA|1924 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles Pahud de Mortanges]] on ''Marcroix''|NED|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gerard de Kruijff]] on ''Va-T'en''|NED|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bruno Neumann]] on ''Ilja''|GER|1928 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles Pahud de Mortanges]] on ''Marcroix''|NED|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Earl Foster Thomson]] on ''[[Jenny Camp]]''|USA|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Clarence von Rosen Jr.]] on ''Sunnyside Maid''|SWE|1932 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ludwig Stubbendorf]] on ''Nurmi''|GER|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Earl Foster Thomson]] on ''[[Jenny Camp]]''|USA|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans Lunding]] on ''Jason''|DEN|1936 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bernard Chevallier]] on ''Alglonne''|FRA|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Frank Henry]] on ''Swing Low''|USA|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Robert Selfelt]] on ''Claque''|SWE|1948 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr.]] on ''Jubal''|SWE|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Guy Lefrant]] on ''Verdun''|FRA|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wilhelm Büsing (equestrian)|Wilhelm Büsing]] on ''Hubertus''|GER|1952 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Petrus Kastenman]] on ''Iluster''|SWE|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[August Lütke-Westhues]] on ''Trux von Kamax''|EUA|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Francis Weldon]] on ''Kilbarry''|GBR|1956 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lawrence Morgan]] on ''Salad Days''|AUS|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Neale Lavis]] on ''Mirrabooka''|AUS|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Anton Buhler]] on ''Gay-Spark''|SUI|1960 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mauro Checcoli]] on ''Surbean''|ITA|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carlos Moratorio]] on ''Chalan''|ARG|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Fritz Ligges]] on ''Donkosak''|EUA|1964 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jean-Jacques Guyon]] on ''Pitou''|FRA|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Derek Allhusen]] on ''Lochinvar''|GBR|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michael Page (equestrian)|Michael Page]] on ''Foster''|USA|1968 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Richard Meade]] on ''Laurieston''|GBR|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alessandro Argenton]] on ''Woodland''|ITA|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jan Jönsson (equestrian)|Jan Jönsson]] on ''Sarajevo''|SWE|1972 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Edmund Coffin]] on ''Bally-Cor''|USA|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michael Plumb]] on ''Better & Bette''|USA|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Karl Schultz]] on ''Madrigal''|FRG|1976 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Federico Roman]] on ''Rossinan''|ITA|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aleksandr Blinov (equestrian)|Aleksandr Blinov]] on ''Galzun''|URS|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Yuri Salnikov]] on ''Pintset''|URS|1980 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] on ''[[Charisma (horse)|Charisma]]''|NZL|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Karen Stives]] on ''Ben Arthur''|USA|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Virginia Leng|Virginia Holgate]] on ''Priceless''|GBR|1984 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] on ''[[Charisma (horse)|Charisma]]''|NZL|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ian Stark]] on ''Sir Wattie''|GBR|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Virginia Leng]] on ''Master Craftsman''|GBR|1988 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Matthew Ryan (equestrian)|Matthew Ryan]] on ''Kibah Tic Toc''|AUS|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Herbert Blocker]] on ''Feine Dame''|GER|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Blyth Tait]] on ''Messiah''|NZL|1992 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Blyth Tait]] on ''[[Ready Teddy]]''|NZL|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sally Clark (equestrian)|Sally Clark]] on ''Squirrel Hill''|NZL|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kerry Millikin]] on ''Out and About''|USA|1996 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[David O'Connor (equestrian)|David O'Connor]] on ''[[Custom Made]]''|USA|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andrew Hoy]] on ''Swizzle In''|AUS|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] on ''Eyespy II''|NZL|2000 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Leslie Law]] on ''Shear L'Eau''|GBR|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kimberly Severson]] on ''[[Winsome Andante]]''|USA|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Philippa Funnell]] on ''[[Primmore's Pride]]''|GBR|2004 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hinrich Romeike]] on ''Marius''|GER|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gina Miles]] on ''[[McKinlaigh]]''|USA|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kristina Cook]] on ''Miners Frolic''|GBR|2008 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michael Jung (equestrian)|Michael Jung]] on ''Sam''|GER|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sara Algotsson Ostholt]] on '' Wega''|SWE|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sandra Auffarth]] on ''Opgun Louvo''|GER|2012 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michael Jung (equestrian)|Michael Jung]] on ''Sam''|GER|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Astier Nicolas]] on ''Piaf de B'Neville''|FRA|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Phillip Dutton]] on ''[[Mighty Nice]]''|USA|2016 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Eventing, team===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1912 Summer}} [[Axel Nordlander]] on ''Lady Artist'' [[Nils Adlercreutz]] on ''Atout'' [[Ernst Casparsson]] on ''Irmelin'' [[Henric Horn af Åminne]] and ''Omen''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1912 Summer}} [[Friedrich von Rochow]] on ''Idealist'' [[Richard Graf von Schaesberg-Tannheim]] on ''Grundsee'' [[Eduard von Lütcken]] on ''Blue Boy'' [[Carl von Moers]] on ''May-Queen''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1912 Summer}} [[Ben Lear]] on ''Poppy'' [[John Montgomery (equestrian)|John Montgomery]] on ''Deceive'' [[Guy Henry (equestrian)|Guy Henry]] on ''Chiswell'' [[Ephraim Graham]] on ''Connie''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1920 Summer}} [[Helmer Mörner]] on ''Germania'' [[Åge Lundström]] on ''Ysra'' [[Georg von Braun]] on ''Diana'' [[Gustaf Dyrsch]] on ''Salamis''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1920 Summer}} [[Ettore Caffaratti]] on ''Caniche'' [[Garibaldi Spighi]] on ''Otello'' [[Giulio Cacciandra]] on ''Facetto'' [[Carlo Asinari]] on ''Savari''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|BEL|1920 Summer}} [[Roger Moeremans d'Emaüs]] on ''Sweet Girl'' [[Oswald Lints]] on ''Martha'' [[Jules Bonvalet]] on ''Weppelghem'' [[Jacques Misonne]] on ''Gaucho''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1924 Summer}} [[Adolph van der Voort van Zijp]] on ''Silver Piece'' [[Charles Pahud de Mortanges]] on ''Johnny Walker'' [[Gerard de Kruijff]] on ''Addio'' [[Antonius Colenbrander]] on ''King of Hearts''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1924 Summer}} [[Claës König]] on ''Bojar'' [[Torsten Sylvan]] on ''Anita'' [[Gustaf Hagelin]] on ''Varius'' [[Carl Gustaf Lewenhaupt]] on ''Canter''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1924 Summer}} [[Alberto Lombardi]] on ''Pimplo'' [[Alessandro Alvisi]] on ''Capiligio'' [[Emanuele Beraudo di Pralormo]] on ''Mount Félix'' [[Tommaso Lequio di Assaba]] on ''Torena''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1928 Summer}} [[Charles Pahud de Mortanges]] on ''Marcroix'' [[Gerard de Kruijff]] on ''Va-T'en'' [[Adolph van der Voort van Zijp]] on ''Silver Piece''
|{{flagIOCteam|NOR|1928 Summer}} [[Bjart Ording]] on ''And Over'' [[Arthur Qvist]] on ''Hidalgo'' [[Eugen Johansen]] on ''Baby''
|{{flagIOCteam|POL|1928 Summer}} [[Michał Antoniewicz]] on ''Moja Miła'' [[Józef Trenkwald]] on ''Lwi Pazur'' [[Karol Rómmel]] on ''Doneuse''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1932 Summer}} [[Earl Foster Thomson]] on ''[[Jenny Camp]]'' [[Harry Chamberlin]] on ''Pleasant Smiles'' [[Edwin Argo]] on ''Honolulu Tomboy''
|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1932 Summer}} [[Charles Pahud de Mortanges]] on ''Marcroix'' [[Karel Schummelketel]] on ''Duiveltje'' [[Aernout van Lennep]] on ''Henk''
|''No Bronze awarded''{{#tag:ref|This was because only two teams finished the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.fei.org/olympics/history/Pages/ModernOG-1932.aspx|title=Games of the X Olympiad|accessdate=January 18, 2011|publisher=Fédération Equestre Internationale|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726051659/https://admin.fei.org/olympics/history/Pages/ModernOG-1932.aspx|archivedate=July 26, 2011|df=}}</ref>|group=note}}
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}} [[Ludwig Stubbendorf]] on ''Nurmi'' [[Rudolf Lippert]] on ''Fasan'' [[Konrad Freiherr von Wangenheim]] on ''Kurfürst''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|POL|1936 Summer}} [[Henryk Leliwa-Roycewicz|Henryk Roycewicz]] on ''Arlekin III'' [[Zdzisław Kawecki]] on ''Bambino'' [[Seweryn Kulesza]] on ''Tóska''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1936 Summer}} [[Alec Scott (equestrian)|Alec Scott]] on ''Bob Clive'' [[Edward Howard-Vyse]] on ''Blue Steel'' [[Richard Fanshawe (equestrian)|Richard Fanshawe]] on ''Bowie Knife''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1948 Summer}} [[Frank Henry]] on ''Swing Low'' [[Charles Anderson (equestrian)|Charles Anderson]] on ''Reno Palisade'' [[Earl Foster Thomson]] on ''Reno Rhythm''
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1948 Summer}} [[Robert Selfelt]] on ''Claque'' [[Olof Stahre]] on ''Komet'' [[Sigurd Svensson]] on ''Dust''
|{{flagIOCteam|MEX|1948 Summer}} [[Humberto Mariles]] on ''Parral'' [[Raúl Campero]] on ''Tarahumara'' [[Joaquín Solano]] on ''Malinche''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1952 Summer}} [[Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr.]] on ''Jubal'' [[Olof Stahre]] on ''Komet'' [[Folke Frölén]] on ''Fair''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1952 Summer}} [[Wilhelm Büsing (equestrian)|Wilhelm Büsing]] on ''Hubertus'' [[Klaus Wagner (equestrian)|Klaus Wagner]] on ''Dachs'' [[Otto Rothe]] on ''Trux von Kamax''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1952 Summer}} [[Charles Hough, Jr.]] on ''Cassivellannus'' [[Walter Staley|Walter Staley, Jr.]] on ''Craigwood Park'' [[John Wofford]] on ''Benny Grimes''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1956 Summer}} [[Francis Weldon]] on ''Kilbarry'' [[Arthur Rook]] on ''Wild Venture'' [[Bertie Hill]] on ''Countyman III''
|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1956 Summer}} [[August Lütke-Westhues]] on ''Trux von Kamax'' [[Otto Rothe]] on ''Sissi'' [[Klaus Wagner (equestrian)|Klaus Wagner]] on ''Prinzeß''
|{{flagIOCteam|CAN|1956 Summer}} [[John Rumble]] on ''Cilroy'' [[Jim Elder]] on ''Colleen'' [[Brian Herbinson]] on ''Tara''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|1960 Summer}} [[Lawrence Morgan]] and ''Salad Days'' [[Neale Lavis]] and ''Mirrabooka'' [[Bill Roycroft]] and ''Our Solo''
|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1960 Summer}} [[Anton Bühler]] and ''Gay Spark'' [[Hans Schwarzenbach]] and ''Burn Trout'' [[Rudolf Günthardt]] and ''Atbara''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1960 Summer}} [[Jack le Goff]] and ''Image'' [[Guy Lefrant]] and ''Nicias'' [[Jehan le Roy]] and ''Garden''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1964 Summer}} [[Mauro Checcoli]] and ''Surbean'' [[Paolo Angioni]] and ''King'' [[Giuseppe Ravano]] and ''Royal Love''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1964 Summer}} [[Michael Page (equestrian)|Michael Page]] and ''[[The Grasshopper (horse)|Grasshopper]]'' [[Kevin Freeman (equestrian)|Kevin Freeman]] and ''Gallopade'' [[Michael Plumb]] and ''Bold Minstrel''
|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1964 Summer}} [[Fritz Ligges]] and ''Donkosak'' [[Horst Karsten]] and ''Condora'' [[Gerhard Schulz]] and ''Balza X''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1968 Summer}} [[Derek Allhusen]] and ''Lochinvar'' [[Richard Meade]] and ''Cornishman V'' [[Reuben Jones]] and ''The Poacher''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1968 Summer}} [[Michael Page (equestrian)|Michael Page]] and ''Foster'' [[James C. Wofford]] and ''[[Kilkenny (horse)|Kilkenny]]'' [[Michael Plumb]] and ''Plain Sailing''
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|1968 Summer}} [[Wayne Roycroft]] and ''Zhivago'' [[Brien Cobcroft]] and ''Depeche'' [[Bill Roycroft]] and ''Warrathoola''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1972 Summer}} [[Richard Meade]] and ''Laurieston'' [[Mary Gordon-Watson]] and ''Cornishman V'' [[Bridget Parker (equestrian)|Bridget Parker]] and ''Cornish Gold'' [[Mark Phillips]] and ''Great Ovation''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1972 Summer}} [[Kevin Freeman (equestrian)|Kevin Freeman]] and ''Good Mixture'' [[Bruce Davidson (equestrian)|Bruce Davidson]] and ''Plain Sailing'' [[Michael Plumb]] and ''Free and Easy'' [[James C. Wofford]] and ''[[Kilkenny (horse)|Kilkenny]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1972 Summer}} [[Harry Klugmann]] and ''Christopher Robert'' [[Ludwig Gössing]] and ''Chicago'' [[Karl Schultz]] and ''Pisco'' [[Horst Karsten]] and ''Sioux''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1976 Summer}} [[Edmund Coffin]] and ''Bally-Cor'' [[Michael Plumb]] and ''Better & Better'' [[Bruce Davidson (equestrian)|Bruce Davidson]] and ''Irish-Cap'' [[Mary Anne Tauskey]] and ''Marcus Aurelius''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1976 Summer}} [[Karl Schultz]] and ''Madrigal'' [[Herbert Blöcker]] and ''Albrant'' [[Helmut Rethemeier]] and ''Pauline'' [[Otto Ammermann]] and ''Volturno''
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|1976 Summer}} [[Wayne Roycroft]] and ''Laurenson'' [[Mervyn Bennet]] and ''Regal Reign'' [[Bill Roycroft]] and ''Version'' [[Denis Pigott]] and ''Hillstead''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1980 Summer}} [[Aleksandr Blinov (equestrian)|Aleksandr Blinov]] and ''Galzun'' [[Yuri Salnikov]] and ''Pintset'' [[Valery Volkov]] and ''Tskheti'' [[Sergei Rogozhin]] and ''Gelespont''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1980 Summer}} [[Federico Roman]] and ''Rossinan'' [[Anna Casagrande]] and ''Daleye'' [[Mauro Roman]] and ''Dourakine 4'' [[Marina Sciocchetti]] and Rohan de Lechereo
|{{flagIOCteam|MEX|1980 Summer}} [[Yocupicio Manuel Mendivil]] and ''Alymony'' [[Rios David Barcena]] and ''Bombon'' [[Soto Jose Luis Perez]] and ''Quelite'' [[Lopez Fabian Vazquez]] and ''Cocaleco''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1984 Summer}} [[Michael Plumb]] and ''Blue Stone'' [[Karen Stives]] and ''Ben Arthur'' [[Torrance Fleischmann]] and ''Finvarra'' [[Bruce Davidson (equestrian)|Bruce Davidson]] and ''[[JJ Babu]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1984 Summer}} [[Virginia Leng]] and ''[[Priceless (horse)|Priceless]]'' [[Ian Stark]] and ''Oxford Blue'' [[Diana Clapham]] and ''Windjammer'' [[Lucinda Green]] and ''Regal Realm''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1984 Summer}} [[Bettina Hoy|Bettina Overesch]] and ''Peacetime'' [[Burkhard Tesdorpf]] and ''Freedom'' [[Claus Erhorn]] and ''Fair Lady'' [[Dietmar Hogrefe]] and ''Foliant''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1988 Summer}} [[Claus Erhorn]] and ''Justyn Thyme'' [[Matthias Andreas Baumann]] and ''Shamrock'' [[Thies Kaspareit]] and ''Sherry'' [[Ralf Ehrenbrink]] and ''Uncle Todd''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1988 Summer}} [[Mark Phillips]] and ''Cartier'' [[Karen Straker]] and ''Get Smart'' [[Virginia Leng]] and Master ''Craftsman'' [[Ian Stark]] and ''Sir Wattie''
|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|1988 Summer}} [[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] and ''[[Charisma (horse)|Charisma]]'' [[Margaret Knighton]] and ''Enterprise'' [[Andrew Bennie]] and ''Grayshott'' [[Tinks Pottinger]] and ''Volunteer''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|1992 Summer}} [[David Green (equestrian)|David Green]] and ''Duncan II'' [[Gillian Rolton]] and ''Peppermint Grove'' [[Andrew Hoy]] and ''Kiwi'' [[Matthew Ryan (equestrian)|Matthew Ryan]] and ''Kibah Tic Toc''
|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|1992 Summer}} [[Blyth Tait]] and ''Missiah'' [[Andrew Nicholson (equestrian)|Andrew Nicholson]] and ''Spinning Rhombus'' [[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] and ''Welton Greylag'' [[Victoria Latta]] and ''Chief''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1992 Summer}} [[Herbert Bloecker]] and ''Feine Dame'' [[Ralf Ehrenbrink]] and ''Kildare II'' [[Matthias Baumann]] and ''Alabaster'' [[Cord Mysegages]] and ''Ricardo''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|1996 Summer}} [[Wendy Schaeffer]] and ''Sunburst'' [[Gillian Rolton]] and ''Peppermint Grove'' [[Andrew Hoy]] and ''Darien Powers'' [[Phillip Dutton]] and ''True Blue Girdwood''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1996 Summer}} [[Karen O'Connor]] and ''Biko'' [[David O'Connor (equestrian)|David O'Connor]] and ''[[Giltedge]]'' [[Bruce Davidson (equestrian)|Bruce Davidson]] and ''Heyday'' [[Jill Henneberg]] and ''Nirvana''
|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|1996 Summer}} [[Blyth Tait]] and ''Chesterfield'' [[Andrew Nicholson (equestrian)|Andrew Nicholson]] and ''Jaggermeister II'' [[Vaughn Jefferis]] and ''Bounce'' [[Victoria Latta]] and ''Broadcast News''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2000 Summer}} [[Phillip Dutton]] and ''House Doctor'' [[Andrew Hoy]] and ''Darien Powers'' [[Stuart Tinney]] and ''Jeepster'' [[Matthew Ryan (equestrian)|Matt Ryan]] and ''Kibah Sandstone''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2000 Summer}} [[Ian Stark]] and ''Jaybee'' [[Jeanette Brakewell]] and ''Over To You'' [[Pippa Funnell]] and ''Supreme Rock'' [[Leslie Law]] and ''Shear H2O''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2000 Summer}} [[Nina Fout]] and ''3 Magic Beans'' [[Karen O'Connor]] and ''Prince Panache'' [[David O'Connor (equestrian)|David O'Connor]] and ''Giltedge'' [[Linden Wiesman]] and ''Anderoo''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|2004 Summer}} [[Arnaud Boiteau]] and ''Expo du Moulin'' [[Cédric Lyard]] and ''Fine Merveille'' [[Didier Courrèges]] and ''Débat d'Estruval'' [[Jean Teulère]] and ''Espoir de la Mère'' [[Nicolas Touzaint]] and ''Galan de Sauvegère''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2004 Summer}} [[Jeanette Brakewell]] and ''Over To You'' [[Mary King (equestrian)|Mary King]] and ''King Solomon III'' [[Leslie Law]] and ''Shear L'Eau'' [[Pippa Funnell]] and ''Primmore's Pride'' [[William Fox-Pitt]] and ''Tamarillo''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2004 Summer}} [[Kimberly Severson]] and ''[[Winsome Adante]]'' [[Darren Chiacchia]] and ''Windfall II'' [[John Williams (equestrian)|John Williams]] and ''Carrick'' [[Amy Tryon]] and ''Poggio II'' [[Julie Richards]] and ''Jacob Two Two''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2008 Summer}} [[Peter Thomsen]] and ''The Ghost of Hamish'' [[Frank Ostholt]] and ''Mr. Medicott'' [[Andreas Dibowski]] and ''Butts Leon'' [[Ingrid Klimke]] and ''Abraxxas'' [[Hinrich Romeike]] and ''Marius''
|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2008 Summer}} [[Shane Rose]] and ''All Luck'' [[Sonja Johnson]] and ''Ringwould Jaguar'' [[Lucinda Fredericks]] and ''Headley Britannia'' [[Clayton Fredericks]] and ''Ben Along Time'' [[Megan Jones (rider)|Megan Jones]] and ''Irish Jester''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2008 Summer}} [[Sharon Hunt]] and ''Tankers Town'' [[Daisy Dick]] and ''Spring Along'' [[William Fox-Pitt]] and ''Parkmore Ed'' [[Kristina Cook]] and ''Miners Frolic'' [[Mary King (equestrian)|Mary King]] and ''Call Again Cavalier''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2012 Summer}} [[Peter Thomsen]] on ''Barny'' [[Dirk Schrade]] on ''King Artus'' [[Ingrid Klimke]] on ''Butts Abraxxas'' [[Sandra Auffarth]] on ''Opgun Louvo'' [[Michael Jung (equestrian)|Michael Jung]] on ''Sam''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2012 Summer}} [[Nicola Wilson]] on ''Opposition Buzz'' [[Mary King (equestrian)|Mary King]] on ''Imperial Cavalier'' [[Zara Phillips]] on ''High Kingdom'' [[Kristina Cook]] on ''Miners Frolic'' [[William Fox-Pitt]] on ''Lionheart''
|{{flagIOCteam|NZL|2012 Summer}} [[Jonelle Price|Jonelle Richards]] on ''Flintstar'' [[Jonathan Paget]] on ''Clifton Promise'' [[Caroline Powell]] on ''Lenamore'' [[Andrew Nicholson (equestrian)|Andrew Nicholson]] on ''Nereo'' [[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] on ''Campino''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|2016 Summer}} [[Karim Laghouag]] on ''Entebbe'' [[Thibaut Vallette]] on ''Qing du Briot'' [[Mathieu Lemoine]] on ''Bart L'' [[Astier Nicolas]] on ''Piaf de B'Neville''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2016 Summer}} {{nowrap|[[Julia Krajewski]] on ''Samourai du Thot''}} [[Sandra Auffarth]] on ''Opgun Louvo'' [[Ingrid Klimke]] on ''Hale-Bob Old'' [[Michael Jung (equestrian)|Michael Jung]] on ''Sam''
|valign=top|{{flagIOCteam|AUS|2016 Summer}} [[Shane Rose]] on ''CP Qualified'' [[Stuart Tinney]] on ''Pluto Mio'' [[Sam Griffiths]] on ''Paulank Brockagh'' [[Christopher Burton]] on ''Santano II''
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Team eventing}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Jumping, individual===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Aimé Haegeman]] on ''Benton II''|BEL|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Georges Van Der Poele]] on ''Windsor Squire''|BEL|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Louis de Champsavin]] on ''Terpsichore''|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|-
|''1904–1908''|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''not included in the Olympic program''
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jacques Cariou]] on ''Mignon''|FRA|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rabod von Kröcher]] on ''Dohna''|GER|1912 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Emmanuel de Blommaert]] on ''Clonmore''|BEL|1912 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tommaso Lequio di Assaba]] on ''Trebecco''|ITA|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alessandro Valerio]] on ''Cento''|ITA|1920 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Carl Gustaf Lewenhaupt]] on ''Mon Coeur''|SWE|1920 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alphonse Gemuseus]] on ''Lucette''|SUI|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Tommaso Lequio di Assaba]] on ''Trebecco''|ITA|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Adam Królikiewicz]] on ''Picador''|POL|1924 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[František Ventura]] on ''Elliot'' |TCH|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pierre Bertran de Balanda]] on ''Papillon''|FRA|1928 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Charles-Gustave Kuhn]] on ''Pepita''|SUI|1928 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Takeichi Nishi]] on ''Uranus''|JPN|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Harry Chamberlin]] on ''Show Girl''|USA|1932 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Clarence von Rosen Jr.]] on ''Empire''|SWE|1932 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Kurt Hasse]] on ''Tora''|GER|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Henri Rang]] on ''Delfis''|ROU|1936 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[József von Platthy]] on ''Sello''|HUN|1936 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Humberto Mariles|Humberto Mariles Cortés]] on ''Arete''|MEX|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rubén Uriza]] on ''Harvey''|MEX|1948 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jean-François d'Orgeix]] on ''Sucre de Pomme''|FRA|1948 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola]] on ''Ali Baba''|FRA|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Oscar Cristi]] on ''Bambi''|CHI|1952 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Fritz Thiedemann]] on ''Meteor''|GER|1952 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans Günter Winkler]] on ''[[Halla (horse)|Halla]]''|EUA|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] on ''Merano''|ITA|1956 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Piero D'Inzeo]] on ''Uruguay''|ITA|1956 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] on ''Posillipo''|ITA|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Piero D'Inzeo]] on ''The Rock''|ITA|1960 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[David Broome]] on ''Sunsalve''|GBR|1960 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola]] on ''Lutteur''|FRA|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hermann Schridde]] on ''Dozent''|EUA|1964 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Peter Robeson]] on ''Firecrest''|GBR|1964 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[William Steinkraus]] on ''[[Snowbound (horse)|Snowbound]]''|USA|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marion Coakes]] on ''[[Stroller (horse)|Stroller]]''|GBR|1968 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[David Broome]] on ''Mister Softee''|GBR|1968 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Graziano Mancinelli]] on ''Ambassador''|ITA|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ann Moore (equestrian)|Ann Moore]] on ''Psalm''|GBR|1972 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Neal Shapiro (equestrian)|Neal Shapiro]] on ''Sloopy''|USA|1972 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alwin Schockemöhle]] on ''Warwick Rex''|FRG|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Michel Vaillancourt]] on ''Branch County''|CAN|1976 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Francois Mathy]] on ''Gai Luron''|BEL|1976 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jan Kowalczyk]] on ''Artemor''|POL|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nikolai Korolkov]] on ''Espadron''|URS|1980 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Joaquín Pérez|Joaquín Perez Heras]] on ''Alymony''|MEX|1980 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Joseph Fargis]] on ''[[Touch of Class (horse)|Touch of Class]]''|USA|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Conrad Homfeld]] on ''[[Abdullah (horse)|Abdullah]]''|USA|1984 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Heidi Robbiani]] on ''Jessica V''|SUI|1984 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Pierre Durand, Jr.]] on ''Jappeloup''|FRA|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Greg Best]] on ''[[Gem Twist]]''|USA|1988 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Karsten Huck]] on ''Nepomuk''|FRG|1988 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ludger Beerbaum]] on ''Classic Touch''|GER|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Piet Raymakers]] on ''Ratina Z''|NED|1992 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Norman Dello Joio (equestrian)|Norman Dello Joio]] on ''Irish''|USA|1992 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Ulrich Kirchhoff]] on ''Jus de Pommes''|GER|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Wilhelm Melliger|Willi Melliger]] on ''[[Calvaro V]]''|SUI|1996 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alexandra Ledermann]] on ''Rochet M''|FRA|1996 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Jeroen Dubbeldam]] on ''De Sjiem''|NED|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Albert Voorn]] on ''Lando''|NED|2000 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Khaled Al-Eid]] on ''Khashm Al Aan''|KSA|2000 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rodrigo Pessoa]] on ''[[Baloubet du Rouet]]''|BRA|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Chris Kappler]] on ''[[Royal Kaliber]]''|USA|2004 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marco Kutscher]] on ''Montender''|GER|2004 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Eric Lamaze]] on ''[[Hickstead (horse)|Hickstead]]''|CAN|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Rolf-Göran Bengtsson]] on ''Ninja''|SWE|2008 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Beezie Madden]] on ''[[Authentic (horse)|Authentic]]''|USA|2008 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Steve Guerdat]] on ''Nino Des Buissonets''|SUI|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gerco Schroder]] on ''London''|NED|2012 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Cian O'Connor]] on ''Blue Loyd''|IRL|2012 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nick Skelton]] on ''[[Big Star]]''|GBR|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Peder Fredricson]] on ''All In''|SWE|2016 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Eric Lamaze]] on ''[[Fine Lady 5|Fine Lady]]''|CAN|2016 Summer}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Individual jumping}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

