Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Jschlatt

2024-10-22T20:21:10Z

GenEli1L1:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}{{For|other uses|Schlatt (disambiguation){{!}}Schlatt}}{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[TommyInnit]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
* [[Osama bin Laden|Ted Nivison]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt's GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube | date=4 March 2019 |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube | date=27 December 2019 |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |date=24 January 2021 }}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snavely |first=Adam |date=2022-12-24 |title=Jschlatt and OTK part ways so creator can 'fulfill his goals' for 2023 |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/jschlatt-and-otk-part-ways-so-creator-can-fulfill-his-goals-for-2023 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''Did Schlatt Win?''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches 'Did Schlatt Win' debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== ''My Way'' cover ====
{{Main article|My Way#Jschlatt}}
On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of 'My Way' and it's glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, but is currently available on other channels.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=jschlatt+my+way</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in accusations of [[racism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes "blackface" thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made, and relevancy of the dispute has since dissipated.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:15:38Z

GenEli1L1: /* Music */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[TommyInnit]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
*[[September 11 attacks|Ted Nivison]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt’s GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |publisher=Dexerto}}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=OTK confirm Jschlatt departure so he can “fulfill his goals” in 2023 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/otk-confirm-jschlatt-departure-so-he-can-fulfill-his-goals-in-2023-2017965/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[Podcast|podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''DID SCHLATT WIN?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches ‘Did Schlatt Win’ debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>'' The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other Ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of ‘My Way’ and it’s glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, and it currently is available on other channels.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=jschlatt+my+way</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in extreme backlash, with many believing he was a [[Racism|racist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes “blackface” thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:14:26Z

GenEli1L1: /* Music */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[TommyInnit]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
*[[September 11 attacks|Ted Nivison]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt’s GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |publisher=Dexerto}}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=OTK confirm Jschlatt departure so he can “fulfill his goals” in 2023 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/otk-confirm-jschlatt-departure-so-he-can-fulfill-his-goals-in-2023-2017965/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[Podcast|podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''DID SCHLATT WIN?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches ‘Did Schlatt Win’ debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>'' The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other Ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of ‘My Way’ and it’s glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, and it currently is available on other channels.<ref>{{https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=jschlatt+my+wayk}}</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in extreme backlash, with many believing he was a [[Racism|racist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes “blackface” thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:07:43Z

GenEli1L1:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[TommyInnit]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
*[[September 11 attacks|Ted Nivison]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt’s GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |publisher=Dexerto}}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=OTK confirm Jschlatt departure so he can “fulfill his goals” in 2023 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/otk-confirm-jschlatt-departure-so-he-can-fulfill-his-goals-in-2023-2017965/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[Podcast|podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''DID SCHLATT WIN?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches ‘Did Schlatt Win’ debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>'' The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other Ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of ‘My Way’ and it’s glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, and it currently remains unavailable.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |title=jschlatt — My Way (Official) |last=jschlatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229070215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |archive-date=2024-02-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in extreme backlash, with many believing he was a [[Racism|racist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes “blackface” thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Talk:Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:05:15Z

GenEli1L1: /* Page title */ new section

{{Old RfD |date=9 March 2022 |result='''keep''' |page=2022 March 25#Jschlatt}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Start|listas=Jschlatt|living=yes|1=
{{WikiProject Biography |a&e-work-group=yes |a&e-priority=Low}}
{{WikiProject Articles for creation|class=Redirect|ts=20210903052729|reviewer=MJL}}
{{WikiProject YouTube |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject New York (state) |importance=Low}}
}}

== Requesting main article opposed to a redirect ==

Jschlatt is notable enough for a Wikipedia article, aye? Think we can whip up a draft of one?— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Dylanstone2|Dylanstone2]] ([[User talk:Dylanstone2#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dylanstone2|contribs]]) 17:48, 5 September 2021 (UTC)
:{{re|Dylanstone2}} There's not enough coverage in [[wp:reliable sources|reliable sources]] for that, sadly. –[[User:MJL|MJL]] [[User talk:MJL|‐'''Talk'''‐]][[WP:WikiProject Connecticut|☖]] 19:46, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

==Make into full article==

I've found 9 pages worth of articles in the "News" section of Google. That's around 60 sources. I think that's enough for an article. [[User:Cereally8|Cereally8]] ([[User talk:Cereally8|talk]]) 03:48, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

:Just checked, and you're probably right. I think he meets the notability standards as well. [[User:Pineappman|Pineappman]] ([[User talk:Pineappman|talk]]) 05:57, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

== Block access to versions with jschlatt's real name? ==

Please refer to the first three edits made on September 23, 2024 (GMT), for context.

Is any administrator here able to block access to all versions of this article that contain or suggest jschlatt's real name? At one point, there was a section of this article titled "Personal life", which included a source that allegedly contains his real name. From what I understand, Schlatt used the name Jebediah Schlatt during SMPLive, and now uses the name Jared, starting during his interview with Anthony Padilla. I also see sources that claim his real name is Jonathan/Johnathan Schlatt. Given the fake names he associates with himself, it's likely that Schlatt does not want his real name to be public, which makes the inclusion of that "Personal life" section (with the respective source) a violation of [[WP:BLPPRIVACY]]. Again, is an administrator here able to block access to the respective versions of this article?

[[Special:Contributions/96.235.164.171|96.235.164.171]] ([[User talk:96.235.164.171|talk]]) 18:19, 4 October 2024 (UTC)

== Page title ==

The main page say "jschlatt," which is technically his name or whatever, but I feel like it should be Jschlatt. [[User:GenEli1L1|GenEli1L1]] ([[User talk:GenEli1L1|talk]]) 02:05, 5 October 2024 (UTC)

Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:03:20Z

GenEli1L1: Undid revision 1249466088 by GenEli1L1 (talk)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[Wilbur Soot]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt’s GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |publisher=Dexerto}}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=OTK confirm Jschlatt departure so he can “fulfill his goals” in 2023 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/otk-confirm-jschlatt-departure-so-he-can-fulfill-his-goals-in-2023-2017965/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[Podcast|podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''DID SCHLATT WIN?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches ‘Did Schlatt Win’ debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>'' The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other Ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of ‘My Way’ and it’s glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, and it currently remains unavailable.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |title=jschlatt — My Way (Official) |last=jschlatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229070215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |archive-date=2024-02-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in extreme backlash, with many believing he was a [[Racism|racist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes “blackface” thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Jschlatt

2024-10-05T02:02:32Z

GenEli1L1:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:jschlatt}}
{{Short description|American internet personality (born 1999)}}
{{Primary sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = jschlatt
| image = JSCHLATT (Better Edit).jpg
| caption = Schlatt in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|09|10}}
| birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[YouTuber]]
* [[Twitch streamer]]
* Podcast host
}}
| signature = Jschlatt signature.png
| website = {{URL|schlatt.co}}
| channel_name = jschlattLIVE
| channel_direct_url = jschlattLIVE
| location = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York State]], U.S
| years_active = 2014–present
| genre = {{Flatlist|
* [[Video game live streaming|Gaming]]
* [[Reaction video|Reaction]]
* IRL
}}
| subscribers = * 4.41 million (main channnel)
*{{Rounddown|{{Sum
|4.41
|2.9
|1.34
|1.12
|0.947
|0.661
|0.754
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="YTSubs"|
Subscribers, broken down by channel: 
4.41 million (jschlattLIVE) 
2.9 million (Big guy) 
1.34 million (jschlatt) 
1.12 million (Schlatt & Co.) 
947 thousand (theweeklyslap) 
661 thousand (Sleep Deprived) 
754 thousand (jschlattVODS) 
430 thousand (DID SCHLATT WIN?)
}}
| network = [[One True King]] (2021–2022)
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
* [[[[September 11 attacks|Ted Nivison]]
* [[TommyInnit]]
* [[One True King]]
* [[Ludwig Ahgren]]
}}
| module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer
| subbox = yes
| name =
| channel_display_name = schlatt
| years_active = 2014–present
| followers = * 2.2 million (main channel)
* {{Rounddown|{{Sum
|2.2
|0.581
}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|name="TwitchFollowers"|
Followers, broken down by channel: 
2.2 million (schlatt) 
581 thousand (bigguy)
}}
}}
| stats_update = September 20, 2024
}}

'''jschlatt''' (born September 10, 1999),<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Rgu-vhItTM |title=I Googled Myself. |date=2021-12-09 |last=jschlattLIVE |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> also known as '''Schlatt''', is an American [[YouTuber]], [[Twitch streamer]], entrepreneur, and podcaster. He is best known for a variety of online content, including gaming, vlogging, reacting, and skits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> Schlatt is the current owner of GamerSupps<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Garg |first=Anuradha |date=2022-07-05 |title=Jschlatt’s GamerSupps' Controversies and Lawsuit, Explained |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-gamersupps/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref> and former co-owner of [[One True King]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarendon |first=Dan |date=2021-12-03 |title=Esports Org OTK Now Boasts Heavy-Hitters From Twitch and YouTube |url=https://marketrealist.com/p/who-owns-otk/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Market Realist |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of September 2024, Schlatt has a combined following of over 10 million subscribers on [[YouTube]]{{Efn|name=YTSubs}} and nearly 3 million combined followers on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].{{Efn|name=TwitchFollowers}}

== Career ==
=== YouTube ===
Schlatt began creating YouTube videos in 2010, recording ''[[Call of Duty]]'' gameplay videos alongside his acquaintances at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM-0NFW6hCQ |title=8 years of creating. |date=2018-10-19 |last=theweeklyslap |type=Podcast |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In July of 2013, the original ''jschlatt'' channel was created, with his first video being uploaded the following year. His content primarily consisted of [[Video essay|video essays]] covering various topics of interest, including astronomy, technology, music, and gaming. On February 6, 2018, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "elon r u ok", which would go on to become his most popular video, and served as a catalyst for his career.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8uyilHatBA |title=elon r u ok |date=2018-02-06 |last=jschlatt |access-date=2024-06-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

During the earlier stages of his career, Schlatt remained a faceless content creator. He would later reveal his face after defeating the final boss of ''[[Minecraft]]'' on stream, in a video uploaded to his channel on September 26, 2019.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Osborne |first=Mary |date=2022-10-08 |title=The Biggest Streamer Face Reveals Of All Time |url=https://www.svg.com/1045151/the-biggest-streamer-face-reveals-of-all-time/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=SVG |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Livestreaming ===
Schlatt began streaming in June of 2018, playing a variety of different games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlatt - Streams List and Statistics |url=https://twitchtracker.com/schlatt/streams |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=TwitchTracker |language=en}}</ref> most notably ''[[Cities: Skylines]]'' and ''Minecraft''. On March 1, 2019, Schlatt joined "SMPLive", a pivotal turning point in his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginning of my minecraft server... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0yfuG365yQ |website=Youtube |publisher=CallMeCarsonLIVE |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref> SMPLive was a [[Minecraft server|''Minecraft'' server]] that brought together dozens of content creators to stream themselves as they interacted within a shared ''Minecraft'' environment. Schlatt's involvement with the server surged his internet presence, gaining him thousands of new followers and subscribers.<ref name="100k Subscriber Milestone">{{cite web |title=Jschlatt's Original Face Reveal at 100k Subs |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq4A1Ec-yWc |website=YouTube |access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in December of 2019, Schlatt went on an unannounced hiatus from streaming for over 2 years. In the meantime, his internet presence grew larger and more prominent on YouTube, prompting fans and fellow collaborators to ask for a grand return to Twitch.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Georgina |title=Jschlatt teases return to Twitch after year of not streaming |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-teases-return-to-twitch-after-year-of-not-streaming-1500680/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Dexerto |publisher=Dexerto}}</ref> On December 16, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a video titled "i'm quitting youtube", in which he announced his return to streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyre |first=Clayton |date=2021-12-17 |title=Schlatt Announces Twitch Streaming Return |url=https://gamerant.com/schlatt-announces-twitch-streaming-return/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |last2=Education |first2=Communication |date=2021-12-16 |title=Jschlatt announces return to Twitch streaming after two year absence |url=https://www.invenglobal.com/articles/15985/jschlatt-announces-return-to-twitch |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=InvenGlobal |language=en}}</ref>

Schlatt joined [[One True King]] in 2021 as a co-owner, appearing in various videos and livestreams hosted by the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=2021-05-24 |title=One True King organization welcomes newest member Jschlatt |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/one-true-king-organization-welcomes-newest-member-jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref> He later left the company in 2022 to pursue his own goals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=OTK confirm Jschlatt departure so he can “fulfill his goals” in 2023 |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/otk-confirm-jschlatt-departure-so-he-can-fulfill-his-goals-in-2023-2017965/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>

=== Podcasts ===
Schlatt has been involved with a number of [[Podcast|podcasts]] over his career, most notably ''Sleep Deprived''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sleep Deprived |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SleepDeprived |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> and ''Chuckle Sandwich'', the latter of which he co-hosts with Ted Nivison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chuckle Sandwich |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/78PyQphowySboNLN1tb9mP |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref>

On March 8, 2023, Schlatt publicly announced a new podcast titled ''DID SCHLATT WIN?<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=Jschlatt launches ‘Did Schlatt Win’ debate podcast with first episode |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/jschlatt-launches-did-schlatt-win-debate-podcast-with-first-episode-2081202/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref>'' The first episode released later that month. The podcast's format involved Schlatt engaging in "pointless" debates with a special guest each episode, with a focus on comedy. Notable guests included [[Hasan Piker]], [[Ludwig Ahgren]], and [[TommyInnit]], among others. As of September 2024, the podcast is believed to have been abandoned by Schlatt in order to focus on other projects.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Schlatt also runs a small solo podcast called the ''The Weekly Slap''<ref>{{Cite web |title=theweeklyslap |url=https://www.youtube.com/@theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Weekly Slap |url=https://open.spotify.com/show/6lAcNYOQD9Rs9jEp3iUiDg |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref> where he intentionally mirrors the "old school style" of ''Call of Duty'' commentaries and offers advice to viewers. This channel has been running since September 28, 2018<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VughEmMraA |title=Welcome home. |date=2018-09-28 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has been uploading spontaneously.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhbiP0eqjqQ |title=Goodbye for now. |date=2020-12-25 |last=theweeklyslap |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Other Ventures ==
{{listen
| type = music
| filename = Schlatt's Basement - Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium.ogg
| title = "Schlatt's Basement"
| description = The tenth track on the album ''Lud and Schlatt Crossing'' by Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium. Music by Phillip Milman in 2023; funded by Ludwig Ahgren and Jschlatt.
| length = hide
}}

=== Music ===
On September 28, 2022, Schlatt and Ludwig Ahgren created the YouTube channel Lud and Schlatts Musical Emporium, a collaborative project aimed at providing royalty-free recordings of famous [[Classical music|classical]] compositions, as well as original, [[Nintendo]]-inspired music, for use in content creation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Polhamus |first=Blaine |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Ludwig and JSchlatt are helping YouTube creators avoid copyright claims with a new music project |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124115/https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-helping-youtube-creators-avoid-copyright-claims-with-a-new-music-project |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=F |first=Victoria |date=September 28, 2022 |title=How Ludwig And Jschlatt Are Combating YouTube's Copyright Rules - SVG |url=https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124112/https://www.svg.com/1029640/how-ludwig-and-jschlatt-are-combating-youtubes-copyright-rules/ |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=SVG.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koh |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-02 |title=Music and Mogul Money: interviewing UR grad Philip Milman |url=https://www.campustimes.org/2022/10/02/music-and-mogul-money-interviewing-ur-grad-philip-milman/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Campus Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 15, 2023, Schlatt released a cover of [[Frank Sinatra]]'s "[[My Way]]" in response to the large amount of [[AI song covers|artificial intelligence-created song covers]] utilizing his voice and likeness.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=James |date=2023-12-16 |title=AI favorite Jschlatt just released a genuine cover of ‘My Way’ and it’s glorious |url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/ai-favorite-jschlatt-just-released-a-genuine-cover-of-my-way-and-its-glorious |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dot Esports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Randall |first=Harvey |date=2023-12-18 |title='We got Obama, Squidward, Biden and Trump again, and then there's me!' YouTuber stands in front of an avalanche of AI covers using 'his' voice and belts Sinatra's My Way |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/we-got-obama-squidward-biden-and-trump-again-and-then-theres-me-youtuber-stands-in-front-of-an-avalanche-of-ai-covers-using-his-voice-and-belts-sinatras-my-way/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}</ref> It was later taken down by [[Universal Music Group]] due to copyright concerns, and it currently remains unavailable.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |title=jschlatt — My Way (Official) |last=jschlatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229070215/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DoB32FZoO4&t=0s |archive-date=2024-02-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Rammie ===
The Rammie character debuted in 2017, created by Dana Clement for Schlatt's new profile picture.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=945352792197292033 |user=jschlatt |title=I'm happy to show you my new YouTube profile picture, made by @DannaClement! |date=2017-12-25 |access-date=2024-06-13}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=September 2024}} Schlatt has used the Rammie brand in multiple [[Youtooz|YouTooz]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Abdullah |date=2024-01-07 |title=Best Youtooz Plushies Of 2024 |url=https://www.thegamer.com/best-youtooz-plushies/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dream SMP ===
Despite never streaming on the server, Schlatt gained a considerable audience for his involvement in the [[Dream SMP]]. He was added to the server on July 16, 2020, by [[TommyInnit]] and [[Sapnap]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHZtwRhh79s |title=TommyInnit meets jschlatt for the first time. |date=2020-07-17 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |last2=Armstrong |first2=Nicholas |last3=jschlatt |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> before being subsequently banned the same day by [[Dream (YouTuber)|Dream]], the owner of the server. He was later whitelisted on September 20, 2020,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z0wWX0msOg |title=jschlatt gets unbanned from the Dream SMP |date=2020-09-21 |last=Simons |first=Thomas Michael |access-date=2024-09-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and participated in the server for a brief time. Despite his minimal appearances, his involvement with the server would further grow his audience and channel.

== Controversies ==
On March 21, 2021, Schlatt uploaded a gameplay video on [[Jackbox Games]]' ''[[The Jackbox Party Pack|Survive the Internet]].'' The original thumbnail had a poorly drawn face colored in black with the words 'blackface' next to it, resulting in extreme backlash, with many believing he was a [[Racism|racist]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-21 |title=YouTuber Jschlatt changes “blackface” thumbnail after racism accusations |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/youtuber-jschlatt-changes-blackface-thumbnail-after-racism-accusations-1538033/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Dexerto |language=en}}</ref> In response, he changed the thumbnail to a poorly drawn depiction of the former [[Twitter|X]] logo, then known as Twitter, with the words "Dumb Bird" written next to it. No further response was made.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2021, allegations against Schlatt were made after an old tweet from 2018 resurfaced in which he replied "the face of allah." to a photo of Twitch streamer Scott Fisher. No response was made.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Press-Reynolds |first=Kieran |title=A streamer whose frequent 'cancellations' sparked a meme is accused of Islamophobia for 2018 Allah tweet |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jschlatt-youtube-streaming-allah-tweet-islamophobia-controversy-2021-6 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gaming YouTubers]]
[[Category:English-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Minecraft YouTubers]]
[[Category:YouTubers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:YouTube channels launched in 2013]]
[[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]]

Anglo-Nepalese War

2024-10-03T01:50:10Z

GenEli1L1:

{{short description|1814–1816 war between Nepal and Britain}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Nepalese War
| image = Death of Rollo Gillespie (Cassell's illustrated history of India).png
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The death of [[Rollo Gillespie]] at the [[Battle of Nalapani]]
| date = 1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816
| place = [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| result = British victory. Crushing defeat of Nepal.
* [[Treaty of Sugauli]]
| territory = Nepal renounced all claim to the disputed Tarai, and ceded its conquests west of the Kali River and extending to the Sutlej River.
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
| commander1 = {{plainlist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Earl of Moira]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[David Ochterlony]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[Robert Rollo Gillespie|Rollo Gillespie]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} Bennet Marley
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} John Sullivan Wood}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist| {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Bhimsen Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Amar Singh Thapa]] (Bada){{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the [[Gurkha War]] with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).}}
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ujir Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ranabir Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Bakhtawar Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Ranajor Singh Thapa]]
* {{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Dalbhanjan Pande]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html|title=Britisch-Nepalischer Krieg 1814-1816|website=www.bilder-aus-nepal.de|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410162908/http://www.bilder-aus-nepal.de/Pages/Philatelie/ANGLO-NEPALESE-1816.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=50}}
}}
| strength1 = {{plainlist|'''First campaign''':
* 22,000 men with sixty cannons<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492 |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J, Volume 1; Volume 6, pp. 493 |isbn=978-0-313-29367-2 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427224313/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&dq=gorkha+war&pg=PA492 |url-status=live |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156 |title=The Victorians at war, pp.155 |isbn=978-1-57607-925-6 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411132130/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&dq=Gorkha+War&pg=PA156 |url-status=live |last1=Raugh |first1=Harold E. |date=25 October 2004 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
* '''Second campaign''':
* 17,000<ref name="Naravane, p.189">{{harvp|Naravane|2006|p=189}}</ref>
100,000 Indian troops during both campaigns.}}
| strength2 = a little more than 11,000<ref name="Smith, p.218">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|p=218}}</ref>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown but very heavy.
}}
{{HistoryofNepal}}

The '''Anglo-Nepalese War''' (1 November 1814 – 4 March 1816), also known as the '''Gorkha War''', was fought between the [[Gorkhali army]] of the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] (present-day [[Nepal]]) and the forces of the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). Both sides had ambitious expansion plans for the mountainous north of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The war ended with a British victory and the signing of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]] in 1816, which ceded some of the Nepalese-controlled territory to the EIC. The British war effort was led by the EIC against the Kingdom of Gorkha. Most of the Kingdom of Gorkha's war effort was led by the two Thapa families: the [[Thapa dynasty]] and the [[family of Amar Singh Thapa]].{{refn|group=note|Bhimsen's nephew [[Ujir Singh Thapa]]{{sfn|Prinsep|1825|p=115}} commanded over the Butwal-Jitgadhi Axis, and his brothers ([[Ranbir Singh Thapa]] and [[Bakhtawar Singh Thapa]]) commanded over the Makwanpur-Hariharpur Axis and Bijayapur-Sindhuligadhi Axis, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Nepalese Army |publisher=Nepal Army |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np:80/history.php?page=two |website=nepalarmy.mil.np |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228014557/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two |archive-date=28 December 2017 }}</ref> Bada Kaji [[Amar Singh Thapa]], who was considered a member of the larger Thapa caucus,{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=26}} led the battle as overall commander against the columns of Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]] and Colonel [[David Ochterlony]]. His son [[Ranjore Thapa]] commanded the Nahan and Jaithak forts.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}} Ranjor's nephew [[Balbhadra Kunwar]]{{sfn|Acharya|1971|p=3}} commanded the [[Dehradun|Doon region]] at the [[Battle of Nalapani]].{{sfn|Prinsep|1825|p=93}}}}

==Background==
In the mid-eighteenth century, the British [[East India Company]] actively traded with Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org">Caplan, Lionel. “‘Bravest of the Brave’: Representations of ‘The Gurkha’ in British Military Writings.” Modern Asian Studies 25, no. 3 (1991): 571–97. http://www.jstor.org/stable/312617 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122040140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/312617 |date=22 November 2023 }}.</ref> Viewed as an opulence hub, Nepal supplied the Company with commodities such as rice, butter, oil seeds, timber, dyes, and gold.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1767, British concerns around this partnership grew when [[Gorkha Kingdom|the Gorkhas]] ascended their power and leadership in Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1768, the Gorkhas conquered [[Kathmandu Valley]] and became Nepal’s ruling force, paving the way for a declining relationship between British India and Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1801, the Company established a British Residency in Kathmandu to seek a stronger hold over the region.<ref name="jstor.org"/> As 1814 approached, however, the British found themselves concerned by the possibility of an alliance between Nepal and Sikhs in northern India.<ref name="jstor.org"/> The Company believed that if Nepal was expelled from its Western lands, the “Terai” region, it would no longer pose a danger.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In 1814, this is what the British set out to do, alongside a goal of establishing a second Residency in Kathmandu to keep a close watch on the nation.<ref name="jstor.org"/> In May 1814, British forces in Nepal temporarily left to escape malaria season.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971">Rose, Leo E. Nepal: Strategy for Survival. 1st ed. University of California Press, 1971.</ref> When Nepali forces aimed to reassert power, Company officials were killed in the process.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> In 1814, Warren Hastings – Governor General of Bengal – officially declared war on Nepal.<ref name="jstor.org"/> 16,000 troops were then sent to invade Nepal in September 1814.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> The Treaty of Sagauli (1816) then marked the end of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<ref name="archivenepal.org">Bradshaw, Parish and Gajaraj, Mishra, “Treaty of Sugauli,” 1816. Historic Treaties and Documents, Archive Nepal. https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123010132/https://www.archivenepal.org/treatiescollection |date=23 November 2023 }}.</ref>

{{further|Unification of Nepal|Sino-Nepalese War|East India Company}}
The [[Shah dynasty|Shah era]] of Nepal began with the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] King [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] invading [[Kathmandu]] Valley, which consisted of the capital of the [[Malla (Nepal)|Malla]] confederacy. Until then, only the Kathmandu Valley had been referred to as [[Nepal]]. The confederacy requested help from the [[East India Company]], and an ill-equipped and ill-prepared expedition, numbering 2,500, was led by Captain Kinlock in 1767. The expedition was a disaster, and the Gorkhali army easily overpowered those who had not succumbed to malaria or desperation. The ineffectual British force provided the Gorkhali with firearms and filled the Gorkhas with confidence, which possibly caused them to underestimate their opponents in future wars.

Victory and the occupation of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] by Prithvi Narayan Shah, starting with the [[Battle of Kirtipur]], resulted in the shift of the capital of his kingdom from Gorkha to Kathmandu, and the empire that he and his descendants built then came to be known as Nepal. Also, the invasion of the wealthy Kathmandu Valley provided the Gorkha army with economic support for furthering their martial ambitions throughout the region.

To the north, however, aggressive raids into [[Tibet]] over a long-standing dispute over trade and control of the mountain passes triggered Chinese intervention. In 1792, the Chinese [[Qianlong Emperor]] sent an army that expelled the Nepalese from Tibet to within {{convert|5|km}} of their capital, Kathmandu. Acting Regent Bahadur Shah (Prithvi Naryan's younger son) appealed to the British [[Governor-General]] of India for help. Anxious to avoid a confrontation with the Chinese, the Governor-General did not send troops but sent Captain Kirkpatrick as mediator. However, before he arrived the war with China had finished.

The Tibet affair had postponed a planned attack on the [[Garhwal Kingdom]], but by 1803, the Raja of Garhwal, Pradyuman Shah, had also been defeated. He was killed in the struggle in January 1804, and all his land was annexed. Further west, general [[Amar Singh Thapa]] overran lands as far as Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, the strongest fort in the hill region, and laid siege to it. However, Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], the ruler of the Sikh state in Punjab, intervened and had driven the Nepalese army east of the [[Sutlej]] River by 1809.

==Causes==
[[Image:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg|thumbnail|right|Map of India in 1805]]
{{Original research|section|date=December 2021|reason=There are citations but the content is not faithful to the sources}}

In the years leading up to the war, the British had been expanding their sphere of influence. While the Nepalese had been expanding their empire – into [[Sikkim]] to the east, the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and the [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] to the west, and into [[Awadh]] to the south – the [[British East India Company]] had consolidated its position in India from its main bases of [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]] and [[Bombay]]. This British expansion had already been resisted in India, culminating in three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha wars]] as well as in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] where [[Ranjit Singh]] and the [[Sikh Empire]] had their own aspirations.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

===Territorial Conflict===
Territorial conflict represents a significant cause of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, Nepal’s views on borders and borderlands clashed with the Company’s visions of space and territoriality. Borderlands represent “zones of contact for the management, separation, and negotiation of difference,” and leading up to 1814, conflicts over borderlands played a pivotal role in spurring conflict between Nepal and British India.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014">Michael, Bernardo A. “Writing a World History of the Anglo-Gorkha Borderlands in the Early Nineteenth Century.” Journal of World History 25, no. 4 (2014): 535–58. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123131049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43818464 |date=23 November 2023 }}.</ref> Throughout its history, the Himalayas served as a site of political malleability and entangled agrarian entitlements.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> As such, Nepal’s boundaries remained porous. As opposed to fixed territorial lines, Nepal possessed “an unbounded space” that facilitated heterogeneous movements of trade and people.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> Nepal’s borders experienced frequent shifts in administration determined by the environment, tribute and taxation claims, and landholding patterns.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> As a result, control over Anglo-Gorkha borderlands – Nepal’s frontiers with British India – oscillated frequently among different agents. In the eighteenth century, these borderlands became an area of deep concern for the British. The British viewed borders as fixed and immutable, leading the Company to interpret Nepal’s fluid boundaries as encroachments on British territory.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

Motivated by territorial concern, the Company embarked on surveys and mapmaking projects.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> These activities involved carving political and administrative boundaries in Nepal to render the territory “more legible for colonial rule.”<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> These maps were then produced by the Revenue Surveys in the nineteenth century, serving as a strategy for the Company to divide land into non-overlapping, fixed spaces.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/> Clashing ideas around borderlands and spatiality, therefore, played an instrumental role leading up to the height of territorial disputes in 1814 – the onset of the Anglo-Nepalese War.<ref name="Michael, Bernardo A. 2014"/>

Contents from the [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]] illustrate that clashes over territorial views aided in causing the war.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> Article 2 states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces all claim to the lands which were the subject of discussion between the two States before the war, and acknowledges the right of the Honourable Company to the sovereignty of those lands.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> British forces’ focus on land and territoriality throughout the various articles of this Treaty exemplifies that territorial concern helped spur the war. Article 3 further states, “The Raja of Nepal hereby cedes to the Honourable the East India Company in perpetuity all the under-mentioned territories,” followed by the listing of five very detailed territorial spaces.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> When describing one of these ceded lands, for example, the Treaty states, “hills eastward of the River Mitchee including the fort and lands of Nagree and the Pass of Nagarcote leading from Morung into the hills.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> These high levels of specificity, once again, showcase the Company’s highly fixed perceptions of borders and borderlands. As a result of the Anglo-Nepalese War and the subsequent treaty, Nepal lost approximately one-third of its land.<ref name="jstor.org"/> Disputes over territoriality, therefore, constituted a driving cause for war, following from the Company's deep concerns about Nepal’s fluid borders in the preceding years and decades.

The acquisition of the [[Nawab of Awadh]]'s lands by the British East India Company brought the region of [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] into the close proximity of the raja(king) of Palpa – the last remaining independent town within the Nepalese heartlands. Palpa and [[Butwal]] were originally two separate principalities; they were afterwards united under one independent Rajput prince, who, having conquered Butwal, added it to his hereditary possessions of Palpa. The lands of Butwal, though conquered and annexed, were yet held in fief, or paid an annual sum, first to Awadh, and afterwards, by transfer, to the British.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=425}}<ref name="Oldfield, p.40"/> During the regency of Rani Rajendra Laxmi, towards the close of the 18th century, the hill country of Palpa was conquered and annexed to Nepal. The rajah retreated to Butwal, but was subsequently induced, under false promises of redress, to visit Kathmandu, where he was put to death, and his territories in Butwal seized and occupied by the Nepalese.<ref name="Oldfield, p.40">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|p=40}}</ref> [[Bhimsen Thapa]], the Nepalese prime minister from 1806 to 1837, installed his own father as governor of Palpa, leading to serious border disputes between the two powers. The occupation of Terai of Butwal from 1804 till 1812 by the Nepalese, which was under British protection, was the immediate reason which led to the Anglo-Nepalese war in 1814.<ref name="Oldfield, p.40"/><ref name="Smith, p.172">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|loc=Warlike Preliminaries, Ch. 8, p. 172}}</ref><ref name="Prinsep, Ch. 2, ''Causes of Nipal War'', p.54-80.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|loc=Causes of Nipal War, p. 54-80}}</ref>

In October 1813, the ambitious the [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Earl of Moira]], assumed the office of the Governor-General, and his first act was to re-examine the border dispute between Nepal and British East India Company. These disputes arose because there was no fixed boundary separating the Nepalese and the British. A struggle with the former was unpromising as the British were ignorant of the country or its resources and, despite their technological superiority, it was a received persuasion that the nature of the mountainous tract, which they would have to penetrate, would be as baffling to them as it had been to all the efforts of many successive Mahomedan sovereigns.<ref name="Hastings, p.9">{{harvnb|Hastings|1824|p=9}}</ref> A border commission imposed on Nepal by the Governor-General failed to solve the problem. The Nepalese Commissioners had remarked to the British the futility of debating about a few square miles of territory since there never could be real peace between the two States, until the British should yield to the Nepalese all the British provinces north of the Ganges, making that river the boundary between the two, "as heaven had evidently designed it to be."<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> However, Nepalese Historian [[Baburam Acharya]] contends that the British were striving to annex the hill regions of Nepal and were the ones responsible for creating border disputes. At the border demarcation, the British representative Major Bradshaw disrespected the Nepalese representatives – Rajguru [[Ranganath Poudyal]] and [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] [[Dalabhanjan Pande]], with a view of invoking a war against the Nepalese.{{sfn|Acharya|1971|p=3}} In the meantime, the British found that the Nepalese were preparing for war; that they had for some time been laying up large stores of saltpetre; purchasing and fabricating arms, and organizing and disciplining their troops under some European deserters in this service, after the model of the companies of East India's sepoy battalions.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=425}} The conviction that the Nepalese raids into the flatlands of the [[Terai]], a much prized strip of fertile ground separating the Nepalese hill country from India, increased tensions<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> – the British felt their power in the region and their tenuous lines of communication between [[Calcutta]] and the northwest were under threat. Since there was no clear border, confrontation between the two powers was "necessary and unavoidable".{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=426}} Britain formally declared war on Nepal on 1 November 1814.<ref name="Smith, p.187-212">Smith, ''Britain's Declaration of War'', p.187-212.</ref>

===Economic Interests===
Economic interests also represent vital causes of the Anglo-Nepalese War. First, the British sought to utilize the trans-Himalayan trade routes through Kathmandu and eastern Nepal.<ref name="English, Richard 1985">English, Richard. “Himalayan State Formation and the Impact of British Rule in the Nineteenth Century.” Mountain Research and Development 5, no. 1 (1985): 61–78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215171408/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3673223 |date=15 December 2023 }}.</ref> These routes would create access to untapped markets for British manufactured goods in Tibet and China.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> In the late eighteenth century, therefore, the Company turned its attention toward trade between Tibet and British possessions in Bengal.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> Under the leadership of [[Warren Hastings]], trade missions were carried out to further these trade interests with the goal of establishing commercial relations with Nepal, Bhutan, and, ultimately, Tibet.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> Tibet represented a source of Chinese silks, wool, dyestuffs, and other attractive commodities.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> The Gorkha’s conquest of Kathmandu Valley and Nepal’s push into the Terai regions during the latter half of the eighteenth century, however, was viewed by the British as a threat to the Company’s trading plans.<ref name="English, Richard 1985"/> British economic interests, therefore, played a major role in causing the Anglo-Nepalese War. The Treaty of Sagauli illustrates these economic interests, as seen by Britain ceding Nepali lands that covered these attractive trade routes.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/>

The British had made constant efforts to persuade the Nepalese government to allow them trade access to fabled Tibet through Nepal. Despite a series of delegations headed by [[William Kirkpatrick (orientalist)|William Kirkpatrick]] (1792), Maulvi Abdul Qader (1795), and later William O. Knox (1801), the Nepalese Durbar refused to budge an inch. The resistance to open up the country to the Europeans could be summed up in a Nepalese precept, "With the merchants come the musket and with the Bible comes the bayonet."{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Lord Hastings was not averse to exploiting any commercial opportunities that access to the Himalayan region might offer. He knew that these would gratify his employers and silence his critics, because the East India Company was at this time in the throes of a cash-flow crisis. It needed substantial funds in Britain, in order to pay overheads, pensions, and dividends; but there were problems in remitting the necessary assets from India. Traditionally the company had bought Indian produce and sold it in London; but this no longer made economic sense. The staple Indian export was cotton goods, and demand for these was declining as home-produced textiles captured the British market. So the company was having to transfer its assets in another, more complicated and expensive way. It was having to ship its Indian textiles to Canton; sell them on the Chinese market; buy tea with the proceeds; then ship the tea for sale in Britain (all tea at this time came from China. It was not grown in India until the 1840s).<ref name="Pemble, p.366">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|p=366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowan |first=Sam |date=November 30, 2022 |title=The battle for the ear of the emperor - The Record |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=The Record |language=English |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042418/https://www.recordnepal.com/the-battle-for-the-ear-of-the-emperor |url-status=live }}</ref>

So when Hastings told the directors of the Company about an alternative means of remittance, a rare and precious raw material that could easily and profitably be shipped from India directly to London, they were at once interested. The raw material in question was a [[Cashmere wool|superior-quality wool]]: the exquisitely soft and durable animal down that had been used since time immemorial to make the famous wraps, or shawls, of Kashmir. This down was found only on the shawl-wool goat, and the shawl-wool goat was found only in certain areas of western Tibet. It refused to breed anywhere else. This explains why, under the terms of the treaty of 1816, Nepal was required to surrender its far western provinces. Hastings hoped that this territory, partly annexed by the company and partly restored to its previous rulers, would give British merchants direct access to the wool-growing areas.<ref name="Pemble, p.366 "/>

Similarly David Ochterlony, then an agent at Ludhiana, on 24 August 1814 noted of Dehra Dun as a "potentially thriving entrepot for Trans-Himalayan trade." He contemplated annexing Garhwal not so much with the view to revenue, but for security of commercial communications with the country where the shawl wool is produced. The British soon got to know that Kumaon provided a better facility for trade with Tibet. Therefore, the annexation of these two areas became part of their strategic objectives.

===Security Concerns===
Although the immediate cause of disputes between Nepal and the British occurred over territoriality, it is unlikely that the Company would have embarked on such an expensive and arduous war without a desire to “eliminate one of the few remaining threats to British dominance in northern India.”<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Therefore, the Company’s security concerns also aided in causing the war. In the early nineteenth century before the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal’s land stood directly north of Bengal, the heart of British administration.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> This posed a threat to the British. The Company feared that anti-British prejudices among the Nepalese might result in either an attack on Bengal that would strain British communication with North India, or may result in Indian states uniting into an anti-British alliance.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Gorkhas’ impressive conquests of the Kathmandu Valley further supplied the British with an exaggerated view of Nepal’s strength, contributing to the British viewing Nepal as a security threat.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/> Gorkhas’ strong resistance against British pressure since the 1760s contributed to British security concerns.<ref name="Rose, Leo E 1971"/>

The Treaty of Sagauli showcases British security concerns.<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> Article 6 of the treaty states, “The Raja of Nepal renounces for himself, his heirs, and successors, all claim to or connection with the countries lying to the west of the River Kali and engages never to have any concern with those countries or the inhabitants there of.”<ref name="archivenepal.org"/> This illustrates that the British used territorial limitations as a way of curtailing their security concerns – whether it be their concern over Nepal’s relationships with Sikhs, or concerns around Nepal’s possibility of alliance with north India or Bengal.

While trade was indeed a major objective of the company, out of it grew a concept of "political safety," which essentially meant a strategy of dissuasion and larger areas of occupation. The evidence does not support the claim that Hastings invaded Nepal only for commercial reasons. It was a strategic decision. He was wary of the Hindu revival and solidarity among the Marathas, the Sikhs, and the Gurkhas amid the decaying Mughal empire. He was hatching pre-emptive schemes of conquest against the Marathas in central India, and he needed to cripple Nepal first, in order to avoid having to fight on two fronts.<ref name="Pemble, p.366 "/>

That it was a flawed strategy is explained by [[Peter James Marshall|P.J. Marshal]]: "Political safety meant military preparedness. The military expenditure for 1761–62 to 1770–71 was 44 percent of the total spending of 22 million pounds. War and diplomacy rather than trade and improvement; most of the soldiers-would-be politicians and Governor Generals rarely understood. The political safety of Bengal was their first priority and they interpreted safety as requiring the subjugation of Mysore, the Marathas, the Pindaris, the Nepalese and the Burmese."

==War preparation==
[[File:Bhimsen-thapa-painting.jpg|upright|thumb|Bhimsen Thapa, prime minister of Nepal from 1806 to 1837.]]

===Pre-war opinions===
When the Kathmandu Durbar solicited Nepalese chiefs' opinions about a possible war with the British, Amar Singh Thapa was not alone in his opposition, declaring that – "They will not rest satisfied without establishing their own power and authority, and will unite with the hill [[rajas]], whom we have dispossessed. We have hitherto but hunted deer; if we engage in this war, we must prepare to fight tigers."<ref name="Prinsep, p.460">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=460}}</ref> He was against the measures adopted in Butwal and Sheeoraj, which he declared to have originated in the selfish views of persons, who scrupled not to involve the nation in war to gratify their personal avarice.<ref name="Prinsep, p.460"/><ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|pp=79–80}}</ref>

This contrasts sharply with the prime minister of Nepal, Bhimsen Thapa – " ... our hills and fastness are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable."<ref name="Prinsep, p.458">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=458}}: The entire letter by Bhimsen Thapa is as follows: "Through the influence of your good fortune, and that of your ancestors, no one has yet been able to cope with the state of Nipal. The Chinese once made war upon us, but were reduced to seek peace. How then will the English be able to penetrate into the hills? Under your auspices, we shall by our own exertions be able to oppose to them a force of fifty-two lakhs of men, with which we will expel them. The small fort of Bhurtpoor was the work of man, yet the English being worsted before it, desisted from the attempt to conquer it; our hills and fastnesses are formed by the hand of God, and are impregnable. I therefore recommend the prosecution of hostilities. We can make peace afterwards on such terms as may suit our convenience."</ref><ref name="Hunter, p.100">{{harvnb|Hunter|1896|p=100}}</ref> This stance by Bhimsen Thapa is not surprising, as insinuated by Amar Singh, considering Amar Singh had made the usurpations in Butwal and Sheoraj, and whose family derived most of the advantages.<ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80"/> Prinsep estimates that the revenue of the usurped lands could not have been less than a lakh of rupees a year to the Nepalese, in the manner they collected it: the retention of this income was therefore an object of no small importance to the ambitious views of Bhimsen Thapa and the preservation of the influence he had contrived to establish for his family.<ref name="Prinsep, p.79-80"/> The Nepalese prime minister realized the Nepalese had several advantages over the British including knowledge of the region and recent experience fighting in the mountainous terrain. However, the British had numerical superiority and far more modern weapons.

In the meantime, the Governor-General also naively believed that "the difficulties of mountain warfare were greater on the defensive side than on that of a well conducted offensive operation."<ref name="Hastings, p.9"/> Soldiers like [[Rollo Gillespie]] saw the Nepalese as a challenge to British supremacy — "Opinion is everything in such a country as India: and whenever the natives shall begin to lose their reverence for the English arms, our superiority in other respects will quickly sink into contempt."

[[File:Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings.jpg|upright|thumb|Francis Edward Rawdon, Marquess of Hastings, Governor-General of India from 1813 to 1823.]]

===Finance===
The Governor-General looked towards the Nawab of Awadh to finance the impending warfare with Nepal: two [[crore]] (20 million) rupees were solicited. Of this matter he writes:<ref name="Hastings, p.9-10.">{{harvnb|Hastings|1824|pp=9–10}}</ref>

{{blockquote|...Saadut Ali<ref>[[Saadat Ali Khan II]]</ref> unexpectedly died. I found, however, that what had been provisionally agitated with him was perfectly understood by his successor,<ref>[[Ghazi-ud-Din Haider]]</ref> so that the latter came forward with a spontaneous offer of a crore of rupees, which I declined as a peishcush or tribute on his accession to the sovereignty of Oude, but accepted as a loan for the Honourable Company. Eight lacs were afterwards added to this sum, in order that the interest of the whole, at six per cent, might equal the allowances to different branches of the Nawab Vizier's family, for which guarantee of the British Government had been pledged, and the payment of which, without vexatious retardments, was secured, by the appropriation of the interest to the specific purpose. The sum thus obtained was thrown into the general treasury, whence I looked to draw such portions of it as the demands of the approaching service might require. My surprise is not to be expressed, when I was shortly after informed from Calcutta, that it had been deemed expedient to employ fifty four lacs of the sum obtained by me in discharging an eight per cent loan, that the remainder was indispensable for current purposes, and it was hoped I should be able to procure from the Nawab Vizier a further aid for the objects of the war. This took place early in autumn, and operations against Nepaul could not commence till the middle of November, on which account the Council did not apprehend my being subjected to any sudden inconvenience through its disposal of the first sum. Luckily I was upon such frank terms with the Nawab Vizier, as that I could explain to him fairly my circumstances. He agreed to furnish another crore; so that the Honourable Company was accommodated with above two millions and a half sterling on my simple receipt.}}

In the aftermath of the war, he writes:<ref name="Hastings, p.9-10."/>
{{blockquote|The richest portion of the territory conquered by us bordered on the dominions the Nawab Vizier. I arranged the transfer of that tract to him in extinction of the second crore which I had borrowed. Of that crore the charges of the war absorbed fifty two lacs: forty eight lacs (£600,000) were consequently left in the treasury, a clear gain to the Honourable Company, in addition to the benefit of precluding future annoyance from an insolent neighbour.}}

This was in contrast with the Nepalese who had spent huge amount of resources on the first and second wars against the Tibetans, which had led to the gradual exhaustion of their treasury.

===Terrain===

To the British, who were used to fighting in the plains, but were unacquainted with the terrain of the hills, the formidability of the topology is expressed by one anonymous British soldier as such:{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=426}}
{{blockquote|...The territory subject to Nepal consists of a mountainous tract of country, lying between Tibet and the valley of the Ganges, in breadth not exceeding one hundred miles, but in length stretching nearly along the whole extent of the north-west frontier of the British dominions. Below the hills they held possession of a portion of the plain of irregular width, distinguished by the name of the Nepal Turrye,<ref>Terai</ref> but the period at which the acquisition was made is not ascertained.
The general military character of the country is that of extreme difficulty. Immediately at the front of the hills the plain is covered with the Great Saul Forest,<ref>''[[Shorea robusta]]'', also known as ''sal'' or ''shala'' tree, is a species of tree belonging to the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]].</ref> for an average width of ten or twelve miles; the masses of the mountains are immense, their sides steep, and covered with impenetrable jungle. The trenches in these ridges are generally water-courses, and rather chasms or gulfs than any thing that deserves the name of a valley. The roads are very insecure, and invariably pathways over mountains, or the beds of rivers, the usual means of transport throughout the country being by hill porters. Notwithstanding this general description, spaces comparatively open and hollow, and elevated tracts of tolerably level land, are to be met with, but so completely detached as to contribute but little to facilitate intercourse.
One of the largest and most fertile of these constitutes the valley of Nepal Proper.<ref>"Nepal Proper" refers to the Kathmandu Valley. Before the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley by Prithvi Narayan Shah, only this valley was originally referred to as Nepal.</ref> To the westward of Nepal, there is a difficult tract, till the country again opens in the valley of Gorkah, the original possession of the present dynasty. – Westward of this the country is again difficult, till it somewhat improves in the district of Kemaoon.<ref>Kumaon</ref> Further to the westward lies the valley of the Dhoon,<ref>Dehradun</ref> and the territory of Sue-na-Ghur;<ref>[[Srinagar, Uttarakhand]]</ref> and further still, the more recent conquests, stretching to the village, in which Umar Sing,<ref>Amar Singh Thapa</ref> a chief of uncommon talents, commanded, and indeed, exercised an authority almost independent.}}

==First campaign==
===British plan of operation===
[[File:Officer and Private, 40th Foot, 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|Officer and Private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815]]
[[File:Gurkha soldier 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Gurkha|Gorkhali warrior]].]]

The initial British campaign was an attack on two fronts across a frontier of more than {{convert|1,500|km}}, from the Sutlej to the Koshi. In the eastern front, Major-General Bennet Marley and Major-General John Sullivan Wood led their respective columns across the [[Tarai]] towards the heart of the valley of Kathmandu. Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]] and Colonel [[David Ochterlony]] commanded columns in the western front. These columns were faced with the Nepalese army under the command of [[Amar Singh Thapa]].{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}} About the beginning of October 1814, the British troops began to move towards different depots; and the army was soon after formed into four divisions, one at Benares, one at Meeruth, one at Dinapur, and one at Ludhiana.

''The first division'', at [[Dinapur]], being the largest, was commanded by Major-General Marley, and was intended to seize the pass at [[Makwanpur District|Makwanpur]], between Gunduk and Bagmati, the key to Nepal, and to push forward to [[Kathmandu]]: thus at once carrying the war into the heart of the enemy's country.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13.">{{harvnb|Fraser|1820|p=13}}</ref> This force consisted of 8,000 men, including his Majesty's 24th foot of 907 strong; there was a train attached to it of four 18-pounders, eight 6- and 3-pounders, and fourteen mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219.">{{harvnb|Smith|1852|loc=Plan of Operation, p. 215-219}}</ref><ref name="Prinsep, p.85.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=85}}</ref>

''The second division'', at [[Benares]], under command of Major-General Wood, having subsequently removed to [[Gorakhpur]], was meant to enter the hills by the Bhootnuill pass, and, turning to the eastward, to penetrate the hilly districts, towards Kathmandu, and cooperate with the first division, while its success would have divided the enemy's country and force into two parts, cutting off all the troops in [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] from communication with the capital.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> Its force consisted of his Majesty's 17th foot, 950 strong, and about 3000 infantry, totaling 4,494 men; it had a train of seven 6- and 3-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.84."/>

''The third division'', was formed at [[Meerut]], under Major-General Gillespie; and it was purposed to march directly to the [[Dehra Dun]]; and having reduced the forts in that valley, to move, as might be deemed expedient, to the eastward, to recover [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]] from the troops of Amar Singh Thapa; or to the westward, to gain the post of [[Nahan]], the chief town of [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], where Ranjore Singh Thapa held the government for his father, Amar Singh; and so sweep on towards the [[Sutlej]], in order to cut off that chief from the rest, and thus to reduce him to terms.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> This division originally consisted of his Majesty's 53d, which with artillery and a few dismounted dragoons, made up about one thousand Europeans, and two thousand five hundred native infantry, totaling 3,513 men.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.84.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=84}}</ref>

''The fourth, or north-western division'', at [[Ludhiana]], was to operate in the hilly country lying near the Sutlej: it assembled under Brigadier-General Ochterlony, and was destined to advance against the strong and extensive cluster of posts held by Amar Singh and the troops under his immediate orders at and surrounding arki, a considerable town of [[Kahlur]], and to cooperate with the forces under Major-General Gillespie, moving downwards among the hills, when these positions should be forced, surrounding Amar Singh, and driving him upon that army.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=427}}<ref name="Fraser, p.13."/> The force consisted exclusively of native infantry and artillery, and amounted to 5,993 men; it had a train of two 18-pounder, ten 6-pounders, and four mortars and howitzers.<ref name="Smith, p.215-219."/><ref name="Prinsep, p.83.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=83}}</ref>

Lastly, beyond the [[Koshi River]] eastward, Major Latter was furnished with two thousand men, including his district battalion, for the defence of the [[Purnia division|Poornea]] frontier. This officer was desired to open a communication with the Raja of Sikkim, and to give him every assistance and encouragement to expel the [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkhas]] from the eastern hills, short of an actual advance of troops for the purpose.<ref name="Prinsep, p.85."/> Captain Barré Latter was sent to the border with [[Purnia|Poornea]] and after a successful mission to confine the Gorkhas to their own territory concluded the Anglo-Sikkimese [[Treaty of Titalia]] confirming the Raja's dominions, although the latter lost territory from his border to the [[Tamur River]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Paget |first=William Henry |title=Frontier and overseas expeditions from India |url=https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi |year=1907 |page=[https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas04indi/page/40 40]}}</ref>

The Commander-in-Chief of the British forces was Lord Moira. All four divisions composed mostly of Indian Sepoys. Ochterlony's army was the only division without a single British battalion. In conclusion, the Gorkhali Army defeated the British on three fronts consisting the middle and the east whereas lost the remaining two fronts in the west.

===Battle of Makwanpur Gadhi===
{{main|Battle of Makwanpur (1816)}}
Major General Marley was tasked to occupy Hetauda and capture the fortresses of Hariharpur and Makawanpur before proceeding to Kathmandu. His frontage of advance lay between Rapati river and Bagmati river. After additional reinforcements, he had 12,000 troops for his offensive against the Makawanpur and Hariharpur axis. A big attack base was established but Major General Marley showed reluctance to take risks against the Nepalese. Some skirmishes had already started taking place. Similarly, Major General George Wood, sometimes known as the Tiger of the British Indian Army, proved exceedingly cautious against the hard charging Nepalese.

Colonel<ref>The use of English terms for their grades of command was common in the Nepalese army, but the powers of the different ranks did not correspond with those of the British system. The title of General was assumed by Bhimsen Thapa, as Commander-in-chief, and enjoyed by himself alone; of Colonels there were three or four only; all principal officers of the court, commanding more than one battalion. The title of Major was held by the adjutant of a battalion or independent company; and Captain was the next grade to colonel, implying the command of a corps. Luftun, or Lieutenant, was the style of the officers commanding companies under the Captain; and then followed the subaltern ranks of Soobadar, Jemadar, and Havildar, without any Ensigns. ({{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|pp=86–87}})</ref> [[Ranabir Singh Thapa]], brother of Bhimsen Thapa, was to be the Sector Commander of Makawanpur-Hariharpur axis. He was given a very large fortress and about 4,000 troops with old rifles and a few pieces of cannons. But the British could not move forward from the border. Colonel Ranabir Singh Thapa had been trying to lure the enemies to his selected killing area. But Major General Wood would not venture forward from Bara Gadhi and he eventually fell back to Betiya.

===Battle of Jitgadh===
{{main|Battle of Jit Gadhi}}
With the help of an ousted Palpali king, Major General Wood planned to march on Siuraj, [[Jit Gadhi]] and Nuwakot with a view to bypass the Butwal defenses, flushing out minor opposition on the axis, and assault Palpa from a less guarded flank. Nepalese Colonel [[Ujir Singh Thapa]] had deployed his 1200 troops in many defensive positions including Jit Gadhi, Nuwakot Gadhi and Kathe Gadhi. The troops under Colonel Ujir were very disciplined and he himself was a dedicated and able commander. He was famous for exploiting advantage in men, material, natural resources and well versed in mountain tactics. The British advance took place on 6 January 1814, to Jit Gadh. While they were advancing to this fortress, crossing the Tinau River, the Nepalese troops opened fire from the fortress. Another of the attackers' columns was advancing to capture Tansen Bazar. Here too, Nepalese spoiling attacks forced the General to fall back to Gorakhpur. About 70 Nepalese lost their lives in Nuwakot pakhe Gadhi. Meanwhile, more than 300 of the enemy perished.

===Battle of Hariharpur Gadhi===
No special military action had taken place in Hariharpur Gadhi fortress in the first campaign. Major General Bannet Marley and Major General George Wood had not been able to advance for an offensive against Makawanpur and Hariharpur Gadhi fortresses.

===Battle of Nalapani===
{{further|Battle of Nalapani}}
The [[Battle of Nalapani]] was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near [[Dehradun]], which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814. The fort's garrison was commanded by Captain [[Balbhadra Kunwar]], while Major-General [[Rollo Gillespie]], who had previously fought at the [[Invasion of Java (1811)|Battle of Java]], was in charge of the attacking British troops. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege while rallying his men and despite considerable odds, both in terms of numbers and firepower, Balbhadra and his 600-strong garrison, which also consisted of brave women who reportedly shielded the bullets and cannonballs with their bodies, successfully held out against more than 5,000 British troops for over a month.
Fraser recorded the situation in the following terms:<ref>{{harvnb|Shackell|1820|p=590}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The determined resolution of the small party which held this small post for more than a month, against so comparatively large a force, must surely wring admiration from every voice, especially when the horrors of the latter portion of this time are considered; the dismal spectacle of their slaughtered comrades, the sufferings of their women and children thus immured with themselves, and the hopelessness of relief, which destroyed any other motive for their obstinate defence they made, than that resulting from a high sense of duty, supported by unsubdued courage. This, and a generous spirit of courtesy towards their enemy, certainly marked the character of the garrison of Kalunga, during the period of its siege.{{pb}}Whatever the nature of the Gurkhas may have been found in other quarters, there was here no cruelty to wounded or to prisoners; no poisoned arrows were used; no wells or waters were poisoned; no rancorous spirit of revenge seemed to animate them: they fought us in fair conflict, like men; and, in intervals of actual combat, showed us a liberal courtesy worthy of a more enlightened people.{{pb}}So far from insulting the bodies of the dead and wounded, they permitted them to lie untouched, till carried away; and none were stripped, as is too universally the case.}}

After two costly and unsuccessful attempts to seize the fort by direct attack, the British changed their approach and sought to force the garrison to surrender by cutting off the fort's external water supply. Having suffered three days of thirst, on the last day of the siege, Balbhadra, refusing to surrender, led the 70 surviving members of the garrison in a charge against the besieging force. Fighting their way out of the fort, the survivors escaped into the nearby hills. The battle set the tone for the rest of the Anglo-Nepalese War, and a number of later engagements, including one at Jaithak, unfolded in a similar way.

The experience at Nalapani so discomforted the British that Lord Hastings so far varied his plan of operations as to forego the detachment of a part of this division to occupy Gurhwal.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=94}}</ref> He accordingly instructed Colonel Mawbey to leave a few men in a strong position for the occupation of the Doon and to carry his undivided army against Amar Singh's son, Colonel Ranajor Singh Thapa, who was with about 2300 elite of the Gurkha army, at Nahan.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94."/> It was further intended to reinforce the division considerably; and the command was handed over to Major-General Martindell.<ref name="Prinsep, p.94."/> In the meantime Colonel Mawbey had led back the division through the Keree pass, leaving Colonel Carpenter posted at Kalsee, at the north western extremity of the Doon.<ref name="Prinsep, p.95.">{{harvnb|Prinsep|1825|p=95}}</ref> This station commanded the passes of the Jumna on the main line of communication between the western and eastern portions of the Gurkha territory, and thus was well chosen for procuring intelligence.<ref name="Prinsep, p.95."/>

===Battle of Jaithak===
{{further|Battle of Jaithak}}
[[File:Battle of Jaithak.JPG|thumb|Stockaded position of the [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] at Jaithak]]
Major General Martindale now joined the force and took over command. He occupied the town of Nahan on 27 December, and started his attack on the fort of Jaithak. The fort had a garrison of 2000 men under the command of [[Ranajor Singh Thapa]], the son of the [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. The first assault ended in disaster, with the Nepalese successfully warding off the British offensive. The second managed to cut off the water supply to the fort, but could not capture it mainly because of the exhausted state of the troops and shortage of ammunition. Martindale lost heart and ordered a withdrawal. Jaithak was eventually captured much later in the war, when Ochterlony had taken over the command.<ref name="Naravane, p.190.">{{harvnb|Naravane|2006|p=190}}</ref>

A single day of battle at Jaithak cost the British over three hundred men dead and wounded{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} and cooled Martindell's ardour for battle. For over a month and a half, he refused to take any further initiative against the Nepalese army. Thus by mid-February, of the four British commanders the Nepalese army had faced till that time, Gillespie was dead, Marley had deserted, Wood was harassed into inactivity, and Martindell was practically incapacitated by over-cautiousness. It set the scene for Octorloney to soon show his mettle and change the course of the war.

===Trying times for Nepalese troops===
Out West, the Nepalese were hopelessly overextended. Kumaun, a key link in Nepalese army communications with the Far West, was defended by a small force, numbering about seven hundred and fifty men, with an equal number of Kumaoni irregulars, altogether about fifteen hundred men to defend a whole province. In addition, Doti which was to the East of Kumaun, had been practically stripped of troops. [[Bam Shah]], as governor of Kumaun, had final responsibility for the defence of the province.

The British force, numbering initially over forty five hundred men, was easily able to outmanoeuvre the Nepalese army defenders and force them to abandon one post after another. Despite a significant victory over Captain Hearsey's force, which had been sent on a flanking movement though Eastern Kumaun, and the capture of the captain himself, the Nepalese army were unable to stem the tide of the British advance. Hasti Dal Shah arrived in Almora with a small body of reinforcement troops. A further reinforcement of four companies was sent from Kathmandu to aid the beleaguered defences of Kumaun, but the difficulties of communication through the hills prevented them from arriving in time to be of any help.

Meanwhile, Hastings sent Colonel Nicolls, Quartermaster-General for the British troops in India, to take charge of the Almora campaign and assigned two thousand regular troops to this front in addition to the very large number of irregulars already assigned to the area – all of this against fewer than one thousand Nepalese army soldiers.

[[Hasti Dal Shah]] and some five hundred Nepalese Army men had set out from Almora to secure Almora's Northern line of communications with Kathmandu. This party was intercepted. Hasti Dal Shah, the ablest Nepalese commander in this sector, was killed in the first moments of the battle. The Nepalese suffered terrible losses. When word of this disaster reached the defenders at Almora, they were stunned. The British closed in on Almora and the Nepalese was unable to prevent the British advance. On 25 April 1815, 2,000 British regulars under Col. Nicholls and a force of irregular troops under Col. Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Almorah. Subsequently, the British managed to establish gun positions within seventy yards of the gate of the fort at Almora and the British artillery demolished the walls of the fort at point blank range. Bam Shah surrendered Almora on 27 April 1815. The result of this British victory was the capitulation of the province of Kumaon and all of its fortresses.

===Second Battle of Malaon and Jaithak===
The second battle of Malaon and Jaithak cut the Nepalese lines of communication between Central Nepal and the Far West. It also sealed the fate of Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at Malaon and Ranajor Singh Thapa at Jaithak. At Malaon, Major-General Ochterlony had moved with extreme care summoning reinforcements and heavy guns from Delhi until his total attack force consisted of over ten thousand men well-equipped with heavy cannon.

Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's position in the Malaon Hills depended on Bilaspur in the lowlands for his food supplies, and the nature of the hills forced him to spread his forces very thinly in an attempt to defend every vantage point. Ochterlony cut off the supply of food from Bilaspur and then turned his attention to the intricate network of defensive posts that were designed to withstand any frontal assault. Although rear fortifications supported these posts, none could withstand a long cannonade by heavy guns. Because Ochterlony had sufficient troops to attack and overwhelm several positions simultaneously, the thinly spread Nepalese defences could be dangerously divided.

Ochterlony chose his target, a point on the ridge, and then proceeded to move slowly, consolidating each position that he took, and allowing the pioneers time to build roads so that the heavy guns could be moved forward to support each attack. After a series of carefully planned and executed moves, he succeeded in establishing a position on the crest of Deothal, not even over a thousand yards from Kazi Amar Singh Thapa's main fort at Malaon. The old warrior [[Bhakti Thapa]] valiantly led assault after assault on this position, but he died during battle and the position did not fall. Immensely impressed by Bhakti's sustained courage against impossible odds, the British made the well appreciated and honourable gesture of returning his body with full military honours. The British superiority in numbers made it inevitable that they would be able to establish themselves and their heavy guns on a vantage point within range of Ranajor Singh's fortifications, sooner or later.

Both Kazi Amar Singh Thapa and Ranajor Singh Thapa were thus hemmed in and looking down the barrels of the British guns when Bam Shah's letter arrived, announcing the fall of Almora. Although the old commander was still reluctant to surrender, Kazi Amar Singh Thapa at last saw the hopelessness of the situation and, compelled by circumstances and the British guns, surrendered with honour for both himself and Ranajor Singh. The Nepalese positions in the Far West lost control to the British on 15 May 1815.

==Second campaign==
[[File:Eight Gurkha men depicted in a British Indian painting, 1815.jpg|thumb|Gorkhali soldiers in 1815 [[Anno Domini|AD]].]]

The outstretched Nepalese army was defeated on the Western front i.e. [[Garhwal District|Garhwal]] and [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] area. Ochterlony had finally outfoxed Bada Kaji [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. He was the only successful British Commander in the first Nepal-Company campaign. Not surprisingly [[Lord Moira]] appointed him as the Main Operational Commander in the second offensive on the Bharatpur-Makawanpur-Hariharpur front with 17,000 strong invasion force, but again, most of them were Indian sepoys.<ref name="Naravane, p.191">{{harvp|Naravane|2006|p=191}}</ref>

The British had given a 15-day ultimatum to Nepal to ratify a treaty on 28 November. But the points of the treaty were very difficult for the Nepalese to ratify quickly. The delay provided the excuse for the British to commence the second military campaign against the kingdom. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa, another brother of [[Bhimsen Thapa]], had been appointed as Sector Commander for defensive battles for the area from [[Bijayapur]] to [[Sindhuli Gadhi]] in the first campaign. In this second campaign, Bada Kaji Amarsingh Thapa{{refn|group=note|Not to be confused with the better known commander of Gorkhali forces in the [[Gurkha War]] with the same name. The two Amar Singhs are differentiated by the qualifier Bada (greater) and Sanu (lesser).}}was detailed as Sector Commander for [[Sindhuli Gadhi]] and the eastern front. Colonel Bhaktawar Singh Thapa was manning his headquarters at [[Makwanpur Gadhi]]. Major General [[David Ochterlony]], was the overall commander against Nepal with a massive 17,000 British troops to assault the fronts including Upardang Gadhi, Sinchyang Gadhi, Kandrang Gadhi, Makawanpur Gadhi and [[Hariharpur Gadhi]].

During the campaign in February 1816, Ochterlony decided to take a very infrequently used pass through the mountains. The failure there would have been a disaster for British. But the successful passage would allow British to directly emerge and attack the Nepalese's rear. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah followed the river Bagmati to reach [[Hariharpur Gadhi]]. Some of the heads of villagers were bribed for sensitive information about the defensive positions in the area of Hariharpur Gadhi. The information seriously compromised the Nepalese defences. Secret routes would have given the enemy advantage even if they were able to get only a battalion through. But the British were able to advance with more than a brigade's strength. Colonel Kelly and Colonel O’Hollorah launched their attack from two different directions on 29 February. The Nepalese troops were eventually driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi after a big battle. Kaji Ranjore Singh Thapa withdrew to Sindhuli Gadhi to link up with Bada Kaji [[Amar Singh Thapa]]. The British troops did not approach Sindhuli Gadhi and fell back to [[Makawanpur]] by the end of March 1816.

The situation became very critical for Nepal and the British which eventually led to a treaty. Major General [[David Ochterlony]] settled down to receive the treaty, signed by Kathmandu Durbar through Chandra Sekhar Upadhyaya, Pandit Gajaraj Mishra and finally though Bhaktawar Singh Thapa. Two days later the ratified treaty was handed over to the British in [[Makawanpur]]. The war ended with the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], which has been considered as an unequal treaty which led to Nepal losing its one-third territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.

==Aftermath==
===The Treaty of Sugauli===
[[File:Sugauli treaty.jpg|thumb|Bhimsen Thapa's troops, right, at Segauli, 1816, with India Pattern Brown Bess muskets and chupi bayonets.]]
[[File:Sugauli Treaty2.PNG|thumb|The [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] 4 March 1816. It suited Ochterlony to bring the campaign to a speedy conclusion because of the approach of the dreaded aul-fever season but also because a number of his European troops were suffering from [[dysentery]].]]
{{main|Sugauli Treaty}}

The [[Sugauli Treaty|Treaty of Sugauli]] was ratified on 4 March 1816. As per the treaty, Nepal lost all Sikkim (including [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]), the territories of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]] and Western Terai. The [[Mechi River]] became the new eastern border and the [[Mahakali river]] the western boundary of the kingdom. The [[British East India Company]] would pay 200,000 rupees annually to compensate for the loss of income from the Terai region. The British set up [[Resident (title)|Resident]].<ref>India-Board (8 November 1816) in Kathmandu.</ref> The fear of having a British Resident in Kathmandu ultimately proved to be unfounded, as the rulers of Nepal managed to isolate the Resident to such an extent as to be in virtual house arrest.

The Terai lands, however, proved difficult for the British to govern and some of them were returned to the kingdom later in 1816 and the annual payments accordingly abolished.<ref name="Oldfield, p.304-305.">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|pp=304–305}}</ref> However even after the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War, the border issue between the two states was not yet settled. The boundary between Nepal and Oudh was not finally adjusted until 1830; and that between Nepal and the British territories remained as a matter of discussion between the two Governments for several years later.<ref name="Oldfield, p.306.">{{harvnb|Oldfield|1880|p=306}}</ref>

The British never had the intention to destroy either the existence or the independence of a state which was usefully interposed between them and the dependencies of China.{{sfn|Anon|1816|p=428}} Lord Hastings had given up his plan to dismember Nepal from fear of antagonising China – whose vassal Nepal in theory was. In 1815, while British forces were campaigning in far western Nepal, a high-ranking Manchu official advanced with a large
military force from China to Lhasa; and the following year, after the Anglo-Nepalese treaty had been signed, the Chinese army moved south again, right up to Nepal's frontier. The Nepalese panicked, because memories were still vivid of the Chinese invasion of 1792, and there was a flurry of urgent diplomatic activity. Hastings sent mollifying assurances to the imperial authorities, and ordered the British Resident, newly arrived in Kathmandu, to pack his bags and be ready to leave at once if the Chinese invaded again.<ref name="Pemble, pp.367.">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|p=367}}</ref>

===Cost of war===
Despite the boast of Lord Moira to the British parliament on having increased the state coffers, the Gurkha War had in reality cost more than the combined cost of the campaigns against the [[Marathas]] and the [[Pindaris]] for which Lord Moira's administration is better known: Sicca Rs. {{formatnum:5156961}} as against Sicca Rs. {{formatnum:3753789}}.<ref name="Lamb, p.41.">{{harvnb|Lamb|1986|p=41}}</ref> This was the kind of fact which greatly influenced the policy of the Company government in subsequent years. Thus, while the Company Government, in theory, thoroughly approved of the development of trade, especially in shawl wool, between Western Tibet and its territories, it was unprepared to take any decisive step to bring this about. It preferred to leave the Chinese in Tibet to their own devices, and hoped to avoid the risk, however slight, of another expensive hill war.<ref name="Lamb, p.41."/>

Furthermore, despite the British merchants' direct access to the wool growing areas after the war, the hopes of shawl wool trade were never realised. The British merchants found that they were too late. The shawl wool market was strictly closed and closely guarded. It was monopolised by traders from Kashmir and Ladakh, and the only outsider with whom they dealt was Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the powerful Sikh ruler of Lahore. Ranjit was very zealous of his privilege, and he was the last person the British could afford to offend at this time of crisis and uncertainty. So the East India Company never did get its shawl wool. When it finally acquired the Punjab and Kashmir, after the Sikh Wars of the 1840s, it had long since given up trade, and Kashmir was so little valued that it was quickly discarded – sold for a knock-down price to the Raja of Jammu.<ref name="Pemble, pp.366-367.">{{harvnb|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009|pp=366–367}}</ref>

===Gorkha recruitment===
{{main|Brigade of Gurkhas|Gorkha regiments (India)}}
[[File:Ilngurkhas1858.jpg|thumb|Gurkahs of 66th Regiment in their national costume]]
[[File:Kukri.jpg|thumb|The [[Khukuri]] is the traditional weapon and tool of the [[Gurkhas]].]]

David Ochterlony and the political agent [[William Fraser (British administrator)|William Fraser]] were quick to recognize the potential of Nepalese soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Nepalese army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the [[1GR|1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles]], saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions".

As well as Ochterlony's Gorkhali battalions, William Fraser and [[Frederick Young (soldier)|Lieutenant Frederick Young]] raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles]]; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]. None of these men fought in the second campaign.

===Fate of protagonists===
====Bhimsen Thapa====
{{main|Bhimsen Thapa}}

Prime Minister [[Bhimsen Thapa]], with the support of the queen regent [[Queen Tripurasundari|Tripura Sundari]], remained in power despite the defeat of Nepal. Other ruling families, particularly the Pandes, decried what they saw as Bhimsen Thapa's submissive attitude towards the British. The prime minister however had been able to retain power by maintaining a large, modernized army and politically dominating the court during the minority of King [[Rajendra of Nepal|Rajendra Bikram Shah]], (reigned 1816–1847). Additionally, he was able to freeze out the Pandes from power by appointing members of his own family into positions of authority.

When queen Tripura Sundari died in 1832, [[Bhimsen Thapa]] began to lose influence. In 1833, [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Brian Hodgson]] became British resident, openly favouring Bhimsen Thapa's opponents, and in 1837 the king announced his intention to rule independently, depriving the prime minister and his nephew of their military powers. After the eldest son of the queen died, Bhimsen Thapa was falsely accused of attempting to poison the prince. Although acquitted, the Thapas were in turmoil. When the head of the Pande family, Rana Jang Pande, became prime minister, he had Bhimsen Thapa re-imprisoned; Bhimsen Thapa committed suicide in August 1839.

====David Ochterlony====
{{main|David Ochterlony}}

For his part, [[David Ochterlony]] received thanks from both [[Palace of Westminster|Houses of Parliament]] and became the first officer in the [[British East India Company]] to be awarded the [[Order of the Bath|GCB]]. [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Moira]] also reinstated him as Resident at [[Delhi]] and he lived in the style appropriate to a very senior figure of the company. However, after Lord Moira left India – succeeded by [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]] as Governor-General in 1823 – Ochterlony fell out of favor.

In 1825 the [[Raja]] of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]] died and the six-year-old heir to the throne, whom Ochterlony supported, was usurped by his cousin Durjan Sal. When Durjan Sal failed to submit to Ochterlony's demands to vacate the throne, the British general prepared to march on Bharatpur. He did not receive the backing of the new Governor-General however, and after Amherst countermanded his orders, Ochterlony resigned, as Amherst had anticipated. This episode badly affected the ailing general who died shortly after on 14 July 1825. A 165-foot-high memorial was later erected in [[Calcutta]] in his memory; however, Sir David Ochterlony's greatest legacy is the continuing recruitment of [[Gurkha|Gorkhas]] into the British and Indian armies.

Soon after Ochterlony's resignation Amherst was himself obliged to do what Ochterlony had prepared to do, and laid siege to Bharatpur.<ref name="Naravane, p.191"/>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gurkha]]
* [[History of Nepal]]
* [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
* [[Brigade of Gurkhas]]
* [[Sino-Nepalese War]]
* [[Gurkha–Sikh War]]
* [[Nepalese-Tibetan War]]
* [[East India Company]]
* [[Company rule in India]]
* [[Nawab of Awadh]]
* [[Garhwali people]]
* [[Kumauni people]]
* [[Awadh]]
* [[Battle of Nalapani]]
* [[Treaty of Thapathali]]
* [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
* [[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sagauli]]
* [[Warren Hastings]]
{{col div end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
===Primary sources===
* India-Board. (16 August 1815). ''Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 25 January 1815''. The London Gazette. Issue: 17052. Published: 19 Aug 1815. pp. 1–8. [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17052/pages/1685]
* India-Board. (8 November 1816). ''Dispatches, dated Fort-William, 30 March 1816''. The London Gazette. Issue: 17190. Published: 11 Nov 1816. pp. 1–4. [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/17190/pages/2137]
* {{citation |author1=((Anon)) |title=An account of the war in Nipal; Contained in a Letter from an Officer on the Staff of the Bengal Army |journal=Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany |volume=1 |date=May 1816 |pages=425–429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dtAAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{citation |last=Fraser |first=James Baillie |date=1820 |title=Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himālā mountains, and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges |location=London |publisher=Rodwell and Martin |url=https://archive.org/details/journaloftourthr00fras}}
* {{citation |author1=((Anon)) |year=1822 |title=Military sketches of the Goorka war in India: in the years 1814, 1815, 1816 |publisher=Woodbridge, Printed by J. Loder for R. Hunter |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/militarysketche00unkngoog}}
* East India Company. (1824). Papers respecting the Nepaul War. ''Papers regarding the administration of the Marquis of Hastings in India''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kElDAAAAcAAJ]
* {{citation |first=Marquis of |last=Hastings |year=1824 |title=Summary of the operations in India: with their results: from 30 April 1814 to 31 Jan. 1823 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkZDAAAAcAAJ}}
* {{citation |author-link=Henry Thoby Prinsep |last=Prinsep |first=Henry Thoby |year=1825 |title=History of the political and military transactions in India during the administration of the Marquess of Hastings, 1813–1823, Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1jAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation |first=W. |last=Shackell |title=The Monthly Magazine. Volume: XLIX Part: I for 1820 |year=1820 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a20EAAAAQAAJ}}

===Secondary sources===
* {{citation |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |title=King Girvan's letter to Kaji Ranjor Thapa |journal=Regmi Research Series |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |date=January 1, 1971 |orig-year=1950 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf}}
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Thomas |year=1852 |title=Narrative of a five-year's residence at Nepaul. Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=Colburn and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeafivey09ochtgoog}}
* {{citation |last=Oldfield |first=Henry Ambrose |year=1880 |title=Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1 |location=London |publisher=W.H. Allen and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromnipa01oldf}}
* {{citation |last=Hunter |first=William Wilson |year=1896 |title=Life of Brian Houghton Hodgson |location=London |publisher=John Murray |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924029875915}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=British India and Tibet 1766–1910 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pfl0DwAAQBAJ |year=1986 |origyear=1960 |edition=Revised |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0710208723 |pages=26–43}}
* {{citation |last=Gould |first=Tony |year=2000 |title=Imperial Warriors – Britain and the Gorkhas |publisher=Granta Books |isbn=1-86207-365-1}}
* {{citation |first=M. S. |last=Naravane |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |pages=189–191 |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2006}}
* {{citation |last=Pemble |first=John |year=2009 |title=Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurkha War |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=40 |number=3 |pages=361–376 |doi=10.1080/03068370903195154 |s2cid=159606340 |ref={{sfnref|Pemble, Forgetting and remembering Britain's Gurha War|2009}}}}
* Pemble, John. (2009). ''Britain's Gorkha War: The Invasion of Nepal, 1814–16''. Casemate Pub & Book Dist Llc {{ISBN|978-1-84832-520-3}}.
* {{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=K. L. |title=Thapa politics in Nepal : with special reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806-1839 |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Pub. Co |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788180698132}}
* {{citation |author1=((Nepalese Army Headquarters))|title=The Nepalese Army |url=http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable |year=2010 |isbn=978-9937-2-2472-7 |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126094718/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/sipahi_display.php?type=coffeetable |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}

===Bibliography===
* Marshall, Julie G. (2005). ''Britain and Tibet 1765-1947: a select annotated bibliography of British relations with Tibet and the Himalayan states including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-33647-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anglo-Nepalese War}}
* [http://countrystudies.us/nepal/ History of Nepal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110607215048/http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=two History of the Nepalese Army]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018202001/http://www.nepaldemocracy.org/documents/treaties_agreements/nep_india_open_border.htm Indian-Nepalese border; The Tarai region]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030902202914/http://www.Nepalesecongress.org.np/contents/nepal/treaties/2.php The Sugauli Treaty]

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1814]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1815]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1816]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Gurkha war]]
[[Category:19th century in Nepal|History of Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Wars involving Nepal]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Nepal–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:1810s in Asia]]
[[Category:Anglo-Nepalese War| ]]
[[Category:1816 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1814 in Nepal]]
[[Category:1810s in Nepal]]
[[Category:1815 in Nepal]]

Jinete

2024-10-03T01:48:13Z

GenEli1L1: link directs to unrelated page, intended see also link does not exist (yet.)

{{italictitle}}
{{Short description|Type of light cavalry originating in Spain}}
[[File:Higueruela.jpg|right|thumb|''Jinetes'' [[skirmish]] at the Battle of Higueruela, 1431]]
'''''Jinete''''' ({{IPA|es|xiˈnete}}) is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "[[Equestrianism|horseman]]", especially in the context of [[light cavalry]].

==Etymology==
The word ''jinete'' (of Berber ''[[zenata]]'') designates, in [[Castilian language|Castilian]] and the [[Provençal dialect]] of [[Occitan language]], those who show great skill and riding especially if this relates to their work. In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], it is spelled ''ginete''.
The term ''[[jennet]]'' for a small Spanish horse has the same source.

==Medieval Hispanic light cavalry==
As a military term, ''jinete'' (also spelled ''ginete'' or ''genitour'') means a Spanish [[light horseman]] that wore leather armor and were armed with [[javelin]]s, a [[spear]], a [[sword]], and a [[shield]]. They were a type of mounted troop developed in the early [[Middle Ages]] in response to the massed light cavalry of the [[Moors]].<ref>{{cite book |title=War in the Middle Ages |last=Contamine |first=Philippe |author-link=Philippe Contamine|year=1984 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn= 0-631-13142-6|page=58}}</ref> Often fielded in significant numbers by the Spanish, and at times the most numerous of the Spanish mounted troops, they played an important role in Spanish mounted warfare throughout the ''[[Reconquista]]'' until the sixteenth century. They were to serve successfully in the [[Italian Wars]] under [[Gonzalo de Córdoba]] and [[Ramón de Cardona]].

[[Charles Oman|Sir Charles Oman]] describes their tactics thus:

{{Quote|text = Their tactics were not to close but to hover round their opponents, continually harassing them till they should give ground or break their formation, when a chance would occur of pushing a charge home<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol.II 1278–1485 |last=Oman |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Oman |year=1991 |orig-year=1924|publisher=Greenhill |location=London |isbn= 1-85367-105-3|page=180 }}</ref>}}

{{Quote|text = The tactics of the genitours were to swarm around the enemy, to overwhelm him with darts, to draw off if he charged in mass, but to hang upon his flanks and charge him when he grew tired, or fell into disorder<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century |last=Oman |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Oman |year=1987 |orig-year=1937|publisher=Greenhill |location=London |isbn= 0-947898-69-7|page=51}}</ref>}}

In addition, [[Philippe Contamine]] records they used the tactic of [[Withdrawal (military)#Feigned retreat|feigned flight]] (''tourna-fuye'').<ref>Contamine (1984), p. 58</ref>

Jinetes existed in considerable numbers. During the period 1485–9, [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] armies mustered between 11,000 and 13,000 jinetes.<ref>Contamine (1984), p. 135</ref> Some of these were provided by the Military Orders. The [[Order of Santiago|Master of Santiago]] provided 300, while the [[Order of Calatrava|Master of Calatrava]] was responsible for a further 450.<ref>Contamine (1984), p. 163)</ref> In May 1493, a number of standing companies were established in Castile called the ''guardas viejas'' (veteran guard). These included five captaincies of 100 jinetes.<ref>Contamine (1984), p. 172</ref> In 1496, the ''guardas reales'' (royal guard) of Castile included 130 jinetes.<ref>Contamine (1984), p. 167</ref> Out of 600 cavalry in the Spanish expeditionary force to Italy in 1495, 500 were jinetes.<ref>Oman (1987), p. 52</ref>

==Contemporary usage==
In [[Mexico]], ''jinete'' can mean "[[rodeo|rodeo rider]]", hence "cowboy".