===Jumping, team===
{| {{MedalistTable}}
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1912 Summer}} [[Gustaf Lewenhaupt]] on ''Medusa'' [[Gustaf Kilman]] on ''Gåtan'' [[Hans von Rosen]] on ''Lord Iron'' [[Fredrik Rosencrantz]] on ''Drabant''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1912 Summer}} [[Pierre Dufour d'Astafort]] on ''Amazone'' [[Jacques Cariou]] on ''Mignon'' [[Ernest Meyer]] on ''Allons-y'' [[Gaston Seigner]] on ''Cocotte''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1912 Summer}} [[Sigismund Freyer]] on ''Ultimus'' [[Wilhelm Graf von Hohenau]] on ''Pretty Girl'' [[Ernst Deloch]] on ''Hubertus'' [[Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917)|Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia]] on ''Gibson Boy''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1920 Summer}} [[Claës König]] on ''Tresor'' [[Hans von Rosen]] on ''Poor Boy'' [[Daniel Norling]] on ''Eros II'' [[Frank Martin (equestrian)|Frank Martin]] on ''Kohort''
|{{flagIOCteam|BEL|1920 Summer}} [[Henri Laame]] on ''Biscuit'' [[André Coumans]] on 'Lisette'' [[Herman de Gaiffier d'Hestroy]] on ''Miss'' [[Herman d'Oultromont]] on ''Lord Kitchener''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1920 Summer}} [[Ettore Caffaratti]] on ''Tradittore'' [[Alessandro Alvisi]] on ''Raggio di Sole'' [[Giulio Cacciandra]] on ''Fortunello'' [[Carlo Asinari]] on ''Varone''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1924 Summer}} [[Åke Thelning]] on ''Loke'' [[Axel Ståhle]] on ''Cecil'' [[Åge Lundström]] on ''Anvers''
|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|1924 Summer}} [[Alphonse Gemuseus]] on ''Lucette'' [[Werner Stuber]] on ''Girandole'' [[Hans Bühler]] on ''Sailor Boy''
|{{flagIOCteam|POR|1924 Summer}} [[António Borges (equestrian)|António Borges]] on ''Reginald'' [[Hélder de Souza]] on ''Avro'' [[José Mouzinho]] on ''Hetrugo''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|ESP|1928 Summer}} [[José Navarro Morenés]] on ''Zapatazo'' [[José Álvarez de Bohórquez]] on ''Zalamero'' [[Julio García Fernández de los Ríos]] on ''Revistade''
|{{flagIOCteam|POL|1928 Summer}} [[Kazimierz Gzowski (equestrian)|Kazimierz Gzowski]] on ''Mylord'' [[Kazimierz Szosland]] on ''Ali'' [[Michał Antoniewicz]] on ''Readgleadt''
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1928 Summer}} [[Karl Hansén]] on ''Gerold'' [[Carl Björnstjerna]] on ''Kornett'' [[Ernst Hallberg]] on ''Loke''
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''No medalists (no nation completed the course with three riders).''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Berlin]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1936 Summer}} [[Kurt Hasse]] on ''Tora'' [[Marten von Barnekow]] on ''Nordland'' [[Heinz Brandt]] on ''Alchimist''
|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1936 Summer}} [[Johan Greter]] on ''Ernica'' [[Jan de Bruine]] on ''Trixie'' [[Henri van Schaik]] on ''Santa Bell''
|{{flagIOCteam|POR|1936 Summer}} [[José Beltrão]] on ''Biscuit'' [[Domingos de Sousa]] on ''Merle Blanc'' [[Luís Mena e Silva]] on ''Fossette''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|MEX|1948 Summer}} [[Humberto Mariles]] on ''Arete'' [[Rubén Uriza]] on ''Harvey'' [[Alberto Valdés]] on ''Chihuchoc''
|{{flagIOCteam|ESP|1948 Summer}} [[Jaime García (equestrian)|Jaime García]] on ''Bizarro'' [[José Navarro Morenés]] on ''Quórum'' [[Marcellino Gavilán]] on ''Forajido''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1948 Summer}} [[Harry Llewellyn]] on ''Foxhunter'' [[Henry Nicoll (equestrian)|Henry Nicoll]] on ''Kilgeddin'' [[Arthur Carr (equestrian)|Arthur Carr]] on ''Monty''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1952 Summer}} [[Wilfred White (equestrian)|Wilfred White]] on ''Nizefela'' [[Douglas Stewart (equestrian)|Douglas Stewart]] on ''Aherlow'' [[Harry Llewellyn]] on ''Foxhunter''
|{{flagIOCteam|CHI|1952 Summer}} [[Óscar Cristi]] on ''Bambi'' [[César Mendoza]] on ''Pillán'' [[Ricardo Echeverría]] on ''Lindo Peal''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1952 Summer}} [[William Steinkraus]] on ''Hollandia'' [[Arthur McCashin]] on ''Miss Budweiser'' [[John Russell (equestrian)|John William Russell]] on ''Democrat''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Stockholm]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1956 Summer}} [[Hans Günter Winkler]] on ''[[Halla (horse)|Halla]]'' [[Fritz Thiedemann]] on ''Meteor'' [[Alfons Lütke-Westhues]] on ''Ala''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1956 Summer}} [[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] on ''Merano'' [[Piero D'Inzeo]] on ''Uruguay'' [[Salvatore Oppes]] on ''Pagoro''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1956 Summer}} [[Wilfred White (equestrian)|Wilfred White]] on ''Nizefela'' [[Pat Smythe]] on ''Flanagan'' [[Peter Robeson]] on ''Scorchin''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Rome]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1960 Summer}} [[Hans Günter Winkler]] and ''[[Halla (horse)|Halla]]'' [[Fritz Thiedemann]] and ''Meteor'' [[Alwin Schockemöhle]] and ''Ferdl''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1960 Summer}} [[Frank Chapot]] and ''Trail Guide'' [[William Steinkraus]] and ''Ksar d'Esprit'' [[George H. Morris]] and ''Sinjon''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1960 Summer}} [[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] and ''Posillipo'' [[Piero D'Inzeo]] and ''The Rock'' [[Antonio Oppes]] and ''The Scholar''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|EUA|1964 Summer}} [[Hermann Schridde]] and ''Dozent II'' [[Kurt Jarasinski]] and ''Torro'' [[Hans Günter Winkler]] and ''Fidelitas''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1964 Summer}} [[Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola]] and ''Lutteur B'' [[Janou Lefèbvre]] and ''Kenavo D'' [[Guy Lefrant]] and ''Monsieur de Littry''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1964 Summer}} [[Piero D'Inzeo]] and ''Sun Beam'' [[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] and ''Posillipo'' [[Graziano Mancinelli]] and ''Rockette''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico City]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|CAN|1968 Summer}} [[James E. Day|James Day]] and ''Canadian Club'' [[Thomas Gayford]] and ''Big Dee'' [[Jim Elder]] and ''The Immigrant''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1968 Summer}} [[Jean Rozier]] and ''Quo Vadis'' [[Janou Lefèbvre]] and ''Rocket'' [[Pierre Jonquères d'Oriola]] and ''Nagir''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1968 Summer}} [[Hermann Schridde]] and ''Dozent II'' [[Alwin Schockemöhle]] and ''Donald Rex'' [[Hans Günter Winkler]] and ''Enigk''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Munich]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1972 Summer}} [[Fritz Ligges]] and ''Robin'' [[Gerhard Wiltfang]] and ''Askan'' [[Hartwig Steenken]] and ''Simona'' [[Hans Günter Winkler]] and ''Trophy''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1972 Summer}} [[William Steinkraus]] and ''Main Spring'' [[Neal Shapiro (equestrian)|Neal Shapiro]] and ''Sloopy'' [[Kathryn Kusner]] and ''Fleet Apple'' [[Frank Chapot]] and ''White Lightning''
|{{flagIOCteam|ITA|1972 Summer}} [[Vittorio Orlandi]] and ''Fulmer Feather'' [[Raimondo D'Inzeo]] and ''Fiorello'' [[Graziano Mancinelli]] and ''Ambassador'' [[Piero D'Inzeo]] and ''Easter Light''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Montreal]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1976 Summer}} [[Hubert Parot]] and ''Rivage'' [[Jean-Marcel Rozier]] and ''Bayard de Maupas'' [[Marc Roguet]] and ''Belle de Mars'' [[Michel Roche]] and ''Un Espoir''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1976 Summer}} [[Alwin Schockemöhle]] and ''Warwick Rex'' [[Hans Günter Winkler]] and ''Torphy'' [[Sönke Sönksen]] and ''Kwepe'' [[Paul Schockemöhle]] and ''Agent''
|{{flagIOCteam|BEL|1976 Summer}} [[Eric Wauters]] and ''Gute Sitte'' [[François Mathy]] and ''Gai Luron'' [[Edgar-Henri Cuepper]] and ''Le Champion'' [[Stanny Van Paesschen]] and ''Porsche''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|URS|1980 Summer}} [[Vyacheslav Chukanov]] and ''Gepatit'' [[Viktor Poganovsky]] and ''Topky'' [[Viktor Asmaev]] and ''Reis'' [[Nikolai Korolkov]] and ''Espadron''
|{{flagIOCteam|POL|1980 Summer}} [[Marian Kozicki]] and ''Bremen'' [[Jan Kowalczyk]] and ''Artemor'' [[Wiesław Hartman]] and ''Norton'' [[Janusz Bobik]] and ''Szampan''
|{{flagIOCteam|MEX|1980 Summer}} [[Joaquín Pérez|Joaquín Perez Heras]] and ''Alymony'' [[Jesús Gómez (equestrian)|Jesus Gomez Portugal]] and ''Massacre'' [[Gerardo Tazzer|Valencia Gerardo Tazzer]] and ''Caribe'' [[Alberto Valdés|Alberto Valdes Lacarra]] and ''Lady Mirka''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1984 Summer}} [[Joseph Fargis]] and ''[[Touch of Class (horse)|Touch of Class]]'' [[Conrad Homfeld]] and ''[[Abdullah (horse)|Abdullah]]'' [[Leslie Howard (equestrian)|Leslie Howard]] and ''Albany'' [[Melanie Smith (equestrian)|Melanie Smith]] and ''Calypso''
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|1984 Summer}} [[Michael Whitaker]] and ''Overton Amanda'' [[John Whitaker (equestrian)|John Whitaker]] and ''Ryans Son'' [[Steven Smith (equestrian)|Steven Smith]] and ''Shining Example'' [[Timothy Grubb]] and ''Linky''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1984 Summer}} [[Paul Schockemöhle]] and ''[[Deister (horse)|Deister]]'' [[Peter Luther]] and ''Livius'' [[Franke Sloothaak]] and ''Farmer'' [[Fritz Ligges]] and ''Ramzes''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRG|1988 Summer}} [[Ludger Beerbaum]] and ''The Freak'' [[Wolfgang Brinkmann]] and ''Pedro'' [[Dirk Hafemeister]] and ''Orchidee'' [[Franke Sloothaak]] and ''Walzerkonig''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1988 Summer}} [[Greg Best]] and ''[[Gem Twist]]'' [[Lisa Ann Jacquin]] and ''For the Moment'' [[Anne Kursinski]] and ''Starman'' [[Joseph Fargis]] and ''Mill Pearl''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1988 Summer}} [[Hubert Bourdy]] and ''Morgat'' [[Frédéric Cottier]] and ''Flambeau C'' [[Michel Robert (French athlete)|Michel Robert]] and ''La Fayette'' [[Pierre Durand, Jr.]] and ''Jappeloup de Luze''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|NED|1992 Summer}} [[Piet Raymakers]] and ''Ratina Z'' [[Bert Romp]] and ''Waldo E'' [[Jan Tops]] and ''Top Gun'' [[Jos Lansink]] and ''Egano''
|{{flagIOCteam|AUT|1992 Summer}} [[Boris Boor]] and ''Love Me Tender'' [[Joerg Muenzner]] and ''Graf Grande'' [[Hugo Simon]] and ''Apricot D'' [[Thomas Fruehmann]] and ''Genius''
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1992 Summer}} [[Hervé Godignon]] and ''Quidam de Revel'' [[Hubert Bourdy]] and ''Razzina du Poncel'' [[Michel Robert (French athlete)|Michel Robert]] and ''Nonix'' [[Eric Navet]] and ''Quito de Baussy''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|1996 Summer}} [[Franke Sloothaak]] and ''Joly Coeur'' [[Lars Nieberg]] and ''For Pleasure'' [[Ulrich Kirchhoff]] and ''Jus De Pommes'' [[Ludger Beerbaum]] and ''Ratina Z''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|1996 Summer}} [[Peter Leone]] and ''Legato'' [[Leslie Burr-Howard]] and ''Extreme'' [[Anne Kursinski]] and ''Eros'' [[Michael R. Matz]] and ''Rhum''
|{{flagIOCteam|BRA|1996 Summer}} [[Luiz Felipe De Azevedo]] and ''Cassiana'' [[Álvaro Miranda Neto]] and ''Aspen'' [[André Johannpeter]] and ''Calei'' [[Rodrigo Pessoa]] and ''[[Loro Piana TomBoy|Tomboy]]''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2000 Summer}} [[Ludger Beerbaum]] on ''Goldfever'' [[Lars Nieberg]] on ''Esprit FRH'' [[Marcus Ehning]] on ''For Pleasure'' [[Otto Becker (equestrian)|Otto Becker]] on ''[[Dobels Cento]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|2000 Summer}} [[Markus Fuchs (equestrian)|Markus Fuchs]] on ''Tinka's Boy'' [[Beat Maendli]] on ''Pozitano'' [[Lesley McNaught]] on ''Dulf'' [[Wilhelm Melliger|Willi Melliger]] on ''[[Calvaro V]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|BRA|2000 Summer}} [[Rodrigo Pessoa]] on ''[[Baloubet du Rouet]]'' [[Luiz Felipe De Azevedo]] on ''Ralph'' [[Álvaro Miranda Neto]] on ''Aspen'' [[André Johannpeter]] on ''Calei''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2004 Summer}} [[Peter Wylde]] on ''Fein Cera'' [[McLain Ward]] on ''[[Sapphire (horse)|Sapphire]]'' [[Beezie Madden]] on ''[[Authentic (horse)|Authentic]]'' [[Chris Kappler]] on ''[[Royal Kaliber]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|2004 Summer}} [[Rolf-Göran Bengtsson]] on ''Mac Kinley'' [[Malin Baryard]] on ''Butterfly Flip'' [[Peter Eriksson (equestrian)|Peter Eriksson]] on ''Cardento'' [[Peder Fredericson]] on ''Magic Bengtsson''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2004 Summer}} [[Otto Becker (equestrian)|Otto Becker]] on ''[[Dobels Cento]]'' [[Marco Kutscher]] on ''Montender 2'' [[Christian Ahlmann]] on ''Cöster''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2008 Summer}} [[McLain Ward]] on ''[[Sapphire (horse)|Sapphire]]'' [[Laura Kraut]] on ''[[Cedric (jumping horse)|Cedric]]'' [[Will Simpson (equestrian)|Will Simpson]] on ''Carlsson vom Dach'' [[Beezie Madden]] on ''[[Authentic (horse)|Authentic]]''
|{{flagIOCteam|CAN|2008 Summer}} [[Jill Henselwood]] on ''Special Ed'' [[Eric Lamaze]] on ''[[Hickstead (horse)|Hickstead]]'' [[Ian Millar]] on ''[[In Style (horse)|In Style]]'' [[Mac Cone]] on ''Ole''
|{{flagIOCteam|SUI|2008 Summer}} [[Christina Liebherr]] on ''No Mercy'' [[Pius Schwizer]] on ''Nobless M'' [[Niklaus Schurtenberger]] on ''Cantus'' [[Steve Guerdat]] on ''Jalisca Solier''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|GBR|2012 Summer}} [[Scott Brash]] on ''Hello Sanctos'' [[Peter Charles]] on ''Vindicat'' [[Ben Maher]] on Tripple X [[Nick Skelton]] on ''Big Star''
|{{flagIOCteam|NED|2012 Summer}} [[Marc Houtzager]] on ''Tamino'' [[Gerco Schroder]] on ''London'' [[Maikel van der Vleuten]] on Verdi [[Jur Vrieling]] on Bubalu
|{{flagIOCteam|KSA|2012 Summer}} [[Ramzy Al Duhami]] on Bayard Van the Villa There [[Abdullah bin Mutaib Al Saud]] on Davos [[Kamal Bahamdan]] on Noblesse Des Tess [[Abdullah Waleed Sharbatly]] on Sultan
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|2016 Summer}} [[Philippe Rozier]] on ''Rahotep de Toscane'' [[Kevin Staut]] on ''Rêveur de Hurtebise'' [[Roger-Yves Bost]] on ''Sydney une Prince'' [[Pénélope Leprevost]] on ''Flora de Mariposa''
|{{flagIOCteam|USA|2016 Summer}} [[Kent Farrington]] on ''[[Voyeur (horse)|Voyeur]]'' [[Lucy Davis (equestrian)|Lucy Davis]] on ''Barron'' [[McLain Ward]] on ''[[HH Azur]]'' [[Elizabeth Madden]] on ''[[Cortes 'C']]'''
|{{flagIOCteam|GER|2016 Summer}} [[Christian Ahlmann]] on ''Taloubet Z'' [[Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum]] on ''Fibonacci'' [[Daniel Deusser]] on ''First Class'' [[Ludger Beerbaum]] on ''Casello''
|-valign="top"
|[[Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Team jumping}}
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Discontinued events==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-57428-0008, Berlin, Reitturnier, Voltigieren.jpg|thumb|right|A 1958 photo of a German [[equestrian vaulting|vaulting]] team|alt=A dark horse, moving in a grassy area. The horse is ridden by two women, one on the others shoulders, and both women are wearing white dresses. In the background is a large seated crowd.]]

===High jump===

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – High jump}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Dominique Gardères]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|rowspan=2|''none awarded''{{#tag:ref|Two first-place prizes were awarded due to the top two competitors tying for the highest jump, at {{convert|1.8|m|in}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Kubatko, Justin|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/EQU/mixed-high-jump.html|title=Equestrianism at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Mixed High Jump|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=November 10, 2009|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref>|group=note}}
|rowspan=2| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Georges Van Der Poele]]|BEL|1900 Summer}}
|- 
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Gian Giorgio Trissino (equestrian)|Gian Giorgio Trissino]]|ITA|1900 Summer}}
|}

===Long jump===

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Long jump}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Constant van Langhendonck]]|BEL|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gian Giorgio Trissino (equestrian)|Gian Giorgio Trissino]]|ITA|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Camille de La Forgue de Bellegarde]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|}

===Vaulting, individual===

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Vaulting}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Daniel Bouckaert]]|BEL|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Field (equestrian)|Field]]|FRA|1924 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Louis Finet]]|BEL|1924 Summer}}
|}

===Vaulting, team===

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games|valign=top}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Vaulting}}
|{{flagIOCteam|BEL|1920 Summer}} [[Daniel Bouckaert]] [[Louis Finet]] [[van Ranst]] {{#tag:ref|The IOC medal database shows two more team members ''van Schauwbroeck'' and ''van Cauwenberg'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/All-Olympic-results-since-1896/?AthleteName=Enter%20a%20name&Category=&Games=&Sport=1313857&Event=&MenGender=false&WomenGender=false&MixedGender=false&TeamClassification=false&IndividualClassification=false&Continent=&Country=&GoldMedal=false&SilverMedal=false&BronzeMedal=false&TargetResults=true|title=All the Medallists since 1896 - Vaulting|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=October 9, 2009}}</ref> however another major database shows only three medalists, although it also includes two men named Van Schauwenbroeck and Albert Van Cauwenburg in the individual vaulting category.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kubatko, Justin|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/BEL/summer/1920/EQU/|title=Belgium Equestrianism at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=October 9, 2009|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref>|group=note}}
|{{flagIOCteam|FRA|1920 Summer}} [[Field (equestrian)|Field]] [[Salins (equestrian)|Salins]] [[Cauchy (equestrian)|Cauchy]]
|{{flagIOCteam|SWE|1920 Summer}} [[Carl Green]] [[Anders Mårtensson]] [[Oskar Nilsson (equestrian)|Oskar Nilsson]]
|}

==One-time events==

These two events were contested only at the 1900 Summer Games. The IOC website currently has affirmed a total of 95 medal events, after accepting, as it appears, the recommendation of Olympic historian Bill Mallon regarding events that should be considered "Olympic". These additional events include the hacks and hunter combined event and the mail coach event.<ref name="Mallon">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=inAwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | author = Mallon, Bill | year = 1998 | title = The 1900 Olympic Games, Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-4064-1}}</ref> (As with 24 official medal events from other sports, the IOC does not list the winners of these two events in its results database.)

[[File:HRH Lowther 2005 horse driving.jpg|thumb|right|A four-in-hand [[driving (horse)|driving]] team|alt=Four dark horses, harnessed to a black cart driven by three people. The horses are moving quickly through water, and in the background a bank covered with grass and rocks is visible.]]

===Mixed hacks and hunters combined===

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Hacks and hunter combined}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Louis Napoléon Murat]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Archenoul]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Robert de Montesquiou-Fézensac]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|}

===Mail coach===

This event was also known as the "Mixed four-in-hand", and appears that way in some references.

{| {{MedalistTable|type=Games}}
|-
|[[Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Paris]] {{DetailsLink|Equestrian at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Mail coach}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Georges Nagelmackers]]|BEL|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Léon Thome]]|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|{{ill|Jean de Neuflize|fr}}|FRA|1900 Summer}}
|}

==Statistics==

===Athlete medal leaders===

Athletes who have won at least five medals are listed below.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Athlete
! Nation
! Gender
! Olympics
! style="background:gold;"|Gold
! style="background:silver;"|Silver
! style="background:#c96;"|Bronze
! Total
|-
|{{sortname|Isabell|Werth}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}
|Female
|1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2016
|6
|4
|0
|10
|-
|{{sortname|Reiner|Klimke}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}
|Male
|1960, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1988
|6
|0
|2
|8
|-
|{{sortname|Hans Günter|Winkler}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}
|Male
|1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976
|5
|1
|1
|7
|-
|{{sortname|Charles Pahud de|Mortanges}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|NED}}
|Male
|1924, 1928, 1932, 1936
|4
|1
|0
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Anky|van Grunsven}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|NED}}
|Female
|1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012
|3
|5
|1
|9
|-
|{{sortname|Michael|Plumb}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|USA}}
|Male
|1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984, 1992
|2
|4
|0
|6
|-
|{{sortname|Earl|Foster Thomson}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|USA}}
|Male
|1932, 1936, 1948
|2
|3
|0
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Josef|Neckermann}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}
|Male
|1960, 1964, 1968, 1972
|2
|2
|2
|6
|-
|{{sortname|André|Jousseaume}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|FRA}}
|Male
|1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956
|2
|2
|1
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Liselott|Linsenhoff}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|GER}}
|Female
|1956, 1968, 1972
|2
|2
|1
|5
|-
|{{sort name|Mark|Todd|Mark Todd (equestrian)}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|NZL}}
|Male
|1984, 1988, 1992, 2000, 2008, 2012
|2
|1
|3
|6
|-
|{{sortname|Christine|Stückelberger}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|SUI}}
|Female
|1972, 1976, 1984, 1988, 1996, 2000
|1
|3
|1
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Raimondo|D'Inzeo}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|ITA}}
|Male
|1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976
|1
|2
|3
|6
|-
|{{sortname|Henri|Chammartin}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|SUI}}
|Male
|1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968
|1
|2
|2
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Gustav|Fischer|Gustav Fischer (equestrian)}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|SUI}}
|Male
|1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968
|0
|3
|2
|5
|-
|{{sortname|Piero|D'Inzeo}}
|{{FlagIOCteam|ITA}}
|Male
|1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976
|0
|2
|4
|6
|}

==Notes==
<references group="note"/>

==References==
; General
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/en/content/All-Olympic-results-since-1896/ |title=All the Medallists since 1896|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=November 9, 2009}}
*{{cite web|author=Kubatko, Justin|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/sports/EQU/ |title=Equestrianism|publisher=Sports Reference LLC|accessdate=October 21, 2009|work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/olympics/2008/results/historical/olympicgames/2.htm|title=Stats: Paris 1900|accessdate=November 10, 2009|work=Beijing 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}
*{{cite book|title=Olympic Equestrian: The Sports and the Stories from Stockholm to Sydney|author=Bryant, Jennifer O.|date=2000|publisher=The Blood-Horse, Inc|location=Canada|isbn=1-58150-044-0}}
{{refend}}

;Specific
{{reflist}}

{{Equestrian at the Summer Olympics}}
{{Olympic medalists}}
{{Equine}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of Summer Olympic medalists by sport|Equestrian]]
[[Category:Equestrian at the Summer Olympics|Medalists]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in equestrian|*List]]

Furosemide

2019-02-21T18:58:13Z

Fallen Sheep: typo

{{redirect|Lasix|the method of eye surgery|LASIK}}
{{drugbox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 461114978
| drug_name =
| IUPAC_name = 4-Chloro-2-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|f|j|ʊ|ˈ|ɹ|oʊ|s|ə|ˌ|m|aɪ|d}}
| image = Furosemide.svg
| image2 = Furosemide-1Z9Y-3D-balls.png
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 7LXU5N7ZO5
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00331
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 35
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C12H11ClN2O5S/c13-9-5-10(15-6-7-2-1-3-20-7)8(12(16)17)4-11(9)21(14,18)19/h1-5,15H,6H2,(H,16,17)(H2,14,18,19)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 54-31-9
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3322
| ATC_prefix = C03
| ATC_suffix = CA01
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 47426
| PubChem = 3440
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00695
| smiles = o1cccc1CNc(cc2Cl)c(C(=O)O)cc2S(=O)(=O)N
| C=12 | H=11 | Cl=1 | N=2 | O=5 | S=1
| molecular_weight = 330.745 g/mol
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|furosemide}}
| bioavailability = 43–69%
| protein_bound =
| metabolism = liver and kidney [[glucuronidation]]
| elimination_half-life = up to 100 minutes
| onset = 30 to 60 min (PO), 5 min (IV)<ref name=AHFS2015/>
| excretion = renal 66%, biliary 33%
| pregnancy_AU = C
| pregnancy_US = C
| DailyMedID = 3940
| legal_status = Rx-only
| routes_of_administration = by mouth, [[Intravenous therapy|IV]], [[Intramuscular injection|IM]]
| synonyms = Frusemide
}}

'''Furosemide''', sold under the brand name '''Lasix''' among others, is a medication used to treat [[edema|fluid build-up]] due to [[heart failure]], [[hepatic cirrhosis|liver scarring]], or [[kidney disease]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=October 23, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archivedate=2015-11-19|df=}}</ref> It may also be used for the treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> It can be taken [[intravenous]]ly or by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/> When taken by mouth, it typically begins working within an hour, while intravenously, it typically begins working within five minutes.<ref name=AHFS2015/>


Common side effects include [[orthostatic hypotension|low blood pressure with standing]], [[tinnitus|ringing in the ears]], and [[photosensitivity|sensitivity to sunlight]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Potentially serious side effects include [[electrolyte abnormalities]], [[hypotension|low blood pressure]], and [[hearing loss]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Furosemide is a type of [[loop diuretic]] that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys.<ref name=AHFS2015/>


Furosemide was discovered in 1962<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rang|first1=Humphrey|title=Drug discovery and development [electronic resource].|date=2013|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780702053160|page=Chapter 1|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=jarRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132327/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jarRAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|archivedate=2015-12-22|df=}}</ref> and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1966.<ref name=AHFS2015/> It is on the [[World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]], the most effective and safe medicines needed in a [[health system]].<ref name=WHO19th>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}}</ref> The wholesale price in the [[developing world]] is between US$0.004 and US$0.02 per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=363&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=24 October 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510104950/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=363&searchYear=2014|archivedate=10 May 2017|df=}}</ref> In the United States it is available as a [[generic medication]] and costs about US$0.15 per day.<ref name=AHFS2015/> In 2016 it was the 15th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 32 million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Top 300 of 2019 |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx |website=clincalc.com |accessdate=22 December 2018}}</ref> is on the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]'s banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE 2014 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD|url=https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|accessdate=24 October 2015|page=5|format=pdf|date=2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115033743/https://wada-main-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/resources/files/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf|archivedate=15 January 2016|df=}}</ref> It has also been used in race horses for the treatment and prevention of [[exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sullivan|first1=S|last2=Hinchcliff|first2=K|title=Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.|journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice|date=April 2015|volume=31|issue=1|pages=187–98|pmid=25770069|doi=10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hinchcliff|first1=KW|last2=Couetil|first2=LL|last3=Knight|first3=PK|last4=Morley|first4=PS|last5=Robinson|first5=NE|last6=Sweeney|first6=CR|last7=van Erck|first7=E|title=Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement.|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine|date=2015|volume=29|issue=3|pages=743–58|pmid=25996660|doi=10.1111/jvim.12593|pmc=4895427}}</ref>

==Medical uses==
[[File:Lasix-box2016.jpg|thumb|Furosemide (Lasix) for injection]]
Furosemide is primarily used for the treatment of [[edema]], but also in some cases of [[hypertension]] (where there is also kidney or heart impairment).<ref name=AHFS>{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|work=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=3 April 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317080203/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archivedate=17 March 2011|df=}}</ref> It is the first-line agent in most people with edema caused by [[congestive heart failure]].<ref name=AHFS/> It is also used for liver [[cirrhosis]], [[kidney failure|kidney impairment]], [[nephrotic syndrome]], in adjunct therapy for [[cerebral edema|swelling of the brain]] or [[pulmonary edema|lungs]] where rapid [[Forced diuresis|diuresis]] is required ([[intravenous|IV]] injection), and in the management of severe [[hypercalcemia]] in combination with adequate rehydration.<ref name="AMH2004">{{cite book |editor=Rossi S |title=Australian Medicines Handbook 2004 |edition=5th |isbn=978-0-9578521-4-3 |url=http://www.amh.net.au/ |year=2004 |publisher=[[Australian Medicines Handbook]] Pty Ltd |location=Adelaide, S.A. }}</ref>

===Kidney disease===
In chronic kidney diseases with [[hypoalbuminemia]], it is used along with albumin to increase diuresis. It is also used along with albumin in [[nephrotic syndrome]] to reduce edema.
<ref>BMC Nephrol. 2012 Aug 29;13:92. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-13-92.The added-up albumin enhances the diuretic effect of furosemide in patients with hypoalbuminemic chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled study.
Phakdeekitcharoen B1, Boonyawat K
Ann Pharmacother. 2003 May;37(5):695-700.
Combined furosemide and human albumin treatment for diuretic-resistant edema.
Elwell RJ1, Spencer AP, Eisele G</ref>

===Other information===
*It is mainly excreted by tubular secretion in the kidney. In kidney impairment, clearance is reduced, increasing the risk of adverse effects.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Lower initial doses are recommended in older patients (to minimize side-effects) and high doses may be needed in renal failure.<ref name="BNF">{{cite web |title=British National Formulary |url=https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/furosemide.html#renalImpairment |accessdate=9 November 2018}}</ref> It can also cause kidney damage; this is mainly by loss of excessive fluid (i.e. dehydration), and is usually reversible.
*Furosemide acts within 1 hour of oral administration (after IV injection, the peak effect is within 30 minutes). Diuresis is usually complete within 6–8 hours of oral administration, but there is significant variation between individuals.<ref name = Ponto90>{{cite journal |last1=Ponto |first1=LL |last2=Schoenwald |first2=RD |title=Furosemide (frusemide). A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic review (Part I). |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |date=May 1990 |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=381–408 |doi=10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004 |pmid=2185908 }}</ref>

==Adverse effects==
Furosemide also can lead to [[gout]] caused by [[hyperuricemia]]. [[Hyperglycemia]] is also a common side effect.

The tendency, as for all loop diuretics, to cause low serum potassium concentration ([[hypokalemia]]) has given rise to combination products, either with potassium or with the [[potassium-sparing diuretic]] [[amiloride]] ([[Co-amilofruse]]). Other electrolyte abnormalities that can result from furosemide use include hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oh |first1=SW |last2=Han |first2=SY |title=Loop Diuretics in Clinical Practice. |journal=Electrolyte & Blood Pressure|date=June 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=17–21 |doi=10.5049/EBP.2015.13.1.17 |pmid=26240596|pmc=4520883 }}</ref>

In the treatment of heart failure, many studies have shown that the long-term use of furosemide can cause varying degrees of [[thiamine deficiency]], so [[thiamine]] supplementation is also suggested.<ref name="Katta">{{cite journal|last1=Katta|first1=N|last2=Balla|first2=S|last3=Alpert|first3=MA|title=Does Long-Term Furosemide Therapy Cause Thiamine Deficiency in Patients with Heart Failure? A Focused Review.|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|date=July 2016|volume=129|issue=7|pages=753.e7–753.e11|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.037|pmid=26899752}}</ref>

Although disputed,<ref name="AmJPerinatol2004-Rais-Bahrami">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rais-Bahrami K, Majd M, Veszelovszky E, Short B | title = Use of furosemide and hearing loss in neonatal intensive care survivors | journal = Am J Perinatol | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 329–32 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15311369 | doi = 10.1055/s-2004-831887}}</ref> it is considered [[ototoxic]]: "usually with large intravenous doses and rapid administration and in renal impairment".<ref>[[British National Formulary|BNF]] '''45''' March 2003</ref>

Other precautions include: nephrotoxicity, sulfonamide (sulfa) allergy, and increases free thyroid hormone effects with large doses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/furosemide-drug-information?search=furosemide&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~148&usage_type=panel&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F174802|title=UpToDate|website=www.uptodate.com|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref>

===Interactions===
Furosemide has potential interactions with these medications:<ref>[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/las1220.shtml Brand name:Lasix - Generic name: Furosemide] Prescription Drug Information, Side Effects - PDRHealth</ref>
* [[Aspirin]] and other salicylates
* Other diuretics (e.g. [[ethacrynic acid]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]])
* Synergistic effects with other [[antihypertensive]]s (e.g. [[doxazosin]])
* [[Sucralfate]]

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs:
*[[Analgesic]]s: increased risk of [[nephrotoxicity|kidney damage (nephrotoxicity)]] with [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug]]s; antagonism of diuretic effect with NSAIDs
*Antiarrhythmics: a risk of [[cardiac toxicity]] exists with [[antiarrhythmic]]s if [[hypokalemia]] occurs; the effects of [[lidocaine]] and [[mexiletine]] are antagonized.
*[[Antibacterial]]s: increased risk of [[ototoxicity]] with [[aminoglycoside]]s, [[polymyxin]]s and [[vancomycin]]; avoid concomitant use with lymecycline
*[[Antidepressant]]s: increased risk of hypokalemia with reboxetine; enhanced [[hypotension|hypotensive]] effect with [[MAOI]]s; increased risk of [[postural hypotension]] with [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s
*[[Antiepileptic]]s: increased risk of [[hyponatremia]] with [[carbamazepine]]
*[[Antifungal medication|Antifungal]]s: increased risk of hypokalemia with [[amphotericin]]
*[[Antihypertensive]]s: enhanced hypotensive effect; increased risk of first dose hypotensive effect with [[alpha-blocker]]s; increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias with [[sotalol]] if hypokalemia occurs
*[[Antipsychotic]]s: increased risk of [[ventricular arrhythmia]]s with [[amisulpride]], [[sertindole]], or [[pimozide]] (avoid with pimozide) if hypokalemia occurs; enhanced hypotensive effect with phenothiazines
*[[Atomoxetine]]: hypokalemia increases risk of ventricular arrhythmias
*[[Cardiac glycoside]]s: increased toxicity if hypokalemia occurs
*[[Cyclosporine]]: variable reports of increased nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and hepatotoxicity
*[[Lithium]]: risk of toxicity.

==Mechanism of action==
{{Main|Loop diuretic}}
Furosemide, like other loop diuretics, acts by inhibiting the luminal [[Na-K-Cl cotransporter]] in the [[thick ascending limb]] of the [[loop of Henle]], by binding to the chloride transport channel, thus causing sodium, chloride, and potassium loss in urine.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dowd|first1=Frank J|last2=Johnson|first2=Bart|last3=Mariotti|first3=Angelo|title=Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry - E-Book|date=3 September 2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323445955|pages=324–326|url=https://books.google.com.my/books?id=6xT7DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA326|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

The action on the distal tubules is independent of any inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase or aldosterone; it also abolishes the corticomedullary osmotic gradient and blocks negative, as well as positive, [[free water clearance]]. Because of the large NaCl absorptive capacity of the loop of Henle, diuresis is not limited by development of acidosis, as it is with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Additionally, furosemide is a noncompetitive subtype-specific blocker of GABA-A receptors.<ref name="Korpi95">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korpi ER, Kuner T, Seeburg PH, Lüddens H |title=Selective antagonist for the cerebellar granule cell-specific gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor |journal=Mol. Pharmacology. |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=283–9 |year=1995 |pmid=7870036 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="Tia95">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tia S, Wang JF, Kotchabhakdi N, Vicini S |title=Developmental changes of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar granule neurons: role of GABA(A) receptor alpha 6 subunit |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=3630–40 |year=1996 |pmid=8642407 |doi= |url=http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/16/11/3630 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203857/http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/16/11/3630 |archivedate=2007-09-27 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Wafford96">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wafford KA, Thompson SA, Thomas D, Sikela J, Wilcox AS, Whiting PJ |title=Functional characterization of human gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors containing the alpha 4 subunit |journal=Mol. Pharmacol. |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=670–8 |year=1996 |pmid=8794909 |doi=}}</ref> Furosemide has been reported to reversibly antagonize GABA-evoked currents of α6β2γ2 receptors at µM concentrations, but not α1β2γ2 receptors.<ref name="Korpi95"/><ref name="Wafford96"/> During development, the α6β2γ2 receptor increases in expression in cerebellar granule neurons, corresponding to increased sensitivity to furosemide.<ref name="Tia95"/>

==Pharmacokinetics==
*Molecular weight (daltons) 330.7
*% Bioavailability 47-70%
**Bioavailability with end-stage renal disease 43 - 46%<ref>AMA Department of Drugs: Drug Evaluations Subscription, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1990.</ref><ref>Knoben JE & Anderson PO (Eds): Handbook of Clinical Drug Data, 6th. Drug Intelligence Publications, Inc, Hamilton, IL, 1988.</ref>
*% Protein binding 91–99<ref name=":0">Product Information: Lasix(R), furosemide. Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ, 2004.</ref>
*Volume of distribution (L/kg) 0.07 – 0.2<ref name=":1">Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, et al (Eds): Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th. Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1990.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Kelly|first=M. R.|last2=Cutler|first2=R. E.|last3=Forrey|first3=A. W.|last4=Kimpel|first4=B. M.|date=February 1974|title=Pharmacokinetics of orally administered furosemide|journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=15|issue=2|pages=178–186|issn=0009-9236|pmid=4812154}}</ref>
**Volume of distribution may be higher in patients with cirrhosis or nephrotic syndrome<ref name=":1" />
*Excretion
**% Excreted in urine (% of total dose) 60 - 90<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
**% Excreted unchanged in urine (% of total dose) 53.1 - 58.8 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Verbeeck|first=R. K.|last2=Patwardhan|first2=R. V.|last3=Villeneuve|first3=J. P.|last4=Wilkinson|first4=G. R.|last5=Branch|first5=R. A.|date=June 1982|title=Furosemide disposition in cirrhosis|journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=31|issue=6|pages=719–725|issn=0009-9236|pmid=7075120}}</ref>
**% Excreted in feces (% of total dose) 7 - 9<ref name=Ponto90 />
**% Excreted in bile (% of total dose) 6 - 9<ref name=":2" />
*Approximately 10% is metabolized by the liver in healthy individuals, but this percentage may be greater in individuals with severe renal failure <ref name=":2" />
* Renal clearance (mL/min/kg) 2.0<ref name=":1" />
*Elimination half-life (hrs) 2<ref name=":0" />
**Prolonged in congestive heart failure (mean 3.4 hrs)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chaturvedi|first=P. R.|last2=O'Donnell|first2=J. P.|last3=Nicholas|first3=J. M.|last4=Shoenthal|first4=D. R.|last5=Waters|first5=D. H.|last6=Gwilt|first6=P. R.|date=March 1987|title=Steady state absorption kinetics and pharmacodynamics of furosemide in congestive heart failure|journal=International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology|volume=25|issue=3|pages=123–128|issn=0174-4879|pmid=3557737}}</ref>
**Prolonged in severe renal failure (4 - 6 hrs)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brater|first=D.C.|date=1991|title=Clinical Pharmacology of Loop Diuretics|journal=Drugs|language=en|volume=41|issue=Supplement 3|pages=14–22|doi=10.2165/00003495-199100413-00004|pmid=1712712|issn=0012-6667}}</ref> and anephric patients (1.5-9 hrs)<ref name=":2" />
*Time to peak concentration (hrs)
**Intravenous administration 0.3<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haegeli|first=Laurent|last2=Brunner-La Rocca|first2=Hans Peter|last3=Wenk|first3=Markus|last4=Pfisterer|first4=Matthias|last5=Drewe|first5=Jürgen|last6=Krähenbühl|first6=Stephan|date=December 2007|title=Sublingual administration of furosemide: new application of an old drug|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|volume=64|issue=6|pages=804–809|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03035.x|issn=1365-2125|pmc=2198789|pmid=17875188}}</ref>
**Oral solution 0.83<ref name=":0" />
**Oral tablet 1.45<ref name=":0" />

The pharmacokinetics of furosemide are apparently not significantly altered by food.<ref>AHFS Drug Information 2004. McEvoy GK, ed. Furosemide. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2004: 2260-4.</ref>

No direct relationship has been found between furosemide concentration in the plasma and furosemide efficacy. Efficacy depends upon the concentration of furosemide in urine.<ref name=Ponto90/>

==Names==
Furosemide is the [[International Nonproprietary Name|INN]] and [[British Approved Name|BAN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Namingofmedicines/ChangestomedicinesnamesBANstorINNs/index.htm |title=Naming human medicines |accessdate=2009-11-18 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427025454/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Namingofmedicines/ChangestomedicinesnamesBANstorINNs/index.htm |archivedate=2010-04-27 |df= }}</ref> The previous BAN was frusemide.

Some of the brand names under which furosemide is marketed include: Aisemide, Apo-Furosemide, Beronald, Desdemin, Discoid, Diural, Diurapid, Dryptal, Durafurid, Edemid, Errolon, Eutensin, Flusapex, Frudix, Frusetic, Frusid, Fulsix, Fuluvamide, Furesis, Furix, Furo-Puren, Furon, Furosedon, Fusid.frusone, Hydro-rapid, Impugan, Katlex, Lasilix, Lasix, Lodix, Lowpston, Macasirool, Mirfat, Nicorol, Odemase, Oedemex, Profemin, Rosemide, Rusyde, Salix, Seguril, Teva-Furosemide, Trofurit, Uremide, and Urex.

==Veterinary uses==
The diuretic effects are put to use most commonly in horses to prevent bleeding during a race. Sometime in the early 1970s, furosemide's ability to prevent, or at least greatly reduce, the incidence of bleeding ([[exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage]]) by horses during races was discovered accidentally. In the United States of America, pursuant to the racing rules of most states, horses that bleed from the nostrils three times are permanently barred from racing. Clinical trials followed, and by decade's end, racing commissions in some states in the USA began legalizing its use on race horses. On September 1, 1995, [[New York State|New York]] became the last state in the United States to approve such use, after years of refusing to consider doing so. Some states allow its use for all racehorses; some allow it only for confirmed "bleeders". Its use for this purpose is still prohibited in many other countries.

Furosemide is also used in horses for pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure (in combination with other drugs), and allergic reactions. Although it increases circulation to the kidneys, it does not help kidney function, and is not recommended for kidney disease.

It is also used to treat congestive heart failure (pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and/or ascites) in cats and dogs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kittleson |first1=Mark |authorlink1=Mark Kittleson |last2=Kienle |first2=Richard |date=1998 |title=Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine |isbn=978-0-8151-5140-1}}</ref> It can also be used in an attempt to promote urine production in anuric or oliguric acute renal failure.

===Horses===
Furosemide is injected either [[Intramuscular injection|intramuscularly]] or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenously]], usually 0.5-1.0 mg/kg twice/day, although less before a horse is raced. As with many diuretics, it can cause [[dehydration]] and [[electrolyte imbalance]], including loss of [[potassium]], [[calcium]], [[sodium]], and [[magnesium]]. Excessive use of furosemide will most likely lead to a [[metabolic alkalosis]] due to [[hypochloremia]] and [[hypokalemia]]. The drug should, therefore, not be used in horses that are dehydrated or experiencing kidney failure. It should be used with caution in horses with liver problems or electrolyte abnormalities. Overdose may lead to dehydration, change in drinking patterns and urination, seizures, gastrointestinal problems, kidney damage, lethargy, collapse, and coma.

Furosemide should be used with caution when combined with corticosteroids (as this increases the risk of electrolyte imbalance), aminoglycoside antibiotics (increases risk of kidney or ear damage), and trimethoprim sulfa (causes decreased platelet count). It may also cause interactions with anesthetics, so its use should be related to the veterinarian if the animal is going into surgery, and it decreases the kidneys' ability to excrete [[aspirin]], so dosages will need to be adjusted if combined with that drug.

Furosemide may increase the risk of [[digoxin]] toxicity due to hypokalemia.

The drug is best not used during pregnancy or in a lactating mare, as it has been shown to be passed through the placenta and milk in studies with other species. It should not be used in horses with [[pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction]] (Cushings).

Furosemide is detectable in urine 36–72 hours following injection. Its use is prohibited by most equestrian organizations.

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Aventis Pharma]] (1998). ''Lasix Approved Product Information''. Lane Cove: Aventis Pharma Pty Ltd.
* {{cite book |author=Barbara Forney |title=Understanding Equine Medications, Revised Edition (Horse Health Care Library) |publisher=Eclipse Press |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=978-1-58150-151-3 |oclc= |doi= }}

==External links==
* [http://www.thinkythings.org/horseracing/lasixinfo.html Lasix and horse bleeding]
* [http://windpub.com/books/furosemide.htm ''Furosemide in the Horse'' (Wind Publications)]
* [http://druginfo.nlm.nih.gov/drugportal/dpdirect.jsp?name=Furosemide U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Furosemide]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055500/http://www.ckdcenter.org/ckd/treatment/ordinary_treatment/duretics/Furosemide__frusemide__160.html Furosemide-A Practical Manual of Renal Medicine]

{{Diuretics}}
{{Navboxes
| title = [[Pharmacodynamics]]
| titlestyle = background:#ccccff
| list1 =
{{GABA receptor modulators}}
{{Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators}}
{{Glycine receptor modulators}}
{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}
{{Symporter inhibitors}}
}}

{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}

[[Category:Anthranilic acids]]
[[Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Equine medications]]
[[Category:Furans]]
[[Category:GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Loop diuretics]]
[[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:Sulfonamides]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:RTT]]
[[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances]]
[[Category:Nephrotoxins]]
[[Category:Sanofi]]

Burghley Horse Trials

2019-02-21T14:55:00Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Winners */ rider goes by Thelwall, not Thelwell (comepare this [https://www.horseandhound.co.uk/eventing/goodbye-to-advanced-eventers-37138 article])

{{unreferenced|date=March 2013}}
[[Image:Burghley 2004.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A competitor in the 2004 Horse Trials shows good form over the first fence on the cross-country course.]]
The '''Land Rover Burghley Horse Trials''' is an annual [[eventing|three-day event]] held at [[Burghley House]] near [[Stamford, Lincolnshire]], [[England]], currently in early September. [[Land Rover]] Burghley Horse Trials is classified by the [[International Federation for Equestrian Sports|FEI]] as one of the six leading three-day events in the world (the others being the [[Badminton Horse Trials]], the [[Rolex Kentucky Three Day]], the [[Australian International Three Day Event]], the [[Luhmühlen Horse Trials]] and the [[Étoiles de Pau]]). It has competition at [[Concours Complet International|CCI****]] (four star) level. The prize for first place is currently £95,000. Prize money is given down to 20th place.

Burghley is also one of the three events in the [[Grand Slam of Eventing]].

Run in conjunction with the event since 1990 is the Burghley Young Event Horse final, which judges 4 and 5 year old horses on their potential as future Olympic mounts.

==History==
Horse trials have been held at Burghley House since 1961 when its owner the [[David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter|6th Marquess of Exeter]], an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medalist in athletics and [[IOC]] member, heard that a three-day event at [[Harewood House]] could no longer be held. Since then no other international horse trials site has staged as many championships, a record ten in all including the first World Championship in 1966.

It is the longest continuous running international event. Up to 2018 there have been six course designers: Bill Thomson, M.R.C.V.S. 1961 – 1983, Lt-Col. Henry Nicoll, D.S.O., O.B.E., 1975, Philip Herbert 1984 – 1988, [[Captain Mark Phillips]], C.V.O., 1989 – 1996 and 1998 – 2000, Mike Tucker 1997 and 2001, Wolfgang Feld 2002 – 2004 and Capt. Mark Phillips, C.V.O., 2005 -.

==Winners==
[[Image:Foxpitt2.jpg|350px|right|thumb|[[William Fox-Pitt]], here clearing the Cottesmore Leap on Idalgo in 2006, has the most wins at Burghley with six.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Year'''
!'''Rider'''
!'''Horse'''
!'''Notes'''
|-
|1961
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Anneli Drummond-Hay]] (GBR)
|Merely-A-Monarch
|
|-
|1962
|{{flagicon|GBR}}James Templer (GBR)
|M'Lord Connolly
|
|-
|1963
|{{flagicon|IRE}}Harry Freeman-Jackson (IRE)
|St. Finbarr
|
|-
|1964
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Richard Meade]] (GBR)
|Barberry
|
|-
|1965
|{{flagicon|GBR}}J.J. Beale (GBR)
|Victoria Bridge
|
|-
|1966
|{{flagicon|ARG}}[[Carlos Moratorio]] (ARG)
|Chalan
|
|-
|1967
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Lorna Sutherland (GBR)
|Popadom
|
|-
|1968
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Sheila Willcox]] (GBR)
|Fair and Square
|
|-
|1969
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Gillian Watson (GBR)
|Shaitan
|
|-
|1970
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Judy Bradwell (GBR)
|Don Camillo
|
|-
|1971
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Anne, Princess Royal|H.R.H. Princess Anne]] (GBR)
|Doublet
|
|-
|1972
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Janet Hodgson (GBR)
|Larkspur
|
|-
|1973
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Mark Phillips]] (GBR)
|Maid Marion
|
|-
|1974
|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Bruce Davidson (equestrian)|Bruce Davidson]] (USA)
|Irish Cap
|
|-
|1975
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Aly Pattinson (GBR)
|Carawich
|
|-
|1976
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Jane Holderness-Roddam]] (GBR)
|Warrior
|
|-
|1977
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Lucinda Prior-Palmer]] (GBR)
|George
|
|-
|1978
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Lorna Clarke (GBR)
|Greco
|
|-
|1979
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Andrew Hoy]] (AUS)
|Davey
|
|-
|1980
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Richard Walker (equestrian)|Richard Walker]] (GBR)
|John of Gaunt
|
|-
|1981
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Lucinda Prior-Palmer (GBR)
|Beagle Bay
|
|-
|1982
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Richard Walker (GBR)
|Ryan's Cross
|
|-
|1983
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Virginia Leng|Virginia Holgate]] (GBR)
|[[Priceless (horse)|Priceless]]
|
|-
|1984
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Virginia Holgate (GBR)
|Night Cap II
|
|-
|1985
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Virginia Holgate (GBR)
|Priceless
|
|-
|1986
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Virginia Leng (GBR)
|[[Murphy Himself]]
|
|-
|1987
|{{flagicon|NZL}}[[Mark Todd (equestrian)|Mark Todd]] (NZL)
|Wilton Fair
|
|-
|1988
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Jane Thelwall (GBR)
|King's Jester
|
|-
|1989
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Virginia Leng (GBR)
|Master Craftsman
|
|-
|1990
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Mark Todd (NZL)
|Face the Music
|
|-
|1991
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Mark Todd (NZL)
|Welton Greylag
|
|-
|1992
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Charlotte Hollingsworth (GBR)
|The Cool Customer
|
|-
|1993
|{{flagicon|USA}}[[Stephen Bradley (equestrian)|Stephen Bradley]] (USA)
|Sassy Reason
|
|-
|1994
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[William Fox-Pitt]] (GBR)
|Chaka
|
|-
|1995
|{{flagicon|NZL}}[[Andrew Nicholson (equestrian)|Andrew Nicholson]] (NZL)
|Buckley Province
|
|-
|1996
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Mary King (equestrian)|Mary King]] (GBR)
|Star Appeal
|
|-
|1997
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Mark Todd (NZL)
|Broadcast News
|
|-
|1998
|{{flagicon|NZL}}[[Blyth Tait]] (NZL)
|Chesterfield
|
|-
|1999
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Mark Todd (NZL)
|Diamond Hall Red
|
|-
|2000
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Andrew Nicholson (NZL)
|Mr. Smiffy
|
|-
|2001
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Blyth Tait (NZL)
|[[Ready Teddy (horse)|Ready Teddy]]
|
|-
|2002
|{{flagicon|GBR}}William Fox-Pitt (GBR)
|Highland Lad
|
|-
|2003
|{{flagicon|GBR}}[[Pippa Funnell]] (GBR)
|[[Primmore's Pride]]
|Won as the final leg on the way
to winning the Eventing Grand Slam
|-
|2004
|{{flagicon|AUS}}Andrew Hoy (AUS)
|Moon Fleet
|
|-
|2005
|{{flagicon|GBR}}William Fox-Pitt (GBR)
|Ballincoola
|
|-
|2006
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Lucinda Fredericks]] (AUS)
|[[Headley Britannia]]
|
|-
|2007
|{{flagicon|GBR}}William Fox-Pitt (GBR)
|Parkmore Ed
|
|-
|2008
|{{flagicon|GBR}}William Fox-Pitt (GBR)
|[[Tamarillo (horse)|Tamarillo]]
|
|-
|2009
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Oliver Townend (GBR)
|Carousel Quest
|
|-
|2010
|{{flagicon|NZL}}[[Caroline Powell]] (NZL)
|Lenamore
|
|-
|2011
|{{flagicon|GBR}}William Fox-Pitt (GBR)
|Parklane Hawk
|
|-
|2012
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Andrew Nicholson (NZL)
|Avebury
|
|-
|2013
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Andrew Nicholson (NZL)
|Avebury
|
|-
|2014
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Andrew Nicholson (NZL)
|Avebury
|
|-
|2015
|{{flagicon|GER}}[[Michael Jung (equestrian)|Michael Jung]] (GER)
|La Biosthetique-Sam FBW
|Won as the first leg on the way
to winning the Eventing Grand Slam
|-
|2016
|{{flagicon|AUS}}[[Chris Burton (equestrian)|Chris Burton]] (AUS)
|Nobilis 18
|
|-
|2017
|{{flagicon|GBR}}Oliver Townend (GBR)
|Ballaghmor Class
|
|-
|2018
|{{flagicon|NZL}}Tim Price (NZL)
|Ringwood Sky Boy
|
|}
[[Image:Caroline powell lenamore dairy farm burghley 2010.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Winners of the 2010 Burghley Horse Trials, Caroline Powell and Lenamore, at the Dairy Farm during the Cross Country phase.]]
[[Image:Oliver townend carousel quest discovery valley burghley 2009.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Oliver Townend and Carousel Quest, the winning combination at Burghley Horse Trials 2009, at the Discovery Valley during the cross country phase.]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050204064443/http://www.burghley-horse.co.uk/default.asp Burghley Horse Trials official site]

[[Category:Equestrian sports in England]]
[[Category:Equestrian sports in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Eventing]]
[[Category:Sport in Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Stamford, Lincolnshire]]

Thelwall (disambiguation)

2019-02-21T14:46:10Z

Fallen Sheep: underscore removed

'''[[Thelwall]]''' is a village in Warrington, England.

'''Thelwall''' may also refer to:

*[[Ambrose Thelwall]] (1570-1653)
*[[Simon Thelwall (disambiguation)]]
*[[Eubule Thelwall (disambiguation)]]
*[[John Thelwall]]
*[[Sydney Thelwall]]
*[[Lumley Thelwell]] (also called Lumley Thelwall)

{{disambig}}
[[Category:Surnames]]

Le Havre (disambiguation)

2019-02-21T13:41:54Z

Fallen Sheep: added Le Havre (horse)

'''Le Havre''' may refer to:

*[[Le Havre]], a city in France
*[[Le Havre (film)|''Le Havre'' (film)]], a Finnish film by Aki Kaurismäki
*[[Le Havre (board game)]]
*[[Le Havre AC]], a French association football club
*[[Le Havre (horse)]], French thoroughbred racer; winner of 2009 Prix du Jockey Club
*L'Havre Rock, a reef near [[L'Esperance Rock]] in the Kermadec Islands
*[[Operation Astonia]], Battle of Le Havre, a Second World War battle

==See also==
* [[Havré, Belgium|Havré]]
* [[Havre, Montana]]
* [[Havre de Grace, Maryland]]
* [[Havrå]] (Havre), Norway
* [[Les_%C3%8Eles-de-la-Madeleine,_Quebec#L.27.C3.8Ele-du-Havre-Aubert|Havre-Aubert]], Magdalen Islands, Quebec, Canada
* [[Havre Boucher]], Nova Scotia, Canada

{{Disambig}}

Junior ice hockey

2019-01-26T23:51:03Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Major junior */ fixed redlink

{{distinguish|minor ice hockey}}
'''Junior hockey''' is [[ice hockey]] competition generally for players between 16 and 21 years of age. Junior hockey leagues in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] are considered amateur (with some exceptions) and operate within regions of each country.

In Canada, the highest level is major junior, and is governed by the [[Canadian Hockey League]], which itself has three constituent leagues: the [[Ontario Hockey League]], [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] and the [[Western Hockey League]]. The second tier is Junior A, governed nationally by the [[Canadian Junior Hockey League]].

In the United States, the top level is Tier I, represented by the [[United States Hockey League]]. Tier II is represented by the [[North American Hockey League]]. There are several Tier III and independently sanctioned leagues throughout the country. A limited number of teams in the Canadian major junior leagues are also based in the United States.

In Europe, junior teams are often sponsored by professional teams, and act as development and feeder associations for those organizations.

In Canada, junior hockey is one level above [[minor ice hockey]], the level of ice hockey played by youth (often called "youth hockey" in the United States, so as to not to be confused with [[minor league]] professional hockey).

==Canada==
Junior hockey in Canada is broken into several tiers, and players aged 16–20 at the beginning of the season are eligible. [[Hockey Canada]] is enacting rules designed to limit the number of 16-year-olds allowed to play junior hockey, preferring most remain at the midget level.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://cdn.agilitycms.com/hockey-canada/Hockey-Programs/Players/Downloads/2013_player_development_e.pdf|title = Minor Hockey Development Guide|date = |accessdate = 2 January 2015|website = Hockey Canada|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

===Major junior===
Major junior hockey is overseen by the [[Canadian Hockey League]] (CHL), which acts as the governing body for its three constituent leagues:
*[[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]] – operating in [[Quebec]] and [[Atlantic Canada]] with 18 teams
*[[Ontario Hockey League]] – operating in [[Ontario]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Michigan]] with 20 teams
*[[Western Hockey League]] – operating in [[Western Canada]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and [[Oregon]] with 22 teams

The CHL currently places a cap of three 20-year-old-or-over players per team, while only four 16-year-olds are permitted. While fifteen-year-old players were formerly permitted to play a limited number of games per season at the CHL level, they are now permitted to play only if they are deemed exceptional by the CHL. Five players to date have qualified under this rule: centre [[John Tavares (ice hockey)|John Tavares]] in 2005, defenceman [[Aaron Ekblad]] in 2011, centre [[Connor McDavid]] in 2012, defenceman [[Sean Day]] in 2013, and centre [[Joe Veleno]] in 2015. CHL teams are currently permitted two "imports" (players from outside Canada or the US, generally from Europe or Russia) each, though this cap is expected to be reduced to one within a couple of seasons.