In Castilian, it is used adjectivally of a rider who knows how to ride a horse, especially those who are fluent or champions at equestrian practices, such as the [[gaucho]], the [[huaso]] of the plains, the [[cowboy]], [[Vaquero]], or [[charro]] among others.
It is also used in the Spanish Army to designate personnel belonging to the cavalry arm.

In its original Spanish title ''[[The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (novel)|The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]'' by [[Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]] is ''Los Cuatro Jinetes del Apocalipsis''. ''Canción de jinete'' is a poem by [[Federico García Lorca]].<ref name=alvarez>César García Alvarez (1977). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40356084 Canción de jinete] (in Spanish). ''[[Revista Chilena de Literatura]]'' (9/10 ): 171–178. {{subscription required}}</ref>

The novel ''El jinete polaco'' by [[Antonio Muñoz Molina]] was published in 1991.<ref name=amann>Elizabeth Amann (Autumn 1998). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27763509 Genres in Dialogue: Antonio Muñoz Molina's El jinete polaco] (in Spanish). ''Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos'' '''23''' (1): 1–21.{{subscription required}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|jinete}}
* [http://xenophongroup.com/EMW/article001.htm Lanza Gineta: Spanish Light Cavalry of the Early Italian Wars]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Equestrianism]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Italian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of Spain]]

20th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment

2024-09-07T15:06:31Z

GenEli1L1:

{{short description|Union Army cavalry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name =20th Pennsylvania Cavalry (181st Pennsylvania Volunteers)
|native_name =
|image =File:Pennsylvania State Flag 1863 pubdomain.jpg
|image_size =200 px
|alt =
|caption =State flag of Pennsylvania, c. 1863
|dates =June 1863 – June 17, 1865 (consolidated with the 2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry, which then mustered out July 13, 1865)
|disbanded =
|country ={{flag|United States|1865|23px}}
|countries =
|allegiance =[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch =[[Infantry]]
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|battles =[[American Civil War]]
*[[Battle of New Market]]
*[[Battle of Lynchburg]]
*[[Battle of Cool Spring]]
*[[Valley Campaigns of 1864]]
*[[Siege of Petersburg]]
*[[Appomattox Campaign]]
|decorations =
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|commander1 =
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|commander5 =
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|notable_commanders = Colonel John E. Wynkoop

|identification_symbol =
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}}

The '''20th Pennsylvania Cavalry''' was a [[cavalry]] regiment of the [[Union Army]] which fought during the [[American Civil War]]. Also known as the '''181st Pennsylvania Volunteers,'''<ref>Bates, Samuel P. ''History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5; Prepared in Compliance with Acts of the Legislature'', Vol. 5: "[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aby3439.0005.001;view=1up;seq=60 One Hundred and Eighty-First, Twentieth Cavalry]," pp. 32-76. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: B. Singerly, State, Printer, 1871.</ref> it was initially led by [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] John E. Wynkoop, [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] William Rotch Wister, and [[Major (US)|Major]] Samuel W. Comly.

==History==

Recruiting men from the counties of Bucks, Chester, Cumberland, Dauphin, Montgomery, and Union, as well as from the city of Philadelphia during June and July 1863, this regiment was composed of six companies of men who were commissioned for six months' service plus five companies of existing emergency militia units that had been assigned to picket and scout duties along the Susquehanna River and the roads leading toward Carlisle, Marysville and York during the Emergency of 1863 when regiments of the Confederate States Army invaded Pennsylvania.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 32.</ref>

Established in July 1863, the members of this regiment mustered in at Camp Couch near Harrisburg. On July 7, its men marched up the Cumberland Valley to Greencastle before being assigned to scout duty in Maryland. In partnership with three companies of the First New York Cavalry, a detachment of the 20th Pennsylvania was then assigned to follow the army of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to Hagerstown, near which it captured several prisoners and horses after engaging that army's rear-guard. After marching to Falling Waters, the regiment bivouacked there and performed picket duties along the Potomac River before being moved into camp near Clear Spring, Maryland.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 32.</ref>

Ordered to Sir John's Run, West Virginia in early August 1863, the regiment was next assigned to guard part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, as well as sections of the countryside near Winchester. Companies F and I were stationed at Berkeley Springs under the command of Major Comly while Company C was moved to Hancock and Companies D and E were assigned to Bloomery Gap under Major Thorp. Companies A and H were assigned to Great Cacapon Station. Assigned to detached service under Major Douglass, the remaining five companies were splot between duty stations at Philadelphia, Pottsville and Reading; they did not rejoin the rest of the regiment until the final muster-out. Another hundred dismounted men remained behind at headquarters.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 32.</ref>

During an attack by Confederate cavalrymen on the Berkeley Springs command during the early part of September 1863, 20 members of the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry were captured; horses and equipment were also lost. Afterward, the companies were once again stationed together — concentrated at headquarters. Daily scouting parties fired upon enemy scouts and snipers, but did not engage any great strength of the CSA during this time.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, pp. 32-33.</ref>

Brigaded with the [[54th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment|54th Pennsylvania]], 15th Virginia, 1st Pennsylvania Battalion, and the 3rd Virginia Artillery, two of the 20th Pennsylvania's companies were then sent on a reconnaissance to the south of Romney. After venturing nearly a hundred miles into Virginia, they engaged and defeated part of Imboden's command, capturing a number of small arms and several prisoners, and destroying a piece of artillery in the process. After torching the Columbian Furnace, the 20th Pennsylvania returned to Springfield and, on December 24, was ordered back to Harrisburg, where the regiment was officially mustered out on January 7, 1864.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 33.</ref>

Reorganized and mustered in for three years' service in February, the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry was led by Colonel John E. Wynkoop, Lieutenant Colonel Gabriel Middleton, and Majors J. Harry Thorp, Robert W. Douglass and W. W. Anderson, who later died at Harper's Ferry, Virginia.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 33.</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28273779/the_bedford_inquirer/ Obituary of Major William Watson Anderson]. Bedford, Pennsylvania: ''The Bedford Inquirer'', February 10, 1865.</ref>

[[File:New Market.svg|thumb|Union and Confederate positions near New Market, Virginia, May 15, 1865.]] Assigned to the command of General Sigel, who was in charge of the army in the Shenandoah Valley, the regiment engaged in an intense battle on May 15 as Sigel's army battled the troops of CSA General Breckenridge at New Market. The 20th Pennsylvania lost three men that day. Next placed under the command of Major-General David Hunter, who had taken over for Sigel, the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry joined other Union troops in combat at Staunton on June 10, where it lost three men, and at New Glasgow on June 14, where it lost two more men.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 33.</ref>

The regiment then sustained far heavier casualties while engaged with Hunter's forces in the [[Battle of Lynchburg]], beginning June 17. Retreating with Hunter's army into the Kanawha Valley, the regiment then moved with that army to Parkersburg and by rail to Martinsburg. On June 21, the regiment lost four more men while engaged in the fighting at Salem.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 33.</ref>

The 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry then became part of the Eighth Corps when General Crook succeeded Hunter as commander and, on July 18, lost an additional 14 men as it helped to defeat the forces of Early and Breckenridge at Snicker's Gap during the [[Battle of Cool Spring]]. Engaged in "a daring charge down the Winchester Pike" on July 24, according to historian Samuel P. Bates, the regiment was then ordered by Crook to attack the rear of CSA General Jubal Early's army. Moving by way of Ashby's Gap, the 20th Pennsylvania lost 118 in killed, wounded and missing during this phase of duty.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, pp. 33-34.</ref>

The 20th Pennsylvania then was placed under the command of General Philip Sheridan, who had taken over the Army of the Shenandoah. According to Bates, during the reorganization, "the Twentieth was assigned to the Second Brigade, of the First Division, General Devin in command," and subsequently participated in the [[Valley Campaigns of 1864]] "in which a series of brilliant victories were gained, and the power of the enemy in the valley was completely annihilated, the subsistence of any considerable hostile force being rendered impossible." Afterward, the regiment was moved to winter quarters with its brigade, and assigned to guard and scout duty. Colonel Wynkoop then retired, and Lieutenant Colonel Middleton was placed in charge of the regiment.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 34.</ref>

On February 27, 1865, the regiment then rejoined Sheridan's campaign, which opened with a major cavalry raid of 10,000 riders on Lynchburg. After routing Early's forces at Waynesboro, Sheridan's men then also caused major damage to the James River Canal and Virginia Central Railroad. By March 27, they were collaborating with Grant in the [[Siege of Petersburg]]. Separated from the bulk of Sheridan's command while it was engaged in the actions near Dinwiddie Court House, the 20th Pennsylvania "united in the attack which was made on the morning of the 1st of April, by which the enemy was driven by impetuous charges from one line of works after another, until he finally took shelter behind his main fortifications, on the White Oak Road," according to Bates. Now engaged in the [[Appomattox Campaign]], the cavalry was ordered to turn the CSA's right flank in order to free up the Fifth Corps to attack the enemy's left side. The maneuver was successful, and the 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry was commended for its valor, but as a regiment, it sustained heavy casualties.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, pp. 34-35.</ref>

Following the Lee's surrender on April 9 at Appomattox, the regiment was ordered back to Washington, D.C., where it marched in the [[Grand Review of the Armies]]. Consolidated with the [[2nd Pennsylvania Cavalry]] on June 17, 1865 to form the 1st Pennsylvania Provisional Cavalry, which then mustered out on July 13 at Cloud's Mills, Virginia.<ref>Bates, "History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-5, Vol. 5, p. 35.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Pennsylvania Civil War regiments]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/20th_Regiment,_Pennsylvania_Cavalry_(6_months,_1863-1864) Familysearch.org]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Pennsylvania]]

200th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

2024-09-07T14:49:43Z

GenEli1L1: /* Detailed service */

{{short description|Union Army infantry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 200th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
|image=
|caption=
|dates= September 3, 1864 – May 30, 1865
|country= [[United States of America]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Infantry]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Siege of Petersburg]] [[Appomattox Campaign]] [[Battle of Fort Stedman]] [[Third Battle of Petersburg]] [[Battle of Appomattox Court House]]
}}

The '''200th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==Service==
The 200th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], [[Pennsylvania]] on September 3, 1864 and mustered in under the command of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Charles Worth Diven.

The regiment was attached to Engineer Brigade, [[Army of the Potomac]], to October 1864. Provisional Brigade, [[Army of the James]], to November 1864. Provisional Brigade, [[IX Corps (Union Army)|IX Corps]], Army of the Potomac, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, to May 1865.

The 200th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on May 20, 1865. Recruits whose term of service had not expired were transferred to the [[51st Pennsylvania Infantry]].

==Detailed service==
Left Pennsylvania for Bermuda Hundred, Va., September 9. Duty near Dutch Gap, Va., with the Army of the James September 11 to November 28, 1864. Repulse of attack November 19. Transferred to the Army of the Potomac November 28. [[Siege of Petersburg]] December 1864 to April 1865. Dabney's Mills, [[Hatcher's Run Union order of battle|Hatcher's Run]], February 5-7, 1865. [[Battle of Fort Stedman|Fort Stedman]] March 25. [[Appomattox campaign|Appomattox Campaign]] March 28-April 9. [[Third Battle of Petersburg|Assault on and capture of Petersburg]] April 2. Occupation of Petersburg April 3. Pursuit of Lee April 3-9. [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Court House]] April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Nottaway Court House until May. Ordered to City Point, then to Alexandria and duty there until May 30.

==Casualties==
The regiment lost a total of 54 men during service; 30 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 24 enlisted men died of disease.

==Commanders==
* Colonel Charles Worth Diven
* Colonel William H. H. McCall

==See also==
{{portal|American Civil War|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of Pennsylvania Civil War Units]]
* [[Pennsylvania in the Civil War]]

==References==
* Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
;Attribution
* {{CWR}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1864]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Pennsylvania|200]]

200th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

2024-09-07T14:48:58Z

GenEli1L1: /* Detailed service */

{{short description|Union Army infantry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 200th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
|image=
|caption=
|dates= September 3, 1864 – May 30, 1865
|country= [[United States of America]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Infantry]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Siege of Petersburg]] [[Appomattox Campaign]] [[Battle of Fort Stedman]] [[Third Battle of Petersburg]] [[Battle of Appomattox Court House]]
}}

The '''200th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==Service==
The 200th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], [[Pennsylvania]] on September 3, 1864 and mustered in under the command of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Charles Worth Diven.

The regiment was attached to Engineer Brigade, [[Army of the Potomac]], to October 1864. Provisional Brigade, [[Army of the James]], to November 1864. Provisional Brigade, [[IX Corps (Union Army)|IX Corps]], Army of the Potomac, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, to May 1865.

The 200th Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service on May 20, 1865. Recruits whose term of service had not expired were transferred to the [[51st Pennsylvania Infantry]].

==Detailed service==
Left Pennsylvania for Bermuda Hundred, Va., September 9. Duty near Dutch Gap, Va., with the Army of the James September 11 to November 28, 1864. Repulse of attack November 19. Transferred to the Army of the Potomac November 28. [[Siege of Petersburg]] December 1864 to April 1865. Dabney's Mills, [[Hatcher's Run Union order of battle|Hatcher's Run]], February 5-7, 1865. [[Battle of Fort Stedman|Fort Stedman]] March 25. [[Appomattox campaign|Appomattox Campaign]] March 28-April 9. [[Second Battle of Petersburg|Assault on and capture of Petersburg]] April 2. Occupation of Petersburg April 3. Pursuit of Lee April 3-9. [[Battle of Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Court House]] April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty at Nottaway Court House until May. Ordered to City Point, then to Alexandria and duty there until May 30.

==Casualties==
The regiment lost a total of 54 men during service; 30 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 24 enlisted men died of disease.

==Commanders==
* Colonel Charles Worth Diven
* Colonel William H. H. McCall

==See also==
{{portal|American Civil War|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of Pennsylvania Civil War Units]]
* [[Pennsylvania in the Civil War]]

==References==
* Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
;Attribution
* {{CWR}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1864]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Pennsylvania|200]]

133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment

2024-09-07T14:45:17Z

GenEli1L1: /* Commanders */

{{short description|Union Army infantry regiment}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 133rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
|image=
|caption=
|dates= August 1862 to May 26, 1863
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Infantry]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Antietam]] [[Battle of Fredericksburg]] [[Battle of Chancellorsville]]
}}

[[File:Civil war veteran J.D.M. Armburst) - E.E. Conrad, Meyersdale, Pa LCCN2017659665.jpg|thumb|right|J.D.M. Armburst of Co. B, 133rd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, [[Library of Congress]]]]

The '''133rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==Service==
The 133rd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at [[Camp Curtin]] near [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], [[Pennsylvania]], and mustered in August 1862 for nine month's service under the command of [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Franklin B. Speakman.

The regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, [[V Corps (Union Army)|V Corps]], [[Army of the Potomac]].

The 133rd Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out May 26, 1863.

==Detailed service==
The regiment initially moved to [[Washington, DC]] for duty from August 19, 1862, to September 2 of the same year; it subsequently moved to [[Rockville, Maryland]] for duty until October 30, when it moved to [[Falmouth, Virginia]] for several weeks. The regiment fought in the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]] from December 12–15, and was part of [[Ambrose Burnside|General Ambrose Burnside's]] second campaign, nicknamed the "Mud March" from January 20–24, 1863. During spring of 1863, the regiment was located in Falmouth, until April 27, when it departed to take part in the Chancellorsville campaign, participating in the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] from May 1–5 of 1863. Enlisted in the regiment was Private John Suhre, who was mortally wounded at Fredericksburg and whose last days are described by [[Louisa May Alcott]] in her short novel [[Hospital Sketches]].

==Casualties==
The regiment lost a total of 77 men during service; 4 officers and 40 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 33 enlisted men died of disease.

==Commanders==
* Colonel Franklin B. Speakman
* [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Charles Butland

==See also==
{{portal|American Civil War|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of Pennsylvania Civil War Units]]
* [[Pennsylvania in the Civil War]]

==References==
* Dyer, Frederick H. ''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'' (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
;Attribution
* {{CWR}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pacivilwarflags.org/regiments/indivRegiment.cfm?group=101-150&reg=133rd%20Infantry National flag of the 133rd Pennsylvania Infantry]

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1863]]
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Pennsylvania]]

Battle of Kock (1939)

2024-09-02T22:47:45Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Short description|Final battle of the Nazi invasion of Poland, World War II}}
{{Other uses|Battle of Kock (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of Kock}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=May 2012}}
{{Context|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Coord|51|38|N|22|26|E|type:event_region:PL |display=title}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Kock
| partof = the [[Invasion of Poland]]
| image = Bitwa pod Kockiem.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Polish soldiers during the Battle of Kock
| date = 2–5 October 1939 (4 days)
| place = Near [[Kock]], [[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–39)|Lublin Voivodeship]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]]
| result = German victory
* Polish forces surrender due to lack of ammunition after achieving local success.
* Last major regular units of Polish Army surrender, thus ending September Campaign.
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Second Polish Republic}}
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Second Polish Republic}} [[Franciszek Kleeberg]]
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Gustav Anton von Wietersheim|G. A. von Wietersheim]]}}
| units1 = [[Independent Operational Group Polesie|SGO Polesie]]
| units2 = [[XIV Panzer Corps|XIV Motorized Corps]]
| strength1 = 18,000
| strength2 = 30,000
| casualties1 = 250–300 casualties 17,000 captured<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/articles/view/3062|title=Battle of Kock|date=7 October 2005|publisher=Polish-Military.pl|language=pl|access-date=27 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218140130/http://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/articles/view/3062|archive-date=18 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| casualties2 = 300–500 casualties 185 captured
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Polish September Campaign}}
}}

The '''Battle of Kock''' was the final battle in the [[invasion of Poland]] at the beginning of [[World War II in Europe]]. It took place between 2–5 October 1939, near the town of [[Kock]], in [[Poland]].<ref name=Zaloga>Zaloga, S.J., 2002, Poland 1939, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|9781841764085}}</ref>{{rp|12,84}}
[[File:Kock-pomnik-kleberga2.jpg|thumb|300px|Monument dedicated to General Kleeberg in [[Kock]]]]
The Polish [[Independent Operational Group Polesie]], led by [[General (Poland)|General]] [[Franciszek Kleeberg]], fought the German [[XIV Panzer Corps|XIV Motorized Corps]], led by [[General officer|General]] [[Gustav Anton von Wietersheim]].

==Before the battle==
The Polish battle plan was disorganized due to few officers being available. The [[Wehrmacht]] had destroyed the Polish [[Army Prusy|reserve]] and forced it to [[Withdrawal (military)|withdraw]]. Having taken heavy losses, the Polish armies retreated to [[Kraków]] and the [[Vistula]] river. From there, they took the route from [[Warsaw]] to [[Sandomierz]]. From Sandomierz, they were able to move on to the [[Lublin]] area.

The eastern edge of the Vistula was defended by Lublin's weak army. The Polish forces were only camped in areas where they could cross the river easily (in case of an attack). Other German forces advanced to the Vistula and went on towards [[Zamość]] and [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]].

The Polish Army at [[Kraków]] and [[Lesser Poland|Małopolska]] suffered heavy losses, and did not reach the [[San (river)|San]] river front. Therefore, they were unable to organize a proper defense. [[Marshal of Poland|Marshal]] [[Edward Rydz-Śmigły|Rydz Śmigły]] was tasked with the defense of southern Poland. The commander of army area IX [[Brest, Belarus|Brześć]], General Kleeberg, was responsible for the defense of the line from [[Pinsk|Pińsk]] to Brześć.

==Group organization==
On 8 September, General Kleeberg received orders from Marshal Rydz-Śmigły to organize a division of infantry from the depot division (a depot was where reserve soldiers and recruits were trained). General Kleeberg was also ordered to organize a defensive line from [[Brest, Belarus|Brześć]] to [[Pinsk|Pińsk]]. While his forces were well-trained, they lacked heavy equipment as it had previously been dispatched to the front-line divisions.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''''[[Independent Operational Group Polesie]]'' under General Franciszek Kleeberg'''
|-
! Unit
! Polish name
! Commander
! Composition
|-
| [[60th Infantry Division (Poland)|60th Infantry Division]]
| 60 Dywizja Piechoty "[[Kobryn|Kobryń]]"
| Colonel [[Adam Epler]]
| Seven battalions of infantry, an artillery unit, one anti-tank battery
|-
| [[Drohiczyn Poleski]] Group
| Grupa Drohiczyn Poleski
| Lieutenant Colonel Kazimierz Gorzkowski
| Three battalions of infantry, an anti-tank unit
|-
| [[Jasiolda|Jasiołda]] Group
| Grupa Jasiołda
|
| One infantry battalion, one machine-gun battalion, one anti-tank company, one unarmed [[labour battalion]]
|-
| [[Battle of Brzesc|Brześć Fortress Group]]
| ''Grupa Forteczna Brześć''
| General [[Konstanty Plisowski]]
| Three infantry battalions, one engineer battalion, two [[Renault FT-17|FT-17]] tank companies, two [[armoured train]]s, an artillery group
|-
| [[Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy|Riverine Flotilla]]
| ''Flotylla Rzeczna''
|
| Several dozen small river motor boats, monitors and artillery ships
|-
| Eight anti-aircraft batteries
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Battle of Brześć Litewski and Kobryń==
{{See also|Battle of Brześć Litewski}}
{{See also|Battle of Kobryń}}

After breaking through the Polish line in the [[Battle of Wizna]], the German [[XIX Army Corps]] under General [[Heinz Guderian]] started its rapid advance south. The corps, composed of the [[3rd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Panzer Division]], the [[10th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|10th Panzer Division]], the [[20th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|20th Motorized Infantry Division]], with the [[2nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|2nd Motorized Division]] in reserve, was ordered to capture [[Brest Fortress|the old fortress in Brześć Litewski]] and then strike further southwards towards [[Kowel]] and [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]]. The purpose of this attack was to cut Poland in two and paralyze the defenses east of the [[Bug River]].

Initially, [[Heinz Guderian|Guderian's]] forces advanced almost unopposed. However, on 14 September, they were stopped in the area of Brześć Fortress and [[Kobryn]] by a four-battalion-strong improvised force under General [[Konstanty Plisowski]]. In the three-day-long battle, which became known as the [[Battle of Brześć Litewski]], both sides suffered significant casualties. Although the Poles finally withdrew from the area on 17 September, the Germans did not start the pursuit soon enough to rout the retreating Poles. The simultaneous attack on [[Kobryn]], which is sometimes referred to as the [[Battle of Kobryń]], was inconclusive, with the Polish improvised '[[Kobryn|Kobryń]]' Infantry Division under Colonel [[Adam Epler]] withdrawing unopposed.

Both Polish units from Kobryń and Brześć were soon joined by the [[Podlaska Cavalry Brigade]]. The unit, commanded by General {{ill|Ludwik Kmicic-Skrzyński|pl}}, successfully evaded encirclement by withdrawing through the [[Białowieża Forest]]. General Kmicic-Skrzyński, with his chief of staff, Major Julian Szychiewicz, went to [[Vawkavysk]] where he made telephone contact with General Kleeberg. The two agreed to join their forces and move southwards, towards the [[Romanian Bridgehead]].

The 16th Motorized Infantry Regiment with artillery and [[Luftwaffe]] support, began an attack on the positions of the 83rd Polish Infantry Regiment on 18 September, capturing a number of Polish positions. The Polish counter-attack, which began at 17.00 hours, regained some territory. General Kleeberg began withdrawing his forces to [[Romania]] and [[Hungary]]. Over the next two days Polish forces were ordered to concentrate north of [[Kowel]]. While on the march, a formation of the [[Independent Operational Group Polesie|Polesie Group]] was attacked by fifth columnists and from the air, but loose groups of Polish soldiers joined the group.

After a battle with [[Red Army]] forces, General Kleeberg decided to march to the relief of Warsaw on 22 September. He first planned to capture crossing places on the [[Bug (river)|Bug River]]. The concentration area would be near [[Włodawa]]. Formations, organized by Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina, fought only against the Germans. They could fight the [[Red Army]] but only if they, the Poles, were attacked first. Between 22 and 25 September, elements of the Polesie Group were attacked by German aircraft during the march to Włodawa. On the last day of these attacks, General Kleeberg received information that Włodawa had been captured by unknown Polish units. Most personnel were soldiers from destroyed Polish formations who had not been caught by the Germans and were looking for commanders and formations which still fought. His staff began organizing the defense of a bridgehead in Włodawa.

Elsewhere, between 17 and 26 September, formations of the Polesie Group crossed the Bug river and entered an area near Włodawa. After receiving information about the surrender of [[Warsaw]], General Kleeberg asked his commanders their opinion after informing them of the political and military situation. He also asked General [[Zygmunt Podhorski]], the commander of the 'Zaza' cavalry division (comprising two brigades of cavalry ['Pils' and 'Edward'], two infantry battalions ['Olek' and 'Wilk'] and divisional artillery), to join him. General Podhorski agreed but then decided that he would first go to Stawy near Dęblin, the location of the main arsenal of the Polish army. They would then move to the [[Świętokrzyskie Mountains|Holy Cross Mountains]] and engage in [[guerrilla warfare]].

Kleeberg decided to re-organize his command. The 'Kobryń' division would get little in the way of re-supply but would be renamed the 60th Infantry Division. The 'Brzoza' and 'Drohiczyn' groups would be merged – Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina would command the resultant 50th Infantry Division with three infantry regiments and a division of artillery. The 60th Infantry Division would be commanded by Colonel Adam Epler, comprising: three infantry regiments, a division of artillery, a motorized company of 37 mm anti-tank guns, four independent and seven independent formations. In all, Kleeberg had some 18,000 men.

On 28 September, the Polish forces began to march south to the Parczew-Wojcieszków line with the 'Zaza' cavalry division securing the march. One of the [[Uhlan]] regiments from the 'Edward' brigade successfully crossed the [[Wieprz|Wieprz river]] and captured [[Spiczyn]]; another cavalry regiment from the 'Zaza' Division captured [[Jawidz]] and Wymysłów after some resistance. The Germans suffered heavy losses. The next day there was more fighting between the 'Zaza' Division and the Germans near Spiczyn. That evening, the 60th Infantry Division made contact with the Germans and entered a forest near Czeremniki. The Germans, using a formation of infantry and supported by two tanks, attacked the 1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment unsuccessfully.

By 30 September, Polish forces were situated between the rivers [[Tyśmienica (Wieprz)|Tyśmienica]] and [[Wieprz]]. The following day, forces from the 'Polesie' Group passed the [[Świderki]] colonies of Bystrzyca, [[Wola Osowińska]], Bełcząc and Ostrówek. The 'Zaza' Division had settled in forests near the Tyśmianka river. One squadron of the 2nd Uhlan Regiment, who were defending a road, destroyed a German reconnaissance patrol. The command element of 5th Uhlan Regiment, and the 'Olek' and 'Wilk' infantry battalions attacked the Germans in Kock and captured the town.

==Battle of Kock==
[[File:Bitwa kock 1939 1.png|300px|right]]
[[File:Bitwa kock 1939 2.png|300px|right]]
On 30 September, the commander of [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]], [[Walter von Reichenau]], ordered his staff to plan the destruction of a large Polish force which was located between the Bug and Vistula rivers. This task would involve the [[XIV Panzer Corps|XIV Motorized Corps]]. It was made up of the [[29th Motorized Infantry Division|29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)]], the [[13th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|13th Motorized Infantry Division]], and some independent units. Each German motorized division had a paper strength of 16445 soldiers, 2676 trucks and staff cars, 1944 motorcycles, and 18 armored cars.

===2 October===
General [[Gustav Anton von Wietersheim]], the commander of the [[XIV Panzer Corps|XIV Motorized Corps]], knew that Polish forces were situated in the forests northwest of [[Kock]]. He believed that the commander of the Polish forces was unaware of Warsaw's capitulation.

The commander of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division, {{lang | 1=de | 2=Generalleutnant}} {{ill|Paul Otto (general)|de|Paul Otto (General)|lt=Paul Otto}}, was of the opinion that the Polish forces had become so demoralized that they were incapable of combat, and that a single German battalion would be enough to disarm the Poles and take them to a prisoner of war camp. General Otto sent a force consisting of 3rd Battalion, 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment supported by 8th Battery, 13th Regiment of Light Artillery. The battalion commander decided to divide his forces into two groups which were sent to [[Serokomla]] and Kock. He could count on help from the 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment with some support forces which followed him.

====Kock====
At 08:30, a column of half-tracks and truck-mounted infantry came under fire from a guard platoon of No. 2 company of the 'Wilk' battalion. After a protracted engagement the German troops withdrew. The [[19th Infantry Division (Poland)|Polish 179th Infantry]] Regiment was alerted and moved to defensive positions near and in Kock. At about 11:00 the German lead elements attacked the Polish positions, which were now 2 battalions strong. In spite of supporting artillery fire, the attack failed. At dusk German motorcyclists appeared near the church in Kock and began firing, but subsequently withdrew when the fire was returned.

====Serokomla====
A company of motorized infantry entered the village of [[Serokomla]]. This led to the beginning of a chaotic action between the Germans and Uhlans from the 'Pils' Cavalry Brigade, (commanded by Colonel Plisowski). The Poles were supported by an artillery unit from the same brigade. The Germans were forced to withdraw to the south of the village (see 3 October).

====Casualties====
German losses were 300–400 killed and wounded. Five officers, 180 NCOs and privates were captured by the Poles. Components of the 'Pils' cavalry brigade lost about 200 killed or wounded.

===3 October ===
The stiff Polish resistance forced General Otto to use all his forces for an assault. He was going to split Polish forces in two and destroy them. He decided that the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment supported by part of the divisional artillery would attack [[Annopol, Lubartów County|Annopol]], [[Pieńki, Łuków County|Pieńki]] and [[Talczyn]]. This force was tasked with destroying the Polish 50th Infantry Division. The 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Serokomla, and then [[Hordzież]], and to destroy a defensive formation of the 'Zaza' cavalry division. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment entered the field of battle in the afternoon.

General Kleeberg thought that the main German advance would be toward the 'Zaza' cavalry division at Serokomla/[[Hordzież]]. He decided that part of the cavalry would fend off the German attack. The rest would join a counter-attack alongside the 50th Infantry Division on the right wing and rear of the 13th German Motorized Infantry Division. The 60th Infantry Division and the '[[Podlaska Cavalry Brigade]]' would close off potential German attack routes. If this counter-attack was successful, the German division would be forced to withdraw behind the river [[Wieprz]].

Between 07:50 and 09:30, two regiments of the 50th Infantry Division (the 180th and the 178th, less its 2nd battalion), attacked. They were supported by a [[howitzer]] battery. The attack was commanded by [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Gorzkowski. Initially successful, the Polish units were halted and then forced onto the defensive. The cavalry attack by the Uhlans was also stopped and forced to withdraw west of [[Wola Gułowska]].

At 10:30, German artillery began to fire on Polish cavalry positions. The 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began an attack on the 'Wilk' battalion positions, inflicting heavy losses. The 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began a gradual attack on the Polish 50th Infantry Division.

After heavy fighting, the German advance was stopped. General Otto decided to support the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment with the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment. German formations captured Wola Gułowska, but in the evening, they were forced to withdraw from the eastern part of the area and go on the defensive in the west part.

===4 October===
Due to the 13th Motorized Infantry Division's failure, General von Wietersheim was forced to use the 29th Motorized Infantry Division. General Otto ordered the 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment to move from the Wieprz river to [[Dęblin]]. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment would attack Adamów and Wola Gułowska, and the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment would clear the area to the north of Kock.

General Kleeberg suspected that the main combined attack of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division and the 29th Motorized Infantry Division would be on Adamów and Krzywda. He thought there was a chance to destroy the 13th Motorized Infantry Division as they had already sustained heavy casualties and materiel losses. The 'Zaza' cavalry division and the 50th Infantry Division would defend their positions, the 60th Infantry Division would attack the 13th Motorized Infantry Division. The [[Podlaska Cavalry Brigade]] would oppose the 29th Motorized Infantry Division.

In the morning, the main elements of 13th Motorized Infantry Division attacked the 'Zaza' cavalry division and the 50th Infantry division. By 12:00 noon part of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment had captured Zakępie and advanced on Adamów where they were halted by the 1st Battalion of the 180th Infantry Regiment.

About 11 hours apart, first from the west and then the east, forces from the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked the 'Olek' and 'Wilk' battalions who were defending [[Czarna, Lublin Voivodeship|Czarna]]. The defenders sustained heavy casualties from artillery fire and 'Wilk' was forced to withdraw to the eastern edge of the Adamów forest. 'Olek', moving to Adamów, later deployed to [[Gułów, Lublin Voivodeship|Gułów]]. Between 10:00 and 11:00 formations of the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked formations of cavalry from the 5th Uhlan Regiment who then withdrew from Wola Gułowska and Adamów to the south-east.

At about 12:00 the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment attacked the 2nd Squadron of the 2nd Uhlan Regiment in Zarzecze which withdrew with heavy casualties. The commander of the regiment moved the 4th Squadron south from [[Helenów, Gmina Adamów|Helenów]] to try to assist the 2nd Squadron while the 3rd Squadron held the enemy to the west of Wola Gułowska. The 3rd and 4th Squadrons, with elements of the 10th Uhlan Regiment fought near the [[Turzystwo]] village cemetery and the church in Wola Gułowska. Ground was lost and regained repeatedly until an attack by the 2nd Battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment and the Uhlan Squadron enabled the Polish to dig in.

===5 October===
General von Wietersheim decided that he would use two of his divisions. They would attempt to encircle and destroy the Polish forces. The 13th Motorized Infantry Division advanced on [[Bystrzyca, Łuków County|Bystrzyca]] and [[Adamów, Łuków County|Adamów]] then [[Nowa Wróblina]] and [[Stanin]]; the 29th Motorized Division advanced on [[Radoryż Kościelny]] and Nowa Wróblina where they met troops from the 13th Motorized Infantry Division.

General Kleeberg decided to destroy the 13th Motorized Infantry Division by using forces from the 50th and 60th infantry divisions and the 'Zaza' cavalry division. The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade defended the position under Radoryż Kościelny and Nowa Wróblina.

====Fighting in Wojcieszków, Gułów and Adamów====
The 13th Motorized Infantry Division's artillery began to fire on the 180th Infantry Regiment battalion's positions in [[Adamów, Łuków County|Adamów]] and the 'Olek' Battalion in Gułów grange at 05:30. Two and a half hours later, the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment's advance began. After a short fight at 10:00, the Germans captured Adamów, they then attacked the Polish position on hill 170 and [[Gułów, Lublin Voivodeship|Gułów]], which they captured after heavy fighting. The 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment took many losses. The division occupied positions on the eastern edge of Adamów forest. General Podhorski sent the 'Pils' cavalry brigade to support them. After contact with the enemy brigade, they began an attack on the German positions in the forest. They captured the forest and, there, they established defensive positions.

[[File:Die Kapitulation des polnischen Generals Franciszek Kleeberg (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|General Franciszek Kleeberg surrenders to {{lang | 1=de | 2=Generalleutnant}} Paul Otto, commander of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division, near Kock]]

After the capture of Adamów and Gułów grange by the 66th Motorized Infantry Regiment, the 33rd Motorized Infantry Regiment began to advance, capturing [[Wojcieszków]] and {{ill|Glinne (Lublin Voivodeship)|pl|Glinne (województwo lubelskie)|lt=Glinne}}. The Polish 178th Infantry Regiment withdrew. The commander ordered his force to re-take Wojcieszków and Glinne, which they did, but they withdrew after taking heavy losses. The advance of the 180th Infantry Regiment on Adamów failed. Colonel Brzoza-Brzezina sent the 178th infantry regiment who soon met the German advance. The 1st battalion included a part company of sappers. The 2nd and 3rd battalions took heavy losses and withdrew to [[Burzec]].

Meanwhile, an attack by the Polish 184th infantry regiment, with the support of a battalion of the 179th infantry regiment, recaptured the church and cemetery in Wola Gułowska. An advance by the 182nd Infantry Regiment with the help of three 100mm howitzers broke the German defense in Helenów.

[[File:The Nazi-soviet Invasion of Poland, 1939 HU106375.jpg|thumb|300px|Death and destruction by the roadside at [[Kock]]]]

At 16:00, the last German advance from Adamów began on positions of the 10th Uhlan Regiment in Krzywda forest by the 182nd regiment in Helenów and the 184th regiment in Wola Gułowska. The 10th Uhlan Regiment, after a hard fight, withdrew into the forest. Most forces of the 'Brzoza' division successfully defended their positions in [[Burzec]]. The 182nd Infantry Regiment held their position. The 184th regiment had to withdraw due to a lack of artillery ammunition. During this time two key Polish advances began. The 2nd battalion of the 183rd Infantry Regiment, with artillery support, began an assault with the bayonet on the Germans who had attacked the southern wing of the 'Pils' cavalry brigade.

The assault succeeded and the Germans began to retreat, being chased by infantry and cavalry. The rear of the southern wing of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division was attacked by the 'Edward' cavalry brigade, they captured the village of [[Poznań, Lublin Voivodeship|Poznań]], including a German artillery battery (which had to be destroyed when the cavalry were forced to withdraw due to them coming under fire from another German artillery battery). Elements of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division began to withdraw. One of the last attacks was by the 29th Motorized Division on the 'Podlaska' Cavalry Brigade positions and the rear of the 'Brzoza' Division. After that both Polish formations withdrew to the south of [[Krzywda, Lublin Voivodeship|Krzywda]].

At 16:30, General Kleeburg gave his last order in [[Hordzieżka]], and then, as the Hordzieżka forest was being shelled, returned to his headquarters in Krzywda. At 20:40, Lieutenant Colonels Kazimierz Gorzkowski and Tadeusz Śmigielski left to establish contact with the command staff of the 13th Motorized Infantry Division. They made contact with the Germans near Adamów, and both sides agreed to a ceasefire lasting until 6 October (the next day) at 06:00, before which time a surrender was to be concluded.<ref name="Ponikowski 2016">{{cite book | last=Ponikowski | first=Karol | title=Historia SGO | publisher=Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Woli Gułowskiej | publication-place=Wola Gułowska | year=2016 | isbn=978-83-935243-0-3 | oclc=971428874 | url=http://www.kleeberczycy.pl/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/przewodnik_polesie_prb.pdf | access-date=2021-01-13 | format=PDF | language=pl}}</ref>{{rp|15}}

Independent Operational Group Polesie surrendered on 6 October at 10:00. In his last order, General Kleeberg wrote that the reason for his decision to capitulate was that they were surrounded and ammunition and food were depleted.

General Kleeberg's ceremonial surrender took place on 6 October at the [[Anna Jabłonowska|Jabłonowskich]] Palace in Kock.<ref name="Ponikowski 2016" />{{rp|16–17}}

== See also ==

* [[List of World War II military equipment of Poland]]
* [[List of German military equipment of World War II]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Jan Wróblewski "''Samodzielna grupa operacyjna "Polesie" 1939''", Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny, Warsaw 1989.
* [[Marian Porwit]] "''Komentarze do historii polskich działań obronnych 1939''", Volume 3 "Czytelnik", Warsaw 1973.
* Stanley S.Seidner, ''Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz Rydz and the Defense of Poland'', New York, 1978.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Battle of Kock}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kock}}
[[Category:Battles of the Invasion of Poland]]
[[Category:Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)]]
[[Category:October 1939 events]]

15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment

2024-09-02T02:24:26Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 15th Regiment,Illinois Volunteer Cavalry
| image=Flag of Illinois.svg
| image_size = 100
|caption=Illinois flag
|dates= 25 December 1862 to 31 August 1865
|country= United States
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Cavalry]]
|equipment=
|battles=
}}
{{Military unit sidebar
| title = Illinois U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiments 1861-1865
| previous =[[14th Illinois Cavalry Regiment |14th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment]]
| next =[[16th Illinois Cavalry Regiment |16th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment]]
}}
The '''15th Regiment of the Illinois Volunteer Cavalry''' was a volunteer cavalry regiment that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==History of service==
The 15th Illinois Cavalry was organized at Aurora, Kane Co., Illinois on 2 Aug 1861 by [[Captain (US Army)|Captain]] Albert Jenkins and was mustered on 23 September 1861 as Cavalry, attached to the Thirty-Sixth Illinois Volunteers.

On 24 September 1861, moved from camp, and reported to the Regiment, at Rolla, Missouri. On 31 December 1861, reported to Colonel Carr, commanding Third Illinois Cavalry, and moved to Bennett's Mills.

On 10 February 1862, moved to Osage Springs, Missouri., arriving on 20th. On 2 March 1862, moved, with Siegel's Division, to near Bentonville, losing 4 men taken prisoners. Was engaged, 7 and 8 March, at Pea Ridge. Moved, with the army, to Salem. On 1 May 1862, ordered to White River. Returned to Batesville, on the 9th. Was engaged in the movements of Asboth's Division, and arrived at Cape Girardeau, Missouri., 24 May 1862. Moved to Hamburg Landing, Tennessee. Was escort for General Rosecrans, at Battle of Corinth, 3 and 4 October. 25 December 1862, was assigned to the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry.

On 9 June 1863, moved to Memphis. 20 May 1863, landed at Chickasaw Bayou, and was engaged in the operations against Vicksburg, with the Regiment. On 17 August 1862, moved to Carrollton, Louisiana. On 5 September 1862, moved, with Fourth Division, Thirteenth Army Corps, to Morganza, Louisiana and was engaged in the campaign, General Herron commanding. On 10 October 1863, returned to Carrollton. 15th, moved to Brashear, Louisiana., and, on 17th, to New Iberia, Louisiana.

Was engaged in scouting, and various expeditions, reporting to Brigadier General [[A. L. Lee]], as escort, 5 January 1864. On 11 February 1864, the company moved for Illinois, for veteran furlough, and, on 26th, the men were furloughed at Chicago, Illinois.

The non-veteran members of the regiment mustered out on 31 July 1865 and the recruits and veterans were transferred to the [[10th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry]].

==Battles and campaigns==
During their three years of service, the 15th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment saw action in Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi.
A list of battle and campaigns they were engaged in include: Sherman's March to the Sea, Siege of Vicksburg, Siege of Corinth, Siege of Belmont, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Battle of Resaca, Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Campaign of the Carolinas, Central Mississippi Campaign, New Madrid and Island #10 Campaign, and the Chattanooga Campaign.

==Total strength and casualties==
The regiment suffered 2 officers and 12 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 122 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 137 fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unilcav2.htm#15th The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref>

==Regimental officers==
*Colonel Warren Stewart – killed in action near [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] on 23 January 1863.
*Lieutenant Colonel George A. Bacon – mustered out with the regiment.<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/f&s/cav015-fs.htm Illinois in the Civil War website] after Illinois Adjutant General's muster rolls {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129190944/http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/f%26s/cav015-fs.htm |date=29 January 2005 }}</ref>
*Major [[James Grant Wilson|James G. Wilson]] – transferred to the 4th U.S.C.T. Cavalry
*Captain William Ford – Company A Cavalry (known as Stewart's Independent Battalion Cavalry)
*Captain Egleton Carmichael – Company B (known as Carmichael's Cavalry Company)
*Captain James J. Dollins – Company C (known as Dollins' Cavalry Company)
*Captain Morrison J. O'Harnett – Company D (known as O'Harnett's Cavalry Company)
*Captain William D. Hutchens – Company E (known as Hutchen's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Joseph Adams – Company F
*Captain Franklin T. Gilbert – Company G (known as Gilbert's Cavalry Company)
*Captain William C. Wilder – Company H (known as Wilder's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Albert Jenks – Company I (known as Jenks Cavalry Dragoons)
*Captain Samuel B. Sherer – Company K (known as Sherer's Cavalry Company Dragoons)
*Captain William Ford – Company L (known as Ford's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Oscar H. Huntley – Company M
*{{sic|?|Sargent}} Henry Wilcox – Quartermaster
*Reverend Simeon Walker – Chaplain
*Dr. Josiah H Skilling – Surgeon
*Dr. David N. Moore – Surgeon
*Dr. Ezra M. Miller – Veterinary Surgeon

==See also==
*[[List of Illinois Civil War Units]]
*[[Illinois in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionil.htm The Civil War Archive]
*The Illinois State Archives: ''The Illinois Civil War Muster and Descriptive Rolls Database,'' Illinois Adjutant General's Report, Regimental and Unit Histories Containing Reports for the Years 1861–1866 http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/datcivil.html#reghistory

{{DEFAULTSORT:015}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Illinois]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]

15th Illinois Cavalry Regiment

2024-09-02T02:24:12Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 15th Regiment,Illinois Volunteer Cavalry
| image=Flag of Illinois.svg
| image_size = 100
|caption=Illinois flag
|dates= 25 December 1862 to 31 August 1865
|country= United States
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Cavalry]]
|equipment=
|battles=
}}
{{Military unit sidebar
| title = Illinois U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiments 1861-1865
| previous =[[14th Illinois Cavalry Regiment |14th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment]]
| next =[[16th Illinois Cavalry Regiment |16th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment]]
}}
The '''15th Regiment of the Illinois Volunteer Cavalry''' was a volunteer cavalry regiment that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==History of service==
The 15th Illinois Cavalry was organized at Aurora, Kane Co., Illinois on 2 Aug 1861 by [[Captain (US Army)|Captain]]<nowiki/>n Albert Jenkins and was mustered on 23 September 1861 as Cavalry, attached to the Thirty-Sixth Illinois Volunteers.

On 24 September 1861, moved from camp, and reported to the Regiment, at Rolla, Missouri. On 31 December 1861, reported to Colonel Carr, commanding Third Illinois Cavalry, and moved to Bennett's Mills.

On 10 February 1862, moved to Osage Springs, Missouri., arriving on 20th. On 2 March 1862, moved, with Siegel's Division, to near Bentonville, losing 4 men taken prisoners. Was engaged, 7 and 8 March, at Pea Ridge. Moved, with the army, to Salem. On 1 May 1862, ordered to White River. Returned to Batesville, on the 9th. Was engaged in the movements of Asboth's Division, and arrived at Cape Girardeau, Missouri., 24 May 1862. Moved to Hamburg Landing, Tennessee. Was escort for General Rosecrans, at Battle of Corinth, 3 and 4 October. 25 December 1862, was assigned to the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry.

On 9 June 1863, moved to Memphis. 20 May 1863, landed at Chickasaw Bayou, and was engaged in the operations against Vicksburg, with the Regiment. On 17 August 1862, moved to Carrollton, Louisiana. On 5 September 1862, moved, with Fourth Division, Thirteenth Army Corps, to Morganza, Louisiana and was engaged in the campaign, General Herron commanding. On 10 October 1863, returned to Carrollton. 15th, moved to Brashear, Louisiana., and, on 17th, to New Iberia, Louisiana.

Was engaged in scouting, and various expeditions, reporting to Brigadier General [[A. L. Lee]], as escort, 5 January 1864. On 11 February 1864, the company moved for Illinois, for veteran furlough, and, on 26th, the men were furloughed at Chicago, Illinois.

The non-veteran members of the regiment mustered out on 31 July 1865 and the recruits and veterans were transferred to the [[10th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry]].

==Battles and campaigns==
During their three years of service, the 15th Illinois Volunteer Cavalry Regiment saw action in Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi.
A list of battle and campaigns they were engaged in include: Sherman's March to the Sea, Siege of Vicksburg, Siege of Corinth, Siege of Belmont, Battle of Chickamauga, Battle of Shiloh, Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Battle of Resaca, Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of Perryville, Battle of Stones River, Tullahoma Campaign, Atlanta Campaign, Campaign of the Carolinas, Central Mississippi Campaign, New Madrid and Island #10 Campaign, and the Chattanooga Campaign.

==Total strength and casualties==
The regiment suffered 2 officers and 12 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 122 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 137 fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unilcav2.htm#15th The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref>

==Regimental officers==
*Colonel Warren Stewart – killed in action near [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] on 23 January 1863.
*Lieutenant Colonel George A. Bacon – mustered out with the regiment.<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/f&s/cav015-fs.htm Illinois in the Civil War website] after Illinois Adjutant General's muster rolls {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050129190944/http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcivilw/f%26s/cav015-fs.htm |date=29 January 2005 }}</ref>
*Major [[James Grant Wilson|James G. Wilson]] – transferred to the 4th U.S.C.T. Cavalry
*Captain William Ford – Company A Cavalry (known as Stewart's Independent Battalion Cavalry)
*Captain Egleton Carmichael – Company B (known as Carmichael's Cavalry Company)
*Captain James J. Dollins – Company C (known as Dollins' Cavalry Company)
*Captain Morrison J. O'Harnett – Company D (known as O'Harnett's Cavalry Company)
*Captain William D. Hutchens – Company E (known as Hutchen's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Joseph Adams – Company F
*Captain Franklin T. Gilbert – Company G (known as Gilbert's Cavalry Company)
*Captain William C. Wilder – Company H (known as Wilder's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Albert Jenks – Company I (known as Jenks Cavalry Dragoons)
*Captain Samuel B. Sherer – Company K (known as Sherer's Cavalry Company Dragoons)
*Captain William Ford – Company L (known as Ford's Cavalry Company)
*Captain Oscar H. Huntley – Company M
*{{sic|?|Sargent}} Henry Wilcox – Quartermaster
*Reverend Simeon Walker – Chaplain
*Dr. Josiah H Skilling – Surgeon
*Dr. David N. Moore – Surgeon
*Dr. Ezra M. Miller – Veterinary Surgeon

==See also==
*[[List of Illinois Civil War Units]]
*[[Illinois in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionil.htm The Civil War Archive]
*The Illinois State Archives: ''The Illinois Civil War Muster and Descriptive Rolls Database,'' Illinois Adjutant General's Report, Regimental and Unit Histories Containing Reports for the Years 1861–1866 http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/archives/datcivil.html#reghistory

{{DEFAULTSORT:015}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Illinois]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]

3rd California Infantry Regiment

2024-08-30T20:49:05Z

GenEli1L1:

{{short description|Infantry regiment in the Union Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 3rd California Volunteer Infantry
| image = First Bear Flag of California (1846).svg
| caption = California flag
| dates = August 31, 1861, to July 27, 1866
| country = [[United States]]
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Infantry]]
| equipment = 
| battles = [[Bear River Massacre]] [[Affair at Cañon Station]]
}}

The '''3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. This regiment was organized at [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] and at [[Benicia Barracks]], from October 31 to December 31, 1861, to serve three years. The regiment was first commanded by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor. After the formation of the regiment at Stockton, four companies were sent to [[Humboldt County, California|Humboldt County]] during the month of November, 1861. During the month of July, 1862, Colonel Connor was sent, with his regiment, to the [[District of Utah]], in which it was on duty for the balance of its term of service.

It spent its entire term of service in the western [[United States]]. Its largest engagement was the [[Bear River Massacre]] or Battle of Bear River on January 29, 1863, in southeastern [[Washington Territory]] (present-day [[Franklin County, Idaho]]).<ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/3dInfCV.html The California State Military Museum; 3rd Regiment of Infantry]</ref>

On the expiration of its term of service, the original members of the regiment (except veterans) were mustered out, and the veterans and new recruits were consolidated into a battalion of four companies on October 29, 1864, and was afterwards known as the '''Third Battalion of Infantry''', comprising companies, A, B, C, and D. On December 9, 1865, Companies C and D were consolidated, leaving only three companies in the battalion. The battalion was finally mustered out July 27, 1866.

==3rd Regiment of California Volunteer Infantry Commanders==
* Colonel [[Patrick Edward Connor]] October 31, 1861 - March 30, 1863.
* Colonel Robert Pollock March 30, 1863 - November 14, 1864.

== 3rd Battalion of Infantry Commanders==
* Lt. Colonel [[Jeramiah B. Moore]] November 14, 1864 - December 21, 1864.
* Lt. Colonel [[William M. Johns]] April 6, 1865 - July 27, 1866.

==Company assignments==
* '''Headquarters''', was stationed in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] from the date of organization to December, 1861, when it was moved to [[Benicia Barracks]], where it remained until June, 1862. During July 1862 it was en route to [[Fort Ruby]], [[Nevada]], where it arrived August 1, 1862.<ref>'''The war of the rebellion, Volume 124''', p 46.</ref> Early in January 1863 it was at [[Fort Douglas, Utah|Camp Douglas]], where it remained until it finally mustered out, July 27, 1866.
* '''Company A''', was organized at Stockton, October 31, 1861, and went to Benicia Barracks in December, 1861. It went to [[Fort Baker, California|Fort Baker]], in [[Humboldt County, California]], during the month of December, 1861.
** On April 6, 1862, Captain Ketcham, with a scouting party of Company A, found the rancheria of the Indians that had previously robbed Cooper's Mills of two thousand five hundred pounds of flour near Yager Creek. The Indians had just fled, leaving seven hundred pounds of the flour, together with belting from the mill, mill files, baskets, bullets, lead, shot pouches, bullet molds, etc., all of which were burned, there being no means of packing them.
** On the April 27, Captain Ketcham, of Company A, returned to Fort Baker from a scout to the southward of Van Dusen Fork, with twenty-four Indian prisoners, all women and children, except two young men. In attacking the rancheria four Indians were killed, including a woman, shot by mistake. During the scout Captain Ketcham came upon a rancheria which had been fortified by piles of logs around it, but which the Indians had deserted.
** On the same day Lieutenant Staples, with a detachment of the same company, came upon a large band of Indians by surprise (having previously managed to kill their scout or sentinel without giving alarm); killed fifteen of them and took forty prisoners, three of whom he left behind, being unable to travel.
** On May 7, Captain Ketcham reported eleven Indians came in at Fort Baker, eight men and three women. He sent out two of them as runners to bring in as many more as possible, assuring them of protection.
:During July and August, 1862, Company A was en route to Salt Lake City. July 10 it was at [[Camp Halleck]], near Stockton; July 31 at [[Carson City, Nevada]]. September 30 at [[Fort Ruby]], Nevada; in February and March, 1863, at [[Fort Churchill State Historic Park|Fort Churchill]], Nevada, and in January, 1864, at Camp Douglas, where it was stationed until June, 1865. It then went to [[Denver, Colorado]], where it remained until October 1865, when it returned to Camp Douglas, where it was finally mustered out, July 27, 1866.
* '''Company B''', Was organized at Stockton, October 31, 1861. It went to [[Fort Seward, California|Fort Seward]], in [[Humboldt County, California]], during the month of December, 1861. July 10, 1862, it was at Camp Halleck, near Stockton. From February to June, 1863, it was at [[Camp Union (Sacramento)|Camp Union]], near [[Sacramento]]. June 30, 1863, it was at Fort Churchill, Nevada. During the July 1863 it went to Fort Ruby, Nevada, where it remained until October, 1864. It returned to Camp Union, California, where the original members, whose terms of service had expired, were mustered out. The company was then filled up, reorganized, and sent back to Camp Douglas, where it remained from November, 1864, to June, 1865. It then went to Denver, Colorado, where it remained until October 1865, when it returned to Camp Douglas, and was stationed there until its final muster out, July 27, 1866.
* '''Company C''', was organized at Benicia, December 31, 1861. It immediately went to [[Fort Bragg, California]], where it remained until the spring of 1862. Then it went to Fort Ruby, Nevada, where it remained until August or September, 1863 when it moved to Camp Douglas. It was at the latter post until October, 1864. It then went to [[Camp Connor]], in Idaho Territory, returning to Camp Douglas in May, 1865, and remained there until its final muster out, July 27, 1S66.
* '''Company D''', was organized at Stockton, October 31, 1861, and took station at [[Fort Gaston]], Humboldt County. In the spring of 1862 it returned, and was stationed at Camp Union until the summer of 1863. It then went to Camp Douglas, Utah, where it remained until its consolidation with Company C, on December 9, 1865.
* '''Company E''', was organized at Benicia, December 21, 1861. During the summer of 1862 it went to Nevada and Utah, and was stationed at Camp Douglas and Fort Ruby until its disbandment by consolidation, November 1, 1864.
* '''Company F''', was organized at Benicia, on December 12, 1861. It went to Fort Ruby, Nevada, in the summer of 1862. In the spring of 1864 it marched to Camp Douglas, where it remained until it was disbanded by consolidation, November 1, 1864.
* '''Company G''', was organized at Benicia Barracks, on December 9, 1861. It remained at Benicia until the spring of 1862. It then marched to Camp Douglas, Utah, where it was stationed until it was disbanded by consolidation, November 1, 1864.
* '''Company H''', was organized at Benicia Barracks, December 12, 1861. During the spring or summer of 1862 it went to Utah, and took station at Camp Douglas. In May, 1863, it was at Camp Connor, Idaho, where it remained until it was disbanded by consolidation, at Camp Douglas, November 1, 1864.
* '''Company I''', was organized at Stockton, November 26, 1861. During the month of December it was moved to Benicia Barracks, where it remained until the summer of 1862, when it went to [[Fort Bridger]], [[Wyoming]] (then part of Utah), remaining there until August, 1864, when it marched to Camp Douglas, where it was disbanded by consolidation, November 1, 1864.
* '''Company K''', was organized at Stockton, December 3, 1861. It moved to Benicia Barracks in the same month, and went to Utah, with the balance of the regiment, during the summer of 1862, and was stationed at Camp Douglas during the remainder of its term of service. It took part in the [[Bear River Massacre|Battle of Bear River]], in January, 1863. It was disbanded by consolidation, November 1, 1864.

==See also==
*[[List of California Civil War Union units]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionca.htm The Civil War Archive, Union Regimental Index, California]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=dQEVAAAAYAAJ The War of the Rebellion: Volume 35, Part 1 CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, AND RETURNS RELATING TO OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST FROM JULY 1, 1862, TO JUNE 30, 1865. By United States. War Dept, Robert Nicholson Scott, Henry Martyn WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1897]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTEOAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Third+Regiment%22 '''Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867''', California. Adjutant General's Office, State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing, SACRAMENTO, 1890. pp. 505 - 594]

==External links==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionca.htm The Civil War Archive, Union Regimental Index, California]
*[https://www.carolana.com/NC/Civil_War/civil_war_battles_skirmishes_nevada_territory.htm All Known Battles & Skirmishes During the American Civil War - Nevada Territory & State]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1866]]

2nd California Cavalry Regiment

2024-08-30T20:46:33Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry
| image = First Bear Flag of California (1846).svg
| caption = California flag
| dates = September 1861 to October 21, 1866
| country = [[United States]]
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Cavalry]]
| equipment = 
| battles = [[Bear River Massacre|"Battle" of Bear River]] [[Battle of Apache Pass]] [[Battle of Pecos River]] [[Affair on the Humboldt River]] [[Skirmish in the Cache Valley]] [[Skirmish at Cedar Fort]] [[Action at the Spanish Fork Cañon]] [[Skirmish at Pleasant Grove]]
}}

The '''2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry''' was a cavalry regiment in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. It spent its entire term of service in the western [[United States]], with most of its companies dispersed to various posts.

==History==
2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry was organized under the President's second call upon the State for troops in August 1861. By October 30, 1861, the regiment was organized and mustered into the service. The companies were assembled at [[Camp Alert (California)|Camp Alert]] in [[San Francisco]]. After completing the organization of the regiment, and a short period for drill and discipline, the regiment was sent, by companies, to various posts within the Department of the Pacific. The final muster out of the regiment was in March, 1866.

===2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry Commanders===
* Colonel [[Andrew J. Smith]] October 2, 1861 - resigned November 15, 1861
* Colonel [[Columbus Sims]] November 13, 1861 - January 31, 1863
* Colonel [[George S. Evans]] February 1, 1863 - resigned May 31, 1863
* Colonel [[Edward McGarry (soldier-politician)|Edward McGarry]] November 29, 1864 - March 31, 1866.

==Company assignments==
* '''Headquarters''': After completing the organization of the regiment, and a short period for drill and discipline, the Regimental headquarters was sent to [[Utah Territory]], remaining there until October, 1864, when it moved to [[Camp Union (California)|Camp Union]], near [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], and remained there until the final muster out of the regiment as an organization, in March, 1866.
* '''Company A''': Company A went first to [[Fort Churchill State Historic Park|Fort Churchill]], [[Nevada]], then to Utah Territory, where it remained until December, 1864, when it took station at Camp Union near Sacramento. About that time the terms of service of most of its members expired.
** '''New Company A''': Company A was reorganized by reenlistment of many of its old members and the enlistment of recruits enough to fill up the company to the required number. In September, 1865, it marched to [[Fort Miller, California|Fort Miller]], in [[Fresno County]], and in November 1865, it marched to [[Camp Babbitt]], near [[Visalia, California|Visalia]], where it remained until ordered to Camp Union, near Sacramento, for muster out, in April, 1866.
* '''Company B''': Company B was ordered to [[Southern California]] in February 1862, and became part of Carleton's [[California Column]]. It marched with that command to New Mexico. In the spring of 1864 it returned to California, and was mustered out as a company at San Francisco, October 10, 1864. The company commander during this period of service was Captain [[John C. Cremony]].
** '''New Company B''': After the muster out of the original Company B, a new Company B was organized, and [[George D. Conrad]] became Captain of the company. The new company remained at Camp Union, until June, 1865, when it moved to the mining town of [[Dun Glen, Nevada]], where it served defending against Indian attacks, until mustered out in the spring of 1866.
* '''Company C''': Served at [[Fort Crook (California)|Fort Crook]], nearly the whole of the time it was in the service.
** '''New Company C''': When the enlistments of its original members expired in the fall of 1864, they were mustered out at Fort Crook, and the company was filled up by enlistment of recruits in San Francisco. It was finally mustered out at Sacramento in May, 1866.
* '''Company D''': After leaving Camp Alert, Company D went to Southern California in early 1862, the company was camped at [[Kline's Ranch]] while the rest were on detached duty supporting the organization of the California Column. In June 1862, it was sent to join Col. Evans' campaign against the Paiute in the [[Owens Valley]] but then returned to [[Camp Babbit]] in the fall. On the rusumtion of hostilities in the Owens Valley they marched back in April 1863 via [[Keyesville, California]], perpetrating the [[Keyesville massacre]] then moved on to [[Fort Independence (California)|Camp Independence]], in the Owens River Valley, participating in the final campaign of the [[Owens Valley Indian War]], and escorting almost 1000 Paiute to [[Fort Tejon]] in July 1863. They remained there until August, 1863; then to [[Fort Tejon]], until March, 1864, when it moved to Camp Union, where the original members were mustered out.
** '''New Company D''': Upon the expiration of their enlistment terms, during the months of September and October, 1864 the company was reorganized by Captain W. L. Knight, and after serving a short time at Camp Union, and [[Camp Jackson (California)|Camp Jackson]], in [[Amador County]], it went to [[Colusa, California|Colusa]]; then to [[Red Bluff, California|Red Bluff]], and finally, in July, 1865, to [[Smoke Creek, Nevada]] (north of [[Pyramid Lake (Nevada)|Pyramid Lake]]), where it remained until ordered in to be mustered out at Camp Union, May 29, 1866.
* '''Company E''': Originally organized as the "Tuolumne Rangers", after leaving Camp Alert, Company E, went first to [[Fort Humboldt]], remaining there until the spring of 1862. No record of the stations of this company can be found from February, 1862, until April, 1863, at which time it was at [[Camp Babbit]] then marched to Camp Independence, Owens River Valley. During July, 1863, it went to Fort Tejon, and in August, 1863, to Camp Babbitt, near Visalia, where it remained until November, 1865.
** '''New Company E''': The original members were mustered out in San Francisco, October 6, 1864. After leaving Camp Babbitt the company was stationed again at Camp Independence, until it was ordered to San Francisco to be mustered out, which took place June 2, 1866.
* '''Company F''': This company was organized in Sacramento, and was first called the "Sacramento Rangers." After leaving Camp Alert it was stationed at various places, Camp Union and on July 31, 1863 [[Camp Bidwell]] until April 1864 when it returned to Camp Union. About one third of the company, under a Lieutenant, was kept in San Francisco as a provost guard most of the time that the company was in the service. This company furnished a large number of officers for other companies and regiments of the California Volunteers, fourteen of its enlisted men were commissioned as officers.
** '''New Company F''': The terms of service of the original members expired and they were mustered out at San Francisco, September 24, 1864. The company was again filled up with new recruits, and it was stationed at Camp Union and various other places, [[Bear Valley, Mariposa County, California]], [[Ione Valley]], [[Colusa, California|Colusa]], Fort Crook, [[Smoke Creek, Nevada]], [[Fort Bidwell]] and [[Goose Lake (Oregon-California)|Goose Lake]], California. It was finally mustered out at Sacramento, June 27, 1866.
* '''Company G''': Company G, after its organization at Camp Alert, was sent to [[Drum Barracks|Camp Drum]], where it remained about a month; then went to [[Camp Latham]], near [[Los Angeles]]. There is no record showing how long it remained at Camp Latham, nor of the time between February 28, 1862, when it was at the latter place, and April 30, 1863, when it was stationed at Camp Independence, in the Owens Valley. During August, 1863, the company moved to [[Camp Leonard]], California, where it remained for two months. It then went to [[Fort Tejon]], remaining three months; then to Camp Babbitt, near Visalia, where it remained from January, 1864, to August, 1864 when it marched to San Francisco to be mustered out. The original members were mustered out during the months of September and October, 1864.
** '''New Company E''': The company was again filled up, and was stationed at Camp Union from October, 1864, to March, 1865. It was in [[Camp near Hornitos]], [[Mariposa County]], for one month; then at Camp Union until February 1, 1866, when it was finally mustered out.
* '''Company H''': Company H, after organization at Camp Alert, was sent to Fort Churchill, Nevada, where it was stationed during the months of January and February, 1862. There are no records of the stations of this company from February 28, 1862, until April 30, 1864, when it was stationed at [[Camp Relief]], Utah Territory, and from May to August, 1864, at Camp Conness, Idaho Territory, and at Camp Douglas, Utah Territory, during September, 1864. The terms of service of most of the original members expired during the months of September and October, and they were mustered out at Camp Douglas.
** '''New Company H''': The remaining men were marched to Camp Union, Sacramento, where the company was recruited up to strength, and remained on duty there from December, 1864 to March, 1865. It was on provost guard duty in the City of Sacramento from April to August, when it was ordered to Drum Barracks, Los Angeles County, arriving there about October 1, 1865, where it remained until its final muster out, April 20, 1866. A detachment, stationed in San Francisco, was mustered out at the Presidio, April 26, 1866.
* '''Company I''': Company I was organized at Camp Alert. It was sent first to Camp Drum, where it was stationed during January, 1862, and at Camp Latham, near Los Angeles, in February, 1862. From February, 1862 to April, 1863, there is no record. On April 30, 1863, the company was at Camp Babbitt, near Visalia, where it remained until January, 1864. It then marched to Benicia Barracks, where it was stationed from March to May. It moved in June, 1864, to Camp Bidwell, near [[Chico, California]], where it remained. The terms of most of the original members expired in September, 1864 and they were discharged in San Francisco from October 1 to October 7, 1864.
** '''New Company I''': Recruited up to strength at Camp Bidwell, the company remained there until May 1865. During June and July it was en route to [[Fort McDermit]]t, Nevada, where it remained until it was ordered in for final muster out at Sacramento, June 24, 1866.
* '''Company K''': Company K was at Camp Alert until February 28, 1862. There is no report showing when the company left that post nor where it served for more than a year. It appears at Fort Ruby, Nevada, March 31, 1863, and it was then stationed at Deep Creek, Utah, Government Springs, Utah, Cedar Swamp, Utah, Fort Ruby again, Farmington, Utah, and at Camp Douglas, Utah, about a month at each place. It was stationed at Camp Douglas from November, 1863, until April, 1864. It then moved to various places: Camp Relief, Utah, Canon Creek, Idaho, Camp Conness, Idaho, Farmington, Utah, and Camp Douglas again, arriving at the latter place about the last of September, 1864, where nearly all of the original members were mustered out for expiration of terms.
** '''New Company K''': The company was again recruited up to strength and served at Camp Union, to June 30, 1865, then at Chico, California, July, 1865, Smoke Creek, Nevada, from August to October, 1865. Then at Fort Churchill until May 1, 1866, when it was marched to Camp Union, and finally mustered out May 18, 1866.
* '''Company L''': Company L was at Camp Alert until March, 1862, from which time until April 30, 1863, no record can be found of the localities occupied by the company. During that month it was in camp at Bishop Creek, Owens River Valley; during May, 1863, at Camp Independence, same valley; June, at Fort Churchill, July, at Fort Ruby, both in Nevada; August, en route to Salt Lake, and from that month to March, 1864, at Camp Douglas, near Salt Lake City. During the next four months it was at various places in succession, as follows: Rush Valley, March, 1864; Camp Relief, April; Camp Conness, May; Bingham Creek, June; and back to Camp Douglas for the next two months; The terms of service of the original members expired in September and October, 1864, and they were mustered out at Camp Douglas.
** '''New Company L''': The company was reorganized and recruited up to strength at Camp Douglas, then sent to [[Fort Bridger]], Wyoming Territory, for five months. Then they went to Fort Laramie, for a few months; then in Rush Valley, Utah, to May, 1866, and finally back to Camp Douglas for final muster out on July 12, 1866.
* '''Company M''': Company M was at Camp Alert until the spring of 1862, from which time until May, 1863, no record of its stations can be found. From May 1, 1863, to May, 1864, it was stationed at Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory. From May until August, 1864, it was surveying and making a wagon road from Salt Lake to the head of navigation on the Colorado River, in Arizona Territory, near [[Fort Mojave]]. From August to November, it was at Camp Douglas. The terms of service of the original members expired in September and October, 1864, and the company was mustered out at Camp Douglas, October 4, 1864.
** '''New Company M''': The company was immediately reorganized by recruiting new members, and from November, 1864, to May, 1865, it was at Fort Bridger, Wyoming Territory. From May to June, 1865, at Fort Laramie; July to November, 1864 at various places in [[Dakota Territory|Dakota]], Wyoming, and Utah Territories. From November, 1865, to May, 1866, they were at Government Reservation, Rush Valley, Utah. From May to June, 1866, at Camp Douglas, where the company was finally mustered out, July 12, 1866.

==See also==
*[[List of California Civil War Union units]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
*[http://www.militarymuseum.org/2dCavVC.html The California State Military Museum; 2nd Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168 Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 By California. Adjutant General's Office, SACRAMENTO: State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing. 1890. pp.168-303]
* [https://www.carolana.com/NC/Civil_War/civil_war_battles_skirmishes_nevada_territory.htm All Known Battles & Skirmishes During the American Civil War - Nevada Territory & State]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1866]]

Battle of Fort Buchanan

2024-08-30T20:44:16Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Short description|1865 attack during the Apache Wars in Arizona}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of Fort Buchanan
|partof=[[Apache Wars]], [[American Civil War]]
| image= Fort Buchanan ruins 1914.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=''Ruins of Fort Buchanan in 1914.''
|date=February 17, 1865
|place=[[Fort Buchanan, Arizona|Fort Buchanan]], [[Arizona Territory]] now in [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona]]
|coordinates=
|result=Apache victory, Fort Buchanan destroyed.
|combatant1={{flag|United States|1863}}
|combatant2=[[Apache]]
|commander1={{flagicon|United States|1863}} [[Michael Buckley (United States Army)|Michael Buckley]]
|commander2=[[Cochise]]
|strength1=9 [[cavalry]] 1 [[Fort Buchanan, Arizona|fort]]
|strength2=~75 [[warrior]]s
|casualties1=1 killed 1 wounded 1 fort destroyed
|casualties2=~2 killed
|notes='''Civilian Casualties:''' 3 killed
}}
{{Campaignbox Apache Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Battles of the California Column}}
{{Campaignbox Battles in Confederate Arizona}}

The '''Battle of Fort Buchanan''' was an [[Apache]] attack on the [[United States Army]] post of [[Fort Buchanan, Arizona|Old Fort Buchanan]] in southern [[Arizona Territory]], which occurred on February 17, 1865. Though a skirmish, it ended with a significant Apache victory when they forced the small [[garrison]] of [[California Column|California Volunteers]] to retreat to the [[Santa Rita Mountains]]. Fort Buchanan was the only American military post conquered during the [[Apache Wars|war]] against the [[Chiricahua]].<ref name="auto">Scott, pg. 401–403</ref>

==Background==
Because of the major [[American Civil War|civil war]] in the United States from 1861 to 1865 and numerous [[American Indian Wars|conflicts]] involving the various [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes, the [[Union Army]] was stretched thin on the [[frontier]]. The southern half of [[New Mexico Territory]] and the newly created [[Arizona Territory]] joined the Confederacy in 1861, so troops in [[California]] were raised to occupy the region. After Lieutenant [[George Nicholas Bascom|George Bascom]]'s 1860 confrontation with Chief [[Cochise]] (sometimes called the [[Bascom affair]]), the Apache began attacking Union and Confederate troops across Arizona. By early 1865 the Chiricahua War was still being waged. According to reports at the time of attack, only nine American [[cavalry]]men manned the fort, which did not have walls and was just a collection of military buildings including a [[vedette (sentry)|vedette]] station. Corporal [[Michael Buckley (United States Army)|Michael Buckley]] from Company L of the [[1st California Cavalry Regiment|1st California Cavalry]] commanded and with the eight others he occupied the vedette station that was very similar to a small house.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html|title=California and the Civil War: 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers|website=www.militarymuseum.org}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==Battle==
The battle began on the morning of February 17, 1865, twelve miles away from the fort when two surveyors of the [[United States General Land Office]] and a young Mexican boy were attacked. William Wrightson and Gilbert W. Hopkins were traveling from a ranch in the Santa Ritas towards the fort, presently three miles west of [[Sonoita, Arizona|Sonoita]]. Suddenly, dozens of Apache warriors opened fire with both rifles and bows. A chase started in the direction of Fort Buchanan because everyone was mounted. The three had nearly made it there when they were overwhelmed and killed; the United States Army reported that the three did not attempt to defend themselves; no gunshots were heard, and Corporal Buckley later said that he did not know that Wrightson and Hopkins were in the area. [[Mount Wrightson]] and [[Mount Hopkins (Arizona)|Mount Hopkins]], the two highest peaks of the Santa Ritas, were later named after the men.<ref name="auto"/>
[[File:ApacheWarriors.gif|200px|left|thumb|''Apache warriors in their traditional tribal wear.'']]
Afterward, the Apache moved on to the nearby vedette station where Corporal Buckley was sitting on the porch while five other privates rested inside. The corporal did not know he was under attack and had beforehand sent two men to cut hay in a field nearby and one man to go hunting. The Apache achieved a surprise approach and commenced the attack by sniping the corporal. Buckley was still sitting on the porch when a warrior snuck up close to him and opened fire. A bullet lodged into Buckley's thigh, and he then raised his revolver and killed the warrior who fired the shot. Buckley then crawled inside the station as a swarm of warriors quickly surrounded the building. A private opened fire while covering Buckley and killed a second native. The Americans took up defensive positions against an enemy estimated by Buckley to be around 75 men. They fired their rifles through the port holes and fought off a first attack at close range. From then on the natives skirmished with the Americans at a further range.<ref name="auto"/>

Eventually the Apache set fire to the building, and several minutes later as the roof was caving in Buckley ordered his men to retreat. To do this they would have to charge through the enemy and into the surrounding hills. When the soldiers made their retreat, they fired wildly and were chased until reaching the hills where the Apaches gave up. Corporal Buckley and his men marched on foot to the mines in the Santa Ritas and reached safety. Private George English, the soldier that had been sent hunting before the attack, was never seen or heard from again; he was first recorded as missing until being presumed dead. The two soldiers that were cutting hay heard the sound of shooting and headed back to the fort, when they arrived, they found it surrounded by warriors who were emptying the buildings of goods and burning them, they also retreated to the Santa Ritas and later rejoined their troop.<ref name="auto"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Santa Rita Mountains AZ USA 310369.jpg|right|thumb|300px|''Mount Wrightson (center) and Mount Hopkins (right)'']]
Two Apaches were confirmed to have been killed by Buckley who also said that because of the smoke from their rifles and the burning station, he could not tell if there were other casualties. Six horses were captured along with 250 rounds of ammunition, 200 rations, two carbine rifles and six [[United States Cavalry]] uniforms. On the following day Captain [[John L. Miriam]] received news of the attack and proceeded to the fort with 25 men. Just outside the post, the bodies of Wrightson, Hopkins and the boy were discovered and buried. After examining the condition of Fort Buchanan, Captain Miriam ordered it abandoned and returned to [[Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac|Fort Tubac]] to the west where the rest of Company L was stationed. [[Fort Crittenden]] was later built a half mile east of Fort Buchanan in 1867<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/az-forts/|title=Arizona Forts of the American West – Legends of America|website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
* [[List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |last=Scott |first=N. Robert |author2=George B. Davis |title=The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies |year=1897 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington D.C. }}

{{coord|31|39|27|N|110|42|25|W|region:US-AZ_type:event|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fort Buchanan, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1865]]
[[Category:Battles of the California Column of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Apache]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of the American Civil War in Arizona]]
[[Category:Apache Wars]]
[[Category:History of Santa Cruz County, Arizona]]
[[Category:History of United States expansionism]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:February 1865 events]]

1st California Cavalry Regiment

2024-08-30T20:41:43Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry
| image = First Bear Flag of California (1846).svg
| caption = California flag
| dates = September 1861 to October 21, 1866
| country = United States
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Cavalry]]
| equipment = 
| battles = [[Capture of the Showalter Party]] [[Battle of Stanwix Station]] [[Battle of Picacho Pass]] Battle of Spencers Ranch [[First Battle of Adobe Walls]] [[Battle of Fort Buchanan]] [[Action on the Santa Fé Road]] 
}}

The '''1st Regiment California Cavalry''' was a cavalry regiment in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. It was first formed as the 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Cavalry (five companies) between August and October 31, 1861, at [[Camp Merchant]] near [[Oakland]]. After the battalion was organized it was sent to [[Southern California]], with three companies stationed at [[Camp Latham]], near Los Angeles, and two at [[Camp Carleton]], near [[San Bernardino]]. From November 20–29, 1861, the detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured [[Dan Showalter]]'s party west of the San Jose Valley and [[Warner's Ranch]]. The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862 when it became part of the [[California Column]] and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to [[New Mexico Territory]] and [[Texas]]. In 1863 seven more companies were raised to bring the regiment to a full strength of twelve companies. The five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, as the terms of service of most of the men had expired. Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, and then sent to Arizona. All of the companies of First California Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird’s Ranch, near [[Albuquerque]], to be mustered out of the service during September, 1866. Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866. The 1st California Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the [[western United States]] in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.<ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]</ref>

==1st Regiment California Cavalry Commanders==
* [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Benjamin F. Davis]] August 19, 1861 - November 1, 1861
* [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lt. Colonel]] [[Edward Engle Eyre|Edward E. Eyre]] November 1, 1861 - November 30, 1862
* Colonel David Ferguson November 30, 1862 - November 6, 1863
* Colonel [[Oscar M. Brown]] November 6, 1863 - December 31, 1865
* Lt. Colonel [[Clarence E. Bennett]] December 31, 1865 - October 19, 1866
* [[Major (United States)|Major]] [[William McCleave]] October 19, 1866 - October 21, 1866

==Company assignments==
* '''Company A:''' '''October,1861''' sent to [[Camp Carleton]] [[San Bernardino County]] from Oakland. Duty there until March 1, 1862. Marched to [[Fort Yuma]] and on to Stanwix Rancho by March 16. '''March 29, 1862''' [[Stanwix Station|Skirmish six miles beyond Stanwix Rancho]] on the [[Gila River]]. A small scouting party of the company under Lt. [[James Barrett (Civil War)|James Barrett]] engaged in battle at [[Battle of Picacho Pass|Picacho Pass]] in which he and 2 others were killed and 3 wounded April 16, 1862. April 3, 1864, a detachment of 25 troops led by Captain Albert H. French left San Elizario, Texas for Spencers Ranch near Presidio Del Norte. On the 15th they ambushed 10 Confederate soldiers there, killing the captain and three others. Two escaped and four more were taken prisoner. No Californians were wounded. The Confederate camp was located and the muskets, ammunition, and horses were emancipated. The skirmish over, the detachment and their prisoners returned to San Elizario on April 24, having covered 499 miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orton, Brigadier General |first=Richard H. |url=http://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog |title=Records of California men in the war of the rebellion, 1861 to 1867 |date=1890 |publisher=J. D. Young, Superintendent of State Printing |others=The Internet Archive |location=Sacramento |pages=72}}</ref>
* '''Company B:''' October 1861 sent to [[Camp Wright]]. November 20–29, 1861, Second Lt. C. R. Wellman pursued and captured [[Daniel Showalter]]'s party near [[Warner's Ranch]], west of the San Jose Valley. [2nd Lt. Wellman was in Company B according to Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion.]
* '''Company C:'''
* '''Company D:'''
* '''Company E:'''
* '''Company F:''' Mustered at [[Camp Stanford]] October 31, 1863.
* '''Company G:''' Mustered at Camp Stanford June 12, 1863.
* '''Company H:'''
* '''Company I:'''
* '''Company J:'''
* '''Company K:''' Organized at [[Camp Merchant]], [[Oakland, California]]; moved to [[Camp Morris]] in October 1863, in [[San Bernardino, California]]. Moved to Drum Barracks in December, 1863. Moved to Tucson, Arizona Territory in February 1864, then on to [[Camp Valverde]] and [[Fort Craig]], [[New Mexico Territory]] at the end of March 1864, arriving in April and remaining until moving to Fort Union in August. Moved to Cottonwood Springs in October and returned to Fort Union in December 1864, remaining there until May 1865 when they moved to the [[Fort Larned National Historic Site|Camp near Fort Larned]], [[Kansas]] where they remained until moving to [[Camp at Lower Cimarron Springs]] in August, 1865. They returned to Fort Union November 1865, moving on to [[Camp Lincoln (New Mexico)|Camp Lincoln]] in December 1865 where they remained until May 1866 when they returned to Fort Union on June 30, 1866. The company assembled at Baird's Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of service, during the month of September, 1866.
* '''Company L:'''
* '''Company M:''' Organized at Camp Union, California, July 1, 1863. Moved to Tucson via [[Drum Barracks]], in February, 1864. At [[Camp Goodwin]], [[Arizona Territory]] March 31, 1864. In [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] from April to October, 1864, then moved to [[Hatch's Ranch, New Mexico]]. Moved to [[Camp at Blue Water Creek]] in November, 1864 and participated in the "Kiowa and Comanche Expedition," near [[Fort Bascom]], New Mexico in December, 1864. It then returned to Las Cruces in January, remaining until May 1865 when they moved to [[Fort Selden]], then Fort Craig in June, returning to Fort Selden until September 1866 when it moved to Baird's Ranch to muster out on September 30, 1866. It was the last company of the regiment to be mustered out.

==See also==
*[[List of California Civil War Union units]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTEOAAAAIAAJ Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 By California. Adjutant General's Office, SACRAMENTO: State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing. 1890. pp.68-167]
* [https://www.carolana.com/NC/Civil_War/civil_war_battles_skirmishes_new_mexico_territory.htm All Known Battles & Skirmishes During the American Civil War - New Mexico Territory]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in New Mexico Territory]]

1st California Cavalry Regiment

2024-08-30T20:37:25Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry
| image = First Bear Flag of California (1846).svg
| caption = California flag
| dates = September 1861 to October 21, 1866
| country = United States
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Cavalry]]
| equipment = 
| battles = [[Capture of the Showalter Party]] [[Battle of Stanwix Station]] [[Battle of Picacho Pass]] [[Battle of Spencers Ranch]] [[First Battle of Adobe Walls]] [[Battle of Fort Buchanan]] [[Action on the Santa Fé Road]] 
}}

The '''1st Regiment California Cavalry''' was a cavalry regiment in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. It was first formed as the 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Cavalry (five companies) between August and October 31, 1861, at [[Camp Merchant]] near [[Oakland]]. After the battalion was organized it was sent to [[Southern California]], with three companies stationed at [[Camp Latham]], near Los Angeles, and two at [[Camp Carleton]], near [[San Bernardino]]. From November 20–29, 1861, the detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured [[Dan Showalter]]'s party west of the San Jose Valley and [[Warner's Ranch]]. The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862 when it became part of the [[California Column]] and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to [[New Mexico Territory]] and [[Texas]]. In 1863 seven more companies were raised to bring the regiment to a full strength of twelve companies. The five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, as the terms of service of most of the men had expired. Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, and then sent to Arizona. All of the companies of First California Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird’s Ranch, near [[Albuquerque]], to be mustered out of the service during September, 1866. Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866. The 1st California Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the [[western United States]] in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.<ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]</ref>

==1st Regiment California Cavalry Commanders==
* [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Benjamin F. Davis]] August 19, 1861 - November 1, 1861
* [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lt. Colonel]] [[Edward Engle Eyre|Edward E. Eyre]] November 1, 1861 - November 30, 1862
* Colonel David Ferguson November 30, 1862 - November 6, 1863
* Colonel [[Oscar M. Brown]] November 6, 1863 - December 31, 1865
* Lt. Colonel [[Clarence E. Bennett]] December 31, 1865 - October 19, 1866
* [[Major (United States)|Major]] [[William McCleave]] October 19, 1866 - October 21, 1866

==Company assignments==
* '''Company A:''' '''October,1861''' sent to [[Camp Carleton]] [[San Bernardino County]] from Oakland. Duty there until March 1, 1862. Marched to [[Fort Yuma]] and on to Stanwix Rancho by March 16. '''March 29, 1862''' [[Stanwix Station|Skirmish six miles beyond Stanwix Rancho]] on the [[Gila River]]. A small scouting party of the company under Lt. [[James Barrett (Civil War)|James Barrett]] engaged in battle at [[Battle of Picacho Pass|Picacho Pass]] in which he and 2 others were killed and 3 wounded April 16, 1862. April 3, 1864, a detachment of 25 troops led by Captain Albert H. French left San Elizario, Texas for Spencers Ranch near Presidio Del Norte. On the 15th they ambushed 10 Confederate soldiers there, killing the captain and three others. Two escaped and four more were taken prisoner. No Californians were wounded. The Confederate camp was located and the muskets, ammunition, and horses were emancipated. The skirmish over, the detachment and their prisoners returned to San Elizario on April 24, having covered 499 miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orton, Brigadier General |first=Richard H. |url=http://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog |title=Records of California men in the war of the rebellion, 1861 to 1867 |date=1890 |publisher=J. D. Young, Superintendent of State Printing |others=The Internet Archive |location=Sacramento |pages=72}}</ref>
* '''Company B:''' October 1861 sent to [[Camp Wright]]. November 20–29, 1861, Second Lt. C. R. Wellman pursued and captured [[Daniel Showalter]]'s party near [[Warner's Ranch]], west of the San Jose Valley. [2nd Lt. Wellman was in Company B according to Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion.]
* '''Company C:'''
* '''Company D:'''
* '''Company E:'''
* '''Company F:''' Mustered at [[Camp Stanford]] October 31, 1863.
* '''Company G:''' Mustered at Camp Stanford June 12, 1863.
* '''Company H:'''
* '''Company I:'''
* '''Company J:'''
* '''Company K:''' Organized at [[Camp Merchant]], [[Oakland, California]]; moved to [[Camp Morris]] in October 1863, in [[San Bernardino, California]]. Moved to Drum Barracks in December, 1863. Moved to Tucson, Arizona Territory in February 1864, then on to [[Camp Valverde]] and [[Fort Craig]], [[New Mexico Territory]] at the end of March 1864, arriving in April and remaining until moving to Fort Union in August. Moved to Cottonwood Springs in October and returned to Fort Union in December 1864, remaining there until May 1865 when they moved to the [[Fort Larned National Historic Site|Camp near Fort Larned]], [[Kansas]] where they remained until moving to [[Camp at Lower Cimarron Springs]] in August, 1865. They returned to Fort Union November 1865, moving on to [[Camp Lincoln (New Mexico)|Camp Lincoln]] in December 1865 where they remained until May 1866 when they returned to Fort Union on June 30, 1866. The company assembled at Baird's Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of service, during the month of September, 1866.
* '''Company L:'''
* '''Company M:''' Organized at Camp Union, California, July 1, 1863. Moved to Tucson via [[Drum Barracks]], in February, 1864. At [[Camp Goodwin]], [[Arizona Territory]] March 31, 1864. In [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] from April to October, 1864, then moved to [[Hatch's Ranch, New Mexico]]. Moved to [[Camp at Blue Water Creek]] in November, 1864 and participated in the "Kiowa and Comanche Expedition," near [[Fort Bascom]], New Mexico in December, 1864. It then returned to Las Cruces in January, remaining until May 1865 when they moved to [[Fort Selden]], then Fort Craig in June, returning to Fort Selden until September 1866 when it moved to Baird's Ranch to muster out on September 30, 1866. It was the last company of the regiment to be mustered out.

==See also==
*[[List of California Civil War Union units]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTEOAAAAIAAJ Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 By California. Adjutant General's Office, SACRAMENTO: State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing. 1890. pp.68-167]
* [https://www.carolana.com/NC/Civil_War/civil_war_battles_skirmishes_new_mexico_territory.htm All Known Battles & Skirmishes During the American Civil War - New Mexico Territory]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in New Mexico Territory]]

1st California Cavalry Regiment

2024-08-30T20:35:39Z

GenEli1L1: /* 1st Regiment California Cavalry Commanders */

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry
| image = First Bear Flag of California (1846).svg
| caption = California flag
| dates = September 1861 to October 21, 1866
| country = United States
| allegiance = [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
| branch = [[Cavalry]]
| equipment = 
| battles = [[Daniel Showalter|Capture of the Showalter Party]] [[Battle of Stanwix Station]] [[Battle of Picacho Pass]] [[Battle of Spencers Ranch]] [[First Battle of Adobe Walls]] [[Battle of Fort Buchanan]] [[Action on the Santa Fé Road]] 
}}

The '''1st Regiment California Cavalry''' was a cavalry regiment in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. It was first formed as the 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment California Cavalry (five companies) between August and October 31, 1861, at [[Camp Merchant]] near [[Oakland]]. After the battalion was organized it was sent to [[Southern California]], with three companies stationed at [[Camp Latham]], near Los Angeles, and two at [[Camp Carleton]], near [[San Bernardino]]. From November 20–29, 1861, the detachment under Second Lt. C. R. Wellman was stationed at Camp Wright, and pursued and captured [[Dan Showalter]]'s party west of the San Jose Valley and [[Warner's Ranch]]. The battalion remained in Southern California until the spring of 1862 when it became part of the [[California Column]] and formed the advance force of that Column during the march to [[New Mexico Territory]] and [[Texas]]. In 1863 seven more companies were raised to bring the regiment to a full strength of twelve companies. The five companies first organized were mustered out August 31, 1864, as the terms of service of most of the men had expired. Two new companies, B and C, were organized in New Mexico by consolidation of the few men whose terms had not expired, and by new enlistments, and two new companies were enlisted in California, A and E, and then sent to Arizona. All of the companies of First California Cavalry (Companies B, C, F, G, H, K, and M) stationed in New Mexico and Texas, were ordered to assemble at Baird’s Ranch, near [[Albuquerque]], to be mustered out of the service during September, 1866. Company M was the last mustered out on the September 30, 1866. The 1st California Cavalry Regiment spent its entire term of service in the [[western United States]] in California and New Mexico Territory and Texas.<ref>[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]</ref>

==1st Regiment California Cavalry Commanders==
* [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Benjamin F. Davis]] August 19, 1861 - November 1, 1861
* [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lt. Colonel]] [[Edward Engle Eyre|Edward E. Eyre]] November 1, 1861 - November 30, 1862
* Colonel David Ferguson November 30, 1862 - November 6, 1863
* Colonel [[Oscar M. Brown]] November 6, 1863 - December 31, 1865
* Lt. Colonel [[Clarence E. Bennett]] December 31, 1865 - October 19, 1866
* [[Major (United States)|Major]] [[William McCleave]] October 19, 1866 - October 21, 1866

==Company assignments==
* '''Company A:''' '''October,1861''' sent to [[Camp Carleton]] [[San Bernardino County]] from Oakland. Duty there until March 1, 1862. Marched to [[Fort Yuma]] and on to Stanwix Rancho by March 16. '''March 29, 1862''' [[Stanwix Station|Skirmish six miles beyond Stanwix Rancho]] on the [[Gila River]]. A small scouting party of the company under Lt. [[James Barrett (Civil War)|James Barrett]] engaged in battle at [[Battle of Picacho Pass|Picacho Pass]] in which he and 2 others were killed and 3 wounded April 16, 1862. April 3, 1864, a detachment of 25 troops led by Captain Albert H. French left San Elizario, Texas for Spencers Ranch near Presidio Del Norte. On the 15th they ambushed 10 Confederate soldiers there, killing the captain and three others. Two escaped and four more were taken prisoner. No Californians were wounded. The Confederate camp was located and the muskets, ammunition, and horses were emancipated. The skirmish over, the detachment and their prisoners returned to San Elizario on April 24, having covered 499 miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orton, Brigadier General |first=Richard H. |url=http://archive.org/details/recordscaliforn00ortogoog |title=Records of California men in the war of the rebellion, 1861 to 1867 |date=1890 |publisher=J. D. Young, Superintendent of State Printing |others=The Internet Archive |location=Sacramento |pages=72}}</ref>
* '''Company B:''' October 1861 sent to [[Camp Wright]]. November 20–29, 1861, Second Lt. C. R. Wellman pursued and captured [[Daniel Showalter]]'s party near [[Warner's Ranch]], west of the San Jose Valley. [2nd Lt. Wellman was in Company B according to Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion.]
* '''Company C:'''
* '''Company D:'''
* '''Company E:'''
* '''Company F:''' Mustered at [[Camp Stanford]] October 31, 1863.
* '''Company G:''' Mustered at Camp Stanford June 12, 1863.
* '''Company H:'''
* '''Company I:'''
* '''Company J:'''
* '''Company K:''' Organized at [[Camp Merchant]], [[Oakland, California]]; moved to [[Camp Morris]] in October 1863, in [[San Bernardino, California]]. Moved to Drum Barracks in December, 1863. Moved to Tucson, Arizona Territory in February 1864, then on to [[Camp Valverde]] and [[Fort Craig]], [[New Mexico Territory]] at the end of March 1864, arriving in April and remaining until moving to Fort Union in August. Moved to Cottonwood Springs in October and returned to Fort Union in December 1864, remaining there until May 1865 when they moved to the [[Fort Larned National Historic Site|Camp near Fort Larned]], [[Kansas]] where they remained until moving to [[Camp at Lower Cimarron Springs]] in August, 1865. They returned to Fort Union November 1865, moving on to [[Camp Lincoln (New Mexico)|Camp Lincoln]] in December 1865 where they remained until May 1866 when they returned to Fort Union on June 30, 1866. The company assembled at Baird's Ranch, near Albuquerque, to be mustered out of service, during the month of September, 1866.
* '''Company L:'''
* '''Company M:''' Organized at Camp Union, California, July 1, 1863. Moved to Tucson via [[Drum Barracks]], in February, 1864. At [[Camp Goodwin]], [[Arizona Territory]] March 31, 1864. In [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]] from April to October, 1864, then moved to [[Hatch's Ranch, New Mexico]]. Moved to [[Camp at Blue Water Creek]] in November, 1864 and participated in the "Kiowa and Comanche Expedition," near [[Fort Bascom]], New Mexico in December, 1864. It then returned to Las Cruces in January, remaining until May 1865 when they moved to [[Fort Selden]], then Fort Craig in June, returning to Fort Selden until September 1866 when it moved to Baird's Ranch to muster out on September 30, 1866. It was the last company of the regiment to be mustered out.

==See also==
*[[List of California Civil War Union units]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.militarymuseum.org/1stCavCV.html The California State Military Museum; 1st Regiment of Cavalry, California Volunteers]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=RTEOAAAAIAAJ Records of California men in the war of the rebellion 1861 to 1867 By California. Adjutant General's Office, SACRAMENTO: State Office, J. D. Young, Supt. State Printing. 1890. pp.68-167]
* [https://www.carolana.com/NC/Civil_War/civil_war_battles_skirmishes_new_mexico_territory.htm All Known Battles & Skirmishes During the American Civil War - New Mexico Territory]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Indian Wars]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1866]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in New Mexico Territory]]

4th Michigan Cavalry Regiment

2024-08-30T06:40:04Z

GenEli1L1: /* Service */

{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 4th Michigan Cavalry Regiment
| image= Flag of Michigan.svg
| image_size = 100
|caption=Michigan state flag
|dates= August 29, 1862, to July 1, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Cavalry]]
|equipment=

|battles=
}}
'''4th Michigan Cavalry Regiment''' was a [[regiment]] of [[cavalry]] in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]] fighting in the western front as part of the Army of the Cumberland. It was noted as being the regiment that captured the fleeing [[President of the Confederate States of America]], [[Jefferson Davis]], as the Confederacy collapsed in the spring of 1865.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War 1861-1865 v.34|last=Turner|first=George H.|publisher=Ihling Bros. & Everard|year=1900|location=Kalamazoo, Michigan|pages=5}}</ref>

==Service==
The regiment was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], and mustered in on August 29, 1862, under the command of Colonel Robert Horatio George Minty of Jackson, Michigan, Lieutenant Colonel of the 3rd Michigan Cavalry Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migenweb.org/michiganinthewar/cavalry/4thcav.htm|title=4th Regiment Michigan Cavalry}}</ref>

Regimental staff included [[Lieutenant Colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Benjamin D. Pritchard|Benjamin Dudley Pritchard]] of [[Allegan, Michigan]], Major Josiah B. Park of Ovid, Major William H. Dickinson of Grand Rapids, Major Horace Gray of Grosse Ile,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtIeAABNh-MC&q=horace+gray+1846&pg=PT57|title=Grosse Ile|date=15 August 2007|isbn=9781439618684}}</ref> Surgeon George W. Fish of Flint, Assistant Surgeon John H. Bacon of Lansing, Adjutant Joseph W. Huston of Paw Paw, Quartermaster Walter C. Arthur of Detroit, Quartermaster Chauncey C. Douglass of Grand Rapids and Commissary Edwin H. Porter of Kalamazoo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.migenweb.org/michiganinthewar/cavalry/4cava.htm|title=4th Michigan Cavalry}}</ref>

Among the men who served in the 4th Michigan Cavalry was [[James Vernor|James Vernor, Sr.]], who after the war became a well known pharmacist and the developer of [[Vernors|Vernor's Ginger Ale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suvcw.org/mollus/pcinc/jvernor.htm|title=MOLLUS--Commander-in-Chief Mr. James Vernor Jr.}}</ref> Another early recruit was future Michigan politician [[Levi T. Griffin]].

After training and drilling, it left the state with an enrolment of 1,233 officers and men on September 26, 1862, for duty in [[Louisville, Kentucky]]. It saw its first engagement at Stanford Kentucky, fighting the forces of Confederate General John Morgan,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Record of service of Michigan volunteers in the civil war, 1861-1865. v.34|last=Turner|first=George H.|publisher=Ihling Bros. & Everard|year=1900|location=Kalamazoo, Michigan|pages=1, 2}}</ref> attached to the 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, [[Army of the Ohio]] until November 1862. Other assignments during the war included:
*1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, [[Army of the Cumberland]], to January, 1863.
*1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to October, 1863.
*2nd Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to November, 1863.
*1st Brigade, 2nd Cavalry Division, Army of the Cumberland, to November 1864.
*1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Wilson's Cavalry Corps, [[Military Division of Mississippi]], to November 1864.
*2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Cavalry Corps, Military Division of Mississippi, to July 1865.

The 4th Michigan Cavalry fought alongside the 7th Pennsylvania Cavalry, the 4th United States Cavalry and the Chicago Board of Trade Battery as part of Colonel Minty's Sabre Brigade for much of the war.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4YpAgAAQBAJ&q=minty+sabre+brigade&pg=PA151|title=Father Abraham's Children|isbn=9780814339589|last1=Woodford|first1=Frank B.|date=15 February 2014}}</ref> These units fought at Murfreesboro, Stones River, Shelbyville, Reed's Bridge, Chickamauga, Noonday Creek, Atlanta, Kilpatrick Raid and Selma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmicav.htm|title=History - Michigan Cavalry}}</ref>

The 4th Michigan Cavalry was involved in the capture of [[Macon, Georgia]], on April 20, 1865, along with Col. [[Henry Harnden]] and the [[1st Wisconsin Cavalry]]. Subsequently, a detachment of the regiment participated in the pursuit and capture of Jefferson Davis at [[Irwin County, Georgia|Irwinville, Georgia]], on May 10. Among the troopers credited with playing a key role in identifying and capturing Davis were [[George Munger (soldier)|George Munger]] and [[Andrew Bee (soldier)|Andrew Bee]] and [[Corporal]] [[Baxter B. Bennett]] who secured possession of Jeff Davis (Jefferson Davis) spurs. The spurs were kept in his possession for many years until a family member donated them to a museum in Michigan, which transferred the spurs to the Jefferson Davis collection. Also involved in the capture of Davis was Corporal John William Bowles of Company M.

The 4th was assigned to routine duty at Macon and then at [[Nashville, Tennessee]], until the end of June. The regiment mustered out on July 1, 1865.

==Casualties==
The initial strength of the regiment was 1,233. During its term of service the regiment gained 984 troops, for a total of 2,217 men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarindex.com/armymi/4th_mi_cavalry.html|title=Civil War Index - 4th Michigan Cavalry in the American Civil War}}</ref> Of that number, 3 officers and 48 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded in battle, and 2 officers and 341 enlisted men perished from disease.

George Hiscock was a member of Company B, and the oldest man to enlist at the age of 36. He died on June 23, 1864, from disease, and is buried in Chattanooga, TN.

== See also ==
* [[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
* [[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==References==
*''The Life and Times of General B. D. Pritchard'' by James J. Green (Allegan: Allegan County Historical Society, 1979)
*[http://sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/jefferson-davis-capture.htm ''Harper's Weekly'' (27 May 1865)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060513204614/http://www.michiganhistorymagazine.com/portfoli/pdf/mj00con.pdf ''Michigan History Magazine'' (May/June 2000)]
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seekingmichigan.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15147coll5/id/15/rec/2|title=Fourth Michigan Cavalry (Regimental) Battle Flag}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19R2AAAAMAAJ|title=Minty and the Cavalry|last1=Vale|first1=Joseph G.|year=1886}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mruddy/Chicka.htm|title=CAPTAIN HENRY ALBERT POTTER}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, 004th}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Cavalry]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]

Easter Rising

2024-08-29T23:44:33Z

GenEli1L1: /* Planning the Rising */

{{short description|1916 armed insurrection in Ireland}}
{{about|the armed insurrection in Ireland|the musical|Easter Rising (musical){{!}}''Easter Rising'' (musical)}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Easter Rising {{lang|ga|Éirí Amach na Cásca}}
| partof = the [[Irish revolutionary period]]
| image = The shell of the G.P.O. on Sackville Street after the Easter Rising (6937669789).jpg
| caption = [[O'Connell Street, Dublin|O'Connell Street]], Dublin, after the Rising. The [[General Post Office, Dublin|GPO]] is at left, and [[Nelson's Pillar]] at right.
| date = 24–29 April 1916
| place = Mostly [[Dublin]]; skirmishes in counties [[County Meath|Meath]], [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Louth|Louth]], [[County Wexford|Wexford]], [[County Cork|Cork]]
| territory =
| result = Unconditional surrender of rebel forces, execution of most leaders
| combatant1 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|Irish Republic|1916}} Irish rebel forces:{{ubl|[[Irish Volunteers]]|[[Irish Citizen Army]]|[[Fianna Éireann]]|[[Cumann na mBan]]|[[Hibernian Rifles]]}}}}
| combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|UKGBI}} British forces:{{ubl|[[British Army]]|[[Royal Irish Constabulary]]}}}}
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[Patrick Pearse]]|[[James Connolly]]|[[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]]|[[Seán Mac Diarmada]]|[[Joseph Plunkett]]|[[Éamonn Ceannt]]|[[Thomas MacDonagh]]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|Lord Wimborne]]|[[Augustine Birrell]]|[[Matthew Nathan]]|[[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Lord French]]|[[Lovick Friend]]|[[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|John Maxwell]]|[[William Lowe (British Army officer)|William Lowe]]}}
| strength1 = {{ubl|1,250 in Dublin|c. 2,000–3,000 Volunteers elsewhere but they took little part in the fighting}}
| strength2 = 16,000 British troops and 1,000 armed RIC in Dublin by the end of the week
| casualties1 = {{ubl|82 killed|16 executed|Unknown wounded}}
| casualties2 = {{ubl|143 killed|397 wounded}}
| casualties3 = {{ubl|260 civilians killed|2,200+ civilians wounded (including unknown number of rebels)|'''Total killed: 485<ref name=necrology/>'''}}
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Irish independence}}
}}

The '''Easter Rising''' ({{lang-ga|Éirí Amach na Cásca}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/irish/index.asp?docID=2532 |title=Department of the Taoiseach – Easter Rising |publisher=[[Taoiseach]] |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011454/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/?docID=2532+ |url-status=live}}</ref> also known as the '''Easter Rebellion''', was an armed [[insurrection]] in [[Ireland]] during [[Easter Week]] in April 1916. The Rising was launched by [[Irish republicans]] against [[British rule in Ireland]] with the aim of establishing an independent [[Irish Republic]] while the United Kingdom was fighting the [[First World War]]. It was the most significant [[List of Irish uprisings|uprising in Ireland]] since the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|rebellion of 1798]] and the first armed conflict of the [[Irish revolutionary period]]. Sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed starting in May 1916. The nature of the executions, and subsequent political developments, ultimately contributed to an increase in popular support for Irish independence.

Organised by a seven-man Military Council of the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]], the Rising began on [[Easter Monday]], 24 April 1916 and lasted for six days.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22military+council%22+ |title=Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221153211/https://books.google.com/books?id=_RhCAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22military+council%22+irb&q=%22military+council%22+&pgis=1 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |first=Francis X. |last=Martin |date=1967 |page=105 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=9780801402906 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Members of the [[Irish Volunteers]], led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist [[Patrick Pearse]], joined by the smaller [[Irish Citizen Army]] of [[James Connolly]] and 200 women of [[Cumann na mBan]] seized strategically important buildings in [[Dublin]] and [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|proclaimed the Irish Republic]]. The [[British Army]] brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a [[gunboat]]. There was street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels slowed the British advance and inflicted many casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long-range gun battles. The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery. There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland; Volunteer leader [[Eoin MacNeill]] had issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the extent of the rebel actions.

With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising. Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April, although sporadic fighting continued briefly. After the surrender, the country remained under [[martial law]]. About 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British and 1,800 of them were sent to internment camps or prisons in Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following [[courts-martial|courts martial]]. The Rising brought [[Physical force Irish republicanism|physical force republicanism]] back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly fifty years had been dominated by constitutional nationalism. Opposition to the British reaction to the Rising contributed to changes in public opinion and the move toward independence, as shown in the [[1918 Irish general election|December 1918 election in Ireland]] which was won by the [[Sinn Féin]] party, which convened the [[First Dáil]] and [[Irish Declaration of Independence|declared independence]].

Of the 485 people killed,<ref name=necrology/> 260 were civilians, 143 were British military and police personnel, and 82 were Irish rebels, including 16 rebels executed for their roles in the Rising. More than 2,600 people were wounded. Many of the civilians were killed or wounded by British artillery fire or were mistaken for rebels. Others were caught in the crossfire during firefights between the British and the rebels. The shelling and resulting fires left parts of central Dublin in ruins.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Background ==
[[File:Irish Citizen Army Group Liberty Hall Dublin 1914.jpg|thumb|Members of the Irish Citizen Army outside [[Liberty Hall]], under the slogan "We serve neither [[George V|King]] nor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]], but Ireland"]]

The [[Acts of Union 1800]] united the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], abolishing the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] and giving Ireland representation in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. From early on, many [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalists]] opposed the union and the continued lack of adequate political representation, along with the British government's handling of Ireland and Irish people, particularly the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]].{{sfn|MacDonagh|1977|pp=14–17}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Behrendt |first1=Stephen C. |title=British Women Poets and the Romantic Writing Community |date=2010 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0801895081 |pages=244–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244 |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221143420/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Zxrkbg2hQAC&pg=PA244 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The union was closely preceded by and formed partly in response to an [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|Irish uprising]] – whose centenary would prove an influence on the Easter Rising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-62904-9 |editor-last=Outram |editor-first=Quentin |pages=165–194 |editor-last2=Laybourn |editor-first2=Keith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Peter |date=1999 |title=The Contest of Memory: The Continuing Impact of 1798 Commemoration |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/666936 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=28–50 |doi=10.1353/eir.1999.0002 |s2cid=149277904 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Three more rebellions ensued: one in [[Irish rebellion of 1803|1803]], another in [[Young Ireland rebellion|1848]] and one in [[Fenian Rising|1867]]. All were failures.<ref name=":5" />

Opposition took other forms: constitutional (the [[Repeal Association]]; the [[Home Rule League]]) and social ([[Irish Church Act 1869|disestablishment of the Church of Ireland]]; the [[Irish National Land League|Land League]]).<ref>[[Mansergh, Nicholas]], ''The Irish Question 1840–1921'', George Allen & Unwin, 1978, {{ISBN|0-04-901022-0}} p. 244</ref> The [[Irish Home Rule movement]] sought to achieve self-government for Ireland, within the United Kingdom. In 1886, the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] under [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] succeeded in having the [[Irish Government Bill 1886|First Home Rule Bill]] introduced in the British parliament, but it was defeated. The [[Irish Government Bill 1893|Second Home Rule Bill]] of 1893 was passed by the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] but rejected by the [[House of Lords]].

After the death of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. The [[Gaelic Athletic Association]], the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]], and the [[Gaelic revival|cultural revival]] under [[W. B. Yeats]] and [[Augusta, Lady Gregory]], together with the new political thinking of [[Arthur Griffith]] expressed in his newspaper ''[[Sinn Féin Printing & Publishing Company|Sinn Féin]]'' and organisations such as the National Council and the Sinn Féin League, led many Irish people to identify with the idea of an independent [[Gaels|Gaelic]] Ireland.{{sfn|MacDonagh|1977|pp=72–74}}{{sfn|Feeney|2002|p=22}}{{efn|This was sometimes referred to by the generic term ''Sinn Féin'',{{sfn|Feeney|2002|p=37}} with the British authorities using it as a [[collective noun]] for republicans and advanced nationalists.{{Sfn|O'Leary|2019|p=320}}}}

The [[Government of Ireland Act 1914|Third Home Rule Bill]] was introduced by British Liberal Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]] in 1912. [[Unionism in Ireland|Irish Unionists]], who were overwhelmingly Protestants, opposed it, as they did not want to be ruled by a Catholic-dominated Irish government. Led by [[Edward Carson|Sir Edward Carson]] and [[James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon|James Craig]], they formed the [[Ulster Volunteers]] (UVF) in January 1913.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/stagesetters/index.pdf |title=Those who set the stage |work=The 1916 Rising: Personalities and Perspectives |publisher=[[National Library of Ireland]] |access-date=7 December 2009 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729042513/http://www.nli.ie/1916/exhibition/en/content/stagesetters/index.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The UVF's opposition included arming themselves, in the event that they had to resist by force.<ref name=":5" />

Seeking to defend Home Rule, the [[Irish Volunteers]] was formed in November 1913. Although sporting broadly open membership and without avowed support for separatism, the executive branch of the Irish Volunteers – excluding [[Eoin MacNeill|leadership]] – was dominated by the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] (IRB) who rose to prominence via the organisation, having had restarted recruitment in 1909.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Macardle, pp. 90–92</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 7–8</ref><ref name=":0" /> These members feared that Home Rule's enactment would result in a broad, seemingly perpetual, contentment with the British Empire.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=115}} Another militant group, the [[Irish Citizen Army]], was formed by trade unionists as a result of the [[Dublin Lock-out]] of that year.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=49}} The issue of Home Rule, appeared to some, as the basis of an "imminent civil war".<ref name=":5" />

Although the Third Home Rule Bill was eventually enacted, the outbreak of the [[First World War]] resulted in its implementation being postponed for the war's duration.{{sfn|Hennessey|1998|p=76}} It was widely believed at the time that the war would not last more than a few months.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|p=164}} The Irish Volunteers split. The vast majority – thereafter known as the [[National Volunteers]] – enlisted in the British Army. The minority that objected – retaining the name – did so in accordance with separatist principles, official policy thus becoming "the abolition of the system of governing Ireland through [[Dublin Castle]] and the British military power and the establishment of a National Government in its place"; the Volunteers believed that "England's difficulty" was "Ireland's opportunity".<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=31}}

== Planning the Rising ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 220
| image1 = Seán Mac Diarmada.png
| image2 = Jospeh Plunkett.jpg
| image3 = Éamonn Ceannt portrait.jpg
| image4 = Thomas MacDonagh.png
| image5 = Patrick Pearse (cropped).jpg
| image6 = James Connolly2.jpg
| image7 = Thomas Clarke (cropped).jpg
| footer = The signatories of the Proclamation: [[Seán Mac Diarmada]], [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]], [[Patrick Pearse]], [[James Connolly]], [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
}}
The Supreme Council of the IRB met on 5 September 1914, just over a month after the British government had [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|declared war]] on [[German Empire|Germany]]. At this meeting, they elected to stage an uprising before the war ended and to secure help from Germany.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=18}} Responsibility for the planning of the rising was given to [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]].<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 16</ref> [[Patrick Pearse]], [[The O'Rahilly|Michael Joseph O’Rahilly]], [[Joseph Plunkett]] and [[Bulmer Hobson]] would assume general control of the Volunteers by March 1915.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=49}}

In May 1915, Clarke and Mac Diarmada established a Military Council within the IRB, consisting of Pearse, Plunkett and Éamonn Ceannt – and soon themselves – to devise plans for a rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 16, 19</ref> The Military Council functioned independently and in opposition to those who considered a possible uprising inopportune.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=116}} Volunteer Chief-of-Staff Eoin MacNeill supported a rising only if the British government attempted to suppress the Volunteers or introduce [[conscription in Ireland]], and if such a rising had some chance of success. Hobson and IRB President [[Denis McCullough]] held similar views as did much of the executive branches of both organisations.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=94}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fanning |first=Ronan |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674970564/html |title=Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power |date=2016-04-25 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97056-4 |pages=34 |doi=10.4159/9780674970564}}</ref>

The Military Council kept its plans secret, so as to prevent the British authorities from learning of the plans, and to thwart those within the organisation who might try to stop the rising. The secrecy of the plans was such that the Military Council largely superseded the IRB's Supreme Council with even McCullough being unaware of some of the plans, whereas the likes of MacNeill were only informed as the Rising rapidly approached.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Himmelberg |first=Andrew |date=2019 |title=Unearthing Easter in Laois: Provincializing the 1916 Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/81/article/736909 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=114–133 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2019.0021 |s2cid=210460840 |issn=1534-5815}}</ref> Although most Volunteers were oblivious to any plans their training increased in the preceding year. The public nature of their training heightened tensions with authorities, which, come the next year, manifested in rumours of the Rising.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=|pp=115–117}}{{efn|Increased training was present within the Glasgow-based contingency of Volunteers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tormey |first=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Scotland's Easter Rising Veterans and the Irish Revolution |url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=22393978&AN=137563949&h=WVKdwi0Vzem6aSUOkCPK5vv%2FLeetS%2BhsPR07KByVsURLQGn7cIef%2BRd%2BL46QqA7RMd4MiRSlgD1f93HJH%2BSdKA%3D%3D&crl=c |journal=Studi irlandesi: A Journal of Irish Studies |issue=9 |pages=271–302}}</ref> Other metropolitan mainland branches existed in Manchester, Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, and Newcastle. Eighty-seven of the Volunteers involved in the Rising came from Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gannon |first=Darragh |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009158299/type/book |title=Conflict, Diaspora, and Empire: Irish Nationalism in Britain, 1912–1922 |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-15829-9 |edition= |pages=71–72, 101 |doi=}}</ref>}} Public displays likewise existed in the espousal of anti-recruitment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Augusteijn |first=Joost |date=2007 |title=Accounting for the emergence of violent activism among Irish revolutionaries, 1916–21 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400006672 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=35 |issue=139 |pages=327–344 |doi=10.1017/s0021121400006672 |s2cid=155436800 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref> The number of Volunteers also increased: between December 1914 and February 1916 the rank and file rose from 9,700 to 12,215.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Fergus |url= |title=Land and Revolution: Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891-1921 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-927324-9 |pages=197 |doi=}}</ref> Although the likes of the civil servants were discouraged from joining the Volunteers, the organisation was permitted by law.{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=32}}

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, [[Roger Casement]] and [[John Devoy]] went to Germany and began negotiations with the German government and military. Casement – later accompanied by Plunkett – persuaded the Germans to announce their support for Irish independence in November 1914.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 25</ref> Casement envisioned the recruitment of Irish prisoners of war, to be known as the [[Irish Brigade (World War I)|Irish Brigade]], aided by a German [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] who would secure the line of the [[River Shannon]], before advancing on the capital.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 105</ref><ref>McNally and Dennis, p. 30</ref>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=104}} Neither intention came to fruition, but the German military did agree to ship arms and ammunition to the Volunteers,<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 25–28</ref> gunrunning having become difficult and dangerous on account of the war.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kautt |first=W. H. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21wj5fc |title=Arming the Irish Revolution |date=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-3228-2 |pages=28|doi=10.2307/j.ctv21wj5fc |s2cid=240159664 }}</ref>

In late 1915 and early 1916 Devoy had trusted couriers deliver approximately $100,000 from the American based Irish Republican organization [[Clan na Gael]] to the IRB. On 5 February 1916 Devoy received a coded message from the Supreme Council of the IRB informing him of their decision to start a rebellion at Easter 1916: "We have decided to begin action on Easter Sunday. We must have your arms and munitions in Limerick between Good Friday and Easter Sunday. We expect German help immediately after beginning action. We might have to begin earlier."<ref>{{cite book |last=Golway |first=Terry |author-link= |date=1998 |title=Irish Rebel: John Devoy and Americas Fight for Ireland's Freedom |url= |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |page=212 |isbn=0312199031}}</ref>

Head of the Irish Citizen Army, James Connolly, was unaware of the IRB's plans, and threatened to start a rebellion on his own if other parties failed to act. The IRB leaders met with Connolly in [[Dolphin's Barn]] in January 1916 and convinced him to join forces with them. They agreed that they would launch a rising together at Easter and made Connolly the sixth member of the Military Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dublinpeople.com/news/features/articles/2015/01/23/remembering-the-kidnapping-of-republican-james-connolly/ |title=Remembering the kidnapping of James Connelly|date=23 January 2015| newspaper=Dublin People| access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8zToAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA169 |title=James Connolly A Political Biography |first= Austen |last=Morgan|year= 1989|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0719029585|page=169}}</ref> Thomas MacDonagh would later become the seventh and final member.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliamentandireland/collections/easter-rising-1916/last-and-inspiring-address-of-thomas-macdonagh-after-he-was-sentanced-to-death-by-court-martial/ |title=Speech by Thomas MacDonagh|publisher=UK Parliament|access-date=26 December 2023}}</ref>

The death of the old [[Fenian]] leader [[Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]] in New York City in August 1915 was an opportunity to mount a spectacular demonstration. His body was sent to Ireland for burial in [[Glasnevin Cemetery]], with the Volunteers in charge of arrangements. Huge crowds lined the route and gathered at the graveside. Pearse (wearing the uniform of the Irish Volunteers) made a dramatic funeral oration, a rallying call to republicans, which ended with the words "[[Ireland unfree shall never be at peace]]".{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|pp=199–200}}

== Build-up to Easter Week ==
[[File:Easter Proclamation of 1916.png|thumb|[[Proclamation of the Irish Republic|Proclamation of the Republic]], Easter 1916]]
In early April, Pearse issued orders to the Irish Volunteers for three days of "parades and manoeuvres" beginning on Easter Sunday. He had the authority to do this, as the Volunteers' Director of Organisation. The idea was that IRB members within the organisation would know these were orders to begin the rising, while men such as MacNeill and the British authorities would take it at face value.

On 9 April, the [[Imperial German Navy|German Navy]] dispatched the [[SS Libau|SS ''Libau'']] for [[County Kerry]], disguised as the Norwegian ship ''[[SS Aud|Aud]]''.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=29}} It was loaded with 20,000 rifles, one million rounds of ammunition, and explosives. Casement also left for Ireland aboard the German submarine ''[[SM U-19 (Germany)|U-19]]''. He was disappointed with the level of support offered by the Germans and he intended to stop or at least postpone the rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, p.56</ref> During this time, the Volunteers amassed ammunition from various sources, including the adolescent Michael McCabe.{{Sfn|Grayson|2018|p=|pp=117}}

On Wednesday 19 April, Alderman [[Thomas Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)|Tom Kelly]], a Sinn Féin member of [[Dublin Corporation]], read out at a meeting of the corporation a document purportedly leaked from [[Dublin Castle]], detailing plans by the British authorities to shortly arrest leaders of the Irish Volunteers, Sinn Féin and the Gaelic League, and occupy their premises.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=131–132}} Although the British authorities said the "Castle Document" was fake, MacNeill ordered the Volunteers to prepare to resist.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 47</ref> Unbeknownst to MacNeill, the document had been [[Forgery|forged]] by the Military Council to persuade moderates of the need for their planned uprising. It was an edited version of a real document outlining British plans in the event of conscription.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=117}} That same day, the Military Council informed senior Volunteer officers that the rising would begin on Easter Sunday. However, it chose not to inform the [[wikt:rank and file|rank-and-file]], or moderates such as MacNeill, until the last minute.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 48</ref>

The following day, MacNeill got wind that a rising was about to be launched and threatened to do everything he could to prevent it, short of informing the British.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 52</ref> He and Hobson confronted Pearse, but refrained from decisive action as to avoiding instigating a rebellion of any kind; Hobson would be detained by Volunteers until the Rising occurred.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=133}}{{efn|MacNeill was briefly persuaded to go along with some sort of action when Mac Diarmada revealed to him that a German arms shipment was about to land in County Kerry. MacNeill believed that when the British learned of the shipment they would immediately suppress the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers would be justified in taking defensive action, including the planned manoeuvres.<ref>Michael Tierney, ''Eoin MacNeill'', pp. 199, 214</ref>}}

The ''SS Libau'' (disguised as the ''Aud'') and the ''U-19'' reached the coast of Kerry on Good Friday, 21 April. This was earlier than the Volunteers expected and so none were there to meet the vessels. The [[Royal Navy]] had known about the arms shipment and intercepted the ''SS Libau'', prompting the captain to [[Scuttling|scuttle]] the ship. Furthermore, Casement was captured shortly after he landed at [[Banna Strand]].<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 57–58</ref>

When MacNeill learned that the arms shipment had been lost, he reverted to his original position. With the support of other leaders of like mind, notably Bulmer Hobson and [[The O'Rahilly]], he issued a countermand to all Volunteers, cancelling all actions for Sunday. This countermanding order was relayed to Volunteer officers and printed in the Sunday morning newspapers. The order resulted in a delay to the rising by a day,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/order-cancelling-1916-rising-to-be-auctioned-in-dublin-1.1710205 | publisher = Irish Times | website = irishtimes.com | title = Order cancelling 1916 Rising to be auctioned in Dublin | first = Michael | last = Parsons | date = 3 March 2014 | accessdate = 26 December 2023 }}</ref> and some confusion over strategy for those who took part.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt196315k |title=Breaking Down the State: Protestors Engaged |date=2015 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-759-7 |editor-last=Willem Duyvendak |editor-first=Jan |pages=133–156 |jstor=j.ctt196315k |editor-last2=M. Jasper |editor-first2=James}}</ref>

[[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|British Naval Intelligence]] had been aware of the arms shipment, Casement's return, and the Easter date for the rising through radio messages between Germany and its embassy in the United States that were intercepted by the Royal Navy and deciphered in [[Room 40]] of the Admiralty.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 138</ref> It is unclear how extensive Room 40's decryptions preceding the Rising were.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larsen |first=Daniel |date=2018 |title=British signals intelligence and the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475 |journal=Intelligence and National Security |language=en |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=48–66 |doi=10.1080/02684527.2017.1323475 |issn=0268-4527}}</ref> On the eve of the Rising, [[John Dillon]] wrote to Redmond of Dublin being "full of most extraordinary rumours. And I have no doubt in my mind that the Clan men – are planning some devilish business – what it is I cannot make out. It may not come off – But you must not be surprised if something very unpleasant and mischievous happens this week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mulvagh |first=Conor |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/51398 |title=The Irish Parliamentary Party at Westminster, 1900–18 |date=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0016-0 |pages=132}}</ref>

The information was passed to the [[Under-Secretary for Ireland]], Sir [[Matthew Nathan]], on 17 April, but without revealing its source; Nathan was doubtful about its accuracy.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 79</ref> When news reached Dublin of the capture of the ''SS Libau'' and the arrest of Casement, Nathan conferred with the [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland|Lord Lieutenant]], [[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|Lord Wimborne]]. Nathan proposed to raid [[Liberty Hall]], headquarters of the Citizen Army, and Volunteer properties at Father Matthew Park and at [[Kimmage]], but Wimborne insisted on wholesale arrests of the leaders. It was decided to postpone action until after Easter Monday, and in the meantime, Nathan telegraphed the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland|Chief Secretary]], [[Augustine Birrell]], in London seeking his approval.<ref>Ó Broin, pp. 81–87</ref> By the time Birrell cabled his reply authorising the action, at noon on Monday 24 April 1916, the Rising had already begun.<ref>Ó Broin, p. 88</ref>

On the morning of Easter Sunday, 23 April, the Military Council met at Liberty Hall to discuss what to do in light of MacNeill's countermanding order. They decided that the Rising would go ahead the following day, Easter Monday, and that the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army would go into action as the 'Army of the Irish Republic'. They elected Pearse as president of the Irish Republic, and also as Commander-in-Chief of the army; Connolly became Commandant of the Dublin Brigade.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 66</ref> That weekend was largely spent preparing rations and manufacturing ammunition and bombs.{{Sfn|Arrington|2015|p=125}} Messengers were then sent to all units informing them of the new orders.<ref name="rte-timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising |title=Chronology of the Easter Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330050418/http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/chronology-of-the-easter-rising |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=Century Ireland – [[RTÉ]]}}</ref>

== The Rising in Dublin ==

=== Easter Monday ===
[[File:General Post Office Dublin 20060803.jpg|thumb|right|The [[General Post Office, Dublin|General Post Office]] in Dublin – the rebel headquarters]]
[[File:Irish Republic Flag.svg|thumb|right|One of two flags flown over the GPO during the Rising]]
[[File:Easter rising 1916.jpg|thumb|right|Positions of rebel and British forces in central Dublin]]
{{main|First Day of the Easter Rising}}

On the morning of Monday 24 April, about 1,200 members of the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army mustered at several locations in central Dublin. Among them were members of the all-female [[Cumann na mBan]]. Some wore Irish Volunteer and Citizen Army uniforms, while others wore civilian clothes with a yellow Irish Volunteer armband, military hats, and [[bandolier]]s.<ref>Ward, Alan. ''The Easter Rising: Revolution and Irish Nationalism''. Wiley, 2003. p. 5</ref><ref>Cottrel, Peter. ''The War for Ireland: 1913–1923''. Osprey, 2009. p. 41</ref> They were armed mostly with rifles (especially [[Mauser Model 1871|1871 Mausers]]), but also with shotguns, revolvers, a few [[Mauser C96]] semi-automatic pistols, and grenades.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dorney |first=John |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-rising-explained/the-weapons-of-1916-34505344.html |title=The Weapons of 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330064043/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-rising-explained/the-weapons-of-1916-34505344.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The number of Volunteers who mobilised was much smaller than expected. This was due to MacNeill's countermanding order, and the fact that the new orders had been sent so soon beforehand. However, several hundred Volunteers joined the Rising after it began.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=129}}

Shortly before midday, the rebels began to seize important sites in central Dublin. The rebels' plan was to hold Dublin city centre. This was a large, oval-shaped area bounded by two canals: the [[Grand Canal (Ireland)|Grand]] to the south and the [[Royal Canal|Royal]] to the north, with the [[River Liffey]] running through the middle. On the southern and western edges of this district were five British Army barracks. Most of the rebels' positions had been chosen to defend against counter-attacks from these barracks.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dorney |first=John |title=The Story of the Easter Rising, 1916 |publisher=Green Lamp |date=2010 |page=33}}</ref> The rebels took the positions with ease. Civilians were evacuated and policemen were ejected or taken prisoner.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=133}} Windows and doors were barricaded, food and supplies were secured, and first aid posts were set up. Barricades were erected on the streets to hinder British Army movement.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=135}}

A joint force of about 400 Volunteers and the Citizen Army gathered at Liberty Hall under the command of Commandant James Connolly. This was the headquarters battalion, and it also included Commander-in-Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada and [[Joseph Mary Plunkett|Joseph Plunkett]].<ref>McNally and Dennis, p. 41</ref> They marched to the [[General Post Office, Dublin|General Post Office]] (GPO) on [[O'Connell Street]], Dublin's main thoroughfare, occupied the building and hoisted two republican flags. Pearse stood outside and read the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]].<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 192, 195</ref> Copies of the Proclamation were also pasted on walls and handed out to bystanders by Volunteers and newsboys.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=34}} The GPO would be the rebels' headquarters for most of the Rising. Volunteers from the GPO also occupied other buildings on the street, including buildings overlooking [[O'Connell Bridge]]. They took over a [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless telegraph]] station and sent out a radio broadcast in [[Morse code]], announcing that an Irish Republic had been declared. This was the first radio broadcast in Ireland.<ref>{{cite news|last=McGee |first=John |url=http://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html |title=Time to celebrate a centenary of Irish broadcast heroes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412035334/http://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html |archive-date=12 April 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=6 March 2016}}</ref>

Elsewhere, some of the headquarters battalion under [[Michael Mallin]] occupied [[St Stephen's Green]], where they dug trenches and barricaded the surrounding roads. The 1st battalion, under [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward 'Ned' Daly]], occupied the [[Four Courts]] and surrounding buildings, while a company under [[Seán Heuston]] occupied the [[Mendicity Institution]], across the River Liffey from the Four Courts. The 2nd battalion, under Thomas MacDonagh, occupied [[Jacob's]] biscuit factory. The 3rd battalion, under [[Éamon de Valera]], occupied [[Boland's Mill]] and surrounding buildings (uniquely, without the presence of Cumann na mBan women whom de Valera expressly excluded).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Margaret |date=17 October 2012 |title=A role in Home Rule |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/century/century-women-and-the-vote/a-role-in-home-rule-1.553496 |access-date=2024-04-03 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> The 4th battalion, under Éamonn Ceannt, occupied the [[House of Industry (Dublin)|South Dublin Union]] and the distillery on [[Marrowbone Lane]]. From each of these garrisons, small units of rebels established [[Outpost (military)|outposts]] in the surrounding area.<ref>McNally and Dennis, pp. 39–40</ref>

The rebels also attempted to cut transport and communication links. As well as erecting roadblocks, they took control of various bridges and cut telephone and telegraph wires. [[Dublin Pearse railway station|Westland Row]] and [[Harcourt Street railway station|Harcourt Street]] railway stations were occupied, though the latter only briefly. The railway line was cut at [[Fairview, Dublin|Fairview]] and the line was damaged by bombs at [[Dublin Connolly railway station|Amiens Street]], [[Dublin Broadstone railway station|Broadstone]], [[Dublin Heuston railway station|Kingsbridge]] and [[Lansdowne Road railway station|Lansdowne Road]].<ref>McKenna, Joseph. ''Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence''. McFarland, 2011. p. 19</ref>

Around midday, a small team of Volunteers and [[Fianna Éireann]] members swiftly captured the [[Magazine Fort]] in the [[Phoenix Park]] and disarmed the guards. The goal was to seize weapons and blow up the ammunition store to signal that the Rising had begun. They seized weapons and planted explosives, but the blast was not loud enough to be heard across the city.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=48–50}} The 23-year-old son of the fort's commander was fatally shot when he ran to raise the alarm.<ref>[http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/children-of-the-revolution/ "Children of the Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331080024/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/children-of-the-revolution/ |date=31 March 2016 }}. [[History Ireland]]. Volume 1, issue 23 (May/June 2013).</ref>

[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - Barrikade.jpg|thumb|right|A street barricade erected by the rebels outside the [[Westmoreland Lock Hospital]] in Dublin during the Rising]]

A contingent under Seán Connolly occupied [[Dublin City Hall]] and adjacent buildings.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 87–90</ref> They attempted to seize neighbouring Dublin Castle, the heart of British rule in Ireland. As they approached the gate a lone and unarmed police sentry, James O'Brien, attempted to stop them and was shot dead by Connolly. According to some accounts, he was the first casualty of the Rising. The rebels overpowered the soldiers in the guardroom but failed to press further. The British Army's chief intelligence officer, Major Ivon Price, fired on the rebels while the Under-Secretary for Ireland, Sir Matthew Nathan, helped shut the castle gates. Unbeknownst to the rebels, the Castle was lightly guarded and could have been taken with ease.<ref>Foy and Barton, pp. 84–85</ref> The rebels instead laid siege to the Castle from City Hall. Fierce fighting erupted there after British reinforcements arrived. The rebels on the roof exchanged fire with soldiers on the street. Seán Connolly was shot dead by a sniper, becoming the first rebel casualty.<ref name="rte-timeline"/> By the following morning, British forces had re-captured City Hall and taken the rebels prisoner.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

The rebels did not attempt to take some other key locations, notably [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]], in the heart of the city centre and defended by only a handful of armed unionist students.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=163–164}} Failure to capture the telephone exchange in Crown Alley left communications in the hands of the Government with GPO staff quickly repairing telephone wires that had been cut by the rebels.<ref>{{cite book|title=Business as Usual – GPO Staff in 1916 |last=Ferguson |first=Stephen |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781856359948 |pages=60}}</ref> The failure to occupy strategic locations was attributed to lack of manpower.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=129}} In at least two incidents, at Jacob's{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=142}} and Stephen's Green,{{sfn|Stephens|1992|p=18}} the Volunteers and Citizen Army shot dead civilians trying to attack them or dismantle their barricades. Elsewhere, they hit civilians with their rifle butts to drive them off.<ref>{{harvp|McGarry|2010|pp=142–143}}; {{harvp|Townshend|2006|p=174}}</ref>

The British military were caught totally unprepared by the Rising and their response of the first day was generally un-coordinated. Two squadrons <ref>Townsend, Easter 1916, p.170</ref> of British cavalry were sent to investigate what was happening. They took fire and casualties from rebel forces at the GPO and at the Four Courts.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=54–55}}<ref name="Coffey, Thomas M. pp. 38, 44">Coffey, Thomas M. ''Agony at Easter: The 1916 Irish Uprising'', pp. 38, 44, 155</ref> As one troop passed [[Nelson's Pillar]], the rebels opened fire from the GPO, killing three cavalrymen and two horses<ref name="Coffey, Thomas M. pp. 38, 44"/> and fatally wounding a fourth man. The cavalrymen retreated and were withdrawn to barracks. On Mount Street, a group of [[Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)|Volunteer Training Corps]] men stumbled upon the rebel position and four were killed before they reached [[Beggars Bush Barracks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=O'Brien |title=Blood on the Streets, the Battle for Mount Street |pages=22–23}}</ref> Although ransacked, the barracks were never seized.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=William |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/51437 |title=The Irish Amateur Military Tradition in the British Army, 1854-1992 |date=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-0846-3 |pages=151}}</ref>

The only substantial combat of the first day of the Rising took place at the South Dublin Union where a [[picket (military)|piquet]] from the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]] encountered an outpost of Éamonn Ceannt's force at the northwestern corner of the South Dublin Union. The British troops, after taking some casualties, managed to regroup and launch several assaults on the position before they forced their way inside and the small rebel force in the tin huts at the eastern end of the Union surrendered.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=76–80}} However, the Union complex as a whole remained in rebel hands. A nurse in uniform, Margaret Keogh, was shot dead by British soldiers at the Union. She is believed to have been the first civilian killed in the Rising.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html |title=Nurse Margaret Keogh, the first civilian fatality of the Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330162528/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/1916/the-victims/nurse-margaret-keogh-the-first-civilian-fatality-of-the-rising-34510459.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Three unarmed [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] were shot dead on the first day of the Rising and their Commissioner pulled them off the streets. Partly as a result of the police withdrawal, a wave of looting broke out in the city centre, especially in the area of O'Connell Street (still officially called "Sackville Street" at the time).{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}

=== Tuesday and Wednesday ===
Lord Wimborne, the Lord Lieutenant, declared [[martial law]] on Tuesday evening and handed over civil power to Brigadier-General [[William Lowe (British Army officer)|William Lowe]]. British forces initially put their efforts into securing the approaches to Dublin Castle and isolating the rebel headquarters, which they believed was in Liberty Hall. The British commander, Lowe, worked slowly, unsure of the size of the force he was up against, and with only 1,269 troops in the city when he arrived from the [[Curragh Camp]] in the early hours of Tuesday 25 April. City Hall was taken from the rebel unit that had attacked Dublin Castle on Tuesday morning.<ref>Coogan 2001, p. 107</ref>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}}

In the early hours of Tuesday, 120 British soldiers, with machine guns, occupied two buildings overlooking St Stephen's Green: the [[Shelbourne Hotel]] and United Services Club.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=122}} At dawn they opened fire on the Citizen Army occupying the green. The rebels returned fire but were forced to retreat to the [[Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland|Royal College of Surgeons]] building. They remained there for the rest of the week, exchanging fire with British forces.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

Fighting erupted along the northern edge of the city centre on Tuesday afternoon. In the northeast, British troops left Amiens Street railway station in an armoured train, to secure and repair a section of damaged tracks. They were attacked by rebels who had taken up position at [[Annesley Bridge]]. After a two-hour battle, the British were forced to retreat and several soldiers were captured.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=145–146}} At [[Phibsborough]], in the northwest, rebels had occupied buildings and erected barricades at junctions on the [[North Circular Road, Dublin|North Circular Road]]. The British summoned [[Ordnance QF 18-pounder|18-pounder field artillery]] from [[Athlone]] and shelled the rebel positions, destroying the barricades. After a fierce firefight, the rebels withdrew.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=145–146}}

That afternoon Pearse walked out into O'Connell Street with a small escort and stood in front of Nelson's Pillar. As a large crowd gathered, he read out a '[[s:Manifesto to the Citizens of Dublin, 25 April, 1916|manifesto to the citizens of Dublin]],' calling on them to support the Rising.<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 180</ref>

The rebels had failed to take either of Dublin's two main railway stations or either of its ports, at [[Dublin Port]] and [[Dún Laoghaire|Kingstown]]. As a result, during the following week, the British were able to bring in thousands of reinforcements from Britain and from their garrisons at [[the Curragh]] and [[Belfast]]. By the end of the week, British strength stood at over 16,000 men.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}}{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=167–169}} Their firepower was provided by field artillery which they positioned on the [[Northside, Dublin|Northside]] of the city at Phibsborough and at Trinity College, and by the patrol vessel ''[[Irish patrol vessel Muirchú|Helga]]'', which sailed up the Liffey, having been summoned from the port at Kingstown. On Wednesday, 26 April, the guns at Trinity College and ''Helga'' shelled Liberty Hall, and the Trinity College guns then began firing at rebel positions, first at Boland's Mill and then in O'Connell Street.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=191}} Some rebel commanders, particularly James Connolly, did not believe that the British would shell the '[[Second city of the United Kingdom|second city]]' of the British Empire.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=192}}<ref>Foy and Barton, p. 181</ref>

[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - britisches Militär.jpg|thumb|left|British soldiers in position behind a stack of barrels during the Rising in Dublin]]

The principal rebel positions at the GPO, the Four Courts, Jacob's Factory and Boland's Mill saw little action. The British surrounded and bombarded them rather than assault them directly. One Volunteer in the GPO recalled, "we did practically no shooting as there was no target".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=175}} Entertainment ensued within the factory, "everybody merry & cheerful", bar the "occasional sniping", noted one Volunteer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cammack |first=Zan |url= |title=Ireland's Gramophones |date=2021 |publisher=Clemson University Press |isbn=978-1-949979-77-0 |pages=93}}</ref> However, where the rebels dominated the routes by which the British tried to funnel reinforcements into the city, there was fierce fighting.

At 5:25 PM a dozen Volunteers, including [[Eamon Martin (Irish Republican)|Eamon Martin]], Garry Holohan, Robert Beggs, Sean Cody, Dinny O'Callaghan, Charles Shelley, and Peadar Breslin, attempted to occupy Broadstone railway station on Church Street. The attack was unsuccessful and Martin was injured.<ref name="rte-timeline"/><ref>Witness Statement by Eamon Martin to Bureau of Military History, 1951</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Sean Cody to Bureau of Military History, 1954</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Nicholas Kaftan to Bureau of Military History</ref><ref>Witness Statement of Charles Shelley to Bureau of Military History, 1953</ref>

On Wednesday morning, hundreds of British troops encircled the Mendicity Institution, which was occupied by 26 Volunteers under Seán Heuston. British troops advanced on the building, supported by snipers and machine-gun fire, but the Volunteers put up stiff resistance. Eventually, the troops got close enough to hurl grenades into the building, some of which the rebels threw back. Exhausted and almost out of ammunition, Heuston's men became the first rebel position to surrender. Heuston had been ordered to hold his position for a few hours, to delay the British, but had held on for three days.<ref>O'Brien, Paul. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/ Heuston's Fort – The Battle for the Mendicity Institute, 1916] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204843/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/08/15/heustons-fort-the-battle-for-the-mendicity-institute-1916/ |date=14 April 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 15 August 2012.</ref>

Reinforcements were sent to Dublin from Britain and disembarked at Kingstown on the morning of Wednesday 26 April. [[Battle of Mount Street Bridge|Heavy fighting occurred]] at the rebel-held positions around the [[Grand Canal of Ireland|Grand Canal]] as these troops advanced towards Dublin. More than 1,000 [[Sherwood Foresters]] were repeatedly caught in a crossfire trying to cross the canal at Mount Street Bridge. Seventeen Volunteers were able to severely disrupt the British advance, killing or wounding 240 men.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, p. 122</ref> Despite there being alternative routes across the canal nearby, General Lowe ordered repeated frontal assaults on the Mount Street position.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|p=196}} The British eventually took the position, which had not been reinforced by the nearby rebel garrison at Boland's Mills, on Thursday,<ref>O'Brien, p. 69</ref> but the fighting there inflicted up to two-thirds of their casualties for the entire week for a cost of just four dead Volunteers.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=173}} It had taken nearly nine hours for the British to advance {{convert|300|yd|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="rte-timeline"/>

On Wednesday [[Linenhall Barracks]] on [[Constitution Hill, Dublin|Constitution Hill]] was burnt down under the orders of Commandant Edward Daly to prevent its reoccupation by the British.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks/ |title=Easter 1916 |access-date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220083428/http://www.easter1916.ie/index.php/places/a-z/linenhall-barracks |archive-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Thursday to Saturday ===
The rebel position at the South Dublin Union (site of the present-day [[St. James's Hospital]]) and Marrowbone Lane, further west along the canal, also inflicted heavy losses on British troops. The South Dublin Union was a large complex of buildings and there was vicious fighting around and inside the buildings. [[Cathal Brugha]], a rebel officer, distinguished himself in this action and was badly wounded. By the end of the week, the British had taken some of the buildings in the Union, but others remained in rebel hands.{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=225–228}} British troops also took casualties in unsuccessful frontal assaults on the Marrowbone Lane Distillery.{{sfn|Ryan|2009|pp=128–133}}

[[File:Birth of the Irish Republic.jpg|thumb|''Birth of the Irish Republic'' by [[Walter Paget (illustrator)|Walter Paget]], depicting the GPO during the shelling]]

The third major scene of fighting during the week was in the area of North King Street, north of the Four Courts. The rebels had established strong outposts in the area, occupying numerous small buildings and barricading the streets. From Thursday to Saturday, the British made repeated attempts to capture the area, in what was some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising. As the troops moved in, the rebels continually opened fire from windows and behind chimneys and barricades. At one point, a platoon led by Major Sheppard made a [[Charge (warfare)|bayonet charge]] on one of the barricades but was cut down by rebel fire. The British employed machine guns and attempted to avoid direct fire by using [[improvised fighting vehicle|makeshift armoured trucks]], and by [[mouse-holing]] through the inside walls of terraced houses to get near the rebel positions.<ref>Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/ "The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/ |date=28 March 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012.</ref> By the time of the rebel headquarters' surrender on Saturday, the [[South Staffordshire Regiment]] under Colonel Taylor had advanced only {{convert|150|yd|m|abbr=on}} down the street at a cost of 11 dead and 28 wounded.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}} pp. 152–155</ref> The enraged troops broke into the houses along the street and shot or bayoneted fifteen unarmed male civilians whom they accused of being rebel fighters.<ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, p. 155, {{harvp|McGarry|2010|p=187}}</ref>

Elsewhere, at [[Cathal Brugha Barracks|Portobello Barracks]], an officer named Bowen Colthurst [[summary execution|summarily executed]] six civilians, including the pacifist nationalist activist, [[Francis Sheehy-Skeffington]].{{sfn|Caulfield|1995|pp=154, 166–167, 186–187}} These instances of British troops killing Irish civilians would later be highly controversial in Ireland.

=== Surrender ===
[[File:Osteraufstand - Dublin - gefangene Iren.jpg|thumb|British soldiers marching rebel prisoners away after the surrender]]

The headquarters garrison at the GPO was forced to evacuate after days of shelling when a fire caused by the shells spread to the GPO. Connolly had been incapacitated by a bullet wound to the ankle and had passed command on to Pearse. The O'Rahilly was killed in a sortie from the GPO. They tunnelled through the walls of the neighbouring buildings in order to evacuate the Post Office without coming under fire and took up a new position in 16 [[Moore Street]]. The young [[Seán McLoughlin (communist)|Seán McLoughlin]] was given military command and planned a breakout, but Pearse realised this plan would lead to further loss of civilian life.<ref name="commandant">{{cite journal |first=Charlie |last=McGuire |url=http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/ |title=Seán McLoughlin – the boy commandant of 1916 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213134536/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/sean-mcloughlin-the-boy-commandant-of-1916/ |archive-date=13 December 2016 |journal=[[History Ireland]] |date=19 February 2013 |volume=14 |number=2}}</ref>

On the eve of the surrender, there had been about 35 Cumann na mBan women remaining in the GPO. In the final group that left with Pearse and Connolly, there were three: Connolly's aide de camp, [[Winifred Carney]], who had entered with the original ICA contingent, and the dispatchers and nurses [[Elizabeth O'Farrell]], and [[Julia Grenan]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Ann |title=Renegades, Irish Republican Women 1900–1922 |publisher=Mercier History |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-85635-684-8 |location=Dublin |pages=124–158}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/16/opinion/eight-women-of-irelands-1916-easter-rising.html Eight Women of the Easter Rising] ''The New York Times'', 16 March 2016</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=O’ Leary |first=Méabh |date=13 April 2020 |title=Twelve forgotten Irish women who risked their lives to save others in 1916 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/twelve-forgotten-irish-women-who-risked-their-lives-to-save-others-in-1916-1.4226224 |access-date=2024-04-03 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>

On Saturday 29 April, from this new headquarters, Pearse issued an order for all companies to surrender.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=243–246}} Pearse [[Unconditional surrender|surrendered unconditionally]] to Brigadier-General Lowe. The surrender document read:

{{blockquote|In order to prevent the further slaughter of Dublin citizens, and in the hope of saving the lives of our followers now surrounded and hopelessly outnumbered, the members of the Provisional Government present at headquarters have agreed to an unconditional surrender, and the commandants of the various districts in the City and County will order their commands to lay down arms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4594388.stm |title=Dublin may seek surrender letter |work=BBC News |date=9 January 2006 |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804192304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4594388.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The other posts surrendered only after Pearse's surrender order, carried by O'Farrell, reached them.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=246–247}} Sporadic fighting, therefore, continued until Sunday, when word of the surrender was got to the other rebel garrisons.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=246–250}} Command of British forces had passed from Lowe to General John Maxwell, who arrived in Dublin just in time to take the surrender. Maxwell was made temporary military governor of Ireland.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=203–204}}

== The Rising outside Dublin ==
[[File:Front Page Irish War News.JPG|thumb|''Irish War News'', produced by the rebels during the Rising]]
The Rising was planned to occur across the nation, but MacNeill's countermanding order coupled with the failure to secure German arms hindered this objective significantly.<ref name=":5" /> [[Charles Townshend (historian)|Charles Townshend]] contended that serious intentions for a national Rising were meagre, being diminished by a focus upon Dublin – although this is an increasingly contentious notion.<ref name=":7" />

In the south, around 1,200 Volunteers commanded by [[Tomás Mac Curtain]] mustered on the Sunday in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], but they dispersed on Wednesday after receiving nine contradictory orders by dispatch from the Volunteer leadership in Dublin. At their Sheares Street headquarters, some of the Volunteers engaged in a standoff with British forces. Much to the anger of many Volunteers, MacCurtain, under pressure from Catholic clergy, agreed to surrender his men's arms to the British.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=235}} The only violence in County Cork occurred when the RIC attempted to raid the home of the [[Kent family of Bawnard|Kent family]]. The Kent brothers, who were Volunteers, engaged in a three-hour firefight with the RIC. An RIC officer and one of the brothers were killed, while another brother was later executed.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=238}} Virtually all rebel family homes were raided, either during or after the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dháibhéid |first=Caoimhe Nic |date=2023 |title=National Orphans and a Nation's Trauma: Experience, Emotions, and the Children of the 1916 Easter Rising Martyrs |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=62 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=687–712 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2023.46 |issn=0021-9371|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the north, Volunteer companies were mobilised in [[County Tyrone]] at [[Coalisland]] (including 132 men from Belfast led by IRB President [[Dennis McCullough]]) and [[Carrickmore]], under the leadership of [[Patrick McCartan]]. They also mobilised at [[Creeslough]], County Donegal under Daniel Kelly and [[James McNulty (Irish activist)|James McNulty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Donegal Awakening |last=O'Duibhir |first=Liam |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] |date=2009 |pages=39, 45, 76, 104, 255, 289, 292}}</ref> However, in part because of the confusion caused by the countermanding order, the Volunteers in these locations dispersed without fighting.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=226}}

=== Ashbourne ===
In north County Dublin, about 60 Volunteers mobilised near [[Swords, Dublin|Swords]]. They belonged to the 5th Battalion of the Dublin Brigade (also known as the Fingal Battalion), and were led by [[Thomas Ashe]] and his second in command, [[Richard Mulcahy]]. Unlike the rebels elsewhere, the Fingal Battalion successfully employed [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]]. They set up camp and Ashe split the battalion into four sections: three would undertake operations while the fourth was kept in reserve, guarding camp and foraging for food.<ref name="maguire-fingal">Maguire, Paul. [http://www.militaryheritage.ie/wepher/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Fingal_Battalion.pdf The Fingal Battalion: A Blueprint for the Future?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506142830/http://www.militaryheritage.ie/wepher/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The_Fingal_Battalion.pdf |date=6 May 2016 }}. ''[[The Irish Sword]]''. [[Military History Society of Ireland]], 2011. pp. 9–13</ref> The Volunteers moved against the RIC barracks in Swords, [[Donabate]] and [[Garristown]], forcing the RIC to surrender and seizing all the weapons.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> They also damaged railway lines and cut telegraph wires. The railway line at [[Blanchardstown]] was bombed to prevent a troop train from reaching Dublin.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> This derailed a cattle train, which had been sent ahead of the troop train.<ref>''The 1916 Rebellion Handbook'' p. 27</ref>

The only large-scale engagement of the Rising, outside Dublin city, was at [[Ashbourne, County Meath]].<ref name="Boyle"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=215–216}} On Friday, about 35 Fingal Volunteers surrounded the Ashbourne RIC barracks and called on it to surrender, but the RIC responded with a volley of gunfire.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> A firefight followed, and the RIC surrendered after the Volunteers attacked the building with a homemade grenade.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Before the surrender could be taken, up to sixty RIC men arrived in a convoy, sparking a five-hour gun battle, in which eight RIC men were killed and 18 wounded.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Two Volunteers were also killed and five wounded,{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=218–221}} and a civilian was fatally shot.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=235–237}} The RIC surrendered and were disarmed. Ashe let them go after warning them not to fight against the Irish Republic again.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/> Ashe's men camped at Kilsalaghan near Dublin until they received orders to surrender on Saturday.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=221}} The Fingal Battalion's tactics during the Rising foreshadowed those of the IRA during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]] that followed.<ref name="maguire-fingal"/>

Volunteer contingents also mobilised nearby in counties Meath and Louth but proved unable to link up with the North Dublin unit until after it had surrendered. In [[County Louth]], Volunteers shot dead an RIC man near the village of [[Castlebellingham]] on 24 April, in an incident in which 15 RIC men were also taken prisoner.<ref name="Boyle"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=224}}

=== Enniscorthy ===
[[File:Market Square, Enniscorthy (10866693235).jpg|thumb|[[Enniscorthy]] in the 1890s]]
In [[County Wexford]], 100–200 Volunteers—led by [[Robert Brennan (journalist)|Robert Brennan]], [[Séamus Doyle]] and [[Seán Etchingham]]—took over the town of [[Enniscorthy]] on Thursday 27 April until Sunday.<ref name="Boyle">Boyle, John F. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_oONRR5kvtkC&dq=The+Irish+Rebellion+of+1916+a+Brief+History+of+the+Revolt+and+Its+Suppression&pg=PP1 The Irish Rebellion of 1916: a brief history of the revolt and its suppression] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319080459/http://books.google.com/books?id=_oONRR5kvtkC&pg=PP1&dq=The+Irish+Rebellion+of+1916+a+Brief+History+of+the+Revolt+and+Its+Suppression&cd=1 |date=19 March 2015 }}'' (Chapter IV: Outbreaks in the Country). BiblioBazaar, 2009. pp. 127–152</ref> Volunteer officer Paul Galligan had cycled 200 km from rebel headquarters in Dublin with orders to mobilise.<ref name="dorney-wexford">Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/ The Easter Rising in County Wexford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508034623/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/10/the-easter-rising-in-county-wexford/ |date=8 May 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 10 April 2012.</ref> They blocked all roads into the town and made a brief attack on the RIC barracks, but chose to blockade it rather than attempt to capture it. They flew the tricolour over the Athenaeum building, which they had made their headquarters, and paraded uniformed in the streets.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=241}} They also occupied Vinegar Hill, where the [[Society of United Irishmen|United Irishmen]] had [[Battle of Vinegar Hill|made a last stand]] in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|1798 rebellion]].<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> The public largely supported the rebels and many local men offered to join them.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/>

By Saturday, up to 1,000 rebels had been mobilised, and a detachment was sent to occupy the nearby village of [[Ferns, County Wexford|Ferns]].<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> In [[Wexford]], the British assembled a column of 1,000 soldiers (including the [[Connaught Rangers]]<ref name="Boyle"/>), two [[field gun]]s and a [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|4.7 inch naval gun]] on a makeshift armoured train.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> On Sunday, the British sent messengers to Enniscorthy, informing the rebels of Pearse's surrender order. However, the Volunteer officers were sceptical.<ref name="dorney-wexford"/> Two of them were escorted by the British to [[Arbour Hill Prison]], where Pearse confirmed the surrender order.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=241–242}}

=== Galway ===
In [[County Galway]], 600–700 Volunteers mobilised on Tuesday under [[Liam Mellows]]. His plan was to "bottle up the British garrison and divert the British from concentrating on Dublin".<ref name="dorney-galway">Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/ The Easter Rising in Galway, 1916] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410203313/http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/03/04/the-easter-rising-in-galway-1916/ |date=10 April 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 4 March 2016.</ref> However, his men were poorly armed, with only 25 rifles, 60 revolvers, 300 shotguns and some homemade grenades – many of them only had [[pike (weapon)|pikes]].<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn">Mark McCarthy & Shirley Wrynn. [http://www.galway.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FCounty%2520Galways%25201916%2520Rising%2520website.pdf ''County Galway's 1916 Rising: A Short History''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220175602/http://acn.com.ve/ |date=20 February 2017 }}. Galway County Council.</ref> Most of the action took place in a rural area to the east of [[Galway]] city. They made unsuccessful attacks on the RIC barracks at [[Clarinbridge]] and [[Oranmore]], captured several officers, and bombed a bridge and railway line, before taking up position near [[Athenry]].<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> There was also a skirmish between rebels and an RIC mobile patrol at [[Carnmore]] crossroads. A constable, Patrick Whelan, was shot dead after he had called to the rebels: "Surrender, boys, I know ye all".<ref name="dorney-galway"/>

On Wednesday, {{HMS|Laburnum}} arrived in [[Galway Bay]] and shelled the countryside on the northeastern edge of Galway.<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> The rebels retreated southeast to Moyode, an abandoned country house and estate. From here they set up lookout posts and sent out scouting parties.<ref name="mccarthy-wrynn"/> On Friday, {{HMS|Gloucester|1909|6}} landed 200 [[Royal Marines]] and began shelling the countryside near the rebel position.<ref name="dorney-galway"/>{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=227–230}} The rebels retreated further south to Limepark, another abandoned country house. Deeming the situation to be hopeless, they dispersed on Saturday morning. Many went home and were arrested following the Rising, while others, including Mellows, went "on the run". By the time British reinforcements arrived in the west, the Rising there had already disintegrated.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=233}}

=== Limerick and Clare ===
In [[County Limerick]], 300 Irish Volunteers assembled at [[Glenquin Castle]] near [[Killeedy]], but they did not take any military action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html |title=1916 legacy remembered and renewed at Glenquin Castle |date=May 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145048/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206823/1916-legacy-remembered-and-renewed-at.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249 |title=Limerick's Fighting Story 1916–21: Told by the Men Who Made It |first=Ruan |last=O'Donnell |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=[[Mercier Press]] Ltd |isbn=978-1-85635-642-8 |page=249 |access-date=18 January 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317233819/https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVGydVNXrkC&pg=PA249 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html |title=History to be relived at Limerick castle |date=23 April 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144425/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/206425/History-to-be-relived-at-Limerick.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[County Clare]], [[Michael Brennan (Lieutenant-General)|Micheal Brennan]] marched with 100 Volunteers (from Meelick, Oatfield, and Cratloe) to the River Shannon on Easter Monday to await orders from the Rising leaders in Dublin, and weapons from the expected Casement shipment. However, neither arrived and no actions were taken.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |page=135 |title=Clare and the Great War |first=Joe |last=Power |date=2015 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780750965569 |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065757/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTMKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Casualties ==
[[File:Easter Rising memorial Deansgrange.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Deans Grange Cemetery|Deansgrange Cemetery]], where various civilians and members of the Irish Volunteer Army, Irish Citizen Army and British Army are buried]]
The Easter Rising resulted in at least 485 deaths, according to the Glasnevin Trust.<ref name=necrology>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf | work = Glasnevin Trust |title=1916 Necrology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214221924/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/__uuid/55a29fab-3b24-41dd-a1d9-12d148a78f74/Glasnevin-Trust-1916-Necrology-485.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Glasnevin>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/visit-glasnevin/news/1916-list/ |title=1916 list |website=Glasnevin Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405042053/http://www.glasnevintrust.ie/visit-glasnevin/news/1916-list/ |archive-date=5 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=sh>{{cite book|title=Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916 |date=1916 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/52 52] |publisher=Irish Times |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl}}</ref>
Of those killed:
* 260 (about 54%) were civilians
* 126 (about 26%) were U.K. forces (120 U.K. military personnel, 5 [[Volunteer Training Corps (World War I)|Volunteer Training Corps]] members, and one Canadian soldier)
** 35 – Irish Regiments:-
*** 11 – Royal Dublin Fusiliers
*** 10 – Royal Irish Rifles
*** 9 – Royal Irish Regiment
*** 2 – Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
*** 2 – Royal Irish Fusiliers
*** 1 – Leinster Regiment
** 74 – British Regiments:-
*** 29 – Sherwood Foresters
*** 15 – South Staffordshire
*** 2 – North Staffordshire
*** 1 – Royal Field Artillery
*** 4 – Royal Engineers
*** 5 – Army Service Corps
*** 10 – Lancers
*** 7 – 8th Hussars
*** 2 – 2nd King Edwards Horse
*** 3 – Yeomanry
** 1 – Royal Navy
* 82 (about 16%) were Irish rebel forces (64 Irish Volunteers, 15 Irish Citizen Army and 3 [[Fianna Éireann]])
* 17 (about 4%) were police<ref name=necrology/>
** 14 – Royal Irish Constabulary
** 3 – Dublin Metropolitan Police

More than 2,600 were wounded; including at least 2,200 civilians and rebels, at least 370 British soldiers and 29 policemen.<ref>Foy and Barton, page 325</ref> All 16 police fatalities and 22 of the British soldiers killed were Irishmen.<ref>''1916 Rebellion Handbook'', pp. 50–55</ref> About 40 of those killed were children (under 17 years old),<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/ |newspaper= TheJournal.ie |title= 40 children were killed in the 1916 Rising but they are barely mentioned in our history |date= 29 November 2015 |access-date= 7 April 2016 |archive-date= 18 April 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160418053325/http://www.thejournal.ie/joe-duffy-1916-children-2465591-Nov2015/ |url-status= live }}</ref> four of whom were members of the rebel forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf |title=Joe Duffy's list of Children Killed in 1916 Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422022859/http://static.rasset.ie/documents/radio1/joe-duffys-list-of-children-killed-in-1916-rising.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>

The number of casualties each day steadily rose, with 55 killed on Monday and 78 killed on Saturday.<ref name=necrology/> The British Army suffered their biggest losses in the [[Battle of Mount Street Bridge]] on Wednesday when at least 30 soldiers were killed. The rebels also suffered their biggest losses on that day. The RIC suffered most of their casualties in the Battle of Ashbourne on Friday.<ref name=necrology/>

The majority of the casualties, both killed and wounded, were civilians. Most of the civilian casualties and most of the casualties overall were caused by the British Army.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} This was due to the British using artillery, [[Incendiary ammunition|incendiary shells]] and [[heavy machine gun]]s in built-up areas, as well as their "inability to discern rebels from civilians".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} One Royal Irish Regiment officer recalled, "they regarded, not unreasonably, every one they saw as an enemy, and fired at anything that moved".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} Many other civilians were killed when caught in the crossfire. Both sides, British and rebel, also shot civilians deliberately on occasion; for not obeying orders (such as to stop at checkpoints), for assaulting or attempting to hinder them, and for looting.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=184–185}} There were also instances of British troops killing unarmed civilians out of revenge or frustration: notably in the North King Street Massacre, where fifteen were killed, and at Portobello Barracks, where six were shot.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=186–187}} Furthermore, there were incidents of [[friendly fire]]. On 29 April, the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]] under Company Quartermaster Sergeant [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers#Guinness brewery killings|Robert Flood]] shot dead two British officers and two Irish civilian employees of the [[Guinness Brewery]] after he decided they were rebels. Flood was court-martialled for murder but acquitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html |title=Royal Dublin Fusiliers website – 5th Battalion RDF during the Easter Rising |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106173438/http://www.dublin-fusiliers.com/battaliions/5-batt/5th-easter-rising.html |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

According to the historian [[Fearghal McGarry]], the rebels attempted to avoid needless bloodshed. [[Desmond Ryan]] stated that Volunteers were told "no firing was to take place except under orders or to repel attack".{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}} Aside from the engagement at Ashbourne, policemen and unarmed soldiers were not systematically targeted, and a large group of policemen was allowed to stand at Nelson's Pillar throughout Monday.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}} McGarry writes that the Irish Citizen Army "were more ruthless than Volunteers when it came to shooting policemen" and attributes this to the "acrimonious legacy" of the Dublin Lock-out.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=176–177}}

The vast majority of the Irish casualties were buried in Glasnevin Cemetery in the aftermath of the fighting.<ref name=necrology/><ref name=Glasnevin/> British families came to Dublin Castle in May 1916 to reclaim the bodies of British soldiers, and funerals were arranged. Soldiers whose bodies were not claimed were given military funerals in [[Grangegorman Military Cemetery]].