Due to paying players stipends and allowing junior players that have signed entry-level contracts with the NHL,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiveforhowling.com/2010/2/23/1323870/learning-about-the-western-hockey |title=Learning About the Western Hockey League and Major Junior Hockey |publisher=''Five for Howling'' |date=February 23, 2010}}</ref> all CHL teams are considered professional by the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]; thus any player who plays a game at the Major Junior level loses his eligibility to play for universities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=79802 |title=Daily Dish: Major Junior Misunderstanding |publisher=''Junior Hockey News'' |date=September 3, 2013}}</ref> The player retains eligibility for Canadian universities however, and all three leagues have programs in place to grant scholarships for any player who plays in these leagues provided he does not turn professional once their junior career ends. Many of the [[National Hockey League]]’s (NHL) top prospects play in the CHL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/draftprospectbrowse.htm|title=2018 Draft Prospect Rankings|author=|date=|website=www.nhl.com}}</ref>

The champion of each league competes in an annual tournament with a predetermined host team for the [[Memorial Cup]], Canada's national major junior championship.

Up until 1970, the leagues that were classified as Major Junior and "Junior A" today were both part of Junior A. In 1970 they were divided into "Tier I Junior A" or "Major Junior A" and "Tier II Junior A". In 1980, the three Major Junior A leagues opted for self-control over being controlled by the branches of the [[Canadian Amateur Hockey Association]] and became Major Junior hockey, Tier II Junior A became the top tier of hockey in the CAHA and became Junior A hockey.

===Junior A===
Junior A (junior AAA in Quebec) hockey is one level below the CHL. Junior A was referred to as Tier II Junior A in the 1970s, until what was called Major Junior A broke away from their regional branches in 1980 and formed the [[Canadian Hockey League]], becoming Major Junior hockey. At that time, the term Tier II was dropped from what is now Junior A hockey. It is governed by the [[Canadian Junior Hockey League]], which oversees eleven constituent leagues across Canada. The national championship is the [[Royal Bank Cup]].

Junior A teams are considered amateur by the [[NCAA]], thus players intending to go to American universities tend to choose this route rather than play in the CHL. Junior A teams tend to play in much smaller markets than CHL teams, and thus play to much smaller crowds.

===Junior B, C, D===
Junior B (junior AA in Quebec) was created in 1933, to differentiate between teams eligible for [[Memorial Cup]] competition and those who were not. The major championships across Canada are the [[Sutherland Cup]] in [[Ontario Hockey Association|Southern Ontario]], the Carson Trophy in the [[Eastern Ontario Junior B Hockey League|Ottawa District]], the [[Coupe Dodge]] in [[Quebec]], the [[Don Johnson Cup]] in the [[Atlantic Provinces]], and the [[Keystone Cup]] which represents all of Western Canada, from [[British Columbia]] to [[Northwestern Ontario]].

Junior C (junior A in Quebec) generally consists of local competitions, but is considered competitive in some regions, and serve as seeding or farm-teams for Junior B teams. Ontario Junior C Hockey has 6 rounds of best-of-seven playoffs (up to 42 games per team) for the [[Clarence Schmalz Cup]] which was first awarded in 1938. The Ontario Junior C playoffs are played for between 6 of the Province's 7 different regional leagues. In Quebec and West of Manitoba, Junior C hockey tends to be an extension of the local minor hockey system and is sometimes called Juvenile or House League. In Ontario, Manitoba, and the Maritimes, Junior C is run independently of minor hockey systems, though with the same mostly recreational purpose.

Junior D was popular in the 1960s and 1970s in dense population centers, but fell off in the early 1990s. In Quebec, Junior D is now known as Junior B and is run strictly by minor hockey associations. The last Junior D league was the OHA's [[Southern Ontario Junior Hockey League]], the result of the merger of the Northern, Western, and Southern Junior D leagues in the late 1980s. The SOJHL moved to Junior C league in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oha.pointstreaksites.com/view/oha/news/news_47882|title=OHA MEDIA RELEASE - APRIL 26, 2012 - Ontario Hockey Association|author=|date=|website=oha.pointstreaksites.com}}</ref>

==United States==
As in Canada, junior hockey in the United States is subdivided into several levels with most being sanctioned by [[USA Hockey]]. Currently, 13 American teams play in the Canadian junior system, with eight in the [[Canadian Hockey League]] and five in junior A leagues. The CHL includes four teams in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] and one in [[Oregon]] in the [[Western Hockey League]], and two teams in [[Michigan]] and one in [[Pennsylvania]] in the [[Ontario Hockey League]]. At junior A level, two teams in the [[Superior International Junior Hockey League]] are in Minnesota, one team in the [[British Columbia Hockey League]] is from Washington, one in the [[Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League]] is from [[Michigan]], and one in the [[Ontario Junior Hockey League]] is from [[New York (state)|New York]].

===Tier I===

The [[United States Hockey League]] (USHL) is currently the only Tier I league in the country, consisting of teams in the central and midwestern United States. The USHL provides an alternative to major junior hockey for kids who want to play in the NCAA before entering a professional league such as the NHL.

While playing in the USHL, all player expenses are paid for by the team; no membership or equipment fees are charged. Unlike major junior teams, the professional leagues draft significantly less directly from the USHL teams and the free-college stipend does not exist.

For most of its existence the USHL was considered inferior in quality of play to the major junior levels. But it continued to improve and as of 2008 about 10% of NHL players had played USHL in their career<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindthenet.ca/content/USHL.htm |title=Archived copy |work=Behind the Net |accessdate=2008-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211162053/http://www.behindthenet.ca/content/USHL.htm |archivedate=2008-12-11 |df= }}</ref> (compared with 40% who had played NCAA Division I hockey at some time). Between 80 and 90 percent of USHL players continued into NCAA hockey, as this is the main reason for playing Tier I instead of major junior in Canada.

===Tier II===

Currently, the [[North American Hockey League]] is the only USA Hockey-sanctioned Tier II league in the United States. The NAHL consists of teams spread across the western two thirds of the United States with a significant concentration of teams in the central and southwestern parts of the United States, although the league began to expand to east coast as of 2015. In October 2016, the Tier III [[United States Premier Hockey League]], a league predominately located on the east coast, applied to USA Hockey for approval of a Tier II league to begin in the 2017–18 season,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=91431 |title=USPHL Announces New Tuition Free Hockey Division for 2017-18 Season |publisher=''Junior Hockey News''|date=October 6, 2016}}</ref> however, the league was denied that December<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=91798 |title=DAILY DISH: USPHL-NAHL Showdown? Yea Right |publisher=''Junior Hockey News'' |date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> and decided to operate its Tier II league independently.

The NAHL, like the USHL, provides young players an alternative to major junior hockey, although the skill level is considered significantly lower than major junior hockey and typically filled with those who would not or did not make the roster of a Tier I team. Unlike Tier I, the NAHL does not pay for all players' expenses, such as room and board, but there is no tuition cost to the player as in Tier III.

===Tier III ===

In addition to paying for room and board, players at the Tier III level pay a fee or tuition, commonly ranging from $4,000 to $9,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenphl.com/html/full_story.php?nwoffset=1 |title=www.thenphl.com |accessdate=August 8, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918201352/http://www.thenphl.com/html/full_story.php?nwoffset=1 |archivedate=September 18, 2007 |df= }}</ref> This is for all accounts and purposes an amateur level, although some players go directly to [[Division I (NCAA)#Division I in ice hockey|NCAA Division I]] schools. Most Tier III players are looking to increase their skills in hopes to move up to Tier I or II, while other players go directly to [[Division III (NCAA)|NCAA Division III]], [[American Collegiate Hockey Association|ACHA]] and [[National Collegiate Hockey Association|NCHA]] schools.

Prior to July 2011, [[USA Hockey]] split Tier III into Junior A and B divisions.

USA Hockey currently has three sanctioned Tier III leagues:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usahockey.com/page/show/904643-leagues-and-teams-directory |title=Leagues and Teams Directory |publisher=[[USA Hockey]] |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Eastern Hockey League (2013–)|Eastern Hockey League]] – two divisions (EHL and EHL Premier)
* [[North American 3 Hockey League]]

== Independent leagues (Canada and US) ==
Some leagues that refer to themselves as Junior A also operate outside the control of the [[Hockey Canada]] and [[USA Hockey]]. While a league can claim to be comparable to Junior A leagues, due to the lack of regulation the actual level of play may vary. In addition to independent leagues, there are also independent teams, such as the [[Jamestown Jets]], although these usually result from league problems or other disputes.

=== AAU ===

The [[Amateur Athletic Union]] returned to sanctioning the sport of ice hockey in 2011. Prior to the 2011–12 season, the [[Western States Hockey League]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=73507|title = WSHL jumps to AAU|date = 9 August 2011|accessdate = |website = Junior Hockey News|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> became the first large-scale junior league to exit USA Hockey in favor of the AAU. In 2012, the AAU formed the [[United Hockey Union]] for managing its hockey leagues and held a championship tournament in 2013 and 2014. Currently all junior hockey leagues under the UHU umbrella operate under a similar pay-to-play USA Hockey Tier III and Hockey Canada's Junior A structure, although the WSHL is considered Tier II within the UHU hierarchy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wshl.pointstreaksites.com/view/westernstateshockeyleague/news-851/news_303343 |title=WSHL to Become Tier II Hockey League |publisher=WSHL |date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> The UHU has announced that starting in 2017 it will launch a free-to-play Tier I league called the [[Central One Hockey League]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://krod.com/el-paso-rhinos-announce-move-to-tier-1-amateur-hockey/ |title=El Paso Rhinos Announce Move to Tier 1 Amateur Hockey |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=[[KROD]]}}</ref> however, plans for the league were later called off.

One of the main reasons that some teams and leagues have chosen the AAU is for the looser player import restrictions. In most USA Hockey sanctioned leagues, each team is limited to a maximum of four non-US citizen players (with a loophole for non-US citizens that have been registered USA Hockey members for three seasons).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dicuria.com/blog/us-junior-ice-hockey-leagues/ |title=US Junior Ice Hockey – Leagues |publisher=DiCuria Family Advisor |date=July 13, 2015}}</ref> However, under AAU sanctioning, teams may have up to 14 non-North American players (meaning players from Canada and the United States are not counted as imports in either country). The increased import limit has led to more competitive teams where it was more difficult to recruit local talent. It also allows more European players opportunities to play in the junior level of North American hockey leagues that would be normally be limited under Hockey Canada and USA Hockey restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usajuniorhockey.com/2016/07/wide-open-country-western-states-hockey-league-a-big-draw-for-imports-locals-to-develop-for-college-hockey/?platform=hootsuite |title=Wide-Open Country: Western States Hockey League a big draw for imports, locals to develop for college hockey |publisher=''USA Junior Hockey Magazine'' |date=July 7, 2016}}</ref>

==== UHU junior leagues ====
* [[Canadian Premier Junior Hockey League]]
* [[Western States Hockey League]] – Tier II status

===Non-sanctioned===
Presently, the [[Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League]] is operating as an independent league in Ontario and Quebec.

In late 2016, the [[United States Premier Hockey League]], a league that runs several USA Hockey Tier III junior and youth hockey leagues, applied for a Tier II league. The Tier II status was denied in December 2016 but the USPHL moved forward with the new league anyway, creating the National Collegiate Development Conference. In response, the USPHL removed all their junior level leagues (the NCDC and the Tier III-level Premier and Elite Divisions) from USA Hockey sanctioning for the 2017–18 season.<ref name = "USPHL leaves USA Hockey">{{cite web |url=https://www.juniorhockey.com/news/news_detail.php?news_id=92335 |title=DAILY DISH: USA HOCKEY ANNUAL CONGRESS |publisher=''Junior Hockey News'' |date=June 6, 2017}}</ref>

==Europe==
In Europe, junior teams are usually associated with a professional team, and are used by professional teams to develop their own prospects. One example of this is the [[J20 SuperElit]] league in [[Sweden]] or the [[Minor Hockey League]] in [[Russia]]. Such leagues are sometimes dubbed major junior hockey leagues.

The lack of an [[sports draft|amateur draft]] in Europe, other than in Russia, means that the onus is on the teams to sign the most talented young players they can get, and the presence of an affiliated junior team provides a place for young players who aren't yet ready for the rigours of the professional game to develop. However, not all players on a European junior team are necessarily the property of their professional club, and may elect to sign elsewhere.

==See also==
*[[2007 Super Series]]
*[[List of ice hockey leagues]]
**[[Junior Hockey League (Russia)|Junior Hockey League]]
*[[Minor ice hockey]]
*[[World Junior A Challenge]]
*[[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]]
*[[World Junior Club Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{portal bar|ice hockey}}
*[http://www.chl.ca/ Canadian Hockey League (CHL) official site]
*[http://www.cjhlhockey.com Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL) official site]
*[http://www.usahockey.com/juniorhockey USA Hockey: Junior Hockey]
*[http://unitedhockeyunion.pointstreaksites.com/view/unitedhockeyunion United Hockey Union]

{{Junior Hockey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Junior Ice Hockey}}
[[Category:Junior ice hockey| ]]
[[Category:Ice hockey]]

Martingale (tack)

2018-12-31T15:45:16Z

Fallen Sheep: interwiki links

A '''martingale''' is any of several designs of [[horse tack|tack]] that are used on [[horse]]s to control head carriage. Martingales may be seen in a wide variety of [[equestrianism|equestrian]] disciplines, both riding and [[driving (horse)|driving]]. Rules for their use vary widely; in some disciplines they are never used, others allow them for schooling but not in judged performance, and some organizations allow certain designs in competition.

The two most common types of martingale, the standing and the running, are used to control the horse's head height, and to prevent the horse from throwing its head so high that the rider gets hit in the face by the horse's [[poll (livestock)|poll]] or upper neck. When a horse's head gets above a desired height, the martingale places pressure on the head so that it becomes more difficult or impossible to raise it higher.

==The standing martingale ==
[[File:Norfolk Hunt Horse Show.jpg|right|thumb|The standing martingale.]]
[[File:Barrel-Racing-Szmurlo.jpg|right|thumb|The tiedown]]
The standing martingale, also known as a "tiedown" or a "head check",<ref name="PCA">The Pony Club Association of NSW, “Handbook”, Simpson & Sons, 1982</ref> has a single strap which is attached to the girth, passes between the horse's front legs and is fixed to the back of the noseband. To prevent it from catching on other objects, it also has a neck strap. A variation is attached to a [[breastplate (tack)|breastplate]] in lieu of a neck strap. When correctly fitted for English riding, it should be possible to push the martingale strap up to touch the horse's [[equine anatomy|throatlatch]].

A variation of the standing martingale, called a ''tiedown'', is seen almost exclusively in the [[western riding]] disciplines. A tiedown is adjusted much shorter than a standing martingale and is intended primarily to prevent the horse from flipping its head up when asked to abruptly stop or turn in speed events. Users also claim that it gives the horse something to brace against for balance. It consists of an adjustable strap, one end which attaches to the horse's breastplate and the other which attaches to a [[noseband]] on the bridle. The noseband can be of leather, but may also be of lariat rope, or even plastic-covered cable, which can make the western tiedown considerably harsher than the English-style standing martingale. It is properly adjusted when it puts no pressure on the horse's nose when held at a normal position, but will immediately act if the horse raises its nose more than a few inches.

With both pieces of equipment, the slack is taken up out of the strap when the horse raises its head above the desired point, and pressure is placed on the horse's nose.

The standing martingale is competition legal for [[show hunter]] and [[hunt seat]] [[equitation]] riders over fences in the US, [[show jumping]] competitions in the UK, and is permissible and in common use in [[fox hunting]], [[polocrosse]], [[horseball]], and [[polo]]. It is also seen on some military and [[police horse]]s, partly for style and tradition, but also in the event of an emergency that may require the rider to handle the horse in an abrupt manner. It is not legal for flat classes. The tiedown is commonly seen in rodeo and speed events such as [[Gymkhana (Equestrian)|gymkhana]] games, but is not show legal in any other western-style [[horse show]] competition.

===Safety and risks===
The standing martingale is more restrictive than the running martingale because it cannot be loosened in an emergency. A horse that trips in a standing martingale could potentially fall more easily because its range of motion is restricted. If a horse falls wearing an incorrectly fitted standing martingale, the animal cannot extend its neck fully, plus will have a more difficult time getting back up.

Due to the risk of injury to the [[cartilage]] of the nose, the martingale strap is never attached to a [[noseband|drop noseband]]. Because of the risk of both nose and jaw injuries, it also should not be attached to any type of "figure 8" or "grackle" noseband. A standing martingale can be attached to the [[cavesson]] (the upper, heavier strap) of a [[noseband|flash noseband]], but not to the lower, "flash" or "drop" strap.

Any martingale may cause pain to the horse if misused in combination with certain other equipment. If used in conjunction with a [[gag bit]], a standing martingale can trap the head of the horse, simultaneously asking the horse to raise and lower its head and providing no source of relief in either direction. This combination is sometimes seen in polo, in some rodeo events, and occasionally in the lower levels of jumping.

Overuse or misuse of a martingale or tiedown, particularly as a means to prevent a horse from head-tossing, can lead to the overdevelopment of the muscles on the underside of the neck, creating an undesirable "upside down" neck that makes it more difficult for the horse work properly under saddle. It may also lead to the horse tensing the [[back (horse)|back]] muscles and moving incorrectly, especially over fences. This may put excessive pressure on the horse's [[Vertebral column|spine]], reduce the shock-absorbing capacity of the leg anatomy, and can over time lead to lameness. There is also a risk of accidents: If a horse is sufficiently "trapped" by a combination of a too-short martingale and too-harsh bit, the horse may attempt to rear and, inhibited by the action of the martingale, fall, potentially injuring both horse and rider.

==The running martingale and German martingale==
[[File:Baltic Cup Shannon Mejnert Sandy1.jpg|thumb|250px|Running martingale. Note the rings that go around each of the reins, and the rein stops between the martingale rings and the bit rings.]]

The ''running martingale'' consists of a strap which is attached to the girth and passes between the horse's front legs before dividing into two pieces. At the end of each of these straps is a small metal ring through which the [[rein]]s pass. It is held in the correct position by a neck strap or breastplate.

A running martingale is adjusted so that each of the "forks" has about an inch of slack when the horse holds its head in the normal position. When correctly adjusted, the reins make a straight line from the rider's hand to the [[bit ring]] when the horse's head in at the correct height and the running martingale is not in effect.

When the horse raises its head above the desired point, the running martingale adds leverage through the reins to the bit on the bars of the horse's mouth. The leverage created by this pressure encourages the horse to lower its head. A running martingale provides more freedom for the horse than a standing martingale, as the rider can release pressure as soon as the desired result is achieved. Additionally, if a horse happens to trip on landing after a fence, the rider can loosen the reins and the horse will have full use of its head and neck.

Because of this safety factor, the running martingale is the only style of martingale permitted for use in [[eventing]] competitions and [[horse racing]]. Some [[Show jumping|show jumpers]] also prefer the running martingale due to the extra freedom it provides. Running martingales are also used outside of the competition arena on young horses being trained in the [[Saddle seat]], [[western riding]], and many other disciplines.

The German martingale, also called a Market Harborough, consists of a split fork that comes up from the chest, runs through the rings of the bit and attaches to rings on the reins of the bridle between the bit and the rider's hand. It acts in a manner similar to a running martingale, but with additional leverage. It is not show legal and is used primarily as a training aid.<ref>[http://www.horseproblems.com.au/market_harborough.htm Market Harborough] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124012719/http://www.horseproblems.com.au/market_harborough.htm |date=2007-11-24 }} Retrieved on 20 April 2009</ref>

===Safety and risks===
A running martingale is generally used with rein stops, which are rubber or leather stops slipped onto the [[rein]] between the [[bit (horse)|bit]] and the ring of the martingale. Rein stops are compulsory at Pony Club and British Eventing Events. They are an important safety feature that stops the martingale from sliding too far forward and getting caught on the [[bit ring]] or on the buckles or studs that attach the reins to the bit. Sanctioning organizations require a running martingale to be used in conjunction with rein stops if the reins are buckled to the bit.<ref name="PCA"/>

The primary difficulty in use of a running martingale is the inability to raise the horse's head in the event of the animal [[bucking]]. If adjusted too short, lateral use of the reins may be impeded. If used improperly, the force exerted by the running martingale on the horse's mouth can be severe and for this reason the standing martingale is preferred in some circles. Improper use includes use on the reins of a [[curb bit]]; adjustment too short, so that the equipment pulls the horse's head below the proper position.

[[File:Apres-un-Reve 20090502tokyo11race.jpg|thumb|Irish martingale joins the reins, seen here on a racehorse]]

==The Irish martingale==
The Irish martingale is not a true martingale in the sense of a device that affects the rider's control over the horse. Thus, it is sometimes known as a semi-martingale. It is a simple short strap with a ring on either end. The reins are each run through a ring on either side before being buckled. The Irish martingale's purpose is not to control the head, but to prevent the reins from coming over the horse's head, risking entanglement, should a rider fall. It is used mostly in European [[horse racing]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Ball, Charles E. ''Saddle up.'' Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1973, {{ISBN|0-397-00990-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-397-00990-9}}
*Slaughter, Jean. ''Horsemanship for Beginners,'' Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. ASIN: B000NWHDA0

{{Horse equipment}}

[[Category:Headgear (horse)]]

[[de:Martingal (Reitsport)]]
[[fr:Martingale (équitation)]]
[[sv:Martingal (ridning)]]

Hong Kong Jockey Club

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Fallen Sheep: /* Racing activities */ removed weblink from wiki text

{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Hong Kong Jockey Club
| logo = HKJC logo.svg
| type = Non-profit organisation
| foundation = 1884
| location = Hong Kong
| key_people = [[Anthony Chow Wing Kin]], Chairman [[Winfried Engelbrecht-Bresges]], CEO
| industry = Charity
| products = [[Betting]], [[lottery]], sports
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.hkjc.com/home/english/index.aspx|www.hkjc.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Chinese|title=The Hong Kong Jockey Club|t=香港賽馬會|s=香港赛马会|j=hoeng1 gong2 coi3 maa5 wui6*2|p=Xiānggǎng Sàimǎhuì}}
{{Chinese|title=The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club|t=英皇御准香港賽馬會|s=英皇御准香港赛马会|j=jing1 wong4 jyu6 zeon2 hoeng1 gong2 coi3 maa5 wui6*2|p=Yīnghuángyùzhǔn Xiānggǎng Sàimǎhuì}}
'''The Hong Kong Jockey Club''' ('''HKJC''', {{Zh|c=|s=|t=香港賽馬會}}) is one of the oldest institutions in [[Hong Kong]], having been founded in 1884. In 1959, it was granted a [[Royal Charter]] and renamed '''The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club''' (英皇御准香港賽馬會). The institution reverted to its original name in 1996 due to the [[transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong]] in 1997. Membership of the club is by nomination and election.

It is a non-profit organisation providing [[horse racing]], [[sports|sporting]] and [[betting]] [[Culture of Hong Kong#Gambling|entertainment in Hong Kong]]. It holds a [[government-granted monopoly]] in providing [[pari-mutuel gambling|pari-mutuel betting]] on horse racing, the [[Mark Six]] [[lottery]], and [[fixed-odds gambling|fixed odds betting]] on overseas football events. The organisation is the largest taxpayer in Hong Kong, as well as the largest community benefactor. The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust donated a record HK$3.6 billion in 2014 to support the different needs of the society and contribute to the betterment of Hong Kong. The Club also proactively identifies, funds and develops projects which anticipate and address social issues and pressing needs in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Jockey Club also provides dining, social, sport and recreation facilities to its approximately 23,000 members.

==History==
Founded in 1884 as an amateur body to promote [[horse racing]], it was an exclusive club whose membership was drawn from the upper class with strict rules of membership, with women and people of unsuitable background being banned. This led to the fact that the club had no Chinese members till the 20th century.<ref name=succumb>Eric Cavaliero, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=26618&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19970213&sear_year=1997 "Hong Kong Club members succumbed to redevelpment offer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527061132/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=26618&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19970213&sear_year=1997 |date=27 May 2015 }}, ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'', 13 February 1997</ref>

The Club evolved into a professional institution from 1971. The Club organised the annual races which took place around [[Chinese New Year]], and was initially financed by commissions on bets which were placed through private clubs.

[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|HM Queen Elizabeth II]] accorded it with [[Royal Charter]] in 1959, and became "''The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club''" (英皇御准香港賽馬會) until 1996.

In July 2005, the decision was made to stage [[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics|equestrian competitions]] of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Hong Kong. The Club's racing centre at [[Sha Tin]] was used as the foundation for the Olympic and [[Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Paralympics|Paralympic]] venues, with additional competition and training venues being incorporated into existing sports facilities at the [[Hong Kong Sports Institute]], the Jockey Club Beas River Country Club and the adjacent golf course.

==Racing activities==
[[File:Happy Valley Racecourse 1.jpg|thumb|Happy Valley Racecourse]]
[[Image:Sha Tin Racecourse Overview 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Sha Tin Racecourse]]
The HKJC conducts nearly 700 horse races per year at its two race tracks at [[Sha Tin Racecourse|Sha Tin]] 沙田 and [[Happy Valley Racecourse|Happy Valley]] 快活谷. During the 2001/02 racing season, the HKJC licensed 1,144 horse owners, 24 [[horse trainer|trainer]]s and 35 jockeys and had 1,435 horses in training.

In 2002–2003, the betting turnover was HK$71 billion. After paying dividends of 58 billion and betting duty of 9.5 billion, its betting commission revenue was HK$3.9 billion. It contributes 11.7% of Hong Kong's tax revenue. Surpluses from its operation are allocated to The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust.

Following the [[transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong]], the popularity of horse racing declined substantially, possibly due to economic conditions in the region.

On 16 March 2007, the HKJC appointed William (Bill) Nader, formerly with the [[New York Racing Association]], as its executive director of racing from April 2007.

On 9 September 2007, [[Sha Tin Racecourse]] opened after its summer break with record 1-day crowd of about 60,000. Chief Secretary [[Henry Tang]] 唐英年 struck the [[ceremonial]] [[gong]]. The Hong Kong Jockey Club collected US$106 million in [[bets]] (highest since 2001). Children of horse owners were admitted amid protest of local anti-gambling groups. ''Sunny Power'', booted by Howard Cheng got the [[trophy]] in the 1,200-metre dash.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/eastasia/view/298977/1/.html ChannelNewsAsia.com, HK's Sha Tin race course opens to huge crowds]</ref>

In January 2008, [[Eclipse Award|Eclipse]] and [[Sovereign Award]] winning jockey [[Emma-Jayne Wilson]] became the first [[North American]] female rider to be granted a license to compete in Hong Kong.<ref>http://www.racingnewswire.net/2008/01/27/emma-jayne-wilson-granted-hk-licence/</ref>

The reform and other changes mentioned above, the HKJC revenue has steadily increased back to previous levels and above. The total racing revenue for the Racing Season 2011/2012 reached HK$86.1 billion, up 43.4% since the 2006 reform.<ref name=hkjc2012rev>Hong Kong Jockey Club, [http://corporate.hkjc.com/corporate/operation/english/11-12-results.aspx "2011/12 Season End Results], retrieved 15 August 2013</ref>

==Betting and the law==
{{main|Betting on horse racing}}
[[File:HK HongKongJockeyClub HQ.jpg|thumb|The head office in [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]]]
[[File:ManYueStJocketclub.jpg|thumb|An off-course betting branch of the Hong Kong Jockey Club in Man Yue Street, Hung Hom.]]
The HKJC has a [[legal monopoly]] over betting on [[horse racing]] and football. In 1974, it opened 6 off-course branches where the members of the public could wager on horse race meets at the club's Happy Valley racecourse. There are now in excess of 100 betting branches throughout the territory which accepts bets on racing and football, as well as buy [[Mark Six]] [[lottery]] tickets.<ref>[http://corporate.hkjc.com/corporate/operation/english/betting.aspx Betting Services for the 21st Century], HKJC. Retrieved 24 July 2007</ref>

The HKJC was instrumental in persuading the Hong Kong government to pass the Gambling (Amendment) Bill 2002 to combat unauthorised cross-border gambling and the related promotional activities in Hong Kong, making it a criminal offence for any person in Hong Kong to bet with an unauthorised bookmaker, even when the bets are received outside Hong Kong. The offence applies to all visitors as well as to residents of Hong Kong.

It was also instrumental in persuading other members of the [[Asian Racing Federation]] to sign the [[Good Neighbour Policy (horse racing)|Good Neighbour policy]] on 1 September 2003.

===2006 Horse racing reforms===
In 2006, after years of declining turnover, the Hong Kong Legislative Council passed the Betting Ordinance (Amendment) 2006. This amendment granted the Hong Kong Jockey Club more autonomy in how it ran its own operations.

====Single-race bets====
Pool Name – Dividend Qualification

* Win (獨贏) – 1st in a race.
* Place (位置) – 1st, 2nd or 3rd in a [[Racing|race]] with 7 or more declared starters or 1st, 2nd in a race with 4, 5, 6 declared starters.
* Quinella (連贏) – 1st and 2nd in either order in the race.
* Quinella Place (位置Q) – Any two of the first three placed horses in any finishing order in the race.
* Trio (單T) – 1st, 2nd and 3rd in any order in the race.
* Tierce (三重彩) – 1st, 2nd and 3rd in correct order in the race.
* First Four (四連環) – 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th in any order in the race. (Merged pool with Quartet)
* Quartet (四重彩) – 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th in correct order in the race. (Merged pool with First Four)

As of September 2006, all Win, Place, Quinella, and Quinella Place bets (including All Up bets) of a value of at least 10,000 Hong Kong Dollars are eligible for a 10% rebate if the bet or betline loses.