== Aftermath ==
[[File:Skeleton of the Metropole Hotel (5987127804).jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Metropole Hotel on Sackville Street, next to the GPO]]
[[File:Cárcel de Kilmainham03.jpg|thumb|The spot at Kilmainham Gaol where most of the leaders were executed]]
[[File:1916 plot and memorial.jpg|thumb|The burial spot of the leaders of the Rising, in the old prison yard of [[Arbour Hill Prison]]. The Proclamation of 1916 is inscribed on the wall in both Irish and English]]
[[File:Searching the River Tolka in Dublin for arms.jpg|thumb|British soldiers searching the [[River Tolka]] in Dublin for arms and ammunition after the Easter Rising. May 1916]]
[[File:View of O'Connell Bridge, Dublin, 1916.jpg|alt=View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916|thumb|View of O'Connell Bridge, 1916, on a German postcard. The caption reads: ''Rising of the Sinn Feiners in Ireland. O'Connell bridge with Dublin city, where the fiercest clashes took place.'']]

=== Arrests and executions{{anchor|Executions}} ===
In the immediate aftermath, the Rising was commonly described as the "Sinn Féin Rebellion",<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sinnfeinrebellio00dubl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Sinn Féin Rebellion Handbook |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=1917}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1916/may/11/the-sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Fein Rebellion |work=Hansard - HL Deb 11 May 1916 vol 21 cc1002-36 |publisher=UK Parliament |date=11 May 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://doi.org/10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |publisher=UCD |work=UCD Digital Library |title=1916 Rising Postcards |doi=10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |doi-broken-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=2 September 2023 |quote=these postcards were published in 1916 in the immediate aftermath of the Insurrection [..] one showing a "before and after" photograph of Sackville (O'Connell) Street [..] O'Connell Bridge and quays Dublin : before and after "Sinn Fein Rebellion"}}</ref> reflecting a popular belief that [[Sinn Féin]], a separatist organisation that was neither militant nor republican, was behind it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dublincity.ie/library/blog/sinn-fein-rebellion |title=The Sinn Féin rebellion? |date=21 January 2016 |publisher=Dublin City Library & Archive |first=Brian |last=Hanley |work=Citizens in Conflict: Dublin 1916}}</ref> [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|General Maxwell]], for example, signalled his intention "to arrest all dangerous Sinn Feiners", including "those who have taken an active part in the movement although not in the present rebellion".{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=273}}

A total of 3,430 men and 79 women were arrested, including 425 people for looting – roughly, 1,500 of these arrests accounted for the rebels.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|pp=263–264}}<ref name=foy294>Foy and Barton, pp. 294–295</ref>{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=56}} Detainees were overwhelmingly young, Catholic and religious.{{Sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=144}}{{Efn|Roughly 70% of the GPO garrison was under the age of 30, with 29% of that total being under the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526144997/9781526144997.xml |title=The Cato Street Conspiracy |chapter=The Cato Street Conspiracy: Plotting, counter-intelligence and the revolutionary tradition in Britain and Ireland |date=2019-12-17 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-4499-7 |editor-last=McElligott |editor-first=Jason |pages=9 |doi= |editor-last2=Conboy |editor-first2=Martin}}</ref>}} 1,424 men and 73 women were released after a few weeks of imprisonment; those interned without trial in England and Wales (see [[#Frongoch prison camp|below]]) were released on Christmas Eve, 1916;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmuid |title=The 1916 prisoners released on Christmas Eve |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/diarmaid-ferriter-the-1916-prisoners-released-on-christmas-eve-1.2915580 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> the remaining majority of convicts were held until June 1917.{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=55, 57}}

A series of [[Court-martial|courts martial]] began on 2 May, in which 187 people were tried. Controversially, Maxwell decided that the courts martial would be held in secret and without a defence, which Crown law officers later ruled to have been illegal.<ref name="foy294" /> Some of those who conducted the trials had commanded British troops involved in suppressing the Rising, a conflict of interest that the Military Manual prohibited.<ref name="foy294" /> Only one of those tried by courts martial was a woman, [[Constance Markievicz]], who was also the only woman to be kept in solitary confinement.<ref name="foy294" />{{efn|Following Markievicz's arrest, an apocryphal story spread, stating that she kissed her revolver before surrendering. This story circulated amidst similar reports of rebel women and their "ferocity". Scholar in Irish Studies, Lisa Weihman wrote that these tales "surely helped justify the swift and brutal repression of the Easter Rising", for even "Ireland's women were out of control."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weihman |first=Lisa |date=2004 |title=Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/176059 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=228–249 |doi=10.1353/eir.2004.0025 |s2cid=161386541 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Historian Fionnuala Walsh noted that "[m]any of those
women imprisoned could have avoided arrest by leaving the garrisons before the surrender as they were encouraged to do by the rebel leaders. It appears that women wished to endure the same treatment and danger as men."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Fionnuala |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/irish-women-and-the-great-war/7DE6F16983A6A38512D8D3B088327702 |title=Irish Women and the Great War |date=2020 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49120-4 |series= |location= |pages=176 |doi=10.1017/9781108867924|s2cid=225531440 }}</ref>}} Ninety were sentenced to death. Fifteen of those (including all seven signatories of the Proclamation) had their sentences confirmed by Maxwell and fourteen were [[Execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Kilmainham Gaol]] between 3 and 12 May.

Maxwell stated that only the "ringleaders" and those proven to have committed "cold-blooded murder" would be executed. However, some of those executed were not leaders and did not kill anyone, such as [[Willie Pearse]] and [[John MacBride]]; [[Thomas Kent]] did not come out at all—he was executed for the killing of a police officer during the raid on his house the week after the Rising. The most prominent leader to escape execution was Éamon de Valera, Commandant of the 3rd Battalion, who did so partly because of his American birth.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite book |title=Oxford Companion to Irish History |author=S. J. Connolly |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=607 |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-923483-7}}</ref> Hobson went into hiding, re-emerging after the June amnesty, largely to scorn.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hay |first=Marnie |title=Na Fianna Éireann and the Irish Revolution, 1909–23: Scouting for rebels |date=2019-05-17 |url= |work= |pages=71 |access-date= |publisher=Manchester University Press |language=en-US |doi= |isbn=978-1-5261-2775-4}}</ref>

Most of the executions took place over a ten-day period:
* 3 May: [[Patrick Pearse]], [[Thomas MacDonagh]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]]
* 4 May: [[Joseph Plunkett]], [[William Pearse]], [[Edward Daly (Irish revolutionary)|Edward Daly]] and [[Michael O'Hanrahan]]
* 5 May: [[John MacBride]]
* 8 May: [[Éamonn Ceannt]], [[Michael Mallin]], [[Seán Heuston]] and [[Con Colbert]]
* 12 May: [[James Connolly]] and [[Seán Mac Diarmada]]

The arrests greatly affected hundreds of families and communities; anti-English sentiment developed among the public, as separatists declared the arrests as indicative of a draconian approach.<ref name=":5" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=57}} The public, at large, feared that the response was "an assault on the entirety of the Irish national cause".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levene |first=Mark |date=2018 |title=From Armenian Red Sunday to Irish Easter Rising: Incorporating Insurrectionary Politics into the History of the Great War's Genocidal Turn, 1915-16 |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7315 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=109–134 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23316}}</ref> This radical transformation was recognised in the moment and had become a point of concern among British authorities; after Connolly's execution, the remaining death sentences were commuted to penal servitude.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |title=House of Commons debate, 11 May 1916: Continuance of martial law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501161054/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1916/may/11/continuance-of-martial-law |archive-date=1 May 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 May 1916 |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |title=Easter Rising 1916 – the aftermath: arrests and executions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505142041/http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/easter-rising-1916-the-aftermath-arrests-and-executions-1.2583019 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=24 March 2016}}</ref><ref>Foy and Barton, p. 325</ref> Growing support for republicanism can be found as early as June 1916; imprisonment largely failed to deter militants – interned rebels would proceed to fight at higher rates than those who weren't – who thereafter quickly reorganised the movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGuire |first=Charlie |date=2018 |title='They'll never understand why I'm here': British Marxism and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=147–168 |doi=10.1080/13619462.2017.1401472 |s2cid=148784963 |issn=1361-9462}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Noonan |first=Gerard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 |title=The IRA in Britain, 1919-1923 |date=2014 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78138-026-0 |pages=33|doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781781380260.001.0001 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huff |first=Connor |date=2023 |title=Counterinsurgency Tactics, Rebel Grievances, and Who Keeps Fighting |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/counterinsurgency-tactics-rebel-grievances-and-who-keeps-fighting/33AE2D679AFED94755E0D6CE5AAAB483 |journal=American Political Science Review |volume=118 |language=en |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0003055423000059 |issn=0003-0554}}</ref>

==== Frongoch prison camp ====
{{Main|Frongoch internment camp}}
Under Regulation 14B of the [[Defence of the Realm Act 1914]] 1,836 men were [[Internment|interned]] at internment camps and prisons in England and [[Wales]].<ref name="foy294" /> As urban areas were becoming the nexus for republicanism, Internees were largely from such areas.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|Electoral support for republicanism was, however, more prominent in rural areas.<ref name=":0" />}} Many Internees had not taken part in the Rising; many thereafter became sympathetic to the nationalist cause.<ref name=":4" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=69}}

Internees occupied themselves with the likes of lectures, craftwork, music and sports. These activities – which included games of [[Gaelic football]], crafting of Gaelic symbols, and lessons in [[Irish language|Irish]] – regularly had a nationalist character and the cause itself developed a sense of cohesion within the camps.<ref name=":10" />{{Sfn|Murphy|2014|p=60}} The military studies included discussion of the Rising.<ref name="wales">{{Cite journal |last=Helmers |first=Marguerite |date=2018 |title=Handwritten Rebellion: Autograph Albums of Irish Republican Prisoners in Frognach |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |journal=New Hibernia Review |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=20–38 |doi=10.1353/nhr.2018.0028 |s2cid=151075988 |issn=1534-5815}}</ref> Internment lasted until December of that year with releases having started in July.<ref name="wales" /> Martial law had ceased by the end of November.<ref name="press" />

Casement was tried in London for [[high treason]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] at [[Pentonville (HM Prison)|Pentonville Prison]] on 3 August.<ref>{{cite news|title=Execution of Roger Casement |work=Midland Daily Telegraph |date=3 August 1916 |access-date=1 January 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19160803/023/0003 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== British atrocities ===
[[File:Grave of man killed in 1916 rising.jpg|thumb|Grave in [[Donaghcumper]], [[Celbridge]], of Peter Connolly, one of 15 civilians murdered in the North King Street Massacre.]]On Tuesday 25 April, Dubliner [[Francis Sheehy-Skeffington]], a pacifist nationalist activist, was arrested and then taken as hostage and [[human shield]] by Captain John Bowen-Colthurst; that night Bowen-Colthurst shot dead a teenage boy.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2018 |title=Reverse Currents: Irish Feminist and Nationalist Hanna Sheehy Skeffington and U.S. Anti-imperialism, 1916–24 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/711974 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=148–185 |doi=10.1353/eir.2018.0016 |s2cid=166010855 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref> Skeffington was executed the next day – alongside two journalists.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kildea |first=Jeff |date=2003 |title=Called to arms: Australian soldiers in the Easter Rising 1916 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/journal/j39/kildea |journal=Journal of the Australian War Memorial |issue=39}}</ref> Two hours later, Bowen-Colthurst captured the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] councillor and IRB lieutenant, [[Richard O'Carroll]] and had him shot in the street.<ref>Gerald Keatinge. Some experiences of a Cadet during the Irish Rebellion of Easter Week, 1916. Unpublished. Quoted in Neil Richardson's ''According to their lights''. Collins Press, 2015. p.178.</ref> Major Sir [[Francis Vane]] raised concerns over Bowen-Colthurst's actions and saw to him being court martialled. Bowen-Colthurst was found guilty but insane and was sentenced to an insane asylum. Owing to political pressure, an inquiry soon transpired, revealing the murders and their cover-up.<ref name=":11" /> The killing of Skeffington and others provoked outrage among citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2022 |title=Mim Walsh and the Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/325/article/883456 |journal=Journal of Arizona History |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=445–454 |issn=2689-3908}}</ref>

The other incident was the "North King Street Massacre". On the night of 28–29 April, British soldiers of the South Staffordshire Regiment, under Colonel Henry Taylor, had burst into houses on North King Street and killed fifteen male civilians whom they accused of being rebels. The soldiers shot or bayoneted the victims, and then secretly buried some of them in cellars or backyards after robbing them. The area saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Rising and the British had taken heavy casualties for little gain. Maxwell attempted to excuse the killings and argued that the rebels were ultimately responsible. He claimed that "the rebels wore no uniform" and that the people of North King Street were rebel sympathisers. Maxwell concluded that such incidents "are absolutely unavoidable in such a business as this" and that "under the circumstance the troops [...] behaved with the greatest restraint". A private brief, prepared for the Prime Minister, said the soldiers "had orders not to take any prisoners" but took it to mean they were to shoot any suspected rebel. The City Coroner's inquest found that soldiers had killed "unarmed and unoffending" residents. The military court of inquiry ruled that no specific soldiers could be held responsible, and no action was taken.<ref>{{harvp|McGarry|2010|p=187}}; {{harvp|Caulfield|1995|pp=338–340}}; {{harvp|Townshend|2006|pp=293–294}}</ref><ref>Coogan {{which|date=September 2016}}, pp. 152–155</ref><ref>Dorney, John. [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA "The North King Street Massacre, Dublin 1916"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328202956/http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/13/the-north-king-street-massacre-dublin-1916/#.Vvvn1jFMdZA |date=28 March 2016 }}. The Irish Story. 13 April 2012.</ref>

=== Inquiry ===
A [[Royal Commission]] was set up to enquire into the causes of the Rising. It began hearings on 18 May under the chairmanship of [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge of Penshurst]]. The Commission heard evidence from Sir Matthew Nathan, Augustine Birrell, Lord Wimborne, Sir [[Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]] (Inspector-General of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]]), General [[Lovick Friend]], Major Ivor Price of Military Intelligence and others.<ref>Ó Broin, Leon, ''Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising'' pp. 153–159</ref> The report, published on 26 June, was critical of the Dublin administration, saying that "Ireland for several years had been administered on the principle that it was safer and more expedient to leave the law in abeyance if collision with any faction of the Irish people could thereby be avoided."{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Birrell and Nathan had resigned immediately after the Rising. Wimborne resisted the pressure to resign, but was recalled to London by Asquith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kendle |first1=John |title=Walter Long, Ireland, and the Union, 1905-1920 |date=1992 |publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]] |isbn=9780773563407 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOZS2L4UEyYC&pg=PA93 |access-date=25 September 2021}}</ref> He was re-appointed in July 1916.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=297}} Chamberlain also resigned.

=== Reaction of the Dublin public ===
At first, many Dubliners were bewildered by the outbreak of the Rising.{{sfn|Townshend|2006|p=265}} [[James Stephens (author)|James Stephens]], who was in Dublin during the week, thought, "None of these people were prepared for Insurrection. The thing had been sprung on them so suddenly they were unable to take sides."{{sfn|Stephens|1992|p=57}}{{efn|''[[The Irish Times]]'', for example, "scrambled" to report the Rising while maintaining their intended coverage of the Tercentenary of Shakespeare's birth, thus imploring readers to revise his work, along with other errands, during the "enforced domesticity" of martial law.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/shakespeare-at-war/2AB00C797DC3E85816015040D654B117 |title=Shakespeare at War: A Material History |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51748-2 |editor-last=Lidster |editor-first=Amy |location= |pages=124 |doi=10.1017/9781009042383 |editor-last2=Massai |editor-first2=Sonia}}</ref>}} Eyewitnesses compared the ruin of Dublin with the destruction of towns in Europe in the war: the physical damage, which included over ninety fires, was largely confined to Sackville Street.{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=32}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Corráin |first=Daithí Ó |date=2014 |title='They blew up the best portion of our city and … it is their duty to replace it': compensation andreconstruction in the aftermathof the 1916 Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/they-blew-up-the-best-portion-of-our-city-and-it-is-their-duty-to-replace-it-compensation-andreconstruction-in-the-aftermathof-the-1916-rising1/532A63B459DAA79C98E4FCDFFE7850F8 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=272–295 |doi=10.1017/S002112140001909X |s2cid=159572446 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref> In the immediate aftermath, the Irish government was in disarray.{{Sfn|Maguire|2013|p=38}}

There was great hostility towards the Volunteers in some parts of the city which escalated to physical violence in some instances.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|p=143}} Historian [[Keith Jeffery]] noted that most of the opposition came from the dependents of British Army personnel.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=286}} The death and destruction, which resulted in disrupted trade, considerable looting and unemployment, contributed to the antagonism of the Volunteers, who were denounced as "murderers" and "starvers of the people" – the monetary consequences of the Rising were estimated to be at £2,500,000.{{sfnm|1a1=McGarry|1y=2010|1p=252|2a1=Morrissey|2y=2019|2p=132}}{{Efn|Soldiers’ wives were reported to be starving during the Easter Week; The Dublin
Metropolitan Police sought to provide bread and milk.{{sfn|Walsh|2020|p=180}}}} International aid was supplied to residents – nationalists aided the dependents of Volunteers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dháibhéid |first=Caoimhe Nic |date=2012 |title=The Irish National Aid Association and the Radicalization of Public Opinion in Ireland, 1916—1918 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23263270 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=705–729 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X12000234 |jstor=23263270 |s2cid=159490772 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref> The British Government compensated the consequences to the sum of £2,500,000.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Banner on Liberty Hall 12 May 1917.jpg|thumb|Commemoration of Connolly's execution, 12 May 1917]]

[[File:Waiting on Westland Row (8505718647).jpg|thumb|Crowds in Dublin waiting to welcome republican prisoners released in 1917]]

Support for the rebels did exist among Dubliners, expressed through both crowds cheering at prisoners and reverent silence.{{sfn|McGarry|2010|pp=252–256}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} With martial law seeing this expression prosecuted, many would-be supporters elected to remain silent although "a strong undercurrent of disloyalty" was still felt.{{sfn|Kennedy|2010|p=288}} Drawing upon this support, and amidst the deluge of nationalist ephemera, the significantly popular ''Catholic Bulletin'' eulogised Volunteers killed in action and implored readers to donate; entertainment was offered as an extension of those intentions, targeting local sectors to great success.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Making 1916: Material and Visual Culture of the Easter Rising |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2015 |editor-last=Godson |editor-first=Lisa |pages=92 |editor-last2=Brück |editor-first2=Joanna}}</ref>{{Efn|Historian Caoimhe Nic Dháibhéid wrote that "the widespread popularity of these special events was perhaps the most tangible of the shift in the politics."<ref name=":3" /> [[Peter Hart (historian)|Peter Hart]] poisted that the souvenirs which quickly circulated after the Rising were ultimately "more influential than revolutionary ideology and writing".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2019 |title=What to Wear for a Revolution? Countess Constance Markievicz in Military Dress |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/744750 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=94–122 |doi=10.1353/eir.2019.0015 |s2cid=214122157 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>}} The ''Bulletin''<nowiki/>'s Catholic character allowed it to evade the widespread censorship of press and seizure of republican propaganda; it therefore exposed many unaware readers to such propaganda.<ref name="press"/>

=== Rise of Sinn Féin ===
A meeting called by [[George Noble Plunkett|Count Plunkett]] on 19 April 1917 led to the formation of a broad political movement under the banner of Sinn Féin{{sfn|Bell|1998|p=27}} which was formalised at the Sinn Féin [[Ard Fheis]] of 25 October 1917. The [[Conscription Crisis of 1918]] further intensified public support for Sinn Féin before the [[1918 Irish general election|general elections]] to the [[British Parliament]] on 14 December 1918, which resulted in a landslide victory for Sinn Féin, winning 73 seats out of 105, whose [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) gathered in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form [[First Dáil|Dáil Éireann]] and adopt the [[Declaration of Independence (Ireland)|Declaration of Independence]].{{sfn|Kee|2000}}

During that election, they drew directly upon the Rising and their popularity was significantly accreditable to that association, one that accrued political prestige until the end of the century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lynch |first=Robert |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139017619/type/book |title=The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-01761-9 |edition= |pages=29 |doi=}}</ref> Many participants of the Rising would soon assume electoral positions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carroll |first=Francis M. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001/html |title=America and the Making of an Independent Ireland: A History |date=2021-01-05 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0569-3 |pages=1 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479805693.001.0001|s2cid=250107246 }}</ref> Sinn Féin served as an alternative to the Irish Parliamentary Party whose support for British establishments alienated voters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKillen |first=Elizabeth |date=2019 |title=The Irish Sinn Féin Movement and Radical Labor and Feminist Dissent in America, 1916–1921 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-7569776 |journal=Labor |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=11–37 |doi=10.1215/15476715-7569776 |s2cid=204435832 |issn=1547-6715}}</ref>

Sinn Féin would become closely aligned with the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]], who sought to continue the IRB's ideals and waged armed conflict against British forces.<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Dublin - Kukulín.jpg|thumb|In 1935, Éamon de Valera unveiled a statue by [[Oliver Sheppard]] of the mythical Irish hero [[Cú Chulainn]] at the General Post Office to commemorate the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leerssen |first=Joep |date=2016 |title=Cuchulain in the General Post Office: Gaelic revival, Irish rising |url=http://www.britac.ac.uk/publications/cuchulain-general-post-office-gaelic-revival-irish-rising |journal=Journal of the British Academy |volume=4 |doi=10.5871/jba/004.137|doi-access=free |hdl=11245.1/f4cbeffb-f268-4584-a1a8-0859af3011b3 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Similar remembrance is present throughout Dublin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=Garth |date=2004 |title=The Politics of Remembrance in Irish and Quebec Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165734 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=903–925 |doi=10.1017/S0008423904003518 |jstor=25165734 |s2cid=153519273 |issn=0008-4239}}</ref>]]
1916 – containing both the Rising and the [[Battle of the Somme]], events paramount to the memory of Irish Republicans and [[Ulster Unionist Party|Ulster Unionists]], respectively – had a profound effect on Ireland and is remembered accordingly.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Beiner |first=Guy |date=2007 |title=Between Trauma and Triumphalism: The Easter Rising, the Somme, and the Crux of Deep Memory in Modern Ireland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/between-trauma-and-triumphalism-the-easter-rising-the-somme-and-the-crux-of-deep-memory-in-modern-ireland/13ACA06ABF8AB70456298FDD85CC704E |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=366–389 |doi=10.1086/510892 |s2cid=154539760 |issn=1545-6986}}</ref>{{Efn|Following the Rising, political identity in Ireland "became much more exclusivist".<ref name=":3" /> The Home Rule movement's Protestant contingency was uniquely impaired by the Rising, which was lambasted as "southern Catholic treachery" by Ulster Unionists; the Home Rule Crisis unified unionists, defining protestant allegiances thereafter.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-28174-6 |editor-last=Delap |editor-first=Lucy |location= |pages=225 |editor-last2=Morgan |editor-first2=Sue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morrissey |first=Conor |date=2017-07-24 |title='Rotten Protestants': Protestant home rulers and the Ulster Liberal Association, 1906-1918 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=743–765 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x1700005x |s2cid=148801140 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref>
These events have often been invoked as the "origin stories for the respective states of Ireland and Northern Ireland."<ref name="Beukian">{{Cite journal |last1=Beukian |first1=Sevan |last2=Graff-McRae |first2=Rebecca |date=2018 |title=Trauma Stories as Resilience: Armenian and Irish National Identity in a Century of Remembering |url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-sijis/article/view/7318 |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |volume=8 |language=en |issue=8 |pages=157–188 |doi=10.13128/SIJIS-2239-3978-23374}}</ref> Although remembrance rarely intersects, the established binary of these events became "much less oppressive" following the [[Northern Ireland peace process]].<ref name="Beukian"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Alvin |date=2018 |title=Mrs Foster and the rebels: Irish unionist approaches to the Easter Rising, 1916–2016 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/mrs-foster-and-the-rebels-irish-unionist-approaches-to-the-easter-rising-19162016/BA27D049FA2410066FD981A7DF628517 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=161 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.1017/ihs.2018.10 |s2cid=165420600 |issn=0021-1214}}</ref>}} The Rising was among the events that ended colonial rule in Ireland, succeeded by the [[Irish War of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scanlon |first1=Lauren A. |last2=Satish Kumar |first2=M. |date=2019 |title=Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers |language=en |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=202–222 |doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812 |bibcode=2019AAAG..109..202S |s2cid=166137125 |issn=2469-4452}}</ref> The legacy of the Rising possess many dimensions although the declaration of the Republic and the ensuing executions remain focal points.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=A. |date=2013 |title=The Richmond District Asylum and the 1916 Easter Rising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0790966713000517/type/journal_article |journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=279–283 |doi=10.1017/ipm.2013.51 |s2cid=73063153 |issn=0790-9667}}</ref>

Annual parades in celebration of the Rising occurred for many years, however, ceased after [[The Troubles|The Troubles in Northern Ireland]] began, being seen as supportive of republican paramilitary violence – the Rising is a common feature of republican [[murals in Northern Ireland]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name="murals">{{Cite journal |last1=Forker |first1=Martin |last2=McCormick |first2=Jonathan |date=2009 |title=Walls of history: the use of mythomoteurs in Northern Ireland murals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670880903315898 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=423–465 |doi=10.1080/09670880903315898 |s2cid=143454753 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref>{{efn|The republican movement found the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising provided an "opportunity to stake its claim to be the true inheritor of the mantle of the revolutionaries."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Treacy |first=Matt |url= |title=The IRA 1956-69: Rethinking the Republic |date=2011 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-8472-0 |pages=96 |doi=}}</ref> [[Ian McBride]] wrote that "the fiftieth anniversary of the Easter Rising spawned a new generation of republicans in Belfast."<ref name="Hancock">{{Cite journal |last=Hancock |first=Landon E. |date=2019 |title=Narratives of Commemoration: Identity, Memory, and Conflict in Northern Ireland 1916–2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pech.12339 |journal=Peace & Change |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=244–265 |doi=10.1111/pech.12339 |s2cid=151048791 |issn=0149-0508}}</ref>}} These commemorations celebrated the Rising as the origin of the Irish state, a stance reiterated through extensive analysis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Regan |first=John M. |date=2007 |title=Southern Irish Nationalism as a Historical Problem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4140171 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=197–223 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X06005978 |jstor=4140171 |s2cid=153748417 |issn=0018-246X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |title=The Irish Revolution |date=2022 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-1-4798-0890-8 |editor-last=Mannion |editor-first=Patrick |pages=10 |doi=10.18574/nyu/9781479808908.001.0001 |editor-last2=McGarry |editor-first2=Fearghal}}</ref> Unionists contend that the Rising was an illegal attack on the British State that should not be celebrated.<ref name="Hancock" /> Revivalism of the parades has inspired significant public debate, although the centenary of the Rising, which featured the likes of ceremonies and memorials, was largely successful and praised for its sensitivity.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGarry |first=Fearghal |date=2022 |title=The Politics of Pluralism: Historians and Easter 2016 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866534 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=25–62 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0001 |s2cid=252763619 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{efn|Unionist parties did, however, boycott the event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Welch |first=Michael |url= |title=The Bastille Effect: Transforming Sites of Political Imprisonment |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-38603-7 |pages=35}}</ref>}}

The leaders of the Rising were "instantly [[Apotheosis|apotheosized]]" and remembrance was situated within a larger republican tradition of claimed martyrdom – the Catholic Church would contend this narrative as the [[Foundational Myth|foundational myth]] of the [[Irish Free State]], assuming a place within the remembrance as an association between republicanism and Catholicism grew.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baylis |first=Gail |date=2015 |title=Boy Culture and Ireland 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |journal=Early Popular Visual Culture |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=192–208 |doi=10.1080/17460654.2015.1053508 |s2cid=162162094 |issn=1746-0654}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Brück |first=Joanna |date=2015 |title='A good Irishman should blush every time he sees a penny': Gender, nationalism and memory in Irish internment camp craftwork, 1916–1923 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183515577010 |journal=Journal of Material Culture |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=149–172 |doi=10.1177/1359183515577010 |issn=1359-1835|hdl=1983/760bc9ba-f151-4378-bbb1-8dd06a8b5758 |s2cid=220072159 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{Efn|There were few Protestant rebels present and thus the Rising became strongly associated with Catholicism.{{sfn|Morrissey|2019|p=136}} The likes of [[Grace Gifford]], Markievicz and Casement converted from Protestantism to Catholicism just before, during and after the Rising, respectively.{{sfn|Arrington|2015|p=133-134}} The Catholic character of the rebels was stressed by priests influential in the Church's acceptance of the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cefaloni |first=Simon Pietro. |date=2019 |title=The Island of the Saints and the Homeland of the Martyrs: Monsignor O'Riordan, Father Hagan and the Boundaries of the Irish Nation (1906-1916) |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA598425437&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=22393978&p=AONE&sw=w |journal=Studi irlandesi. A Journal of Irish Studies |issue=9 |pages=417–442}}</ref>}} The "Pearsean combination of Catholicism, Gaelicism, and spiritual nationalism" would become dominant within republicanism, the ideas gaining a quasi-religiosity, whilst helping unify later strands thereof.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transnational Perspectives on Modern Irish History |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317963219 |editor-last=Whelehan |editor-first=Neil |pages=177}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Augusteijn |first1=Joost |title=Political Religion Beyond Totalitarianism: The Sacralization of Politics in the Age of Democracy |last2=Dassen |first2=Patrick |last3=Janse |first3=Maartje Johanna |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-29171-4 |location= |pages=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoey |first=Paddy |date=2019 |title=Dissident and dissenting republicanism: From the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement to Brexit |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816818818088 |journal=Capital & Class |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=73–87 |doi=10.1177/0309816818818088 |issn=0309-8168}}</ref> Within the Free State, the Rising was sanctified by officials, positioned as a "highly disciplined military operation".{{Sfn|Flanagan|2015|p=11, 13}} Historians largely agree that the Rising succeeded by offering a symbolic display of sacrifice, while the military action was a considerable failure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McQuaid |first=Sara Dybris |date=2022 |title=Remembering the Rising and the End of Empire |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/866538 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=110–127 |doi=10.1353/eir.2022.0005 |s2cid=252763408 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{efn|This [[historiography]] largely manifested around the fiftieth anniversary in defiance of a "[[hagiographical]]" perception.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arrington |first=Lauren |date=2014 |title=Socialist Republican Discourse and the 1916 Easter Rising: The Occupation of Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union Explained |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021937114001166/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of British Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=992–1010 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.116 |s2cid=162645927 |issn=0021-9371}}</ref> On the symbolic power, [[Sarah Cole (writer)|Sarah Cole]] wrote that the Easter Rising was “understood and presented, at every level, in a metaphoric language, which stressed apotheosis, resurrection, transformation." These tropes - central to the morale of the Volunteers - are evidenced in Pearse's [[Ireland unfree shall never be at peace|oration at the funeral of Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa]].<ref name=":6" /> The occupation of areas laden with iconography but of negligible military value support the understanding of the Rising as primarily a symbolic act.{{Sfn|Arrington|2015|p=125}}}} As [[Monk Gibbon]] remarked, the "shots from khaki-uniformed firing parties did more to create the Republic of Ireland than any shot fired by a Volunteer in the course of Easter week".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dawe |first=Gerald |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/202/monograph/book/43905 |title=Of War and Wars Alarms: Reflections on Modern Irish Writing |date=2015 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-1-78205-179-4 |location= |pages=52 |doi=10.1353/book43905|s2cid=164290964 }}</ref>

Literature surrounding the Rising was significant: MacDonagh, Plunkett, and Pearse were themselves poets, whose ideals were granted a spiritual dimension in their work; [[Arnold Bax]], [[Francis Ledwidge]], [[George William Russell]] and [[W. B. Yeats]] responded through verse that ranged from endorsement to elegies.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34448 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Modern Irish Poetry |date=2012-10-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956124-7 |editor-last=Brearton |editor-first=Fran |edition=1 |pages=80–94 |language=en |doi= |editor-last2=Gillis |editor-first2=Alan}}</ref>{{Efn|The executed poets possessed similar motifs: pastoral imagery, [[Celtic mythology]], notions of saintliness, sacrifice, and martyrdom, and inspiration from English poets.<ref name="oxford"/> Pearse equated his eminent execution, and that of [[Robert Emmet]], with the death of Jesus Christ; patriotism with religious faith.<ref name="murals"/>

Although there existed little anti-Anglo sentiment in their work, their radicalism was, in part, begotten from resentment at the "anglicisation" of Ireland and the resulting marginalisation of Gaelic identity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="oxford"/> [[D. G. Boyce]] stressed the importance of the Gaelic revival upon the philosophy of the Rising which, via Pearse, aggregated and created a continuity of prior nationalist thinking.{{Sfn|Boyce|1996|p=168-170}}}} Although [[James Joyce]] was ambivalent to the insurgence, metaphors of and imagery consistent with the Rising appear in his later work.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Winston |first=Greg |date=2019 |title=Queensberry Rules and Jacob's Biscuits: James Joyce's Easter Rising |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736678 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0051 |s2cid=208688845 |issn=1938-6036}}</ref> [[Hugh Leonard]], [[Denis Johnston]], [[Tom Murphy (playwright)|Tom Murphy]], [[Roddy Doyle]] and [[Sorley MacLean]] are among writers would later invoke the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=James |last2=Cullen |first2=Fintan |date=2018 |title=The Sherwood Foresters of 1916: memories and memorials |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=436–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2018.1514659 |s2cid=150325899 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=O’Gallagher |first=Niall |date=2016 |title=Ireland's eternal Easter: Sorley MacLean and 1916 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1226678 |s2cid=152084743 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref> Now extensively dramatised, its theatricality was identified in the moment and has been stressed in its remembrance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maley |first=Willy |date=2016 |title=Shakespeare, Easter 1916, and the Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sena.12185 |journal=Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=189–205 |doi=10.1111/sena.12185 |issn=1473-8481}}</ref> Literary and political evocation position the Rising as a "watershed moment" central to Irish history.<ref>{{cite book |last=English |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C |title=Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-517753-4 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Black nationalism|Black]], [[Basque nationalism|Basque]], [[Breton nationalism|Breton]], [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan]] and [[Indian nationalism|Indian]] nationalists have drawn upon the Rising and its consequences.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cullen |first1=Niall |last2=McCreanor |first2=Kyle |date=2022 |title='Dangerous Friends': Irish Republican Relations with Basque and Catalan Nationalists, 1916–26 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1193–1210 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2022.2045339 |s2cid=247340368 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leach |first=Daniel |date=2008 |title="Repaying a Debt of Gratitude": Foreign Minority Nationalists and the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Easter Rising in 1966 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/41/article/255666 |journal=Éire-Ireland |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=267–289 |doi=10.1353/eir.0.0013 |s2cid=159799028 |issn=1550-5162}}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=140–144}} For the latter, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] noted, the symbolic display was the appeal, that of the transcendent, "invincible spirit of a nation"; such was broadly appealing in America, where [[Irish Americans|diasporic]], occasionally socialist, nationalism occurred.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=O'Malley |first=Kate |date=2016 |title='Thrilled by the Irish Rising ... and the Irish Story Ever Since': Indian Nationalist Reactions to the Easter Rising |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45283319 |journal=Saothar |volume=41 |pages=77–82 |jstor=45283319 |issn=0332-1169}}</ref>{{Sfn|Grayson|McGarry|2016|pp=145}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Damien |date=2009 |title="Go Forth as a Missionary to Fight It": Catholic Antisocialism and Irish American Nationalism in Post-World War I Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543469 |journal=Journal of American Ethnic History |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=43–65 |doi=10.2307/40543469 |jstor=40543469 |s2cid=254482716 |issn=0278-5927}}</ref>{{efn|The broadcast declaration was intercepted and relayed to the United States thus considerable coverage in the press ensued: "The use of modern technology to declare an Irish Republic indicates an attempt to place the Rising at the heart of world affairs, which in turn reflected the rebel leader's experience as propagandists."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=Reception of the Easter Rising in British and American little magazines |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |journal=Irish Studies Review |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=88–100 |doi=10.1080/09670882.2016.1270716 |s2cid=152058354 |issn=0967-0882}}</ref> When enacting a censorship control on the Rising, British officials sought for America, in particular, to be ignorant.<ref name="press">{{Cite journal |last=Drisceoil |first=Donal Ó |date=2012 |title=Keeping disloyalty within bounds? British media control in Ireland, 1914–19 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/irish-historical-studies/article/abs/keeping-disloyalty-within-bounds-british-media-control-in-ireland-191419/34A4877A9D4F6E0054151CB7D1EEDC64 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=149 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400000626 |issn=0021-1214|hdl=10468/3057 |s2cid=232251175 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Irish-American support proved remunerative for the Rising.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Brian |date=2019 |title=Sots, Songs, and Stereotypes: 1916, the Fighting Irish, and Irish-American Nationalism in Finnegans Wake |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/80/article/736662 |journal=James Joyce Quarterly |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=45–61 |doi=10.1353/jjq.2019.0035 |s2cid=208689531 |issn=1938-6036}}</ref>}} [[Vladimir Lenin]] was effusive, ascribing its anti-imperialism a singular significance within [[geopolitics]] – his only misgiving was its estrangement from the [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|broader wave of revolution occurring]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=aan de Wiel |first=Jérôme |date=2020 |title=The Shots that Reverberated for a Long Time, 1916–1932: The Irish Revolution, the Bolsheviks and the European Left |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=195–213 |doi=10.1080/07075332.2018.1527779 |s2cid=219644551 |issn=0707-5332}}</ref>{{efn|Although participants largely didn't espouse socialist beliefs – Connolly being a notable exception – a varied amount of left-wing organisations commented upon and thereafter disparaged the Rising.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Backus |first1=Margot Gayle |last2=Thompson |first2=Spurgeon |date=2018 |title='If you shoulder a rifle […] let it be for Ireland': James Connolly's War on War |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |journal=Modernist Cultures |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=364–381 |doi=10.3366/mod.2018.0217 |s2cid=159661029 |issn=2041-1022}}</ref> The "Connolly tradition" would later be invoked positively by socialist and labor activists in relation to their own aspirations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/parnell-and-his-times/EEC4A1E397189F76E657DA9AB02E7652 |title=Parnell and his Times |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-49526-4 |editor-last=Leerssen |editor-first=Joep |location= |pages=284 |doi=10.1017/9781108861786|hdl=10468/10784 |s2cid=243750426 }}</ref>}}

During the Troubles, significant [[Revisionism (Ireland)|revisionism]] of the Rising occurred. Revisionists contended that it was not a "heroic drama" as thought but rather informed the violence transpiring, by having legitimised a "cult of 'blood sacrifice'".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=Shaun |date=2015 |title=The Work of a 'Young Nationalist'?: Tom Murphy's ''The Patriot Game'' and the Commemoration of Easter 1916 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |journal=Irish University Review |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=39–53 |doi=10.3366/iur.2015.0149 |issn=0021-1427}}</ref>{{Sfn|O'Leary|2019|p=322}} With the advent of a [[Provisional IRA]] ceasefire and the beginning of what became known as the [[Northern Ireland peace process|Peace Process]] during the 1990s, the government's view of the Rising grew more positive and in 1996 an 80th anniversary commemoration at the [[Garden of Remembrance (Dublin)|Garden of Remembrance]] in Dublin was attended by the [[Taoiseach]] and leader of [[Fine Gael]], [[John Bruton]].<ref>[http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ Reconstructing the Easter Rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317011549/http://www.village.ie/Ireland/Feature/Reconstructing_the_Easter_Rising/ |date=17 March 2008 }}, Colin Murphy, ''The Village'', 16 February 2006</ref>

<gallery widths="140" heights="200">
File:GPO Easter Rising Plaque.jpg|Plaque commemorating the Easter Rising at the [[General Post Office (Dublin)|General Post Office, Dublin]], with the Irish text in [[Gaelic type|Gaelic script]], and the English text in regular [[Latin script]]
File:Cobh Volunteers 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Cobh]], County Cork, to the Volunteers from that town
File:Easter 1916.jpg|Mural in [[Belfast]] depicting the Easter Rising of 1916
File:Offaly 1916 memorial.jpg|Memorial in [[Clonmacnoise]] commemorating men of [[County Offaly]] (then King's County) who fought in 1916: James Kenny, Kieran Kenny and Paddy McDonnell are named
File:Clonegal flag.jpg|Flag and copy of the Proclamation in [[Clonegal]]
</gallery>

== In popular culture ==

* "[[Easter, 1916]]", a poem by the poet and playwright [[W. B. Yeats|W.B. Yeats]], published in 1921.
* "[[Foggy Dew (Irish ballad)|The Foggy Dew]]" is a song by Canon Charles O'Neill, composed during the [[Irish War of Independence]], that eulogises the rebels of the Easter Rising.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Pauline |title=Celebrating 100 years of the beloved song "Foggy Dew" and its history |url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=Irish Central |date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730211440/https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/100-anniversary-song-foggy-dew-history-charles-oneill |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[The Plough and the Stars]]'' is a 1926 play by [[Seán O'Casey]] that takes place during the Easter Rising.
* ''[[Insurrection (O'Flaherty novel)|Insurrection]]'' is a 1950 novel by [[Liam O'Flaherty]] that takes place during the Rising.
* ''[[The Red and the Green]]'' is a 1965 novel by [[Iris Murdoch]] that covers the events leading up to and during the Easter Rising.
* ''[[Insurrection (TV series)|Insurrection]]'' is an eight-part 1966 [[docudrama]] made by [[RTÉ Television|Telefís Éireann]] for the 50th anniversary of the Rising. It was rebroadcast during the centenary celebrations in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/ |title=RTÉ's acclaimed Easter Rising drama from 1966 is coming back to TV screens |newspaper=[[TheJournal.ie]] |publisher=The Journal |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180353/http://www.thejournal.ie/insurrection-rte-broadcast-2648833-Mar2016/ |url-status=live |last1=Duffy |first1=Rónán}}</ref>
* "Grace" is a 1985 song about the marriage of Joseph Plunkett to [[Grace Gifford]] in Kilmainham Gaol before his execution.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kehoe |first1=Michael |title=Emotional Rod Stewart meets the brothers who wrote the song 'Grace' – the song about widow of executed Easter Rising leader Joseph Plunkett |url=https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/ |access-date=18 November 2019 |work=Ireland Calling |date=19 March 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316045527/https://ireland-calling.com/lifestyle/rod-stewart-meets-brothers-who-wrote-grace/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''1916, A Novel of the Irish Rebellion'' is a 1998 historical novel by [[Morgan Llywelyn]].
* ''[[A Star Called Henry]]'' is a 1999 novel by [[Roddy Doyle]] that partly recounts the Easter Rising through the involvement of the novel's protagonist Henry Smart.
* ''[[At Swim, Two Boys]]'' is a 2001 novel by Irish writer [[Jamie O'Neill]], set in [[Dublin]] before and during the 1916 Easter Rising.
* ''[[Rebel Heart (TV series)|Rebel Heart]]'', is a 2001 BBC miniseries on the life of a (fictional) nationalist from the Rising through the Irish Civil War.
* ''[[Blood Upon the Rose]]'' is a 2009 [[graphic novel]] by [[Gerry Hunt]] depicting the events of the Easter Rising.<ref name=puesocc>Edward Madigan, [http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/ "Review of Gerry Hunt's 'Blood Upon the Rose', part one"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003005824/http://puesoccurrences.wordpress.com/2009/11/02/review-of-gerry-hunts-blood-upon-the-rose-part-one/ |date=3 October 2013 }}, Pue's Occurrences, 2 November 2009</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Towards 2016: 1916 and Irish Literature, Culture & Society |editor1-last=Crosson |editor1-first=Seán |editor2-first=Werner |editor2-last=Huber |publisher=Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier|year=2015|isbn=978-3-86821-622-6 |location=Trier |pages=113–132 |chapter=(Valérie Morisson) Rewriting Irish History (1916–1921) in popular Culture: Blood Upon the Rose and at War with the Empire by Gerry Hunt}}</ref>
* ''1916 Seachtar na Cásca'' is a 2010 Irish TV documentary series based on the Easter Rising, telling about seven signatories of the rebellion.
* ''[[The Dream of the Celt]]'' is a 2012 novel by [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] based on the life and death of Roger Casement, including his involvement with the Rising.
* ''[[Rebellion (miniseries)|Rebellion]]'' is a 2016 [[mini-series]] about the Easter Rising.
* ''1916'' is a 2016 three-part documentary mini-series about the Easter Rising narrated by [[Liam Neeson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/ |title=1916 |website=1916.rte.ie |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=15 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315021506/https://1916.rte.ie/featuredhome/1916-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
*''[[Penance (2018 film)|Penance]]'' is a 2018 Irish film set primarily in Donegal in 1916 and in Derry in 1969, in which the Rising is also featured.


== See also ==
{{Portal|Ireland}}
* [[List of Irish uprisings]]
*[[Property Losses (Ireland) Committee]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Joost Augusteijn|Augusteijn, Joost]] (ed.)''The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–48'', ''Witnessed Rising'', {{ISBN|978-1-84682-069-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Arrington |first=Lauren |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc776nf |title=Revolutionary Lives |date=2015 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7418-7 |pages=125|doi=10.2307/j.ctvc776nf }}
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=J. Bowyer |author-link=J. Bowyer Bell |title=The Secret Army: The IRA |year=1998 |publisher=Poolbeg |isbn=1-85371-813-0 }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-12171-2 |editor-last=Boyce |editor-first=David George |edition= |location=}}
* {{cite book |last=Caulfield |first=Max |date=1995 |title=The Easter Rebellion, Dublin 1916 |publisher=Roberts Rinehart Publishers |isbn=1-57098-042-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Xander |title=Aud |location=Plymouth |year=2007 |isbn=9780955562204 |publisher=GAC}}
* [[Tim Pat Coogan|Coogan, Tim Pat]], ''1916: The Easter Rising'' (2001) {{ISBN|0-304-35902-5}}
* [[Tim Pat Coogan|Coogan, Tim Pat]], ''The IRA'' (2nd ed. 2000), {{ISBN|0-00-653155-5}}
* De Rosa, Peter. ''Rebels: The Irish Rising of 1916.'' Fawcett Columbine, New York. 1990. {{ISBN|0-449-90682-5}}
* Eberspächer, Cord/Wiechmann, Gerhard: "Erfolg Revolution kann Krieg entscheiden". Der Einsatz von S.M.H. LIBAU im irischen Osteraufstand 1916 ("Successful revolution may decide war". The use of S.M.H. LIBAU in the Irish Easter rising 1916), in: Schiff & Zeit, Nr. 67, Frühjahr 2008, S. 2–16.
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=Peter Berresford |author-link=Peter Berresford Ellis |chapter=1916: Insurrection or Rebellion? Making Judgements |editor-last=O'Donnell |editor-first=Ruán |title=The Impact of the 1916 Rising: Among the Nations |publisher=[[Irish Academic Press]] |location=Dublin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7165-2965-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Feeney |first=Brian |title=Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years |publisher=O'Brien Press |date=2002 |isbn=0-86278-695-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Flanagan |first=Frances |title=Remembering the Revolution: Dissent, Culture, and Nationalism in the Irish Free State |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0198739159 }}
* Foster, R. F. ''Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714191238/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393082792/ |date=14 July 2020 }}
* Foy, Michael and Barton, Brian, ''The Easter Rising'' {{ISBN|0-7509-2616-3}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316550403/type/book |title=Remembering 1916: The Easter Rising, the Somme and the Politics of Memory in Ireland |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14590-0 |editor-last=Grayson |editor-first=Richard S. |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316550403 |editor-last2=McGarry |editor-first2=Fearghal}}
*{{Cite book |last=Grayson |first=Richard S. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781139248877/type/book |title=Dublin's Great Wars: The First World War, the Easter Rising and the Irish Revolution |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-24887-7 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781139248877}}
* [[C. Desmond Greaves|Greaves, C. Desmond]], ''The Life and Times of James Connolly''
* {{cite book |last=Hennessey |first=Thomas |title=Dividing Ireland, World War I and Partition: The passing of the Home Rule Bill |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=1998 |isbn=0-415-17420-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Alvin |title=Home Rule, an Irish History 1800–2000 |publisher=Phoenix Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-7538-1767-5}}
* {{cite book |others=Introduction by [[Declan Kiberd]] |title=1916 Rebellion Handbook |orig-year=1917 |author=[[The Irish Times]] |year=1998 |edition=reprint |publisher=Mourne River Press |isbn=9781902090054}}
* {{cite book |last=Kee |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Kee |title=The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism |date=2000 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-029165-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Christopher M. |title=Genesis of the Rising, 1912–1916: A Transformation of Nationalist Opinion |date=2010 |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1433105005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226203810/https://books.google.com/books?id=_xeSuTqlkhQC |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}
* [[Conor Kostick|Kostick, Conor]] & Collins, Lorcan, ''The Easter Rising, A Guide to Dublin in 1916'' {{ISBN|0-86278-638-X}}
* [[F.S.L. Lyons|Lyons, F.S.L.]], ''Ireland Since the Famine'' {{ISBN|0-00-633200-5}}
* [[Dorothy Macardle|Macardle, Dorothy]], ''The Irish Republic'' (Dublin 1951)
* {{cite book |last=MacDonagh |first=Oliver |title=Ireland: The Union and its aftermath |publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]] |date=1977 |isbn=0-04-941004-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Maguire |first=Martin |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/300/monograph/book/67693 |title=The Civil Service and the Revolution in Ireland 1912–1938: 'Shaking the Blood-Stained Hand of Mr Collins' |date=2013 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-84779-378-2 |pages=31}}
* {{cite book |last=McGarry |first=Fearghal |author-link=Fearghal McGarry |date=2010 |title=The Rising: Ireland Easter 1916 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0192801869}}
* {{cite book |last1=McNally |first1=Michael |last2=Peter |first2=Dennis |title=Easter Rising 1916: Birth of the Irish Republic |location=London |date=2007 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-84603-067-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moran |first1=Seán Farrell |year=1994 |title=Patrick Pearse and the Politics of Redemption |publisher=[[Catholic University of America Press]] |isbn=978-0-81320-912-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Moran |first1=Seán Farrell |year=1989 |title=Patrick Pearse and the European Revolt Against Reason |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=625–643 |doi=10.2307/2709801 |jstor=2709801}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morrissey |first=Conor |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108596251/type/book |title=Protestant Nationalists in Ireland, 1900–1923 |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-59625-1 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108596251|s2cid=211456832 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=William |url= |title=Political Imprisonment and the Irish, 1912-1921 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-956907-6 |doi=}}
* "Patrick Pearse and Patriotic Soteriology," in Yonah Alexander and Alan O'Day, eds, ''The Irish Terrorism Experience'', (Aldershot: Dartmouth) 1991
* Ó Broin, Leon, ''Dublin Castle & the 1916 Rising'', Sidgwick & Jackson, 1970
* {{cite book |last=O'Leary |first=Brendan |author-link=Brendan O'Leary |title=A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I: Colonialism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2019 |page=320 |isbn=978-0199243341}}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298 |access-date=11 September 2016 |author=Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland |title=Report |date=1916 |series=[[Command paper]]s |volume=Cd.8279 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London |archive-date=26 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173915/http://www.dippam.ac.uk/eppi/documents/22372/eppi_pages/630298 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/op1256530-1001 |access-date=11 September 2016 |author=Royal Commission on the Rebellion in Ireland |title=Minutes of Evidence and Appendix of Documents |date=1916 |series=Command papers |volume=Cd.8311 |publisher=[[HMSO]] |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Ryan |first=Annie |date=2009 |title=Witnesses: Inside the Easter Rising |publisher=Liberties Press |isbn=978-1905483709}}
* {{cite book |last=Stephens |first=James |author-link=James Stephens (author) |date=1992 |title=The Insurrection in Dublin |publisher=Colin Smythe Ltd |isbn=978-0861403585}}
* {{cite book |last=Townshend |first=Charles |date=2006 |title=Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion |location=London |publisher=Ivan R. Dee Inc. |isbn=978-1566637046}}
* {{cite book | last = Neeson | first = Eoin | author-link = Eoin Neeson | title = Myths from Easter 1916 | publisher = Aubane Historical Society | place = Cork | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-903497-34-0}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bunbury, Turtle. ''Easter Dawn – The 1916 Rising'' (Mercier Press, 2015) {{ISBN|978-1781-172582}}
* McCarthy, Mark. ''Ireland's 1916 Rising: Explorations of History-Making, Commemoration & Heritage in Modern Times'' (2013), historiography [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00AQJ48EO/ excerpt]
* McKeown, Eitne, 'A Family in the Rising' ''Dublin Electricity Supply Board Journal'' 1966.
* Murphy, John A., ''Ireland in the Twentieth Century''
* {{cite news |last=O'Farrell |first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth O'Farrell |title=Events of Easter Week |work=The Catholic Bulletin |location=Dublin |date=1917}}
* Purdon, Edward, ''The 1916 Rising''
* Shaw, Francis, S.J., "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge", in ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', LXI, 242, 1972, pp. 113–52

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Easter Rising}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222404/http://easter1916.ie/ Easter 1916 – Digital Heritage Website]
* [http://www.nli.ie/1916 The 1916 Rising – an Online Exhibition.] [[National Library of Ireland]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131229222110/http://dh.tcd.ie/letters1916/ The Letters of 1916 – Crowdsourcing Project] [http://www.tcd.ie/ Trinity College Dublin]
* {{cite book |doi=10.7925/drs1.ucdlib_38376 |title=1916 Rising Postcards |last1=Curran |first1=Constantine Peter |year=1916 |publisher=UCD Library, University College Dublin |chapter=History|doi-broken-date=9 August 2024 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.7925/drs1.ivrla_30530 |title=Towards 2016 |year=1928 |publisher=UCD Library, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland |author1=UCD Library. UCD Library Special Collections |doi-broken-date=9 August 2024 }}
* [http://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/home/index.php?folder_id=1620&pidtopage=MS11507_01&entry_point=1 Lillian Stokes (1878–1955): account of the 1916 Easter Rising]
* [http://sources.nli.ie/Search/Results?lookfor=easter+1916 Primary and secondary sources relating to the Easter Rising] (Sources database, [[National Library of Ireland]])
* [http://www.1916rising.com/ Easter Rising site and walking tour of 1916 Dublin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060823035019/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=817 News articles and letters to the editor in ''The Age'', 27 April 1916]
* [http://www.NormanTeeling.com/rising.php The 1916 Rising by Norman Teeling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730212850/http://www.normanteeling.com/rising.php |date=30 July 2020 }} a 10-painting suite acquired by [[An Post]] for permanent display at the [[General Post Office (Dublin)]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising The Easter Rising] – ''[[BBC History]]''
* [http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/04/08/the-irish-story-archive-on-the-easter-rising-2010-2011/#.W6OoKvlRfIU The Irish Story archive on the Rising]
* [http://www.easter1916.net/ Easter Rising website]
* [https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/jul/x01.htm The Discussion On Self-Determination Summed Up] Lenin's discussion of the importance of the rebellion appears in Section 10: The Irish Rebellion of 1916
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150219022436/http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/ Bureau of Military History – Witness Statements Online (PDF files)]

{{Uprisings against Entente Powers during WWI}}
{{Easter Rising}}
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{{History of Dublin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Ireland topics}}

[[Category:Easter Rising| ]]
[[Category:1916 in Ireland]]
[[Category:20th-century rebellions]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialism in Europe]]
[[Category:April 1916 events]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1916]]
[[Category:Attacks in Ireland]]
[[Category:History of County Dublin]]
[[Category:History of Ireland (1801–1923)]]
[[Category:Ireland–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Ireland]]
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Duke of Wellington's Regiment

2024-08-28T22:40:03Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Redirect|33rd Regiment of Foot|other infantry regiments|33rd Regiment (disambiguation){{!}}33rd Regiment}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)
| image = DWR Cap Badge Brass.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Cap badge of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment
| dates = 1 July 1702 – 6 June 2006
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1702–1707) {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–1881)
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| type = [[Line infantry]]
| role = [[Mechanized infantry|Armoured infantry]] ([[Warrior Tracked Armoured Vehicle|Warrior IFV]])
| size = One Battalion (at final amalgamation)
| current_commander = [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Phil Lewis [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| current_commander_label = Last Commanding Officer
| garrison = [[Battlesbury Barracks]], [[Warminster]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Brigadier]] [[Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]] [[Knight of the Garter|KG]] [[LVO]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] [[Military Cross|MC]]
| ceremonial_chief_label = Last Colonel-in-Chief
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Major-General]] [[Evelyn John Webb-Carter|Sir Evelyn John Webb-Carter]] [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = Last Colonel of the Regiment
| nickname = "The Dukes", "The Havercake Lads", "The Pattern", "The Immortals", "The Pigs", "The Old Seventy-Sixth", "The Old Seven and Sixpennies", "The Duke of Boot's
| motto = ''Virtutis Fortuna Comes'' ([[Latin]]: "Fortune is the companion of virtue")
| patron =
| colors_label = Colours and facings
| colors = Colours: 2 Regulation & 2 Honorary Red
| march = ''Quick'': The Wellesley
| mascot = [[Indian elephant]]
| battles = See [[#Battle honours]]
| command_structure =
| notable_commanders = [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|The Marquess of Cornwallis]] [[Order of the Garter|KG]] [[His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|PC]] General [[Charles Huxtable (British Army officer)|Sir Charles Huxtable]] [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath|KCB]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| anniversaries = [[St George's Day]] (23 April) [[Waterloo Day]] (18 June)
| identification_symbol = [[File:DWR TRF 2nd pattern.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
}}
The '''Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)''' was a [[line infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], forming part of the [[King's Division]].

In 1702, [[Colonel]] [[George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon]], was authorised to raise a new regiment, which he did in and around the city of [[Gloucester]]. As was the custom in those days the regiment was named '''Huntingdon's Regiment''' after its Colonel. As Colonel succeeded Colonel the name changed, but in 1751 regiments were given numbers, and the regiment was from that time officially known as the '''33rd Regiment of Foot'''. In 1782, the regiment's title was changed to the '''33rd (or First Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment''', thus formalising an association with the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] which, even then, had been long established. The [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|first Duke of Wellington]] died in 1852 and in the following year [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], in recognition of the regiment's long ties to him, ordered that the regiment's title be changed to the '''33rd (or The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment'''. In 1881, following the [[Childers Reforms]], the 33rd was linked with the [[76th Regiment of Foot]], who shared their [[Regimental depot|depot]] in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]]. The 76th had first been raised in 1745, by [[Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt|Simon Harcourt]] and disbanded in 1746, re-raised in 1756, disbanded again in 1763, before being raised again in 1777, disbanded in 1784 and finally re-raised, in 1787, for service in India, by the [[East India Company|Honourable East India Company]].<ref>The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) A Short History, by Major ACS Savory MBE and Major General DE Isles CB OBE DL, (Page 4), printed By Reuben Holroyd's, Halifax, 19878</ref><ref>The History of The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) 1702–1992, By JM Brereton AND Major ACS Savory MBE, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}, Published by The Duke of Wellington's Regiment Regimental Headquarters</ref> The two regiments became, respectively, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. In 1948, the 1st and 2nd battalions were amalgamated into a single battalion, the 1st Battalion. On 6 June 2006, the 'Dukes' were amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[Green Howards]] to form the [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment|Yorkshire Regiment (14th/15th, 19th and 33rd/76th Foot)]]. As the youngest regiment, the 'Dukes' became the 3rd Battalion, as each battalion retained their antecedent regiment's name in brackets. Following further mergers, in 2012, the battalion was redesignated as the new 1st Battalion (1 Yorks) of the regiment. At this point, the antecedent regimental names were dropped from the battalion titles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/26215.aspx#|title=Yorkshire Regiment regimental history|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

Battalions from the regiment had served in most land conflicts involving British forces since its formation, from the Wars of the [[War of the Austrian Succession|Austrian]] and [[War of the Spanish Succession|Spanish]] successions, through the [[American Revolutionary War|American war of Independence]] and various campaigns in India and Africa, the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Second Boer War]] and many of the greatest battles of the [[World War I|First World War]] (the [[Battle of Mons]], the [[Battle of the Somme]], the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]]) and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] in 1919. During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the regiment fought as part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] in [[France]], forming part of the rearguard at [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk]]; in [[North Africa]]; [[Italy]] and in [[France]], following the [[D-Day]] landings, and as [[Chindits]] in [[Burma]]. In [[Korean War|Korea]], the 'Dukes' desperate defence of the [[Battle of the Hook|Hook]] position halted the last major Chinese attempt to break the United Nations Line before the truce, in July 1953, brought the war to an end. In Cyprus, the battalion was successful in Operation Golden Rain, destroying a major [[EOKA]] terrorist group operating in the Troodos Mountains in 1956. In 1964, the battalion joined the [[NATO]] deterrence in Germany on the front line in the [[Cold War]] and from 1971 was regularly engaged in '[[The Troubles]]' in [[Northern Ireland]] until 1997. They were amongst the first units to cross the border from [[Kuwait]] in the 2003 [[Iraq War]].

Nine soldiers from the regiment have been awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], and Corporal [[Wayne Mills (British Army soldier)|Wayne Mills]] of the 1st Battalion became the first recipient of the [[Conspicuous Gallantry Cross]] in 1994, whilst serving with the [[United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

==Formation and name==
[[File:DWR 33rd Badge (RLH).jpg|90px|left|33rd Regiment Insignia]]

'''The Duke of Wellington's Regiment''' was originally formed in 1702 as '''Huntingdon's Regiment'''. As regiment designations at that time assumed the name of commanding Colonel, this unit became for example: '''Henry Leigh's Regiment'''; then '''Robert Duncansons Regiment''' and '''George Wade's Regiment'''. Disbanded on 25 March 1714, this unit was officially registered as the '''33rd Regiment of Foot''' in January 1715 then re-raised on 25 March 1715, as '''George Wade's Regiment'''; then '''Henry Hawley's Regiment'''; '''Robert Dalzell's Regiment''' and '''John Johnson's Regiment'''.<ref name=brief-history>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/the_regiment/brief-history/|title=Brief History and Titles of the Regiment|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

In 1782 Lord Cornwallis, the then Colonel of the Regiment, wrote that "The 33rd Regiment of Infantry has always recruited in the West Riding of Yorkshire and has a very good interest and the general goodwill of the people in that part of the country:- I should therefore wish not only to be permitted to recruit in that county, but that my Regiment may bear the name of the 33rd or West Yorkshire Regiment". On 31 August 1782 Lord Cornwallis heard that the King had approved of the new title:- '''33rd (or the First Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot'''.<ref name=brief-history/>

Owing to its links with the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], the title 'The Duke of Wellington's Regiment' was granted to the 33rd Regiment on 18 June 1853, on the anniversary of the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in the year following Wellington's death.<ref name=brief-history/>

{{Main|76th Regiment of Foot}}
[[File:DWR 76th Badge (RLH).jpg|90px|left|76th Regiment Insignia]]
The 76th Regiment was originally raised, by [[Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt|Simon Harcourt]] as '''Lord Harcourt's Regiment''' on 17 November 1745 and disbanded in June 1746. Following the loss of [[Menorca]], to the French, it was reraised in November 1756 as the '''61st Regiment''', but renumbered to 76th, by General Order in 1758, and again disbanded in 1763. A second battalion raised by that regiment in October 1758, for service in Africa, was renumbered as the 86th Regiment and also disbanded in 1763. On 25 December 1777, the 76th was again re-raised, as the '''76th Regiment of Foot (Macdonald's Highlanders)''', by Colonel John MacDonell of Lochgarry, in the West of Scotland and Western Isles, as a Scottish Light Infantry regiment. It was disbanded at [[Stirling Castle]] in March 1784. The regiment was again raised for service in India by the [[East India Company|Honorable East India Company]] in 1787.<ref>The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) A Short History, by Major ACS Savory MBE and Major General DE Isles CB OBE DL, (Page 4, Lineage of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)), printed By Reuben Holroyd's, Halifax, 1987</ref>

In 1881 the 76th Regiment, which shared the same Depot in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] as the 33rd, was linked to the 33rd, under the [[Childers Reforms]], to become the 2nd Battalion. Although retitled as the '''Halifax Regiment (Duke of Wellington's)''' this title only lasted six months until it was changed on 30 June 1881, in a revised appendix to General order 41, to:- '''The Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment)''', or 'W Rid R' for short. In January 1921 it was again retitled to '''The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)''', or 'DWR' for short.<ref name=brief-history/>
{{Clear}}

==1702–1881==
[[File:Soldier of 33rd regiment 1742.jpg|thumb|Soldier of 33rd regiment, 1742]]
Within months of its original raising the regiment was despatched to join [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]'s army in Holland. After five months and only two battles it was sent to Portugal, along with five other of Malborough's best regiments, where it remained for the next six years. The 33rd fought in many battles including Valencia de Alcantara (1705), Zaragossa (1710), and less favourably at [[Battle of Almansa|Almansa]] and [[Battle of Brihuega|Brihuega]]. It was only one of the two foot regiments not to be disbanded and in 1743 the regiment was sent to Germany, where it distinguished itself in the [[Battle of Dettingen]], gaining its first [[battle honour]], then again at the [[Battle of Fontenoy]] in 1745 and again in Rocoux and Lauffeld in 1747.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=61&pa=207|title=1742 - 1748 War of the Austrian Succession|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032252/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=61&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the late 18th century, the regiment gained the familiar nickname '''The Havercakes''', due to its [[sergeant]]s carrying [[oatcake]]s on the tip of their swords to attract new recruits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Sg9AAAAYAAJ&dq=havercake&pg=PA258|title=Lancashire Folk-lore: Illustrative of the Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Local Customs and Usages of the People of the County Palatine|first1=John|last1=Harland|first2=Thomas Turner|last2=Wilkinson|date=16 August 1867|publisher=F. Warne|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdgRAAAAYAAJ&dq=havercake&pg=PA244|title=The United Service Magazine|date=16 August 1869|publisher=H. Colburn|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===American Revolution===
The 33rd itself had a good reputation for its professionalism and capability, which was seemingly unequalled by any other regiment of the British Army for some time. It was because of their professionalism in the field during the [[American Revolutionary War|American War of Independence]], that the regiment was given the nickname 'The Pattern'; the regiment then became the standard of soldiering which all other regiments should attain.<ref name=american>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/1702-1786/|title=1775 - 1783 The American War of Independence|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

The 33rd saw much action during the American War of Independence, with its first engagement at the [[Battle of Sullivan's Island]] (First Siege of Charleston) in early 1776, when British forces attempted an assault on that city's defences. In August of that year, the 33rd were involved in the [[Battle of Long Island]], in which a heavy defeat was inflicted on the Americans, who evacuated their remaining forces to the island of [[Manhattan]].<ref name=33foot>{{cite web|url=http://www.33rdfoot.org/index.html|title=Welcome to the Colonel, Lord Cornwallis' Company of His Majesty King George the Third's 33rd Regiment of Foot|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

The regiment's next action came a fortnight later, on 16 September at the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]]. After the British had landed and seized New York, a force of British light infantry pursuing an American scouting patrol advanced too far from their lines and found itself in danger of being cut off in an unexpected counterattack. The 33rd formed part of Lord Cornwallis' Reserve Corps sent in support to cover their withdrawal.<ref>Johnston, Henry P (1897). The Battle of Harlem Heights, September 16, 1776. London: The Macmillan Company.</ref>

The regiment was also involved in the [[Battle of Fort Washington]]. After that, the 33rd were not involved in a major battle until September 1777, when they took part in the [[Battle of Brandywine]], where the British suffered 550 casualties and the Americans about 1,000. The regiment took part in further action that year, at the [[Battle of Germantown]] and the [[Battle of White Marsh]], where they fought the Americans who had retreated from the fighting at Germantown.<ref name=33foot/>

The following year was just as active, with the 33rd seeing action at the [[Battle of Monmouth]], an inclusive engagement that became the largest one-day battle of the war. The 33rd was also part of the defence of [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]] and [[Quaker Hill, New York|Quaker Hill]].<ref name=33foot/>

Two years later, in 1780, the 33rd took part in the [[Siege of Charleston]]. By 11 May, the American General [[Benjamin Lincoln]] began to negotiate terms of surrender. The following day Lincoln, along with over 7,000 American soldiers, surrendered to the British forces under the command of Lieutenant-General [[Henry Clinton (1730–1795)|Henry Clinton]]. In August that year, the 33rd were involved at the [[Battle of Camden]], a victory for the British.<ref name=33foot/>

====Guilford Court House====
{{main|Battle of Guilford Court House}}
The year 1781 proved to be the deadliest but most successful year for the 33rd. The regiment took part in the [[Battle of Wetzell's Mill]], but the more famous action took place that same month during a battle at Guilford Court House.<ref name=courthouse>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-guilford.htm|title=Battle of Guildford Courthouse 1781|publisher=British Battles|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Guilford Courthouse 15 March 1781 (DWR).jpg|thumb|right|Map of the Guilford Court House Battleground]]
On 14 March 1781, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], the British commander, was informed that General [[Richard Butler (general)|Richard Butler]] was marching to attack his army. With Butler was a body of [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] [[Militia]], plus reinforcements from [[Virginia]], consisting of 3,000 Virginia Militia, a Virginia State regiment, a Corp of Virginian "eighteen-month men" and recruits for the [[Maryland Line]]. They had joined the command of Major General [[Nathanael Greene]], creating a force of some four to five thousand men in total. During the night, further reports confirmed the American force was at Guilford Court House, some 12 miles (20 km) away. Cornwallis decided to give battle, though he had only 1,900 men at his disposal.<ref name=courthouse/>
[[File:Cornwallis Re-enactment Coy 33rd Regt.jpg|thumb|right| 33rd Regiment at a reenactment]]
At dawn on 15 March 1781, before the men had a chance to have breakfast, Cornwallis started for Guilford, arriving there at mid-day.<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 69), Brereton / Savoury, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>

Cornwallis' troops included Bose's Hessian Regiment and the 71st commanded by Major General [[Alexander Leslie (British Army officer)|Alexander Leslie]] and the 23rd and 33rd commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Webster of the 33rd. The second line comprised the two battalions of Foot Guards, the Light Infantry and the Grenadiers commanded by Brigadier [[Charles O'Hara]] of the 2nd Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards. There was then a reserve consisting of Tarleton's Light Dragoons.<ref name=courthouse/>

The British troops advanced under heavy musket fire. Webster attacked the right flank of the American second line and managed to push it back. He also attacked the American third line. An American counterattack then led to a confused situation. Meanwhile, Tarleton's Light Dragoons charged the right flank.<ref name=courthouse/> The American troops then withdrew. The British technically defeated the American force, but Webster was killed and O'Hara was wounded.<ref name=courthouse/>

====Green Spring====
The 33rd also fought at the [[Battle of Green Spring]] in July of that year.<ref name=33foot/> Their last engagement of the war was at the [[Siege of Yorktown]], when they were part of the outnumbered British forces.<ref name=33foot/>

===Flanders===
In 1793 [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wesley]], the third son of the [[Earl of Mornington]] and future [[Dukes of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]], [[purchase of commissions in the British Army|purchased a commission]] in the 33rd as a [[Major (British Army)|Major]].<ref name="Holmes25">Holmes (2002). p. 25.</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13542 |page=555 |date=29 June 1793 }}</ref> A few months later, in September, his brother lent him more money and with it he purchased a [[lieutenant colonel|lieutenant-colonelcy]] in the 33rd.<ref name="Holmes28">Holmes (2002). p. 28.</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=13596 |page=1052 |date=23 November 1793 }}</ref>

The regiment took part in the disastrous [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]] and the retreat from Germany, and embarked, from [[Bremen]], for England on 13 April 1795.<ref name="brief">{{cite book
| first=Ridvan
| last=Asann
| year=2007
| title=A Brief History of the Caribbean
| edition=Revised
| publisher=Facts on File, Inc.
| location=New York
| page=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/3 3]
| isbn=978-0-8160-3811-4
| url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/3
}}</ref> Wesley was promoted to full [[Colonel (British Army)|Colonel]] by seniority on 3 May 1796<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=13892|page=460|date=14 May 1796}}</ref> and changed his name to Arthur Wellesley in 1798.<ref name="Holmes41">Holmes (2002). p. 41.</ref>

===India===
In 1799 the regiment took part in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in a Division commanded by Colonel Arthur Wellesley, as part of a [[British East India Company]] army, commanded by Major General Harris, with Major General Sir David Baird as second in command. Arthur's eldest brother Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington, later 1st Marquess Wellesley, had just become Governor General of India. So in addition to the 33rd, Arthur, who had now become Colonel Arthur Wellesley, was given command of the 10,000 men of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>Wellington — The Years of the Sword, by [[Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford]]</ref> They had a decisive part to play in the [[Battle of Seringapatam]]. The regiment, involved in bitter fighting with [[Tipu Sultan]]'s warriors, were repulsed with heavy losses when they attacked a wood, which was strongly defended by the Sultan's forces. The 33rd rallied and fought further actions throughout the battle, with the British emerging decisively victorious and Tipu Sultan being killed. The regiment won a battle honour for its involvement in the action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=63&pa=207|title=1787 - 1810 Wars in India|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032358/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=63&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Napoleon's Return and Waterloo===
[[File:Wellingtons33rd.jpg|thumb|right|Reenactors in the red-coated uniform of the 33rd Regiment of Foot as worn during the [[Napoleonic Wars]] between 1812 and 1816. Note the brighter scarlet of the officer on the right.]]

By early March 1815, the regiment was again under the command of the Duke of Wellington, this time during the [[Hundred Days]] campaign of Napoleon. Having taken part in the action of the previous day, at the [[Battle of Quatre Bras]], they took part in the action at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]; the 33rd was part of the 5th Brigade under the command of [[Major General]] Sir [[Colin Halkett]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/regimental-battle-honours/quatre-bras-waterloo-1815/|title=Qatre Bras and Waterloo|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref>

===West Indies===
Having departed from Paris on 23 December 1815, the regiment spent the post Waterloo period, from January 1816 to 1821, in uneventful garrison duties in [[Guernsey]], [[Stirling]], [[Glasgow]], [[Ulster]] and [[Dublin]].<ref name=peace>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/1787-1899/|title=1815 - 1854 Forty Years of Peace|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

In 1822, the regiment was posted to [[Jamaica]]. The [[Caribbean|West Indies]] were notorious as the death bed of the British Army because of the high mortality rate from [[malaria]], [[dysentery]], [[yellow fever]] and other such endemic diseases.<ref name=peace/>

===Crimea===
Owing to its links with Wellington, the title '''33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment''' was granted to the 33rd, on 18 June 1853 (the 38th Anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo) by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], in honour of the 1st Duke of Wellington, who had died on 14 September the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/1787-1899/|title=1815 – 1854 Forty Years of Peace|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

At the [[Battle of Alma]], bitter fighting took place, with the 33rd being part of the Light Division under the command of [[George Brown (British Army officer)|Sir George Brown]]. The British advanced up the slope towards the Russian positions. The British formations became intermingled, turning into a mass of soldiers, rather than the professional, neat formations used on parade. As they charged, numerous Russian troops came down the slope to meet them. The British halted and fired, causing so many casualties the Russians were forced to retreat. The British line reorganised and moved up the slope towards the Great Redoubt, with the 33rd being the first to attack the defence works. The 33rd suffered heavy casualties: 7 officers and 232 men in the hand-to-hand combat that ensued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/alma.htm|title=Battle of Alma|publisher=British Battles|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

At the [[Battle of Inkerman]], the 33rd were again involved in some bitter fighting, in which the British infantry advanced despite heavy losses and a strong defence by the Russians. The fighting was fierce, at times some soldiers resorting to attacking their enemy with the butts of their guns. The 33rd suffered further casualties: 3 officers and 61 men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishbattles.com/crimean-war/inkerman.htm|title=Battle of Inkerman|publisher=British Battles|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

The 33rd was involved in the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|Siege of Sevastopol]], which lasted for 11 months. By 1856, the war was over but for little gain.<ref name=crimea/>

===Abyssinia===
{{Main|1868 Expedition to Abyssinia}}
The 33rd were part of an expedition sent to the East African nation of Abyssinia, now known as [[Ethiopia]] after several European citizens had been taken hostage by the self-appointed 'King' [[Tewodros II|Emperor Tewodros II]] in 1864. In March 1866 a British [[Diplomacy|envoy]] had been despatched to secure the release of a group of [[Missionary|missionaries]] who had first been seized after the British Government refused Tewdros's requests for military assistance.<ref name=crimea>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/1787-1899/|title=Abyssinia: 1867 – 1868|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>

The 33rd was committed to Abyssinia in October 1867 and embarked on 21 November, arriving at Annesley Bay on 4 December; but did not disembark for three days due to the chaos on shore.<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 184), Brereton / Savory, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>
[[File:Magdala Landscape Composite (RLH).jpg|thumb|The plateau at Arogye, across the route to Magdala]]
[[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Lord Napier]] arrived in early January 1868 and the expedition started from the advance camp at [[Senafe]] at the beginning of February. It took two months to reach their objective, advancing through rough terrain. In his despatch to London Lord Napier reported: "Yesterday morning (we) descended three thousand nine hundred feet to [[Bashilo River]] and approached [[Battle of Magdala|Magdala]] with 'First Brigade' to reconnoiter it. Theodore opened fire with seven guns from outwork, one thousand feet above us, and three thousand five hundred men of the garrison made a gallant sortie which was repulsed with very heavy loss and the enemy driven into Magdala. British loss, twenty wounded".<ref>{{cite book|first=Yohannes |last=Mekonnen|title=Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture|page=69}}</ref>

As the British force moved on to Magdala, Tewodros II sent two of the hostages on parole to offer terms. Napier insisted on the release of all the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to cede to the unconditional surrender, but did release the European hostages. The British continued the advance and assaulted the fortress. (The native hostages were later found to have had their hands and feet cut off before being sent over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau.)<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 189), Brereton / Savory, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>

On reaching the gate there was a pause in the advance, as it was discovered the engineer unit had forgot their powder kegs and scaling ladders and were ordered to return for them. General [[Charles William Dunbar Staveley|Staveley]] was not happy at any further delay and ordered the 33rd to continue the attack. Several officers and the men of the 33rd Regiment, along with an officer from the Royal Engineers, parted from the main force and, after climbing the cliff face, found their way blocked by a thorny hedge over a wall. Private [[James Bergin]], a very tall man, used his bayonet to cut a hole in the hedge and Drummer [[Michael Magner]] climbed onto his shoulders through the hedge in the gap and dragged Bergin up behind him as Ensign Conner and Corporal Murphy helped shove from below. Bergin kept up a rapid rate of fire on the Koket-Bir as Magner dragged more men through the gap in the hedge. As more men poured through and opened fire as they advanced with their bayonets the defenders withdrew through the second gate. The party rushed the Koket-bir before it was fully closed and then took the second gate breaking through to the Amba. Ensign Wynter scrambled up onto the top of the second gate and fixed the 33rd Regiments Colours to show the Plateau had been taken. Private Bergin and Drummer Magner were later awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for their part in the action.<ref>London Gazette 28 July 1868</ref>

Tewodros II was found dead inside the second gate, having shot himself with a pistol that had been a gift from Queen Victoria. When his death was announced all opposition ceased. The regiment later received the battle honour [[Abyssinia (battle honour)|Abyssinia]].<ref>'The History of The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) 1702–1992, page 191 – JM Brereton and ACS Savory ({{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}})</ref>

==Volunteers==
The invasion scare of 1859 led to the creation of the [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer Force]] and huge enthusiasm for joining local Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs).<ref>Beckett.</ref> A large number of individual RVCs were raised in the West Riding; some amalgamated into larger units, and the rest of the smaller units were grouped into administrative battalions. For example, the RVCs raised in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] were amalgamated as the 4th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC in 1860. The senior unit in the 5th Admin Bn at [[Huddersfield]] was the 6th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC, officially entitled the [[Huddersfield Rifles]] in 1868. In 1880 the 5th Admin Bn was consolidated as a new [[Huddersfield Rifles|6th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC]]. Similarly, the 2nd Admin Bn at [[Skipton-in-Craven]] was consolidated as a new 9th Yorkshire (West Riding) RVC in 1880.<ref>Beckett, Appendix VII.</ref><ref name = Westlake>Westlake, pp. 260–7.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://leedsmercury.mirfield-2ndlook.info/1880/Saturday,%20June%2012,%201880%20War%20Office%20Cosolidation%20Of%20Local%20Volunteer%20Companies.pdf|title=''Leeds Mercury'', 20 June 1880.}}</ref>

==Childers Reforms of 1881==
The [[Childers Reforms]] (and as a continuation of the [[Cardwell Reforms]]) brought the [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] into the regimental system, and the two battalions of 6th West York Militia became the 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's.<ref name=regimentsDoW>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/history/1787-1899/|title=The Cardwell and Childers Reforms|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (33rd) was amalgamated with the 76th to become the 1st and 2nd Battalions.<ref name=TheDukes />

At the same time the three West Riding Volunteer battalions became linked with the regiment.<ref name=TheDukes>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Dukes-1702-2006-BFH.pdf|title=The Duke's, 1702-2006|access-date=13 Nov 2017|first1=Terry|last1=Butterworth|first2=Scott|last2=Flaving|first3=Richard|last3=Harvey|date=2009|page=34|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113114835/http://www.dwr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Dukes-1702-2006-BFH.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 1883, as part of the Childers Reforms, these three corps were designated as the 1st, [[Huddersfield Rifles|2nd]] and 3rd Volunteer Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment. By 1887 they had adopted the same uniform as the parent unit.<ref name = Westlake/> Under the mobilisation scheme introduced by the [[Stanhope Memorandum]] of December 1888 the Volunteer Battalions of the Duke of Wellington's were assigned to the [[West Yorkshire Volunteer Infantry Brigade]] in [[Northern Command (United Kingdom)|Northern Command]] and in the event of war were expected to mobilise at [[Leeds]].<ref>Beckett, pp. 135, 185–6.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">''Quarterly Army List''.</ref>

==Duties of Empire (1881–1914)==
[[File:The Duke of Wellington's Regiment by Harry Payne.jpg|thumb|Uniforms of The Duke of Wellington's Regiment as worn 1902–14, by [[Harry Payne (artist)|Harry Payne]]]]
The 2nd battalion was stationed at the [[Imperial fortress]] of [[Bermuda]] from 1886 and then transferred to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] in 1888, and then to the West Indies in 1891. In April 1893 the battalion, under Lt-Col. E. Nesbitt, set sail for the [[Cape Colony]], posting one company on [[St Helena]] en route. In October a detachment of 3 officers and 51 NCOs and men were despatched up-country to serve with the [[Botswana Police Service|Bechuanaland Border Police]] in the [[First Matabele War|Matabele Uprising]], in a complicated arrangement due to the fact that the BPP was at the time run by the [[British South Africa Company]].<ref name=Bruce>{{cite web|url=http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/infantry-histories/library/History-of-The-Duke-of-Wellingtons-Regiment-1st-2nd%20Battalions-1881-1923/HTML/index.asp#/53/zoomed|title=History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (1st & 2nd Battalions) 1881-1923|access-date=13 Nov 2017|author=Clarence Dalrymple Bruce|publisher=Medici|date=1927|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229153234/http://lib.militaryarchive.co.uk/library/infantry-histories/library/History-of-The-Duke-of-Wellingtons-Regiment-1st-2nd%20Battalions-1881-1923/HTML/index.asp#/53/zoomed|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Dukes-1702-2006-BFH.pdf|title=The Dukes: 1702-2006|access-date=13 Nov 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113114835/http://www.dwr.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/The-Dukes-1702-2006-BFH.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some detachments of the battalion stayed on to serve in the [[Second Matabele War]] (1896–1897), being stationed in the [[colony of Natal]] in between. 13 officers and 320 NCOs and men proceeded on active service. Some served on the staff, some with mounted infantry, some with the Matabeleland Relief Force and other service companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Canada-DukeofWellingtonsAlbumGroup.html|title=Soldiers of the Queen - Henry Daniel Bance|access-date=13 Nov 2017|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165345/http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Canada-DukeofWellingtonsAlbumGroup.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name=Bruce /> The battalion was sent to India in 1897.

The regiment began the first year of the 20th century at war when both battalions met in [[South Africa]], as reinforcements for British forces fighting [[Boer]]s, in the [[Second Boer War]]. The 1st battalion had arrived there before war started in 1899, the 2nd battalion arrived in early 1900, and took part in the [[Siege of Kimberley|Relief of Kimberley]], in February 1900, which had been under siege by the Boers since October 1899. The battalion also took part in the [[Battle of Paardeberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=69&pa=207|title=1899-1902 The Boer War|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521033302/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=69&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 3rd (Militia) Battalion (the former 6th West York Militia) was embodied in January 1900 for service in [[South Africa]], and 500 officers and men left [[Cobh|Queenstown]] for [[Cape Town]] the following month.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The War - The Militia|date=28 February 1900 |page=6 |issue=36077}}</ref> Most of the battalion returned to the United Kingdom in late May 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The War - Return of Troops |date=28 May 1902 |page=9 |issue=36779}}</ref>

All three Volunteer Battalions also sent service companies to support the Regular battalions, and received the Battle Honour '''South Africa 1900–1902'''.<ref>Leslie.</ref>

Following the end of the war in South Africa, the 1st battalion returned to York, while the 2nd battalion went to [[British Raj|British India]], first to [[Rangoon]] then in late 1902 to [[Lebong]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - The Army in India|date=11 October 1902 |page=12 |issue=36896}}</ref>

==Territorial Force==
When the [[Territorial Force]] (TF) was formed under the [[Haldane Reforms]] in 1908, Volunteer Battalions were renumbered as battalions of their parent regiments. The Duke of Wellington's 1st VB became the 4th Battalion, (4DWR), at [[Prescott Street drill hall, Halifax|Prescott Street]] in Halifax. The 2nd VB formed two new battalions: the [[Huddersfield Rifles|5th Battalion]], (5DWR), at [[St Paul's Street drill hall, Huddersfield|St Paul's Street]] in Huddersfield, and the 7th Battalion, (7DWR), at [[Scar Lane drill hall, Milnsbridge|Scar Lane]] in [[Milnsbridge]]. The 3rd VB became the 6th Battalion, (6DWR), at [[Otley Road drill hall, Skipton|Otley Road]] in Skipton. The former West Yorkshire Brigade was split in two, and the four TF battalions of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment composed the new [[147th (2nd West Riding) Brigade|2nd West Riding Brigade]] in the [[49th (West Riding) Division|West Riding Division]].<ref name = Westlake/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28121 |supp=y|page=2149|date=20 March 1908}}</ref><ref name = Regts7>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr7.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055913/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr7.htm|title=7th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment [UK]|archive-date=27 December 2005|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name = Becke49>Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 85–91.</ref>

==First World War==

===Regular Army===
The 1st Battalion remained in India throughout the war, serving first with the [[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]] and then with the [[1st (Peshawar) Division]].<ref name=trail>{{cite web|url= http://www.1914-1918.net/dukes.htm |title=Duke of Wellington's Regiment|publisher=The Long, Long trail|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion landed at [[Le Havre]] as part of the [[13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|13th Brigade]] in the [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|5th Division]] in August 1914 for service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=trail/> It first saw action at the [[Battle of Mons]]. It then fought a rearguard action at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]], an action during the [[retreat from Mons]]. The 2nd Battalion also fought at the [[First Battle of the Marne]], the [[First Battle of the Aisne|Battle of the Aisne]], the [[Battle of La Bassée]] and the brutal [[first Battle of Ypres]].<ref name=ww1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=70&pa=207|title=1914 - 1918 The First World War|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724041849/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=70&pa=207|archive-date=24 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The 2nd Battalion was also at the [[Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)|Battle of Hill 60]] during which the British launched a massive bombardment, followed by an assault that led to vicious hand-to-hand fighting. The 8th Battalion saw service in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] and the 10th Battalion was in action at [[Battle of the Piave River|Piave]] in Italy.<ref name=ww1/>

===Territorial Force===
The 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th battalions landed in France as part of the [[147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|147th (2nd West Riding) Brigade]] in the [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division|49th (West Riding) Division]] in April 1915 for service on the Western Front and served together until the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] in November 1918.<ref name=trail/> They saw action on the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]], at [[Battle of Passchendaele|Ypres]], during the [[German spring offensive]] and the final Allied [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref name = Becke49/>

In August 1914 the Territorial Force formed 2nd Line units, distinguished from the 1st Line by the addition of '2/' to the battalion number, the parent units taking '1/'. The 2/4th, [[Huddersfield Rifles|2/5th]], 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions of the Duke of Wellingtons formed [[186th (2/2nd West Riding) Brigade]] in [[62nd (2nd West Riding) Division]]. The division's training was hampered by the lack of equipment and by the need to provide drafts to the 1st Line units serving overseas, but finally landed in France in January 1917 and served on the Western Front until the Armistice.<ref name=trail/> It fought at [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras]], [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai]], in the Spring Offensive and the Hundred Days, and was the only TF division selected to form part of the Allied occupation force in the Rhineland after the war.<ref>Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 41–8.</ref>

The Territorial Force battalions also formed 3rd Line units, which remained in the UK training and supplying drafts for the battalions overseas.<ref name =trail/>

===New Armies===
The 8th (Service) Battalion landed at [[Suvla|Suvla Bay]] in [[Gallipoli]] as part of the [[32nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|32nd Brigade]] in the [[11th (Northern) Division]] in August 1915; the battalion was evacuated in January 1916 and moved to France in July 1916 for service on the Western Front.<ref name=trail/> The 9th (Service) Battalion landed at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] as part of the [[52nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|52nd Brigade]] in the [[17th (Northern) Division]] in July 1915 also for service on the Western Front while the 10th (Service) Battalion landed at [[Le Havre]] as part of the [[69th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|69th Brigade]] in the [[23rd (Northumbrian) Division|23rd Division]] in August 1915 also for service on the Western Front.<ref name=trail/>

==Inter-war (1919–1938)==
In 1919, the 1st Battalion took part in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] and eventually returned home in 1921.<ref name=ww1/> Meanwhile, the regiment's title altered slightly in 1921 to '''Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)'''.<ref name=preamble>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=207 |title=Preamble to history |publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203121128/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=207 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In the 1930s the increasing need for anti-aircraft (AA) defence for Britain's cities was addressed by converting a number of TA infantry battalions into searchlight battalions of the [[Royal Engineers]] (RE). The 5th Duke of Wellington's was one unit selected for this role, becoming [[Huddersfield Rifles|43rd (5th Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers]] (5DWR) in 1936, retaining its Duke of Wellington's cap badge.<ref name = Regts5>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr5.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055822/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr5.htm|title=5th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment [UK]|archive-date=27 December 2005|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name = Litchfield>Litchfield, pp. 267–9.</ref>

In 1938, the 4th Battalion at Halifax was converted into '''58th (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery''' (4DWR).<ref name = Litchfield/><ref name = Regts4>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr4.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055759/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr4.htm|title=4th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment [UK]|archive-date=27 December 2005|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> A duplicate unit, the 68th Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery was formed in 1939, with headquarters at Cleckheaton.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C787696|title=Royal Artillery: anti-tank regiments: 68 Anti-Tank Regiment|publisher=National Archives|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref>

==Second World War==

===1st Battalion===
The [[World War II|Second World War]] was declared on 3 September 1939, and the 1st Battalion, commanded by [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Edmund Charles Beard]], was immediately sent to [[France]] as part of the [[3rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Infantry Brigade]] of the [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]] of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|1st Corps]] of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|BEF]]. During the retreat to [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk]], the 'Dukes' formed part of the rearguard.<ref name=ww2>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=71&pa=207|title=1939 - 1946 The Second World War|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521082343/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=71&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 'Dukes' fought in the [[North African Campaign]], fighting with distinction in a number of actions and gaining several Battle Honours, as part of the 3rd Infantry Brigade. They fought at the Battle of Medjez Plain and the Battle of Banana Ridge and in the Battle of Djebel bou Aoukaz. The ''Bou'' was a ridge dominating the [[Majaz al Bab|Medjez el Bab]] to [[Tunis]] road.<ref name=ww2/>

The 'Dukes' also fought in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]. They took part in the [[Battle of Anzio|Anzio Campaign]], in an attempt to outflank the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] and force a German retreat from [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Monte Cassino]]. The 'Dukes' fought with distinction at the Battle of Monte Cece in October 1944 where Captain [[Arthur Burns (police officer)|Arthur Burns]] was awarded a [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] and Private [[Richard Henry Burton]] of the 1st Battalion was awarded a [[Victoria Cross]] for his courageous action in the battle.<ref name=ww2/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=120>
File:Bou Aoukaz - Point 171-(RLH).jpg| View of 'point 171' from the dry Wadi
File:Bou Aoukaz - Position on Point 171-(RLH).jpg|Remnant of Trench at 'Point 171' facing towards 'Point 226'
File:Bou Aoukaz - Point 226 viewed from Point 171-(RLH).jpg| View of 'Point 226', on Bou Aoukaz, from 'Point 171'
File:Men of 1st Battalion advance past a burning fuel store on Pantelleria.jpg|Men of 1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment, advance past a burning fuel store on [[Pantelleria]] during [[Operation Corkscrew]]
File:DWR memorial on Monte Cece(RLH).jpg|Memorial Plaque on summit of Monte Cece (Monte Ceco), near [[Casola Valsenio]]
File:Men of 1st Duke of Wellington's Regiment march into Rome, 8 June 1944.jpg|Men of 1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment marching into Rome, 8 June 1944
</gallery>

===2nd Battalion===
In the [[Far East]], the 2nd Battalion took part in the rearguard action at the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]] in February 1942. They were trained as [[Chindits]], to operate behind Japanese lines, who were at that time attacking [[India]], they were formed into two columns, the 33rd and 76th,{{efn|That the regiment was formed from the 33rd and 76th Regiments of Foot and that the 2nd Battalion formed 33rd and 76th Columns of the [[Chindits]] is not a coincidence.}} to operate behind the Japanese lines during the fierce battles for [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]].<ref name=ww2/>

===58th (Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Tank Regiment===
The regiment served in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]], [[Greek Civil War#From the Lebanon Conference to the outbreak|Greece]] and [[Austria#After World War II|Austria]] during the war.<ref name = Litchfield/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/anti-tank-regiments/58-duke-of-wellingtons-anti-tank-regiment-rata|title=58 (Duke of Wellington's) Anti-Tank Regiment RA(TA)|website=The Royal Artillery 1939-45}}</ref>

===43rd AA (5th Duke of Wellington's) Battalion===
::''See main article [[Huddersfield Rifles]]''
43rd AA Battalion served in [[31st (North Midland) Anti-Aircraft Brigade]], protecting West Yorkshire during the [[The Blitz|Blitz]]. In 1940 the RE AA battalions were transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]], and it became the '''43rd (5th Duke of Wellington's) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery'''.<ref name = Regts5/><ref name = Litchfield/>

In 1944 the regiment was assigned to [[21st Army Group]] preparing for the [[Operation Overlord|Normandy Campaign]]. In the event, the regiment did not take part. However, by the autumn of 1944, the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks on the UK could be discounted. At the same time 21st Army Group was experiencing a severe manpower shortage, particularly among the infantry. The [[War Office]] began to reorganise surplus AA regiments in the UK into infantry units, primarily for duties in the rear areas, thereby releasing trained infantry for frontline service.<ref>Ellis, pp. 141–2.</ref><ref>Routledge, p. 421.</ref> On 1 October 1944, 43rd S/L Rgt was converted into '''43rd (5th Bn Duke of Wellington's) Garrison Regiment, RA'''.<ref name = Regts5/><ref name = Litchfield/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/10-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf |title=10 AA Division 1940 at British Military History. |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194837/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/10-Anti-Aircraft-Division-1940-.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/searchlight-regiments/43-5th-duke-of-wellingtons-searchlight-regiment-rata|title=43 (5th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Searchlight Regiment RA(TA)|website=The Royal Artillery 1939-45}}</ref><ref name=Garrison>{{Cite web|url=https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/garrison-regiments-ra/43-5th-duke-of-wellingtons-regiment-garrison-regiment-ra|title=43 (5th Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Garrison Regiment RA|website=The Royal Artillery 1939-45}}</ref><ref name = FarnM>Farndale, Annex M, p. 339.</ref> A month later, it was reorganised as an infantry battalion and redesignated '''600th Regiment RA (5th Bn Duke of Wellington's)'''. It was the first such RA infantry regiment formed, and was sent to join [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|Second Army]] in NW Europe for line of communication duties.<ref name = Regts5/><ref name = Litchfield/><ref name = Garrison/><ref name=600RA>{{Cite web|url=https://ra39-45.co.uk/units/infantry-regiments-ra/600-infantry-regiment-rata|title=600 Infantry Regiment RA(TA)|website=The Royal Artillery 1939-45}}</ref><ref>Ellis, pp. 369, 380.</ref><ref>Joslen, p. 463.</ref> The unit was placed in 'suspended animation' in February 1945 and its personnel drafted to other units.<ref name = Litchfield/><ref name = 600RA/>

===1/6th and 1/7th battalions===
The 1/6th and 1/7th battalions of the regiment were both assigned to the [[147th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|147th Infantry Brigade]], alongside the 1/5th [[West Yorkshire Regiment]], which itself was part of the [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division]]. The brigade did not see service with the rest of the division in the [[Norwegian Campaign]], but were instead sent to [[Iceland]] after it was [[Invasion of Iceland|invaded in 1940]], and remained there until May 1942 when it was transferred back to the United Kingdom. On 28 February 1943, both 2/6DWR and 2/7DWR battalions had been dissolved and the 1/6DWR and 1/7DWR battalions dropped the /prefix, becoming, simply, (6DWR) and (7DWR) respectively. They both [[Invasion of Normandy|landed in Normandy]] on 12 June 1944 shortly after the [[Normandy landings|D-Day landings of 6 June]]. They fought in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] as part of the [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|British Second Army]] in its attempts to [[Battle for Caen|capture the city of Caen]]. In particular, the 6th Battalion was severely mauled during [[Operation Martlet]] and, due to the heavy casualties sustained, was returned to the United Kingdom and disbanded, most of its men being sent to the 7th Battalion. They were replaced in the brigade by the 1st Battalion, [[Royal Leicestershire Regiment|Leicestershire Regiment]]. The 7th Battalion continued to fight in the Normandy Campaign in the [[Second Battle of the Odon]], and [[clearing the Channel Ports]] in [[Operation Astonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://jameskitchenerheath5051929.blogspot.co.uk/2016/02/the-assault-on-le-havre-10th-12th_16.html|title=The assault on Le Havre|publisher=James Kitchener Heath|access-date=10 March 2016|date=16 February 2016}}</ref>

After the failure of [[Operation Market Garden]], the 7th Battalion was stationed at the [[Nijmegen]] bridgehead, in late November, and around [[Haalderen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://app.box.com/s/w19ipoxugvcxwhjkip42et9sqxz1eha3|title=Haalderen 7DWR 1944-45, by Flaving and Harvey|publisher=DWR Archives}}</ref> Just after midnight of 1 December the battalion was being hit by heavy artillery, mortar and [[MG 42|Spandau]] fire. As the night progressed they came under attack from multiple infantry elements of the [[6th Parachute Division (Germany)|German 6th Parachute Division]] in an attempt to capture the [[Nijmegen]] bridge. Fighting intensified, taking in house to house fighting throughout Haalderen and [[Gendt]] During the nights of 3–4 December, with small arms and grenades, with the Dukes 'A Company' Headquarters in the village school. Fighting was very confused and movement limited due to heavy flooding of the ground from the breached canals and river.<ref>7DWR War Diary 1944, Annexe B — Report on Battle of Haalderen by Major CD Hamilton, 8 December 1944</ref> A German officer, 2nd Lieutenant Heinich, 5 Coy 16 Parachute Regiment, was captured by members of 'B' company, who were laying trip flares. Major [[Denis Hamilton]] (who was in temporary command of the battalion) quickly organised a defence, using his Bren Gun Carriers, to hold back the Germans. Over 100 prisoners, with a further 50 killed or wounded were taken from the 5th, 7th and 10th companies of the German 16 Para Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://app.box.com/s/w19ipoxugvcxwhjkip42et9sqxz1eha3|title=Haalderen 7DWR 1944-45, by Flaving and Harvey|publisher=DWR Archives}}</ref> By 6 December the attack had died out and the 'Dukes' were relieved by the 11th Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers. 7DWR moved into reserve in [[Bemmel]] where they received sporadic shelling from heavy artillery, whilst putting out patrols to guard against a potential waterborne attack on the Nijmegen bridge.<ref>7DWR War Diaries 1944, National Archives, Kew, London</ref> The next notable service seen by the battalion was in the [[Liberation of Arnhem]] in April 1945, shortly before [[Victory in Europe Day]].<ref>Whiting, p. 165</ref>

===2/6th and 2/7th battalions===
Throughout the spring and summer of 1939, the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] was ordered to expand in size and double its strength by creating duplicate units and, as a result, the 6th and 7th battalions created duplicate units, the 2/6th and 2/7th battalions. Both battalions became part of the [[137th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|137th Infantry Brigade]], attached to the [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|46th (West Riding and North Midland) Infantry Division]] and were sent overseas to France in April 1940 to join the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]]. Poorly trained and equipped, both battalions were battered during the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]'s [[blitzkrieg]] during the [[Battle of France]] and were forced to [[Battle of Dunkirk|retreat to Dunkirk]] and be [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated to England]]. The battalions spent the next two years on home defence, preparing for a [[Operation Sea Lion|German invasion]] which never arrived. In July 1942 these battalions were transferred to the [[Royal Armoured Corps]] and converted to armour as [[114th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps|114 RAC]] and [[115th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps|115 RAC]]. They continued to wear their Duke's badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps.<ref name=Forty>Forty, pp. 50–1.</ref>

===8th Battalion===
The regiment's 8th Battalion was raised in July 1940 and in 1941 it was also converted to a tank unit becoming [[145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps|145th Regiment RAC (8DWR)]].<ref name= Forty/> The regiment served in [[21st Army Tank Brigade]], equipped with [[Churchill tank]]s. It joined 1st Army in [[Algeria]], [[North Africa]] and was transferred to [[25th Army Tank Brigade]] in support of [[24th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|24 Guards Brigade (1st Division)]] on the push through [[Casablanca]] and [[Oran]] to [[Tunisia]].<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 290), Brereton / Savory, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref> It was one of the units in support of the Dukes 1st Battalion and the [[Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire)]] at the [[Battle of Banana Ridge]], overlooking the [[Majaz al Bab|Medjez el Bab plain]], as the front part of a five-mile-wide divisional offensive to advance on [[Tunis]]. The battle on the ridge resulted in the 1st Dukes and the QLR's being the only units to be award the battle honour '''Banana Ridge'''.<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 291), Brereton / Savory, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref> A following battle resulted in the award of the battle honour '''Djebel Bou Aoukaz''' on the 1st Dukes, the 1st [[King's Shropshire Light Infantry]] and '''145th Regiment RAC (8DWR)'''.<ref>History of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, (page 294), Brereton / Savory, {{ISBN|0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>

===9th Battalion===
The 9th Battalion was also converted to armour, becoming [[146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps|146th Regiment RAC (DWR)]].<ref name= Forty/>

==Postwar==
When the TA was reformed in 1947, the 4th, 5th and 6th Battalions became the '''382nd (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Anti-Tank Regiment''' (later Medium Regiment), [[Huddersfield Rifles|578th (5th Bn, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment]], and '''673rd (Duke of Wellington's Regiment) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment''' respectively of the Royal Artillery. In 1955 the three regiments merged into the 382nd, each providing one battery. In 1957 some of the 5th Bn battery transferred to the 7th Bn (still in the infantry role) and formed the 5/7th Bn, thereby bringing together both parts of the former 2nd Volunteer Bn. Finally, in 1961, the rest of 382 Rgt converted to infantry and merged with the 5/7th Bn, bringing together all four Territorial battalions of the regiment as the '''West Riding Battalion''', which in 1967 became part of the [[Yorkshire Volunteers]].<ref name = Regts7/><ref name = Regts5/><ref name="Litchfield"/><ref name = Regts4/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055847/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr6.htm|title=6th Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment [UK]|archive-date=27 December 2005|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr3.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103181604/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/yw-dwr3.htm|title=3rd Bn, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment [UK]|archive-date=3 January 2006|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/67york1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230140734/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-england/vinf-no/67york1.htm|title=Yorkshire Volunteers [UK]|archive-date=30 December 2005|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/372-413-regiments.html|title=British Army units from 1945 on|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/564-591-regiments.html |title=British Army units from 1945 on |access-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110025402/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/564-591-regiments.html |archive-date=10 January 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/territorial-army-royal-artillery/638-677-regiments.html|title=British Army units from 1945 on|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

==Korean War (1952–1956)==
The 1st Battalion was deployed to [[Korea]] in 1952, two years after the [[Korean War]] had broken out. They were part of the [[1st Commonwealth Division]].<ref>Boose, p. 445</ref>

===Battle of The Hook===
{{main|Third Battle of the Hook}}
[[File:Battle of the Hook 28-29 May 1953.gif|thumb|right|Successive Chinese assaults on the Hook position on the night of 28–29 May 1953. Redrawn from poor quality sketch maps filed with 1DWR Regimental War Diaries, archived as WO/308/53 at the Public Record Office, London]]
[[File:Men of the 1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment, have a smoke while waiting for dusk to fall before joining a patrol into no-man's land at The Hook.jpg|thumb|Men of the 1st Battalion, The Duke of Wellington's Regiment in Korea]]
In 1953, the 1st Battalion relieved the [[Black Watch]], who had been [[Second Battle of the Hook|defending a position]] known as The Hook, a crescent shaped ridge, which was of tactical importance in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] sector. The third Battle of the Hook began on 28 May. An initial bombardment of the British positions took place, with the Chinese forces charging the forward British positions once the bombardment ceased. The fighting that ensued was bloody and more akin to the battles that the 'Dukes' had fought in the First World War. Shells were now raining down on the Hook from artillery and mortars, from both the Chinese and [[United Nations|UN]] forces. The Chinese launched a second attack but were cut down by heavy fire from the UN forces. Further attacks occurred on 28 May, but all were defeated in heavy fighting. Just 30 minutes into 29 May, the Chinese forces launched another attack but, as before, they were beaten back. Alma Company of 'The 'Dukes' then began advancing up the line of the original trenches to dislodge the remaining Chinese forces in the forward trenches. The 'Dukes' secured the Hook at 3:30 a.m. The 'Dukes' losses were three officers and 17 other ranks killed and two officers and 84 other ranks wounded, plus 20 other ranks missing.<ref name="Korean War Battle of The Hook">The Korean War, Page 336. {{cite book |author1=Brereton, JM |author2=Savory, ACS | title=The History of the Duke of Wellingtons (West Riding) 1702–1992| publisher=Halifax : The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|year=1993 |isbn=0-9521552-0-6}}</ref>

The 'Dukes' embarked for [[Gibraltar]] on 13 November 1953, arriving on 10 December. In May 1954, during a visit to Gibraltar by Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] and the [[Duke of Edinburgh]], the Commanding Officer of the 'Dukes' (Lieutenant Colonel FR St P Bunbury) and a further 10 officers and other ranks received decorations for their actions in Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=139&pa=207|title=1952 - 1953 Korean War|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032743/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=139&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Post-Korean War (1956–2006)==

===Garrison duties===
After the bloody encounters in the Korean War, the 'Dukes' were occupied by a series of garrison duties. The 'Dukes' were first deployed to [[Gibraltar]], then to [[Cyprus]] in 1956, where they participated in anti-terrorist operations against [[EOKA]]. The following year, the 'Dukes' deployed to [[Northern Ireland]]. They moved back to the mainland in 1959, joining the new UK Strategic Reserve, as part of [[19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom)|19 Infantry Brigade]].<ref name=cold>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=137&pa=207|title=1953 - 1994 The Cold War|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032833/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=137&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 August 1959 the Regimental Depot, at Wellesley Barracks, was closed down. training of new recruits was undertaken at the Kings Division depot at [[Queen Elizabeth Barracks, Strensall|Strensall Barracks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-460000-459000/page/1|title=General Review - Strensall|publisher=BBC|access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

The 'Dukes' returned to the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1970. Then deployed to Northern Ireland a number of times during The Troubles. In one deployment in 1972 three soldiers were killed.<ref name=cold/>

In 1983 they provided the [[British Forces Gibraltar|garrison regiment in Gibraltar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/infantry/duke-of-wellington-s-regiment.html|title=Duke of Wellington's Regiment|publisher=British Army units 1945 on|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621042400/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/infantry/duke-of-wellington-s-regiment.html|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

In 1985, the 'Dukes' deployed to [[Belize]] for a six-month tour of duty, taking part in operation 'Holdfast'.<ref name=cold/> In 1987 the 'Dukes' deployed again to Northern Ireland for a two-year tour, based in Palace Barracks, just outside the City of Belfast.<ref name=cold/>

===Bosnia (1994–1995)===
In March 1994, the 'Dukes' deployed to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], with an area of responsibility covering [[Bugojno]], [[Vitez]], [[Travnik]] and the besieged [[Enclave and exclave|enclave]] of [[Goražde]]. The latter was under siege for much of the war. It was declared a [[UN Safe Zone]] in that year. The 'Dukes' were one of the first units to enter the town. The regiment pushed the [[Bosnian-Serb Army]] from their positions around the town to a distance of over one mile. Their objective in doing this was to create a safe zone for the town. While at Goražde, Private Shaun Taylor of C Company was killed during an engagement with Bosnian-Serb forces while manning an observation post. The engagement lasted fifteen minutes, with over 2,000 rounds of ammunition being expended by the 'Dukes'. Seven of the Bosnian-Serb soldiers were killed in the fire-fight. Goražde remained a safe zone, being held by British troops from 1994 to 1995. It was the only safe zone to survive the war and avoided the tragedies that occurred in other UN safe zones such as [[Srebrenica]] and [[Žepa]].<ref name=world>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=92&pa=207|title=1994 - 2006 Soldiering around the World|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032926/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=92&pa=207|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:P8191754 CSgt Wayne Mills.JPG|thumb|right|'C/Sgt Wayne Mills]]
Corporal [[Wayne Mills (British Army soldier)|Wayne Mills]] of the 1st Battalion became the first recipient of the [[Conspicuous Gallantry Cross]], second only to the [[Victoria Cross]]. On (29 April 1994), a patrol led by Corporal Mills came under heavy small-arms fire from a group of Bosnian Serbs. The patrol returned fire, killing two of the attackers. The patrol then withdrew, but the attackers persisted in firing on the patrol. The patrol soon reached an open clearing, where it was obvious they would be highly vulnerable to fire from the attackers. Corporal Mills then performed an astonishing feat of bravery. He turned back and engaged the group in a fire-fight, delaying the attackers long enough to allow the rest of his patrol to cross the clearing. While doing this brave act, Corporal Mills shot the leader of the group, with the rest scattering into the woods. Due to that action he returned to his patrol safely, who were giving covering fire.<ref name=world/>

Lieutenant-Colonel [[David Santa-Olalla]] received the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for his inspirational leadership and courage during the 'Dukes' deployment to Bosnia. He arranged for the mutual withdrawal of both Serbian and Muslim forces, from the besieged town of Goražde, just as the [[Geneva]] talks were being held on the town.<ref name=world/>

===1995–2005===
In March 1995, the 'Dukes' were again posted to Northern Ireland for a two-year tour of duty.<ref name=world/> In March 1997, a composite company from the 1st Battalion was deployed to the [[Falkland Islands]]. In 1998, C Company deployed for a tour of duty in [[County Armagh|South Armagh]]. During the period 1998–2000, the 1st Battalion served as a [[public duties]] unit in London.<ref name=world/>

In February 2001, a company from the 'Dukes' deployed to [[Kosovo]], with the objective of preventing arms and munitions being transported from [[Albania]] into Kosovo, then onto the Former Yugolav Republic Of Macedonia, now known as the [[Republic of Macedonia]].<ref name=world/>

In 2003, the 'Dukes' were part of [[Operation Telic]], the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]], as part of [[1 (United Kingdom) Armoured Division]]. The 'Dukes' returned, as part of [[4th Mechanized Brigade (United Kingdom)|4 (Armoured) Brigade]], to the South-East of Iraq, in October 2004, to join the British-led [[Multi-National Division (South-East) (Iraq)|Multi-National Division (South-East)]], as a fully equipped armoured infantry battalion with Warrior Armoured Personnel Carriers.<ref name=world/>

[[File:Timothy Taylors Havercake Ale Beer Bottle (RLH).gif|thumb|left|Havercake Ale]]
[[File:DWR Colours, Erquinghem Lys, France (RLH) 2005-11-12.JPG|thumb|DWR Drums platoon lead the Regiment to Erquinghem Lys Town Hall to receive the Keys to The town.]]

During 2003, in [[Osnabrück]], Germany, where the 'Dukes' were then based, the regiment celebrated its 300th year in existence. Over 2000 past and present members converged on the town to take part in the celebrations. The 'Dukes' were presented with new [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]] by HM Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], represented by The Colonel of The Regiment [[Evelyn John Webb-Carter|Major-General Sir Evelyn John Webb-Carter KCB]], due to the ill health of the Queen's representative, the regiment's [[Colonel-in-Chief]] the Duke of Wellington.<ref name=world/>

The regiment had a [[beer]] called Havercake Ale named in their honour by the [[Timothy Taylor Brewery]], [[Keighley]], to mark the regiment's tercentenary. Timothy Taylor, the founder of the brewery, had served in an antecedent unit of the regiment during 1859. Since then other members of the family and employees had also enlisted as a 'Duke'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timothytaylor.co.uk/havercake-ale|title=Havercake Ale|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521035516/http://timothytaylor.co.uk/havercake-ale|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 12 November 2005, the regiment was awarded the "Keys to the Town" of [[Erquinghem-Lys]] in [[France]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Michel LANNOO |url=http://www.erquinghem-lys.com/france/assoc/hlocale/wellington.php?lg=gb |title=Erquinghem leys Freedom Award |publisher=Erquinghem-lys.com |date=2011-09-28 |access-date=2013-06-10 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928201005/http://www.erquinghem-lys.com/france/assoc/hlocale/wellington.php?lg=gb |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Amalgamation===
In December 2004, as part of the [[Delivering Security in a Changing World|re-organisation]] of the [[infantry]], it was announced that the Duke of Wellington's Regiment would be amalgamated with the [[Prince of Wales's Own Regiment of Yorkshire]] and the [[The Green Howards|Green Howards]]', all [[Yorkshire]]-based regiments in the [[King's Division]], to form the [[Yorkshire Regiment]]. The re-badging parade took place on 6 June 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/23987.aspx|title=The Yorkshire Regiment|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref>

The 'Dukes' had five companies, named to commemorate five significant campaigns and battles, in which the Dukes took part and were awarded a [[Battle honour]], which have been retained by the battalion in the Yorkshire Regiment:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/10140.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203134413/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/10140.aspx|url-status=dead|title=3rd Battalion The Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington's)|archivedate=3 February 2009}}</ref>
:A Company — Alma — commemorating the [[Battle of Alma]], during the Crimean War 1853–1856
:B Company — Burma — commemorating the [[Burma Campaign]], during the Second World War 1941–1944
:C Company — Corunna — commemorating the [[Battle of Corunna]], during the Peninsular War of 1809–1813
:Support Company — Somme — commemorating the [[Battle of the Somme]], during the First World War 1914–1918
:Headquarter Company — Hook — commemorating the [[Battle of the Hook]], during the Korean war 1952–1953

When required an additional rifle company was formed:- D Company — Dettingen — commemorating the [[Battle of Dettingen]], during the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] in 1743 and an additional administration company:- W Company — Waterloo — commemorating the [[Battle of Waterloo]], during the [[Waterloo Campaign|Waterloo campaign]] in 1815. Both companies having previously existed during the Dukes existence.

=== 9th Battalion Veterans Annual reunion ===
For 65 years, [[Tom Moore (fundraiser)|Captain Sir Tom Moore]] organised the annual reunion for the 9th Battalion veterans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/2020/04/19/captain-tom-moore-retd/|title=Captain Sir Tom Moore (Ret'd)|date=19 April 2020|website=The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) – Regimental Association}}</ref>

==Regimental colours==
[[File:P6060065 (RLH-DWR-3YR).JPG|thumb|right|200px|'''Dukes''' final morning parade before rebadging (6 June 2006)]]

The Duke of Wellington's Regiment had four [[Colours, standards and guidons|colours]] on parade. The first pair of colours were the standard set of Regulation Colours, which all Regiments are presented with. The second pair was a set of Honorary Colours, which were originally presented to the 76th Regiment of Foot in 1808 for their actions during the [[Battle of Ally Ghur]] and [[Delhi]] in 1803.<ref name=colours>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=56|title=Regimental Colours|publisher=Duke of Wellington’s Regiment|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401003532/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=56|archive-date=1 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:DWR Regimental Colours RLH.jpg|thumb|right|200px|click on image to enlarge]]

The Honorary Colours were approximately 6-foot 6 inch by 6-foot. Following rebadging, on 6 June 2006, the 3rd Battalion the Yorkshire Regiment (Duke of Wellington's) inherited responsibility for parading the Honorary Colours. On 31 March 2007 the Regulation colours were taken out of service and laid up in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] Parish church. There was a short ceremony in the church grounds where the troops were inspected by the [[Mayor]] of Halifax, Councillor Colin Stout, and the [[Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire]] Dr Ingrid Roscoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/calderdale/proud-dukes-lay-down-their-colours-1-1980610|title=Proud Dukes lay down their colours|publisher=Halifax Courier|date=2 April 2007|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311070954/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/calderdale/proud-dukes-lay-down-their-colours-1-1980610|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:2007-03-31 Colours 1DWR Halifax(RLH).JPG|thumb|right|200px|Regimental Colours of the 1st Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding), in Halifax Parish Church]]

==Regimental memorial==
On 17 May 2019 a bronze memorial to the regiment, made by Devon sculptor, Andrew Sinclair,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andrew-sinclair.com/memorial-duke-wellingtons-regiment-devon-sculptor-andrew-sinclair-mrss-unveiled-duke-wellington-obe-dl-17th-may-2019-regiments-home-h/|title=A memorial to the Duke of Wellington's Regiment|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> and his partner Diane, was unveiled, by the [[Charles Wellesley, 9th Duke of Wellington|9th Duke of Wellington]] in the Woolshops area of Halifax.<ref name="dwr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/the_regiment/the-regimental-memorial/|title=The Regimental Memorial|date=1 July 2019|website=The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) – Regimental Association}}</ref>

==Regimental museum==
The Duke of Wellington's Regiment Museum is based at [[Bankfield Museum|Bankfield House]], in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/BankfieldMuseum.htm|title=AboutBritain.com|work=Bankfield Museum|access-date=11 July 2009}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:<ref name=regimentsDoW/>
*[[War of the Austrian Succession]]
*:[[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]]
*[[India]]
*:[[Hindustan|Hindoostan]], [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Mysore]], [[Battle of Seringapatam|Seringapatam]], [[Battle of Aligarh|Ally Ghur]], [[Battle of Delhi, 1803|Delhi 1803]], [[Battle of Leswaree|Leswaree]], [[Battle of Deig|Deig]]
*[[Spain]]:
*:[[Battle of Corunna|Corunna]]
*[[France]]:
*:[[Battle of the Nive|Nive]], [[Peninsular War|Peninsular]]
*[[Belgium]]
*:[[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]
*[[Crimean War]]:
*:[[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|Sevastopol]],
*[[Ethiopia|Abyssinia]]:
*:[[British Expedition to Abyssinia|Abyssinia]]
*[[South Africa]]:
*:[[Siege of Kimberley|Relief of Kimberley]], [[Battle of Paardeberg|Paardeberg]], [[Second Boer War|South Africa 1900–02]]
*[[World War I|First World War]]:
*:[[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]], [[Great Retreat|Retreat from Mons]], [[First Battle of the Marne|Marne 1914]] and [[Second Battle of the Marne|1918]], [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne 1914]], [[Battle of La Bassée|La Bassée 1914]], [[First Battle of Ypres|Ypres 1914]], [[Second Battle of Ypres|1915]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|1917]], [[Battle of Nonne Bosschen|Nonne Bosschen]], [[Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)|Hill 60]], [[Second Battle of Ypres#Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge (22–23 April 1915)|Gravenstafel]], [[Second Battle of Ypres#Battle of St. Julien (23 April – 5 May)|St. Julien]], [[Second Battle of Artois|Aubers]], [[Battle of the Somme|Somme 1916]] and [[Second Battle of the Somme (1918)|1918]], [[Battle of Albert (1916)|Albert 1916]] and [[Battle of Albert (1918)|1918]], [[Battle of Bazentin Ridge|Bazentin]], [[Delville Wood]], [[Battle of Pozières|Pozières]], [[Battle of Flers-Courcelette|Flers-Courcelette]], [[Battle of Morval|Morval]], [[Battle of Thiepval Ridge|Thiepval]], [[Battle of Le Transloy|Le Transloy]], [[Battle of the Ancre Heights|Ancre Heights]], [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Arras 1917]] and [[Second Battle of the Somme (1918)|1918]], [[Scarpe 1917]] and [[Second Battle of the Scarpe|1918]], [[Battle of Arleux|Arleux]], [[Bullecourt]], [[Battle of Messines (1917)|Messines 1917]] and 1918, [[Battle of Passchendaele#Battle of Langemarck: 16–18 August|Langemarck 1917]], [[Menin Road]], [[Battle of Polygon Wood|Polygon Wood]], [[Battle of Passchendaele#Battle of Broodseinde|Broodseinde]], [[Battle of Passchendaele#Battle of Poelcappelle|Poelcappelle]], [[Second Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]], [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Cambrai 1917]] and [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|1918]], [[Operation Michael|St Quentin]], [[Battle of the Ancre|Ancre 1918]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Lys]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Estaires]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Hazebrouck]], [[Battle of Bailleul|Bailleul]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Kemmel]], [[Battle of Béthune (1918)|Bethune]], [[Battle of Scherpenberg|Scherpenberg]], [[Battle of Tardenois|Tardenois]], [[Battle of Amiens (1918)|Amiens]], [[Second Battle of the Somme (1918)|Bapaume 1918]], [[Drocourt-Quéant]], [[Battle of St. Quentin Canal|Hindenburg Line]], [[Battle of Havrincourt|Havrincourt]], [[Battle of Épehy|Épehy]], [[Battle of the Canal du Nord|Canal du Nord]], [[Battle of Selle|Selle]], [[Battle of Valenciennes (1918)|Valenciennes]], [[Battle of the Sambre (1918)|Sambre]], [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1914–18]], [[Battle of the Piave River|Piave]], [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto|Vittorio Veneto]], [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italy 1917–18]], [[Suvla]], [[Landing at Suvla Bay|Landing at Suvla]], [[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]], [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli 1915]], [[Egypt 1916–17]]
*[[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
*:[[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Afghanistan 1919]]
*[[World War II|Second World War]]:
*:[[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk 1940]], [[Saint-Valery-en-Caux|St. Valery-en-Caux]], [[Battle of Tilly sur Seulles|Tilly sur Seulles]], [[Second Battle of the Odon|Odon]], [[Operation Martlet|Fontenay Le Pesnil]], [[Battle of France|North-West Europe 1940]] [[North-West Europe Campaign of 1944–1945|and 1944–45]], [[Battle of Banana Ridge|Banana Ridge]], [[Battle of Medjez Plain|Medjez Plain]], [[Battle of Gueriat el Atach Ridge|Gueriat el Atach Ridge]], [[Tunis]], [[Djebel Bou Aoukaz|Djebel Bou Aoukaz 1943]], [[North African Campaign|North Africa 1943]], [[Operation Shingle|Anzio]], [[Battle of Campoleone|Campoleone]], [[Liberation of Rome |Rome]], [[Battle of Monte Ceco|Monte Ceco]], [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1943–45]], [[Battle of Sittang|Sittang 1942]], [[Battle of Paungde|Paungde]], [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]], [[Chindits|Chindits 1944]], [[Burma Campaign]] ([[Burma Campaign 1942-1943|1942]]–[[Burma Campaign 1944|44]])
*[[Korea]]:
*:[[Third Battle of the Hook|The Hook 1953]], [[Korean War|Korea 1952–53]]
*[[Iraq]]:
*:[[Iraq War|Iraq 2003]] (Theatre Honour)

==Uniforms==
On formation in 1702 as the Earl of Huntingdon's Regiment a red coat lined with yellow was worn, together with yellow breeches. Later in the 18th Century the coats had red [[facings]] but white linings which showed in the turn-backed skirts. For the remainder of its history the regiment was unusual in that the collars, cuffs and shoulder straps of its red coats were also red (most British regiments had facings of contrasting colours). This continued to be the case with the scarlet tunic worn by all ranks in full dress until 1914 and by bandsmen until amalgamation (see illustrations above). Officers were distinguished by silver buttons and braid until 1830 and thereafter by gold. After 1893 the badge of the Duke of Wellington was worn.<ref>W.Y.Carman, page 61 "Uniforms of the British Army — the Infantry Regiments", {{ISBN|0-86350-031-5}},</ref>

==Alliances==
[[File:Affiliation Plaque, LVQ-DWR.jpg|thumb|right|DWR & les Voltigeurs de Québec Regimental affiliation plague]]
*[[les Voltigeurs de Québec]], [[Canada]]
*10th Battalion, The [[Baloch Regiment]], [[Pakistan]]
*[[HMS Iron Duke (F234)|HMS ''Iron Duke'']], [[Royal Navy]]

==Victoria Cross recipients==
Victoria Cross recipients have been:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=55|title=Victoria Cross recipients|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203080152/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=55|archive-date=3 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

*[[Drummer]] [[Michael Magner]]
*[[Private (rank)|Private]] [[James Bergin]]
*[[Sergeant]] [[James Firth]]
*[[Second Lieutenant]] [[James Palmer Huffam]]
*Second Lieutenant [[Henry Kelly (VC)|Henry Kelly]]
*Private [[Arnold Loosemore]]
*Private [[Arthur Poulter]]
*Private [[Richard Henry Burton]]
*Private [[Henry Tandey]] was awarded his VC for actions during his service with the 'Dukes' and donated his medals to the Regimental Museum in Halifax, West Yorkshire. On special occasions and parades he would sign them out to wear. The last time he signed them out he died. Unknowingly, the medals were sold and a private collector subsequently presented the medals to the Regimental Museum of [[The Green Howards]], a regiment in which he had earlier served.
*Acting-Sergeant [[Hanson Victor Turner]] – originally a member of the regiment, he was serving with [[The West Yorkshire Regiment (The Prince of Wales's Own)]] when he was awarded his VC. When his medal was put up for sale it was purchased by the Halifax Town Council, as he was a Halifax resident. It is displayed in the Regimental Museum, in Halifax.

==Colonels of the Regiment==
Colonels of the regiment have been:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=308 |title=Colonels of the Regiment |publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association |access-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=308 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
*1702–1703 Col [[George Hastings, 8th Earl of Huntingdon|George Hastings]].
*1703–1705 Col Henry Leigh.
*1705–1705 Col [[Robert Duncanson (1705)|Robert Duncanson]] (12 February to 8 May 1705).
*1705–1717 F.M. [[George Wade]].
*1717–1730 Lt-Gen [[Henry Hawley]].
*1730–1739 Lt-Gen Robert Dalzell.
*1739–1753 Lt-Gen John Johnson.

===33rd Regiment of Foot (1751)===

*1753–1760 Maj-Gen [[Lord Charles Hay]].
*1760–1766 F.M. [[John Griffin, 4th Baron Howard de Walden]].
*1766–1805 Gen [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]] KG.

===33rd (1st Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot (1782)===

*1806–1812 F.M. [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] KG GCB GCH.
*1813–1830 Gen [[John Coape Sherbrooke]] GCB.
*1830–1831 Gen [[Lord Charles Somerset]] PC.
*1831–1845 Gen [[Sir Charles Wale]] KCB.
*1845–1847 Lieutenant General Sir [[Henry Sheehy Keating]] KCB.
*1847–1855 General Henry D’Oyly.

===33rd (The Duke of Wellington's) Regiment of Foot (1853)===

*1855–1863 [[Charles Yorke (British Army officer)|Field Marshal Sir Charles Yorke]] GCB.
*1863–1881 [[William Nelson Hutchinson|General William Nelson Hutchinson]].''(continued below)''

===The Duke of Wellington's (West Riding Regiment) (1881)===

''* incorporating the [[76th Regiment of Foot]]''
*1881–1895 [[William Nelson Hutchinson|General William Nelson Hutchinson]] ''(1st Battalion)''
*1881–1886 General Frederick Darley George CB. ''(2nd Battalion)''
*1895–1897 Maj-Gen [[George Elphinstone Erskine]]
*1897–1909 Gen [[Hugh Rowlands]] VC KCB
*1909–1934 Lt-Gen [[Herbert Belfield|Sir Herbert Eversley Belfield]] KCB KCMG KBE DSO

===The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) (1921)===

*1934–1938 Brig-Gen Percy Alexander Turner CMG
*1938–1947 Colonel Charles James Pickering CMG DSO
*1947–1957 Gen [[Philip Christison|Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison]], Bt, GBE CB DSO MC
*1957–1965 Maj-Gen Kenneth Godfrey Exham KG CB DSO
*1965–1975 Gen [[Robert Bray (British Army officer)|Sir Robert Napier Hubert Campbell Bray]] GBE KCB DSO
*1975–1982 Maj-Gen Donald Edward Isles CB OBE
*1982–1990 Gen [[Charles Huxtable (British Army officer)|Sir Charles Richard Huxtable]] KCB CBE
*1990–1999 Brig [[William Richard Mundell]] OBE
*1999–2006 Maj-Gen Sir [[Evelyn John Webb-Carter]] KCVO OBE

==Sport==
The 'Dukes' had a long and proud [[Rugby football|Rugby]] tradition. They produced in their history 11 international players, 7 English, 1 Irish and 3 Scottish, with over 50 players capped for the army against the Navy & Air Force since 1914.<ref name=rugby>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=131|title=The Dukes and Rugby|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=20 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021083324/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=131|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For [[Rugby union]] they list:- Capt (Bull) Faithfull, England (3 Caps) 1924. Lieutenant [[Horsey Browne|WF (Horsey) Brown]], Army & Ireland (12 Caps), 1925–1928. Captain [[Mike Campbell-Lamerton]], Army, London Scottish, Scotland (23 Caps), [[British and Irish Lions|British Lions]] in South Africa in 1962, Captain of the British Lions in Australia & New Zealand in 1966. Lieutenant CF Grieve and FJ Reynolds Toured South Africa in 1938 with the British Lions. In the early 1950s DW Shuttleworth and EMP Hardy provided the Half back pairing for England. Corporals Waqabaca and Ponjiasi played for [[Fiji]]. Brigadier DW Shuttleworth became the President of the English Rugby Football Union during the 1985/86 season. In 1957–1959, whilst stationed in Northern Ireland, the 'Dukes' played rugby throughout Ulster. At the end of the tour the Ulster Team honoured the regiment by playing them at [[Ravenhill Stadium|Ravenhill]], with the 'Dukes' winning 19 – 8. In 1960 during an emergency posting to Kenya the Kenyan Champions [[Nakuru]] heard the Dukes were there and challenged them to a match. The [[Kenya Regiment]] loaned them their team strip to wear. The 'Dukes' won the match.<ref name=rugby/>

The regiment's [[rugby league]] internationals include: [[Brian Curry]], England, 1956; [[Norman Field]], GB, 1963; [[Roy Sabine]], GB; [[Jack Scroby]], Army 1959, GB [[Halifax RLFC|Halifax]] & [[Bradford Bulls|Bradford Northern]]; [[Charles Renilson|Charlie Renilson]], Scotland, GB, 1965 and [[Arthur Keegan|Arthur 'Ollie' Keegan]], GB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=131|title=The Dukes and Rugby|publisher=Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding) Regimental Association|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021083324/http://www.dwr.org.uk/dwr.php?id=131|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Several members of the regiment played cricket for the [[Free Foresters Cricket Club]] and Pte Brian Stead played for the [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]].<ref>The Dukes 1701–2006 (Concise History and Digest of The DoW Regiment), page 119, paragraph 2, by Butterworth, Flaving and Harvey, published by the Regimental Museum and Archives</ref>

==See also==
*[[76th Regiment of Foot]]
*[[:Category:Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers]]
*[[East and West Riding Regiment]]
*[[Yorkshire Regiment]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Becke, Maj A.F.,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
* Becke, Maj A.F., ''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions,'' London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
* Beckett, Ian F.W., ''Riflemen Form: A study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908'', Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982, {{ISBN|0 85936 271 X}}.
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHE7BAAAQBAJ&q=29th+Infantry+Brigade+1st+Commonwealth+Division+July+1951&pg=PA445|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to the Korean War|first=Donald |last=Boose|year=2014 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1409439288}}
* Ellis, Major L.F., ''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: Victory in the West'', Vol II: ''The Defeat of Germany'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1968/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, {{ISBN|1-845740-59-9}}.
* Farndale, General Sir Martin, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, {{ISBN|1-85753-080-2}}.
* Forty, George, ''British Army Handbook 1939–1945'', Stroud: Sutton, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7509-1403-3}}.
*{{cite book |author=Holmes, Professor Richard|title=Wellington: The Iron Duke|year=2002|publisher=London: Harper Collins Publishers|isbn=978-0-00-713750-3|author-link=Richard Holmes (military historian)}}
* Leslie, N.B., ''Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies 1695–1914'', London: Leo Cooper, 1970, {{ISBN|0-85052-004-5}}.
* Litchfield, Norman E.H., ''The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-9508205-2-0}}.
* Routledge, Brigadier N.W., ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55'', London: Royal Artillery Institution/Brassey's, 1994, {{ISBN|1-85753-099-3}}
* Westlake, Ray ''Tracing the Rifle Volunteers'', Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84884-211-3}}.
* {{Cite book| last = Whiting | first = Charles |author-link=Charles Whiting| title= Bounce the Rhine: The Greatest Airborne Operation in History| publisher = Leo Cooper/Secker & Warburg Ltd| year = 1985 | isbn =0-436-57400-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.dwr.org.uk Regimental Association website (dwr.org.uk)]
*[http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/23987.aspx Yorkshire Regiment MOD website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090724191244/http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/leisure/museums-galleries/duke-wellington/index.html Regimental museum]
*[http://www.33rdfoot.org Reenactment unit portraying the 33rd in the American Revolution]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090822193031/http://penhey.name/omiwxb262Div1(p).htm DWR's service with 62 Division in the Great War]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724003431/http://yorkshirevolunteers.org.uk/history.htm Yorkshire Volunteers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150829181242/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/ British Army units from 1945 on]
* [http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk British Military History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth (Regiments.org)]
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk The Long, Long Trail]
* [https://ra39-45.co.uk The Royal Artillery 1939–45]
{{Yorkshire Regiment}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{British Infantry Regiments World War I}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duke Of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)}}
[[Category:The Duke of Wellington's Regiment|The Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding)]]
[[Category:Regiments of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in the West Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1702]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Korean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:1702 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]
[[Category:Regiments of the Korean War|Britain]]

Minor Michigan infantry units of the American Civil War

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GenEli1L1:

'''Minor Michigan Infantry Units of the American Civil War'''

[[Image:Flag of Michigan.svg|right|200px|Michigan state flag]]

The [[Michigan|State of Michigan]] raised a pair of [[Company (military unit)|company]]-sized infantry units for the [[American Civil War]].

==Stanton Guard, Michigan Volunteer Infantry==

The '''Stanton Guard''' was organized at [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] in April 1862 by [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Grover S. Wormer and mustered in on May 10, to serve as guards over [[General officers in the Confederate States Army|General]] [[William G. Harding]], [[Washington Barrow]] and Judge Joseph C. Guild, three [[Copperhead (politics)|Confederate sympathizers]] from [[Nashville, TN]] sent as prisoners to the fort on [[Mackinac Island]]. Upon the removal of the prisoners, it was mustered out of service on September 25, 1862.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SlUWAAAAYAAJ&dq=general+william+harding+nashville&pg=PA220 Wisconsin Magazine of History. Tennessee Prisoners at Fort Mackinac, p.220]</ref><ref>Robertson, p.744</ref><ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf3.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</ref> Captain Wormer afterward served as [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[8th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment|8th Michigan Cavalry]] and [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the [[30th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment|30th Michigan Infantry]].<ref>Robertson, pg 486,688</ref>

==Independent Company, Michigan Volunteer Infantry (Provost Guard)==
The '''Independent Company''' was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and mustered in on January 3, 1863. The unit served as Provost Guard at the Detroit Barracks until it was mustered out of service on May 9, 1865.<ref>Robertson, p.745</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |title=Michigan in the War |last=Robertson |first=John |author2=Adjutant General |year=1882 |publisher=W.S. George & Co, State Printers |location=Lansing, MI |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924050893571}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|.]]
[[Category:Michigan in the American Civil War]]

Minor Michigan infantry units of the American Civil War

2024-08-28T20:57:19Z

GenEli1L1:

'''Minor Michigan Infantry Units of the American Civil War'''

[[Image:Flag of Michigan.svg|right|200px|Michigan state flag]]

The State of Michigan raised a pair of company-sized infantry units for the [[American Civil War]].

==Stanton Guard, Michigan Volunteer Infantry==

The '''Stanton Guard''' was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] in April 1862 by [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Grover S. Wormer and mustered in on May 10, to serve as guards over [[General officers in the Confederate States Army|General]] [[William G. Harding]], [[Washington Barrow]] and Judge Joseph C. Guild, three [[Copperhead (politics)|Confederate sympathizers]] from [[Nashville, TN]] sent as prisoners to the fort on [[Mackinac Island]]. Upon the removal of the prisoners, it was mustered out of service on September 25, 1862.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SlUWAAAAYAAJ&dq=general+william+harding+nashville&pg=PA220 Wisconsin Magazine of History. Tennessee Prisoners at Fort Mackinac, p.220]</ref><ref>Robertson, p.744</ref><ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf3.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</ref> Captain Wormer afterward served as [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[8th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment|8th Michigan Cavalry]] and [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the [[30th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment|30th Michigan Infantry]].<ref>Robertson, pg 486,688</ref>

==Independent Company, Michigan Volunteer Infantry (Provost Guard)==
The '''Independent Company''' was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and mustered in on January 3, 1863. The unit served as Provost Guard at the Detroit Barracks until it was mustered out of service on May 9, 1865.<ref>Robertson, p.745</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |title=Michigan in the War |last=Robertson |first=John |author2=Adjutant General |year=1882 |publisher=W.S. George & Co, State Printers |location=Lansing, MI |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924050893571}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|.]]
[[Category:Michigan in the American Civil War]]

21st Michigan Infantry Regiment

2024-08-28T20:52:24Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 21st Michigan Infantry Regiment
|image=Flag of Michigan.svg
|caption=Michigan state flag
|dates= September 9, 1862, to June 8, 1865
|country= {{flag|United States}}
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Infantry]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Stones River]] [[Battle of Chickamauga]] [[Chattanooga Campaign|Battle of Chattanooga]] [[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]] [[Siege of Savannah]] [[Battle of Bentonville]] [[Battle of Averasborough]]
}}

The '''21st Michigan Infantry Regiment''' was an [[infantry]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==Service==
The 21st Michigan Infantry was mustered into Federal service at [[Ionia, Michigan]], and [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], on September 9, 1862. The regiment recruited its members starting on July 15, 1862, from the 4th Congressional District which included the [[Michigan counties]] of [[Barry County, Michigan|Barry]], [[Ionia County, Michigan|Ionia]], [[Montcalm County, Michigan|Montcalm]], [[Kent County, Michigan|Kent]], [[Ottawa County, Michigan|Ottawa]], [[Muskegon County, Michigan|Muskegon]], [[Oceana County, Michigan|Oceana]], [[Newaygo County, Michigan|Newaygo]], [[Mecosta County, Michigan|Mecosta]], [[Mason County, Michigan|Mason]], [[Manistee County, Michigan|Manistee]], [[Grand Traverse County, Michigan|Grand Traverse]], [[Leelanau County, Michigan|Leelanau]], [[Manitou County, Michigan|Manitou]], [[Osceola County, Michigan|Osceola]], [[Emmet County, Michigan|Emmet]], [[Mackinac County, Michigan|Mackinac]], [[Delta County, Michigan|Delta]], and [[Cheboygan County, Michigan|Cheboygan]]. The 21st Michigan Infantry rendezvous was at Ionia.
[[Image:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14576356727).jpg|thumb|300px|The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of [[William Tecumseh Sherman]]'s veterans.]]

Among the ranks were future prominent Michigan politicians [[John Avery (politician)|John Avery]] and [[Charles E. Belknap]].

The regiment left its quarters at Ionia, Michigan, on 12 September in command of [[Colonel]] Stevens, 1,008 strong, under orders to report at [[Cincinnati]]. It was immediately pushed forward into [[Kentucky]] via [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], and became early engaged in the realities of war.

A beautiful silk flag was provided by the ladies of Ionia and delivered to the 21st Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment on 6 September 1862, at that city. The center of the flag was decorated with the [[United States|American]] eagle, holding its quiver of arrows, olive branch, etc. Over this a small National flag, and beneath it the words "Union," "Constitution." An excellent speech was made by L. B. Soule, Esq., on behalf of the ladies, to which Colonel A. A. Stevens, commanding the regiment, appropriately replied. Afterwards speeches were made by Z. Chandler, T. W. Ferry, and F. W. Kellogg. At the same time there was presented a flag by the children of the Grand Haven Sunday-schools to Company G of the regiment.
The flag given to the regiment was carried through all of its engagements, brought back to the State, and at a celebration on July 4, 1865, was formally returned, on behalf of the regiment, to the ladies by the Hon. [[John Avery (politician)|John Avery]], of Greenville, the highest-ranking officer of the regiment present, and was received on behalf of the ladies by the Hon. John B. Hutchins, of Ionia.
On 1 October, the 21st Michigan broke camp at Louisville and entered upon a long march through Kentucky. On the 8th it bore an important part in the [[Battle of Perryville]] in [[Kentucky]]. In this battle, the 21st Michigan suffered a loss of 24 wounded (1 mortally) and 3 missing, Colonel Stevens being among the wounded.

[[File:The Photographic History of The Civil War Volume 02 Page 179.jpg|thumb|left|21st Michigan in the West]]
From Perryville the regiment moved to [[Bowling Green, Kentucky]], and on November 4, 1862, proceeded to [[Nashville]], arriving there on the 12th and encamped, remaining there until the general advance of [[General Rosecrans]] on [[Battle of Murfreesboro|Murfreesboro]]. The 21st Michigan left Nashville on 26 December 1862, with the army, in command of Lieutenant Colonel McCreery, and was engaged at Lavergne on the 27th, and at Stewart's creek on the 29th. It participated with Sill's brigade of Sheridan's division in the five days' [[Battle of Stone's River]], sustaining a loss of 17 killed, 85 wounded, including Captain Leonard O. Fitzgerald, mortally, and 37 missing.

The regiment, in command of Colonel McCreery, Colonel Stevens having resigned on account of ill health, remained at Murfreesboro, employed on picket duty and as guard for forage trains, until June 24, 1863, when it advanced with the army on Tullahoma. During July 1863 the regiment was stationed at Cowan and Anderson Station, on the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad. Subsequently, it occupied Bridgeport, under General Lytle, who commanded the brigade to which the 21st was attached. September 2, 1863, the regiment crossed the Tennessee, and advanced with the corps of [[Major General McCook]] to Trenton, Ga., from whence it crossed the mountains to Alpine, 30 miles from Rome; thence made a forced march toward Chattanooga, between the mountain ranges, and came into line of battle at Chickamauga September 19, 1863. The following day the regiment participated in the battle of Chickamauga, sustaining a loss of 11 killed, 58 wounded, 35 missing, 3 prisoners. Of the missing, 21 were known to be wounded. Lieutenant Colonel M. B. Wells was among the killed, and Captain Edgar W. Smith, being mortally wounded, died October 13 following, while Colonel McCreery, commanding the regiment, was severely wounded and taken prisoner. In this engagement the regiment belonged to the same brigade as at Stone River, and then commanded by General Lytle, was serving in Sheridan's division of the 4th corps. On September 20, while the division was advancing to the support of General Thomas, it became heavily engaged, and captured prisoners from four different rebel divisions. The 21st was in the hottest of the fight, behaved with great courage, never yielding except when overcome by immense odds, but after a brave but fruitless effort against a perfect torrent of the enemy was compelled to give way. [[Image:21st Michigan Infantry - NARA - 524713.jpg|right|200px]]

After the battle of [[Battle of Chickamauga|Chickamauga]] the regiment, in command of Lieutenant Colonel S. K. Bishop, was detached from its brigade by order of General Thomas, and was placed under General Smith, Chief Engineer of the Department, and performed duty as engineer troops, forming part of Engineer Brigade, and was on that duty during the engagement of Mission Ridge. It was stationed, until 11 June, 1864, on the north side of the Tennessee River, near Chattanooga, and was employed in building a bridge over the river, and in the erection of storehouses in Chattanooga. At the above date the regiment was ordered to Lookout Mountain, where it was engaged in building hospitals, running mills, and in the performance of the usual picket duty, until 20 September following, when it was relieved from further duty with the Engineer Corps. On 27 September the regiment left [[Lookout Mountain]] for Tullahoma, thence it proceeded to Nashville. Joining the forces under [[General Rosseau]], it participated with them in the pursuit of the rebels under [[Nathan Bedford Forrest|General Forrest]], beyond Florence, Ala., returning to Florence on 11 October. On the 14th, the regiment was ordered to Chattanooga, and on the 18th to proceed to and garrison Dalton, Ga. On 30 October, the regiment was relieved at Dalton, and was ordered to join its corps. During the year it had traveled between 480 and 500 miles.

On November 1, 1864, the 21st, then in command of Colonel Bishop, was at Dalton, Ga., where it received orders to march to Kingston and join the 14th army corps, and on arriving there was assigned to the 2d brigade, 1st division, when it started for Atlanta, and on the march assisted in tearing up the railroad track and destroying everything in its rear, reaching that point on the 15th, and on the following day after the destruction of that place, moved with General Sherman's army towards Milledgeville, arriving there on the 22d, and then took up a line of march in the direction of Augusta, and on reaching within about forty miles of that point, turned directly south towards Savannah, and arrived at the works in front of that place on 10 December, and there relieved a part of the 20th army corps, which held a portion of the works on the south side of the canal, being the most exposed position on the whole line. There the men being obliged to stay in the trenches, without tents and lightly clad, few of them having blankets, suffered extremely from cold, and also from hunger, as their rations were short. The regiment continued in that position until the 15th, when it moved back north of the canal, and remained there until the evacuation of Savannah on the 21st, and then encamped about three-fourths of a mile from the city.

During the 25 days occupied on the march from Atlanta, only two and a half days' rations had been issued to the regiment, it being mainly supplied with subsistence procured by foraging on the inhabitants of the country through which it passed. The regiment remained at Savannah, refitting, reclothing the men, and getting ready for the campaign through the Carolinas, until 20 January, 1865 following, when in command of Captain A. C. Prince, it marched up along the Savannah river to Sister's Ferry, where it lay until 5 February, then crossed into South Carolina, still continuing the movement in the vicinity of the river until nearly opposite Columbia, when a direction was taken towards that point, and on arriving there turned to the left, crossed the Black and Saluda rivers, and struck the railroad at Winnsboro, where it assisted in destroying the track as far north as Blackstock Station; then changing the direction eastward, crossed the Great and Little Pedee rivers about eight miles north of Cheraw, then crossed the Wateree at Rocky Mountain, on pontoons made from wagon boxes covered with tent flies and canvas, the high water having carried away the pontoon bridge. While crossing, the brigade, being the rear guard, was much annoyed by the enemy's cavalry, but succeeded in getting over the entire corps' train, when the march was resumed in the direction of Fayetteville, N. C. Reaching there, Cape Fear river was crossed on 13 March, and moving forward, met the enemy at Averysboro on the 16th, and after a severe engagement he retreated during the night; continuing the march, again encountering the enemy at Bentonville, on the 19th, where the regiment became heavily engaged, losing six officers and eighty-six men, killed and wounded, out of 230, and after the retreat of the enemy from that point the march was resumed, and crossing the Neuse river, arrived at Goldsboro on the 25th, after a march of sixty-four days from Savannah, during which time only twelve days' rations had been issued to the regiment, the main supply having been obtained by foraging on the country on the line of march.

The regiment remained in camp near Goldsboro until April 11, when again in command of Colonel Bishop, a movement was commenced in the direction of Raleigh. Reaching there on the 14th, it then marched to Haywood, on Cape Fear river, where it remained until the surrender of Johnston's army, when the regiment, with its division and corps, started for Richmond, in company with the 20th corps. The two corps being destined for the same point, entered on a friendly race, which resulted in the 1st division, 14th corps, in which was the 21st Michigan, reaching that point ahead of any other troops, marching 280 miles in less than eight days. From Richmond the march was continued to Washington, D. C., where the regiment participated in the review of General Sherman's army on 24 May, and on 8 January was mustered out of service, when it proceeded to Michigan, arriving at Detroit on the 13th, and on the 22d was paid off and disbanded.

The 21st participated in encounters with the enemy at Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862; Lavergne, Tenn., December 27, 1862; Stewart's Creek, Tenn., December 29, 1862; Stone River, Tenn., December 29, 31, 1862, and January 1, 2, and 3, 1863; Tullahoma, Tenn., June 24, 1863; Elk River, Tenn., July 1, 1863; Chickamauga, Ga., September 19, 20, and 21, 1863; Chattanooga, Tenn., October 6, 1863; Brown's Ferry, Tenn., October 27, 1863; Mission Ridge, Tenn., November 26, 1863; Savannah, Ga., December 11, 18, 20, and 21, 1864; Averysboro, N. C., March 16, 1865; Bentonville, N. C., March 19, 11, 1865.

The reports of the regiment show a membership of 1,477 officers and men.

The regiment was mustered out of service on June 8, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
The regiment suffered 3 officers and 80 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 3 officers and 291 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 377
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf3.htm#21st The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref>

==Commanders==
*[[Brig. General Ambrose A. Stevens]]
*[http://www.21stmichigan.us/mccreery.htm Colonel William B. McCreery]
*[[Brev. Colonel Loomis K. Bishop]]
*[[Brev. Major Arthur C. Prince]]

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]
*[http://www.21stmichigan.us/consol_his.htm Consolidated History of the 21st Michigan Volunteer Infantry]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]

Minor Michigan infantry units of the American Civil War

2024-08-28T20:49:57Z

GenEli1L1: /* Stanton Guard, Michigan Volunteer Infantry */

'''Minor Michigan Infantry Units of the American Civil War'''

[[Image:Flag of Michigan.svg|right|200px]]

The State of Michigan raised a pair of company-sized infantry units for the [[American Civil War]].

==Stanton Guard, Michigan Volunteer Infantry==

The '''Stanton Guard''' was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] in April 1862 by [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Grover S. Wormer and mustered in on May 10, to serve as guards over [[General officers in the Confederate States Army|General]] [[William G. Harding]], [[Washington Barrow]] and Judge Joseph C. Guild, three [[Copperhead (politics)|Confederate sympathizers]] from [[Nashville, TN]] sent as prisoners to the fort on [[Mackinac Island]]. Upon the removal of the prisoners, it was mustered out of service on September 25, 1862.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SlUWAAAAYAAJ&dq=general+william+harding+nashville&pg=PA220 Wisconsin Magazine of History. Tennessee Prisoners at Fort Mackinac, p.220]</ref><ref>Robertson, p.744</ref><ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf3.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved June 19, 2007.</ref> Captain Wormer afterward served as [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] in the [[8th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment|8th Michigan Cavalry]] and [[Colonel (United States)|colonel]] in the [[30th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment|30th Michigan Infantry]].<ref>Robertson, pg 486,688</ref>

==Independent Company, Michigan Volunteer Infantry (Provost Guard)==
The '''Independent Company''' was organized at [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] and mustered in on January 3, 1863. The unit served as Provost Guard at the Detroit Barracks until it was mustered out of service on May 9, 1865.<ref>Robertson, p.745</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |title=Michigan in the War |last=Robertson |first=John |author2=Adjutant General |year=1882 |publisher=W.S. George & Co, State Printers |location=Lansing, MI |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924050893571}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|.]]
[[Category:Michigan in the American Civil War]]

Howland's Michigan Engineers Company

2024-08-28T20:41:57Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Short description|Civil War engineer company of the Union Army}}
{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= Howland's Michigan Engineers Company
|image=Flag of Michigan.svg
|image_size=200px
|caption=Michigan state flag
|dates= September 16, 1861 to January 8, 1862
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles=
}}
'''Howland's Michigan Engineers Company''', or the '''Battle Creek Engineer Corps''', was an [[Military engineer|engineer]] [[Company (military unit)|company]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]].

==Service==
The company was organized at [[Battle Creek, Michigan]] on September 16, 1861, and mustered into Federal Service on October 9, 1861. However, when [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Henry Wager Halleck|H.W. Halleck]] took command of the [[Department of Missouri]], he decided that Howland's Company did not meet federal organizational standards. Upon notification of this fact, the company voted to disband and were subsequently mustered out of Federal Service on January 8, 1862.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 53 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-07-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm |archivedate=2007-07-04 }} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>

==Commanders==
*[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] Edwin P. Howland<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/howland.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075528/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/howland.htm |date=2007-07-21 }} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 5, 2007)</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1862]]
[[Category:Battle Creek, Michigan]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment

2024-08-28T20:38:54Z

GenEli1L1: /* Total strength and casualties */

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
|image= Flag of Michigan.svg
|caption= Michigan state flag
|dates= October 29, 1861, to September 22, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Mill Springs]] (Companies D, F, G) [[Siege of Corinth]] [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}

The '''1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment''' was an [[Military engineering|engineer]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.

==Service==
[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14759670641).jpg|thumb|Engineers and infantry busy at the Elk River Bridge, [[Tennessee]], providing [[Rail transport|rail passage]] for the Union troops]]
The 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at [[Marshall, Michigan]] and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the [[Calhoun County, Michigan|Calhoun County]] fairgrounds in early October.

The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|title=Michigan Regimental Rosters|access-date=2007-07-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|archive-date=2007-07-04}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007</ref> The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiarty.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved July 4, 2007.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Perryville]] (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]], the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the Battle of Murfreesboro (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign]] was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.

The unit also participated in [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] and at the [[Battle of Bentonville]].

==Commanders==
*[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] William Power Innes, September 12, 1861, to October 26, 1864<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075539/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm|date=2007-07-21}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>
*Colonel John B. Yates, November 3, 1864, to September 22, 1865<ref>Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War, 1904, vol. 43, p. 230</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]
*[[List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Mark |title=My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814332924}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers And Mechanics}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment

2024-08-28T20:38:10Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
|image= Flag of Michigan.svg
|caption= Michigan state flag
|dates= October 29, 1861, to September 22, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Mill Springs]] (Companies D, F, G) [[Siege of Corinth]] [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}

The '''1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment''' was an [[Military engineering|engineer]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.

==Service==
[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14759670641).jpg|thumb|Engineers and infantry busy at the Elk River Bridge, [[Tennessee]], providing [[Rail transport|rail passage]] for the Union troops]]
The 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at [[Marshall, Michigan]] and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the [[Calhoun County, Michigan|Calhoun County]] fairgrounds in early October.

The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|title=Michigan Regimental Rosters|access-date=2007-07-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|archive-date=2007-07-04}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007</ref> The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiarty.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved July 4, 2007.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Perryville]] (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]], the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]] (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign]] was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.

The unit also participated in [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] and at the [[Battle of Bentonville]].

==Commanders==
*[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] William Power Innes, September 12, 1861, to October 26, 1864<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075539/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm|date=2007-07-21}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>
*Colonel John B. Yates, November 3, 1864, to September 22, 1865<ref>Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War, 1904, vol. 43, p. 230</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]
*[[List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Mark |title=My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814332924}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers And Mechanics}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment

2024-08-28T20:32:41Z

GenEli1L1: /* Service */

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
|image= Flag of Michigan.svg
|caption= Michigan state flag
|dates= October 29, 1861, to September 22, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Mill Springs]] (Companies D, F, G) [[Siege of Corinth]] [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}

The '''1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment''' was an [[Military engineering|engineer]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.

==Service==
[[File:The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14759670641).jpg|thumb|Engineers and infantry busy at the Elk River Bridge, Tennessee, providing rail passage for the Union troops]]
The 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at [[Marshall, Michigan]] and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the Calhoun County fairgrounds in early October.

The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|title=Michigan Regimental Rosters|access-date=2007-07-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|archive-date=2007-07-04}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007</ref> The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiarty.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved July 4, 2007.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Perryville]] (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]], the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]] (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign]] was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.

The unit also participated in [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] and at the [[Battle of Bentonville]].

==Commanders==
*[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] William Power Innes, September 12, 1861, to October 26, 1864<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075539/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm|date=2007-07-21}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>
*Colonel John B. Yates, November 3, 1864, to September 22, 1865<ref>Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War, 1904, vol. 43, p. 230</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]
*[[List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Mark |title=My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814332924}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers And Mechanics}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment

2024-08-28T20:29:24Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
|image= Flag of Michigan.svg
|caption= Michigan state flag
|dates= October 29, 1861, to September 22, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Mill Springs]] (Companies D, F, G) [[Siege of Corinth]] [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}

The '''1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment''' was an [[Military engineering|engineer]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.

==Service==
The 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at [[Marshall, Michigan]] and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the Calhoun County fairgrounds in early October.

The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|title=Michigan Regimental Rosters|access-date=2007-07-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|archive-date=2007-07-04}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007</ref> The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiarty.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved July 4, 2007.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Perryville]] (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]], the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]] (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign]] was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.

The unit also participated in [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] and at the [[Battle of Bentonville]].

==Commanders==
*[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] William Power Innes, September 12, 1861, to October 26, 1864<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075539/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm|date=2007-07-21}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>
*Colonel John B. Yates, November 3, 1864, to September 22, 1865<ref>Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War, 1904, vol. 43, p. 230</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]
*[[List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Mark |title=My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814332924}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers And Mechanics}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment

2024-08-28T20:26:21Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name= 1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment
|image=The photographic history of the Civil War - thousands of scenes photographed 1861-65, with text by many special authorities (1911) (14759670641).jpg
|caption=Engineers and infantry busy at the Elk River Bridge, Tennessee, providing rail passage for the Union troops
|dates= October 29, 1861, to September 22, 1865
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]
|branch= [[Military engineer|Engineer]]
|equipment=

|battles= [[Battle of Mill Springs]] (Companies D, F, G) [[Siege of Corinth]] [[Battle of Perryville]] [[Battle of Bentonville]]
}}

The '''1st Michigan Engineers and Mechanics Regiment''' was an [[Military engineering|engineer]] [[regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. There were only ten other similar regiments in the Union Army. The Michigan unit was one of three engineering regiments raised in 1861, the other two being Missouri (August 1861) and New York (September 1861). Engineering regiments are often left off of many Order of Battles, but their contribution to campaigns were vital from a logistics point of view; repairing/building railroads, bridges and blockhouses; and destroying enemy communication lines, railroads and bridges. Engineering units like the First Michigan were often caught up in attacks from enemy guerrillas and cavalry skirmishes.

==Service==
The 1st Michigan Engineers was organized at [[Marshall, Michigan]] and mustered into service on October 29, 1861. They rendezvoused at Camp Owen on the Calhoun County fairgrounds in early October.

The regiment was mustered out on September 22, 1865.

==Total strength and casualties==
Over its existence, the regiment carried a total of 2962 men on its muster rolls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|title=Michigan Regimental Rosters|access-date=2007-07-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704205245/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/rosters.htm|archive-date=2007-07-04}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007</ref> The regiment lost 1 officer and 12 enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 351 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 364
fatalities.<ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiarty.htm The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959. Retrieved July 4, 2007.</ref>

At the [[Battle of Perryville]] (October 1862), the First Michigan had at least ten wounded and one missing. At Lavergne, Tennessee; just prior to the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]], the First Michigan had one killed, five wounded, four POWs and one missing. The 1st Michigan saw two men killed, nine wounded, and two missing at the [[Battle of Murfreesboro]] (early January 1863). The unit was active all over middle Tennessee, including Columbia, Spring Hill, Franklin, Brentwood and Nashville from 1862 - 1864, building and repairing railroads, bridges, blockhouses, etc. The [[Franklin-Nashville Campaign]] was costly to the First Michigan Engineers, losing over 30 men as POWs.

The unit also participated in [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] and at the [[Battle of Bentonville]].

==Commanders==
*[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] William Power Innes, September 12, 1861, to October 26, 1864<ref>http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721075539/http://www.michiganinthewar.org/engineers/1enga.htm|date=2007-07-21}} Michigan in the Civil War website, retrieved July 4, 2007)</ref>
*Colonel John B. Yates, November 3, 1864, to September 22, 1865<ref>Record of Service of Michigan Volunteers in the Civil War, 1904, vol. 43, p. 230</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Michigan Civil War Units]]
*[[Michigan in the American Civil War]]
*[[List of Engineer Regiments of the Union Army]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{cite book |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Mark |title=My Brave Mechanics: The First Michigan Engineers and Their Civil War |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |location=Detroit, Michigan |isbn=9780814332924}}
*[http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionmi.htm The Civil War Archive]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Engineers And Mechanics}}
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan|Engineers]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
[[Category:Engineer units and formations of the Union Army]]

{{AmericanCivilWar-unit-stub}}

Duchy of Nassau

2024-08-27T20:32:50Z

GenEli1L1: /* Establishment */

{{Short description|European state (1806–1866)}}
{{About|the former state in present-day Germany|its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg|House of Nassau|other uses|Nassau (disambiguation){{!}}Nassau}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Herzogtum Nassau'' ([[German language|German]])
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Nassau
|common_name = Nassau
|
|era = Modern era
|status = Vassal
|status_text = [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|State]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] (1806–1813) [[States of the German Confederation|State]] of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866)
|empire = German Confederation
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|year_start = 1806
|year_end = 1866
|
|image_flag = Flagge Herzogtum Nassau (1806-1866).svg
|image_coat = Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg
|image_map = {{Switcher
|[[File:Duchy of Nassau.png|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states
|[[File:Map-DB-Nassau.svg|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815
}}
|event_start = Established
|date_start = 30 August
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end = [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Annexed]] by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
|date_end = 23 August
|
|p1 = Nassau-Weilburg
|flag_p1 = Flag of the House of Nassau Weilburg.svg
|p2 = Nassau-Usingen
|flag_p2 = Flag of Nassau-Usingen.svg
|p3 = Principality of Orange-Nassau
|flag_p3 =
|s1 = Hesse-Nassau
|flag_s1 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Hessen-Nassau.svg
|
|capital = [[Weilburg]] (1806–1816) [[Wiesbaden]] (1816–1866)
|common_languages = [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]]
|currency = [[Kronenthaler]]
|
|title_leader = Duke
|leader1 = [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]]
|year_leader1 = 1806–1816
|leader2 = [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]]
|year_leader2 = 1816–1839
|leader3 = [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolph]]
|year_leader3 = 1839–1866
|
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Duchy of Nassau''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Herzogtum Nassau'') was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the [[Germany|German]] states of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]]. It was a [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|member]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] and later of the [[German Confederation]]. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the [[House of Nassau]].<ref>Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985</ref><ref>[[Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg]] is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic</ref> The duchy was named for its historical core city, [[Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate|Nassau]], although [[Wiesbaden]] rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1866 following the [[Austro-Prussian War]], it was incorporated into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]]. The area today is a geographical and historical region, [[Nassau (region)|Nassau]], and Nassau is also the name of the [[Nassau Nature Park]] within the borders of the former duchy.

Today, the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch royal family]], which styles itself [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Gründungsurkunde Herzogtum Nassau 1806.jpg|thumb|Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806]]
[[File:Weilburg Schloss WLMMH 52314 by Stepro IMG 0787-IMG 0794.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Weilburg]], residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter]]
[[File:MK06522 SchlossBiebrich.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Biebrich]], seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter]]
The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the [[Taunus]] and [[Westerwald]] mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the [[Main (river)|Main]] and the [[Rhine]], while in the northern part of the territory, the [[Lahn]] river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. The Landgraviate of [[Hesse-Homburg]] and the [[Free City of Frankfurt]] were also to the east. To the west was the [[Rhine Province]] of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an [[exclave]] in the eastern part of Nassau, called [[Wetzlar]].

== Population ==
At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with 5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and [[Limburg an der Lahn]], with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was [[History of Höchst am Main|Höchst am Main.]]

==History==
[[File: Arms of Nassau.svg|thumb|left|The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the [[coat of arms of the Netherlands]] and is also included as the third and fourth field in the [[Coat of arms of Luxembourg|coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg]].]]