====Multiple-race bets====
Pool Name – Dividend Qualification – Consolation [if any]
* Double (孖寶) – 1st in two nominated races – 1st in 1st leg and 2nd in 2nd leg.
* Treble (三寶) – 1st in three nominated races – 1st in first two legs and 2nd in third leg.
* Double Trio (孖T) – 1st, 2nd and 3rd in any order in both legs.
* Triple Trio (三T) – 1st, 2nd and 3rd in any order in three legs – 1st, 2nd and 3rd in the first two Triple Trio legs.
* Six Up (六環彩) – 1st or 2nd in each of the legs nominated to comprise the Six Up – 1st or 2nd in each of the legs nominated to comprise the Six Up.

====Fixed-odds bets====
* [[Jockey Challenge]] (騎師王) – best performing jockey in a race meeting.

== High Society membership ==
Membership in this club is very strict, limited to the moneyed social elite. In the past, this club was reserved for only "old money" families; but currently there are increasing numbers of "newly rich" members.

Similar to other elite clubs, HKJC membership applicants often must wait for years if not decades to be accepted. What makes it especially difficult to join is that this club does not allow memberships to be bought and sold in the secondary market. The joining membership fee is HK$400,000, with HK$1,800 monthly subscriptions. In addition, every applicant needs the endorsement of two of the only 200 voting members and the support of three other members.
<ref>Ip, Kelly (11 January 2013). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=36&art_id=129987&sid=38666567&con_type=3&d_str=20130111&isSearch=1&sear_year=2013 "Join the club"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130217191402/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=36&art_id=129987&sid=38666567&con_type=3&d_str=20130111&isSearch=1&sear_year=2013 |date=17 February 2013 }}. ''The Standard''.</ref>

==Charities==
In the [[1950s in Hong Kong|1950s]], as Hong Kong struggled with post-war reconstruction and a massive immigration, there was a need for more charitable structures. HKJC enhanced its charitable role in 1955 by formally devoting its annual surplus to charity and community projects. In 1959, the Hong Kong Jockey Club (Charities) Ltd, was formed to administer donations. This company became '''The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust''' in 1993.

The Hong Kong Jockey Club is committed to contributing to the community's long-term sustainability and supporting the different needs of society. In 2014, the Club's Charities Trust donated a record HK$3.6 billion to 168 charitable and community projects. The Charities and Community Division proactively identifies and generates projects that anticipate future community and social needs in ten main areas of contributions: Arts, Culture & Heritage; Education & Training; Elderly Services; Emergency & Poverty Relief; Environmental Protection; Family Services; Medical & Health; Rehabilitation Services; Sports & Recreation; and Youth Development. As the Club celebrates its 130th Anniversary in 2015, it focuses its efforts to contributing to the community's long-term sustainable needs covering three overarching themes: 1)Helping build Hong Kong into an age-friendly city; 2) Channelling youth energy into social innovation and 3) Supporting sports projects that can create lifelong positive values and hopes.

The Hong Kong Jockey Club supports many social and education institutions. The [[Jockey Club Government Secondary School]] in [[Kowloon Tong]] and the [[Jockey Club Ti-I College]] in [[Sha Tin]] was funded by the then Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club. In July 2011, the Hong Kong Jockey Club approved funding of HK$249 million for the [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] Innovation Tower. The tower was therefore renamed [[Jockey Club Innovation Tower]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.hkjc.com/corporate/corporate-news/english/2011-07/news_2011071501700.aspx|title=Jockey Club Charities Trust helps needy with record HK$1.62 billion donations - Corporate News - About HKJC - The Hong Kong Jockey Club|website=corporate.hkjc.com|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>

==Club chairmen==
# [[Phineas Ryrie]], 1884–92
# Sir [[Catchick Paul Chater|C. P. Chater]], 1892–26
# H. P. White, 1926–29
# [[C. Gordon Mackie]], 1929–35
# [[Marcus Theodore Johnson|M. T. Johnson]], 1935–39
# [[Thomas Ernest Pearce|T. E. Pearce]], 1940–41
# P. Tester, 1945–46
# The Hon. Sir [[Arthur Morse]], 1946–52
# D. Benson, 1953–67
# Sir [[Jake Saunders|John Saunders]], 1967–72
# Sir [[Douglas Clague]], 1972–74
# [[Peter Gordon Williams|P. G. Williams]], 1974–81
# Sir [[Michael Sandberg]], 1981–86
# Sir [[Oswald Cheung]], 1986–89
# Sir [[Gordon MacWhinnie]], 1989–91
# Sir [[William Purves (banker)|William Purves]], 1992–93
# Sir [[John Joseph Swaine]], 1993–96
# Wong Chung-hin, 1996–98
# Alan Li, 1998–2002
# [[Ronald Arculli]], 2002–06
# [[John Chan]], 2006–10
# T. B. Stevenson, 2010–14<ref name="thestandard.com.hk">{{Cite news | url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=21&art_id=102449&sid=29432606&con_type=1&d_str=20100901&fc=2 | title = Big shoes to fill for new club boss | work=The Standard | date = 31 August 2010 | accessdate = 31 August 2010}}</ref>
# Dr. [[Simon Ip|Simon S.O. Ip]], 2014–18
# Anthony Chow Wing Kin, 2018-present
==See also==
* [[Macau Jockey Club]]
* [[Gambling in Hong Kong]]
* [[Hong Kong Jockey Club College]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hong Kong Jockey Club}}
* [http://www.hkjc.com/home/english/index.asp Official website]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Hong+Kong&ll=22.399621,114.206486&spn=0.010254,0.014473&t=k&hl=en Satellite view of Shatin race track]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Hong+Kong&ll=22.272656,114.182367&spn=0.005127,0.007237&t=k&hl=en Satellite view of Happy Valley race track]
{{HKJC|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Charities based in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Horse racing organisations]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Lotteries]]
[[Category:Horse racing in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Gentlemen's clubs in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Sports organisations established in 1884]]
[[Category:Gambling in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Hong Kong with former royal patronage]]

Bounce (jump)

2018-10-08T19:55:28Z

Fallen Sheep: Linked specific paragraph

#REDIRECT [[Horse jumping obstacles#Bounce]]

Bing Crosby

2018-10-04T07:53:20Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Thoroughbred horse racing */ <ref> without content

{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bing Crosby
| image = Bing Crosby 1951.jpg
| caption = Crosby in 1951
| birth_name = Harry Lillis Crosby Jr.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1903|5|3}}
| birth_place = [[Tacoma, Washington]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|10|14|1903|5|3}}
| death_place = [[Alcobendas]], [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]], Spain
| resting_place = [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City]], California
| occupation = {{Hlist | Singer | actor}}
| years_active = 1926–1977
| home_town = [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]], Washington
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list | item_style=white-space: nowrap | {{marriage|[[Dixie Lee]] |1930|1952|end=died}} | {{marriage|[[Kathryn Crosby|Kathryn Grant]] |1957}} }}
| children = 7: (with Dixie) [[Gary Crosby (actor)|Gary]], [[Dennis Crosby|Dennis]], [[Phillip Crosby|Phillip]], [[Lindsay Crosby|Lindsay]] (with Kathryn) [[Harry Crosby (businessman)|Harry III]], [[Mary Crosby|Mary]], [[Nathaniel Crosby|Nathaniel]]
| relatives = {{Unbulleted list | item_style=white-space: nowrap | [[Larry Crosby]] {{Smaller|(brother)}} | [[Bob Crosby]] {{Smaller|(brother)}} | [[Denise Crosby]] {{Smaller|(granddaughter)}} | [[Chris Crosby (singer)|Chris Crosby]] {{smaller|(nephew) }}
}}
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{Hlist | [[Traditional pop music|Traditional pop]] | [[easy listening]] | [[jazz]]}}
| label = {{Hlist | [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | [[Victor Talking Machine Co.|Victor]] | [[Brunswick Records|Brunswick]] | [[Reprise Records|Reprise]] | [[Decca Records|Decca]] | [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] | [[Verve Records|Verve]]}} | [[United Artists]]
| associated_acts = {{Hlist | [[The Rhythm Boys]] | [[Paul Whiteman]] | [[Al Jolson]] | [[Bob Hope]] | [[Ella Fitzgerald]] | [[The Andrews Sisters]] | [[Johnny Mercer]] | [[The Rat Pack]] | [[Rosemary Clooney]] | [[Louis Armstrong]] | [[Count Basie]] | [[Dean Martin]] | [[Frank Sinatra]] | [[Fred Astaire]] | [[David Bowie]]}}
| website = {{URL|bingcrosby.com}}
}}
}}

'''Harry Lillis''' "'''Bing'''" '''Crosby Jr.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɒ|z|b|i}}; May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977)<ref name="Giddins2001">{{cite book |last1=Giddins |first1=Gary |title=Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-316-88188-0 |pages=30–31 |edition=1|date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/bing-crosby/|title=Bing Crosby – Hollywood Star Walk |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> was an American singer and actor.<ref name=bicrdha>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvNLAAAAIBAJ&pg=5677%2C5832980 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |last=Young |first=Larry |title=Bing Crosby dies of heart attack |date=October 15, 1977 |page=1}}</ref> The first multimedia star, Crosby was a leader in record sales, radio ratings, and motion picture grosses from 1931 to 1954.<ref name="Giddins2001" />{{rp|8}} His early career coincided with recording innovations such as the microphone. This allowed him to develop an intimate singing style that influenced many male singers who followed him, including [[Perry Como]],{{sfn |Gilliland |1994 |loc=cassette 1, side B}} [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Dick Haymes]], and [[Dean Martin]]. ''Yank'' magazine said that he was the person who had done the most for American soldiers' morale during [[World War II]]. In 1948, American polls declared him the "most admired man alive", ahead of [[Jackie Robinson]] and [[Pope Pius XII]].<ref name="Giddins2001" />{{rp|6}}<ref name="crooner">{{cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Dr. Frank |title=Crooner |url=http://www.jeffosretromusic.com/bing.html |accessdate=December 29, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311095040/http://www.jeffosretromusic.com/bing.html |archivedate=March 11, 2007 }}</ref> Also in 1948, ''Music Digest'' estimated that his recordings filled more than half of the 80,000 weekly hours allocated to recorded radio music.<ref name="crooner"/>

Crosby won an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his role as Father Chuck O'Malley in the 1944 motion picture ''[[Going My Way]]'' and was nominated for his reprise of the role in ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]'' opposite [[Ingrid Bergman]] the next year, becoming the first of six actors to be nominated twice for playing the same character. In 1963, Crosby received the first [[Grammy Award|Grammy Global Achievement Award]].<ref name="variety">{{cite news|last=Tapley |first=Krostopher |title=Sylvester Stallone Could Join Exclusive Oscar Company with 'Creed' Nomination |newspaper=Variety |date=December 10, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/in-contention/sylvester-stallone-oscars-golden-globes-1201657048/ |accessdate=February 29, 2016}}</ref> He is one of 33 people to have three stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/about/#most-stars|title=About – Hollywood Star Walk – Los Angeles Times }}</ref> in the categories of motion pictures, radio, and audio recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/bing-crosby|title=Bing Crosby – Hollywood Walk of Fame}}</ref> He was also known for his collaborations with longtime friend Bob Hope, starring in the ''[[Road to...]]'' films from 1940 to 1962.

Crosby influenced the development of the postwar [[recording industry]]. After seeing a demonstration of an early Ampex [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|reel-to-reel tape recorder]], he placed a large order for their equipment and convinced ABC to allow him to tape his shows. He became the first performer to pre-record his radio shows and master his commercial recordings onto [[magnetic tape]]. Through the medium of recording, he constructed his radio programs with the same directorial tools and craftsmanship (editing, retaking, rehearsal, [[time shifting]]) used in motion picture production, a practice that became an industry standard. In addition to his work with early audio tape recording, he helped to finance the development of videotape, bought television stations, bred racehorses, and co-owned the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team.

==Early life==
[[File:Bing Crosby - Radio Mirror, February 1935.jpg|thumb|upright|Crosby aged nine]]
Crosby was born on May 3, 1903<ref name=Grudens>Grudens, 2002, p. 236. "Bing was born on May 3, 1903. He always believed he was born on May 2, 1904."</ref><ref name="bing">{{cite web |last1=Giddins |first1=Gary |title=Bing Bio – Bing Crosby |url=http://bingcrosby.com/bing-bio |website=bingcrosby.com |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref> in [[Tacoma, Washington]], in a house his father built at 1112 North J Street.<ref>Crosby had no birth certificate and his birth date was unconfirmed until his childhood Roman Catholic church released his baptismal record.</ref> In 1906, his family moved to [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]]<ref name="Blecha">{{cite web |last1=Blecha |first1=Peter |title=Crosby, Bing (1903-1977) and Mildred Bailey (1907-1951), Spokane |url=http://www.historylink.org/File/7445 |website=historylink.org |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=29 August 2005}}</ref> and in 1913, his father built a house at 508 E. Sharp Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gonzaga History 1980–1989 |url=http://www.gonzaga.edu/Academics/Libraries/Foley-Library/Departments/Special-Collections/exhibitions/GonzagaHistory1980.asp |title=Gonzaga History 1980–1989 – Gonzaga University |publisher=Gonzaga.edu |date=September 17, 1986 |accessdate=January 4, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207003233/http://www.gonzaga.edu/Academics/Libraries/Foley-Library/Departments/Special-Collections/exhibitions/GonzagaHistory1980.asp |archivedate=December 7, 2010 }}</ref> The house sits on the campus of [[Gonzaga University]], his alma mater (it functions today as a museum housing over 200 artifacts from his life and career, including his Oscar).<ref name="House">{{cite web |title=Bing Crosby House Museum |url=https://www.gonzaga.edu/student-life/arts-culture/crosby-museum |website=www.gonzaga.edu |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Bing Crosby and Gonzaga University: 1903–1925 |url=http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/libraries/foley-library/departments/special-collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga.asp |title=Bing Crosby and Gonzaga University: 1903–1925 – Gonzaga University |publisher=Gonzaga.edu |accessdate=October 15, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809141328/http://www.gonzaga.edu/Academics/Libraries/Foley-Library/Departments/Special-Collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga.asp |archivedate=August 9, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

He was the fourth of seven children: brothers [[Larry Crosby|Larry]] (1895–1975), Edward (1896–1966), Ted (1900–1973), and [[Bob Crosby|Bob]] (1913–1993); and two sisters, Catherine (1904–1974) and Mary Rose (1906–1990). His parents were Harry Lillis Crosby Sr.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{cite web|title=Bing Crosby ~ Timeline: Bing Crosby's Life and Career |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/bing-crosby/timeline-bing-crosbys-life-and-career/3501/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201010101/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/bing-crosby/timeline-bing-crosbys-life-and-career/3501/|website=American Masters – PBS|accessdate=December 3, 2014|dead-url=yes|archivedate=December 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> (1870–1950), a bookkeeper, and Catherine Helen "Kate" (née Harrigan; 1873–1964).<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> His mother was a second generation Irish-American.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /><ref name="Giddins2001" /> His father was of Scottish and English descent; an ancestor, Simon Crosby, emigrated to America in the 17th century,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Malcolm|title=Bing Crosby – Day by Day|date=2001|publisher=The Scarecrow Press |location=Maryland |isbn=0-8108-4145-2 |page=1 }}</ref> and through another line, also on his father's side, Crosby is descended from ''[[Mayflower]]'' passenger [[William Brewster (pilgrim)|William Brewster]] (c. 1567 – April 10, 1644).<ref name="Giddins2001" />{{rp|24}}<ref>Giddins, Gary (2002). Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams, The Early Years 1903–1940. Back Bay Books. p. 24.</ref> On November 8, 1937, after [[Lux Radio Theatre|Lux Radio Theatre's]] [[List of Lux Radio Theatre episodes#1937|adaptation]] of ''[[She Loves Me Not (1934 film)|She Loves Me Not]]'', [[Joan Blondell]] asked Crosby how he got his nickname:

Crosby: "Well, I'll tell you, back in the knee-britches day, when I was a wee little tyke, a mere broth of a lad, as we say in Spokane, I used to totter around the streets, with a gun on each hip, my favorite after school pastime was a game known as "[[Tag (game)#Cops and robbers|Cops and Robbers]]", I didn't care which side I was on, when a cop or robber came into view, I would haul out my trusty six-shooters, made of wood, and loudly exclaim ''bing''! ''bing''!, as my luckless victim fell clutching his side, I would shout ''bing''! ''bing''!, and I would let him have it again, and then as his friends came to his rescue, shooting as they came, I would shout ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''! ''bing''!" Blondell: "I'm surprised they didn't call you "Killer" Crosby! Now tell me another story, Grandpa! Crosby: "No, so help me, it's the truth, ask Mister De Mille." De Mille: "I'll vouch for it, Bing."<ref name="Loves">{{cite web |title=She Loves Me Not, starring Bing Crosby and Nan Grey |url=https://free-classic-radio-shows.com/Drama/Lux-Radio-Theater/1935-1939/1937-11-08-She-Loves-Me-Not-w-Bing-Crosby-and-Nan-Grey/index.php |website=free-classic-radio-shows.com |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="Times">{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=Times Past Old Time Radio : Lux Radio Theater |url=http://otrarchive.blogspot.com/2009/07/lux-radio-theater.html |website=Times Past Old Time Radio |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=29 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Goldin">{{cite web |last1=Goldin |first1=J. David |title=The Lux Radio Theatre |url=http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=The+Lux+Radio+Theatre |website=radiogoldindex.com |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=3 May 2018}}</ref>

In 1917, Crosby took a summer job as property boy at Spokane's "Auditorium," where he witnessed some of the finest acts of the day, including [[Al Jolson]], who held him spellbound with ad libbing and parodies of [[Hawaiian music|Hawaiian songs]]. He later described Jolson's delivery as "electric."{{sfn |Gilliland |1994 |loc=cassette 3, side B}}

Crosby graduated from Gonzaga High School (today's [[Gonzaga Preparatory School|Gonzaga Prep]]) in 1920 and enrolled at Gonzaga University. He attended Gonzaga for three years but did not earn a degree.<ref name=hlogozu>{{cite news |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8097 |title=Gonzaga University |last=Kershner |first=Jim |publisher=HistoryLink.org |agency=Essay 8097 |date=February 21, 2007 |accessdate=May 10, 2014}}</ref> As a freshman, he played on the university's baseball team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/libraries/foley+library/departments/Special-Collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga.asp |title=Bing Crosby and Gonzaga University: 1903–1925 |publisher=Gonzaga University, via Internet Archive |accessdate=November 24, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150429161408/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/libraries/foley%2Blibrary/Departments/Special-Collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga.asp |archivedate=April 29, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The university granted him an honorary doctorate in 1937.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HrwzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GfUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4125%2C5113321 |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |title=Bing Crosby comes home to his Gonzaga |date=October 21, 1937 |page=1 }}</ref>

==Performance career==

===Early years===
In 1923, Crosby was invited to join a new band composed of high school students a few years younger than himself. [[Al Rinker]], Miles Rinker, James Heaton, Claire Pritchard and Robert Pritchard, along with drummer Crosby, formed the Musicaladers,<ref name=bicrdha/> who performed at dances both for high school students and club-goers. The group performed on Spokane radio station [[The Davenport Hotel (Spokane, Washington)|KHQ]], but disbanded after two years.<ref name="Giddins2001" />{{rp|92–97}}<ref>[[The Davenport Hotel (Spokane, Washington)|Early KHQ broadcast from the Davenport Hotel Spokane]]</ref> Crosby and Al Rinker then obtained work at the Clemmer Theatre in Spokane (now known as the [[Bing Crosby Theater]]). Crosby was initially a member of a vocal trio called 'The Three Harmony Aces' with Al Rinker accompanying on piano from the pit, to entertain between the films. Bing and Al continued at the Clemmer Theatre for several months often with three other men – Wee Georgie Crittenden, Frank McBride and Lloyd Grinnell – and they were billed The Clemmer Trio or The Clemmer Entertainers depending who performed.<ref name="macfarlane2001">{{cite book|first=Malcolm|last=Macfarlane|title=Bing Crosby: Day by Day|year=2001 |url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/1903-1935.htm |website=Bingmagazine.co.uk }}</ref>

In October 1925, Crosby and his partner Al Rinker, brother of singer [[Mildred Bailey]], decided to seek fame in California. They traveled to Los Angeles where they met Bailey. She introduced them to her show business contacts. The Fanchon and Marco Time Agency hired them for thirteen weeks for the revue ''The Syncopation Idea'' starting at the Boulevard Theater in Los Angeles and then on the Loew's circuit. They each earned $75 a week. As minor parts of ''The Syncopation Idea'' Crosby and Rinker started to develop as entertainers. They had a lively style that was popular with college students. After ''The Syncopation Idea closed'', they worked in the Will Morrissey Music Hall Revue. They honed their skills with Morrissey. When they got a chance to present an independent act, they were spotted by the [[Paul Whiteman]] organization. Whiteman needed something different to break up his musical selections, and Crosby and Rinker filled this requirement. After less than a year in show business, they were attached to one of the biggest names.<ref name="macfarlane2001"/> Hired for $150 a week in 1926, they debuted with Whiteman on December 6 at the [[Tivoli Theatre (Chicago)|Tivoli Theatre]] in Chicago. Their first recording, in October 1926, was "I've Got the Girl" with Don Clark's Orchestra, but the Columbia-issued record was inadvertently recorded at a slow speed, which increased the singers' pitch when played at 78 rpm. Throughout his career, Crosby often credited Bailey for getting him his first important job in the entertainment business.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redhotjazz.com/rhythmboys.html |title=Paul Whiteman's Original Rhythm Boys |website=Redhotjazz.com |accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref>

===The Rhythm Boys===
Success with Whiteman was followed by disaster when they reached New York. Whiteman considered letting them go. Crosby may have been retained, as Whiteman was already using him as a solo performer on record, but the prospects for Rinker were bleak. However, the addition of pianist and aspiring songwriter [[Harry Barris]] made the difference, and "[[The Rhythm Boys]]" were born. The additional voice meant they could be heard more easily in large New York theaters. Crosby gained valuable experience on tour for a year with Whiteman and performing and recording with [[Bix Beiderbecke]], [[Jack Teagarden]], [[Tommy Dorsey]], [[Jimmy Dorsey]], [[Eddie Lang]], and [[Hoagy Carmichael]]. He matured as a performer and was in demand as a solo singer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macfarlane| first1=Malcolm |title=Bing Crosby – Day by Day| url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/1903-1935.htm#Chapter_3|website=BING magazine|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref>

Crosby became the star attraction of the Rhythm Boys. In 1928 he had his first number one hit, a jazz-influenced rendition of "[[Ol' Man River]]". In 1929, the Rhythm Boys appeared in the film ''[[The King of Jazz]]'' with Whiteman, but Crosby's growing dissatisfaction with Whiteman led to the Rhythm Boys leaving his organization. They joined the [[Gus Arnheim]] Orchestra, performing nightly in the [[Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)|Coconut Grove]] of the Ambassador Hotel. Singing with the Arnheim Orchestra, Crosby's solos began to steal the show while the Rhythm Boys act gradually became redundant. Harry Barris wrote several of Crosby's hits, including "At Your Command", "[[I Surrender Dear]]", and "[[Wrap Your Troubles In Dreams (song)|Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams]]". When [[Mack Sennett]] signed Crosby to a solo recording contract in 1931, a break with the Rhythm Boys became almost inevitable. Crosby married [[Dixie Lee]] in September 1930. After a threat of divorce in March 1931, he applied himself to his career.

===Success as a solo singer===
[[File:Bing Crosby - Modern Screen, September 1932.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Crosby in 1932]]
On September 2, 1931, Crosby made his [[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby|solo radio debut]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.radiohof.org/musicvariety/bingcrosby.html |title=Bing Crosby, Singer |publisher=Radio Hall of Fame |accessdate=September 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923002631/http://www.radiohof.org/musicvariety/bingcrosby.html |archivedate=September 23, 2008 }}</ref> Before the end of the year, he signed with both [[Brunswick Records|Brunswick]] and [[CBS Radio]]. Doing a weekly 15-minute radio broadcast, Crosby became a hit.<ref name="kl.">{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p3094/biography}}</ref> "[[Out of Nowhere (Johnny Green song)|Out of Nowhere]]", "Just One More Chance", "[[At Your Command]]" and "[[I Found a Million Dollar Baby (in a Five and Ten Cent Store)]]" were among the best selling songs of 1931.<ref name="kl." />

Ten of the top 50 songs of 1931 included Crosby with others or as a solo act. A "Battle of the Baritones" with singer [[Russ Columbo]] proved short-lived, replaced with the slogan "Bing Was King". Crosby played the lead in a series of [[I Surrender Dear (1931 film)|musical comedy short films]] for Mack Sennett, signed with Paramount, and starred in his first full-length film 1932's ''[[The Big Broadcast]]'' (1932), the first of 55 films in which he received top billing. He would appear in 79 pictures. He signed a contract with [[Jack Kapp]]'s new record company, [[Decca Records|Decca]], in late 1934.

His first commercial sponsor on radio was [[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby#Bing Crosby – The Cremo Singer|Cremo Cigars]] and his fame spread nationwide. After a long run in New York, he went back to Hollywood to film ''[[The Big Broadcast]]''. His appearances, records, and radio work substantially increased his impact. The success of his first film brought him a contract with Paramount, and he began a pattern of making three films a year. He led his radio show for Woodbury Soap for two seasons while his live appearances dwindled. His records produced hits during the Depression when sales were down. Audio engineer [[Steve Hoffman (audio engineer)|Steve Hoffman]] stated, "By the way, Bing actually saved the record business in 1934 when he agreed to support Decca founder Jack Kapp's crazy idea of lowering the price of singles from a dollar to 35 cents and getting a royalty for records sold instead of a flat fee. Bing's name and his artistry saved the recording industry. All the other artists signed to Decca after Bing did. Without him, Jack Kapp wouldn't have had a chance in hell of making Decca work and the Great Depression would have wiped out phonograph records for good."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/bing-crosby-bing-his-legendary-years-hows-the-sound.153459/ |title=Bing Crosby- Bing! His Legendary Years How's the sound? | Steve Hoffman Music Forums |website=Forums.stevehoffman.tv |accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref>

His social life was hectic. His first son [[Gary Crosby (actor)|Gary]] was born in 1933 with twin boys following in 1934. By 1936, he replaced his former boss, Paul Whiteman, as host of the weekly NBC radio program ''[[Kraft Music Hall]]'', where he remained for the next ten years. ''[[Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)]]'', with his trademark whistling, became his theme song and signature tune.

In 1936, Crosby exercised an option from Paramount to make a film out-of-house. He signed a one-film agreement with Columbia. Crosby wanted his friend [[Louis Armstrong]], who influenced his singing style, to appear in ''[[Pennies from Heaven (1936 film)|Pennies from Heaven]]'', a screen adaptation of ''The Peacock Feather''. He asked [[Harry Cohn]], but Cohn had no desire to pay for the flight or to meet Armstrong's "crude, mob-linked but devoted manager, [[Joe Glaser]]." Crosby threatened to leave the film and refused to discuss it anymore with Cohn. Armstrong's musical scenes, and comic dialogue improved his career. Crosby gave Armstrong equal billing with white co-stars. Armstrong starred as himself in many more films and appreciated Crosby's lack of racism, often thanking him in later years.<ref name="Pennies">{{cite web |title=Pennies from Heaven (1936) |url=http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/111407%7c111410/Pennies-from-Heaven.html|website=Turner Classic Movies |accessdate=5 July 2018}}</ref>

Crosby's vocal style helped take popular singing beyond the "[[belt (music)|belting]]" associated with [[Al Jolson]] and [[Billy Murray (singer)|Billy Murray]], who had been obligated to reach the back seats in New York theaters without the aid of the microphone. As music critic [[Henry Pleasants (music critic)|Henry Pleasants]] noted in ''The Great American Popular Singers'', something new had entered American music, a style that might be called "singing in American" with conversational ease. This new sound led to the popular epithet "[[crooner]]".

During the [[Second World War]], Crosby made live appearances before American troops who had been fighting in the [[European Theater of Operations|European Theater]]. He learned how to pronounce German from written scripts and read propaganda broadcasts intended for German forces. The nickname "Der Bingle" was common among Crosby's German listeners and came to be used by his English-speaking fans. In a poll of U.S. troops at the close of World War II, Crosby topped the list as the person who had done the most for G.I. morale, ahead of President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]], General [[Dwight Eisenhower]], and [[Bob Hope]].