===Establishment===
The [[House of Nassau]] produced many [[Lineal descendant#Collateral descendant|collateral line]]s in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of [[Nassau-Usingen]], [[Nassau-Weilburg]], and [[Nassau-Dietz]] (later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The [[Nassau Family Pact]]), which prevented further splitting of territories and enabled general political co-ordination between the branches. In this context, the administrative subdivisions of the individual territories were adjusted, laying the foundations for the later unification of the territories.

After the [[War of the First Coalition]] (1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of [[German mediatisation#Impact of the French Revolution|secularisation]]. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the [[Second Congress of Rastatt]] (1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]] and [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]]. The [[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss|Imperial Recess of 1803]] largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with [[Napoleon]].

Nassau-Usingen had lost [[County of Nassau-Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], two-thirds of [[County of Saarwerden|Saarwerden]], [[Ottweiler]], and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000 [[guilder]]s of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz, [[Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)|Höchst]], [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], [[Kronberg im Taunus|Cronberg]], [[Lahnstein]] and the [[Rheingau]]; from [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]] some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of [[Kaub]]; from [[Hesse-Darmstadt]], the lordship of [[Eppstein]], [[Katzenelnbogen]], and [[Braubach]]; from Prussia, [[Sayn-Altenkirchen]], [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg|Sayn-Hachenburg]]; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders.

Nassau-Weilburg lost [[Kirchheim, Hesse|Kirchheim]], [[Stauf Castle (Palatinate)|Stauf]], and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including [[Ehrenbreitstein Fortress|Ehrenbreitstein]], [[Vallendar]], [[Sayn]], [[Montabaur]], Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of [[Limburg Cathedral]]. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue.

In the course of these arrangements, the [[Kammergut]] of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.

Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many [[Imperial Knight]]s and other possessors of [[Imperial immediacy]] were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.

On 17 July 1806, Prince [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen]] and his cousin Prince [[Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg|Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg]] joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] both counties merged to form the '''Duchy of Nassau''' on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.

In 1815, at the [[Congress of Vienna]], there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the [[Principality of Orange-Nassau]] to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.

Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at [[Schloss Weilburg]] on 9 January 1816, and it was his son [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.

=== Reform period ===
[[File:Ernst MVB.jpg|thumb|Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)]]
The Chief ministers in 1806 were [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] and [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein|Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein]]. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834.

A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of [[serfdom]] in 1806, the introduction of [[freedom of movement]] in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single [[progressive tax]] on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the ''Kulturverordnung'' (cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of [[Amt]] subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.

==== Constitution of 1814 ====
On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day. The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the [[freedom of the press]]. It was heavily influenced by [[Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein]], who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the [[Concert of Europe]] period, especially the [[Carlsbad Decrees]] of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.

On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored.

==== Parliament ====
[[File:Wiesbaden, Stadtschule am Marktplatz, 1. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.jpg|thumb|left|The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844]]
Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament (''Landstände'') of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies (''Landesdeputiertenversammlung'') and a house of lords (''Herrenbank''). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by [[census suffrage]] but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.

Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128 wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.

The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.

=== The Nassau Domain dispute ===
[[File:Seltersflasche Nassau.JPG|thumb|150px|A flask of mineral water from [[Niederselters]], an important business of the Nassau domain]]
At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the [[tithe]] and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president [[Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell]] in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.

In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue.

The president of the chamber [[Georg Herber]] was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the ''Hanauer Zeitung'' on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer, {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}}, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833.

The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.

In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members, the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.

=== Accession of Duke Adolphe===
[[File:Stadtschloss Wiesbaden.jpg|thumb|[[Wiesbaden City Palace]], built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes]]
[[File:Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846]]
After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the [[Zollverein|German Zollverein]] in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the [[Wiesbaden City Palace]] in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia|Elizabeth Mikhailovna]], who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the [[St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden|Russian orthodox church]] in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the [[Adelsverein|Mainz Adelsverein]], which was intended to establish a German colony in [[Texas]], but was not successful.

From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of [[German Catholics (sect)|German Catholicism]]. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts.

===Revolution of 1848===
[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|thumb|August Hergenhahn in a [[lithograph]], 1848]]
Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the [[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]] in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the ''Vier Jahreszeiten'' Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the ''Neun Forderungen der Nassauer'' (Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister [[Emil August von Dungern]], who immediately approved the formation of a citizens' militia, freedom of the press, and the convocation of the lower chamber of Parliament to discuss electoral reform. Decisions on the other demands were reserved for the Duke, who was in [[Berlin]] at that moment.

In accordance with a proclamation of Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.

With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.

From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be [[unicameral]] with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an [[electoral college]]. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and [[Jews]]. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials.

Meanwhile, on 31 March, the [[Vorparlament|Pre-Parliament]] gathered in the [[St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main|St. Paul's Church]] in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]. Fifteen of its deputies were drawn from the lower chamber of the Nassau parliament and two from the Nassau house of lords. There were another nine citizens of the Duchy in the Pre-Parliament as well.

As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the [[Schultheiß]]en, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own [[neighbourhood watch]]es. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April.

====1848 elections====
[[File:Bischof Blum 1884.JPG|thumb|Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884)]]
Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg, {{ill|Peter Joseph Blum|de}}, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the ''Nassauische Allgemein'' announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.

In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German [[Frankfurt Parliament]]. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business.

Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people (20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the [[Westerwald]]). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals.

The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.

[[File:Max Ludwig Freiherr von Gagern.jpg|thumb|Max von Gagern]]
In District 1 ([[Rennerod]], in the north of the duchy) and District 4 ([[Nastätten]], southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator [[Carl Schenck]] of [[Dillenburg]] was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 ([[Montabaur]], in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but [[Freiherr]] [[Max von Gagern]] won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact, since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded [[Friedrich Schulz]], the committee's candidate for District 3 ([[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]], in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the ''Lahnboten'', who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 ([[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], the southeast) was won by [[Karl Philipp Hehner]], who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a [[Burschenschaft]] and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a [[constitutional monarchy]] as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.

In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal [[Casino faction]], while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left [[Factions in the Frankfurt Assembly#Westendhall|Westendhall]]. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849.

In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.

==== End of the Revolution ====
[[File:Wiesbaden Ministerialgebäude BW 2017-04-24 17-25-18.jpg|thumb|400px|The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844]]
The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the Duke to veto decisions of Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.

In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The ''Freie Zeitung'' became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg ''Lahnbote''. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the ''Freie Zeitung'' and the ''Allgemeine'' all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive [[censorship]] regime.

The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many [[sports club]]s and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the ''Kirberger Union'', which was to serve as an [[umbrella organisation]]. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden.

====Elections for the Erfurt Parliament====
[[File:Bilderrevolution0134.jpg|right|thumb|210px|The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery]]
After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a [[Erfurt Union|Union Parliament]] at [[Erfurt]]. On 3 December 1849, the Ducal government oversaw elections for this body in the four Nassau districts, using [[Prussian three-class franchise]]

Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the [[Frankfurt Constitution]]. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in [[Idstein]] and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], and the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election.

Preparation for elections to the Erfurt Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in [[Selters, Rhineland-Palatinate|Selters]], Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]] as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.

=== The Restoration ===
[[File:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|thumb|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)]]
After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister {{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was {{ill|August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}}, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned.

In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no further discussion about elections until September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.

[[File:Abtei Marienstatt 008.jpg|thumb|250px|Marienstatt Abbey]]
Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell [[Marienstatt Abbey]] in the [[Westerwald]]. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000 [[guilder]]s. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The [[diocese of Limburg]] began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.

Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.

===End of the Duchy===
When the Austro-Prussian War broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. The war was won at the [[Battle of Königgrätz]] on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the {{ill|Prussian Annexations of 1866|de|Preußische Annexionen 1866|lt=annexation}} of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden Region]] into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Before the conclusion of the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Prague Peace]] on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the [[North German Confederation]], on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the [[Landtag of Prussia]] that Prussia would annex [[Hannover]], [[Hesse-Kassel]], the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-12.xml Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref> The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-26.xml&s=4 Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref>

Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as [[Biebrich Palace]], [[Schloss Weilburg]], {{ill|Jagdschloss Platte|de}} and Luxemburgisches Schloss in [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]]. He became Grand Duke of [[Luxembourg]] in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nassau.htm|title=Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of [[Hesse-Nassau]]. The capital of the new province was [[Kassel]], which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden]]. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[American occupation zone]] and became part of the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Hesse]]. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into [[Darmstadt (region)|Darmstadt]]. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[French occupation zone]] and became the administrative region of [[Regierungsbezirk Montabaur|Montabaur]] in the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters.<ref>Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen." ''Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde'', [[Nassauische Annalen]], Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000, {{ISSN|0077-2887}}.</ref>

<gallery>
Grenzstein Hessen-Darmstadt Oranien-Nassau.jpg|West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''ON''' for Orange-Nassau
Grenzstein Oranien-Nassau Hessen-Darmstadt.jpg|East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''HD''' for Hesse-Darmstadt
Rodenroth - Grenzstein Hz Nassau.jpg|Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia
Dillenburg, Grenzsäule des Herzogtums Nassau.jpg|Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg
</gallery>

== Politics ==
=== Foreign affairs ===
In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in [[Berlin]]. Then three [[battalion]]s were stationed at the [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the [[Peninsular war]]; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]] against Napoleon.
Nassau troops fought at the battle of [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified [[Hougoumont|Hougemont]] farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of [[La Haye Sainte]]. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action.
After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Nassau was a member of the [[German Confederation]].

=== Military ===
Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.

The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of [[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]]. After the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added ([[Pioneer (military)|pioneers]], Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a [[brigade]] command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an [[Adjutant general]]. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers.

After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the [[Prussian Army]].

=== Education ===
The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hannover]], which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the [[University of Göttingen]]. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds.

In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term ''nassauer'', meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a [[Berlin German|Berlin dialect]] term derived from [[Rotwelsch]] [[Yiddish]] and that this story was invented after the fact.

=== Religion===
[[File:Religionskarte des Herzogtums Nassau 1815.png|thumb|Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866)]]
As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53% [[United and uniting churches|United]] Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06% [[Mennonites|Mennonite]]. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The [[Lutheran]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] churches agreed to unite into the single [[Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau|Protestant Church in Nassau]] in 1817, at the [[Unionskirche, Idstein|Unionskirche]] in [[Idstein]], making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation.

Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic [[diocese]] of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the [[Holy See]] came to an agreement on the establishment of the [[diocese of Limburg]], which was formally established in 1827.

Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the [[Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer|Redemptorists]], to [[Bornhofen]] led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The [[Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ]], founded in [[Dernbach, Westerwaldkreis|Dernbach]] were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places 'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern {{ill|Sozialstation|de|lt=Sozialstationen}}.

=== Dukes ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"|Duke !! Image !! Birth !! Death !! Reign
|-
| [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]] ||[[File:Friedrich August (Nassau-Usingen).jpg|frameless|100px]] || 23 April 1738 || 24 March 1816 || 30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816
|-
| [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] ||[[File:1792 Wilhelm.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 14 June 1792 || 20 August 1839 || 24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839
|-
| [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] ||[[File:Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1817-1905), when Duke of Nassau.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 24 July 1817 || 17 November 1905 || 20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866
|}

The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the [[House of Nassau]]. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] (Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a [[courtesy title]].

The royal family of the [[Netherlands]] derives from the Ottonian line of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]], which split from the Walramian line in 1255.

=== Chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"| Chief minister !! Image !! From !! Until
|-
| [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] || [[File:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1806 || 1811
|-
| [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein]]||[[File:Ernst_MVB.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1806 || 1834
|-
| {{ill|Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff|de}} || [[File:Carl_Wilderich_von_Walderdorff.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1834 || 1842
|-
| style="height:8em"| {{ill|Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf|de}} || || 1842 || 1843
|-
| {{ill|Emil August von Dungern|de}} || [[File:Emil_August_von_Dungern.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1843 || 1848
|-
| {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}} ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1848 || 1849
|-
| style="height:8em"|{{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} || || 1849 || 1852
|-
| Prince {{ill|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}} || [[File:August_Ludwig_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1852 || 1866
|-
| August Hergenhahn ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1866 || 1866
|}

==Economy==
The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was [[Mittelgebirge]], which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of [[partible inheritance]]. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a [[peddler]]. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans.

=== Currency ===
The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the [[guilder]]. This was minted for use as [[currency money]]. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver [[Mark (unit)|marks]] (233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60 [[Kreuzer|kreutzer]]. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes.<ref>Otto Satorius: ''Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863''; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863.</ref>

[[File:Hinweisschild zur Münzprägung im Herzogtum Nassau.JPG|thumb|Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau]]
[[File:Nassau Kronenthaler 70200.jpg|thumb|Nassau Kronenthaler]]
From 1816, there were also [[Kronenthaler]] of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's [[Curia (Catholic Church)|curia]]. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the [[Munich Coin Treaty|Munich Currency Treaty]], which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the [[Dresden Coinage Convention]] in 1838, the [[Thaler]] was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the [[Heller (money)|Heller]], valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the [[Vereinsthaler]]. A [[Pound (mass)#German and Austrian Pfund|Pfund]] (500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer.

Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the [[Nassau Savings Bank|Landes-Credit-Casse]] from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book
|title=Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1981
|isbn=3-922244-46-7}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Bernd von Egidy
|title=Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=82
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1971
|pages=215–306}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Konrad Fuchs
|title=Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
| volume=79
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1968
|pages=368–376}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden
|title=Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden
|publisher=Verlag Limbart
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1876–1882
|url=http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/titleinfo/1183007}}
*Michael Hollman: ''Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen.'' 2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994.
* {{Cite book
|author=Otto Renkhoff
|author-link=Otto Renkhoff
|title=Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten
|edition=2
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1992
|isbn=3-922244-90-4}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Klaus Schatz
|title=Geschichte des Bistums Limburg
|journal=[[Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte]]
|volume=48
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1983}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=2006
|isbn=3-930221-16-0}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=91
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1980
|pages=131–144}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|author-link=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil: ''Politische Geschichte''
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1909}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil: ''Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte''
|location=Montabaur
|year=1926}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Franz-Josef Sehr
|author-link=Franz-Josef Sehr
|title=Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes
|journal=Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012
|publisher=Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg
|location=Limburg-Weilburg
|year=2011
|isbn=978-3-927006-48-5
|pages=65–67}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Stefan Wöhrl
|title=Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866
|publisher=Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1994}}

{{States of the Confederation of the Rhine}}
{{States of the German Confederation}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Rhineland-Palatinate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nassau (State)}}
[[Category:Duchy of Nassau| ]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:States of the Confederation of the Rhine]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Former countries]]
[[Category:Taunus]]

Duchy of Nassau

2024-08-27T20:31:15Z

GenEli1L1: /* End of the Duchy */

{{Short description|European state (1806–1866)}}
{{About|the former state in present-day Germany|its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg|House of Nassau|other uses|Nassau (disambiguation){{!}}Nassau}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Herzogtum Nassau'' ([[German language|German]])
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Nassau
|common_name = Nassau
|
|era = Modern era
|status = Vassal
|status_text = [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|State]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] (1806–1813) [[States of the German Confederation|State]] of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866)
|empire = German Confederation
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|year_start = 1806
|year_end = 1866
|
|image_flag = Flagge Herzogtum Nassau (1806-1866).svg
|image_coat = Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg
|image_map = {{Switcher
|[[File:Duchy of Nassau.png|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states
|[[File:Map-DB-Nassau.svg|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815
}}
|event_start = Established
|date_start = 30 August
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end = [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Annexed]] by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
|date_end = 23 August
|
|p1 = Nassau-Weilburg
|flag_p1 = Flag of the House of Nassau Weilburg.svg
|p2 = Nassau-Usingen
|flag_p2 = Flag of Nassau-Usingen.svg
|p3 = Principality of Orange-Nassau
|flag_p3 =
|s1 = Hesse-Nassau
|flag_s1 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Hessen-Nassau.svg
|
|capital = [[Weilburg]] (1806–1816) [[Wiesbaden]] (1816–1866)
|common_languages = [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]]
|currency = [[Kronenthaler]]
|
|title_leader = Duke
|leader1 = [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]]
|year_leader1 = 1806–1816
|leader2 = [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]]
|year_leader2 = 1816–1839
|leader3 = [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolph]]
|year_leader3 = 1839–1866
|
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Duchy of Nassau''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Herzogtum Nassau'') was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the [[Germany|German]] states of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]]. It was a [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|member]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] and later of the [[German Confederation]]. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the [[House of Nassau]].<ref>Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985</ref><ref>[[Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg]] is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic</ref> The duchy was named for its historical core city, [[Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate|Nassau]], although [[Wiesbaden]] rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1866 following the [[Austro-Prussian War]], it was incorporated into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]]. The area today is a geographical and historical region, [[Nassau (region)|Nassau]], and Nassau is also the name of the [[Nassau Nature Park]] within the borders of the former duchy.

Today, the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch royal family]], which styles itself [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Gründungsurkunde Herzogtum Nassau 1806.jpg|thumb|Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806]]
[[File:Weilburg Schloss WLMMH 52314 by Stepro IMG 0787-IMG 0794.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Weilburg]], residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter]]
[[File:MK06522 SchlossBiebrich.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Biebrich]], seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter]]
The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the [[Taunus]] and [[Westerwald]] mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the [[Main (river)|Main]] and the [[Rhine]], while in the northern part of the territory, the [[Lahn]] river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. The Landgraviate of [[Hesse-Homburg]] and the [[Free City of Frankfurt]] were also to the east. To the west was the [[Rhine Province]] of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an [[exclave]] in the eastern part of Nassau, called [[Wetzlar]].

== Population ==
At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with 5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and [[Limburg an der Lahn]], with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was [[History of Höchst am Main|Höchst am Main.]]

==History==
[[File: Arms of Nassau.svg|thumb|left|The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the [[coat of arms of the Netherlands]] and is also included as the third and fourth field in the [[Coat of arms of Luxembourg|coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg]].]]

===Establishment===
The [[House of Nassau]] produced many [[Lineal descendant#Collateral descendant|collateral line]]s in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of [[Nassau-Usingen]], [[Nassau-Weilburg]], and [[Nassau-Dietz]] (later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The [[Nassau Family Pact]]), which prevented further splitting of territories and enabled general political co-ordination between the branches. In this context, the administrative subdivisions of the individual territories were adjusted, laying the foundations for the later unification of the territories.

After the [[War of the First Coalition]] (1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of [[German mediatisation#Impact of the French Revolution|secularisation]]. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the [[Second Congress of Rastatt]] (1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]] and [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]]. The [[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss|Imperial Recess of 1803]] largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with [[Napoleon]].

Nassau-Usingen had lost [[County of Nassau-Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], two-thirds of [[County of Saarwerden|Saarwerden]], [[Ottweiler]], and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000 [[guilder]]s of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz, [[Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)|Höchst]], [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], [[Kronberg im Taunus|Cronberg]], [[Lahnstein]] and the [[Rheingau]]; from [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]] some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of [[Kaub]]; from [[Hesse-Darmstadt]], the lordship of [[Eppstein]], [[Katzenelnbogen]], and [[Braubach]]; from Prussia, [[Sayn-Altenkirchen]], [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg|Sayn-Hachenburg]]; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders.

Nassau-Weilburg lost [[Kirchheim, Hesse|Kirchheim]], [[Stauf Castle (Palatinate)|Stauf]], and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including [[Ehrenbreitstein Fortress|Ehrenbreitstein]], [[Vallendar]], [[Sayn]], [[Montabaur]], Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of [[Limburg Cathedral]]. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue.

In the course of these arrangements, the [[Kammergut]] of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.

Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many [[Imperial Knight]]s and other possessors of [[Imperial immediacy]] were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]]. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.

On 17 July 1806, Prince [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen]] and his cousin Prince [[Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg|Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg]] joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] both counties merged to form the '''Duchy of Nassau''' on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.

In 1815, at the [[Congress of Vienna]], there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the [[Principality of Orange-Nassau]] to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.

Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at [[Schloss Weilburg]] on 9 January 1816, and it was his son [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.

=== Reform period ===
[[File:Ernst MVB.jpg|thumb|Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)]]
The Chief ministers in 1806 were [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] and [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein|Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein]]. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834.

A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of [[serfdom]] in 1806, the introduction of [[freedom of movement]] in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single [[progressive tax]] on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the ''Kulturverordnung'' (cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of [[Amt]] subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.

==== Constitution of 1814 ====
On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day. The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the [[freedom of the press]]. It was heavily influenced by [[Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein]], who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the [[Concert of Europe]] period, especially the [[Carlsbad Decrees]] of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.

On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored.

==== Parliament ====
[[File:Wiesbaden, Stadtschule am Marktplatz, 1. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.jpg|thumb|left|The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844]]
Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament (''Landstände'') of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies (''Landesdeputiertenversammlung'') and a house of lords (''Herrenbank''). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by [[census suffrage]] but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.

Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128 wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.

The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.

=== The Nassau Domain dispute ===
[[File:Seltersflasche Nassau.JPG|thumb|150px|A flask of mineral water from [[Niederselters]], an important business of the Nassau domain]]
At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the [[tithe]] and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president [[Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell]] in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.

In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue.

The president of the chamber [[Georg Herber]] was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the ''Hanauer Zeitung'' on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer, {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}}, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833.

The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.

In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members, the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.

=== Accession of Duke Adolphe===
[[File:Stadtschloss Wiesbaden.jpg|thumb|[[Wiesbaden City Palace]], built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes]]
[[File:Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846]]
After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the [[Zollverein|German Zollverein]] in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the [[Wiesbaden City Palace]] in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia|Elizabeth Mikhailovna]], who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the [[St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden|Russian orthodox church]] in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the [[Adelsverein|Mainz Adelsverein]], which was intended to establish a German colony in [[Texas]], but was not successful.

From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of [[German Catholics (sect)|German Catholicism]]. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts.

===Revolution of 1848===
[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|thumb|August Hergenhahn in a [[lithograph]], 1848]]
Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the [[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]] in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the ''Vier Jahreszeiten'' Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the ''Neun Forderungen der Nassauer'' (Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister [[Emil August von Dungern]], who immediately approved the formation of a citizens' militia, freedom of the press, and the convocation of the lower chamber of Parliament to discuss electoral reform. Decisions on the other demands were reserved for the Duke, who was in [[Berlin]] at that moment.

In accordance with a proclamation of Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.

With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.

From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be [[unicameral]] with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an [[electoral college]]. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and [[Jews]]. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials.

Meanwhile, on 31 March, the [[Vorparlament|Pre-Parliament]] gathered in the [[St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main|St. Paul's Church]] in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]. Fifteen of its deputies were drawn from the lower chamber of the Nassau parliament and two from the Nassau house of lords. There were another nine citizens of the Duchy in the Pre-Parliament as well.

As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the [[Schultheiß]]en, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own [[neighbourhood watch]]es. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April.

====1848 elections====
[[File:Bischof Blum 1884.JPG|thumb|Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884)]]
Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg, {{ill|Peter Joseph Blum|de}}, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the ''Nassauische Allgemein'' announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.

In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German [[Frankfurt Parliament]]. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business.

Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people (20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the [[Westerwald]]). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals.

The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.

[[File:Max Ludwig Freiherr von Gagern.jpg|thumb|Max von Gagern]]
In District 1 ([[Rennerod]], in the north of the duchy) and District 4 ([[Nastätten]], southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator [[Carl Schenck]] of [[Dillenburg]] was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 ([[Montabaur]], in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but [[Freiherr]] [[Max von Gagern]] won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact, since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded [[Friedrich Schulz]], the committee's candidate for District 3 ([[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]], in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the ''Lahnboten'', who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 ([[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], the southeast) was won by [[Karl Philipp Hehner]], who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a [[Burschenschaft]] and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a [[constitutional monarchy]] as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.

In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal [[Casino faction]], while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left [[Factions in the Frankfurt Assembly#Westendhall|Westendhall]]. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849.

In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.

==== End of the Revolution ====
[[File:Wiesbaden Ministerialgebäude BW 2017-04-24 17-25-18.jpg|thumb|400px|The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844]]
The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the Duke to veto decisions of Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.

In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The ''Freie Zeitung'' became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg ''Lahnbote''. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the ''Freie Zeitung'' and the ''Allgemeine'' all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive [[censorship]] regime.

The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many [[sports club]]s and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the ''Kirberger Union'', which was to serve as an [[umbrella organisation]]. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden.

====Elections for the Erfurt Parliament====
[[File:Bilderrevolution0134.jpg|right|thumb|210px|The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery]]
After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a [[Erfurt Union|Union Parliament]] at [[Erfurt]]. On 3 December 1849, the Ducal government oversaw elections for this body in the four Nassau districts, using [[Prussian three-class franchise]]

Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the [[Frankfurt Constitution]]. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in [[Idstein]] and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], and the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election.

Preparation for elections to the Erfurt Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in [[Selters, Rhineland-Palatinate|Selters]], Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]] as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.

=== The Restoration ===
[[File:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|thumb|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)]]
After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister {{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was {{ill|August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}}, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned.

In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no further discussion about elections until September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.

[[File:Abtei Marienstatt 008.jpg|thumb|250px|Marienstatt Abbey]]
Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell [[Marienstatt Abbey]] in the [[Westerwald]]. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000 [[guilder]]s. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The [[diocese of Limburg]] began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.

Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.

===End of the Duchy===
When the Austro-Prussian War broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. The war was won at the [[Battle of Königgrätz]] on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the {{ill|Prussian Annexations of 1866|de|Preußische Annexionen 1866|lt=annexation}} of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden Region]] into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Before the conclusion of the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Prague Peace]] on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the [[North German Confederation]], on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the [[Landtag of Prussia]] that Prussia would annex [[Hannover]], [[Hesse-Kassel]], the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-12.xml Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref> The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-26.xml&s=4 Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref>

Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as [[Biebrich Palace]], [[Schloss Weilburg]], {{ill|Jagdschloss Platte|de}} and Luxemburgisches Schloss in [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]]. He became Grand Duke of [[Luxembourg]] in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nassau.htm|title=Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of [[Hesse-Nassau]]. The capital of the new province was [[Kassel]], which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden]]. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[American occupation zone]] and became part of the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Hesse]]. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into [[Darmstadt (region)|Darmstadt]]. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[French occupation zone]] and became the administrative region of [[Regierungsbezirk Montabaur|Montabaur]] in the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters.<ref>Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen." ''Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde'', [[Nassauische Annalen]], Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000, {{ISSN|0077-2887}}.</ref>

<gallery>
Grenzstein Hessen-Darmstadt Oranien-Nassau.jpg|West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''ON''' for Orange-Nassau
Grenzstein Oranien-Nassau Hessen-Darmstadt.jpg|East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''HD''' for Hesse-Darmstadt
Rodenroth - Grenzstein Hz Nassau.jpg|Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia
Dillenburg, Grenzsäule des Herzogtums Nassau.jpg|Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg
</gallery>

== Politics ==
=== Foreign affairs ===
In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in [[Berlin]]. Then three [[battalion]]s were stationed at the [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the [[Peninsular war]]; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]] against Napoleon.
Nassau troops fought at the battle of [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified [[Hougoumont|Hougemont]] farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of [[La Haye Sainte]]. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action.
After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Nassau was a member of the [[German Confederation]].

=== Military ===
Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.

The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of [[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]]. After the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added ([[Pioneer (military)|pioneers]], Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a [[brigade]] command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an [[Adjutant general]]. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers.

After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the [[Prussian Army]].

=== Education ===
The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hannover]], which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the [[University of Göttingen]]. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds.

In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term ''nassauer'', meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a [[Berlin German|Berlin dialect]] term derived from [[Rotwelsch]] [[Yiddish]] and that this story was invented after the fact.

=== Religion===
[[File:Religionskarte des Herzogtums Nassau 1815.png|thumb|Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866)]]
As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53% [[United and uniting churches|United]] Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06% [[Mennonites|Mennonite]]. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The [[Lutheran]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] churches agreed to unite into the single [[Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau|Protestant Church in Nassau]] in 1817, at the [[Unionskirche, Idstein|Unionskirche]] in [[Idstein]], making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation.

Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic [[diocese]] of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the [[Holy See]] came to an agreement on the establishment of the [[diocese of Limburg]], which was formally established in 1827.

Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the [[Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer|Redemptorists]], to [[Bornhofen]] led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The [[Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ]], founded in [[Dernbach, Westerwaldkreis|Dernbach]] were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places 'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern {{ill|Sozialstation|de|lt=Sozialstationen}}.

=== Dukes ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"|Duke !! Image !! Birth !! Death !! Reign
|-
| [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]] ||[[File:Friedrich August (Nassau-Usingen).jpg|frameless|100px]] || 23 April 1738 || 24 March 1816 || 30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816
|-
| [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] ||[[File:1792 Wilhelm.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 14 June 1792 || 20 August 1839 || 24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839
|-
| [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] ||[[File:Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1817-1905), when Duke of Nassau.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 24 July 1817 || 17 November 1905 || 20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866
|}

The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the [[House of Nassau]]. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] (Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a [[courtesy title]].

The royal family of the [[Netherlands]] derives from the Ottonian line of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]], which split from the Walramian line in 1255.

=== Chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"| Chief minister !! Image !! From !! Until
|-
| [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] || [[File:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1806 || 1811
|-
| [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein]]||[[File:Ernst_MVB.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1806 || 1834
|-
| {{ill|Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff|de}} || [[File:Carl_Wilderich_von_Walderdorff.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1834 || 1842
|-
| style="height:8em"| {{ill|Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf|de}} || || 1842 || 1843
|-
| {{ill|Emil August von Dungern|de}} || [[File:Emil_August_von_Dungern.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1843 || 1848
|-
| {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}} ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1848 || 1849
|-
| style="height:8em"|{{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} || || 1849 || 1852
|-
| Prince {{ill|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}} || [[File:August_Ludwig_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1852 || 1866
|-
| August Hergenhahn ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1866 || 1866
|}

==Economy==
The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was [[Mittelgebirge]], which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of [[partible inheritance]]. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a [[peddler]]. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans.

=== Currency ===
The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the [[guilder]]. This was minted for use as [[currency money]]. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver [[Mark (unit)|marks]] (233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60 [[Kreuzer|kreutzer]]. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes.<ref>Otto Satorius: ''Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863''; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863.</ref>

[[File:Hinweisschild zur Münzprägung im Herzogtum Nassau.JPG|thumb|Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau]]
[[File:Nassau Kronenthaler 70200.jpg|thumb|Nassau Kronenthaler]]
From 1816, there were also [[Kronenthaler]] of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's [[Curia (Catholic Church)|curia]]. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the [[Munich Coin Treaty|Munich Currency Treaty]], which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the [[Dresden Coinage Convention]] in 1838, the [[Thaler]] was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the [[Heller (money)|Heller]], valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the [[Vereinsthaler]]. A [[Pound (mass)#German and Austrian Pfund|Pfund]] (500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer.

Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the [[Nassau Savings Bank|Landes-Credit-Casse]] from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book
|title=Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1981
|isbn=3-922244-46-7}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Bernd von Egidy
|title=Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=82
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1971
|pages=215–306}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Konrad Fuchs
|title=Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
| volume=79
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1968
|pages=368–376}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden
|title=Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden
|publisher=Verlag Limbart
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1876–1882
|url=http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/titleinfo/1183007}}
*Michael Hollman: ''Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen.'' 2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994.
* {{Cite book
|author=Otto Renkhoff
|author-link=Otto Renkhoff
|title=Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten
|edition=2
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1992
|isbn=3-922244-90-4}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Klaus Schatz
|title=Geschichte des Bistums Limburg
|journal=[[Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte]]
|volume=48
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1983}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=2006
|isbn=3-930221-16-0}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=91
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1980
|pages=131–144}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|author-link=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil: ''Politische Geschichte''
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1909}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil: ''Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte''
|location=Montabaur
|year=1926}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Franz-Josef Sehr
|author-link=Franz-Josef Sehr
|title=Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes
|journal=Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012
|publisher=Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg
|location=Limburg-Weilburg
|year=2011
|isbn=978-3-927006-48-5
|pages=65–67}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Stefan Wöhrl
|title=Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866
|publisher=Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1994}}

{{States of the Confederation of the Rhine}}
{{States of the German Confederation}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Rhineland-Palatinate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nassau (State)}}
[[Category:Duchy of Nassau| ]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:States of the Confederation of the Rhine]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Former countries]]
[[Category:Taunus]]

Duchy of Nassau

2024-08-27T20:29:53Z

GenEli1L1: /* Geography */

{{Short description|European state (1806–1866)}}
{{About|the former state in present-day Germany|its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg|House of Nassau|other uses|Nassau (disambiguation){{!}}Nassau}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Herzogtum Nassau'' ([[German language|German]])
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Nassau
|common_name = Nassau
|
|era = Modern era
|status = Vassal
|status_text = [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|State]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] (1806–1813) [[States of the German Confederation|State]] of the [[German Confederation]] (1815–1866)
|empire = German Confederation
|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
|
|year_start = 1806
|year_end = 1866
|
|image_flag = Flagge Herzogtum Nassau (1806-1866).svg
|image_coat = Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg
|image_map = {{Switcher
|[[File:Duchy of Nassau.png|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states
|[[File:Map-DB-Nassau.svg|center|200px]]|The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815
}}
|event_start = Established
|date_start = 30 August
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|event2 =
|date_event2 =
|event_end = [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Annexed]] by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
|date_end = 23 August
|
|p1 = Nassau-Weilburg
|flag_p1 = Flag of the House of Nassau Weilburg.svg
|p2 = Nassau-Usingen
|flag_p2 = Flag of Nassau-Usingen.svg
|p3 = Principality of Orange-Nassau
|flag_p3 =
|s1 = Hesse-Nassau
|flag_s1 = Flagge Preußen - Provinz Hessen-Nassau.svg
|
|capital = [[Weilburg]] (1806–1816) [[Wiesbaden]] (1816–1866)
|common_languages = [[Moselle Franconian dialects|Moselle Franconian]]
|currency = [[Kronenthaler]]
|
|title_leader = Duke
|leader1 = [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]]
|year_leader1 = 1806–1816
|leader2 = [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]]
|year_leader2 = 1816–1839
|leader3 = [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolph]]
|year_leader3 = 1839–1866
|
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Duchy of Nassau''' ([[German language|German]]: ''Herzogtum Nassau'') was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the [[Germany|German]] states of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] and [[Hesse]]. It was a [[States of the Confederation of the Rhine|member]] of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] and later of the [[German Confederation]]. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the [[House of Nassau]].<ref>Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985</ref><ref>[[Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg]] is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic</ref> The duchy was named for its historical core city, [[Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate|Nassau]], although [[Wiesbaden]] rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1866 following the [[Austro-Prussian War]], it was incorporated into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]]. The area today is a geographical and historical region, [[Nassau (region)|Nassau]], and Nassau is also the name of the [[Nassau Nature Park]] within the borders of the former duchy.

Today, the [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch royal family]], which styles itself [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Gründungsurkunde Herzogtum Nassau 1806.jpg|thumb|Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806]]
[[File:Weilburg Schloss WLMMH 52314 by Stepro IMG 0787-IMG 0794.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Weilburg]], residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter]]
[[File:MK06522 SchlossBiebrich.jpg|thumb|[[Schloss Biebrich]], seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter]]
The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the [[Taunus]] and [[Westerwald]] mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the [[Main (river)|Main]] and the [[Rhine]], while in the northern part of the territory, the [[Lahn]] river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. The Landgraviate of [[Hesse-Homburg]] and the [[Free City of Frankfurt]] were also to the east. To the west was the [[Rhine Province]] of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an [[exclave]] in the eastern part of Nassau, called [[Wetzlar]].

== Population ==
At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with 5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and [[Limburg an der Lahn]], with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was [[History of Höchst am Main|Höchst am Main.]]

==History==
[[File: Arms of Nassau.svg|thumb|left|The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the [[coat of arms of the Netherlands]] and is also included as the third and fourth field in the [[Coat of arms of Luxembourg|coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg]].]]

===Establishment===
The [[House of Nassau]] produced many [[Lineal descendant#Collateral descendant|collateral line]]s in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of [[Nassau-Usingen]], [[Nassau-Weilburg]], and [[Nassau-Dietz]] (later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The [[Nassau Family Pact]]), which prevented further splitting of territories and enabled general political co-ordination between the branches. In this context, the administrative subdivisions of the individual territories were adjusted, laying the foundations for the later unification of the territories.

After the [[War of the First Coalition]] (1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of [[German mediatisation#Impact of the French Revolution|secularisation]]. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the [[Second Congress of Rastatt]] (1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of [[Electorate of Mainz|Mainz]] and [[Electorate of Trier|Trier]]. The [[Reichsdeputationshauptschluss|Imperial Recess of 1803]] largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with [[Napoleon]].

Nassau-Usingen had lost [[County of Nassau-Saarbrücken|Saarbrücken]], two-thirds of [[County of Saarwerden|Saarwerden]], [[Ottweiler]], and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000 [[guilder]]s of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz, [[Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)|Höchst]], [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], [[Kronberg im Taunus|Cronberg]], [[Lahnstein]] and the [[Rheingau]]; from [[Electorate of Cologne|Cologne]] some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of [[Kaub]]; from [[Hesse-Darmstadt]], the lordship of [[Eppstein]], [[Katzenelnbogen]], and [[Braubach]]; from Prussia, [[Sayn-Altenkirchen]], [[Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg|Sayn-Hachenburg]]; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders.

Nassau-Weilburg lost [[Kirchheim, Hesse|Kirchheim]], [[Stauf Castle (Palatinate)|Stauf]], and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including [[Ehrenbreitstein Fortress|Ehrenbreitstein]], [[Vallendar]], [[Sayn]], [[Montabaur]], Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of [[Limburg Cathedral]]. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue.

In the course of these arrangements, the [[Kammergut]] of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.

Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many [[Imperial Knight]]s and other possessors of [[Imperial immediacy]] were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the [[Confederation of the Rhine]]. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.

On 17 July 1806, Prince [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen]] and his cousin Prince [[Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg|Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg]] joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from [[Napoleon|Napoleon I]] both counties merged to form the '''Duchy of Nassau''' on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.

In 1815, at the [[Congress of Vienna]], there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the [[Principality of Orange-Nassau]] to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.

Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at [[Schloss Weilburg]] on 9 January 1816, and it was his son [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.

=== Reform period ===
[[File:Ernst MVB.jpg|thumb|Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)]]
The Chief ministers in 1806 were [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] and [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein|Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein]]. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834.

A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of [[serfdom]] in 1806, the introduction of [[freedom of movement]] in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single [[progressive tax]] on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the ''Kulturverordnung'' (cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of [[Amt]] subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.

==== Constitution of 1814 ====
On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day. The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the [[freedom of the press]]. It was heavily influenced by [[Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein]], who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the [[Concert of Europe]] period, especially the [[Carlsbad Decrees]] of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.

On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored.

==== Parliament ====
[[File:Wiesbaden, Stadtschule am Marktplatz, 1. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts.jpg|thumb|left|The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844]]
Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament (''Landstände'') of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies (''Landesdeputiertenversammlung'') and a house of lords (''Herrenbank''). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by [[census suffrage]] but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.

Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128 wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.

The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.

=== The Nassau Domain dispute ===
[[File:Seltersflasche Nassau.JPG|thumb|150px|A flask of mineral water from [[Niederselters]], an important business of the Nassau domain]]
At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the [[tithe]] and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president [[Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell]] in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.

In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the [[July Revolution]] of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue.

The president of the chamber [[Georg Herber]] was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the ''Hanauer Zeitung'' on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer, {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}}, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833.

The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.

In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members, the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.

=== Accession of Duke Adolphe===
[[File:Stadtschloss Wiesbaden.jpg|thumb|[[Wiesbaden City Palace]], built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes]]
[[File:Hertogdom Nassau wapen.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846]]
After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the [[Zollverein|German Zollverein]] in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the [[Wiesbaden City Palace]] in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess [[Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia|Elizabeth Mikhailovna]], who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the [[St. Elizabeth's Church, Wiesbaden|Russian orthodox church]] in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the [[Adelsverein|Mainz Adelsverein]], which was intended to establish a German colony in [[Texas]], but was not successful.

From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of [[German Catholics (sect)|German Catholicism]]. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts.

===Revolution of 1848===
[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|thumb|August Hergenhahn in a [[lithograph]], 1848]]
Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the [[French Revolution of 1848|February Revolution]] in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the ''Vier Jahreszeiten'' Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the ''Neun Forderungen der Nassauer'' (Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister [[Emil August von Dungern]], who immediately approved the formation of a citizens' militia, freedom of the press, and the convocation of the lower chamber of Parliament to discuss electoral reform. Decisions on the other demands were reserved for the Duke, who was in [[Berlin]] at that moment.

In accordance with a proclamation of Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.

With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.

From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be [[unicameral]] with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an [[electoral college]]. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and [[Jews]]. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials.

Meanwhile, on 31 March, the [[Vorparlament|Pre-Parliament]] gathered in the [[St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main|St. Paul's Church]] in [[Frankfurt-am-Main]]. Fifteen of its deputies were drawn from the lower chamber of the Nassau parliament and two from the Nassau house of lords. There were another nine citizens of the Duchy in the Pre-Parliament as well.

As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the [[Schultheiß]]en, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own [[neighbourhood watch]]es. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April.

====1848 elections====
[[File:Bischof Blum 1884.JPG|thumb|Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884)]]
Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg, {{ill|Peter Joseph Blum|de}}, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the ''Nassauische Allgemein'' announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.

In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German [[Frankfurt Parliament]]. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business.

Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people (20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the [[Westerwald]]). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals.

The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.

[[File:Max Ludwig Freiherr von Gagern.jpg|thumb|Max von Gagern]]
In District 1 ([[Rennerod]], in the north of the duchy) and District 4 ([[Nastätten]], southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator [[Carl Schenck]] of [[Dillenburg]] was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 ([[Montabaur]], in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but [[Freiherr]] [[Max von Gagern]] won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact, since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded [[Friedrich Schulz]], the committee's candidate for District 3 ([[Limburg an der Lahn|Limburg]], in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the ''Lahnboten'', who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 ([[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]], the southeast) was won by [[Karl Philipp Hehner]], who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a [[Burschenschaft]] and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a [[constitutional monarchy]] as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.

In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal [[Casino faction]], while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left [[Factions in the Frankfurt Assembly#Westendhall|Westendhall]]. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849.

In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.

==== End of the Revolution ====
[[File:Wiesbaden Ministerialgebäude BW 2017-04-24 17-25-18.jpg|thumb|400px|The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844]]
The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the Duke to veto decisions of Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.

In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The ''Freie Zeitung'' became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg ''Lahnbote''. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the ''Freie Zeitung'' and the ''Allgemeine'' all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive [[censorship]] regime.

The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many [[sports club]]s and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the ''Kirberger Union'', which was to serve as an [[umbrella organisation]]. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden.

====Elections for the Erfurt Parliament====
[[File:Bilderrevolution0134.jpg|right|thumb|210px|The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery]]
After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a [[Erfurt Union|Union Parliament]] at [[Erfurt]]. On 3 December 1849, the Ducal government oversaw elections for this body in the four Nassau districts, using [[Prussian three-class franchise]]

Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the ''Nassauische Allgemeine'' all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the [[Frankfurt Constitution]]. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in [[Idstein]] and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]], [[Schleswig-Holstein]], and the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election.

Preparation for elections to the Erfurt Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in [[Selters, Rhineland-Palatinate|Selters]], Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law [[Hermann, Prince of Wied]] as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.

=== The Restoration ===
[[File:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|thumb|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)]]
After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister {{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was {{ill|August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}}, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned.

In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no further discussion about elections until September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.

[[File:Abtei Marienstatt 008.jpg|thumb|250px|Marienstatt Abbey]]
Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell [[Marienstatt Abbey]] in the [[Westerwald]]. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000 [[guilder]]s. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The [[diocese of Limburg]] began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.

Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.

===End of the Duchy===
When the [[Austro-Prussian War]] broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. The war was won at the [[Battle of Königgrätz]] on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the {{ill|Prussian Annexations of 1866|de|Preußische Annexionen 1866|lt=annexation}} of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden Region]] into the [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]].{{cn|date=November 2022}}

Before the conclusion of the [[Peace of Prague (1866)|Prague Peace]] on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the [[North German Confederation]], on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the [[Landtag of Prussia]] that Prussia would annex [[Hannover]], [[Hesse-Kassel]], the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-12.xml Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref> The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia.<ref>[http://amtspresse.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/vollanzeige.php?file=9838247/1866/1866-09-26.xml&s=4 Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder] zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.</ref>

Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as [[Biebrich Palace]], [[Schloss Weilburg]], {{ill|Jagdschloss Platte|de}} and Luxemburgisches Schloss in [[Königstein im Taunus|Königstein]]. He became Grand Duke of [[Luxembourg]] in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medievalcoinage.com/gallery/germany-nassau.htm|title=Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau|access-date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of [[Hesse-Nassau]]. The capital of the new province was [[Kassel]], which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Wiesbaden (region)|Wiesbaden]]. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[American occupation zone]] and became part of the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Hesse]]. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into [[Darmstadt (region)|Darmstadt]]. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the [[French occupation zone]] and became the administrative region of [[Regierungsbezirk Montabaur|Montabaur]] in the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters.<ref>Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen." ''Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde'', [[Nassauische Annalen]], Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000, {{ISSN|0077-2887}}.</ref>

<gallery>
Grenzstein Hessen-Darmstadt Oranien-Nassau.jpg|West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''ON''' for Orange-Nassau
Grenzstein Oranien-Nassau Hessen-Darmstadt.jpg|East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with '''HD''' for Hesse-Darmstadt
Rodenroth - Grenzstein Hz Nassau.jpg|Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia
Dillenburg, Grenzsäule des Herzogtums Nassau.jpg|Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg
</gallery>

== Politics ==
=== Foreign affairs ===
In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in [[Berlin]]. Then three [[battalion]]s were stationed at the [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)|Siege of Kolberg]]. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the [[Peninsular war]]; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]] against Napoleon.
Nassau troops fought at the battle of [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified [[Hougoumont|Hougemont]] farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of [[La Haye Sainte]]. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action.
After the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, Nassau was a member of the [[German Confederation]].

=== Military ===
Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.

The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of [[Jäger (infantry)|Jäger]]. After the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added ([[Pioneer (military)|pioneers]], Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a [[brigade]] command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an [[Adjutant general]]. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers.

After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the [[Prussian Army]].

=== Education ===
The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the [[Kingdom of Hannover]], which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the [[University of Göttingen]]. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds.

In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term ''nassauer'', meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a [[Berlin German|Berlin dialect]] term derived from [[Rotwelsch]] [[Yiddish]] and that this story was invented after the fact.

=== Religion===
[[File:Religionskarte des Herzogtums Nassau 1815.png|thumb|Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866)]]
As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53% [[United and uniting churches|United]] Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06% [[Mennonites|Mennonite]]. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The [[Lutheran]] and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] churches agreed to unite into the single [[Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau|Protestant Church in Nassau]] in 1817, at the [[Unionskirche, Idstein|Unionskirche]] in [[Idstein]], making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation.

Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic [[diocese]] of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the [[Holy See]] came to an agreement on the establishment of the [[diocese of Limburg]], which was formally established in 1827.

Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the [[Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer|Redemptorists]], to [[Bornhofen]] led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The [[Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ]], founded in [[Dernbach, Westerwaldkreis|Dernbach]] were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places 'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern {{ill|Sozialstation|de|lt=Sozialstationen}}.

=== Dukes ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"|Duke !! Image !! Birth !! Death !! Reign
|-
| [[Frederick Augustus, Duke of Nassau|Frederick Augustus]] ||[[File:Friedrich August (Nassau-Usingen).jpg|frameless|100px]] || 23 April 1738 || 24 March 1816 || 30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816
|-
| [[William, Duke of Nassau|William]] ||[[File:1792 Wilhelm.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 14 June 1792 || 20 August 1839 || 24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839
|-
| [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg|Adolphe]] ||[[File:Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1817-1905), when Duke of Nassau.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 24 July 1817 || 17 November 1905 || 20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866
|}

The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the [[House of Nassau]]. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the [[Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] (Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a [[courtesy title]].

The royal family of the [[Netherlands]] derives from the Ottonian line of [[House of Orange-Nassau|Orange-Nassau]], which split from the Walramian line in 1255.

=== Chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable zebra"
|-
! style="width:20em"| Chief minister !! Image !! From !! Until
|-
| [[Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern]] || [[File:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1806 || 1811
|-
| [[Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein]]||[[File:Ernst_MVB.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1806 || 1834
|-
| {{ill|Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff|de}} || [[File:Carl_Wilderich_von_Walderdorff.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1834 || 1842
|-
| style="height:8em"| {{ill|Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf|de}} || || 1842 || 1843
|-
| {{ill|Emil August von Dungern|de}} || [[File:Emil_August_von_Dungern.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1843 || 1848
|-
| {{ill|August Hergenhahn|de}} ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1848 || 1849
|-
| style="height:8em"|{{ill|Friedrich von Wintzingerode|de}} || || 1849 || 1852
|-
| Prince {{ill|August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg|de}} || [[File:August_Ludwig_zu_Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1852 || 1866
|-
| August Hergenhahn ||[[File:AugustHergenhahn1848.jpg|frameless|100px]]|| 1866 || 1866
|}

==Economy==
The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was [[Mittelgebirge]], which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of [[partible inheritance]]. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a [[peddler]]. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans.

=== Currency ===
The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the [[guilder]]. This was minted for use as [[currency money]]. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver [[Mark (unit)|marks]] (233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60 [[Kreuzer|kreutzer]]. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes.<ref>Otto Satorius: ''Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863''; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863.</ref>

[[File:Hinweisschild zur Münzprägung im Herzogtum Nassau.JPG|thumb|Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau]]
[[File:Nassau Kronenthaler 70200.jpg|thumb|Nassau Kronenthaler]]
From 1816, there were also [[Kronenthaler]] of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's [[Curia (Catholic Church)|curia]]. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the [[Munich Coin Treaty|Munich Currency Treaty]], which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the [[Dresden Coinage Convention]] in 1838, the [[Thaler]] was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the [[Heller (money)|Heller]], valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the [[Vereinsthaler]]. A [[Pound (mass)#German and Austrian Pfund|Pfund]] (500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer.

Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the [[Nassau Savings Bank|Landes-Credit-Casse]] from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book
|title=Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1981
|isbn=3-922244-46-7}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Bernd von Egidy
|title=Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=82
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1971
|pages=215–306}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Konrad Fuchs
|title=Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
| volume=79
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1968
|pages=368–376}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden
|title=Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden
|publisher=Verlag Limbart
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1876–1882
|url=http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/titleinfo/1183007}}
*Michael Hollman: ''Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen.'' 2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994.
* {{Cite book
|author=Otto Renkhoff
|author-link=Otto Renkhoff
|title=Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten
|edition=2
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1992
|isbn=3-922244-90-4}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Klaus Schatz
|title=Geschichte des Bistums Limburg
|journal=[[Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte]]
|volume=48
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1983}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat
|publisher=Historische Kommission für Nassau
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=2006
|isbn=3-930221-16-0}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Winfried Schüler
|title=Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau
|journal=Nassauische Annalen
|volume=91
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1980
|pages=131–144}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|author-link=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil: ''Politische Geschichte''
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1909}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Christian Spielmann
|title=Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil: ''Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte''
|location=Montabaur
|year=1926}}
* {{Cite journal
|author=Franz-Josef Sehr
|author-link=Franz-Josef Sehr
|title=Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes
|journal=Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012
|publisher=Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg
|location=Limburg-Weilburg
|year=2011
|isbn=978-3-927006-48-5
|pages=65–67}}
* {{Cite book
|author=Stefan Wöhrl
|title=Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866
|publisher=Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung
|location=Wiesbaden
|year=1994}}

{{States of the Confederation of the Rhine}}
{{States of the German Confederation}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord missing|Rhineland-Palatinate}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nassau (State)}}
[[Category:Duchy of Nassau| ]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1866 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:States of the Confederation of the Rhine]]
[[Category:States of the German Confederation]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate]]
[[Category:Former countries]]
[[Category:Taunus]]

Battle of Waterloo

2024-08-27T20:26:41Z

GenEli1L1: /* First French infantry attack */ link rules

{{Short description|1815 battle of the Napoleonic Wars}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Waterloo
| partof = the [[Waterloo campaign]]
| image = Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG
| image_size = 300px
| caption = ''[[The Battle of Waterloo (painting)|The Battle of Waterloo]]'', by [[William Sadler (painter)|William Sadler II]]
| date = {{Start date and age|1815|06|18|df=yes}}
| place = [[Waterloo, Belgium|Waterloo]], [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] (present-day Belgium)
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q48314|region:BE-WBR_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[Hundred Days|Coalition]] victory
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|First French Empire}} [[First French Empire|France]]
| combatant2 = {{plain list|
* {{flagdeco|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
* {{flagdeco|Prussia|1803}} [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
* {{flagdeco|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
* {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hanover}} [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]]
* {{flagdeco|Nassau}} [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]]
* {{flagdeco|Brunswick|1814}} [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]
}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Napoleon I]] {{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Michel Ney]] {{flagicon|First French Empire}} [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}{{flagicon|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] {{flagicon|Prussia|1803}} [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]]
| strength1 = 72,000–73,000{{efn|
* 72,000{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}
* 73,000{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=68–69}}
}}{{tree list}}
** 48,950{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}} to 50,600 [[infantrymen]]
** 14,390 to 15,765{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}} [[cavalrymen]]
** 8,050 [[artillerymen|gunners]] and [[Military engineering|engineers]]{{#tag:ref|7,232 gunners (according to Clodfelter).{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}}
{{tree list/end}}{{Ubl|{{*}}up to 252 [[Cannon|guns]]{{#tag:ref|246 guns according to Bodart and Clodfelter.{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}}}}
| strength2 = {{tree list}}
* '''Total''': 118,000–120,000
** 91,000 infantrymen{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}
** 21,500 cavalrymen{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}
** 7,500 gunners{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}{{tree list/end}}{{Ubl|{{*}}at least 250 guns{{#tag:ref|Bodart's older estimate of 288 guns total for the Allies.{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=487}}|group=nb}}}}<hr />
{{tree list}}Wellington's army: 68,000 soldiers<ref>{{harvnb|Hofschröer|1999|p=61}} cites Siborne's numbers.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=256}} gives 68,000.</ref>{{#tag:ref|49,608 infantry, 12,408 cavalry, and 5,645 artillery according to Clodfelter.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}} {{ubl|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 31,000{{efn|(25,000 British and 6,000 [[King's German Legion]])
}}|
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom of the Netherlands}} 17,000|
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hanover}} 11,000|
* {{flagicon|Brunswick|1814}} 6,000|
* {{flagicon|Nassau}} 3,000{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=75–76}}}}{{tree list/end}}{{Ubl|{{*}}156 guns{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=256}}}}<hr />
{{tree list}}
* Blücher's army
** {{flagicon|Prussia|1803}} 50,000{{Efn|
* 45,000 with 44 guns{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}}
* 50,000{{sfn|Chesney|1874|p=4}}}}
{{tree list/end}}{{Ubl|{{*}}126 guns{{sfn|Bowden|1983|p=329}}}}
| casualties1 = 26,000–27,000{{#tag:ref|At the [[Hougoumont]] stronghold alone, the French lost 5,000 men out of 12,700 engaged.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}} Allied artillery inflicted 14,000 casualties with 21,500 rounds fired.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}}{{Ubl|{{*}}25,000 [[Killed in action|killed]] or [[Wounded in action|wounded]]{{Efn|
* 24–26,000{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=312}}
* 25,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}}}}{{#tag:ref|(including 4,500 killed or wounded by the Prussians;{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}} 19,500–21,500 by Wellington{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=312}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}})|group=nb}}|{{*}}8,000 [[Prisoner of war|captured]] (including 6–7,000 wounded{{Efn|24,000 to 26,000 dead and wounded including 6,000 to 7,000 captured (according to Barbero).{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=312}}}}){{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}}}}
15,000 deserted ''after the battle''{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=420}}
220 guns lost{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=170}}
| casualties2 = '''Total''': 24,000{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=419}}{{#tag:ref|French artillery inflicted 13,300 casualties with 20,760 rounds fired.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}}<hr />Wellington's army: 17,000 killed, wounded, or [[Missing in action|missing]]{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=419}}{{#tag:ref|At the [[Hougoumont]] stronghold, the British and Hanoverian losses were only 847 men out of 2,200 engaged.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=169}}|group=nb}}
{{ubl|  {{*}}3,500 killed|{{*}}10,200 wounded|{{*}}3,300 missing}}<hr />Blücher's army: 6,604–7,000{{Efn|
* 6,604{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|pp=169–170}}
* 7,000{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=419}}}}
{{ubl|{{*}}1,144–1,200 killed|{{*}}4,155–4,400 wounded|{{*}}1,305–1,400 missing}}
| casualties3 = '''Both sides:''' 7,000 horses killed
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Campaignbox Waterloo}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|47|6}}
| zoom = 4
| float = right
| nolabels = 1
| width = 304
| height = 170
| title = [[Hundred Days]]: [[Waterloo campaign]]
| caption = {{legend|maroon|Napoleon in command}}{{legend|navy|Napoleon not in command}}

| shapeD=n-circle
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| label-offset-yD =0
| label1 = Elba|jdx1=7|ldy1=-4
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|42.78|10.29}}
| mark-title1 = [[Napoleon#Exile to Elba|Exile_to_Elba]] from 30 May 1814 to 26 February 1815
| label2 = Paris|jdx2=9|ldy2=2
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|48.86|2.35}}
| mark-title2 = [[Champ de Mai]] on 1 June 1815
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|50.57|4.45}}
| mark-title3 = [[Battle of Quatre Bras]] on 16 June 1815
| label-pos4 = right,n-line|ldx4=23|ldy4=3
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|50.52|4.58}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Ligny]] on 16 June 1815
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| mark-coord5 = {{coord|50.72|4.6}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of Wavre]] from 18 to 19 June 1815
| label6 = Waterloo
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| mark-title6 = Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815
| label-color6 = black
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| label7 = Rochefort| jdx7=7
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|45.94|-0.96}}
| mark-title7 = [[Frederick Lewis Maitland#Helenaincampaignwaterloo|Surrender of Napoleon]] on 15 July 1815
| label8 = Saint Helena
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|-15.97|-5.7}}
| mark-title8 = [[Napoleon#Exile on Saint Helena|Exile on Saint Helena]] Napoleon died on 5 May 1821
}}

The '''Battle of Waterloo''' ({{IPA-nl|ˈʋaːtərloː|lang|Nl-waterloo.ogg}}) was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near [[Waterloo, Belgium|Waterloo]] (at that time in the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], now in [[Belgium]]), marking the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. A French army under the command of [[Napoleon]] was defeated by two armies of the [[Seventh Coalition]]. One of these was a British-led force with units from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], the Netherlands, [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]], [[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]], and [[Duchy of Nassau|Nassau]], under the command of the [[Duke of Wellington]] (often referred to as ''the Anglo-allied army'' or ''Wellington's army''). The other comprised three [[corps]] (the 1st, 2nd and 4th corps) of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] army under Field Marshal [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher|Blücher]]; a fourth corps (the 3rd) of this army fought at the [[Battle of Wavre]] on the same day. The battle was known contemporarily as the '''Battle of Mont Saint-Jean''' in France (after the hamlet of [[Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium|Mont-Saint-Jean]]) and '''La Belle Alliance''' in Prussia ("the Beautiful Alliance"; after the inn of [[La Belle Alliance]]).<ref>Albert Smith, Charles Dickens, William Harrison Ainsworth (eds.) (1851) ''Bentley's Miscellany'', Volume 30, Publisher, Richard Bentley, p. 57</ref>

Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815 (beginning the [[Hundred Days]]), many states that had previously opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and hurriedly mobilised their armies. Wellington's and Blücher's armies were [[Cantonment|cantoned]] close to the northeastern border of France. Napoleon planned to [[Defeat in detail|attack them separately]], before they could link up and invade France with other members of the coalition.

On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the [[Battle of Ligny]] with his main force, while a small portion of the French army contested the [[Battle of Quatre Bras]] to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians. The Anglo-allied army held their ground at Quatre Bras, and on the 17th, the Prussians withdrew from Ligny in good order, while Wellington then withdrew in parallel with the Prussians northward to Waterloo on 17 June. Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, which resulted in the separate [[Battle of Wavre]] with the Prussian rear-guard on 18–19 June and prevented that French force from participating at Waterloo.

Upon learning that the Prussian Army was able to support him, Wellington decided to offer battle on the [[Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium|Mont-Saint-Jean]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Waterloo – The Battles of Quatre-Bras and Ligny {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Waterloo/The-Battles-of-Quatre-Bras-and-Ligny |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201201350/https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Waterloo/The-Battles-of-Quatre-Bras-and-Ligny |url-status=live }}</ref> escarpment across the Brussels Road, near the village of Waterloo. Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of 18 June,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Waterloo {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> and was eventually aided by the progressively arriving 50,000 Prussians who attacked the French flank and inflicted heavy casualties. In the evening, Napoleon assaulted the Anglo-allied line with his last reserves, the senior infantry battalions of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]]. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, the Anglo-allied army repulsed the Imperial Guard, and the French army was routed.

Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the [[Waterloo campaign]] and Napoleon's last. It was also the second bloodiest single day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, after [[Battle of Borodino|Borodino]]. According to Wellington, the battle was "the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life".<ref>[[q:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wikiquote:Wellington]] citing ''Creevey Papers'', ch. x, p. 236</ref> [[Abdication of Napoleon, 1815|Napoleon abdicated]] four days later, and coalition forces entered Paris on 7 July. The defeat at Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days return from exile. It precipitated Napoleon's second and definitive abdication as [[Emperor of the French]], and ended the [[First French Empire]]. It set a historical milestone between serial European wars and decades of [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)|relative peace]], often referred to as the ''[[Pax Britannica]]''. In popular culture, the phrase "meeting one's Waterloo" has become an expression for someone suffering a final defeat.

The battlefield is located in the Belgian municipalities of [[Braine-l'Alleud]] and [[Lasne]],{{sfn|Marcelis|2015}} about {{convert|15|km|mi}} south of [[Brussels]], and about {{convert|2|km|mi}} from the town of Waterloo. The site of the battlefield today is dominated by the monument of the [[Lion's Mound]], a large artificial hill constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself, but the topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved.

==Prelude==
{{main|Waterloo Campaign}}
[[File:Strategic Situation of Western Europe 1815.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815: 250,000 Frenchmen faced about 850,000 allied soldiers on four fronts. In addition, Napoleon was forced to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist insurrection.]]
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|The resurgent [[Napoleon]]'s strategy was to isolate the Anglo-allied and Prussian armies and [[Defeat in detail|annihilate each one separately]].]]
[[File:Sir Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.png|thumb|upright|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], commander of the Anglo-allied army, who had gained notable successes against the French in the [[Peninsular War]]]]
[[File:Blücher (nach Gebauer).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]] commanded the Prussian army, one of the Coalition armies that defeated Napoleon at the [[Battle of Leipzig]]]]

On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the [[Congress of Vienna]] [[s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna|declared him an outlaw]].{{sfn|''Brown University Library''}} Four days later, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|p=59}} Critically outnumbered, Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more members of the [[Seventh Coalition]] from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the coalition mobilised.{{sfn|Chandler|1966|pp=1016, 1017, 1093}}

Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. Crucially, this would have bought him time to recruit and train more men before turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=320–323}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The campaign of 1815: a study – A fundamental choice: a defensive or offensive war |url=https://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/bestanden/files/preambles/plannen.nap.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/bestanden/files/preambles/plannen.nap.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=Waterloo Campaign NL |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref>

An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French-speaking sympathisers in [[Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)|Belgium]] to launch a friendly revolution. Also, coalition troops in Belgium were largely second line, as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty.{{sfn|Chandler|1966|pp=1016, 1017}}{{sfn|Cornwell|2015|p=16}}

The initial dispositions of Wellington, the British commander, were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by moving through [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]] to the south-west of Brussels.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=82}} This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces, led by [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]], but might have cut Wellington's communications with his base at [[Ostend]]. In order to delay Wellington's deployment, Napoleon spread false intelligence which suggested that Wellington's supply chain from the channel ports would be cut.{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|pp=136–160}}

By June, Napoleon had raised a total army strength of about 300,000 men. The force at his disposal at Waterloo was less than one third that size, but the rank and file were mostly loyal and experienced soldiers.{{sfn|Herold|1967|pp=53, 58, 110}} Napoleon divided his army into a left wing commanded by [[Michel Ney|Marshal Ney]], a right wing commanded by [[Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy|Marshal Grouchy]] and a reserve under his command (although all three elements remained close enough to support one another). Crossing the frontier near [[Charleroi]] before dawn on 15 June, the French [[Waterloo Campaign: Start of hostilities (15 June)|rapidly overran Coalition outposts]], securing Napoleon's "central position" between Wellington's and Blücher's armies. He hoped this would prevent them from combining, and he would be able to destroy first the Prussian army, then Wellington's.<ref>{{cite web |title=Battle of Waterloo – Opening moves |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo |publisher=National Army Museum |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404113305/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/battle-waterloo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Simner">{{cite book |last=Mark Simner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQAnCgAAQBAJ |title=An Illustrated Introduction to the Battle of Waterloo – Quatre Bras and Ligny |year=2015 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-4667-1}}</ref><ref name="Hussey2017" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Road to Waterloo: a concise history of the 1815 campaign |url=https://www.academia.edu/35009953 |last=Alasdair White |publisher=Academia |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822203454/https://www.academia.edu/35009953 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Only very late on the night of 15 June was Wellington certain that the Charleroi attack was the main French thrust. In the early hours of 16 June, at the [[Duchess of Richmond's ball]] in Brussels, he received a dispatch from the [[William II of the Netherlands|Prince of Orange]] and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon's advance. He hastily ordered his army to concentrate on [[Quatre Bras]], where the Prince of Orange, with the brigade of Prince [[Bernhard Carl of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar]], was holding a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney's left wing. Prince Bernhard and General [[Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky|Perponcher]] were by all accounts better informed of the French advance than other allied officials and their later initiatives to hold the crossroads proved vital for the outcome. General [[Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque|Constant de Rebeque]], commander of one of the Dutch divisions, disobeyed Wellington's orders to march to his previous chosen concentration area around Nivelles, and decided to hold the crossroads and send urgent messages to the prince and Perponcher. This fact shows how little Wellington believed in a fast French advance towards Brussels. He did not believe in recent intelligence given to him by General Dörnberg, one of his intelligence officials warning him of numerous French outposts south of Charleroi as well as some reports sent by the intelligence of the Prussian 1st corps. Had these two generals obeyed his orders, Quatre-Bras in all probablity would have fallen to the French giving them time to support Napoleon's attack on the Prussians in the Sombreffe area via the fast, cobbled road, and the history of the campaign would have been significantly different.<ref>Clayton, Tim. Waterloo(2014)e-book edition. Pags 137-140 </ref>{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=508}}

Ney's orders were to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras so that he could later swing east and reinforce Napoleon if necessary. Ney found the crossroads lightly held by the Prince of Orange, who repelled Ney's initial attacks but was gradually driven back by overwhelming numbers of French troops in the [[Battle of Quatre Bras]]. First reinforcements, and then Wellington arrived. He took command and drove Ney back, securing the crossroads by early evening, too late to send help to the Prussians, who had already been defeated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Quatre Bras (June 16th 1815) |url=http://waterloobattletours.users.btopenworld.com/page14.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061125023608/http://waterloobattletours.users.btopenworld.com/page14.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 November 2006 |publisher=Archive Org |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Simner" /><ref name="Perr2013">{{Cite book |last=Bryan Perrett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8o7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Why the Germans Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Black Eagle |year=2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78159-197-0 |pages=51–}}</ref>

Meanwhile, on 16 June, Napoleon attacked and defeated Blücher at the [[Battle of Ligny]], using part of the reserve and the right wing of his army. The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French assaults, but the flanks held their ground. [[Waterloo Campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo|The Prussian retreat from Ligny]] went uninterrupted and seemingly unnoticed by the French. The bulk of their rearguard units held their positions until about midnight, and some elements did not move out until the following morning, ignored by the French.{{sfn|Chesney|1874|p=144}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Becke's Waterloo Logistics |url=https://www.academia.edu/36063281 |last=Stephen Summerfield |journal=Ken Trotman Publishing |date=January 2018 |publisher=Academia |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822203456/https://www.academia.edu/36063281 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Crucially, the Prussians did not retreat to the east, along their own lines of communication. Instead, they, too, fell back northwards parallel to Wellington's line of march, still within supporting distance and in communication with him throughout. The Prussians rallied on [[Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bülow|Bülow]]'s IV Corps, which had not been engaged at Ligny and was in a strong position south of [[Wavre]].{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=144–145}}

With the Prussian retreat from Ligny, Wellington's position at Quatre Bras was untenable. The next day he withdrew northwards, to a defensive position that he had reconnoitred the previous year—the low [[ridge]] of Mont-Saint-Jean, south of the village of [[Waterloo, Belgium|Waterloo]] and the [[Sonian Forest]].{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=527}}

Napoleon, with the reserves, made a late start on 17 June and joined Ney at Quatre Bras at 13:00 to attack Wellington's army but found the position empty. The French pursued Wellington's retreating army to Waterloo; however, due to bad weather, mud and the head start that Napoleon's tardy advance had allowed Wellington, there was no substantial engagement, apart from a cavalry [[action at Genappe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Waterloo – A damned near-run thing. The nearest run thing you ever saw in your life. |url=https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/waterloo |publisher=AETN UK |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924221219/https://www.history.co.uk/history-of-the-battle-of-waterloo/waterloo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2020">{{cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |title=The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSvJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA858 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2020 |pages=608– |isbn=978-0-19-939406-7}}</ref>

Before leaving Ligny, Napoleon had ordered Grouchy, who commanded the right wing, to follow the retreating Prussians with 33,000 men. A late start, uncertainty about the direction the Prussians had taken, and the vagueness of the orders given to him meant that Grouchy was too late to prevent the Prussian army reaching Wavre, from where it could march to support Wellington. More importantly, the heavily outnumbered Prussian rearguard was able to use the River Dyle to fight a savage and prolonged action to delay Grouchy.<ref name="Waloo">{{cite book |last=Battle of Waterloo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oUAAAAQAAJ |title=The battle of Waterloo, containing the series of accounts published by authority, British and foreign pp.=45 |year=1815}}</ref>{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|p=64}}<ref name="Mikaberidze2020" />

As 17 June drew to a close, Wellington's army had arrived at its position at Waterloo, with the main body of Napoleon's army in pursuit. Blücher's army was gathering in and around Wavre, around {{convert|8|mi}} to the east of the town. Early the next morning, Wellington received an assurance from Blücher that the Prussian army would support him. He decided to hold his ground and give battle.<ref name="Watl1815">{{cite book |last=Battle of Waterloo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 |title=A short detail of the battle of Waterloo |year=1815 |page=13}}</ref><ref name="Mikaberidze2020" />

==Armies==
{{main|Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign}}
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Three armies participated in the battle: Napoleon's ''Armée du Nord'', a multinational army under Wellington, and a Prussian army under General Blücher.

The French army of around 74,500 consisted of 54,014 infantry, 15,830 cavalry, and 8,775 artilleries with 254 guns.<ref>{{harvnb|Hofschröer|1999|p=68}} gives 73,000.</ref><ref>Bowden, in Armies at Waterloo gives 74,500 men and 254 guns. Pag 134</ref> Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule, but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign. His troops were mainly veterans with considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor.{{sfn|Glover|2014|page=30}} The cavalry in particular was both numerous and formidable, and included fourteen regiments of armoured [[heavy cavalry]], and seven of highly versatile [[lancers]] who were armed with lances, sabres and firearms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elite Units and Shock Tactics: How Napoleon (Almost) Conquered Europe |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/elite-units-and-shock-tactics-how-napoleon-almost-conquered-europe-123346 |last=T.S. Allen |date=14 February 2020 |publisher=National Interest |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171052/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/elite-units-and-shock-tactics-how-napoleon-almost-conquered-europe-123346 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=L'Armée du Nord |url=http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Waterloo_OB/French.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717034251/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Waterloo_OB/French.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |publisher=web archive |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sib">{{cite book |last=Siborne |first=William |author-link=William Siborne |title=The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxQazrQnHSkC |publisher=E. Arber |year=1848 |page=55}}</ref>

However, as the army took shape, French officers were allocated to units as they presented themselves for duty, so that many units were commanded by officers the soldiers did not know, and often did not trust. Crucially, some of these officers had little experience in working together as a unified force, so that support for other units was often not given.<ref name="emo">{{cite web |title=The Causes of Napoleon Bonaparte's Loss at Waterloo 1815 – p. 170-178 |url=http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-huh.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-huh.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |last=Eric Huh |publisher=Emory Endeavors |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=133}}

The French were forced to march through rain and black coal-dust mud to reach Waterloo, and then to contend with mud and rain as they slept in the open.{{sfn|Simms|2014|p=29}} Little food was available, but nevertheless the veteran soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon.<ref name=emo/>{{sfn|Simms|2014|p=58}}

In December 1814, the British Army had been reduced by 47,000 men.{{sfn|Fortescue|2004|p=228}} This was largely achieved by the disbandment of the second battalion of 22 infantry regiments.<ref>{{cite journal |last=MacArthur |first=Roderick |title=British Army establishments during the Napoleonic Wars (Part 1) |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=87 |year=2009 |issue=350 |pages=150–172|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232822 |url-access=subscription |jstor=44232822}}</ref> Wellington later said that he had "an infamous army, very weak and ill-equipped, and a very inexperienced [[Staff (military)|Staff]]".{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=485}} His troops consisted of 74,326 men: 53,607 infantry, 13,400 cavalry, and 5,596 artillery with 156 guns plus engineers and staff.<ref>Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag.272</ref> Of these, 27,985 (38%) were British, with another 7,686 (10%) from the [[King's German Legion]] (KGL). All of the [[British Army]] troops were regular soldiers, and the majority of them had served in the Peninsula. Of the 23 British line infantry regiments in action, only four (the 14th, 33rd, 69th, and 73rd Foot) had ''not'' served in the Peninsula, and a similar level of experience was to be found in the British cavalry and artillery. {{Citation needed|date=May 2024|reason=statement contradicts the prior text sourced from Longford}} Chandler asserts that most of the British veterans of the [[Peninsular War]] were being transported to North America to fight in the [[War of 1812]].{{sfn|Chandler|1966|p=1093}} In addition, there were 21,035 (28.3%) Dutch-Belgian and Nassauer troops, 11,496 (15.5%) from [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hanover]] and 6,124 (8.2%) from [[Brunswick-Lüneburg#Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Brunswick]].<ref>Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag 272</ref>

Many of the troops in the Coalition armies were inexperienced.{{efn|Captain [[Cavalié Mercer]] [[Royal Horse Artillery|RHA]], thought the Brunswickers "...perfect children. None of the privates, perhaps were over eighteen years of age" {{harv|Mercer|1891|p=218}}.}}{{efn|On 13 June, the commandant at [[Ath]] requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had never yet fired a shot {{harv|Longford|1971|p=486}}.}} The Dutch army had been re-established in 1815, following the earlier defeat of Napoleon. With the exception of the British and some men from Hanover and Brunswick who had fought with the British army in Spain, many of the professional soldiers in the Coalition armies had spent some of their time in the French army or in armies allied to the Napoleonic regime. The historian [[Alessandro Barbero]] states that in this heterogeneous army the difference between British and foreign troops did not prove significant under fire.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=19}}

Wellington was also acutely short of heavy cavalry, having only seven British and three Dutch regiments. The [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Duke of York]] imposed many of his staff officers on Wellington, including his second-in-command, the [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey|Earl of Uxbridge]]. Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had [[Blank cheque|''carte blanche'']] from Wellington to commit these forces at his discretion. Wellington stationed a further 17,000 troops at [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], {{convert|8|mi|km}} away to the west. They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under the Prince of Orange's younger brother, [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands]]. They were placed as a guard against a wide flanking movement and also to act as a rearguard if Wellington was forced to retreat towards Antwerp and the coast.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=239–240}}{{efn|The straight-line distance from Halle to Braine-l'Alleud, Wellington's far right flank is nearly the same as the straight-line distance from Wavre to [[Frichermont]], Wellington's far left flank, around {{convert|8|mi|km}}.}}

The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation. In 1815, the former Reserve regiments, Legions, and ''Freikorps'' volunteer formations from the wars of 1813–1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line, along with many ''[[Landwehr]]'' (militia) regiments. The ''Landwehr'' were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium. The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state.{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|p=59}} Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance—guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle.{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|pp=60–62}}

Offsetting these handicaps, the Prussian army had excellent and professional leadership in its [[German General Staff|general staff]]. These officers came from four schools developed for this purpose and thus worked to a common standard of training. This system was in marked contrast to the conflicting, vague orders issued by the French army. This staff system ensured that before Ligny, three-quarters of the Prussian army had concentrated for battle with 24 hours' notice.{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|pp=60–62}}

After Ligny, the Prussian army, although defeated, was able to realign its supply train, reorganise itself, and intervene decisively on the Waterloo battlefield within 48 hours.{{sfn|Hofschröer|2005|pp=60–62}} Two-and-a-half Prussian army corps, or 48,000 men, were engaged at Waterloo; two brigades under Bülow, commander of IV Corps, attacked [[Georges Mouton|Lobau]] at 16:30, while [[Hans Ernst Karl, Graf von Zieten|Zieten]]'s I Corps and parts of [[Pirch I]]'s II Corps engaged at about 18:00.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prussian March |url=https://www.waterlooassociation.org.uk/2018/06/04/prussian-advance/ |website=Waterloo Association |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=9 December 2019 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209204251/https://www.waterlooassociation.org.uk/2018/06/04/prussian-advance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Battlefield==
{{further|List of Waterloo Battlefield locations}}
[[File:Waterloo.1816.02.jpg|thumb|An 1816 map of the local topography and the location of the battle]]
The Waterloo position chosen by Wellington was a strong one. It consisted of a long ridge running east–west, perpendicular to, and bisected by, the main road to Brussels. Along the crest of the ridge ran the [[Ohain, Belgium|Ohain]] road, a deep [[sunken lane]]. Near the crossroads with the Brussels road was [[Waterloo Elm|a large elm tree]] that was roughly in the centre of Wellington's position and served as his command post for much of the day. Wellington deployed his infantry in a line just behind the crest of the ridge following the Ohain road.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=78–79}}

Using the [[Reverse slope defence|reverse slope]], as he had many times previously, Wellington concealed his strength from the French, with the exception of his [[skirmisher]]s and artillery.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=78–79}} The length of front of the battlefield was also relatively short at {{convert|2.5|mi|0}}. This allowed Wellington to draw up his forces in depth, which he did in the centre and on the right, all the way towards the village of [[Braine-l'Alleud]], in the expectation that the Prussians would reinforce his left during the day.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=80}}

[[File:Belgium-6773 - Battlefield View (14152126362).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A view of the battlefield from the Lion's Mound. At the top right are the buildings of [[La Haye Sainte]].]]
In front of the ridge, there were three positions that could be fortified. On the extreme right were the château, garden, and orchard of [[Hougoumont (farmhouse)|Hougoumont]]. This was a large and well-built country house, initially hidden in trees. The house faced north along a sunken, covered lane (usually described by the British as "the hollow-way") along which it could be supplied. On the extreme left was the hamlet of [[Papelotte]].{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=149}}

Both Hougoumont and Papelotte were fortified and garrisoned, and thus anchored Wellington's [[Flanking maneuver|flanks]] securely. Papelotte also commanded the road to Wavre that the Prussians would use to send reinforcements to Wellington's position. On the western side of the main road, and in front of the rest of Wellington's line, was the farmhouse and orchard of [[La Haye Sainte]], which was garrisoned with 400 light infantry of the King's German Legion.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=149}} On the opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry, where the [[95th Rifles]] were posted as sharpshooters.{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=58}}

Wellington's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force. Any attempt to turn Wellington's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position. Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between [[Enfilade and defilade|enfilading fire]] from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. On the left, any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit, and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the [[List of Waterloo Battlefield locations#Eastern end of the line of battle|other garrisoned buildings]] on that flank, and some very wet ground in the Smohain [[Defile (geography)|defile]].{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=141, 235}}

The French army formed on the slopes of another ridge to the south. Napoleon could not see Wellington's positions, so he drew his forces up symmetrically about the Brussels road. On the right was I Corps under [[Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon|d'Erlon]] with 16,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, plus a cavalry reserve of 4,700. On the left was II Corps under [[Honoré Charles Reille|Reille]] with 13,000 infantry, and 1,300 cavalry, and a cavalry reserve of 4,600. In the centre about the road south of the inn [[La Belle Alliance]] were a reserve including Lobau's VI Corps with 6,000 men, the 13,000 infantry of the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]], and a cavalry reserve of 2,000.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=83–85}}

In the right rear of the French position was the substantial village of [[Plancenoit]], and at the extreme right, the Bois de Paris wood. Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm, where he could see the entire battlefield, but moved to a position near La Belle Alliance early in the afternoon. Command on the battlefield (which was largely hidden from his view) was delegated to Ney.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=91}}
{{wide image|Panorama waterloo v2.jpg|1100px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the Waterloo battlefield, 2012}}

==Battle==
===Preparation===
[[File:Waterloo Campaign map-alt3.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the Waterloo campaign]]
[[File:Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - sheet 1st, morning of the battle (Alison).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Morning of the battle, initial disposition of opposing forces (''Atlas to Alison's history of Europe'')]]
Wellington rose at around 02:00 or 03:00 on 18 June, and wrote letters until dawn. He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont-Saint-Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels. At a late-night council, Blücher's chief of staff, [[August Neidhardt von Gneisenau]], had been distrustful of Wellington's strategy, but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington's army. In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher, promising to support him with three corps.{{sfn|Longford|1971|pp=535–536}}

From 06:00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces. At Wavre, the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape, not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny. Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=141}}<ref name="Gre2015">{{cite book |last=John Grehan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0KuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA342 |title=Voices from the Past: Waterloo 1815: History's most famous battle told through eyewitness accounts, newspaper reports, parliamentary debate, memoirs and diaries |year=2015 |publisher=Frontline Books |isbn=978-1-78383-199-9 |pages=105–}}</ref>

The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy rain, and Bülow's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces. Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre, blocking several streets along Bülow's intended route. As a result, the last part of the corps left at 10:00, six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo. Bülow's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=141}}<ref name="Gre2015"/>

Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou, the house where he had spent the night. When [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]] suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force, Napoleon said, "Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington, you think he's a good general. I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad troops, and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast".{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=547}}<ref name="Gre2015" />

Napoleon's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic, given his maxim "in war, morale is everything". He had acted similarly in the past, and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|pp=163–166}}

[[File:Napoleon.Waterloo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Mont-Saint-Jean, Belgium|Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean]]]]

Later on, being told by his brother, [[Jérôme Bonaparte|Jerome]], of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the King of Spain inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre, Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=73}} Surprisingly, Jerome's overheard gossip aside, the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later.{{sfn|Roberts|2001|p=xxxii}}

Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground, which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult. In addition, many of his forces had [[Bivouac shelter|bivouacked]] well to the south of La Belle Alliance. At 10:00, in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier, he sent a reply telling Grouchy to "head for Wavre [to Grouchy's north] in order to draw near to us [to the west of Grouchy]" and then "push before him" the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo "as soon as possible".{{sfn|Longford|1971|p=548}}<ref name="Gre2015" />

At 11:00, Napoleon drafted his general order: Reille's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean and keep abreast of one another. This order assumed Wellington's battle-line was in the village, rather than at the more forward position on the ridge.{{sfn|Bonaparte|1869|pp=292–293}} To enable this, Jerome's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont, which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington's reserves,{{sfn|Fletcher|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=US-QQxjHnn8C&pg=PA20 20]}} since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea. A ''[[Grand Battery|grande batterie]]'' of the reserve artillery of I, II, and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington's position from about 13:00. D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington's left, break through, and roll up his line from east to west. In his memoirs, Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate Wellington's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=95–98}}

===Hougoumont===
{{main|Hougoumont}}
[[File:Nassau - Hougoumont - Papendrecht.jpg|thumb|Nassau troops at Hougoumont farm]]
[[File:800px-North gate Hougoumont.jpg|thumb|The gate on the north side assaulted by the ''1st Légère'' who were led by ''Sous-lieutenant'' Legros{{sfn|Lamar|2000|p=119}}]]
Historian Andrew Roberts notes that "It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began".{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=55}} Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at "about ten o'clock [Napoleon] commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont".{{sfn|Wellesley|1815|loc=''To Earl Bathurst. Waterloo, 19 June 1815''}} Other sources state that the attack began around 11:30.{{efn|"The hour at which Waterloo began, though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy, was long a matter of dispute. The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10:00. General Alava says half-past eleven, Napoleon and Drouet say noon, and Ney 13:00. Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired, and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world-shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve" {{harv|Fitchett|2006|loc=Chapter: King-making Waterloo}}. "...watches had to be set by solar time, this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree... For example, on 9 June, ... the French I Corps had been at Lille, while the IV Corps was at Metz. Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march, by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo, the I Corps officer's watch would have read 12:40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer's read 11:20 a.m., and it was noon at Waterloo. This is an extreme example, and unlikely to have actually been the case, but it demonstrates the problem quite well" {{harv|Nofi|1998|p=182}}.}} The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of [[Foot guards|Guards]], and the wood and park by Hanoverian ''[[Jäger (military)|Jäger]]'' and the 1/2nd Nassau.{{efn|That is, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Among Prussian regiments, "F/12th" denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment.}}{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=113–114}}

The initial attack by Bauduin's brigade emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire, and cost Bauduin his life. As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery, a second attack by Soye's brigade and what had been Bauduin's succeeded in reaching the north gate of the house. Sous-Lieutenant Legros, a French officer, broke the gate open with an axe, and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard.{{sfn|Thiers|1862|p=215}} The [[Coldstream Guards]] and the [[Scots Guards]] arrived to support the defence. There was a fierce melee, and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in. The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed.

Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon. Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry, and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont. Wellington's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it. In the afternoon, Napoleon personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire,{{efn|Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost {{harv|Barbero|2005|p=298}}.}} resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel. Du Plat's brigade of the King's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way, which they had to do without senior officers. Eventually they were relieved by the [[71st (Highland) Regiment of Foot|71st Highlanders]], a British infantry regiment. Adam's brigade was further reinforced by [[Hugh Halkett]]'s 3rd Hanoverian Brigade, and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille. Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle.

{{blockquote|I had occupied that post with a detachment from General [[John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford|Byng]]'s brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, and afterwards of Colonel Home; and I am happy to add that it was maintained, throughout the day, with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it.|Wellington.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=10}}}}

{{blockquote|When I reached [[William Lloyd (British Army officer)|Lloyd]]'s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the [[cuirassiers]] were moving; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed—together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved towards our columns, which were standing up in square.|Major Macready, Light Division, 30th British Regiment, Halkett's brigade.{{sfn|Creasy|1877|loc=[http://www.standin.se/fifteen15a.htm Chapter XV]}}}}

The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington's reserves which escalated into an all-day battle and drew in French reserves instead.{{sfn|Longford|1971|pp=552–554}} In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was key to winning the battle. Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly,{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=298}} and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon (33 battalions in all, 14,000 troops). Similarly, though the house never contained a large number of troops, Wellington devoted 21 battalions (12,000 troops) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings. He moved several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed centre to support Hougoumont,{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=305, 306}} and later stated that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont".{{sfn|Roberts|2005|p=57}} Much like the fight for Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg in the US Civil War some fifty years later, the struggle for Hougoumont became the key battle within the battle. Hougoumont proved to be decisive terrain.

===The Grand Battery starts its bombardment===
[[File:Battle of Waterloo.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of the battle: Napoleon's units are in blue, Wellington's in red, Blücher's in grey]]
[[File:Battle of Waterloo, 18 June 1815 - sheet 2nd, crisis of the battle (Alison).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Detailed map of the crisis of the battle (''Atlas to Alison's history of Europe'')]]
The 80 guns of [[Grand Battery|Napoleon's ''grande batterie'']] drew up in the centre. These opened fire at 11:50, according to [[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]] (commander of the Anglo-allied II Corps),{{efn|"Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired ... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge" {{harv|Fitchett|2006|loc=Chapter: King-making Waterloo}}.}} while other sources put the time between noon and 13:30.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=131}} The ''grande batterie'' was too far back to aim accurately, and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack, and [[Hendrik George de Perponcher Sedlnitsky|Perponcher]]'s 2nd Dutch division (the others were employing Wellington's characteristic "reverse slope defence").{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|p=286}}{{efn|The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division, that had been on the forward slope during the night, withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12:00 {{harv|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=332–333}}.}}

The bombardment caused a large number of casualties. Although some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil, most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge. The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade (in third line) to move to its left, to reduce their casualty rate.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|p=287}}

===Napoleon spots the Prussians===
At about 13:15, Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of [[Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert]], {{convert|4|to|5|mi|km}} away from his right flank—about three hours march for an army.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=136}} Napoleon's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=145}} Grouchy, however, had been executing Napoleon's previous orders to follow the Prussians "with your sword against his back" towards Wavre, and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo.<ref name="Daws2017"/>

Grouchy was advised by his subordinate, [[Étienne Maurice Gérard|Gérard]], to "march to the sound of the guns", but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rearguard, under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron [[Johann von Thielmann|von Thielmann]], at the [[Battle of Wavre]]. Moreover, Soult's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20:00.<ref name="Daws2017">{{cite book |last=Dawson |first=Paul L. |title=Napoleon and Grouchy: The Last Great Waterloo Mystery Unravelled |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT309 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |year=2017 |pages=309– |isbn=978-1-5267-0069-8}}</ref>

===First French infantry attack===
A little after 13:00, I Corps' attack began in large [[Column (formation)|columns]]. Bernard Cornwell writes "[column] suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line, while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks, each one a division of French infantry".{{sfn|Cornwell|2015|loc=''Those terrible grey horses, how they fight''}} Each division, with one exception, was drawn up in huge masses, consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed, deployed, and placed in a column one behind the other, with only five paces interval between the battalions.{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

The one exception was the 1st Division (led by [[Joachim Jérôme Quiot du Passage|Quiot]], the commander of the 1st Brigade).{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}} Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner, but side by side instead of behind one another. This was done because, being on the left of the four divisions, it was ordered to send one (Quiot's brigade) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte, while the other ([[Baron Charles-Francois Bourgeois|Bourgeois]]') was to attack the eastern side of the same post.{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

The divisions were to advance in [[Echelon (formation)|echelon]] from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart—the 2nd Division ([[François-Xavier Donzelot|Donzelot]]'s) on the right of Bourgeois' brigade, the 3rd Division ([[Pierre-Louis Binet de Marcognet|Marcognet]]'s) next, and the 4th Division ([[Pierre François Joseph Durutte|Durutte]]'s) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault, each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred [[File (formation)|files]].{{sfn|Haweis|1908|p=228}}

[[File:Ferme de la Haie Sainte 01.JPG|thumb|La Haye Sainte – one of Wellington's advanced defensible positions. As the battle progressed it became clear that its defence and control was of greatest tactical importance.{{sfn|Simms|2014|p=64}}]]

The leftmost division advanced on the walled farmhouse compound [[La Haye Sainte]]. The farmhouse was defended by the King's German Legion. While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front, the following battalions fanned out to either side and, with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers, succeeded in isolating the farmhouse. The King's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse. Each time the French tried to scale the walls, the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off. The [[William II of the Netherlands|Prince of Orange]] saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneburg Battalion in line. Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte, almost to the crest of the ridge, where they covered d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=289–293}}

At about 13:30, d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions, some 14,000 men over a front of about {{convert|1,000|m|yd|abbr=off}}, against Wellington's left wing. At the point they aimed for, they faced 6,000 men: the first line consisted of the 1st brigade ([[Van Bylandt's brigade]]) of the 2nd Netherlands Division, flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side. The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under [[Sir Thomas Picton]], who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge. All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras. In addition, Bylandt's brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope. The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road.{{efn|Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl: [http://www.8militia.net/ 8militia.net];{{harvnb|Eenens|1879|pp=14–30, 131–198}}; De Jongh, W.A.: Veldtocht van den Jare 1815, Historisch verhaal; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator (Nijmegen 1866), pp. 13–27.(This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh, commander of the Dutch 8th Militia. It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above.); Löben Sels, Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk, en van 1815 in de Nederlanden (Battles). 1842. 's-Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman, pp. 601–682; Allebrandi, Sebastian. Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835. Amsterdam : Van Kesteren, pp. 21–30; (Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia, so his account is therefore important).}}{{efn|1=De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen's 'History of the 2nd division'. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd Division and located right behind the Bylandt brigade the whole day ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=134–136}}(vol.2)). He wrote a 32-page report, right after the battle. This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here: see {{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=289–352}}(vol.3). [https://books.google.com/books?id=V5wLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA61 Google Books]; Boulger has an English translation of the report {{harv|Boulger|1901}}.}}

At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions, the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire. On the left of the brigade, where the 7th Dutch Militia stood, a "few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred".<ref>Van Zuylen report {{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–339}}(vol. 3)</ref> The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap.{{efn|The brigade's losses were very heavy: one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia, who had most of their officers killed or wounded, the brigade commander [[Willem Frederik van Bylandt|Bylandt]] being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated; he transferred command of the brigade to Lt. Kol. De Jongh.{{efn|{{harvnb|Pawly|2001|pp=37–43}}; The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke. The total casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded {{harv|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=310–311}}.}} D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade (8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia, which was in reserve between Picton's troops, about 100 paces to the rear. There they regrouped under the command of Colonel [[Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt|Van Zuylen van Nijevelt]].{{efn|Van Zuylen report; he refers to himself as "the chief-of-staff" ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–339}}(vol. 3)).}}{{efn|Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled. This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances. The British troops of the 1/95th Battalion, also under great pressure from the French, did the same at the time. This flight did not involve all of the Dutch battalions, as has been asserted by some historians. Van Zuylen rallied 400 men, according to his estimate, who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions ({{harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=338–341}}(vol. 3); {{harvnb|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=293–295}}).}} A moment later, the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack, which actually occurred around 10 minutes later. The following letters are used: the accounts of General Kempt, Calvert of the 32nd Infantry, Cruikshank of the 79th, Winchester & Hope of the 92nd, Evans (Ponsonby Cavalry brigade) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons {{harv|Glover|2004|p={{Page needed|date=June 2015}}}}. These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops.}}

[[File:Andrieux - La bataille de Waterloo.jpg|thumb|''The Battle of Waterloo'' by [[Clément-Auguste Andrieux]]]]

D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road, Chemin d'Ohain, that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east. It was lined on both sides by thick hedges, with Bylandt's brigade just across the road, while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from the road, Pack's to Bylandt's left and Kempt's to Bylandt's right. Kempt's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot's division. In the centre, Donzelot's division had pushed back Bylandt's brigade.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=134–138}}

On the right of the French advance was Marcognet's division, led by Grenier's brigade, consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne, somewhat less than 2,000 men, and behind them, Nogue's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments. Opposing them on the other side of the road was [[Denis Pack|Pack]]'s 9th Brigade, consisting of the [[44th Foot]] and three Scottish regiments: the [[Royal Scots]], the 42nd [[Black Watch]], and the 92nd Gordons, totalling something over 2,000 men. A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=134–138}}

The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road. As they did so, Pack's men stood up, formed into a four-deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry, advanced, and opened fire. However, a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly advanced in more linear formation. Now, fully deployed into line, they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops; although the attack faltered at the centre, the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble. Picton was killed shortly after ordering a counter-attack, and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1993|pp=296–297}}

Pack's regiments, all four ranks deep, advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging. The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire-fight drove back the British 92nd Foot, while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through the hedge cheering. Along the sunken road, the French were forcing the Anglo-allies back, the British line was dispersing, and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=138}}

Reports from [[Karl Freiherr von Müffling|Baron von Müffling]], the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington's army, relate that, "After 3 o'clock the Duke's situation became critical, unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon".{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=211}}

===Charge of the British heavy cavalry===
{{blockquote|Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything. They never consider the situation, never think of manoeuvring before an enemy, and never keep back or provide a reserve.|Wellington.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}}}}
[[File:Scotland Forever!.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''Scotland Forever!'', the charge of the Royal Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by [[Elizabeth Thompson]]]]
At this crucial juncture, Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry—formed unseen behind the ridge—to charge in support of the hard-pressed infantry. The [[1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Brigade]], known as the Household Brigade, commanded by Major-General [[Lord Edward Somerset]], consisted of guards regiments: the [[1st Regiment of Life Guards|1st]] and [[2nd Regiment of Life Guards|2nd Life Guards]], the [[Royal Horse Guards]] (the Blues), and the [[1st King's Dragoon Guards|1st (King's) Dragoon Guards]]. The [[2nd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Brigade]], also known as the Union Brigade, commanded by Major-General [[William Ponsonby (British Army officer)|Sir William Ponsonby]], was so called as it consisted of an English (the [[1st The Royal Dragoons|1st or The Royals]]), a Scottish ([[Royal Scots Greys|2nd Scots Greys]]), and an Irish ([[6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons|6th or Inniskilling]]) regiment of heavy dragoons.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=217}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=125}}

[[File:Knötel IV, 04.jpg|left|thumb|upright|British Household Cavalry charging]]

More than 20 years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm. British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training. They were, however, inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations, were cavalier in attitude, and, unlike the infantry, some units had scant experience of warfare.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}}

The Scots Greys, for example, had not been in action since 1795.{{sfn|Grant|1972|p=17}} According to Wellington, though they were superior individual horsemen, they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=140–142}} "I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers."{{sfn|Oman|Hall|1902|p=119}}

The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 (2,651 official strength); they charged with the 47-year-old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=188}}{{efn|The Royal Horse Guards (2 squadrons) were in reserve for the Household Brigade (9 or 10 squadrons strong) but the Union Brigade (9 squadrons) had no reserve (''Letter 5'', {{harvnb|Siborne|1891|pp=7–10}}; ''Letter 16'' {{harvnb|Glover|2004}}). The total may have been 18 squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons. Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons (''Letter 5'' {{harvnb|Siborne|1891|pp=7–10}}), however, Capt. Naylor of the King's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment (''Letter 21'', {{harvnb|Siborne|1891|pp=46–47}}).}} There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order, the morning of the battle, to all cavalry brigade commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative, as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming, and to "support movements to their front".{{sfn|Glover|2004|p=''Letter 16: Frederick Stovin (ADC to Sir Thomas Picton)''}} It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of [[Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur]], [[Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian|Hussey Vivian]], and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies. Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person, saying "I committed a great mistake", when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support.{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=''Letter 5'', pp. 7–10}}

[[File:Richard Ansdell — The Fight For The Standard.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Ewart|Sergeant Ewart]] of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the ''45e Ligne'' in ''The Fight For The Standard'' by [[Richard Ansdell]]]]

The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Anglo-allied position and charged downhill. The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed, and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=426, note 18}}{{efn|An episode famously used later by [[Victor Hugo]] in ''[[Les Misérables]]''. The sunken lane acted as a trap, funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry. Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane, with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them, the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane, and Somerset's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=410–411}} The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen, as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade.}}

{{blockquote|The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work.|Lord Edward Somerset.{{sfn|Houssaye|1900|p=182}}}}

Sir [[Walter Scott]], in ''Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk'', described the following scene:<blockquote>Sir [[John Elley]], who led the charge of the heavy brigade, was [...] at one time surrounded by several of the cuirassiers; but, being a tall and uncommonly powerful man, completely master of his sword and horse, he cut his way out, leaving several of his assailants on the ground, marked with wounds, indicating the unusual strength of the arm which inflicted them. Indeed, had not the ghastly evidence remained on the field, many of the blows dealt upon this occasion would have seemed borrowed from the annals of knight-errantry [...]</blockquote>Continuing their attack, the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard's brigade. Despite attempts to recall them, they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz's brigade [[Infantry square|formed in squares]].{{sfn|Barbero|2013|p=160}}

To their left, the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines, giving rise to the legend that some of the [[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|92nd Gordon Highland Regiment]] clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge.{{efn|The tale was related, in old age, by a [[Sergeant Major]] Dickinson of the Scots Greys, the last British survivor of the charge {{harv|Low|1911|pp=137, 143}}.}} From the centre leftwards, the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois' brigade, capturing the eagle of the ''105e Ligne''. The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit's division, and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment, ''45e Ligne'', as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry. The Greys captured the eagle of the ''45e Ligne''{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=198–204}} and overwhelmed Grenier's brigade. These would be the only two [[French Imperial Eagle|French eagles]] captured by the British during the battle.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=155}} On Wellington's extreme left, Durutte's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys.

[[File:Napoleon French Lancer by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Private of the Chevau-légers of the line (lancers) who routed the Union Brigade]]

As with the Household Cavalry, the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops, who lost all cohesion. Having taken casualties, and still trying to reorder themselves, the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main French lines.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=304}} Their horses were blown, and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was. Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery.{{sfn|Wooten|1993|p=42}} Although the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off, they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|p=211}} Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery: Hamilton, the regimental commander, rather than holding them back cried out to his men "Charge, charge the guns!"{{sfn|Fletcher|1999|p=252}}

Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot's two [[Chevau-léger]] (lancer) regiments in the I Corps [[light cavalry]] division. Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance, the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of [[Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud|Milhaud]]'s cuirassiers, joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot's 1st Cavalry Division.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|pp=303–304}}

[[File:Alphonse+Lalauze-P.+Eugene+Of.jpg|thumb|Dutch Belgian carabiniers at Waterloo]]

As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers, he was attacked by Jaquinot's lancers and captured. A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander. The French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue.{{sfn|Hamilton-Williams|1994|p=304}}

By the time Ponsonby died, the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French. Milhaud's and Jaquinot's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley. The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=425–426}}{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=86}} A countercharge, by British light dragoons under Major-General Vandeleur and Dutch–Belgian light dragoons and [[hussar]]s under Major-General [[Charles Étienne de Ghigny|Ghigny]] on the left wing, and Dutch–Belgian ''[[carabinier]]s'' under Major-General [[Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt|Trip]] in the centre, repelled the French cavalry.{{sfn|Barbero|2005|pp=219–223}}

All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates, as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole.<ref>For initial strengths {{Harv|Adkin|2001|p=217}}.</ref>{{efn|Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672. 
Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 {{harv|Smith|1998|p=544}}.}} Some historians, Barbero for example,{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=142–143}} believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were, as a result, considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest.{{efn|This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in [[H. T. Siborne]]'s book, he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge {{harv|Siborne|1891|loc=''Letter 35'', p. 69}}. Clark-Kennedy does not, however, explain how his estimate was arrived at. The shortfall of 432 men (the equivalent of a whole regiment) from the paper strength of the brigade is large. However, another officer of the brigade, John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons, says that the effective strength of the brigade did not "exceed 1,200" {{harv|Glover|2007|p=59}}.}}

The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed (including its commander, William Ponsonby, and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys) and wounded. The 2nd Life Guards and the King's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily (with Colonel Fuller, commander of the King's DG, killed). However, the 1st Life Guards, on the extreme right of the charge, and the Blues, who formed a reserve, had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties.<ref>{{harvnb|Siborne|1895|pp=329, 349}} (composition of brigades); pp. 422–424 (actions of brigades).</ref>{{efn|[[William Siborne]] was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns. This makes his history particularly useful (though only from the British and KGL perspective); some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son, a British Major General (H. T. Siborne). Parts of William Siborne's account were, and are, highly controversial. The very negative light shed by Siborne on the conduct of the Dutch–Belgian troops during the battle, which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection of the opinions of his British informants, prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian Captain [[Willem Jan Knoop]] in his ''"Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden" en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger''. Breda 1846; 2nd printing 1847. Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after-battle reports, drawn up within days of the battle, not on twenty-year-old recollections of veterans, as Siborne did. Siborne rejected the rebuttal.}} On the rolls the official, or paper strength, for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=142–143}}{{efn|Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses. The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton-Williams, p.75.}} and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=217}}{{efn|Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672.
Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 {{harv|Smith|1998|p=544}}.}}

[[File:De Slag bij Waterloo Rijksmuseum SK-A-1115.jpeg|right|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Jan Willem Pieneman]]'s ''[[The Battle of Waterloo (Pieneman painting)|The Battle of Waterloo]]'' (1824). Duke of Wellington, centre, flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform. On the image's far left, Cpl. Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the ''105e Ligne''. The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground.]]

Some historians, such as Chandler, Weller, Uffindell, and Corum, assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first, epic charge.{{sfn|Weller|2010|p=104}}{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=82}} Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered comparable losses.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=164}} Other historians, such as Clark-Kennedy and Wood, citing British eyewitness accounts, describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge. The heavy brigades, far from being ineffective, continued to provide valuable services. They countercharged French cavalry numerous times (both brigades),{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=Letters: 18, 26, 104}}{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Fletcher|2001|pp=142–143}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|pp=164, 171}} halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack (Household Brigade only),{{sfn|Siborne|1891|p=38}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=144}}{{sfn|Cotton|1849|pp=90–91}} were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis, and filled gaps in the Anglo-allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations (both brigades).{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=Letters 9, 18, 36}}{{sfn|Anglesey|1990|p=146}}{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|pp=110–111}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=177}}{{sfn|Fletcher|1999|pp=270–271}}

This service was rendered at a very high cost, as close combat with French cavalry, carbine fire, infantry musketry, and—more deadly than all of these—artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades.{{efn|In a cavalry unit an "effective" was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse. The military term "effective" describes a soldier, piece of equipment (e.g. a tank or aircraft) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended purpose.}} At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only three squadrons, though these countercharged French cavalry, losing half their number in the process.{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}} At the end of the fighting, the two brigades, by this time combined, could muster one squadron.{{sfn|Clark-Kennedy|1975|p=111}}{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=177}}{{sfn|Siborne|1891|p=39}}

Fourteen thousand French troops of d'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack. The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley, costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties{{sfn|Esposito|Elting|1999|p=354, Map 166}} including over 2,000 prisoners taken.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=156}} Also some valuable time was lost, as the charge had dispersed numerous units and it would take until 16:00 for d'Erlon's shaken corps to reform. And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right, Napoleon had already ordered Lobau's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before d'Erlon's attack began.

===The French cavalry attack===
[[File:Marechal Ney à Waterloo.jpg|thumb|[[Michel Ney|Marshal Ney]] leading the French cavalry charge, from [[Louis Dumoulin]]'s ''[[Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo]]'']]
A little before 16:00, Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps, Ney had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney therefore tried to break Wellington's centre with cavalry alone.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=443–449}} Initially, Milhaud's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and [[Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes|Lefebvre-Desnoëttes]]' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard, some 4,800 sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, [[François Étienne de Kellermann|Kellermann]]'s heavy cavalry corps and [[Claude-Étienne Guyot|Guyot]]'s heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault, a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=356}} When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon.{{sfn|Esposito|Elting|1999|p=354, Map 166}}

[[File:French cuirassiers vs Nassauers.jpg|thumb|''French [[Cuirassier]]s'', by Louis Dumoulin]]

Wellington's infantry responded by forming squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep). Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle—a 500-man battalion square would have been no more than {{convert|60|ft}} in length on a side. [[Infantry square]]s that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry, as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets, but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares. Horses would not charge a square, nor could they be outflanked, but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry. Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached, and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=444, 447}}{{sfn|Adkin|2001|pp=273, 414}}

Witnesses in the British infantry recorded 12 assaults.{{sfn|Wood|1895|p=170}} However, due to the wide frontage of cavalry formations and the 950m space between Hougoumont and La Haie Sainte, any massed cavalry advance would, in reality, consist of a number of successive waves.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=356}} Kellermann, recognising the futility of the attacks, tried to reserve the elite ''carabinier'' brigade from joining in, but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=359}}

A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack, an officer in the Foot Guards, recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically:

{{blockquote|About four p.m., the enemy's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting ''"Vive l'Empereur!"'' The word of command, "Prepare to receive cavalry", had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers.|Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards.{{sfn|Gronow|1862|loc=''The Duke of Wellington in our square''}}}}

[[File:Artillery in Battle of Waterloo by Jones.jpg|thumb|"The artillery officers had the range so accurately, that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses" (Original inscription and drawing after [[George Jones (painter)|George Jones]])]]

In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect.{{sfn|Weller|1992|pp=211, 212}} Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate; at Waterloo, however, co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive. The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|pp=252, 361}} Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties, but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect, at targets beyond the ridge.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}

If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations, and were not panicked, cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them. The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares, the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive countercharges of Wellington's light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}

[[File:Charge of the French Cuirassiers at Waterloo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry]]

At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges. [[Cavalié Mercer|Captain Mercer]], who commanded [[G Parachute Battery (Mercer's Troop) Royal Horse Artillery|'G' Troop]], [[Royal Horse Artillery]], thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine-pounders in action against the cavalry throughout, to great effect.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=313–315}}{{efn|This qualification may have been self-serving on Mercer's part. Wellington himself sought refuge in the "shaky" Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen, who "... ran off the field entirely, taking with them limbers, ammunition, and everything ..." as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master-General of the Ordnance, Lord Mulgrave. The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view. So, where Mercer claimed heroism, Wellington saw the opposite. See for the full text of Wellington's letter, and an attempted rebuttal {{citation |last=Duncan |first=F. |title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/historyofroyalre02duncuoft#page/444/mode/2up 444]–464 |year=1879 |chapter=Appendix A}} – The letter was originally published in ''WSD'', vol. XIV (1858 ed.), pp. 618–620}}

{{blockquote|I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, "Fire!" The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once; and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower's scythe. |Captain [[Cavalié Mercer]], RHA.{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|p=321}}}}

For reasons that remain unclear, no attempt was made to [[Touch hole|spike]] other Anglo-allied guns while they were in French possession. In line with Wellington's orders, gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack. After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont-Saint-Jean ridge, the French cavalry was spent.{{efn|Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders, so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker. Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage, so the French would have had the means to disable the guns readily available, had they known {{harv|Weller|1992|p=114}}.}}

Their casualties cannot easily be estimated. Senior French cavalry officers, in particular the generals, experienced heavy losses. Four divisional commanders were wounded, nine brigadiers wounded, and one killed—testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=359}} Illustratively, Houssaye reports that the ''Grenadiers à Cheval'' numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June, but just 462 on 19 June, while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period.{{sfn|Houssaye|1900|p=522}} Overall, Guyot's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47% of its strength.

===Second French infantry attack===
[[File:Charge des lanciers de la Garde à Waterloo (détail du Panorama de Waterloo).jpg|thumb|[[2e régiment de chevau-légers lanciers de la Garde Impériale|2nd Guard Lancers]] with the ''[[Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale|Grenadiers à Cheval]]'' in support{{efn|A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie and Tauris ({{harvnb|Summerville|2007|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=q_cXSrh0C_IC&pg=PA315 p. 315]}}) Lozier states it was Désirée {{harv|Lozier|2010}}.}}]]
Eventually it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using [[Gilbert Bachelu|Bachelu's]] division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps (about 6,500 infantrymen) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks (between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte).{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=361}} It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge. The British cavalry were unable, however, to break the French infantry, and fell back with losses from musketry fire.{{sfn|Siborne|1891|pp=14, 38–39}}

Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General [[Albert Dominicus Trip van Zoudtlandt|Trip]], to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence.{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=pp. 14–15 and letters 6, 7 and 9}} However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources,{{efn|1=On the contrary, many contradicted this British account vehemently. See e.g.{{harvnb|Eenens|1879|pp= 131–198}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT23 Google Books]; {{citation |last=Knoop |first=W.J. |title=en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger |year=1847 |orig-year=1846 |chapter=Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden |edition=2nd |location=Breda |author-link=Willem Jan Knoop}}; {{citation |last=Craan |first=W.B. |title=An historical account of the battle of Waterloo |pages=[https://archive.org/details/anhistoricalacc00goregoog 30]–31 |year=1817 |author-link=Willem Benjamin Craan |translator-last=Gore |translator-first=A.}} – written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident).}} and Wellington wrote in his Dispatch to [[Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst|Secretary for War Bathurst]] on 19 June 1815 that General Trip had "conducted himself much to my satisfaction".<ref>Wellington, Arthur Wellesley duke of (1838). The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. Vol. 12. p. 484. at [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512125804/https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QaeBLal_vpjxjfXnp_AZHPQpVU-UFzfpbXwoKQ-CqtxwBOVTcS_23H131Kvev7imkGgpnZp6FJmq01yDuzD3mXh5IpPd6s8BuioVnBOchjuSkldzoadfjgEbIYxr89Qyfn8z5yBIz7VYWwgWuvy0pslQKJ67d9CSA8OBT9u_EZamK-8OHITiVGO3rq1RLeeihzPg3c-P6pIDXSW3Jg2Ix-g-Imf2Z06WKaChTRbsgkJTsWH9TQ92HnYXSN7KY54g842E1t87ukuylfnK42cStt81y-ttKMBPwmdUuxCdCJMUqWgomFk|date=12 May 2023}}.</ref> Uxbridge then ordered a charge by three squadrons of the 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion. They broke through the French cavalry, but became hemmed in, were cut off and suffered severe losses.{{sfn|Siborne|1891|loc=p464}} Meanwhile, Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam's infantry brigade, and they eventually fell back.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=361}}

Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington's centre, artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many. Wellington's cavalry, except for Sir John Vandeleur's and Sir Hussey Vivian's brigades on the far left, had all been committed to the fight, and had taken significant losses. The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars, the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present, fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=465}}{{efn|The commander of the Cumberland Hussars, who was later court-martialled and cashiered, claimed that as his troopers (all well-to-do young Hanoverians) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field. Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned duties they, no doubt, considered ignominious. Four were posted to Captain Mercer's horse artillery troop, where he found them "amazingly sulky and snappish with every one".{{harv|Mercer|1870b|p=62}}}}

===French capture of La Haye Sainte===
[[File:Knotel - The storming of La Haye Sainte.jpg|thumb|alt=''The storming of La Haye Sainte'' by Knötel|''The storming of La Haye Sainte'' by Knötel]]
At approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps, spearheaded by the 13th ''Légère'', renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful, partly because the King's German Legion's ammunition ran out. However, the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day, and this had stalled the French advance.{{sfn|Simms|2014|pp=59–60, 63–64}}{{sfn|Beamish|1995|p=367}}

With La Haye Sainte captured, Ney then moved skirmishers and [[horse artillery]] up towards Wellington's centre.{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=483}} French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with [[Canister shot|canister]].{{sfn|Siborne|1895|p=484}} The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=236}}

{{blockquote|The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident. It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo-allied army, and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre. The French lost no time in taking advantage of this, by pushing forward infantry supported by guns, which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten's left and Kempt's right ...|Captain James Shaw, [[43rd Foot]], Chief of Staff 3rd Division.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=134}}}}

The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=234}} Ney was on the verge of breaking the Anglo-allied centre.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=134}}

Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French ''tirailleurs'' occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares. The situation for the Anglo-allies was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment's colours and all of Halkett's brigade's colours were sent to the rear for safety, described by historian Alessandro Barbero as, "... a measure that was without precedent".{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=241}}

Wellington, noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte, with his staff rode closer to it. French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road. The Prince of Orange then ordered a single battalion of the KGL, the Fifth, to recapture the farm despite the obvious presence of enemy cavalry. Their Colonel, [[Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda]] obeyed and led the battalion down the slope, chasing off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank, killed him, destroyed his battalion and took its colour.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=234}}

A Dutch–Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge retreated from the field instead, fired on by their own infantry. Merlen's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart. The Netherlands Cavalry Division, Wellington's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry, despite its losses, were masters of the field, compelling the Anglo-allied infantry to remain in square. More and more French artillery was brought forward.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=235–236}}

A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1/1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties. When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers. Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back. Mercer later recalled, {{quote|The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appalling. Every shot almost took effect, and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated. ... The saddle-bags, in many instances were torn from horses' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel-horses in the troop down they dropped{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=235–236}}{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|pp=325–326}}}}

French ''tirailleurs'' occupied the dominant positions, especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th. Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery, the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the ''tirailleurs''. That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot, the Inniskillings, who lost two thirds of their strength within that three or four hours.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|pp=239}}

{{blockquote|The banks on the road side, the garden wall, the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers, who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th, who at this time, it may literally be said, were lying dead in square; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful, without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot, and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated.|Edward Cotton, 7th Hussars|{{sfn|Cotton|1849|pp=106–107}}}}

During this time many of Wellington's generals and aides were killed or wounded including [[FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan|FitzRoy Somerset]], Canning, [[William Howe De Lancey|de Lancey]], [[Charles, Count Alten|Alten]] and [[George Cooke (British Army officer)|Cooke]].{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=240}} The situation was now critical and Wellington, trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it, was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians. He later wrote, {{blockquote|The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable. Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=242}}}}

===Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit===
{{see also|Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo#Prussians advance to the Wood of Paris|l1=Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris}}
{{blockquote|Night or the Prussians must come.|Wellington.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=242}}}}
[[File:Prussian Attack Plancenoit by Adolf Northern.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Prussian attack on [[Plancenoit]] painted by [[Adolph Northen]]]]
The [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian IV Corps|Prussian IV Corps]] (Bülow's) was the first to arrive in strength. Bülow's objective was Plancenoit, which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions. Blücher intended to secure his right upon the [[Châteaux Frichermont]] using the Bois de Paris road.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=116}} Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10:00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington's centre was under attack.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=95}}{{efn|Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to "Froidmont" (Frichermont), while Zieten would take the longer northern, but better made, road via Ohain {{Harv|Chesney|1874|pp=173–178}}.}} General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16:30.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=116}}

At about this time, the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 15th Brigade|Prussian 15th Brigade]] ({{interlanguage link|Michael Heinrich von Losthin|de|lt=Losthin's|vertical-align=sup}}) was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington's left flank in the Frichermont-[[La Haye, Lasne|La Haie]] area, with the brigade's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=117}} Napoleon sent Lobau's corps to stop the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit. The 15th Brigade threw Lobau's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge, then proceeded up the Frichermont heights, battering French Chasseurs with 12-pounder artillery fire, and pushed on to Plancenoit. This sent Lobau's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area, driving Lobau past the rear of the ''Armee Du Nord''{{'}}s right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat. Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit.<ref name="Hussey2017">{{cite book |last=John Hussey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VDVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |title=Waterloo: The Campaign of 1815, Volume II: From Waterloo to the Restoration of Peace in Europe |year=2017 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-78438-202-5 |pages=178–}}</ref><ref name="Siborne1848">{{cite book |last=Siborne |first=William |title=The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxQazrQnHSkC |publisher=E. Arber |year=1848 |page=495}}</ref>

Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau, who was now seriously pressed. The Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=122}} Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle/Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting—they did not deign to fire their muskets—this force recaptured the village.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=122}}

===Zieten's flank march===
[[File:Battle of Waterloo map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Situation from 17:30 to 20:00]]
Throughout the late afternoon, the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian I Corps|Prussian I Corps]] (Zieten's) had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie. General [[Karl Freiherr von Müffling|Müffling]], the Prussian liaison to Wellington, rode to meet Zieten.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

Zieten had by this time brought up the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 1st Brigade|Prussian 1st Brigade]] ([[Karl Friedrich Franciscus von Steinmetz|Steinmetz]]'s), but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade (Laurens'). These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat, was starting to move away from Wellington's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit. Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow, which Zieten obeyed, starting to march to Bülow's aid.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington's left flank.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}} Müffling warned Zieten that "The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army."{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=232}} Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly, and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=125}}

The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre, and when Prussian I Corps (Zieten's) appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy, "the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale" and "the sight of Zieten's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon's army".{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|p=233}} I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19:30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape. The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left, Plancenoit on the right, and the centre on La Haie.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=139}}

Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks,{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=139}} but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment (Laurens') as it retook both. The 24th advanced against the new French position, was repulsed, and returned to the attack supported by Silesian ''Schützen'' (riflemen) and the F/1st ''Landwehr''.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=140}} The French initially fell back before the renewed assault, but now began seriously to contest ground, attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=140}}

The Prussian 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the [[Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign#Prussian 4th Brigade|13th ''Landwehr'' Regiment]] and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions. Further attacks by the 13th ''Landwehr'' and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=141}} Durutte's division, finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten's I Corps cavalry reserve, retreated from the battlefield. The rest of d'Erlon's I Corps also broke and fled in panic, while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington's centre.{{sfn|Uffindell|Corum|2002|pp=232–233}}{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=187–190}} The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road, the only line of retreat available to the French.

===Attack of the Imperial Guard===
[[File:Crofts-Napoleon's last grand attack at Waterloo.jpg|thumb|Napoleon addresses the [[Old Guard (France)|Old Guard]] as it prepares to attack the Anglo-allied centre at Waterloo]]
Meanwhile, with Wellington's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the hitherto-undefeated Imperial Guard infantry. This attack, mounted at around 19:30, was intended to break through Wellington's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians. Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history, it had been unclear which units actually participated. It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard,{{efn|Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle, so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward, they may have comprised six battalions {{harv|Barbero|2005|loc={{Page needed|date=May 2010}}}}. Similarly, Lewis, 2013, pp. 188–190.{{Full citation needed|date=December 2016}}}} and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard. Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack's second line, though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the Anglo-allied line.{{sfn|Adkin|2001|p=391}}{{efn|The attacking battalions were 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st/3rd, 2nd/3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/1st and 2nd/2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard {{harv|Adkin|2001|p=392}}.}}

{{blockquote|... I saw four regiments of the middle guard, conducted by the Emperor, arriving. With these troops, he wished to renew the attack, and penetrate the centre of the enemy. He ordered me to lead them on; generals, officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity; but this body of troops was too weak to resist, for a long time, the forces opposed to it by the enemy, and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had, for a few moments, inspired. |Marshal M. Ney.{{sfn|Booth|1815|pp=73, 74}} }}

[[File:Grenadier-a-pied-de-la-Vieille-Garde.png|thumb|upright|left|[[Grenadier]] of the [[Old Guard (France)|Old Guard]] in ''[[Le Grenadier]]'' by [[Édouard Detaille]]]]
[[File:General D H Chassé.jpg|thumb|upright|General [[David Hendrik Chassé]]]]

Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard. The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares, each about 550 men strong, with the 1st/3rd Grenadiers, led by Generals [[Louis Friant|Friant]] and [[Paul-Jean-Baptiste Poret de Morvan|Poret de Morvan]], on the right along the road, to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers, then the 1st/3rd Chasseurs under General [[Claude-Étienne Michel|Michel]], next the 2nd/3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion. Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares. Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney, mounted on his 5th horse of the day, led the advance.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=191–192}} Behind them, in reserve, were the three battalions of the Old Guard, right to left 1st/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/2nd Chasseurs and 1st/2nd Chasseurs. Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault; however, Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Anglo-allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre. Napoleon sent Ney's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust, but Crabbé was unable to get there in time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard. On the left infantry from Reille's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced. On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the Anglo-allied line. French artillery also moved forward in support; Duchand's battery, in particular, inflicting losses on [[Colin Halkett]]'s brigade.<ref>Adkin, pp. 391, 393</ref> Halkett's front line, consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd, traded fire with the 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments, Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade having been ordered to pull back, retreated in a mob. Other Anglo-allied troops began to give way as well. A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge's brigade from the Anglo-allied second line, led by the Prince of Orange, was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded. The survivors of Halkett's brigade were reformed, and engaged the French in a firefight.<ref>Adkin, pp. 394, 397</ref><ref>Barbero, pp. 358–361</ref>

[[File:De batterij Krahmer de Bichin bij Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of the Dutch artillery, under leadership of [[Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin|Krahmer de Bichin]] (on horseback), place a gun in position against the French Guard (on the right side).]]
[[File:The Chassé Division at the Battle of Waterloo by Jan Hoynck van Papendrecht.jpg|thumb|right|Chassé leads the advance of his division]]

{{Blockquote|I saw the Garde Impériale advancing while the English troops were leaving the plateau ''en masse'' and moving in the direction of Waterloo; the battle seemed lost...| [[David Hendrik Chassé]]{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}}}}

The Dutch divisional commander Chassé, on his own initiative, decided at this critical moment to advance with his relatively fresh Dutch division.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=196–199}}{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}} Chassé first ordered his artillery forward;{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}} led by a battery of Dutch horse-artillery commanded by Captain [[Carel Frederik Krahmer de Bichin|Krahmer de Bichin]]. The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st/3rd Grenadiers' flank.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=249–251, 258–259.}} (vol.2)</ref> This still did not stop the Guard's advance, so Chassé, who was affectionately called "Generaal Bajonet" by his soldiers, ordered his first brigade, commanded by Colonel [[Hendrik Detmers]], to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bas|Wommersom|1909|pp=252–253, 271–284, 419–424.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Van der Aa|1858|page=322}} As the Guard wavered Chassé galloped among his men and found Captain De Haan with a few soldiers of the 19th Militia, whom he ordered into a flank attack. According to Chassé:

{{Blockquote|[De Haan] jumped over the hedge, reformed the line of about fifty men and the murderous fire he inflicted caused death and confusion among the enemy's lines. He took advantage of their confusion and advanced with the bayonet against them. I had the unspeakable joy to witness 300 Cuirassiers run away from 50 Dutchmen.{{sfn|Baker-Smith|2016|pp=134}}}}

The French grenadiers then faltered and broke. The 4th Grenadiers, seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves, now wheeled right about and retired.{{sfn|Field|2013|p=199}}

[[File:Plas Newydd (Anglesey) - Waterloo 1.jpg|thumb|left|British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle]]

To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st/ and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers. But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead. Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under [[Peregrine Maitland]], who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery, rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire, but some 300 fell from the first volley, including Colonel Mallet and General Michel, and both battalion commanders.{{sfn|Field|2013|p=200}} A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares, which fell back onto the following column. The 4th Chasseurs battalion, 800 strong, now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards, who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit. At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs. They opened fire and swept away the gunners. The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers, which the chasseurs drove back. But the skirmishers were replaced by the [[52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot|52nd Light Infantry]] ([[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Division]]), led by [[John Colborne]], which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs' flank and poured a devastating fire into them. The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd.{{sfn|Field|2013|pp=203}} The 52nd then charged,{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=214–215}}{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}} and under this onslaught, the chasseurs broke.{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}}

The last of the Guard retreated headlong. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread: "''La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut''!" ("The Guard is retreating. Every man for himself!") Wellington now stood up in [[Copenhagen (horse)|Copenhagen]]'s stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance. His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French.{{sfn|Chesney|1874|pp=192, 225}}{{sfn|Siborne|1895|pp=553–559}}

The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions (some sources say four) just south of La Haye Sainte for a [[last stand]]. A charge from [[Frederick Adam|Adam]]'s Brigade and the Hanoverian ''Landwehr'' Osnabrück Battalion, plus Vivian's and Vandeleur's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right, threw them into confusion. Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards ''La Belle Alliance''. It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender, eliciting the famous, if apocryphal,{{efn|1="'The Guard dies, but it does not surrender!' is another of these fictitious historical sayings. General Cambronne, to whom it is attributed, never uttered. Victor Hugo, in Les Misérables, has restored the true text. It is composed of a single word [''Merde!'']".{{harv|Masson|1869}} }} retort "''[[La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas!]]''" ("The Guard dies, it does not surrender!").{{sfn|White|2011}}{{efn|The reply is commonly attributed to General [[Pierre Cambronne]], originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in ''Journal General'' published on 24 June 1815,{{harv|Shapiro|2006|p=128}} although Cambronne claimed he replied "''Merde!''" {{harv|Boller|1989|p=12}} However, according to letters in ''[[The Times]]'' in June 1932, Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel [[Hugh Halkett]], so the retort, if ever given, or in whatever form it took, may have come from [[Claude-Etienne Michel|General Michel]] instead.{{harvnb|White|2011}}, and {{harvnb|Parry|1900|p=70}}}}

==={{anchor|Capture of Plancenoit}}Prussian capture of Plancenoit===
[[File:Ludwig Elsholtz Erstürmung von Planchenois.jpg|thumb|right|The storming of Plancenoit by [[Ludwig Elsholtz]]]]
At about the same time, the Prussian 5th, 14th, and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit, in the third assault of the day. The church was by now on fire, while its graveyard—the French centre of resistance—had corpses strewn about "as if by a whirlwind". Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard, virtually all of which was now committed to the defence, along with remnants of Lobau's corps. The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south. Pirch's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps, advancing through the woods.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}

The 25th Regiment's musketeer battalions threw the 1/2e Grenadiers (Old Guard) out of the Chantelet woods, outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat. The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic, and became part of that rout. The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit. The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington's units. This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}

French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated, neither side asking for nor offering quarter. The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties, and two-thirds of Lobau's Corps ceased to exist.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Battle of Waterloo |url=http://www.battleofwaterloo.org/ |website=Battle of Waterloo |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308140319/http://www.battleofwaterloo.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Ontmoeting tussen Nederlandsche en Pruisische troepen Bij Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|The first meeting of Dutch and Prussian troops in Plancenoit in the evening]]
[[File:Cuirass holed by a canonball at Waterloo Antoine Fauveau 18Juin 1815.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Carabiniers-à-Cheval|Carabinier-à-Cheval]]'' cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo, belonging to Antoine Fauveau ([[Musée de l'Armée]])]]

{{blockquote|Despite their great courage and stamina, the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering. The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows, aisles and doors. In the village itself—still the scene of bitter house-to-house fighting—everything was burning, adding to the confusion. However, once Major von Witzleben's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened, they began to withdraw. The Guard Chasseurs under General [[Jean-Jacques Germain Pelet-Clozeau|Pelet]] formed the rearguard. The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush, leaving large masses of artillery, equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat. The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi. The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou. Unlike other parts of the battlefield, there were no cries of "Sauve qui peut!" here. Instead, the cry "Sauvons nos aigles!" ("Let's save our eagles!") could be heard.|Official History of the 25th Regiment, 4 Corps{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}}}}

===French disintegration===
[[File:Dernier carre de la Garde - gen Hill.png|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill|Lord Hill]] invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender'', painted by [[Robert Alexander Hillingford]]]]
The French right, left, and centre had all now failed.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=144–145}} The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around ''La Belle Alliance''; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat. He hoped to rally the French army behind them,{{sfn|Kincaid|2006|p=435}} but as retreat turned into rout, they too were forced to withdraw, one on either side of ''La Belle Alliance'', in square as protection against Coalition cavalry. Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave, Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn.{{sfn|Creasy|1877|loc=[http://www.standin.se/fifteen15a.htm Chapter XV]}}{{sfn|Comte d'Erlon|1815|loc=}} Adam's Brigade charged and forced back this square,{{sfn|Parry|1900|p=70}}{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=149}} while the Prussians engaged the other.

As dusk fell, both squares withdrew in relatively good order, but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo-allied armies. The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing, broken French troops. Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23:00, with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt. There, Napoleon's abandoned carriage was captured, still containing [[s:The Annotated Prince|an annotated copy]] of [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince]]'', and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape. These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia's crown jewels; one Major Keller of the F/15th received the [[Pour le Mérite]] with oak leaves for the feat.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=151}} By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken, including more generals.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|p=150}}

{{blockquote|There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat. These brave grenadiers, the choice of the army, forced successively to retire, yielded ground foot by foot, till, overwhelmed by numbers, they were almost entirely annihilated. From that moment, a retrograde movement was declared, and the army formed nothing but a confused mass. There was not, however, a total rout, nor the cry of ''sauve qui peut'', as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin.|Marshal M. Ney.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=74}}}}

{{blockquote|In the middle of the position occupied by the French army, and exactly upon the height, is a farm {{sic}}, called ''La Belle Alliance''. The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm, which was visible from every side. It was there that Napoleon was during the battle; it was thence that he gave his orders, that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory; and it was there that his ruin was decided. There, too, it was that, by happy chance, Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark, and mutually saluted each other as victors.|General Gneisenau.{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=23}}}}

Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near ''La Belle Alliance'', with this occurring at around 21:00.{{sfn|Davies|2012|p=244}}{{sfn|Corrigan|2006|p=327}}

==Aftermath==
{{main|Waterloo Campaign#Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris (18 June – 7 July)|Treaty of Paris (1815)}}
[[File:Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) - The Field of Waterloo - NG500 - Tate.jpg|thumb|''[[The Field of Waterloo (painting)|The Field of Waterloo]]'', by [[J. M. W. Turner]], 1818]]
[[File:The morning after the Battle of Waterloo on June 19, 1815, by John Heaviside Clark (Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin).jpg|thumb|"The morning after the battle of Waterloo", by [[John Heaviside Clark]], 1816]]
Waterloo cost Wellington around 17,000 dead or wounded, and Blücher some 7,000 (810 of which were suffered by just one unit: the 18th Regiment, which served in Bülow's 15th Brigade, had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit, and won 33 [[Iron Cross]]es).{{sfn|Mantle|2000}} Napoleon's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded, including 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=312}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=The British Medical Arrangements during the Waterloo Campaign |last=H.A.L. Howell |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |year=1924 |volume=17 |pages=39–50 |publisher=SAGE Journals |doi=10.1177/003591572401701703 |s2cid=19301006}}</ref>

{{blockquote|22 June. This morning I went to visit the field of battle, which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo, on the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold. I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return. The multitude of carcasses, the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move, and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger, as the Allies were, of course, obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them, formed a spectacle I shall never forget. The wounded, both of the Allies and the French, remain in an equally deplorable state.|Major W. E. Frye.{{sfn|Frye|2004|loc=''June 22''}}}}

[[File:Invasion of France in 1815.jpg|thumb|Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815]]

At 10:30 on 19 June, General Grouchy, still following his orders, defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order—though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield. Wellington sent [[s:Wellingon's Waterloo dispatch to Lord Bathurst, 19 June 1815|his official dispatch]] describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a ''[[The London Gazette|London Gazette Extraordinary]]'' on 22 June.<ref name="Gazette, 17028">{{London Gazette|issue=17028|page=1213|date=22 June 1815}}</ref> Wellington, Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris.

After his troops fell back, Napoleon fled to Paris following his defeat, arriving at 5:30 am on 21 June. Napoleon wrote to his brother and regent in Paris, Joseph, believing that he could still raise an army to fight back the Anglo-Prussian forces. Napoleon believed he could rally French supporters to his cause and call upon conscripts to hold off invading forces until General Grouchy's army could reinforce him in Paris. However, following defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon's support from the French public and his own army waned, including by General Ney, who believed that Paris would fall if Napoleon remained in power. Napoleon's brother Lucien and Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout advised him to continue fighting, dissolve the Chamber of Deputies from Louis XVIII's constitutional government, and for Napoleon to rule France as a military dictator, which Napoleon had been under the guise of [[Emperor of the French]] from 1804 until 1814. To circumvent Napoleon overthrowing the Chamber of Deputies and a possible French Civil War, the Chamber of Deputies voted to become permanent on 21 June after persuasion from Lafayette. On 22 June, Napoleon wished to abdicate in favour of his son, [[Napoleon II]], after realizing that he lacked military, public, and governmental support for his claim to continue to rule France. Napoleon's proposal for the instatement of his son was swiftly rejected by the legislature.<ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |title=The Battle of Waterloo |publisher=Random House |year=2010 |location=New York}}{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=June 2022}}

Napoleon announced his [[Abdication of Napoleon, 1815|second abdication]] on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal [[Davout]], Napoleon's minister of war, was defeated by Blücher at [[Battle of Issy|Issy]] on 3 July 1815.<ref>{{cite Nuttall |wstitle=Issy |short=x}}</ref> Allegedly, Napoleon tried to escape to North America, but the [[Royal Navy]] was blockading French ports to forestall such a move. He finally surrendered to [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Frederick Lewis Maitland|Frederick Maitland]] of {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|6}} on 15 July. There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out; [[Longwy]] capitulated on 13 September 1815, the last to do so. [[Louis XVIII]] was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to [[Saint Helena]], where he died in 1821. The [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed on 20 November 1815.{{sfn|Hofschröer|1999|pp=274–276, 320}}

{{blockquote|Royal Highness, – Exposed to the factions which divide my country, and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career; and I come, like [[Themistocles]], to throw myself upon the hospitality (''m'asseoir sur le foyer'') of the British people. I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws, and throw myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies.|Napoleon. (letter of surrender to the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince Regent]]; translation).{{sfn|Booth|1815|p=57}}}}

[[File:David Wilkie Chelsea Pensioners Reading the Waterloo Dispatch.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[David Wilkie (artist)|Sir David Wilkie]], ''[[The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch]]'', 1822]]

Peregrine Maitland's [[Grenadier Guards|1st Foot Guards]], who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Middle Guard, were mistakenly thought to have defeated the Grenadiers of the Old Guard.{{sfn|Barbero|2006|p=264}} They were thus awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers. Britain's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts. The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816, their uniforms, of Polish origin, were based on those of the [[Polish 1st Light Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Guard|Imperial Guard lancers]].{{Sfn|Funcken|Funcken|1967|p=52}}

Teeth of tens of thousands of dead soldiers were removed by surviving troops, locals or even scavengers who had travelled there from Britain, then used for making denture replacements in Britain and elsewhere.<ref>Paul Kerley: [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33085031 The dentures made from the teeth of dead soldiers at Waterloo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623123028/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33085031 |date=23 June 2018 }}, BBC News Magazine (16 June 2015)</ref> The so-called "Waterloo teeth" were in demand because they came from relatively healthy young men. Despite the efforts of scavengers both human and otherwise, human remains could still be seen at Waterloo a year after the battle.<ref>Shannon Selin, "[https://shannonselin.com/2016/07/napoleonic-battlefield-cleanup/ How were Napoleonic battlefields cleaned up?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620183633/http://shannonselin.com/2016/07/napoleonic-battlefield-cleanup/ |date=20 June 2019 }}"; accessed 2019.06.18.</ref>

==Analysis==

===Historical importance===
Waterloo proved a decisive battle in more than one sense. Each generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the [[First World War]] looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history, seeing it in retrospect as the event that ushered in the [[Concert of Europe]], an era characterised by relative peace, material prosperity and technological progress.<ref>Barbero (2005), p. 422</ref><ref>Compare:{{cite book |last=Barbero |first=Alessandro |author-link=Alessandro Barbero |title=The Battle: A new history of Waterloo |publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-1782391388 |location=London |publication-date=2013 |translator-last=Cullen |translator-first=John |chapter=Epilogue |quote=Most [...] would have agreed with the French writer's statement: 'On that day, the perspective of the human race was altered. Waterloo is the hinge of the Nineteenth Century.' [...] Later, the twentieth century swept away the illusions of unlimited progress and perpetual peace that had become widespread after Waterloo. |access-date=31 January 2018 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEoMT0B0CfAC}}</ref> The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe—and involved other regions of the world—since the [[French Revolution]] of the early 1790s. It also ended the [[First French Empire]] and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history.<ref>Barbero (2005), pp. 422–423</ref>{{efn|Through the finality of Napoleon's defeat, "met his/her Waterloo" has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describe someone's circumstances when they have met with absolute and final defeat.}}

There followed almost four decades of international peace in Europe. No further major international conflict occurred until the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856. Changes to the configuration of European states, as refashioned in the aftermath of Waterloo, included the formation of the [[Holy Alliance]] of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas, and the reshaping of the former [[Holy Roman Empire]] into a [[German Confederation]] increasingly marked by the political dominance of [[Prussia]].

The bicentenary of Waterloo prompted renewed attention to the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and to the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed.<ref>{{harvnb|Rapport|2015}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Black|2015}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Keeling|2015}}</ref>{{efn|Napoleon's last escapade was important politically because it "compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remaining differences in order to achieve a peace which would enshrine the principles of the balance of power".{{harv|Kennedy|1987|p= 37}} "No international disturbance comparable in magnitude...has ever been followed by such a protracted period of peace". {{harv|Palmer|1956|p=420}} Recovering, after Waterloo, from six decades of abnormal obstacles to transatlantic commerce (from the Seven Years' War onwards), increasingly industrialized Europe and North America, by 1914, accounted for over 90% of global coal, iron and steel production and 76% of international trade.{{harv|Paxton|1985|p=2}}}}

===Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat===
General [[Antoine-Henri Jomini|Antoine-Henri, Baron Jomini]], one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war, had a number of theories to explain Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.{{efn|Jomini was Swiss, but was an officer, eventually a general, in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ney. He later served in the Russian army.}}

{{blockquote|In my opinion, four principal causes led to this disaster:

The first, and most influential, was the arrival, skilfully combined, of Blücher, and the false movement that favoured this arrival;{{efn|This "false movement" was the detachment of Grouchy's force in pursuit of the Prussians: Napoleon had overestimated the extent of his victory at Ligny and underestimated the resilience of the Prussians. He also seems to have discounted the presence of Bülow's substantial corps, which had not been in action at Ligny. Had Napoleon retained Grouchy's 30,000 men as a guard for his right flank, it is likely that these troops could have held off the Prussians and allowed the rest of Napoleon's army to attack Wellington's army unmolested.}} the second, was the admirable firmness of the British infantry, joined to the sang-froid and aplomb of its chiefs; the third, was the horrible weather, that had softened the ground, and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome, and retarded till one o'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning; the fourth, was the inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.|Antoine-Henri Jomini{{sfn|Jomini|1864|pp=223, 224}}}}

The Prussian soldier, historian, and theorist [[Carl von Clausewitz]], who as a young colonel had served as chief-of-staff to Thielmann's Prussian III Corps during the Waterloo campaign, expressed the following opinion:

{{blockquote|Bonaparte and the authors who support him have always attempted to portray the great catastrophes that befell him as the result of chance. They seek to make their readers believe that through his great wisdom and extraordinary energy the whole project had already moved forward with the greatest confidence, that complete success was but a hair's breadth away, when treachery, accident, or even fate, as they sometimes call it, ruined everything. He and his supporters do not want to admit that huge mistakes, sheer recklessness, and, above all, overreaching ambition that exceeded all realistic possibilities, were the true causes.|Carl von Clausewitz{{sfn|Bassford|Moran|Pedlow|2015|loc=ch. 3}}}}

Wellington wrote in his dispatch to London:

{{blockquote|I should not do justice to my own feelings, or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them. The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy's flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded<ref name="Gazette, 17028" />}}

In his famous study of the Campaign of 1815, the Prussian Clausewitz does not agree with Wellington on this assessment. Indeed, he claims that if Bonaparte had attacked in the morning, the battle would probably have been decided by the time the Prussians arrived, and an attack by Blücher, while not impossible or useless, would have been much less certain of success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part 5 of Clautwitz: On Waterloo, Chapters 40–49 |url=https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five40-49.htm |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=clausewitz.com |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324061404/https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/five40-49.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Parkinson (2000) adds: "Neither army beat Napoleon alone. But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed, it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat, when his centre had been almost shattered, his reserves were almost all committed, the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact. ... Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon, but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat".{{sfn|Parkinson|2000|pp=240–241}} Steele (2014) writes: "Blücher's arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements, but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington. The tide of battle had been turned by the hard-driving Blücher. As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon's flank, Wellington was able to shift to the offensive".{{sfn|Steele|2014|p=178}}

It has also been noted that Wellington's maps of the battlefield were based on a recent reconnaissance and therefore more up to date than those used by Napoleon, who had to rely on [[Joseph de Ferraris|Ferraris]]-[[Louis Capitaine|Capitaine]] maps of 1794.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van den Bosch |first=Glenn |date=May 2008 |title=The importance of maps at the Battle of Waterloo |url=https://www.bimcc.org/newsletters/31 |journal=BIMCC Newsletter |issue=31 |pages=15–17 |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806115014/https://www.bimcc.org/newsletters/31 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==

=== The battlefield today ===
{{further|List of Waterloo Battlefield locations}}
[[File:0 Braine-l'Alleud 051012 (1).JPG|thumb|The immense ''{{lang|fr|Butte du Lion}}'' ("[[Lion's Mound]]") overlooking the battlefield of Waterloo]]

==== Landmarks ====
Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance. Tourism began the day after the battle, with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June "a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels, the inmates of which, alighting, proceeded to examine the field".{{sfn|Mercer|1870a|p=345}} In 1820, the Netherlands' King [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] ordered the construction of a monument. The [[Lion's Mound]], a giant artificial hill, was constructed here using {{convert|300000|m3|cuyd}} of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line, effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington's sunken road.

{{blockquote|Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place, are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815. By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real relief has been taken away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, exclaimed, "They have altered my field of battle!" Where the great pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France.|[[Victor Hugo]], ''[[Les Misérables]]''.{{sfn|Hugo|1862|loc=Chapter VII: Napoleon in a Good Humor}}}}

The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented, however.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shute |first=Joe |date=2 August 2013 |title=Rescuing the farm where Wellington won the battle of Waterloo |journal=Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10218931/Rescuing-the-farm-where-Wellington-won-the-battle-of-Waterloo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804162246/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/10218931/Rescuing-the-farm-where-Wellington-won-the-battle-of-Waterloo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2013 |access-date=17 January 2018 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle. These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels–Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont, La Haye Sainte, and La Belle Alliance.

==== Monuments ====
Apart from the Lion's Mound, there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield. A cluster of monuments at the Brussels–Charleroi and Braine L'Alleud–Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British, Dutch, Hanoverian and King's German Legion troops. A monument to the French dead, entitled ''L'Aigle blessé'' ("The Wounded Eagle"), marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle.{{sfn|Hoorebeeke|2007|pp=6–21}}

A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position. The [[Guillaume Philibert Duhesme|Duhesme]] mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen. It is located at the side of Saint Martin's Church in Ways, a hamlet in the municipality of [[Genappe]]. Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the [[Brussels Cemetery#The British Waterloo Campaign Monument|British Monument]] in the [[Brussels Cemetery]] in [[Evere]].{{sfn|Hoorebeeke|2007|pp=6–21}}

Had the French won the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon planned to commemorate the victory by building a pyramid of white stones, akin to the pyramids he had seen during his [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|invasion of Egypt in 1798]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scurr |first1=Ruth |title=Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows |date=2022 |publisher=Vintage |page=78}}</ref>

==== Remains ====
[[File:'Oorlogsleed', woman and child at the Battle of Waterloo.jpg|thumb|A female [[sutler]] with her dead Dutch husband, by [[Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout]].]]
After the battle, the bodies of the tens of thousands who died were hastily buried in mass graves across the battlefield{{snd}}a process that took at least ten days, according to accounts by those who visited the battlefield just after the battle.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Tony |date=2022-06-17 |title=These spots of excavation tell: using early visitor accounts to map the missing graves of waterloo |journal=Journal of Conflict Archaeology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=75–113 |doi=10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895 |s2cid=249833895 |issn=1574-0773 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Remarkably, there is no record of any such mass grave being discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries; only two complete human skeletons have been found.<ref name=Kuta1>{{cite web |last=Kuta |first=Sarah |date=2021-07-21 |title=Archaeologists Uncover Rare Human Skeleton at Waterloo |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-rare-human-skeleton-waterloo-battlefield-180980439/ |accessdate=26 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126014401/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-uncover-rare-human-skeleton-waterloo-battlefield-180980439/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The remains of a soldier thought to be 23-year-old Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012.{{sfn|Dunn|2015}} He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman, {{convert|1.60|m}} tall, and was hit in the chest by a French bullet. His coins, rifle and position on the battlefield identified him as an Hanoverian fighting in the King's German Legion.{{sfn|Peel|2012}} In 2022 a second skeleton was found in a ditch near a former field hospital by the Waterloo Uncovered charity.<ref name="Kuta1" /> In December 2022, the historians Dr. [[Bernard Wilkin]] (Belgium) and Robin Schäfer (Germany), assisted by Belgian archaeologist Dominique Bosquet, discovered and recovered the largest assembly of remains of Waterloo battlefield casualties found in recent times. In the aftermath of the historian's research into the fate of the fallen once buried on the Waterloo battlefield (see below), several local individuals had come forward who were in the possession of human remains recovered on it. Forensic examination has shown that these remains belonged to at least four soldiers, some of whom are likely to be Prussian. Another set of human remains, initially discovered on the central battlefield by illegal metal detecting and consisting of the remains of six British soldiers, was also recovered by the team. Objects found with the casualties on the central battlefield point to the fact that at least one of them served in the First Foot Guards.<ref name="Kolirin1">{{cite news |last=Hemicker |first=Lorenz |date=2023-01-24 |title=Tote Preußen auf dem Dachboden Seit Jahrzehnten suchen Forscher Überreste der Gefallenen von Waterloo. Nun ist ein deutsch-belgisches Team auf eine Sensation gestoßen. |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/geschichte/schlacht-von-waterloo-forscher-finden-ueberreste-von-preussischen-soldaten-18622829.html |accessdate=26 January 2023 |newspaper=Faz.net |publisher= |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126080403/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/geschichte/schlacht-von-waterloo-forscher-finden-ueberreste-von-preussischen-soldaten-18622829.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blackburn |first=Jack |date=25 January 2023 |title=Battle of Waterloo Bones found in Attic |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/human-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7 |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126080403/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/human-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A possible reason for the absence of human remains in any quantity is that European battlefields of the time were often scoured for bones to make [[bone meal]], which was much in demand as a [[fertilizer]] before the discovery of [[superphosphate]]s in the 1840s.<ref name=":0" /> [[Bernard Wilkin]] and Robin Schäfer, supported by the British archaeologist Tony Pollard, concluded that in the aftermath of the conflict, local farmers dug up the corpses of horses and men and sold them to the [[Waterloo sugar factory]]. There, the ground-down bones were fired in kilns to make bone-char, which was then used to filter sugar syrup as part of the production process.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Homann |first1=Arne |last2=Wilkin |first2=Bernard |last3=Schäfer |first3=Robin |title=Die Toten von Waterloo: Aus dem Massengrab in die Zuckerfabrik? |url=https://www.academia.edu/102550987 |journal=Archäologie in Deutschland |date=January 2023 |volume=2023 |issue=3 (Juni-Juli) |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schäfer |first1=Robin |last2=Wilkin |first2=Bernard |date=2023-01-01 |title=The real fate of the Waterloo fallen. The exploitation of bones in 19th century Belgium |url=https://www.academia.edu/111460708 |journal=Journal of Belgian History}}</ref>

===Coin controversy===
As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle, in 2015 [[Belgium]] minted a two-[[euro]] coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle. France officially protested against this issue of coins, while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo.{{sfn|Torfs|2015}} After 180,000 coins were minted but not released, the issue was melted. Instead, Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of {{sfrac|2|1|2}} euros. Legally valid only within the issuing country it was minted in brass, packaged, and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 euros. A ten-euro coin, showing Wellington, Blücher, their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon, was also available in silver for 42 euros.{{sfn|Kottasova|2015}}

==See also==
{{portal|France}}
* [[Military career of Napoleon]]
* [[Timeline of the Napoleonic era]]
* [[List of Napoleonic battles]]
* [[Waterloo Medal]] awarded to those soldiers of the British Army who fought at the battle.
* [[Battle of Waterloo reenactment]]
* [[Lord Uxbridge's leg]] was shattered by a [[grape-shot]] at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon. The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death. There is also a second leg on display at his house, Plas Newydd, on Anglesey.
* [[Waterloo (1970 film)|''Waterloo'' (1970 film)]] directed by [[Sergei Bondarchuk]]
* [[Waterloo (song)|Waterloo (1974 song)]] by [[ABBA]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
=== NB ===
{{reflist|group=nb}}
=== Reflist ===
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Van der Aa |first1=Abraham Jacob |year=1858 |encyclopedia=Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 19 |language=nl |title=David Hendrik, Baron Chasse |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/aa__001biog04_01/aa__001biog04_01_0429.php}}
* {{citation |last=Adkin |first=Mark |title=The Waterloo Companion |year=2001 |publisher=Aurum |isbn=978-1-85410-764-0}}
* {{citation |last=Anglesey |first=Marquess of (George C.H.V. Paget) |title=One Leg: The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget, First Marquess of Anglesey, K.G. 1768–1854 |year=1990 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-0-85052-518-2}}
* {{citation |last=Baker-Smith |first=Veronica |title=Wellington's Hidden Heroes: The Dutch and the Belgians at Waterloo |year=2016 |publisher=Casemate |isbn=9781612003320}}
* {{citation |last=Barbero |first=Alessandro |author-link=Alessandro Barbero |title=The Battle: A New History of Waterloo |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84354-310-7}}
* {{citation |last=Barbero |first=Alessandro |title=The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (translated by John Cullen) |year=2006 |edition=paperback |publisher=Walker & Company |isbn=978-0-8027-1500-5}}
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==Further reading==
===Articles===
* Bijl, Marco, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160114161435/http://home.scarlet.be/~tsh40803/8/8st.html 8th Dutch Militia] a history of the 8th Dutch Militia battalion and the Bylandt Brigade, of which it was a part, in the 1815 campaign (using original sources from the Dutch and Belgian national archives)

* de Wit, Pierre. [http://www.waterloo-campaign.nl/ The campaign of 1815: a study]. Study of the campaign of 1815, based on sources from all participating armies.
* {{citation |title=The Cowards at Waterloo |url=http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Waterloo_Cowards.html |ref=none |access-date=23 March 2013 |archive-date=23 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223084211/http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/Waterloo_Cowards.html |url-status=dead }} based on {{citation |last=Dellevoet |first=A. |title=Cowards at Waterloo?: A Re-Examination of Bijlandt's Dutch-Belgian Brigade in the Campaign of 1815 |year=2001 |publisher=Stackpole books |ref=none}}
* Wilkin, Bernard and Schäfer, Robin. [https://www.academia.edu/111460708/The_real_fate_of_the_Waterloo_fallen_The_exploitation_of_bones_in_19th_century_Belgium The real fate of the Waterloo Fallen. The exploitation of bones in 19th century Belgium], Brussels, Journal of Belgian History, Cegesoma, December 2023

===Books===
* {{citation |last=Bonaparte |first=Napoleon |title=The Military Maxims of Napoleon |year=1995 |editor-last=Chandler |editor-first=David G. |publisher=Da Capo Press |isbn=978-0-306-80618-6 |ref=none |editor2-last=Cairnes |editor2-first=William E.}}
* Buttery, David. ''Waterloo Battlefield Guide'' (Pen and Sword, 2018).
* {{citation |last=Chandler |first=David G. |title=Campaigns of Napoleon |url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofnapol00chan |year=1973 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-02-523660-8 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Chilcott |first=Christopher |title=The Royal Waggon Train: Maintaining the British Army 1803–1833 |year=2015 |publisher=RLC Association Trust Fund |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last1=Clausewitz |first1=Carl von |title=On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815 |url=http://www.clausewitz.com/readings/1815/index.htm |year=2010 |editor-last=Christopher Bassford |publisher=Clausewitz.com |isbn=978-1-4537-0150-8 |ref=none |last2=Wellesley |first2=Arthur |editor2-last=Daniel Moran |editor3-last=Gregory Pedlow |author1-link=Carl von Clausewitz}} This on-line text contains Clausewitz's 58-chapter study of the ''Campaign of 1815'' and Wellington's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz, as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors.
* {{citation |last=Cookson |first=John E. |title=The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiV5Q7uupVUC |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-820658-3 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |title=The Light Dragoon |url=http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_24/Book24.htm |year=1845 |editor-last=Gleig |editor-first=George Robert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112122928/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_24/Book24.htm |publisher=George Routledge & Co. |location=London |ref=none |archive-date=12 January 2012}}
* Esdaile, Charles J. ''Walking Waterloo: A Guide'' (2019) [https://www.amazon.com/Walking-Waterloo-Guide-Charles-Esdaile/dp/1526740788/ excerpt]
* {{citation |last=Glover |first=Michael |title=The Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History, 1792–1815 |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwars00glov |year=1973 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-88254-473-1 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Hofschröer |first=Peter |title=1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras |volume=1 |year=1998 |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=London |isbn=978-1-85367-304-7 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Hofschröer |first=Peter |title=Wellington's Smallest Victory: The Duke, the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo |year=2004 |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-21769-4 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Howarth |first=David |author-link=David Howarth (author) |title=Waterloo a Near Run Thing |year=1997 |orig-year=1968 |publisher=Phoenix/Windrush Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84212-719-3 |ref=none}}
* {{citation |last=Keegan |first=John |title=The face of battle |ref=none |author-link=John Keegan |title-link=The Face of Battle |year=1976}}; A study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme [https://archive.org/details/faceofbattl00keeg online]
* {{citation |last=Snow |first=Peter |title=To War with Wellington, From the Peninsula to Waterloo |year=2010 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-1-84854-103-0 |ref=none}} [https://archive.org/details/towarwithwelling0000snow online]

===Historiography and memory===
* Balen, Malcolm. ''A Model Victory: Waterloo and the Battle for History'' (Harper Perennial, 2006).
* Bridoux, Jeff. "'Next to a battle lost, the greatest misery is a battle gained': the Battle of Waterloo-myth and reality". ''Intelligence and National Security'' 36.5 (2021): 754–770.
* Esdaile. Charles J. "Napoleon at Waterloo: The events of 18 June 1815 analyzed via historical simulation". ''JAMS: Journal of Advanced Military Studies'' 12#2 (2021) pp. 11–44
* Evans, Mark, et al. "Waterloo Uncovered: From discoveries in conflict archaeology to military veteran collaboration and recovery on one of the world's most famous battlefields", in ''Historic Landscapes and Mental Well-Being'' (2019): 253–265. [http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/33921/4/20_Evans_etal_proof.pdf online]
* Francois, Pieter. "'The Best Way to See Waterloo is with your Eyes Shut' British 'Histourism,' Authenticity and Commercialism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". ''Anthropological Journal of European Cultures'' 22#1 (2013): 25–41.
* Heffernan, Julian Jimenez. "Lying Epitaphs: 'Vanity Fair', Waterloo, and the Cult of the Dead". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 40#1 (2012): 25–45.
* {{citation |last=Heinzen |first=Jasper |title=A Negotiated Truce: The Battle of Waterloo in European Memory since the Second World War |url=http://www.muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_and_memory/v026/26.1.heinzen.html |journal=History & Memory |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=39–74 |year=2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140506051226/http://www.muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_and_memory/v026/26.1.heinzen.html |doi=10.2979/histmemo.26.1.39 |s2cid=159698207 |ref=none |archive-date=6 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}
* Kennaway, James. "Military surgery as national romance: the memory of British heroic fortitude at Waterloo". ''War & Society'' 39.2 (2020): 77–92. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07292473.2020.1741771 online]
* Keirstead, Christopher and Marysa Demoor, eds. "Special Issue: Waterloo and Its Afterlife in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical and Newspaper Press". ''Victorian Periodicals Review'' 48#4 (2015).
* Mongin, Philippe. "A game-theoretic analysis of the Waterloo campaign and some comments on the analytic narrative project". ''Cliometrica'' 12.3 (2018): 451–480. [https://philpapers.org/archive/MONAGA.1.pdf online]
* Reynolds, Luke Alexander Lewis. "Who Owned Waterloo? Wellington's Veterans and the Battle for Relevance" (PhD. Diss. City University of New York, 2019) [https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4392&context=gc_etds online].
* Rigney, Ann. "Reframing Waterloo: Memory, mediation, experience", in ''The Varieties of Historical Experience'' (Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–139.
* Seaton, A.V. "War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914". ''Annals of Tourism Research'' 26#1 (1999): 130–158.
* Scott, Walter. ''Scott on Waterloo'' edited by Paul O'Keeffe. (Vintage Books, 2015).
* Shaw, Philip. ''Waterloo and the Romantic Imagination'' (Palgrave, 2002).
* Turner, Harry. ''Courage, Blood & Luck: Poems of Waterloo'' (Pen and Sword Military, 2013).

===Maps===
* {{citation |last=Shepherd |first=William R. |title=Historical Atlas |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_shepherd_1923.html |year=1923 |chapter=Map of the battlefield |chapter-url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/waterloo_battle.jpg |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |ref=none}} [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-156.jpg The map] from the 1911 edition is also available online.
* [http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/BATTLE_OF_WATERLOO.htm Battle of Waterloo maps and diagrams]
* [https://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?&msa=0&msid=113384660960350206735.00000111ccfa54c3759d7&z=12&om=1 Map of the battlefield on modern Google map and satellite photographs showing main locations of the battlefield]
* [http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm1383 1816 Map of the battlefield with initial dispositions] by [[Willem Benjamin Craan]]
* {{citation |title=Battle of Waterloo |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=z84wlc9K5lB4.k_XQZ6gsCz54 |publisher=Google Maps |ref=none}}

===Primary sources===
* Glover, Gareth, ed. ''Letters from the battle of Waterloo: unpublished correspondence by Allied officers from the Siborne papers'' (Casemate Publishers, 2018).
* [http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/world-history/breaking-news-wellington-defeats-napoleon-waterloo Earliest report of the battle in a London newspaper from The Morning Post 22 June 1815]
* {{London Gazette|issue=17037|pages=1359–1362|date=8 July 1815}} Casualty returns.
* {{citation |last=Cook |first=Christopher |title=Eye witness accounts of Napoleonic warfare |url=http://home.iprimus.com.au/cpcook/indexLW.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903162907/http://home.iprimus.com.au/cpcook/indexLW.htm |ref=none |archive-date=3 September 2012}}
* {{citation |last=Staff |title=Book review of the "Waterloo Medal Roll Call" |url=http://books.national-army-museum.ac.uk/waterloo-medal-roll-pr-24201.html |year=2009 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091204193626/http://books.national-army-museum.ac.uk/waterloo-medal-roll-pr-24201.html |publisher=The [British] National Archive |ref=none |archive-date=4 December 2009}}
* {{citation |last=Staff |title=British military campaign and service medals |date=9 July 2013 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/medals-british-armed-services-campaign-service.htm |publisher=The [British] National Archive |ref=none}} – "For records of medals awarded for service before 1914, search by name on the Ancestry website. There are separate search pages for the [http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1686 Army] (sourced from WO 100)..."
* Staff, ''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/battle_waterloo_01.shtml Empire and Sea Power: The Battle of Waterloo]'' Retrieved on 9 June 2006
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ BBC History Waterloo], Retrieved on 9 June 2006

===Uniforms===
* French, Prussian and Anglo-allied uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo : [http://centjours.mont-saint-jean.com/unites.php Mont-Saint-Jean] (FR)

==External links==
* [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/waterlooexhibition/parliament-and-waterloo/ Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections]
* {{cite web |title=Booknotes: Watch |url=http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/174208-1/Andrew+Roberts.aspx |date=12 January 2003 |website=Booknotes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116184425/http://booknotes.org/Watch/174208-1/Andrew+Roberts.aspx |archive-date=16 November 2010}} Interview with Andrew Roberts on ''Napoleon & Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It''
* {{cite web |title=Guides 1815 |url=http://www.guides1815.org |language=fr}} Official guides of the Waterloo battlefield.
* {{cite web |title=Waterloo 200 |url=http://www.waterloo200.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228231423/http://www.waterloo200.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2008 |date=10 June 2015 |website=National Army Museum, London}} (British site)
* {{cite web |title=Farm of Hougoumont |url=http://tls509.wix.com/archaeologyawaterloo |website=Archaeology @ Waterloo |access-date=30 July 2015}}
* George Nafgizer collection Waterloo ORBATs for [https://web.archive.org/web/20170128090053/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBE.pdf French], [http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBF.pdf Allied] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230025256/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBF.pdf |url-status=live |date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/815FBF.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022}}.
* {{cite web |title=Rethinking Waterloo from Multiple Perspectives |url=https://euroclio.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Teaching-1815-Rethinking-Waterloo-from-multiple-perspectives-Francesco-Scatigna-EUROCLIO.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://euroclio.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Teaching-1815-Rethinking-Waterloo-from-multiple-perspectives-Francesco-Scatigna-EUROCLIO.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=European Association of History Education}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|meet one's Waterloo}}
* {{Commons-inline}}
{{Wikisource portal|Waterloo Campaign}}
{{Wikisource portal|Hundred Days}}
{{Waterloo Campaign}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Waterloo}}
[[Category:Battle of Waterloo| ]]
[[Category:1815 in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:19th century in the Southern Netherlands]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:Battles involving Hanover]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Duchy of Nassau]]
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[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Braine-l'Alleud|Battle of Waterloo]]
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1815]]
[[Category:June 1815 events]]
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[[Category:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving Prussia]]

Voltigeur

2024-08-27T20:24:28Z

GenEli1L1: /* Voltigeurs of the Guard */

{{Short description|French military skirmish units}}
{{about|the French military unit|the Thoroughbred racehorse|Voltigeur (horse)}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Voltigeurs of a French Line regiment crossing the Danube before the battle of Wagram.png|thumb|French voltigeurs crossing the [[Danube]] before the [[battle of Wagram]]]]

The '''voltigeurs''' were French military [[skirmish]] units created in 1804 by [[Emperor of the French|Emperor]] [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_infantry.html#frenchvoltigeurs|title = French Infantry : Uniforms : Organization : Weapons : Infanterie française}}</ref> They replaced the second company of fusiliers in each existing infantry battalion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Napoleon's Infantry Handbook|last=Crowdy|first=Terry|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2015|isbn=9781783462957|location=South Yorkshire|pages=166}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Voltigeurs'' ([vɔltiʒœʀ], English: "vaulters") were named after their originally conceived mode of operation: although they were foot soldiers, on the battlefield they were intended to jump onto the [[Rump (animal)|croup]] of cavalry horses to advance more quickly. This proved unworkable and they were trained to be elite [[skirmisher]]s, but they retained their original name. ''Voltigeurs'' formed an integral part of the [[Grande Armée]]'s basic building blocks, the line and light infantry battalions.