The June 18, 1945, issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine stated, "America's number one star, Bing Crosby, has won more fans, made more money than any entertainer in history. Today he is a kind of national institution."<ref name="Barnett">{{cite web |last1=Barnett |first1=Lincoln |title=Bing Inc. |url=http://stevenlewis.info/crosby/LIFE%20OVERSEAS6-18-45.htm |website=stevenlewis.info |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=18 June 1945}}</ref> "In all, 60,000,000 Crosby disks have been marketed since he made his first record in 1931. His biggest best seller is 'White Christmas', 2,000,000 impressions of which have been sold in the U.S. and 250,000 in Great Britain."<ref name="Barnett" /> "Nine out of ten singers and bandleaders listen to Crosby's broadcasts each Thursday night and follow his lead. The day after he sings a song over the air – any song – some 50,000 copies of it are sold throughout the U.S. Time and again Crosby has taken some new or unknown ballad, has given it what is known in trade circles as the 'big goose' and made it a hit single-handed and overnight...Precisely what the future holds for Crosby neither his family nor his friends can conjecture. He has achieved greater popularity, made more money, attracted vaster audiences than any other entertainer in history. And his star is still in the ascendant. His contract with Decca runs until 1955. His contract with Paramount runs until 1954. Records which he made ten years ago are selling better than ever before. The nation's appetite for Crosby's voice and personality appears insatiable. To soldiers overseas and to foreigners he has become a kind of symbol of America, of the amiable, humorous citizen of a free land. Crosby, however, seldom bothers to contemplate his future. For one thing, he enjoys hearing himself sing, and if ever a day should dawn when the public wearies of him, he will complacently go right on singing—to himself."<ref name="Barnett" /><ref name="Inc1945">{{cite book |author=Time Inc|title=LIFE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 | accessdate=19 November 2016 |date=18 June 1945|publisher=Time Inc|pages=17–}}</ref>

==="White Christmas"===
{{Main|White Christmas (song)}}
[[File:Bing Crosby-Marjorie Reynolds in Holiday Inn trailer.jpg|right|thumb|Crosby and [[Marjorie Reynolds]] in ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' (1942)]]
The biggest hit song of Crosby's career was his recording of [[Irving Berlin]]'s "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]", which he introduced on a Christmas Day radio broadcast in 1941. (A copy of the recording from the radio program is owned by the estate of Bing Crosby and was loaned to ''[[CBS Sunday Morning]]'' for their December 25, 2011, program.) The song then appeared in his movie ''[[Holiday Inn (film)|Holiday Inn]]'' (1942). His record hit the charts on October 3, 1942, and rose to No. 1 on October 31, where it stayed for 11 weeks. A holiday perennial, the song was repeatedly re-released by Decca, charting another sixteen times. It topped the charts again in 1945 and a third time in January 1947. The song remains the bestselling single of all time.<ref name="kl." /> According to ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', his recording of "White Christmas" has sold over 100 million copies around the world, with at least 50 million sales as singles.<ref>{{cite book| title=[[Guinness Book of Records]] 2007| publisher=Guinness| isbn=978-1-904994-12-1}}</ref> His recording was so popular that he was obliged to re-record it in 1947 using the same musicians and backup singers; the original 1942 master had become damaged due to its frequent use in pressing additional singles. Although the two versions are similar, the 1947 recording is more familiar today.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In 1977, after Crosby died, the song was re-released and reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book|title=British Hit Singles & Albums | publisher = Guinness | isbn = 1-904994-00-8 | page=126 |edition=2005}}</ref> Crosby was dismissive of his role in the song's success, saying "a jackdaw with a cleft palate could have sung it successfully."{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

===Motion pictures===
{{main|Bing Crosby filmography}}
[[File:Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in Road to Bali.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Crosby with Bob Hope in ''Road to Bali'' (1952)]]
In the wake of a solid decade of headlining mainly smash hit musical comedy films in the 1930s, Crosby starred with Bob Hope and [[Dorothy Lamour]] in seven ''[[Road to]]'' musical comedies between 1940 and 1962, cementing Crosby and Hope as an on-and-off duo, despite never officially declaring themselves a "team" in the sense that [[Laurel and Hardy]] or [[Martin and Lewis]] ([[Dean Martin]] and [[Jerry Lewis]]) were teams. The series consists of ''[[Road to Singapore]]'' (1940), ''[[Road to Zanzibar]]'' (1941), ''[[Road to Morocco]]'' (1942), ''[[Road to Utopia]]'' (1946), ''[[Road to Rio]]'' (1947), ''[[Road to Bali]]'' (1952), and ''[[The Road to Hong Kong]]'' (1962). When they appeared solo, Crosby and Hope frequently made note of the other in a comically insulting fashion. They performed together countless times on stage, radio, film, television, and made numerous brief and not so brief appearances together in movies aside from the "Road" pictures.

In the 1949 Disney animated film ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad]]'', and the 1977 Disney animated film ''[[The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad|The Many Adventures of Ichabod]] [[The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh|and Winnie the Pooh]]'', Crosby provided the narration and song vocals for ''The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'' segment. In 1960, he starred in ''[[High Time (film)|High Time]]'', a collegiate comedy with [[Fabian Forte]] and [[Tuesday Weld]] that predicted the emerging gap between him and the new young generation of musicians and actors who had begun their careers after WWII. The following year, Crosby and Hope reunited for one more ''Road'' movie, ''[[The Road to Hong Kong]]'', which teamed them up with the much younger [[Joan Collins]] and [[Peter Sellers]]. Collins was used in place of their longtime partner Dorothy Lamour, whom Crosby felt was getting too old for the role, though Hope refused to do the movie without her, and she instead made a cameo appearance.<ref name="kl." /> Shortly before his death in 1977, he had planned another ''Road'' film in which he, Hope, and Lamour search for the Fountain of Youth.

He won an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Going My Way]]'' in 1944 and was nominated for the 1945 sequel, ''[[The Bells of St. Mary's]]''. He received critical acclaim for his performance as an alcoholic entertainer in ''[[The Country Girl (1954 film)|The Country Girl]]'' and received his third Academy Award nomination.<ref name="Fisher">{{cite journal| last1=Fisher| first1=James| title=Bing Crosby: Through the Years, Volumes One–Nine (1954–56)|journal=ARSC Journal|date=Spring 2012|volume= 43| issue= 1}}</ref>

===Television===
{{main|Bing Crosby TV appearances listing}}
[[File:Bing Crosby and family 1974 Christmas special.JPG|thumb|Crosby and his family in a Christmas special, 1974]]
''The Fireside Theater'' (1950) was his first television production. The series of 26-minute shows was filmed at [[Hal Roach#Hal Roach Studios|Hal Roach Studios]] rather than performed live on the air. The "telefilms" were syndicated to individual television stations. He was a frequent guest on the musical variety shows of the 1950s and 1960s. He was associated with ABC's ''[[The Hollywood Palace]]''. He was the show's first and most frequent guest host and appeared annually on its Christmas edition with his wife Kathryn and his younger children. In the early 1970s, he made two late appearances on the ''[[Flip Wilson Show]]'', singing duets with the comedian. His last TV appearance was a Christmas special taped in London in September 1977 and aired weeks after his death.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=The Chronological Bing Crosby on Television|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/BingTV.htm|website=BING magazine|accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> It was on this special that he recorded a duet of "[[The Little Drummer Boy]]" and "Peace on Earth" with rock star [[David Bowie]]. Their duet was released in 1982 as a single 45-rpm record and reached No. 3 in the UK singles charts.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums"/> It has since become a staple of holiday radio and the final popular hit of Crosby's career. At the end of the 20th century, ''TV Guide'' listed the Crosby-Bowie duet one of the 25 most memorable musical moments of 20th-century television.

Bing Crosby Productions, affiliated with [[Desilu Studios]] and later [[CBS Television Studios]], produced a number of television series, including Crosby's own unsuccessful ABC sitcom ''[[The Bing Crosby Show (1964 TV series)|The Bing Crosby Show]]'' in the 1964–1965 season (with co-stars [[Beverly Garland]] and [[Frank McHugh]]). The company produced two ABC medical dramas, ''[[Ben Casey]]'' (1961–1966) and ''[[Breaking Point (1963 TV series)|Breaking Point]]'' (1963–1964), the popular ''[[Hogan's Heroes]]'' (1965–1971) military comedy on CBS, as well as the lesser-known show ''[[Slattery's People]]'' (1964–1965).

==Singing style and vocal characteristics==
[[File:Bing Crosby 1930s.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Crosby in a 1930s publicity photo]]
Crosby was one of the first singers to exploit the intimacy of the microphone rather than use the deep, loud vaudeville style associated with Al Jolson.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/books/music-bing-crosby-the-unsung-king-of-song.html Bing Crosby: The Unsung King of Song], ''[[The New York Times]]'', Gary Giddins, January 28, 2001. Retrieved December 3, 2014.</ref> He was, by his own definition, a "phraser", a singer who placed equal emphasis on both the lyrics and the music.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Bing Crosby (1901?–1977)|date=1978|journal = Music Educators Journal |issue = 7 |pages = 56–57 |edition = 64}}</ref> His love for jazz helped bring the genre to a wider audience.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} In the framework of the novelty-singing style of [[the Rhythm Boys]], he bent notes and added off-tune phrasing, an approach that was rooted in jazz.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} He had already been introduced to Louis Armstrong and [[Bessie Smith]] before his first appearance on record. Crosby and Armstrong remained friends for decades. They sang "Now You Has Jazz" in the film ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'' (1956).

During the early portion of his solo career (about 1931–1934), Crosby's emotional, often pleading style of [[crooning]] was popular. But Jack Kapp, manager of Brunswick and later Decca, talked him into dropping many of his jazzier mannerisms in favor of a clear vocal style. Crosby credited Kapp for choosing hit songs, working with many other musicians, and most importantly, diversifying his repertoire into several styles and genres. Kapp helped Crosby have number one hits in [[Christmas music]], [[Hawaiian music|Hawaiian]], and [[country music]], and top-thirty hits in [[Irish music]], [[French popular music|French music]], [[rhythm and blues]], and ballads.{{sfn|Gilliland|1994|loc=cassette 1, side B}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stevenlewis.info/crosby/jackapp.htm |title=Jack Kapp – Bing Crosby Internet Museum |website=Stevenlewis.info|accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref>

Crosby elaborated on an idea of Al Jolson's: phrasing, or the art of making a song's lyric ring true. "I used to tell Sinatra over and over," said Tommy Dorsey, "there's only one singer you ought to listen to and his name is Crosby. All that matters to him is the words, and that's the only thing that ought to for you, too."<ref name="Friedwald2010">{{cite book|last=Friedwald|first=Will|title=A Biographical Guide to the Great Jazz and Pop Singers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW9dtlqrg_0C&pg=PA116|accessdate=3 October 2018|date=2 November 2010|publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-307-37989-4|pages=116–}}</ref>

Critic [[Henry Pleasants (music critic)|Henry Pleasants]] wrote:
<blockquote>[While] the octave B flat to B flat in Bing's voice at that time [1930s] is, to my ears, one of the loveliest I have heard in forty-five years of listening to baritones, both classical and popular, it dropped conspicuously in later years. From the mid-1950s, Bing was more comfortable in a bass range while maintaining a baritone quality, with the best octave being G to G, or even F to F. In a recording he made of '[[Dardanella]]' with Louis Armstrong in 1960, he attacks lightly and easily on a low E flat. This is lower than most opera basses care to venture, and they tend to sound as if they were in the cellar when they get there.<ref name="Pleasants">{{cite book |last1=Pleasants |first1=Henry |title=The Great American Popular Singers |date=1985 |publisher=Simon and Schuster}}</ref></blockquote>

==Career statistics==
[[File:Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye in White Christmas trailer.jpg|right|thumb|''[[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]]'' (1954)]]
Crosby's was among the most popular and successful musical acts of the 20th century. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine used different methodologies during his career. But his chart success remains impressive: 396 chart singles, including 41 No. 1 hits.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/bing-crosby-records-in-music/3528/ |title=Bing Crosby | Bing by the Numbers. His Amazing Music Records | American Masters |publisher=PBS |date=November 25, 2014 |accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref> If the many times "White Christmas" charted are counted, that would bring that number up to 43 – more than [[The Beatles]] and [[Elvis]] combined.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Crosby had separate charting singles every year between 1931 and 1954; the annual re-release of "White Christmas" extended that streak to 1957. He had 24 separate popular singles in 1939 alone. He may have been the best selling recording artist with up to 1 billion units sold.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bingcrosby.com/bing-bio/entertainer/bing-the-recording-star |title=Bing The Recording Star |publisher=Bing Crosby |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref> Statistician [[Joel Whitburn]] at ''Billboard'' determined that Crosby was America's most successful recording act of the 1930s and again in the 1940s.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

For fifteen years (1934, 1937, 1940, 1943–1954), Crosby was among the top top ten acts in box-office sales, and for five of those years (1944–1948) he topped the world.<ref name="kl." /> He sang four [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning songs – "Sweet Leilani" (1937), "White Christmas" (1942), "[[Swinging on a Star]]" (1944), "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (1951) – and won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in ''[[Going My Way]]'' (1944).

A survey in 2000 found that with 1,077,900,000 movie tickets sold, Crosby was the third most popular actor of all time, behind [[Clark Gable]] (1,168,300,000) and [[John Wayne]] (1,114,000,000).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Malcolm|title=Bing Crosby – Day by Day|date=2001|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc|location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8108-4145-2 |pages=670–671 }}</ref> The ''International Motion Picture Almanac'' lists him in a tie for second on the All Time Number One Stars List with [[Clint Eastwood]], [[Tom Hanks]], and [[Burt Reynolds]].<ref name="Quigley">{{cite web|title=Top Ten Money Making Stars of the past 79 years |url=http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html |publisher=Quigley Publishing |accessdate=August 17, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114130743/http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html |archivedate= January 14, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> His most popular film, ''[[White Christmas (film)|White Christmas]]'', grossed $30 million in 1954 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|30|1954}}}} million in current value).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schmidt|first1=Wayne|title=Waynes This and That|url=http://waynesthisandthat.com/crosbymovies.html |website=waynesthisandthat.com |accessdate=March 31, 2016}}</ref>

He received 23 gold and platinum records, according to the book ''Million Selling Records''. The Recording Industry Association of America did not institute its gold record certification program until 1958 when Crosby's record sales were low. Before 1958, gold records were awarded by record companies. Universal Music, owner of Crosby's Decca catalog, has never requested RIAA certification for any of his hit singles.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Crosby charted 23 ''Billboard'' hits from 47 recorded songs with the [[Andrews Sisters]], whose Decca record sales were second only to Crosby's throughout the 1940s. They were his most frequent collaborators on disc from 1939 to 1952, a partnership that produced four million-selling singles: "[[Pistol Packin' Mama]]", "[[Jingle Bells]]", "[[Don't Fence Me In (song)|Don't Fence Me In]]", and "South America, Take it Away". They made one film appearance together in ''[[Road to Rio]]'' singing "You Don't Have to Know the Language", and sang together on radio throughout the 1940s and 1950s. They appeared as guests on each other's shows and on [[Armed Forces Radio Service]] during and after World War II. The quartet's Top-10 ''Billboard'' hits from 1943 to 1945 include "The Vict'ry Polka", "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Town of Berlin (When the Yanks Go Marching In)", and "Is You Is or Is You Ain't (Ma' Baby?)" and helped morale of the American public.<ref>Sforza, John: "Swing It! The Andrews Sisters Story". University Press of Kentucky. 2000. {{Page needed|date=September 2013}}</ref>

In 1962, Crosby was given the [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]. He has been inducted into the halls of fame for both radio and popular music. In 2007 he was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame and in 2008 the Western Music Hall of Fame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-crosby.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120917192953/http://www.westernmusic.com/performers/hof-crosby.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |title=Johnny Bond – WMA Hall of Fame |publisher=Westernmusic.com |accessdate=February 10, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Entrepreneurship==

===Role in early tape recording===
During the [[Golden Age of Radio]], performers had to create their shows live, sometimes even redoing the program a second time for the west coast time zone. Crosby's radio career took a significant turn in 1945, when he clashed with NBC over his insistence that he be allowed to pre-record his radio shows. (The live production of radio shows was also reinforced by the musicians' union and [[ASCAP]], which wanted to ensure continued work for their members.) In ''On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'', John Dunning wrote about German engineers having developed a tape recorder with a near-professional broadcast quality standard:
<blockquote>[Crosby saw] an enormous advantage in prerecording his radio shows. The scheduling could now be done at the star's convenience. He could do four shows a week, if he chose, and then take a month off. But the networks and sponsors were adamantly opposed. The public wouldn't stand for 'canned' radio, the networks argued. There was something magic for listeners in the fact that what they were hearing was being performed and heard everywhere, at that precise instant. Some of the best moments in comedy came when a line was blown and the star had to rely on wit to rescue a bad situation. Fred Allen, Jack Benny, Phil Harris, and also Crosby were masters at this, and the networks weren't about to give it up easily.</blockquote>

Crosby's insistence eventually factored into the further development of [[magnetic tape sound recording]] and the radio industry's widespread adoption of it.<ref>Hammar, Peter. Jack Mullin: The man and his Machines. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, 37 (6): 490–496, 498, 500, 502, 504, 506, 508, 510, 512; June 1989.</ref><ref>An Afternoon with Jack Mullin. NTSC VHS tape, 1989 AES.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_tape.htm |title=''History of Magnetic tape'', section: "Enter Bing Crosby" |accessdate=2017-03-22 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603153341/http://www.tvhandbook.com/History/History_tape.htm |archivedate=June 3, 2004 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He used his clout, both professional and financial, for innovations in audio. But NBC and CBS refused to broadcast prerecorded radio programs. Crosby left the network and remained off the air for seven months, creating a legal battle with his sponsor [[Kraft Foods|Kraft]] that was settled out of court. He returned to broadcasting for the last 13 weeks of the 1945–1946 season.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The Mutual network, on the other hand, pre-recorded some of its programs as early as 1938 for ''[[The Shadow]]'' with [[Orson Welles]]. ABC was formed from the sale of the [[NBC Blue Network]] in 1943 after a federal [[anti-trust]] suit and was willing to join Mutual in breaking the tradition. ABC offered Crosby $30,000 per week to produce a recorded show every Wednesday that would be sponsored by [[Philco]]. He would get an additional $40,000 from 400 independent stations for the rights to broadcast the 30-minute show, which was sent to them every Monday on three 16-inch (40-cm) [[Acetate disc|lacquer discs]] that played ten minutes per side at 33⅓ rpm.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

[[File:Bing Crosby Perry Como Arthur Godfrey 1950.JPG|left|thumb|With [[Perry Como]] and [[Arthur Godfrey]] in 1950]]

Crosby wanted to change to recorded production for several reasons. The legend that has been most often told is that it would give him more time for golf. He did record his first Philco program in August 1947 so he could enter the [[Jasper National Park]] Invitational Golf Tournament in September when the radio season was to start. But golf was not the most important reason. He wanted better quality recording, the ability to eliminate mistakes, and to control the timing of his performances. Because Bing Crosby Enterprises produced the show, he could purchase the best audio equipment and arrange the microphones his way; microphone placement had been debated in studios since the beginning of the electrical era. He would no longer have to wear the toupee that CBS and NBC required for his live audience shows—he preferred a hat. He could also record short promotions for his latest investment, the world's first frozen orange juice, sold under the brand name Minute Maid. This investment allowed him to make more money by finding a loophole where the IRS couldn't tax him at a 77% rate.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Murdo MacKenzie of Bing Crosby Enterprises had seen a demonstration of the German [[Magnetophon]] in June 1947—the same device that [[Jack Mullin]] had brought back from Radio Frankfurt with 50 reels of tape, at the end of the war. It was one of the magnetic tape recorders that BASF and AEG had built in Germany starting in 1935. The 6.5mm ferric-oxide-coated tape could record 20 minutes per reel of high-quality sound. [[Alexander M. Poniatoff]] ordered Ampex, which he founded in 1944, to manufacture an improved version of the Magnetophone.

Crosby hired Mullin to start recording his ''Philco Radio Time'' show on his German-made machine in August 1947 using the same 50 reels of I.G. Farben magnetic tape that Mullin had found at a radio station at [[Bad Nauheim]] near Frankfurt while working for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The advantage was editing. As Crosby wrote in his autobiography:
<blockquote>By using tape, I could do a thirty-five or forty-minute show, then edit it down to the twenty-six or twenty-seven minutes the program ran. In that way, we could take out jokes, gags, or situations that didn't play well and finish with only the prime meat of the show; the solid stuff that played big. We could also take out the songs that didn't sound good. It gave us a chance to first try a recording of the songs in the afternoon without an audience, then another one in front of a studio audience. We'd dub the one that came off best into the final transcription. It gave us a chance to ad lib as much as we wanted, knowing that excess ad libbing could be sliced from the final product. If I made a mistake in singing a song or in the script, I could have some fun with it, then retain any of the fun that sounded amusing.</blockquote>

Mullin's 1976 memoir of these early days of experimental recording agrees with Crosby's account:
<blockquote>In the evening, Crosby did the whole show before an audience. If he muffed a song then, the audience loved it—thought it was very funny—but we would have to take out the show version and put in one of the rehearsal takes. Sometimes, if Crosby was having fun with a song and not really working at it, we had to make it up out of two or three parts. This ad lib way of working is commonplace in the recording studios today, but it was all new to us.</blockquote>

Crosby invested US$50,000 in Ampex with the intent to produce more machines.<ref name="Sterling, C. H. 1990"/> In 1948, the second season of Philco shows was recorded with the Ampex Model 200 and Scotch 111 tape from [[3M]]. Mullin explained how one new broadcasting technique was invented on the Crosby show with these machines:

<blockquote>One time Bob Burns, the hillbilly comic, was on the show, and he threw in a few of his folksy farm stories, which of course were not in Bill Morrow's script. Today they wouldn't seem very off-color, but things were different on radio then. They got enormous laughs, which just went on and on. We couldn't use the jokes, but Bill asked us to save the laughs. A couple of weeks later he had a show that wasn't very funny, and he insisted that we put in the salvaged laughs. Thus the laugh-track was born.</blockquote>

Crosby started the tape recorder revolution in America. In his 1950 film ''[[Mr. Music]]'', he is seen singing into an Ampex tape recorder that reproduced his voice better than anything else. Also quick to adopt tape recording was his friend Bob Hope. He gave one of the first Ampex Model 300 recorders to his friend, guitarist [[Les Paul]], which led to Paul's invention of [[multitrack recording]]. His organization, the Crosby Research Foundation, held tape recording patents and developed equipment and recording techniques such as the [[laugh track]] that are still in use today.<ref name="Sterling, C. H. 1990">Sterling, C. H., & Kittross, J. M. (1990). Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American broadcasting (2nd ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth.</ref>

With Frank Sinatra, Crosby was of the principal backers for the [[United Western Recorders]] studio complex in Los Angeles.<ref name="CoganClark2003">{{cite book |last1=Cogan |first1=Jim |last2=Clark |first2=William |title=Temples of Sound: Inside the Great Recording Studios |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO-KQ4o_B2MC |accessdate=4 July 2018 |year=2003 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-3394-3}}</ref>

===Videotape development===
Mullin continued to work for Crosby to develop a [[videotape recorder]] (VTR). Television production was mostly [[live television]] in its early years, but Crosby wanted the same ability to record that he had achieved in radio. ''The Fireside Theater'' (1950) sponsored by [[Procter & Gamble]], was his first television production. Mullin had not yet succeeded with videotape, so Crosby filmed the series of 26-minute shows at the Hal Roach Studios, and the "telefilms" were [[broadcast syndication|syndicated]] to individual television stations.

Crosby continued to finance the development of videotape. Bing Crosby Enterprises gave the world's first demonstration of videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by [[Jack Mullin|John T. Mullin]] and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device aired what were described as "blurred and indistinct" images, using a modified [[Ampex]] 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (6.3 mm) audio tape moving at 360 inches (9.1 m) per second.<ref>"Tape Recording Used by Filmless 'Camera{{'"}}, ''New York Times'', November 12, 1951, p. 21. Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark (eds.), ''Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years'', IEEE Press, 1998, p. 141. {{ISBN|0-07-041275-8}}</ref>

===TV station ownership===
A Crosby-led group purchased station [[KCOP-TV]], in Los Angeles, California, in 1954.<ref name="ssc">{{cite web|title=KCOP Studio|url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/tvstudios/KCOP.shtml |work=Seeing Stars: the Television Studios |accessdate=March 23, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310010310/http://www.seeing-stars.com/TVstudios/KCOP.shtml |archivedate=March 10, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[NAFI Corporation]] and Crosby purchased television station [[KPTV]] in Portland, Oregon, for $4 million on September 1, 1959.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dunevant |first=Ronald L. |title=KPTV Timeline |url=http://kptv.home.comcast.net/~kptv/timeline/timeline.htm|work=Yesterday's KPTV|publisher=Ronald L. Dunevant|accessdate=March 23, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102071151/http://kptv.home.comcast.net/~kptv/timeline/timeline.htm|archivedate=January 2, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 1960, NAFI purchased KCOP from Crosby's group.<ref name="ssc" /> In the early 1950s, Crosby helped establish the CBS television affiliate in his hometown of Spokane, Washington. He partnered with [[Ed Craney]], who owned the CBS radio affiliate [[KXLY (AM)]] and built a television studio west of Crosby's alma mater, [[Gonzaga University]]. After it began broadcasting, the station was sold within a year to Northern Pacific Radio and Television Corporation.<ref name="Rehberg">{{cite web |last1=Rehberg |first1=Chuck |title=KXLY Celebrates Anniversary |url=https://spokanetvhistory.wordpress.com/1977/12/16/kxly-celebrates-anniversary/ |website=Spokane Television History |publisher=Spokane Daily Chronicle |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=16 December 1977 }}</ref>

===Thoroughbred horse racing===
Crosby was a fan of [[Thoroughbred horse race|thoroughbred horse racing]] and bought his first racehorse in 1935. In 1937, he became a founding partner of the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club and a member of its board of directors.<ref name="bingcrosby.com">{{cite web |title=Entrepreneur |url=http://bingcrosby.com/bing-bio/entrepreneur |website=bingcrosby.com |accessdate=19 November 2016 |date=15 August 1949}}</ref><ref name="dmtc.com">{{cite web |title=Del Mar Horse Racing History |url=https://www.dmtc.com/media/history |website=www.dmtc.com |accessdate=19 November 2016 |date=7 September 1970}}</ref> Operating from the [[Del Mar Racetrack]] at Del Mar, California, the group included millionaire businessman [[Charles S. Howard]], who owned a successful racing stable that included [[Seabiscuit]].<ref name="bingcrosby.com"/> Charles' son, [[Lindsay C. Howard]] became one of Crosby's closest friends; Crosby named his son [[Lindsay Crosby|Lindsay]] after him, and would purchase his 40-room [[Hillsborough, California]] estate from Lindsay in 1965.

Crosby and Lindsay Howard formed [[Binglin Stable]] to race and breed thoroughbred horses at a ranch in [[Moorpark, California|Moorpark]] in Ventura County, California.<ref name="bingcrosby.com"/> They also established the Binglin stock farm in Argentina, where they raced horses at Hipódromo de Palermo in [[Palermo, Buenos Aires]]. A number of Argentine-bred horses were purchased and shipped to race in the United States. On August 12, 1938, the Del Mar Thoroughbred Club hosted a $25,000 winner-take-all [[match race]] won by Charles S. Howard's [[Seabiscuit]] over Binglin's horse Ligaroti.<ref name="dmtc.com"/> In 1943, Binglin's horse Don Bingo won the [[Suburban Handicap]] at [[Belmont Park]] in Elmont, New York.

The Binglin Stable partnership came to an end in 1953 as a result of a liquidation of assets by Crosby, who needed to raise enough funds to pay the hefty federal and state inheritance taxes on his deceased wife's estate.<ref>{{cite news|title = People, Aug. 3, 1953| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,822904,00.html|work=Time|accessdate =January 25, 2007| date=August 3, 1953 }}</ref> The [[Bing Crosby Breeders' Cup Handicap]] at Del Mar Racetrack is named in his honor.

==Sports==
Crosby had an interest in sports. In the 1930s, his friend and former college classmate, [[Gonzaga Bulldogs football|Gonzaga]] head coach [[Mike Pecarovich]] appointed Crosby as an assistant football coach.<ref>[http://www.gonzaga.edu/Academics/Libraries/Foley-Library/Departments/Special-Collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga2.asp Bing Crosby and Gonzaga University: 1925 – 1951] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219112102/http://www.gonzaga.edu/academics/libraries/foley-library/departments/special-collections/Collections/Bing-Crosby-Collection/CrosbyandGonzaga2.asp |date=February 19, 2016 }}, Gonzaga University, retrieved June 6, 2011.</ref> From 1946 until his death, he owned a 25% share of the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]. Although he was passionate about the team, he was too nervous to watch the deciding Game 7 of the [[1960 World Series]], choosing to go to Paris with Kathryn and listen to its radio broadcast. Crosby had arranged for [[Ampex]], another of his financial investments, to record the [[NBC]] telecast on [[kinescope]]. The game was one of the most famous in baseball history, capped off by [[Bill Mazeroski]]'s [[walk-off home run]]. He apparently viewed the complete film just once, and then stored it in his wine cellar, where it remained undisturbed until it was discovered in December 2009.<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/throwback-thursday-bing-crosby-took-718437 Higgins, Bill. "Throwback Thursday: Bing Crosby Took a Swing at Baseball in the 1940s," ''The Hollywood Reporter'', July 25, 2014.]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/sports/baseball/24crosby.html?_r=1&src=mv |title=In Bing Crosby's Wine Cellar, Vintage Baseball |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |work=The New York Times |date=September 23, 2010 |accessdate=September 25, 2010}}</ref> The restored broadcast was shown on [[MLB Network]] in December 2010.

Crosby was also an avid golfer, and in 1978, he and Bob Hope were voted the [[Bob Jones Award]], the highest honor given by the [[United States Golf Association]] in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship. He is a member of the [[World Golf Hall of Fame]]. In 1937, Crosby hosted the first 'Crosby Clambake' as it was popularly known, at Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in [[Rancho Santa Fe, California]], the event's location prior to World War II. Sam Snead won the first tournament, in which the first place check was for $500. After the war, the event resumed play in 1947 on golf courses in Pebble Beach, where it has been played ever since. Now the AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am, it has been a leading event in the world of professional golf.

Crosby first took up golf at 12 as a caddy, dropped it, and started again in 1930 with some fellow cast members in Hollywood during the filming of ''[[The King of Jazz]]''. Crosby was accomplished at the sport, with a two handicap. He competed in both the [[The Amateur Championship|British]] and [[United States Amateur Championship (golf)|U.S. Amateur]] championships, was a five-time club champion at Lakeside Golf Club in Hollywood, and once made a hole-in-one on the 16th at [[Cypress Point Club|Cypress Point]].

Crosby was a keen fisherman especially in his younger days but it was a pastime that he enjoyed throughout his life. In the summer of 1966 he spent a week as the guest of Lord Egremont, staying in [[Cockermouth]] and fishing on the [[River Derwent, Cumbria|River Derwent]]. His trip was filmed for ''[[The American Sportsman]]'' on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], although all did not go well at first as the [[salmon]] were not running. He did make up for it at the end of the week by catching a number of [[sea trout]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://trouthotel.co.uk/journal/bing-crosby-came-stay/ | title=When Bing Crosby came to stay |publisher=Trout Hotel Web |date=April 18, 2017 |accessdate=May 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Crosby Brothers-older sons of Bing Crosby 1959.JPG|thumb|Crosby's sons from his first marriage. From left: The four Crosby brothers – [[Dennis Crosby|Dennis]], [[Gary Crosby (actor)|Gary]], [[Lindsay Crosby|Lindsay]] and [[Phillip Crosby|Phillip]] in 1959.]]
[[File:Bing, Harry and Nathan Crosby (1975) 02.jpg|thumb|right|Bing, [[Harry Crosby (businessman)|Harry]] and [[Nathaniel Crosby|Nathan Crosby]] (1975)]]

Crosby was married twice. His first wife was actress and nightclub singer Dixie Lee to whom he was married from 1930 until her death from ovarian cancer in 1952. They had four sons: [[Gary Crosby (actor)|Gary]], twins [[Dennis Crosby|Dennis]] and [[Phillip Crosby|Phillip]], and [[Lindsay Crosby|Lindsay]]. The ''[[Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman]]'' (1947) is based on Lee's life. The Crosby family lived at 10500 Camarillo Street in North Hollywood for over five years.<ref>1940 US Census via Ancestry.com</ref> After his wife died, Crosby had relationships with model [[Pat Sheehan (model)|Pat Sheehan]] (who married his son Dennis in 1958) and actresses [[Inger Stevens]] and [[Grace Kelly]] before marrying actress [[Kathryn Crosby|Kathryn Grant]], who converted to Catholicism, in 1957. They had three children: [[Harry Crosby (businessman)|Harry Lillis III]] (who played Bill in ''[[Friday the 13th (1980 film)|Friday the 13th]]''), [[Mary Crosby|Mary]] (best known for portraying [[Kristin Shepard]], who shot [[J. R. Ewing]] on TV's ''[[Dallas (1978 TV series)|Dallas]]''), and [[Nathaniel Crosby|Nathaniel]] (the 1981 U.S. Amateur champion in golf).{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Crosby reportedly had an alcohol problem in his youth and may have been dismissed from Paul Whiteman's orchestra because of it, but he later got a handle on his drinking. According to Giddins, Crosby told his son Gary to stay away from alcohol, adding, "It killed your mother."<ref name="Giddins2001" />{{rp|181}}

After Bing Crosby's death, his eldest son, Gary, wrote a highly critical memoir, ''Going My Own Way'', depicting his father as cruel, cold, remote, physically and psychologically abusive.<ref name=lk>{{cite web|last=Haller |first=Scot |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20084544,00.html |title=The Sad Ballad of Bing and His Boys – Child Abuse, Kids & Family Life, Bing Crosby |work=People |date=March 21, 1983 |accessdate=January 4, 2011}}</ref>

<blockquote>We had to keep a close watch on our actions ... When one of us left a sneaker or pair of underpants lying around, he had to tie the offending object on a string and wear it around his neck until he went off to bed that night. Dad called it "the Crosby lavalier". At the time the humor of the name escaped me ...

"Satchel Ass" or "Bucket Butt" or "My Fat-assed Kid". That's how he introduced me to his cronies when he dragged me along to the studio or racetrack ... By the time I was ten or eleven he had stepped up his campaign by adding lickings to the regimen. Each Tuesday afternoon he weighed me in, and if the scale read more than it should have, he ordered me into his office and had me drop my trousers ... I dropped my pants, pulled down my undershorts and bent over. Then he went at it with the belt dotted with metal studs he kept reserved for the occasion. Quite dispassionately, without the least display of emotion or loss of self-control, he whacked away until he drew the first drop of blood, and then he stopped. It normally took between twelve and fifteen strokes. As they came down I counted them off one by one and hoped I would bleed early ...

When I saw ''Going My Way'' I was as moved as they were by the character he played. Father O'Malley handled that gang of young hooligans in his parish with such kindness and wisdom that I thought he was wonderful too. Instead of coming down hard on the kids and withdrawing his affection, he forgave them their misdeeds, took them to the ball game and picture show, taught them how to sing. By the last reel, the sheer persistence of his goodness had transformed even the worst of them into solid citizens. Then the lights came on and the movie was over. All the way back to the house I thought about the difference between the person up there on the screen and the one I knew at home.<ref name="NoSpank">{{cite book| title=Going My Own Way| url=http://www.nospank.net/crosbyg.htm |author=Gary Crosby|date=March 1983 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-17055-0}}</ref></blockquote>

Younger son Phillip vociferously disputed his brother Gary's claims about their father. Around the time Gary made his claim, Phillip stated to the press that "Gary is a whining, bitching crybaby, walking around with a two-by-four on his shoulder and just daring people to nudge it off."<ref name="Haller">{{cite web |last1=Haller |first1=Scott |title=The Sad Ballad of Bing and His Boys |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-the-sad-ballad-of-bing-and-his-boys-vol-19-no-11/ |website=People.com |accessdate=5 July 2018 |date=21 March 1983}}</ref> But Phillip did not deny that Crosby believed in corporal punishment.<ref name="Haller" /> In an interview with [[People (American magazine)|''People'']], Phillip stated that "we never got an extra whack or a cuff we didn't deserve."<ref name="Haller" /> During an interview in 1999 by the ''[[Globe (tabloid)|Globe]]'', Phillip said:

<blockquote>My dad was not the monster my lying brother said he was; he was strict, but my father never beat us black and blue, and my brother Gary was a vicious, no-good liar for saying so. I have nothing but fond memories of Dad, going to studios with him, family vacations at our cabin in Idaho, boating and fishing with him. To my dying day, I'll hate Gary for dragging Dad's name through the mud. He wrote ''Going My Own Way'' out of greed. He wanted to make money and knew that humiliating our father and blackening his name was the only way he could do it. He knew it would generate a lot of publicity. That was the only way he could get his ugly, no-talent face on television and in the newspapers. My dad was my hero. I loved him very much. He loved all of us too, including Gary. He was a great father.<ref name="Grudens, 2002, p. 59">Grudens, 2002, p. 59.</ref></blockquote>

However, Dennis and Lindsay Crosby confirmed that their father was physically abusive. Lindsay added, "I'm glad [Gary] did it. I hope it clears up a lot of the old lies and rumors."<ref name="Haller" /> Unlike Gary, however, Lindsay said that he preferred to remember "all the good things I did with my dad and forget the times that were rough."<ref name="Haller" /> Dennis asserted that the book was "Gary's business" and a result of his "anger"<ref name="Haller" /> but would not deny the book's claims. Bing's younger brother, singer and jazz bandleader [[Bob Crosby]], recalled at the time of Gary's revelations that Bing was a "disciplinarian," as their mother and father had been. He added, "We were brought up that way."<ref name="Haller" /> In an interview for the same article, Gary clarified that Bing was abusive as a means of administering punishment: "He was not out to be vicious, to beat children for his kicks."<ref name="Haller" />

Crosby's will established a [[blind trust]] in which none of the sons received an inheritance until they reached the age of 65.<ref name="Dunn">{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-12-13/local/me-242_1_lindsay-crosby| first=Ashley| last=Dunn| date=December 13, 1989|work=Los Angeles Times | title=Lindsay Crosby Suicide Laid to End of Inheritance Income| accessdate=August 17, 2011}}</ref>

Lindsay Crosby died in 1989 and Dennis Crosby died in 1991, both by suicide from self-inflicted gunshot wounds at ages 51 and 56, respectively. Gary Crosby died in 1995 at the age of 62 of lung cancer and 69-year-old Phillip Crosby died in 2004 of a heart attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/20/arts/philip-crosby-69-son-of-bing-crosby.html |title=Philip Crosby, 69, Son of Bing Crosby |work=The New York Times |date=January 20, 2004 |accessdate=November 2, 2008}}</ref>

Widow [[Kathryn Crosby]] dabbled in local theater productions intermittently and appeared in television tributes to her late husband.

[[Nathaniel Crosby]], Crosby's youngest son from his second marriage, was a high-level golfer who won the [[United States Amateur Championship (golf)|U.S. Amateur]] at age 19 in 1981, at the time the youngest winner of that event. [[Harry Crosby (businessman)|Harry Crosby]] is an investment banker who occasionally makes singing appearances.

[[Denise Crosby]], Dennis Crosby's daughter, is also an actress and is known for her role as [[Tasha Yar]] on ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' and for the recurring role of the Romulan [[Sela (Star Trek)|Sela]] (daughter of Tasha Yar) after her withdrawal from the series as a regular cast member. She also appeared in the film adaptation of Stephen King's novel ''[[Pet Sematary]]''. In 2006, Crosby's niece, Carolyn Schneider, published the laudatory book ''Me and Uncle Bing''.

There have been disputes between Crosby's two families beginning in the late 1990s. When Dixie died in 1952, her will provided that her share of the community property be distributed in trust to her sons. After Crosby's death in 1977, he left the residue of his estate to a marital trust for the benefit of his widow, Kathryn, and HLC Properties, Ltd., was formed for the purpose of managing his interests, including his right of publicity. In 1996, Dixie's trust sued HLC and Kathryn for declaratory relief as to the trust's entitlement to interest, dividends, royalties, and other income derived from the community property of Crosby and Dixie. In 1999, the parties settled for approximately $1.5 million. Relying on a retroactive amendment to the [[California Civil Code]], Dixie's trust brought suit again, in 2010, alleging that Crosby's right of publicity was community property, and that Dixie's trust was entitled to a share of the revenue it produced. The trial court granted Dixie's trust's claim. The California Court of Appeal reversed, however, holding that the 1999 settlement barred the claim. In light of the court's ruling, it was unnecessary for the court to decide whether a right of publicity can be characterized as [[community property]] under California law.<ref>''Crosby v. HLC Properties, Ltd.'', Second District, Div. Three, Cal. App., Case No. B242089, filed January 29, 2014.</ref>

==Illness and death==
[[File:Bing Crosby Last Perfromance Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Commemorative plaque in the Brighton Centre foyer]]
Following his recovery from a life-threatening fungal infection of his right lung in January 1974, Crosby emerged from semi-retirement to start a new spate of albums and concerts. In March 1977, after videotaping a concert at the Ambassador Theater in Pasadena for CBS to commemorate his 50th anniversary in show business, and with Bob Hope looking on, Crosby fell off the stage into an [[orchestra pit]], rupturing a disc in his back requiring a month in the hospital. His first performance after the accident was his last American concert, on August 16, 1977 (the day singer [[Elvis Presley]] died); when the power went out during his performance, he continued singing without amplification.

In September, Crosby, his family and singer [[Rosemary Clooney]] began a concert tour of Britain that included two weeks at the [[London Palladium]]. While in the UK, Crosby recorded his final album, ''[[Seasons (Bing Crosby album)|Seasons]]'', and his final TV Christmas special with guest [[David Bowie]] on September 11 (which aired a little over a month after Crosby's death). His last concert was in the [[Brighton Centre]] on October 10, four days before his death, with British entertainer Dame [[Gracie Fields]] in attendance. The following day he made his final appearance in a recording studio and sang eight songs at the BBC Maida Vale studios for a radio program, which also included an interview with Alan Dell.<ref name="barnes">{{cite book|last=Barnes |first=Ken |title=The Crosby Years |publisher=Saint Martins Press |location=New York |year=1980 |pages=57–60 |isbn=978-0-312-17663-1}}</ref> Accompanied by the Gordon Rose Orchestra, Crosby's last recorded performance was of the song "[[Once in a While (1937 song)|Once in a While]]". Later that afternoon, he met with Chris Harding to take photographs for the ''Seasons'' album jacket.<ref name="barnes"/>

[[File:Bing Crosby's grave.JPG|thumb|Crosby's grave at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California (incorrect birth year)]]
On October 13, 1977, Crosby flew alone to [[Spain]] to play golf and hunt partridge.<ref name="van-beek">{{cite journal |last=Van Beek |first=Greg |title=Bing Crosby: The Final Round |journal=Bingang |volume= |issue=Summer 2001 |pages=6–10 |publisher=Club Crosby |location= |year=2001 |url=http://lakeprovidencegirl.com/finalround.html |accessdate=May 9, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224124/http://lakeprovidencegirl.com/finalround.html |archivedate=May 12, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On October 14, at the [[Golf La Moraleja|La Moraleja Golf]] Course near Madrid, Crosby played 18 holes of golf. His partner was [[World Cup (men's golf)|World Cup]] champion [[Manuel Piñero]]; their opponents were club president César de Zulueta and [[Valentín Barrios]].<ref name="van-beek"/> According to Barrios, Crosby was in good spirits throughout the day, and was photographed several times during the round.<ref name="van-beek"/><ref>Thomas, 1977, p. 86–87.</ref> At the ninth hole, construction workers building a house nearby recognized him, and when asked for a song, Crosby sang "[[Strangers in the Night]]".<ref name="van-beek"/> Crosby, who had a 13 handicap, lost to his partner by one stroke.<ref name="van-beek"/> As Crosby and his party headed back to the clubhouse, Crosby said, "That was a great game of golf, fellas."<ref name="van-beek"/> At about 6:30 pm, Crosby collapsed about 20 yards from the clubhouse entrance and died instantly from a massive heart attack.<ref name="van-beek"/> At the clubhouse and later in the ambulance, house physician Dr. Laiseca tried to revive him, but was unsuccessful. At Reina Victoria Hospital he was administered the [[last rites]] of the Catholic Church and was pronounced dead.<ref name="van-beek"/> On October 18, following a private [[Requiem|funeral Mass]] at St. Paul's Catholic Church in Westwood,<ref name="spokesman">{{cite news|last=Smith |first=Jim |title=Memorial Rites Held for city favorite, Bing Crosby |newspaper=The Spokesman Review |date=October 19, 1977 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19771019&id=0_VLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0O0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6826,1632202 |accessdate=May 9, 2014}}</ref> Crosby was buried at [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City|Holy Cross Cemetery]] in Culver City, California.<ref name="clooney">{{cite book|last=Clooney |first=Rosemary |editor= |title=This for Remembrance: The Autobiography of Rosemary Clooney |publisher=Playboy Press |location= |1977= |pages=244–248 |isbn=978-0-671-16976-3}}</ref> A plaque was placed at the golf course in his memory.

==Legacy==
[[File:Bing Crosby star HWF.JPG|thumb|right|One of three stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6769 Hollywood Blvd.]]

He is a member of the [[National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame]] in the radio division.<ref>{{cite news |title=NAB Hall of Fame |url=http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |work=National Association of Broadcasters |accessdate=May 3, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109013506/http://www.nab.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Awards7&CONTENTID=11047&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |archivedate=November 9, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The family created an official website<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.BingCrosby.com |title=The Official Home of Bing Crosby |publisher=Bingcrosby.com |accessdate=November 2, 2008}}</ref> on October 14, 2007, the 30th anniversary of Crosby's death.

In his autobiography ''Don't Shoot, It's Only Me!'' (1990), Bob Hope wrote, "Dear old Bing. As we called him, the ''Economy-sized Sinatra''. And what a voice. God I miss that voice. I can't even turn on the radio around Christmas time without crying anymore."<ref>{{cite book|title=Don't Shoot, It's Only Me!|first=Bob|last=Hope|year=1990|publisher=Random House Publishers|authorlink=Bob Hope}}</ref>

Calypso musician [[Roaring Lion]] wrote a tribute song in 1939 titled "Bing Crosby", in which he wrote: "Bing has a way of singing with his very heart and soul / Which captivates the world / His millions of listeners never fail to rejoice / At his golden voice ..."<ref name="Giddins2001" />

Bing Crosby Stadium in [[Front Royal, Virginia]] was named after Crosby in honor of his fundraising and cash contributions for its construction from 1948 to 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shenvalley.com/sv2/vacation/attractions.shtml |title=Warren County Attractions |accessdate=September 8, 2013}}</ref>

==Compositions==
Crosby wrote or co-wrote lyrics to 22 songs. His composition "[[At Your Command]]" was no. 1 for three weeks on the U.S. pop singles chart beginning on August 8, 1931. "[[I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance With You]]" was his most successful composition, recorded by [[Duke Ellington]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Thelonious Monk]], [[Billie Holiday]], and [[Mildred Bailey]], among others. Songs co-written by Crosby include:

# "That's Grandma" (1927), with [[Harry Barris]] and [[James Cavanaugh (songwriter)|James Cavanaugh]]
# "From Monday On" (1928), with Harry Barris and recorded with the [[Paul Whiteman]] Orchestra featuring [[Bix Beiderbecke]] on cornet, no. 14 on US pop singles charts
# "What Price Lyrics?" (1928), with Harry Barris and [[Matty Malneck]]
# "Ev'rything's Agreed Upon" (1930), with Harry Barris<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1=Zwisohn|first1=Laurence J.|title=bing Crosby – A Lifetime of Music|date=1978|publisher=Palm Tree Library|location=Los Angeles|page=45}}</ref>
# "[[At Your Command]]" (1931), with Harry Barris and [[Harry Tobias]], US, no. 1 (3 weeks)
# "Believe Me" (1931), with James Cavanaugh and [[Frank Weldon]]<ref name="auto"/>
# "[[Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)]]" (1931), with [[Roy Turk]] and [[Fred Ahlert]], US, no. 4; US, 1940 re-recording, no. 27
# "You Taught Me How to Love" (1931), with H. C. LeBlang and Don Herman<ref name="auto"/>
# "[[I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You]]" (1932), with [[Victor Young]] and [[Ned Washington]], US, no. 5
# "My Woman" (1932), with Irving Wallman and Max Wartell
# "Cutesie Pie" (1932), with Red Standex and [[Chummy MacGregor]]<ref name="auto"/>
# "I Was So Alone, Suddenly You Were There (1932), with [[Leigh Harline]], Jack Stern and [[George Hamilton (musician)|George Hamilton]]<ref name="auto"/>
# "Love Me Tonight" (1932), with Victor Young and Ned Washington, US, no. 4
# "[[Waltzing in a Dream]]" (1932), with Victor Young and Ned Washington, US, no.6
# "You're Just a Beautiful Melody of Love" (1932), lyrics by Bing Crosby, music by Babe Goldberg
# "Where Are You, Girl of My Dreams?"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-wxhAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=where+are+you+girl+of+my+dreams+bing+crosby+catalog+copyrighted#v=onepage&q=where%20are%20you%20girl%20of%20my%20dreams%20bing%20crosby%20catalog%20copyrighted&f=false|title=U.S. Library of Congress. Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical Compositions|website=Books.google.com|accessdate=November 19, 2016|year=1932}}</ref> (1932), written by Bing Crosby, [[Irving Bibo]], and Paul McVey, featured in the 1932 Universal film ''[[The Cohens and Kellys in Hollywood]]''
# "I Would If I Could But I Can't" (1933), with [[Mitchell Parish]] and Alan Grey
# "Where the Turf Meets the Surf" (1941) with [[Johnny Burke (lyricist)|Johnny Burke]] and [[James V. Monaco]].
# "Tenderfoot" (1953) with Bob Bowen and [[Perry Botkin Sr.|Perry Botkin]], originally issued using the pseudonym of "Bill Brill" for Bing Crosby.
# "Domenica" (1961) with [[Pietro Garinei]] / [[Gorni Kramer]] / Sandro Giovannini
# "[[That's What Life is All About]]" (1975), with [[Ken Barnes (writer)|Ken Barnes]], [[Peter Dacre]], and [[Les Reed (songwriter)|Les Reed]], US, AC chart, no. 35; UK, no. 41
# "Sail Away from Norway" (1977) – Crosby wrote lyrics to go with a traditional song.

==Grammy Hall of Fame==
Four performances by Bing Crosby have been inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]], which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have "qualitative or historical significance".

{| class=wikitable
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| '''Bing Crosby: Grammy Hall of Fame'''<ref>[http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame Grammy Hall of Fame Database] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707235113/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame |date=July 7, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
! Year Recorded
! Title
! Genre
! Label
! Year Inducted
! Notes
|- align=center
| 1942
| "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]"
| Traditional Pop (single)
| Decca
| 1974
|With the Ken Darby Singers
|- align=center
| 1944
| "[[Swinging on a Star]]"
| Traditional Pop (single)
| Decca
| 2002
|With the Williams Brothers Quartet
|- align=center
| 1936
| "[[Pennies from Heaven (song)|Pennies from Heaven]]"
| Traditional Pop (single)
| Decca
| 2004
|
|- align=center
| 1944
| "[[Don't Fence Me In (song)|Don't Fence Me In]]"
| Traditional Pop (single)
| Decca
| 1998
|With the Andrews Sisters
|}

==Filmography==
{{Main|Bing Crosby filmography}}

==Discography==
{{Main|Bing Crosby discography}}

==TV appearances==
{{main|List of Bing Crosby TV appearances}}

==Radio==
* ''[[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/solo.htm#minutes|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1931, [[CBS Radio|CBS]]), Unsponsored. 6 nights a week, 15 minutes.
* ''[[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby#Bing Crosby – The Cremo Singer|The Cremo Singer]]'' (1931–1932, CBS),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/solo.htm#cremo|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> 6 nights a week, 15 minutes.
* ''[[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby#Unsponsored radio show (March 8 – July 15, 1932, CBS)|15 Minutes with Bing Crosby]]'' (1932, CBS), initially 3 nights a week, then twice a week, 15 minutes.
* ''[[15 Minutes with Bing Crosby#Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents "Music That Satisfies" (also known as Chesterfield Time)|Chesterfield Cigarettes Presents Music that Satisfies]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/solo.htm#mts|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1933, CBS), broadcast two nights a week, 15 minutes.
* ''[[Bing Crosby Entertains]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/Woodbury.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1933–1935, CBS), weekly, 30 minutes.
* ''[[Kraft Music Hall]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/kmh.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1935–1946, [[NBC Radio|NBC]]), Thursday nights, 60 minutes until January 1943, then 30 minutes.
* ''[[Bing Crosby on Armed Forces Radio in World War II]]'' (1941–1945; World War II).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/afrs.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Philco Radio Time]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/philco.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1946–1949, [[Citadel Media|ABC]]), 30 minutes weekly.
* ''[[This Is Bing Crosby]]'' (The Minute Maid Show) (1948–1950, CBS), 15 minutes each weekday morning; Bing as disc jockey.
* ''[[The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/chesterfield.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1949–1952, CBS), 30 minutes weekly.
* ''[[The Bing Crosby Show for General Electric]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/ge.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1952–1954, CBS), 30 minutes weekly.
* ''[[The Bing Crosby Show (1954–1956)]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/final.htm#bcshow|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (CBS), 15 minutes, 5 nights a week.
* ''[[A Christmas Sing with Bing (1955–1962)]]'', (CBS, [[Voice of America|VOA]] and [[Armed Forces Network|AFRS]]), 1 hour each year, sponsored by the [[Insurance Company of North America]].
* ''[[The Ford Road Show Featuring Bing Crosby]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/final.htm#ford|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1957–1958, CBS), 5 minutes, 5 days a week.
* ''[[The Bing Crosby – Rosemary Clooney Show]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pairpoint|first1=Lionel|title=And Here's Bing!|url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/final2.htm|website=BING magazine|publisher=International Club Crosby|accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> (1960–1962, CBS), 20 minutes, 5 mornings a week, with [[Rosemary Clooney]].

==RIAA certification==
{| style="background:none" cellpadding="2"
|-
| style="width:30%; background:white;"|'''Album'''
| style="width:20%; background:white;"|'''RIAA'''<ref name="bc-riaa-certs">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Crosby,%20Bing%22|title=RIAA Searchable Database – Crosby, Bing|publisher=[[RIAA]]|accessdate=March 5, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Merry Christmas (Bing Crosby album)|Merry Christmas]]'' (1945)
|Gold
|-
|''[[Merry Christmas (Bing Crosby album)|White Christmas (re-issue of album above)]]'' (1995)
|4× Platinum
|-
|''Bing Sings'' (1977)
|2× Platinum
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:5%;"| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Award
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:30%;"| Project
! style="width:5%;"| Result
|-
| 1945
| Academy Awards
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
| ''Going My Way''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1946
| Academy Awards
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
| ''The Bells of St. Mary's''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1955
| Academy Awards
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
| ''The Country Girl''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1952
| Golden Globes
| Best Motion Picture Actor
| ''Here Comes the Groom''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1960
| Golden Globes
| Cecil B. DeMille Award
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1958
| Laurel Awards
| Golden Laurel Top Male Star
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1959
| Laurel Awards
| Golden Laurel Top Male Star
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1960
| Laurel Awards
| Golden Laurel Top Male Performance
| ''Say One for Me''
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1961
| Laurel Awards
| Golden Laurel Top Male Star
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| 1962
| Laurel Awards
| Golden Laurel Special Award
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1954
| National Board of Review
| Best Actor
| ''The Country Girl''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1944
| New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| Best Actor
| ''Going My Way''
| {{won}}
|-
| 1970
| Peabody Awards
| Personal Award
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1944
| Photoplay Awards
| Most Popular Male Star
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1945
| Photoplay Awards
| Most Popular Male Star
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1946
| Photoplay Awards
| Most Popular Male Star
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1947
| Photoplay Awards
| Most Popular Male Star
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1948
| Photoplay Awards
| Most Popular Male Star
| —
| {{won}}
|-
| 1960
| Hollywood Walk of Fame
| Radio
| 6769 Hollywood Blvd.
| {{won|Inducted}}
|-
| 1960
| Hollywood Walk of Fame
| Recording
| 6751 Hollywood Blvd.
| {{won|Inducted}}
|-
| 1960
| Hollywood Walk of Fame
| Motion Picture
| 1611 Vine Street.
| {{won|Inducted}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bing Crosby}}
{{Wikipedia books|position=left|Bing Crosby}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
Fisher, J. (2012). Bing crosby: Through the years, volumes one-nine (1954–56). ARSC Journal, 43(1), 127–130.

* {{Pop Chronicles 40s}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bing Crosby: Crooner of the Century |last=Grudens |first=Richard |year=2002 |publisher=Celebrity Profiles Publishing Co |isbn=1-57579-248-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkz_w-WYiMAC}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bing Crosby: Day by Day |last=Macfarlane |first=Malcolm |year=2001 |publisher=Scarecrow Press, 2001 |url=http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/bingmagazine/1903-1935.htm}}
* Osterholm, J. Roger. ''Bing Crosby: A Bio-Bibliography''. Greenwood Press, 1994.
* Prigozy, R. & Raubicheck, W., ed. ''Going My Way: Bing Crosby and American Culture''. The Boydell Press, 2007.
* {{Cite book|last=Thomas |first=Bob|title=The One and Only Bing|publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]]|year=1977|isbn=0-448-14670-3}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Angels We Have Heard: The Christmas Song Stories |last=Richliano |first=James |year=2002 |publisher=Star Of Bethlehem Books |location= Chatham, New York |isbn=0-9718810-0-6}} Includes a chapter on Crosby's involvement in the making of "White Christmas," and an interview with record producer Ken Barnes.
* {{cite book |title=Raised by the Stars: Interviews with 29 Children of Hollywood Actors |last=Thomas |first=Nick |year=2011 |publisher=McFarland |location= |isbn=978-0-7864-6403-6}} Includes an interview with Crosby's son, Harry, and daughter, Mary.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bing Crosby}}
*{{IMDb name|0001078|Bing Crosby}}
* {{Official website|www.bingcrosby.com}}
* {{Tcmdb name}}
* [http://www.bingmagazine.co.uk/ BING magazine (a publication of the ICC)]
* [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/1815/bing-crosby Bing Crosby] at Virtual History
* [http://zootradio.com/Bing_Crosby_Broadcasts.php Zoot Radio, free 'Bing Crosby Broadcasts' old time radio show downloads, over 360 episodes.]
* [http://www.outlawsgameroom.com/infusions/the_kroax/embed.php?url=370 Bing Crosby Show at Outlaws Old Time Radio Corner]
* {{Findagrave|244}}


{{Bing Crosby}}
{{Bing Crosby singles}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Bing Crosby
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestActor 1941–1960}}
{{Cecil B. DeMille Award 1952–1975}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Actor}}
}}

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Banker horse

2018-09-28T17:16:40Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Ocracoke */ linkfix

{{short description|A breed of feral horse living on barrier islands in North Carolina's Outer Banks}}
{{Infobox horse
| name = Banker horse
| image = SpanishMustangsOfCorolla.jpg
| image_caption = Horses near Corolla
| features = Small, compact conformation
| altname =
| nickname =
| country = [[United States]]
| group1 =
| std1 =
}}

The '''Banker horse''' is a [[horse breed|breed]] of [[feral horse]] (''Equus ferus caballus'') living on [[barrier islands]] in [[North Carolina]]'s [[Outer Banks]]. It is small, hardy, and has a docile temperament. Descended from domesticated [[Iberian horse|Spanish horses]] and possibly brought to the Americas in the 16th century, the ancestral [[foundation bloodstock]] may have become feral after surviving shipwrecks or being abandoned on the islands by one of the exploratory expeditions led by [[Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón]] or Sir [[Richard Grenville]]. Populations are found on [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke Island]], [[Shackleford Banks]], [[Bodie Island|Currituck Banks]], and in the [[Rachel Carson]] Estuarine Sanctuary.

Although they can trample plants and ground-nesting animals and are not considered to be [[Indigenous (ecology)|indigenous]] to the islands, Bankers are allowed to remain due to their historical significance. They survive by grazing on marsh grasses, which supply them with water as well as food, supplemented by temporary freshwater pools.

To prevent overpopulation and inbreeding, and to protect their habitat from being overgrazed, the horses are managed by the [[National Park Service]], the state of North Carolina, and several private organizations. The horses are monitored for diseases, such as [[equine infectious anemia]], an outbreak of which was discovered and subsequently eliminated on Shackleford in 1996. They are safeguarded from traffic on [[North Carolina Highway 12]]. Island populations are limited by adoptions and by birth control. Bankers taken from the wild and trained have been used for [[trail riding]], [[driving (horse)|driving]], and occasionally for mounted patrols.

== Characteristics ==
[[File:NCbarrierislandsmap.png|thumb|A map showing herd locations]]

The typical Banker is relatively small, standing between {{hands|13.0|and|14.3}} high at the [[withers]]{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|p=63}} and weighing {{convert|800|to|1000|lb|kg}}.<ref name="GaitedHorse" /> The forehead is broad and the facial profile tends to be straight or slightly convex. The chest is deep and narrow and the [[back (horse)|back]] is short with a sloped [[Rump (animal)|croup]] and low-set tail. Legs have an oval-shaped [[Equine forelimb anatomy|cannon bone]],<ref name="Sponeberg" /> a trait considered indicative of "strong bone" or soundness.<ref name="haflingerhorse" /> The callousities known as [[Chestnut (horse anatomy)|chestnuts]] are small, on some so tiny that they are barely detectable. Most Bankers have no chestnuts on the hind legs.<ref name="HOAInspections" /> The coat can be any [[equine coat color|color]] but is most often [[bay (horse)|brown]], [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[dun gene|dun]], or [[Chestnut (coat)|chestnut]].<ref name="AmericanBreeds" /> Bankers have long-strided [[horse gait|gaits]] and many are able to [[Pacing (horse gait)|pace]] and [[Ambling|amble]].<ref name="Sponeberg" /> They are [[easy keeper]]s<ref name="HOAInspections" /> and are hardy, friendly, and docile.{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|pp=64–65}}

Several of the Bankers' characteristics indicate that they share ancestry with other [[Colonial Spanish horse]] breeds. The presence of the [[genetic marker]] "Q-ac" suggests that the horses share common ancestry with two other breeds of [[Iberian horse|Spanish descent]], the Pryor Mountain [[Mustang (horse)|Mustang]] and [[Paso Fino]]. These breeds diverged from one another 400 years ago.<ref name="shacklefordhorses" /> The breed shares skeletal traits of other Colonial Spanish horses: the wings of the [[atlas (anatomy)|atlas]] are lobed, rather than semicircular; and they are short-backed, with some individuals possessing five instead of six [[lumbar vertebrae]]. No changes in function result from these spinal differences. The convex facial profile common to the breed also indicates Spanish ancestry.<ref name="Sponeberg" />

== Breed history ==
Since they are free-roaming, Bankers are often referred to as [[Wild horse|"wild" horses]]; however, because they descend from domesticated ancestors, they are [[feral horse]]s.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=12–13}} It is thought that the Bankers arrived on the [[barrier islands]] during the 16th century. Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the horses' origins, but none have yet been fully verified.

[[File:NOAA- Outer Banks.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aerial view of a barrier island in the North Carolina Outer Banks]]

One theory is that ancestors of the Banker swam ashore from wrecked Spanish [[galleon]]s. Ships returning to Spain from the Americas often took advantage of both the [[Gulf Stream]] and continental [[trade wind]]s, on a route that brought them within {{convert|20|mi|km}} of the Outer Banks. Hidden shoals claimed many victims, and earned this region the name of "[[Graveyard of the Atlantic]]". At least eight shipwrecks discovered in the area are of Spanish origin, dating between 1528 and 1564. These ships sank close enough to land for the horses to have made the shores. Alternatively, during hazardous weather, ships may have taken refuge close to shore, where the horses may have been turned loose. However, the presence of horses on Spanish treasure ships has not been confirmed—cargo space was primarily intended for transporting riches such as gold and silver.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=21}}

Another conjecture is that the breed is descended from the 89 horses brought to the islands in 1526 by Spanish explorer [[Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón]]. His attempted colonization of [[San Miguel de Gualdape]] (near the [[Santee River]] in [[South Carolina]]) failed, forcing the colonists to move, possibly to North Carolina. Vázquez de Ayllón and about 450 of the original 600 colonists subsequently died as a result of desertion, disease, and an early frost. Lacking effective leadership, the new settlement lasted for only two months; the survivors abandoned the colony and fled to [[Hispaniola]], leaving their horses behind.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=16–20}}

A similar theory is that Sir [[Richard Grenville]] brought horses to the islands in 1585 during an attempt to establish an English naval base. All five of the expedition's vessels ran aground at Wococon (present-day [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke]]).{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=25–27}} Documents indicate that the ships carried various types of livestock obtained through trade in Hispaniola, including "mares, kyne [cattle], buls, goates, swine [and] sheep."{{sfn|Quinn|1955|p=187}} While the smaller vessels were easily refloated, one of Grenville's larger ships, the ''Tiger'', was nearly destroyed. Scholars believe that as the crew attempted to lighten the ship, they either unloaded the horses or forced them overboard, letting them swim to shore. In a letter to Sir [[Francis Walsingham]] that same year, Grenville suggested that livestock survived on the island after the grounding of his ships.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=25–27}}

== Life on the barrier islands ==
[[File:Shackleford Horse Digging Well.jpg|thumb|Drinking from a horse-dug water hole on Shackleford Banks]]

About 400 Bankers inhabit the long, narrow barrier islands of North Carolina's Outer Banks.<ref name="GaitedHorse" /> These islands are offshore sediment deposits separated from the mainland by a body of water such as an estuary<ref name="NOAA" /> or sound.{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|p=63}} The islands can be up to {{convert|30|mi|km}} from the shore; most are less than one mile (1.6 km) wide. Vegetation is sparse and consists mainly of coarse grasses and a few [[Stunt (botany)|stunted]] trees.{{sfn|Blythe|Egeblad|1983|pp=63–72}} Each island in the chain is separated from the next by a tidal [[inlet]].<ref name="NOAA" />

The Bankers' small stature can be attributed, in part, to limited nutrients in their diet.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=12}} They graze mostly on ''[[Spartina]]'' grasses but will feed on other plants such as bulrush (''[[Typha latifolia]]''), [[sea oats]],{{sfn|Rheinhardt|Rheinhardt|2004|pp=253–258}} and even [[poison ivy]].{{sfn|Harrison|2003|pp=211–213}} Horses living closer to human habitation, such as those on [[Bodie Island|Currituck Banks]], have sometimes grazed on residential lawns and landscaping.{{sfn|Rheinhardt|Rheinhardt|2004|pp=253–258}} Domesticated Bankers raised on manufactured horse feed from an early age tend to exhibit slightly larger frames.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=12}}

Water is a limiting resource for Bankers, as the islands are surrounded by [[seawater|salt water]] and have no [[freshwater]] springs or permanent ponds.{{sfn|Blythe|Egeblad|1983|pp=63–72}} The horses are dependent on [[ephemeral]] pools of rainwater and moisture in the vegetation they consume.{{sfn|Rheinhardt|Rheinhardt|2004|pp=253–258}} Bankers will dig shallow holes, ranging from {{convert|2.5|to|4|ft|m}} in depth, to reach fresh groundwater.{{sfn|Blythe|Egeblad|1983|pp=63–72}} Occasionally, they may resort to drinking seawater. This gives them a bloated appearance, a consequence of water retention caused by the body's effort to maintain [[osmoregulation|osmotic balance]].{{sfn|Dohner|2001|pp=400–401}}

== Land use controversies ==
The [[National Park Service]] (NPS) is concerned about the impact of Bankers on the environmental health of North Carolina's barrier islands. Initially, the NPS believed that the non-native Bankers would completely consume the ''[[Spartina alterniflora]]'' grasses and the maritime forests, as both were thought to be essential to their survival.{{sfn|Dohner|2001|pp=400–401}} Research in 1987 provided information on the horses' diet that suggested otherwise. Half of their diet consisted of ''Spartina'', while only 4% of their nutrients came from the maritime forest. The study concluded that sufficient nutrients were replenished with each ocean tide to prevent a decline in vegetative growth from overgrazing.{{sfn|Wood|Mengak|Murphy|2004|pp=236–244}} A 2004 study declared that the greatest impact on plant life was not from grazing but from the damage plants sustained when trampled by the horses' [[horse hoof|hooves]].{{sfn|Rheinhardt|Rheinhardt|2004|pp=253–258}} Bankers pose a threat to ground-nesting animals such as [[sea turtle]]s and [[wader|shorebird]]s. Feral horses interrupt nesting activities<ref name="Laliberté" /> and can crush the young.{{sfn|Dohner|2001|pp=400–401}}

== Management and adoption ==
As the Bankers are seen as a part of North Carolina's coastal heritage, they have been allowed to remain on the barrier islands.{{sfn|Dutson|2005|pp=323–325}} To cope with the expanding population, prevent [[inbreeding]] and attempt to minimize environmental damage, several organizations partner in managing the herds.

=== Ocracoke ===
[[File:Ocracoke ponies 01.jpg|thumb|A Banker horse on [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke Island]]]]

Since 1959, Bankers on [[Ocracoke, North Carolina|Ocracoke Island]] have been confined to fenced areas of approximately {{convert|180|acre|km2 sqmi|2}}. The areas protect the horses from the traffic of [[North Carolina Highway 12]], as well as safeguarding the island from overgrazing. The NPS, the authority managing the Ocracoke herd, supplements the horses' diet with additional hay and grain.<ref name="NPSCH" /> In 2006, as a precaution against inbreeding, two [[Filly|fillies]] from the Shackleford herd were transported to Ocracoke.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=77}}

=== Shackleford ===
[[Act of Congress|Public Law]] 105-229, commonly referred to as the [[Shackleford Banks]] Wild Horses Protection Act, states that the Bankers on Shackleford Island are to be jointly managed by the National Park Service and another qualified nonprofit entity (currently the Foundation for Shackleford Horses). The herd is limited to 120–130 horses. Population management is achieved through adoption and by administering the contraceptive vaccine ''[[Porcine zona pellucida]]'' (PZP) to individual mares via dart. The island's horse population is monitored by [[freeze branding]] numbers onto each animal's left hindquarter. The identification of individuals allows the National Park Service to ensure correct gender ratios and to select which mares to inject with PZP.

Since 2000, adoptions of Bankers from Shackleford have been managed by the Foundation for Shackleford Horses. As of 2007, 56 horses had found new homes, 10 resided with another herd on [[Cedar Island, North Carolina|Cedar Island]], and two had been moved to the Ocracoke herd.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=65–83}}

[[File:Branded Shackleford Pony.jpg|thumb|left|A freeze branded mare on Shackleford]]

On November 12, 1996, the Shackleford horses were rounded up by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Division and tested for [[equine infectious anemia]] (EIA). EIA is a potentially lethal disease, a [[lentivirus]] transmitted by bodily fluids and insects. Seventy-six of the 184 captured horses tested positive. Those that tested negative were allowed to remain on the island and those with the disease were transported to a temporary quarantine facility. Finding a permanent, isolated area for such a large number of Bankers was a challenging task for the Foundation; eight days later the state declared all proposed locations for the herd unsuitable. It ordered the euthanization of the 76 infected horses. Two more horses died in the process—one that was fatally injured during the roundup, and an uninfected [[foal]] that slipped into the quarantined herd to be with its mother.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|pp=61–63}}
{{clear}}

=== Currituck Banks ===
As a consequence of development in [[Corolla, North Carolina|Corolla]] and [[Sandbridge, Virginia Beach, Virginia|Sandbridge]] during the 1980s, horses on [[Bodie Island|Currituck Banks]] came into contact with humans more frequently.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.dailypress.com/2003-01-07/news/0301070094_1_defense-of-wild-horses-sandbridge-fence |title=Sandbridge Fences, Daily Press January 2003}}</ref> This proved to be dangerous and sometimes fatal for the horses. By 1989, eleven Bankers had been killed by cars on the newly constructed Highway 12,<ref name="ncbeaches" /> and several others in Sandbridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wildhorseislands.com/backbayfalsecapehorses.html|title=Back Bay False Cape Horses}}</ref> That same year, the Corolla Wild Horse Fund, a nonprofit organization, was created to protect the horses from human interference. As a result of its efforts, the remainder of the herd was moved to a more remote part of Currituck Banks,<ref name="corollawildhorses home" /> where they were fenced into {{convert|1800|acre|km2 sqmi|2}} of combined federal and privately donated land between Corolla and the [[Virginia]]/North Carolina line. Corolla commissioners declared the site a horse sanctuary.{{sfn|Dohner|2001|pp=400–401}} The population is now managed by adopting out [[yearling (horse)|yearling]]s, both [[filly|fillies]] and [[gelding|gelded]] colts.<ref name="corollawildhorses adoption" /> Conflicts over the preservation of the horses continued into 2012.<ref name="NYTimes 2012-05-07" /> In 2013, legislation was introduced to help preserve the herd on Currituck.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raia |first=Pat |url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/32003/corolla-wild-horse-bill-gets-house-nod |title=Corolla Wild Horse Bill Gets House Nod |publisher=TheHorse.com |accessdate=2013-06-06}}</ref>

=== Rachel Carson Site, North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve ===
A herd lives on the [[Rachel Carson]] component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve, a series of five small islands and several salt marshes.<ref name="nccoastalreserve about" /> There were no horses at the Sanctuary until the 1940s. It is unclear whether the Bankers swam over from nearby Shackleford{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|p=65}} or were left by residents who had used the islands to graze livestock. They are owned and managed by the state of North Carolina and regarded as a cultural resource.

No management action was taken until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when after years of flourishing population, the island's [[carrying capacity]] was exceeded. Malnourishment caused by overcrowding resulted in the deaths of several horses; the reserve's staff instituted a birth control program to restrict the herd to about 40 animals.<ref name="NCreserve" />

== Uses ==
Adopted Bankers are often used for [[pleasure riding]] and [[driving (horse)|driving]].{{sfn|Dutson|2005|pp=323–325}} As they have a calm disposition,{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|p=65}} they are used as children's mounts.{{sfn|Dutson|2005|pp=323–325}} The breed has also been used in several mounted patrols.{{sfn|Hendricks|1995|p=65}}

Before 1915, the United States Lifesaving Service used horses for beach watches and rescues. In addition to carrying park rangers on patrols,{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=48}} the horses hauled equipment to and from shipwreck sites.<ref name="NPSCH" /> During World War II, the [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] used them for patrols.<ref name="NPSCH" /> In the 1980s Bankers were used for beach duty at [[Cape Hatteras National Seashore]].{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=48}}

In 1955, ten horses were taken from the Ocracoke herd as a project for [[Mounted Boy Scout Troop 290]]. After taming and [[livestock branding|branding]] the horses, the scouts trained them for public service activities. The Bankers were ridden in [[parade horse|parades]] and used as mounts during programs to spray mosquito-ridden salt marshes.{{sfn|Prioli|2007|p=48}}

== See also ==
* [[The Livestock Conservancy]]
* [[Carolina Marsh Tacky]]
* [[Chincoteague Pony]]
* [[Cumberland Island horse]]
* [[Equus Survival Trust]]
* [[Sable Island Pony]]
* [[Wildlife of North Carolina]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''

{{reflist
| colwidth = 25em
| refs =
<ref name="GaitedHorse">
{{cite web
| last = Campbell Smith
| first = Donna
| title = Breed Profile: Banker Horses
| publisher = The Gaited Horse Magazine
| url = http://thegaitedhorse.com/banker_horses.htm
| accessdate = September 29, 2011
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080706053149/http://www.thegaitedhorse.com/banker_horses.htm
| archivedate = July 6, 2008
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Sponeberg">
{{Cite web |url=http://www.horseweb.com/heritagebreedssouthwest/update.htm |title=North American Colonial Spanish Horse Update |last=Sponenberg |first=D. Phillip |date=August 2005 |publisher=Heritage Breeds Southwest |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130506223905/http://www.horseweb.com/heritagebreedssouthwest/update.htm |archive-date=May 6, 2013 |dead-url=yes |access-date=January 11, 2009}}
</ref>

<ref name="haflingerhorse">
{{cite web
| title = Breeding Objectives for the American Haflinger Registry
| publisher = American Haflinger Registry
| url = http://www.haflingerhorse.com/documents/Breeding%20Objectives8-05.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = October 19, 2008
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080908010448/http://haflingerhorse.com/documents/Breeding%20Objectives8-05.pdf| archivedate= 8 September 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

<ref name="HOAInspections">
{{cite web
| last = Ives
| first = Vickie
|author2=Tom Norush|author3=Gretchen Patterson
| date = February 2007
| title = Corolla and Shackleford Horse of the Americas Inspection
| publisher = Horse of the Americas
| url = http://www.corollawildhorses.com/Images/HOA%20Report/hoa-report.pdf
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318105441/http://www.corollawildhorses.com/Images/HOA%20Report/hoa-report.pdf
| archivedate = 2009-03-18
| format = PDF
| accessdate = January 11, 2009
}}
</ref>

<ref name="AmericanBreeds">
{{cite web
| title = Colonial Spanish Horse
| publisher = American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
| url = http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/colonialspanish.html
| accessdate = October 19, 2008
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081201053451/http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/colonialspanish.html| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

<ref name="shacklefordhorses">
{{cite web
| last = Mason
| first = Carolyn
| date = November 17, 1997
| title = Shackleford Horses Timeline- History on Hooves: The Horses of Shackleford Banks
| publisher = The Foundation for Shackleford Horses
| url = http://www.shacklefordhorses.org/timeline.htm
| accessdate = January 11, 2009
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090203150239/http://shacklefordhorses.org/timeline.htm| archivedate= 3 February 2009 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

<ref name="NOAA">
{{cite web
| title = Barrier Islands: Formation and Evolution
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| accessdate = January 12, 2009
| url = http://www.csc.noaa.gov/beachnourishment/html/geo/barrier.htm
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100808200102/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/beachnourishment/html/geo/barrier.htm
| archivedate = August 8, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Laliberté">
{{cite web
| last = Laliberté
| first = Jennifer
| title = Natural Resource Assessment
| work = National Parks Conservation Association
| publisher = Duke University
| url = http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/279/1/LaliberteJ.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = January 23, 2009
}}
</ref>

<ref name="NPSCH">
{{cite web
| title = Ocracoke Ponies: The Wild Bankers of Ocracoke Island
| date = November 7, 2003
| work = National Park Service: Cape Hatteras National Seashore
| publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service
| accessdate = November 11, 2008
| url = http://www.nps.gov/caha/historyculture/ocracokeponies.htm
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211095209/http://www.nps.gov/caha/historyculture/ocracokeponies.htm| archivedate= 11 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

<ref name="ncbeaches">
{{cite news
| publisher = NC Beaches
| year = 2007
| title = Wild Horses of North Carolina
| url = http://www.ncbeaches.com/Features/Wildlife/WildHorsesNorthCarolina/
| accessdate = December 29, 2008
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090125161242/http://www.ncbeaches.com/Features/Wildlife/WildHorsesNorthCarolina/| archivedate= 25 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

<ref name="corollawildhorses home">
{{cite web
| title = What is the Corolla Wild Horse Fund
| publisher = Corolla Wild Horse Fund
| url = http://www.corollawildhorses.com/index.html
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120228210011/http://www.corollawildhorses.com/index.html
| archivedate = 2012-02-28
| accessdate = February 17, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="corollawildhorses adoption">
{{cite web
|title=Adoption Program
|date=December 23, 2008
|publisher=Corolla Wild Horse Fund
|url=http://www.corollawildhorses.com/adoption.html
|accessdate=December 29, 2008
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204073337/http://www.corollawildhorses.com/adoption.html
|archivedate=4 December 2008
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}
</ref>

<ref name="NYTimes 2012-05-07">
{{cite news
| last = Beil
| first = Laura
| date = May 7, 2012
| title = Wild Horses' Fate in Outer Banks Lies in Preservation Clash
| newspaper = The New York Times
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/science/wild-horses-fate-in-outer-banks-lies-in-preservation-clash.html
| accessdate = September 19, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="nccoastalreserve about">
{{cite web
|title=Rachel Carson
|year=2007
|publisher=North Carolina Coastal Reserve
|url=http://www.nccoastalreserve.net/About-The-Reserve/National-Reserve-Sites/Rachel-Carson/58.aspx
|accessdate=March 15, 2009
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321001317/http://www.nccoastalreserve.net/About-The-Reserve/National-Reserve-Sites/Rachel-Carson/58.aspx
|archivedate=21 March 2009
|deadurl=yes
}}
</ref>

<ref name="NCreserve">
{{cite web
| last = Fear
| first = John
| year = 2008
| title = Rachel Carson Component
| work = North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve
| publisher = North Carolina Coastal Reserve
| url = http://www.nccoastalreserve.net/uploads/File/general/siteProfileChapter3%20.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = November 15, 2008
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081219185002/http://www.nccoastalreserve.net/uploads/File/general/siteProfileChapter3%20.pdf| archivedate= 19 December 2008 | deadurl=yes}}
</ref>

}}

'''Bibliography'''

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Blythe
| first1 = William B.
| last2 = Egeblad
| first2 = K.
| year = 1983
| title = The banker ponies of North Carolina and the Ghyben-Herzberg principle
| journal = Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
| volume = 94
| issue = 6
| pages = 63–72
| pmid = 7186237
| pmc = 2279567
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia
| last = Dohner
| first = Janet Vorwald
| editor =
| year = 2001
| encyclopedia = Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds
| title = Equines: Banker
| publisher = Yale University Press
| location = Topeka, Kansas
| volume =
| pages = 400–401
| isbn = 978-0-300-08880-9
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Dutson
| first = Judith
| year = 2005
| title = Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America
| publisher = Storey Publishing
| pages = 323–325
| isbn = 978-1-58017-612-5
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Harrison
| first = Molly
| date = August 1, 2003
| title = Exploring Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout National Seashores
| publisher = Globe Pequot
| pages = 211–213
| isbn = 978-0-7627-2609-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hendricks
| first = Bonnie Lou
| year = 1995
| title = International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds
| publisher = University of Oklahoma Press
| pages = 63–65
| isbn = 978-0-8061-2753-8
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Prioli
| first = Carmine
| year = 2007
| title = The Wild Horses of Shackleford Banks
| publisher = Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair
| pages = 15–27
| isbn = 978-0-89587-334-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Quinn
| editor-first = David
| editor-link = David Beers Quinn
| title = The Roanoke Voyages: 1584–1590
| year = 1955
| publisher = Hakluyt Society
| location = London
| page = 187
| isbn = 978-0-486-26513-1
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Rheinhardt
| first1 = Richard
| last2 = Rheinhardt
| first2 = Martha
|date=May 2004
| title = Feral Horse Seasonal Habitat Use on a Coastal Barrier Spit
| journal = Journal of Range Management
| volume = 57
| issue = 3
| pages = 253–258
| issn = 1551-5028
| doi = 10.2111/1551-5028(2004)057[0253:FHSHUO]2.0.CO;2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1 = Wood
| first1 = Gene W.
| last2 = Mengak
| first2 = Michael T.
| last3 = Murphy
| first3 = Mark
| year = 2004
| title = Ecological Importance of Feral Ungulates at Shackleford Banks, North Carolina
| journal = American Midland Naturalist
| volume = 118
| issue = 2
| pages = 236–244
| doi = 10.2307/2425780
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}

{{Featured article}}

{{Equine|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States]]
[[Category:Feral horses]]
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Outer Banks]]
[[Category:Horse breeds originating in the United States]]

Double dip

2018-09-27T18:18:57Z

Fallen Sheep: + roller coaster element

{{wiktionary|double-dip|double-dipped|double-dipping|double-dips}}
'''Double dip''' may refer to:

;Food
* [[Chips and dip#Double-dipping]], to put a food item (like a vegetable or tortilla chip) into a food dip, take a bite and put it back in
* [[Double Dip (confectionery)]], a confectionery produced by Swizzels Matlow

;Economics
* The practice of selling a media item to a consumer multiple times via a [[special edition]]
* [[Double-dip recession]], a recession shape used by economists
* During the [[United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal]], the term "double dipping" was used to refer to two Members of Parliament (generally a married couple) who live together, both claiming expenses on the rent/mortgage/expenses of the same home. It also applied where one MP claimed their original home on expenses, and the other claimed their London home on expenses.

;Other
* A [[meteorological]] term referring to both an "early high" [[temperature]] and a "late low" [[temperature]] in the same day
* [[Double dipping]], the practice of simultaneously holding multiple elected positions
* Double dipping, another name for [[circular analysis]] in statistics
* A lifeline in the game show ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'' in which a contestant takes two tries at a question. If the contestant's first answer is wrong, he or she must choose from the remaining three answers, but if the second answer is also wrong, the contestant's game is over
* The practice of using both a [[tanning bed]] and a [[sunless tanning]] method to achieve a very dark tan
* [[Open access#Funding|Double dipping (Open Access)]], institutions (universities) pay for open access publishing of an article and pay for the subscription of this journals
* A [[Roller coaster elements#Double down and double up|roller coaster element]] whose hill is divided into two separate drops

{{disambiguation}}

KCTV-Tower

2018-09-25T10:02:49Z

Fallen Sheep: Linked paragraph about tower

#REDIRECT [[KCTV#Tower]]

Qixia, Nanjing

2017-03-15T12:06:27Z

Fallen Sheep: /* Natural and historical sites */ + Qixia Mountain link

{{Infobox settlement
|name = {{raise|0.2em|Qixia}}
|native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|栖霞区}}}}}}
|official_name =
|settlement_type = [[District (China)|District]]
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|image_skyline =
|image_map =
|map_caption = Location of the county
|pushpin_map = China Jiangsu
|pushpin_label = Qixia
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jiangsu
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Jiangsu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Sub-provincial city]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Nanjing]]
|subdivision_type3 = Subdivisions
|subdivision_name3 =
|area_total_km2 =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|coordinates_region = CN-32
|coordinates_format = dms
|coordinates_display=inline,title
|latNS = N
|latd = 32.1353
|latm =
|lats =
|longEW = E
|longd = 119.0032
|longm =
|longs =
|elevation_ft =
|elevation_m =
|timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset = +8
|website =
| blank_name_sec1 = Nanjing district map
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Nanjing districts}}
}}
[[File:Xiao Hui - eastern bixie - P1070544.JPG|thumb|A ''[[bixie]]'' (winged lion) at the tomb of Xiao Hui, seen against the background of Ganjiaxiang, an industrial section of Qixia District]]
[[File:Map of West Qixia.svg|thumb|Westen Part of Qixia District]]
'''Qixia District''' ({{zh|s=栖霞区 |t=棲霞區|p=Qīxiá qū or {{citation needed span|Xīxiá qū|date=June 2014}}}}) is one of 11 [[District of China|districts]] of [[Nanjing]], the capital of [[Jiangsu]] province, China, straddling both sides of the [[Yangtze River]].

It has an area of 80 km2 and a population of 400,000.<ref name=autogenerated1>http://www.qixia.gov.cn/doce/dili.html</ref>

==Natural and historical sites==
[[Qixia Mountain]] is in Qixia District. [[Qixia Temple]], a [[Southern Tang]] Buddhist temple, is there. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the [[Qianlong Emperor]] praised it as the most elegant mountain in Jinling.<ref name=autogenerated2>http://www.qixia.gov.cn/doce/jianjie.html</ref>

A number of [[Liang dynasty]] tombs are in the district, primarily in and around the Ganjiaxiang section of the district. Among them, particularly well known is that of [[Xiao Xiu]] (475–518), containing one of the best surviving sets of the period's statuary.<ref>[http://www.jllib.org.cn/ffy/nclmsksy/xiaoxiumusk.htm 梁安成康王萧秀墓石刻] (Sculptures at the Tomb of Xiao Xiu) {{zh icon}} (description and modern photos)</ref>

==Geography==
Qixia District includes northern and northeastern parts of the greater Nanjing area, on the right (southeastern) side of the Yangtze River.

==Administration==
The government of Qixia District administers five subdistricts and three towns. They are:<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Subdistricts===
*Yaohua
*Maigaoqiao
*Yanziji
*Maqun
*Qixia

===Towns===
*Longtan
*Jing'an
*Baguazhou

==Economy==
Qixia Town is an important land and water transport hub. It is connected to the Shanghai-Nanjing Railway. The No. 312 National Highway and Qixia Highway runs through it.

It is also connected to the adjacent Second Yangtze River Bridge and Xinshengwei Port to the west, and Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway to the south, opposite the Yangtze River to the north, and east of Longtan Deep Water Port.

== Education ==
Qixia district is the location of the Xianlin University City which hosts ten major universities from Jiangsu province.

[[Nanjing International School]] (NIS) is a Pre-k - 12 school for foreign students

The Japanese Weekend School of Nanjing (南京日本語補習授業校 ''Nankin Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō''), a [[Hoshuko|Japanese weekend program]], holds its classes at NIS.<ref>"[http://www.njjapan-school.com/?page_id=6 学校案内]." Japanese Weekend School of Nanjing. Retrieved on April 1, 2015. "所在地
南京国際学校 (NIS)"</ref>

== Geography ==
Qixia is 16 km from Nanjing City [[Central Business District]] and 40 km from Nanjing Lukou International Airport.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.qixia.gov.cn/ Qixia District Government Website] {{zh-cn icon}}

{{Nanjing}}

{{County-level divisions of Jiangsu}}

[[Category:Districts of Nanjing]]
[[Category:County-level divisions of Jiangsu]]

{{Jiangsu-geo-stub}}