==Line and light infantry voltigeurs==
[[Image:Napoleon Grenadier and Voltigeur of 1808 by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|French line infantry [[grenadier]] (left) and voltigeur (right) c. 1808]]
[[File:Grande Armée - Line Infantry Cornet & Officer of Voltigeurs.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cornet in imperial livery and officer of the line voltigeurs (1812)]]

In 1804, each French [[Line infantry|Line (Ligne)]] and [[light infantry|Light (Légère)]] infantry [[battalion]] was ordered to create one company of ninety of the best shots who would serve as elite skirmishers.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=4|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> The voltigeurs were skilled at sharpshooting and received specific training in marksmanship, using cover and taking the initiative.

Like the grenadiers,<ref name=":0" /> this company would frequently be detached from the battalion to perform specialised light infantry tasks—operating in loose formation, forming the skirmish line and screening the battalion from the enemy. The formation instruction for voltigeurs gave no indication where they were supposed to stand in the battle line.<ref name=":0" />

Although the original concept of skirmishers using cavalry to transport them during battle quickly proved unworkable in any large scale, voltigeurs did on occasion ride with French dragoons to battle, as recalled by a British officer on the harrowing retreat of [[John Moore (British Army officer)|John Moore]]'s army prior to the [[Battle of Corunna]].

<blockquote>The French had much the advantage of us in these petty warfares, for I have frequently seen their light troops mounted behind their dragoons, so that when they came to a favourable place to make an attack, these fellows dismounted quite fresh, and our light troops who had been always marching, had to oppose them; still we managed to beat them off.<ref>Lt. Col. Charles Stevens, 1878</ref></blockquote>

With the reorganization of 1807 the voltigeur company was enlarged to 121 men.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=5|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> When the battalion was formed up in line formation, the voltigeurs took their place on the left of the line, the second most prestigious position. The top position, the right, was occupied by the battalion's [[grenadier]] company.

The French voltigeurs suffered huge losses during the [[French invasion of Russia|1812 Russian campaign]]. One account described how they were decimated by the combined forces of Russian artillery and [[Cuirassier|cuirassiers]] after bearing the brunt of cavalry charges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=French Guardsman vs Russian Jaeger: 1812–14|last=Spring|first=Laurence|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9781472806116|location=London|pages=39}}</ref> After this period, the quality of the French voltigeurs declined as the new units lacked the experience and training to set them apart from their "non-elite" compatriots in the regular [[light infantry]] [[chasseur]] companies. The hastily reformed regiments of 1813, numbering up to 19, were not up to the same standard as the elite units of the Voltigeurs before the Russian campaign. Despite this, the Voltigeurs of the Guard performed admirably in the 1813–1814 campaigns.

=== Uniform ===
The uniform was made of a blue coat with yellow collar and cuffs piped red, red and green epaulettes with a yellow crescent, and yellow bugle horns on the turnbacks. From 1804, they wore [[shako]]s, but some had [[bicorne]] hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush. By 1807, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]], green cords, and an all-green plume or a green plume with a yellow tip.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=13|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> Line voltigeurs had white trousers and [[lapel]]s, while light voltigeurs had blue trousers and lapels.

==Voltigeurs of the Guard==
[[Image:Voltigeurdlgarde.jpg|thumb|170px|A French Voltigeur porte-fanion of the Young Guard c. 1811]]

In 1809, the French [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard's]] corps of Chasseurs formed the Tirailleurs-Chasseurs and Conscrit-Chasseurs regiments, part of the Young Guard. In 1811, these units were renamed Voltigeurs, forming the 1–4th regiments. The Voltigeurs of the Guard, along with their sister regiments the [[Tirailleurs]] (formerly the ''Tirailleurs-Grenadiers'' and ''Conscrit-Grenadiers'' regiments), provided the skirmish screen for the Chasseurs and Grenadiers of [[Old Guard (France)|Napoleon's Old Guard.]]

During the [[Battle of Waterloo]] the Voltigeurs, along with the Tirailleurs, conducted a tenacious defence of the town of [[Plancenoit]] against a major [[Prussian army|Prussian]] flanking attack. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Young Guard, reinforced by some battalions of Old Guard Grenadiers, held the town until the defeat of the [[Middle Guard]] attack on the allied centre caused the army to collapse.

After the [[Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)|abdication of Napoleon]] and the [[Second Restoration]] of the Bourbon kings, the surviving regiments of Voltigeurs, along with the remnants of the entire Imperial Guard, were disbanded.

==Weapons and known equipment==
* ''Carabine de Versailles An XII rifle'' (issued to officers, sergeants and quartermasters)
* ''Fusil de Dragon'' – Dragoon version of the [[Charleville musket#Other variants|Charleville musket]] (some examples of the 'Fusil de Marine', or naval version, may have also been used)
* [[Charleville_musket#Model_1717|Model 1717 Charleville musket]]
* [[Musket Model 1777#Other improvements|Musket Model 1816]]
* [[Pistolet modèle An IX]]
* [[Pistolet modèle An XIII]]
* [[Minié rifle]] (Second Empire era)

==Second Empire==
In 1854 [[Napoleon III]] recreated the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)|Imperial Guard]] of his uncle. This included a Voltigeur Brigade of two regiments, expanded to two brigades by 1857. Drawn from experienced men with good records in the line infantry, the Voltigeur regiments of the Imperial Guard served with distinction in the Crimean and Italian campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frencharmyfranco01shan/page/n8 8]–10|title=French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War 1 Imperial Troops|url=https://archive.org/details/frencharmyfranco01shan|url-access=limited|isbn=1-85532-121-1|date=1991-04-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref> In the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870 they saw only limited action before the surrender of the main imperial field army at Metz. The surviving depot companies of the Voltigeur regiments were then incorporated into the provisional [[Marching regiment|''regiments de march'']] of the Republican forces.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|pages=8–10|title=French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War 2 Republican Troops|isbn=1-85532-135-1|date=1991-07-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref>

==In French-allied states==
Several Napoleonic French allies based their battalion formation on that of the French and had voltigeur companies in their battalions. The allies using the French battalion system included the following:

* The [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]
* The [[Duchy of Warsaw]]
* The [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] (after 1810)
* The [[Kingdom of Holland]]
* The [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]
* The [[Kingdom of Naples]]
* The [[Kingdom of Saxony]] (after 1809)
* The [[Kingdom of Westphalia]]
* The [[Kingdom of Württemberg]]
* Several minor [[Rheinbund]] states

In addition, the United States organized a "[[Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen]]" (1847–1848) for service in the [[Mexican–American War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalregist01heitrich|title=Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army : from its organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903|first=Francis B. (Francis Bernard)|last=Heitman|date=August 10, 1903|publisher=Washington : Govt. Print. Off.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Like its French counterpart, the American voltigeur was composed of light infantry trained to fight either in conventional formations or spread out into skirmish lines.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fighting Elites: A History of U.S. Special Forces: A History of U.S. Special Forces|last=Fredriksen|first=John|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|isbn=9781598848106|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=33}}</ref>

==In Belgium==

The [[Jagers te Paard Battalion]] is a mounted reconnaissance unit. Its A and B Squadrons have a voltigeurs platoon for dismounted reconnaissance.

== See also ==
* [[Canadian Voltigeurs]]
* [[Chasseur]]
* [[Grande Armée]]
* [[Grenz infantry]]
* [[Jäger (military)]]
* [[Les Voltigeurs de Québec]]
* [[Light infantry]]
* [[Skirmisher]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=Georges|last=Blond|title=La Grande Armée|location=London|publisher=Arms & Armour Press|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Elting|title=Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée|location=Cambridge|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Gill|title=With eagles to glory: Napoleon and his German allies in the 1809 campaign|location=Barnsley|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1992}}
*{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Haythornthwaite|title=Napoleon's Imperial Guard, Volume 2|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1985}}
*{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Haythornthwaite|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1983}}
*{{cite book|first=George|last=Nafziger|title=Imperial bayonets: tactics of the Napoleonic Battery, Battalion, and Brigade as found in contemporary regulations|location=Barnsley|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1996}}
*{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Stevens|title=Reminiscences of my Military Life 1795 to 1818|url=https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesmy00steegoog|location=Winchester|publisher= Warren & Son|year=1878}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Infantry]]
[[Category:French Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1815]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1804]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of France]]
[[Category:Obsolete occupations]]

Voltigeur

2024-08-27T20:21:34Z

GenEli1L1:

{{Short description|French military skirmish units}}
{{about|the French military unit|the Thoroughbred racehorse|Voltigeur (horse)}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Voltigeurs of a French Line regiment crossing the Danube before the battle of Wagram.png|thumb|French voltigeurs crossing the [[Danube]] before the [[battle of Wagram]]]]

The '''voltigeurs''' were French military [[skirmish]] units created in 1804 by [[Emperor of the French|Emperor]] [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/French_infantry.html#frenchvoltigeurs|title = French Infantry : Uniforms : Organization : Weapons : Infanterie française}}</ref> They replaced the second company of fusiliers in each existing infantry battalion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Napoleon's Infantry Handbook|last=Crowdy|first=Terry|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2015|isbn=9781783462957|location=South Yorkshire|pages=166}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Voltigeurs'' ([vɔltiʒœʀ], English: "vaulters") were named after their originally conceived mode of operation: although they were foot soldiers, on the battlefield they were intended to jump onto the [[Rump (animal)|croup]] of cavalry horses to advance more quickly. This proved unworkable and they were trained to be elite [[skirmisher]]s, but they retained their original name. ''Voltigeurs'' formed an integral part of the [[Grande Armée]]'s basic building blocks, the line and light infantry battalions.

==Line and light infantry voltigeurs==
[[Image:Napoleon Grenadier and Voltigeur of 1808 by Bellange.jpg|thumb|upright|French line infantry [[grenadier]] (left) and voltigeur (right) c. 1808]]
[[File:Grande Armée - Line Infantry Cornet & Officer of Voltigeurs.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Cornet in imperial livery and officer of the line voltigeurs (1812)]]

In 1804, each French [[Line infantry|Line (Ligne)]] and [[light infantry|Light (Légère)]] infantry [[battalion]] was ordered to create one company of ninety of the best shots who would serve as elite skirmishers.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=4|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> The voltigeurs were skilled at sharpshooting and received specific training in marksmanship, using cover and taking the initiative.

Like the grenadiers,<ref name=":0" /> this company would frequently be detached from the battalion to perform specialised light infantry tasks—operating in loose formation, forming the skirmish line and screening the battalion from the enemy. The formation instruction for voltigeurs gave no indication where they were supposed to stand in the battle line.<ref name=":0" />

Although the original concept of skirmishers using cavalry to transport them during battle quickly proved unworkable in any large scale, voltigeurs did on occasion ride with French dragoons to battle, as recalled by a British officer on the harrowing retreat of [[John Moore (British Army officer)|John Moore]]'s army prior to the [[Battle of Corunna]].

<blockquote>The French had much the advantage of us in these petty warfares, for I have frequently seen their light troops mounted behind their dragoons, so that when they came to a favourable place to make an attack, these fellows dismounted quite fresh, and our light troops who had been always marching, had to oppose them; still we managed to beat them off.<ref>Lt. Col. Charles Stevens, 1878</ref></blockquote>

With the reorganization of 1807 the voltigeur company was enlarged to 121 men.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=5|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> When the battalion was formed up in line formation, the voltigeurs took their place on the left of the line, the second most prestigious position. The top position, the right, was occupied by the battalion's [[grenadier]] company.

The French voltigeurs suffered huge losses during the [[French invasion of Russia|1812 Russian campaign]]. One account described how they were decimated by the combined forces of Russian artillery and [[Cuirassier|cuirassiers]] after bearing the brunt of cavalry charges.<ref>{{Cite book|title=French Guardsman vs Russian Jaeger: 1812–14|last=Spring|first=Laurence|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2013|isbn=9781472806116|location=London|pages=39}}</ref> After this period, the quality of the French voltigeurs declined as the new units lacked the experience and training to set them apart from their "non-elite" compatriots in the regular [[light infantry]] [[chasseur]] companies. The hastily reformed regiments of 1813, numbering up to 19, were not up to the same standard as the elite units of the Voltigeurs before the Russian campaign. Despite this, the Voltigeurs of the Guard performed admirably in the 1813–1814 campaigns.

=== Uniform ===
The uniform was made of a blue coat with yellow collar and cuffs piped red, red and green epaulettes with a yellow crescent, and yellow bugle horns on the turnbacks. From 1804, they wore [[shako]]s, but some had [[bicorne]] hats with green pompoms and a yellow brush. By 1807, all Voltigeurs had a shako which could be plain black, and have a yellow top or bottom band, or have yellow [[Chevron (insignia)|chevrons]], green cords, and an all-green plume or a green plume with a yellow tip.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Hawthornthwaite|page=13|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|year=1983|publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-521-9}}</ref> Line voltigeurs had white trousers and [[lapel]]s, while light voltigeurs had blue trousers and lapels.

==Voltigeurs of the Guard==
[[Image:Voltigeurdlgarde.jpg|thumb|170px|A French Voltigeur porte-fanion of the Young Guard c. 1811]]

In 1809, the French [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard's]] corps of Chasseurs formed the Tirailleurs-Chasseurs and Conscrit-Chasseurs regiments, part of the Young Guard. In 1811, these units were renamed Voltigeurs, forming the 1–4th regiments. The Voltigeurs of the Guard, along with their sister regiments the [[Tirailleurs]] (formerly the ''Tirailleurs-Grenadiers'' and ''Conscrit-Grenadiers'' regiments), provided the skirmish screen for the Chasseurs and Grenadiers of Napoleon's Old Guard.

During the [[Battle of Waterloo]] the Voltigeurs, along with the Tirailleurs, conducted a tenacious defence of the town of [[Plancenoit]] against a major [[Prussian army|Prussian]] flanking attack. Despite being heavily outnumbered, the Young Guard, reinforced by some battalions of Old Guard Grenadiers, held the town until the defeat of the [[Middle Guard]] attack on the allied centre caused the army to collapse.

After the abdication of Napoleon and the [[Second Restoration]] of the Bourbon kings, the surviving regiments of Voltigeurs, along with the remnants of the entire Imperial Guard, were disbanded.

==Weapons and known equipment==
* ''Carabine de Versailles An XII rifle'' (issued to officers, sergeants and quartermasters)
* ''Fusil de Dragon'' – Dragoon version of the [[Charleville musket#Other variants|Charleville musket]] (some examples of the 'Fusil de Marine', or naval version, may have also been used)
* [[Charleville_musket#Model_1717|Model 1717 Charleville musket]]
* [[Musket Model 1777#Other improvements|Musket Model 1816]]
* [[Pistolet modèle An IX]]
* [[Pistolet modèle An XIII]]
* [[Minié rifle]] (Second Empire era)

==Second Empire==
In 1854 [[Napoleon III]] recreated the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)|Imperial Guard]] of his uncle. This included a Voltigeur Brigade of two regiments, expanded to two brigades by 1857. Drawn from experienced men with good records in the line infantry, the Voltigeur regiments of the Imperial Guard served with distinction in the Crimean and Italian campaigns.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|pages=[https://archive.org/details/frencharmyfranco01shan/page/n8 8]–10|title=French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War 1 Imperial Troops|url=https://archive.org/details/frencharmyfranco01shan|url-access=limited|isbn=1-85532-121-1|date=1991-04-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref> In the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870 they saw only limited action before the surrender of the main imperial field army at Metz. The surviving depot companies of the Voltigeur regiments were then incorporated into the provisional [[Marching regiment|''regiments de march'']] of the Republican forces.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Shann|pages=8–10|title=French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War 2 Republican Troops|isbn=1-85532-135-1|date=1991-07-25|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref>

==In French-allied states==
Several Napoleonic French allies based their battalion formation on that of the French and had voltigeur companies in their battalions. The allies using the French battalion system included the following:

* The [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]
* The [[Duchy of Warsaw]]
* The [[Kingdom of Bavaria]] (after 1810)
* The [[Kingdom of Holland]]
* The [[Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)|Kingdom of Italy]]
* The [[Kingdom of Naples]]
* The [[Kingdom of Saxony]] (after 1809)
* The [[Kingdom of Westphalia]]
* The [[Kingdom of Württemberg]]
* Several minor [[Rheinbund]] states

In addition, the United States organized a "[[Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen]]" (1847–1848) for service in the [[Mexican–American War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalregist01heitrich|title=Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army : from its organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903|first=Francis B. (Francis Bernard)|last=Heitman|date=August 10, 1903|publisher=Washington : Govt. Print. Off.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Like its French counterpart, the American voltigeur was composed of light infantry trained to fight either in conventional formations or spread out into skirmish lines.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fighting Elites: A History of U.S. Special Forces: A History of U.S. Special Forces|last=Fredriksen|first=John|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|isbn=9781598848106|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=33}}</ref>

==In Belgium==

The [[Jagers te Paard Battalion]] is a mounted reconnaissance unit. Its A and B Squadrons have a voltigeurs platoon for dismounted reconnaissance.

== See also ==
* [[Canadian Voltigeurs]]
* [[Chasseur]]
* [[Grande Armée]]
* [[Grenz infantry]]
* [[Jäger (military)]]
* [[Les Voltigeurs de Québec]]
* [[Light infantry]]
* [[Skirmisher]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|first=Georges|last=Blond|title=La Grande Armée|location=London|publisher=Arms & Armour Press|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Elting|title=Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée|location=Cambridge|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|first=John|last=Gill|title=With eagles to glory: Napoleon and his German allies in the 1809 campaign|location=Barnsley|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1992}}
*{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Haythornthwaite|title=Napoleon's Imperial Guard, Volume 2|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1985}}
*{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Haythornthwaite|title=Napoleon's Light Infantry|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1983}}
*{{cite book|first=George|last=Nafziger|title=Imperial bayonets: tactics of the Napoleonic Battery, Battalion, and Brigade as found in contemporary regulations|location=Barnsley|publisher=Greenhill Books|year=1996}}
*{{cite book|first=Charles|last=Stevens|title=Reminiscences of my Military Life 1795 to 1818|url=https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesmy00steegoog|location=Winchester|publisher= Warren & Son|year=1878}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Infantry]]
[[Category:French Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1815]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1804]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of France]]
[[Category:Obsolete occupations]]

Coldstream Guards

2024-08-27T20:20:27Z

GenEli1L1: /* Regimental Lieutenant Colonels */

{{Short description|Infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Coldstream Guards
| image = Coldstream Guards Badge.png
| caption = Regimental badge of the Coldstream Guards{{efn|The breast star of the [[Order of the Garter]].}}
| dates = 1650–present
| country = {{flag|Commonwealth of England}} (1650–1660) {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}} (1660–1707) {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} (1801–present)
| branch = {{army|UK}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| size = One battalion – 559 personnel<ref>{{cite web|url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616|title=Army – Question for Ministry of Defence|page=1|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226013531/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2018-11-22/194616|url-status=dead}}</ref> One
independent incremental company One [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|reserve]] company
| role = 1st Battalion and No 17 Company – Light Role Infantry No 7 Company – [[Public Duties]]
| command_structure = [[Guards and Parachute Division]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Charles III|The King]]
| ceremonial_chief_label = Colonel-in-Chief
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Lt Gen [[James Bucknall|Sir James Bucknall]]
| commander4 = Col. Toby P. O. Till
| commander4_label = Regimental Lieutenant Colonel
| garrison = RHQ – [[Wellington Barracks|London]] 1st Battalion—[[Victoria Barracks, Windsor|Windsor]] No 7 Company—[[Wellington Barracks|London]] No 17 Company [[Hammersmith]]
| identification_symbol = [[Image:GuardsTRF.svg|65px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
| identification_symbol_2 = Red Right side of [[Bearskin]] cap
| identification_symbol_2_label = Plume
| identification_symbol_4 = COLDM GDS
| identification_symbol_4_label = Abbreviation
| nickname = ''The Lilywhites''
| motto = ''[[Nulli Secundus (disambiguation)|Nulli Secundus]]'' ([[Latin]] for 'Second to None')
| march = Quick: "[[Milanollo#Coldstream|Milanollo]]" Slow: "Figaro" ("[[Non più andrai]]" from ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'')
| battles = {{Plainlist|
* [[English Civil War]]
* [[Monmouth Rebellion]]
* [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
* [[War of the Austrian Succession]]
* [[Seven Years' War]]
* [[American War of Independence]]
* [[Napoleonic Wars]]
* [[Crimean War]]
* [[Second Boer War]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Malayan Emergency]]
* [[Mau Mau Uprising]]
* [[Cyprus Emergency]]
* [[Gulf War]]
* [[UNPROFOR|Bosnia]]
* [[Iraq War]]
* [[Operation Herrick]]
}}
| anniversaries = [[St George's Day]] (23 April)
}}

The '''Coldstream Guards''' is the oldest continuously serving regular{{efn|The [[Honourable Artillery Company]], a reserve unit, being the oldest continuously serving regiment in the British Army as a whole.}} [[regiment]] in the [[British Army]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Coldstream Guards|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/coldstream-guards/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> As part of the [[Household Division]], one of its principal roles is the protection of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarchy]]; due to this, it often participates in state ceremonial occasions. The Regiment has consistently provided formations on deployments around the world and has fought in the majority of the major conflicts in which the British Army has been engaged.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Coldstream Guards Official Charity Website|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Coldstream Guards|language=en}}</ref>

The Regiment has been in continuous service and has never been amalgamated. It was formed in 1650 as 'Monck's Regiment of Foot' and was then renamed 'The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards' after the [[Stuart Restoration|Restoration]] in 1660.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=Godfrey|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001589030|title=The early history of the Coldstream guards|date=1924|publisher=The Clarendon press|location=Oxford}}</ref> With [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck's]] death in 1670 it was again renamed 'The Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards' after [[Coldstream|the location in Scotland]] from which it marched to help restore the monarchy in 1660.<ref name="auto1"/> Its name was again changed to the 'Coldstream Guards' in 1855 and this is still its present title.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/TheColdstreamGuards1650-2000|title=The Coldstream Guards|language=English}}</ref>

Today, the Regiment consists of: Regimental Headquarters, a single [[battalion]] (the 1st Battalion), an independent incremental company (Number 7 Company, maintaining the customs and traditions, as well as carrying the Colours of 2nd Battalion), a Regimental Band, a [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|reserve company]] (Number 17 Company) and individuals at training establishments and other extra regimental employment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regimental Headquarters|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/pages/regimental-headquarters|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Coldstream Guards|language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===English Civil War===
The origin of the Coldstream Guards lies in the [[English Civil War]] when [[Oliver Cromwell]] gave Colonel [[George Monck]] permission to form his own regiment as part of the [[New Model Army]]. Monck took men from the regiments of [[George Fenwick (Parliamentarian)|George Fenwick]] and [[Arthur Haselrig|Sir Arthur Haselrig]], five companies each, and on 13 August 1650 formed '''Monck's Regiment of Foot'''.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.coldstreamguards-boro.org/Regimental%20History.htm|title=History of the Coldstream Guards|access-date=26 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906170010/http://coldstreamguards-boro.org/Regimental%20History.htm|archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Less than two weeks later, this force took part in the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]], at which the [[Roundhead]]s defeated the forces of [[Charles II of England|Charles Stuart]].<ref name=history/>

After [[Richard Cromwell]]'s abdication, Monck gave his support to the Stuarts, and on 1 January 1660 he crossed the [[River Tweed]] into [[England]] at the village of [[Coldstream]], from where he made a five-week march to [[London]]. He arrived in London on 2 February and helped in [[English Restoration|the Restoration]] of the monarchy. For his help, Monck was given the [[Order of the Garter]] and his regiment was assigned to keep order in London. However, the new parliament soon ordered his regiment to be disbanded along with all of the other regiments of the New Model Army.<ref name=history/>

Before that could happen, Parliament was forced to rely on the help of the regiment against the rebellion by the [[Fifth Monarchists]] led by [[Thomas Venner]] on 6 January 1661. The regiment defeated the rebels and on 14 February the men of the regiment symbolically laid down their arms as part of the New Model Army and were immediately ordered to take them up again as a royal regiment of '''The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards''', a part of the [[Household Troops]].{{sfn|Harwood|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nfw_z24jG5AC&pg=PA38 38]}}

The regiment was placed as the second senior regiment of Household Troops, as it entered the service of the Crown after the [[Grenadier Guards|1st Regiment of Foot Guards]], but it answered to that by adopting the motto ''Nulli Secundus'' (''Second to None'') as the regiment is older than the senior regiment. The regiment always stands on the left of the line when on parade with the rest of the Foot Guards, so standing "second to none". When Monck died in 1670, the [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|Earl of Craven]] took command of the regiment and it adopted a new name, the '''Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards'''.<ref name=history/>

<gallery widths="165px" heights="200px">
File:David Morier (1705^-70) - Grenadiers, 1st and 3rd Regiments of Foot Guards and Coldstream Guards, 1751 - RCIN 405597 - Royal Collection.jpg|British Foot Guards in 1751 by [[David Morier]]
File:Robert Orme, by Joshua Reynolds.jpg|Lt Robert Orme (1756) by Sir Joshua Reynolds
File:Hughes & Mullins after Cundall & Howlett - Heroes of the Crimean War - Joseph Numa, John Potter, and James Deal of the Coldstream Guards.jpg|Crimean War: Joseph Numa, John Potter and James Deal of the Coldstream Guards
</gallery>

===Overseas service (1685–1900)===
The regiment saw active service in [[Flanders]] and in the [[Monmouth Rebellion]], including the decisive [[Battle of Sedgemoor]] in 1685. It fought in the [[Battle of Walcourt]] in 1689, the [[Battle of Landen]] and the [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Siege of Namur]].<ref name=history/>

In 1760, the 2nd Battalion was sent to Germany to campaign under Prince [[Ferdinand of Brunswick]] and fought in the [[Battle of Wilhelmstal]] and at the Castle of Amöneburg. Three Guards companies of 307 men under Coldstream commander Colonel [[Edward Mathew]] fought in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=history/>
[[File:Castle of Hougoumont during the Battle of Waterloo.jpg|thumb|right|Coldstream Guards defending [[Hougoumont]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], 1815.]]
The Coldstream Regiment saw extensive service in the wars against the [[French Revolution]] and in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Under the command of Sir [[Ralph Abercrombie|Ralph Abercromby]], it defeated French troops in [[Egypt]]. In 1807, it took part in the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|investment of Copenhagen]]. In January 1809, it sailed to [[Portugal]] to join the forces under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]]. In 1814, it took part in the [[Battle of Bayonne]], in France, where a [[:fr:Siège de Bayonne#Cimetière des Coldsteam Guards|cemetery]] keeps their memory. The 2nd Battalion joined the [[Walcheren Expedition]]. Later, it served as part of the 2nd Guards Brigade in the Chateau [[Hougoumont]] where they resisted French assaults all day during the [[Battle of Waterloo]]. This defence is considered one of the greatest achievements of the regiment, and an annual ceremony of "Hanging the Brick" is performed each year in the Sergeants' Mess to commemorate the efforts of [[James Graham (soldier)|Cpl James Graham]] and [[James Macdonnell (British Army officer)|Lt-Col James Macdonnell]], who shut the North Gate after a French attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shinycapstar.com/waterloo.htm|title=Coldstream Guards: Waterloo|publisher=Shinycapstar.com|access-date=3 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709130358/http://www.shinycapstar.com/waterloo.htm|archive-date=9 July 2009}}</ref> [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|The Duke of Wellington]] himself declared after the battle that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont".<ref>Roberts, p. 58</ref>

The regiment was later part of the British occupation forces of [[Paris]] until 1816.<ref name=history/>

During the [[Crimean War]], the Coldstream Regiment fought in the battles of [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]] and [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854)|Sevastopol]]. On its return, four men of the regiment were awarded the newly instituted [[Victoria Cross]].<ref name=history/>

The regiment received its current name, the '''Coldstream Guards''', in 1855. In 1882, it was sent to Egypt against the rebels of [[Ahmed 'Urabi]] and in 1885 in the Suakin Campaign. In 1897, the Coldstreamers were reinforced with the addition of a 3rd battalion. The 1st and 2nd battalions were dispatched to [[South Africa]] at the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]].<ref name=history/> During the conflict, they would prove instrumental at the [[Battle of Belmont (1899)|Battle of Belmont]], and were also present at [[Battle of Graspan|Graspan]], [[Battle of Modder River|Modder River]], [[Battle of Magersfontein|Magersfontein]], [[Battle of Driefontein|Driefontein]], [[Battle of Diamond Hill|Diamond Hill]], [[Battle of Bergendal|Belfast]], and were also involved in hunting [[Christiaan de Wet]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Army |first=The British |title=English: A description of all units, casualties, and battles of the Second Boer War |date=1903-05-05 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appendix_-_Boer_War_Units_and_Casualties.pdf |access-date=2024-08-23}}</ref>
[[File:Coldstreams Guards at Diamond Hill.jpg|left|thumb|1st Coldstream Guards at the [[Battle of Diamond Hill]], 1900]]

===1900–present===
At the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], the Coldstream Guards was among the first British regiments to arrive in France after Britain declared war on Germany. In the following battles, it suffered heavy losses, in two cases losing all of its officers. At the [[First Battle of Ypres]], the 1st battalion was virtually annihilated: by 1 November down to 150 men and the Lt Quartermaster. The regiment fought at [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|the Somme]], [[Battle of Ginchy|Ginchy]] and in the [[3rd Battle of Ypres]]. The regiment also formed the 4th (Pioneer) Battalion, which was disbanded after the war, in 1919. The 5th Reserve battalion never left Britain before it was disbanded.<ref name=history/>

When the [[Second World War]] began, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Coldstream Guards were part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) in France;<ref name=history/> whilst the 3rd Battalion was on overseas service in the Middle East. Additional 4th and 5th battalions were also formed for the duration of the war. They fought extensively, as part of the [[Guards Armoured Division]], in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] and Europe as dismounted infantry. The 4th battalion first became a motorized battalion in 1940 and then an armoured battalion in 1943.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/39/a2773839.shtml|title='Cuckoo' the German Panther in Service with the 4th Battalion Coldstream Guards|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>[[File:The Battle of Passchendaele, July-november 1917 Q6046.jpg|thumb|4th Coldstream Guards during the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], 1917.]]

Coldstreamers gave up their tanks at the end of the war, the new battalions were disbanded, and the troops distributed to the 1st and 2nd Guard Training Battalions.<ref name=history/>

After the war, the 1st and 3rd battalions served in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. The 2nd battalion served in the [[Malayan Emergency]]. The 3rd battalion was placed in suspended animation in 1959. The remaining battalions served during the [[Mau Mau rebellion]] from 1959 to 1962, in [[Aden]] in 1964, in [[Mauritius]] in 1965, in the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974 and several times in [[Northern Ireland]] after 1969.<ref name=history/>

The Regimental Band of the Coldstream Guards was the first act on stage at the [[Wembley]] leg of the 1985 [[Live Aid]] charity concert. It played for the [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Princess Diana|Princess of Wales]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5xqZxCsremc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120831064904/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xqZxCsremc&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xqZxCsremc|title=Live Aid Introduction: Prince & Princess Royal Salute|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=26 April 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1991, the 1st battalion was dispatched to the first [[Gulf War]], where it was involved in prisoner of war handling and other roles. In 1993, due to [[Options for Change|defence cutbacks]], the 2nd battalion was placed in suspended animation.<ref name=history/>

For much of the 1990s, the 1st Battalion was stationed in [[Münster]], Germany, in the Armoured Infantry Role with Warrior APCs as part of the [[British 4th Armoured Brigade|4th Armoured Brigade]]. In 1993–1994, the battalion served as an armoured infantry battalion in peacekeeping duties in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] as part of [[UNPROFOR]].<ref name=history/>

[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 BU254.jpg|thumb|[[World War II]] – 5th Coldstream Guards enter [[Arras]], 1 September 1944]]The battalion was posted to [[Derry]], Northern Ireland, on a two-year deployment in 2001. It then deployed to Iraq in April 2005 for a six-month tour with the rest of 12th Mechanised Brigade, based in the south of the country. The battalion lost two of its soldiers, on 2 May, near [[Al Amarah]] and on 18 October at [[Basra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/fatalities/sergeant-chris-hickey-of-1st-battalion-the-coldstream-guards-killed-in-iraq|title=Sergeant Chris Hickey of 1st Battalion the Coldstream Guards killed in Iraq|publisher=Ministry of Defence|date=20 October 2005|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

[[Des Browne]], [[Secretary of State for Defence]], announced on 19 July 2007 that in October 2007 the battalion was to be sent to [[Afghanistan]] as part of [[52nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|52 Infantry Brigade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2007-07-19/debates/070719101000002/AfghanistanRoulement|title=Afghanistan: Roulement|publisher=Hansard|date=19 July 2007|access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref>

In October 2009, the battalion was deployed on [[Operation Herrick]] 11, with units deploying to the Babaji area of central [[Helmand Province]], Afghanistan, playing a major role in [[Operation Moshtarak]] in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/fatalities/lieutenant-douglas-dalzell-killed-in-afghanistan|title=Lieutenant Douglas Dalzell killed in Afghanistan|date=18 February 2010|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

Before the [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010]] the battalion was part of the [[12th Armoured Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|12th Mechanised Brigade]] in a light infantry role. Under [[Army 2020]] it transferred to [[London District (British Army)|London District]] as a public duties battalion, then in 2019 it joined the [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=8 April 2019|title=Trooping the Colour 2000 (The Preamble)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_MXpUwgfu0| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526021136/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_MXpUwgfu0| archive-date=2019-05-26 | url-status=dead|access-date=19 July 2020|website=Youtube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2007|title=1st Bn, Coldstream Guards: Service|url=http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/guards/f2cg-1.htm|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216215857/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/guards/f2cg-1.htm|archive-date=16 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 April 2009|title=12 Mechanized Brigade – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/10115.aspx|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417212013/http://www.army.mod.uk/structure/10115.aspx|archive-date=17 April 2009}}</ref> It will move to 4 Light Brigade Combat Team by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/media/14919/adr010310-futuresoldierguide_25nov.pdf|title=Future Soldier Guide|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>

==Regiment ==
[[File:Section Second in Command.jpeg|thumb|right|Coldstream Guards on exercise in 2013.]]
=== Structure ===
The structure of the regiment and affiliated band includes:

* Regimental Headquarters, at [[Wellington Barracks|Wellington Barracks, London]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2007|title=Coldstream Guards [UK]|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/guards/f-2CG.htm|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220012010/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/guards/f-2CG.htm|archive-date=20 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Regimental Headquarters|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/pages/rhq|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Coldstream Guards}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Number 7 Company|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/pages/number-7-company|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Coldstream Guards}}</ref>
* 1st Battalion, at [[Victoria Barracks, Windsor]] (Light Infantry part of [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East]])<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Coldstream Guards|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/coldstream-guards/|access-date=20 July 2020|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/rBXTJadHEmI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160620121450/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBXTJadHEmI&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web|date=17 June 2016|title=Trooping the Colour 2016|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBXTJadHEmI|access-date=19 July 2020|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=1st Battalion|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/pages/1st-battalion|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Coldstream Guards}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Regular Army Basing Matrix by Formation and Unit|url=http://www.aff.org.uk/linkedfiles/aff/latest_news_information/cregulararmybasingannouncementgridunclas.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814181412/http://www.aff.org.uk/linkedfiles/aff/latest_news_information/cregulararmybasingannouncementgridunclas.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Army Families Federation}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Order of Battle, Manpower, and Basing Locations|url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2018-11-22/194616|access-date=15 July 2020|website=parliament.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=British Army units from 1945 on – Coldstream Guards|url=http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/infantry/coldstream-guards.html|access-date=20 July 2020|website=british-army-units1945on.co.uk}}</ref>
** Battalion Headquarters<ref name=":6" />
** [[Headquarters Company (UK)|Headquarters Company]]<ref name=":6" />
** No. 1 Company (Senior Company)<ref name=":6" />
** No. 2 Company<ref name=":6" />
** No. 3 Company<ref name=":6" />
** Support (No. 4) Company (includes [[corps of drums|Corps of Drums]])<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />
* No. 7 Company, based at [[Wellington Barracks|Wellington Barracks, London]] (maintaining the traditions and [[Regimental Colours|colours]] of the old 2nd Battalion placed in suspended animation in 1993)<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2014|title=Ceremonial duties – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/24427.aspx|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110160221/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/24427.aspx|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2015|title=Coldstream Guards – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/23988.aspx|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107060024/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/23988.aspx|archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
* No. 17 Company, based at [[Hammersmith]] (the regiment's [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|reserve]] unit, administered as part of 1st Battalion, [[London Guards]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f8ef9d3373bfe707607fcfa/t/62250c3b19ebc628ec12dd84/1646595132676/20220301-LRA_AGM_28Feb22_Minutes-FINAL-v1.0.pdf|title=Minutes of an Annual General Meeting of the London Regiment Association held on Monday 28 February 2022 at 19.00 hours at Battalion Headquarters of the London Regiment, 27 St John's Hill, London SW11 1TT}}</ref>
* [[Band of the Coldstream Guards]], based at [[Wellington Barracks|Wellington Barracks, London]], part of the [[Royal Corps of Army Music]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2015|title=Contact us – British Army Website|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/music/24524.aspx|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123042347/http://www.army.mod.uk/music/24524.aspx|archive-date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coldstream Guards Band|url=https://coldstreamguards.org.uk/pages/coldstream-guards-band|access-date=20 July 2020|website=Coldstream Guards}}</ref>

Companies that make up the regiment are traditionally numbered. New officers destined for the regiment that are at [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] or at the [[Infantry Battle School]] form No. 13 Coy, while Guardsmen under training at [[Infantry Training Centre (British Army)|ITC Catterick]] make up No. 14 Coy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coldstreamguards-boro.org/page3htm.htm|title=Guards Infantry Training Battalion|access-date=26 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232859/http://www.coldstreamguards-boro.org/page3htm.htm|archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> No. 7 Coy is one of the [[British Army incremental infantry companies|incremental companies]] formed to undertake [[public duties]] in London and Windsor, and maintains the Colours and traditions of the former 2nd Battalion.<ref name=mod>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/23988.aspx|title=Coldstream Guards|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>

==Role==
[[File:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting MOD 45164094.jpg|thumb|The 1st Battalion Coldstream Guards acting as [[Standard-bearer|Flag Bearers]] in the forecourt of [[Buckingham Palace]]]]
Currently, the most prominent role of the 1st Battalion and No. 7 Company is the performance of ceremonial duties in London and [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] as part of the [[Household Division]]. The 1st Battalion is based in Windsor at [[Victoria Barracks, Windsor|Victoria Barracks]] as an operational light infantry battalion.<ref name=mod/>

In 2027 the 1st Battalion will take over a [[security force assistance]] role from 1st Battalion [[Irish Guards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grengds.com/uploads/files/IR_Letter_final-RLC.pdf|title=Letter From: Lieutenant General C R V Walker DSO, Regimental Lieutenant Colonel regarding the Integrated Review}}</ref>

[[File:Changing of the Colours.jpg|left|thumb|The Coldstream Guards laying up their old Colours and receiving the new Colours from The Queen]]

The [[Corps of Drums]], in addition to their ceremonial role, which has been primarily the musical accompaniment of Changing of the Guard for [[Windsor Castle]], has the role of [[machine gun]] platoon. All Guardsmen for public duties wear the 'Home Service' Dress tunic in summer or greatcoat in winter and bearskin with a red plume. The Band of the Coldstream Guards plays at Changing of The Guard, state visits and many other events.<ref name=mod/>

Unlike the other four regiments of foot guards, which recruit from each of the four [[home nations]], the Coldstream Guards has a specific recruiting area, which encompasses the counties that Monck's Regiment passed through on its march from [[Coldstream]] to [[London]]. The traditional recruiting area of the Coldstream Guards is the South West and North East of England.<ref name=mod/>

The Coldstream Guards and other Guards Regiments have a long-standing connection to [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|The Parachute Regiment]]. Guardsmen who have completed [[P Company]] have the option of being posted to the [[3 PARA|Guards Parachute Platoon]], [[3 PARA]], still keeping the tradition of the No. 1 (Guards) Independent Parachute Company, which was the original [[Pathfinder Group]] of [[16th Parachute Brigade]], now renamed [[16th Air Assault Brigade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/units/no-1-guards-independent-parachute-company |title=No 1 (Guards) Independent Parachute Company |publisher=ParaData |access-date=10 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721141401/http://www.paradata.org.uk/units/no-1-guards-independent-parachute-company |archive-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Traditions==
[[File:Soldier from No7 Company Coldstream Guards With Regimental Colours MOD 45152569.jpg|thumbnail|[[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|Lieutenant]] of the Coldstream Guards with the [[Regulation Colours|Regimental Colours]].]]

The grouping of buttons on the tunic is a common way to distinguish between the regiments of [[Foot Guards]]. Coldstream buttons are arranged in pairs, and a Star of the [[Order of the Garter|Garter]] is marked on their brassware.<ref name=ceremonial>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/24427.aspx|title=Ceremonial duties|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref> The Coldstream Guards can also be distinguished from the other Foot Guards by the presence of a red plume ([[hackle]]) on the right side of their bearskins.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Weinreb, Ben |author2=[[Christopher Hibbert|Hibbert, Christopher]] |title=[[The London Encyclopaedia]] |edition=reprint |year=1992 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |page=409}}</ref>

The regiment is ranked second in the order of precedence, behind the [[Grenadier Guards]]. The regiment have the motto ''Nulli Secundus'' (Second to None), which is a play on the fact that the regiment was originally the "Second Regiment of Foot Guards", a position they have never accepted as the regiment is older than the Grenadier Guards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.householddivision.org.uk/hq-coldmgds|title=Coldstream Guards|publisher=The Household Division|access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref>

The regiment's nickname is Lilywhites. An ordinary soldier of the regiment is called a Guardsman, a designation granted by King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] after the First World War. The regiment is always referred to as the Coldstream, never as the Coldstreams; likewise, a member of the regiment is referred to as a Coldstreamer.<ref name=ceremonial/>

==Training==
Recruits to the [[Guards Division]] go through an intensive training programme at the British Army's [[Infantry Training Centre (British Army)|Infantry Training Centre]] (ITC). Their training is two weeks longer than the programme provided for recruits to the Regular [[line infantry]] regiments of the British Army; the extra training, carried out throughout the course, is devoted to drill and ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/training_education/24572.aspx |title=Combat Infantryman's Course – Foot Guards|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

==Colonels-in-Chief==
[[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] assumed the colonelcy-in-chief of the regiment on his accession,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27289|page=1417|date=26 February 1901}}</ref> and subsequent monarchs have also been colonel-in-chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Majesty-Queen-Elizabeth-Colonel-chief-seven/22858546575/bd|title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II - Colonel in chief of the seven regiments of the Household Brigade taking the salute outside Buckingham Palace after last year's Trooping the Colour Ceremony|publisher= Gale & Polden|location=London|year= 1957}}</ref>

* 1901–1910: [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]]

* 1915–1936: [[George V|King George V]]
* Jan 1936–Dec 1936: [[Edward VIII|King Edward VIII]]
* 1936–1952: [[George VI|King George VI]]
* 1952–2022: [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]
* 2022–present: [[Charles III|King Charles III]]

==Regimental Colonels==
'''Duke of Abermarle's Regiment of Foot''' (1650)

* 1650–1661: Captain-General [[George Monck|The Duke of Abemarle]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|JP}}<ref name="george-478" />

'''Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards''' (1661)
* 1661–1670: Captain-General [[George Monck|The Duke of Abemarle]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|JP}}<ref name="george-478">Ross of Bladensburg, Lt. Col. Sir John Foster George. ''A History of the Coldstream Guards, from 1815–1895''. London: A.D. Innes & Co., 1896. p. 478</ref>

'''Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards''' (1670)
* 1670–1678: Captain-General [[George Monck|The Duke of Abemarle]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|PC|JP}}<ref name="george-478" />
* 1678–1689: Lieutenant General The Rt Hon. [[William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)|The Earl of Craven]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|5=PC}}<ref name="george-478" />
* 1689–1694: Lieutenant General [[Thomas Tollemache]]<ref name="george-478" />
* 1694–1702: Lieutenant General The Rt Hon. [[John Cutts, 1st Baron Cutts|The Lord Cutts]] [[Privy Council of Ireland|PC (Ire)]]<ref name="george-478" />
* 1702–1714: General [[Charles Churchill (British Army general)|Charles Churchill]]<ref name="george-478" />
* 1714–1722: Lieutenant General [[William Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan|The Earl of Cadogan]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KT|5=PC}}<ref name="george-478" />
* 1722–1740: Colonel The Rt Hon. [[Richard Lumley, 2nd Earl of Scarbrough|The Earl of Scarbrough]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|5=PC}}<ref name="george-479">Ross of Bladensburg, Lt. Col. Sir John Foster George. ''A History of the Coldstream Guards, from 1815–1895''. London: A. D. Innes & Co., 1896. p. 479</ref>
* 1740–1742: Field Marshal [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|The Duke of Cumberland]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|KB|5=PC}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1742–1744: Colonel [[Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough|The Duke of Marlborough]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|5=PC}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1744–1755: Lieutenant General The Rt Hon. [[Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle|The Earl of Albemarle]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|KB|5=PC}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1755–1773: Lieutenant General The Rt Hon. [[James O'Hara, 2nd Baron Tyrawley|The Lord Tyrawley and Kilmaine]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|5=PC}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1773–1784: General The Rt Hon. [[John Waldegrave, 3rd Earl Waldegrave|The Earl of Waldegrave]]<ref name="george-479" />
* 1784–1805: Field Marshal HRH [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|The Duke of York and Albany]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|GCB|GCH}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1805–1850: Field Marshal HRH [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|The Duke of Cambridge]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KG|GCB|GCMG|GCH|PC}}<ref name="george-479" />
* 1850–1760: Field Marshal The Rt Hon. [[John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford|The Earl of Strafford]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|GCH}} [[Privy Council of Ireland|PC (Ire)]]<ref name="george-479" />
; Coldstream Guards (1855)
* 1860–1863: Field Marshal The Right Hon. [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|The Lord Clyde]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|KSI}}<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1863–1875: Field Marshal [[William Maynard Gomm|Sir William Gomm]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}}<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1875–1884: General Sir [[William Codrington (British Army officer)|William Codrington]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}}<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1884–1890: General [[Thomas Montagu Steele|Sir Thomas Steele]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB|PC (Ire)}}[[Privy Council of Ireland|PC (Ire)]]<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1890–1892: General [[Arthur Edward Hardinge|Sir Arthur Hardinge]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CIE}}<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1892–1911: General [[Frederick Stephenson (British Army officer)|Sir Frederick Stephenson]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}}<ref name="george-479"/>
* 1911–1915: General [[Lord William Seymour (British Army officer)|Lord William Seymour]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw52464/Lord-William-Frederick-Ernest-Seymour|title=Lord William Frederick Ernest Seymour – National Portrait Gallery|website=www.npg.org.uk}}</ref>
* 1915–1918: Major General The Rt Hon. [[Evelyn Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth|The Viscount Falmouth]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCVO|CB}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/885/885099/885099.html|title=Evelyn Edward Thomas Boscawen|publisher=Cricket Archive|access-date=28 April 2014}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
* 1918–1945: Lieutenant General [[Alfred Codrington|Sir Alfred Codrington]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCVO|KCB}}<ref>"Codrington, Lieut-Gen. Sir Alfred Edward ". (2008). In ''Who Was Who 1897–2007''. [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U223925 Online edition].</ref>
* 1945–1962: General [[Charles Loyd|Sir Charles Loyd]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCVO|KCB|DSO|MC|DL}}<ref>{{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword |page=196}}</ref>
* 1962–1994: Major General [[George Burns (British Army officer)|Sir George Burns]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCVO|CB|DSO|OBE|KStJ|MC}}<ref>{{cite web | title=North Mymms on the Home Front | url=https://www.northmymmshistory.uk/2018/08/the-burns-family-of-north-mymms-park.html | access-date=9 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1994–1999: Lieutenant General The Hon. [[William Rous (British Army officer)|Sir William Rous]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|OBE}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=53587|supp=y|page=2316|date=15 February 1994}}</ref>
* 1999–2009: General [[Michael Rose (British Army officer)|Sir Michael Rose]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CBE|DSO|QGM}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=55609|page=9833|date=14 September 1999}}</ref>
* 2009–present: Lieutenant General [[James Bucknall|Sir James Bucknall]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|CBE}}<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=59223|supp=y|page=18435|date=27 October 2009}}</ref>

==Regimental Lieutenant Colonels==
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2021}}
The Regimental Lieutenant Colonels have included:<ref>"Appendix 285: Coldstream Roll" in [[Daniel Mackinnon]], ''Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards'' (1833) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWO3cJQ2ZlcC vol. ii], pp. 458–519.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/REGIMENTAL%20COs.pdf|title=Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 - Colin Mackie|page=36|accessdate=22 June 2021}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* 1650–1659: William Gough
* 1659–1665: Ethelbert Morgan
* 1665–1681: [[Sir]] [[James Smyth (English MP)|James Smyth]]
* 1682–1688: [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major General]] [[Edward Sackville (died 1714)|Edward Sackville]]
* 1688–1691: vacant? 
* 1691–1692: James Bridgeman
* 1692–1694: [[William Seymour (British Army officer, born 1664)|William Seymour]]
* 1694–1702: William Matthew
* 1702–1704: William Mathew
* 1704–1715: Maj. Gen. Edward Braddock
* 1715–1717: Maj. Gen. Richard Holmes
* 1717–1733: Sir [[Adolphus Oughton]]
* 1733–1734: John Robinson<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=7219|page=3|date=4–7 August 1733}}</ref>
* 1734–1743: Maj. Gen. [[John Folliot (British Army officer, died 1748)|John Folliot]]
* 1743–1745: Maj. Gen. [[George Churchill (British Army officer)|George Churchill]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=8216|page=3|date=19–23 April 1743}}</ref>
* 1745–1753: [[Edward Braddock]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=8489|page=6|date=30 November – 3 December 1745}}</ref>
* 1753–1755: Hedworth Lambton
* 1755–1762: The Hon. Bennet Noel<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=9540|pages=1–2|date=23–27 December 1755}}</ref>
* 1762–1762: Maj. Gen. Julius Caesar
* 1762–1763: William A'Court
* 1763–1777: John Thomas
* 1777–1785: Henry Lister<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=11825|page=1|date=22–25 November 1777}}</ref>
* 1785–1789: Maj. Gen. [[Harry Trelawny]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=12702|page=537|date=22–26 November 1785}}</ref>
* 1789–1795: Maj. Gen. Anthony George Martin<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=13100|page=403|date=26–30 May 1789}}</ref>
* 1795–1800: Lt. Gen. Thomas Slaughter Stanwix<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=13840|page=1367|date=5–8 December 1795}}</ref>
* 1800–1800: Maj. Gen. Edward Morrison<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=15256|page=462|date=10–13 May 1800}}</ref>
* 1800–1814: Maj. Gen. Andrew Cowell<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=15312|page=1306|date=18–22 November 1800}}</ref>
* 1814–1821: Col. the Hon. [[Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre|Henry Brand]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=16925|page=1635|date=13 August 1814}}</ref>
* 1821–1825: Col. [[Alexander Woodford]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=17740|page=1740|date=25 August 1821}}</ref>
* 1825–1830: Col. [[James Macdonell (British Army officer)|James Macdonell]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=18155|page=1243|date=16 July 1825}}</ref>
* 1830–1836: Col. [[Daniel Mackinnon]]
* 1836–1837: Col. Sir [[William Maynard Gomm]]
* 1837–1839: Col. John Fremantle
* 1839–1846: Col. William Lovelace Walton
* 1846–1848: Col. Charles Anthony Ferdinand Bentinck
* 1848–1851: Col. Thomas Chaplin
* 1851–1854: Col. Henry John William Bentinck
* 1854–1855: Col. the Hon. Arthur Upton
* 1855–1858: Col. the Hon. [[George Upton, 3rd Viscount Templetown|George Upton]]
* 1858–1860: Col. [[Lord Frederick Paulet]]
* 1860–1861: Col. William Samuel Newton
* 1861–1862: Col. Spencer Perceval
* 1862–1863: Col. [[Thomas Montagu Steele]]
* 1863–1866: Col. William Mark Wood
* 1866–1868: Col. Dudley William Carleton
* 1868–1871: Col. the Hon. [[Arthur Edward Hardinge]]
* 1871–1877: Col. the Hon. [[Percy Robert Basil Feilding]]
* 1877–1880: Col. [[Arthur James Lyon-Fremantle]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=24511|page=5598|date=12 October 1877}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=24899|page=5614|date=9 November 1880}}</ref>
* 1880–1885: Col. George Robert FitzRoy<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=24908|page=6351|date=30 November 1880}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=25529|page=5189|date=13 November 1885}}</ref>
* 1885–1890: Col. Godfrey James Wigram<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=25539|page=6066|date=15 December 1885}}</ref>
* 1890–1895: Col. [[John Barton Sterling]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=26020|page=606|date=4 February 1890}}</ref>
* 1895–1898: Col. [[Evelyn Boscawen, 7th Viscount Falmouth|the Viscount Falmouth]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=26595|page=686|date=5 February 1895}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=26973|page=3389|date=31 May 1898}}</ref>
*1898–1900: Col. the Hon. [[H. W. L. Corry]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=26973|page=3388|date=31 May 1898}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=27194|page=3250|date=22 May 1900}}</ref>
*1900–1903: Col. Sir [[Francis Aylmer Graves-Sawle]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=27197|page=3406|date=29 May 1900}}</ref>
*1903–1907: Col. [[Alfred Edward Codrington]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=27595|page=5598|date=8 September 1903}}</ref>
*1907–1910: Col. Frederick I. Maxse<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28004|page=1833|date=15 March 1907}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28404|page=5669|date=5 August 1910}}</ref>
*1910–1913: Col. the Hon. [[William Lambton (British Army officer)|William Lambton]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28404|page=5670|date=5 August 1910}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28679|page=149|date=7 January 1913}}</ref>
*1913–1914: Col. Cecil S. O. Monck<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28680|page=245|date=10 January 1913}}</ref>
*1914–1917: Col. J. A. G. Richardson-Drummond-Hay<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=28895|supp=y|page=7173|date=9 September 1914}}</ref>
*1917–1919: Col. the Hon. [[George Crichton (courtier)|G. A. C. Crichton]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=29939|page=1471|date=13 February 1917}}</ref>
*1919–1919: Col. J. McC. Steele<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31344|supp=y|page=6187|date=16 May 1919}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31618|supp=2|page=13112|date=25 October 1919}}</ref>
*1919–1923: Col. [[Herbert Studd|H. W. Studd]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31631|supp=3|page=13533|date=6 November 1919}}</ref>
*1923–1927: Col. [[John Vaughan Campbell|J. V. Campbell]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=32876|page=7461|date=2 November 1923}}</ref>
*1927–1930: Col. [[Cecil Heywood|C. P. Heywood]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=33251|page=1255|date=25 February 1927}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=33641|page=5491|date=5 September 1930}}</ref>
*1932–1934: Col. [[Charles Loyd|H. C. Loyd]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=33882|page=7178|date=11 November 1932}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=34116|page=8295|date=21 December 1934}}</ref>
*1934–1938: Col. [[Arthur Smith (British Army officer)|A. F. Smith]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=34123|page=301|date=11 January 1935}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=34570|page=7190|date=15 November 1938}}</ref>
*1938–1939: Brig. [[Sir John Whitaker, 2nd Baronet|J. A. C. Whitaker]]<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=34570|page=7191|date=15 November 1938}}</ref>
*1939–1941: Col. G. J. Edwards<ref name="TCG-20-46">{{cite book |last=Howard |first=Michael |author-link= |date=1951 |title=The Coldstream Guards, 1920-1946 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |page=442}}</ref>
*1941–1942: Col J. C. W. Finch<ref name="TCG-20-46" />
*1942–1945: M. F. Trew<ref name="TCG-20-46" />
*1945–1946: A. Campbell, Lord Stratheden<ref name="TCG-20-46" />
*1946–1949: E. R. Hill<ref name="TCG-20-46" />
*1959–1961: Col. Richard J. V. Crichton
*1961–1964: Col. Robert C. Windsor-Clive
*1964: Col. Sir Jeffrey L. Darell, Bt.
*1964–1965: Col. David A. H. Toler
*1965–1967: Col. Alan B. Pemberton
*1967–1969: Col. Sir Ian L. Jardine, Bt.
*1969–1972: Col. Edward T. Smyth-Osbourne
*1972–1975: Col. Everard I. Windsor-Clive
*1975–1978: Col. Michael A. P. Mitchell
*1978–1981: Col. Peter G. S. Tower
*1981–1984: Col. Martin W. F. Maxse
*1984–1986: Col. H. Malcolm C. Havergal
*1986–1992: Col. Sir Brian W. de S. Barttelot, Bt.
*1992–2002: Brig. Richard J. Heywood
*2002–2012: Brig. Jonathan J. S. Bourne-May
*2012–2015: Brig. Greville K. Bibby
*2015–2018: Brig. Robin C. N. Sergeant
*2018–present: Col. Toby P. O. Till
}}

==Battle honours==
The Coldstream Guards have earned 117 battle honours:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/queen-presents-new-colours-to-coldstream-guards|title=Queen presents new Colours to Coldstream Guards|date=3 May 2012|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/guards/f-2CG.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208214920/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/guards/f-2CG.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2006|title=Coldstream Guards|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

* [[English Tangier|Tangier 1680]], [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Namur 1695]], [[Gibraltar 1704–05|Gibraltar 1704–1705]], [[Battle of Oudenarde|Oudenarde]], [[Battle of Malplaquet|Malplaquet]], [[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]], [[Battle of Lincelles|Lincelles]], [[French Campaign in Egypt and Syria|Egypt]], [[Battle of Talavera|Talavera]], [[Battle of Barrosa|Barrosa]], [[Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro|Fuentes d'Onor]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of the Nive|Nive]], [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]], [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]], [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)|Sevastopol]], [[Battle of Tel el-Kebir|Tel-el-Kebir]], [[Egypt 1882]], [[Battle of Suakin|Suakin 1885]], [[Battle of Modder River|Modder River]], [[Second Boer War|South Africa 1899–1902]]
* The Great War (5 battalions): [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Retreat from Mons]], [[Marne 1914]], [[Aisne 1914]], [[Ypres 1914]] '17, [[Battle of Langemarck (1914)|Langemarck 1914]], [[Battle of Gheluvelt|Gheluvelt]], Nonne Bosschen, [[Givenchy 1914]], [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle|Neuve Chapelle]], [[Battle of Aubers Ridge|Aubers]], [[Festubert 1915]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Mount Sorrel]], [[Somme 1916]] [[Second Battle of the Somme (1918)|'18]], [[Battle of Flers-Courcelette|Flers-Courcelette]], [[Battle of Morval|Morval]], [[Battle of Pilckem Ridge|Pilckem]], [[Battle of the Menin Road Ridge|Menin Road]], [[Battle of Poelcappelle|Poelcappelle]], [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]], [[Cambrai 1917]] [[Battle of Cambrai (1918)|'18]], [[Battle of St. Quentin Canal|St. Quentin]], [[Bapaume 1918]], [[Arras 1918]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)|Lys]], [[Battle of the Lys (1918)#Battle of Hazebrouck (12–15_April)|Hazebrouck]], [[Albert 1918]], [[Scarpe 1918]], [[Drocourt-Quéant Line|Drocourt-Quéant]], [[Hindenburg Line]], [[Battle of Havrincourt|Havrincourt]], [[Battle of the Canal du Nord|Canal du Nord]], [[Pursuit to the Selle|Selle]], [[Battle of the Sambre (1918)|Sambre]], [[Western Front (World War I)|France and Flanders 1914–1918]]
* The Second World War: [[Operation David#Defence of the Dyle|Dyle]], [[Operation David#Defence of the Escaut|Defence of Escaut]], [[Battle of Dunkirk|Dunkirk 1940]], [[Operation Goodwood|Cagny]], [[Operation Bluecoat|Mont Pincon, Quarry Hill, Estry]], [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine|Heppen]], [[Battle of the Nijmegen salient|Nederrijn]], [[Battle of Overloon|Venraij]], [[Operation Pheasant|Meijel]], Roer, Rhineland, [[Operation Veritable|Reichswald]], Cleve, Goch, Moyland, Hochwald, Rhine, Lingen, Uelzen, [[North-West Europe 1940]] '44–45, [[Italian invasion of Egypt|Egyptian Frontier 1940]], [[Battle of Sidi Barrani|Sidi Barrani]], [[Operation Brevity|Halfaya 1941]], [[Operation Battleaxe|Tobruk 1941–42]], Msus, Knightsbridge, [[Defence of Alamein Line]], [[Battle of Medenine|Medenine]], Mareth, Longstop Hill 1942, Sbiba, Steamroller Farm, Tunis, Hammam Lif, [[North African Campaign|North Africa 1940–1943]], [[Allied invasion of Italy|Salerno]], Battipaglia, Capezzano, Volturno Crossing, Monte Camino, Calabritto, Garigliano Crossing, Monte Ornito, Monte Piccolo, Capture of Perugia, Arezzo, Advance to Florence, Monte Domini, Catarelto Ridge, Argenta Gap, [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1943–1945]]
* [[Gulf War|Gulf 1991]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Gulf battle honours|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/gulf-battle-honours-1511977.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=20 October 2003}}</ref>

==Order of precedence==
{{S-start}}
{{order of precedence|
before=[[Grenadier Guards]]|
title=[[British Army Order of Precedence|Infantry Order of Precedence]]|
after=[[Scots Guards]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==Alliances==
* {{CAN}} – [[Governor General's Foot Guards|The Governor General's Foot Guards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/governor-generals-foot-guards.html|title=Governor General's Foot Guards - Lineage|date=20 November 2018|access-date=30 January 2023|website=www.canada.ca|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>
* {{AUS}} – [[2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment]]
* {{navy|UK}} – [[HMS Ocean (L12)|HMS ''Ocean'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navynews.co.uk/ships/ocean.asp|title=Navy News, Ship of the Month May 1999|quote=Affiliations: City of Sunderland; Coldstream Guards; 30 Squadron RAF; The Worshipful Company of Farriers; Pangbourne College; Brymon Airways; Old Ocean Association|access-date=14 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325071711/http://www.navynews.co.uk/ships/ocean.asp|archive-date=25 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:SOLDIERS COMPLETE FINAL REHEARSAL AHEAD OF THE QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY PARADE MOD 45159988.jpg|A Coldstream Guards [[Sergeant]] dressing through the ranks during the rehearsal for the [[Trooping the Colour]]
File:Batalla del río Almá, por Richard Caton Woodville.jpg|Battle of Alma in the Crimean War
File:StateLibQld 1 127799 Coldstream guards marching during Australian Commonwealth celebrations, Brisbane, 1901.jpg|Coldstream Guards marching in [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]], 1901
File:4thColdstreamGuardsHouthulstForestBattleOfPeolcappelle.jpg|4th Coldstream in the [[Third Battle of Ypres]], 1917
File:Guards Parachute Platoon.JPG|Coldstream Guard members of the Guards Parachute Platoon, [[3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment]]
File:Sharpshooter Rifle.JPG|Guardsman using the Sharpshooter Weapon System
File:Section Second in Command.jpeg|Section Second in Command giving Quick Battle Orders during exercise
File:Mortar blast.jpg|81mm Mortar moments after firing.
File:Queen Elizabeth and Donald Trump.jpg|U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] and [[Queen Elizabeth II]], accompanied by Major Oliver Biggs, reviewing the 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards at Windsor Castle during Trump's visit to [[London]] in July 2018.
France, Bayonne, cimetière des gardes anglais, plaque visite king Edward, bataille 1814 12.JPG|Battle of Bayonne's cemetery, 1814, France, detail
File:Coldstream 2.png|1st Battalion on Exercise in Kenya 2019
File:British Coldstream Guard soldiers at Cincu.jpg|Two Coldstream Guardsmen show the traditional uniform and the capabilities with a [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin]] [[man-portable anti-tank systems|system]] during a small-arms display in [[Cincu|Cincu, Romania]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Coldstream Guards officers]]
* [[:Category:Coldstream Guards soldiers]]
* [[Eddie Chapman]] criminal and World War II British [[double agent]] served with the Coldstream Guards.
* [[Honourable Artillery Company]], the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army
* [[Band of the Coldstream Guards]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Sir [[Julian Paget]], [[Baronet|Bt]] – ''Second to none : the Coldstream Guards, 1650–2000'' (2000) {{ISBN|0-85052-769-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Harwood|first=Brian|year=2006|title=Chivalry and Command: 500 Years of Horse Guards|edition=illustrated, annotated|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84603-109-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nfw_z24jG5AC&pg=PA38 38]}}
* [[Andrew Roberts (historian)|Roberts, Andrew]]; ''Waterloo: Napoleon's Last Gamble'', 2005, London: HarperCollins Publishers, {{ISBN|0-00-719075-1}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Guards, and Household Troops |volume=12 |pages=656–659 |short=1}} See the end of page 657 and the start of 658.

==External links==
{{commons category|Coldstream Guards}}
* {{Official website|https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/coldstream-guards/}}
* [https://www.coldstreamguards.org.uk Coldstream Guards] (Official Charity Website)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160221172356/http://www.theguardsmuseum.com/ The Guards Museum] Containing the history of the five regiments of Foot Guards, Wellington Barracks, London.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920143559/http://www.army.mod.uk/music/corps-band/463.aspx Coldstream Guards Band site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110616051525/http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/royal/footguard.htm The Queen's Footguards]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040102030045/http://www.shinycapstar.com/ Shiny Capstar] (unofficial site)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040210210721/http://www.maxsolutions.ca/coldstream/ Canadian Coldstream Guards]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200141/http://www.coldstreamguards.org.nz/ Coldstream Guards Corps Of Drums]
* {{YouTube|MUli7OkUq3o|"Milanollo – Quick March of the Coldstream Guards"}}
* {{YouTube|tbZL9iBnEOw|Behind the Scenes with The Coldstream Guards Soldiery Portrait Exhibition}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004042339/http://www.coldstreamwindsor.org.uk/ The Coldstream Guards Association Windsor Branch No. 18]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120224154346/http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/default.aspx British Army Locations from 1945]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=YeSHInCZGskC&dq=Daniel+Mackinnon+colonel&pg=PA106 Origin and services of the Coldstream guards] by Colonel [[Daniel Mackinnon]]

{{British Army Infantry Regiments}}
{{British Infantry Regiments World War I}}
{{British Infantry}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Coldstream Guards| ]]
[[Category:1650 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Guards regiments]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1650]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]

Royal Welch Fusiliers

2024-08-27T20:16:02Z

GenEli1L1: /* 19th century */

{{Short description|Line infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{about||the march composed by John Philip Sousa|The Royal Welch Fusiliers (march)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 23rd Regiment of Foot Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers
| image = Royal Welsh Fusiliers Cap Badge.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cap badge
| dates = 16 March 1689 – 28 February 2006
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1689–1707) {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–2006)
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role = [[Line infantry]]
| size = 1–2 [[Standing army|Regular]] battalions 
4–12 [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer]] and [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] battalions 
Up to 25 hostilities-only battalions
| current_commander =
| garrison = [[Hightown Barracks]], [[Wrexham]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Charles III of the United Kingdom|The King]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] Brian Plummer
| nickname = The Nanny Goats<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=125}}</ref> The Royal Goats<ref name="Burnham"/>
|patron=
| motto = ''[[Ich Dien]]''
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Nine Years' War]] [[War of the Spanish Succession]] [[War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[American War of Independence]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Second China War]] [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[World War I|First World War]] [[World War II|Second World War]] [[The Troubles]] [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries = [[St. David's Day]] (1 March)
| identification_symbol = [[File:RWF TRF.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
| identification_symbol_2 = White
| identification_symbol_2_label = Hackle
}}

The '''Royal Welch Fusiliers''' ({{lang-cy|Ffiwsilwyr Brenhinol Cymreig}}) was a [[line infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], and part of the [[Prince of Wales's Division]], that was founded in 1689; shortly after the [[Glorious Revolution]]. In 1702, it was designated a [[fusilier]] regiment and became the '''Welch Regiment of Fusiliers'''; the prefix "Royal" was added in 1713, then confirmed in 1714 when [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] named it the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers'''. In 1751, after reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''. In 1881, the final title of the regiment was adopted.

It retained the archaic spelling of ''Welch'', instead of ''[[Wales|Welsh]]'', and ''Fuzileers'' for ''Fusiliers''; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antique-swords.com/AD77-1803P-Royal-Welsh-Fuzileers-Fusiliers-Officers.html|title=Napoleonic Welch Fuzileers Sword|publisher=Antique Swords|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> After the 1881 [[Childers Reforms]], normal spelling was used officially, but "Welch" continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.

It should not be confused with the [[Welch Regiment]], a different unit (formed in 1881 from the 41st and 69th) which recruited in South and West, rather than North Wales, and became part of the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] or '''RRW''' in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |title=Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum safeguards valuable First World War memories |date=15 April 2014 |publisher=Welsh Government |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025614/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |archive-date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>

One of the few regiments to retain its original title, in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion, [[Royal Welsh]], with RRW as the 2nd Battalion.

==History==
[[File:Henry Herbert Soest.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]], founder of the regiment]]

===Formation; 1689 to 1773===
The regiment was raised by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury|Henry Herbert]] at [[Ludlow]] on 16 March 1689, following the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] and exile of [[James II of England|James II]].<ref>Cannon, p. 1</ref><ref name = Frederick302>Frederick, pp. 302–6.</ref><ref name = RegtsRWF>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103213315/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/023RWF.htm RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref> It served throughout the 1689 to 1691 [[Williamite War in Ireland]], including the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690,<ref>Cannon, p. 5</ref> and the [[Battle of Aughrim]] in 1691 which brought the campaign to an end.<ref name=cannon13>Cannon, p. 13</ref> It joined Allied forces fighting in the [[Nine Years War]] and at [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Namur]] in August 1695, took part in the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork that inspired the song '[[The British Grenadiers]].'<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenihan|first1=Padraig|title=Namur Citadel, 1695: A Case Study in Allied Siege Tactics|journal=War in History|date=2011|volume=18|issue=3|page=298|doi=10.1177/0968344511401296|hdl=10379/6195|s2cid=159682220 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

On the outbreak of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1702, it became the '''Welch Regiment of Fuzilieers;''' this denoted [[Fusilier|units equipped with light-weight muskets]] or 'fusils' used to protect the artillery, although the distinction later became obsolete.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers">{{cite web |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |website=National Army Museum |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> It served throughout [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]'s campaigns in the Low Countries, including the battles of [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]], [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]] and [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd Foot |url=http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=23rd_Foot |website=Seven Years War Project |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1714, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] gave it the title of the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers.''' The next 28 years were spent on garrison duty in England and Scotland, until it returned to [[Flanders]] in 1742 for the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. At [[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]] in June 1743, it rallied after being driven back by the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|elite French Maison du Roi cavalry]]; its steadiness was a major contribution to what is considered a fortunate victory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=John H |title=History of the British Army; Volume II |date=1899 |pages=99–100}}</ref> It incurred 323 casualties at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] in May 1745, before a brief period in [[Scotland]] during the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]]. Over 240 members of the regiment were lost at [[Battle of Lauffeld|Lauffeld]] in July 1747, a defeat that led to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161">Fortescue, p. 161</ref>
[[File:Colored Print Battle of Minden 1785.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[Battle of Minden|Minden]], 1 August 1759, an action still celebrated as [[Minden Day]]]]
Following the 1751 reforms that standardised naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers"/> In the opening battle of the [[Seven Years' War]], it was part of the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Minorca garrison]] that surrendered to the French in June 1756; given free passage to Gibraltar, from 1758 it campaigned in Germany. At [[Battle of Minden|Minden]] in August 1759, it was one of the infantry units that routed the French cavalry, an achievement still celebrated as [[Minden Day]] by their successor unit, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161"/> Between 1760 and 1762, it fought in the battles of [[Battle of Warburg|Warburg]],<ref>Cannon, p. 83</ref> [[Battle of Kloster Kampen|Kloster Kampen]] 1760<ref>Cannon, p. 84</ref> and [[Battle of Wilhelmsthal|Wilhelmsthal]] in June 1762, before the war ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name = WestlakeWelsh>Westlake, ''English & Welsh Regiments'', pp. 75–6</ref>

When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1773, the regiment was posted to [[British North America|North America]].<ref>Cannon, p. 89</ref> The [[light infantry]] and [[grenadier]] companies took heavy losses at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775;<ref>Cannon, p. 93</ref> it participated in nearly every campaign up to the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in September 1781.<ref>Cannon, p. 113</ref> At Yorktown, it was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, which were smuggled out by a junior officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mikelynaugh.com/Yorktown/pages/IMG_3076.htm|title=Sign at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Redoubt in Yorktown, Virginia|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

In the early stages of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], it was posted to the [[West Indies]] in 1794 and participated in the 1795 capture of [[Port-au-Prince]] before returning home in 1796.<ref>Cannon, p. 117</ref> As part of the expeditionary force assigned to the 1799 [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]], it fought at [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Alkmaar]] in October 1799.<ref>Cannon, p. 120</ref>
[[Image:23rd royal welsh fusiliers.JPG|thumb|left|130px| 23rd Royal Welch Fusilier guarding a statue of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] in London.]]

===19th century===
[[File:Invasion of Martinique (1809) Monument, St. George's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Monument to Royal Welch Fusiliers who died in the [[Military history of Nova Scotia#Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique (1809)]], [[St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia]]]]
Apart from [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801 and the [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]] in 1809 the regiment saw little action in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] until being sent to the [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]] in 1810.<ref>Cannon, p. 134</ref> Between 1811 and 1814, it fought in many of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s actions, including the battles of [[Battle of Albuera|Albuera]], [[Second Siege of Badajoz (1811)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]] and [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]].<ref>Cannon, pp.136–150</ref> At the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in June 1815, it was part of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Hugh Henry Mitchell|Hugh Mitchell]]'s 4th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |title=A Short Account of the Life and adventures of Private Thomas Jeremiah 23rd or Royal Welch Fusiliers 1812–37 |publisher=The Gareth Glover Collection |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402070835/http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |archive-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the [[Crimean War]], the [[Second Opium War]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] and the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/illustration/third-anglo-burmese-war-royal-welsh-royalty-free-illustration/1154126750|title=The Storming of Zeedaw: Royal Welch Fusiliers lying down in position for the attack before dawn|date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Getty Images|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Cardwell Reforms]] of 1872 linked most infantry regiments in pairs, but because the 23rd already had two battalions it was unaffected. Cardwell also introduced 'Localisation of the Forces', which established permanent regimental depots in county towns and brigaded the regular regiments with their local [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] and [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer]] battalions.<ref>Spiers, pp. 195–6.</ref> For the 23rd, this included:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List>''Army List'', various dates.</ref>
* 23rd Brigade Depot at [[Hightown Barracks]] in [[Wrexham]] from 1873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |title=Training Depots 1873–1881 |publisher=Regiments.org |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Royal Anglesey Light Infantry]] – ''converted to Engineers in 1877''<ref name = FrederickMil>Frederick, pp. 162–4.</ref>
* [[Royal Flint Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Carnarvon Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Administrative Battalion, Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 57–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsDen>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051226171148/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/rwf-4.htm 4th Bn RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref>
* [[1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers#Volunteer Force|1st Administrative Battalion, Flintshire & Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 37–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsCarn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117162151/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/carnarvn.htm Carnarvonshire & Anglesey Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref><ref name = WestlakeFlint>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref name = RegtsFlint>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117171929/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/flint.htm Flintshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The [[Childers Reforms]] of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further. The regiments were given names rather than numbers the regiment officially became '''The Royal Welsh Fusiliers''' on 1 July 1881,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24992|pages=3300–3301|date=1 July 1881}}</ref> although "Welch" was used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortyfirst.org/the-regiment-1719-to-now.html|title=The Regiment, 1719 to Now|first=Jim |last=Yaworsky|publisher=The Forty First|access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The depot became the 23rd Regimental District depot, and the militia and volunteers became numbered battalions of their linked regiment (though the Royal Flint Rifles joined the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<ref name = FrederickMil/><ref>Frederick, pp. 242–3.</ref>):
* [[3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion]] – ''3rd (Royal Denbigh and Flint Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion]] – ''4th (Royal Carnarvon and Merioneth Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Denbighshire Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Flintshire & Carnarvon Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''formed in 1897 from the Carnarvonshire companies of the 2nd VB''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>

The 1st battalion served in the 1899 to 1902 [[Second Boer War]];<ref name = WestlakeWelsh/> and returned home from South Africa on the SS ''Ortona'' in January 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - Troops returning Home|date=22 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36984}}</ref>

The 2nd battalion was stationed at [[Hong Kong]] from 1898 to 1902, and served in the multinational force involved in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers | publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> They fought alongside the [[United States Marine Corps]] (see pages 32–33 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/A%20Different%20War-Marines%20in%20Europe%20and%20North%20Africa%20%20PCN%2019000312500.pdf|title=A Different War-Marines in Europe and North Africa%20 PCN 19000312500.pdf|publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center|year=1994}}</ref> They transferred to [[British Raj|India]] in October 1902, and were stationed at [[Chakrata]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=10 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36895}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Colour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Regimental Colour]] of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, a Territorial unit of the Royal Welch Fusiliers<ref>{{cite web |title=6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=880 |website=Wartime Memories |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:5th_Battalion,_Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers_Cigarette_Card.jpg|thumb|Player's cigarette card showing a [[Pioneer (military)|pioneer]] of the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1908 in full dress uniform.]]
The [[Haldane Reforms]] of 1908 converted the remaining Militia into the [[Special Reserve]] (SR) and the Volunteers into the [[Territorial Force]] (TF).<ref>Dunlop, Chapter 14.</ref><ref>Spiers, Chapter 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|title=Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=31 March 1908|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812022930/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|url-status=live}}</ref> The battalions were now numbered sequentially within their regiment. The TF battalions of the RWF were given subtitles in 1909:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List/><ref name = RegtsRWF/>
* [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Reserve) Battalion]] (SR) at [[Poyser Street drill hall, Wrexham|Poyser Street]] in [[Wrexham]]
* [[4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|4th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Poyser Street, Wrexham<ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|5th (Flintshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Castle Precinct in [[Flint, Flintshire|Flint]] (since demolished)<ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|6th (Carnarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Caernarfon Barracks]] in [[Caernarfon]]<ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/>
* [[7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Back Lane drill hall, Newtown|Back Lane Drill Hall]] in [[Newtown, Powys|Newtown, Montgomeryshire]] – ''transferred from the [[South Wales Borderers]]''<ref name = WestlakeMont>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', p. 185.</ref><ref name = RegtsM&M>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117170415/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/merimont.htm Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The four TF Battalions constituted the [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|North Wales Brigade]] in the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|Welsh Division]].<ref name = Becke53>Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 117–23.</ref><ref name = TrailRWF>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/ Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = Trail53>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/53rd-welsh-division/ 53rd (Welsh) Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>

====First World War; Regular Army====
The 1st and 2nd battalions served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] from 1914 to 1918 and took part in some of the hardest fighting of the war, including [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] in 1916 and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele or Third Ypres]] in 1917.<ref name=James>James, pp. 66–8.</ref><ref name=trail>{{cite web|url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Claims in 2008 they participated in the semi-mythical [[Christmas truce|Christmas 1914 Football Game]] with the Germans have since been disproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |title=Frelinghien |publisher=Christmas Truce |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228090201/http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |archive-date=28 December 2009 }}</ref>

A number of writers fought with the regiment in France and recorded their experiences; [[David Cuthbert Thomas|David Thomas]] (killed 1916), [[Robert Graves]] and [[Siegfried Sassoon]] all served with the 1st Battalion. [[Bernard Adams (writer)|John Bernard Pye Adams]], a captain with the 1st Battalion, was wounded in 1916, and while on medical leave, wrote ''Nothing of Importance'', his recollections of trench life. Adams did not live to see its publication — after returning to the front in January 1917, he died in action a month later.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.beckenhamhistory.co.uk/world-war-one-archive/item/7-adams-john-bernard-pye | title =Adams, John Bernard Pye | website =Beckenham History | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> His book, published a few months after his death, was the only memoir of trench experiences published in Great Britain during the war<ref name=cas>{{cite web | url =http://www.stanwardine.com/cgi-bin/malvernww1.pl?id=2Adams | title =Captain John Bernard Pye Adams | website =Malvern College First World War Casualty | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> and was well received by both ''[[The Times]]'' and the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name=malvernian>{{cite journal | title =Nothing of Importance by Bernard Adams | journal =The Malvernian | issue =364 | pages =572 | publisher =[[Malvern College]] | date =November 1917 | url =https://www.malverniansocietyarchives.co.uk/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf&origFilename=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf | access-date = 2022-05-03}}</ref>

[[J. C. Dunn|J C Dunn]], a medical officer with the 2nd Battalion who had also served in the [[Second Boer War|1899–1902 Boer War]], published ''The War the Infantry Knew'' in 1931. A collection of letters and diary entries from over 50 individuals, it is considered a classic by military historians for its treatment of daily life and death in the trenches.<ref>{{cite web |title=The War the Infantry Knew: 1914–1919, by Captain J.C. Dunn |url=https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-the-infantry-knew-by-captain-jc-dunn |website=Educationumbrella |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'' by Robert Graves was first published in 1929 and has never been out of print; in one anecdote, he records the Regimental Goat Major being charged with 'prostituting the Royal Goat' in return for a [[Stud (animal)|stud fee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |title=Goodbye to all that |date=1929 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0141184593 |page=71}}</ref> Graves also edited ''Old Soldiers Never Die'', published in 1933; a rare example of the war seen by an ordinary soldier, it was written by [[Francis Philip Woodruff|Frank Richards]], a pre-war regular recalled in 1914, who served on the Western Front until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Frank|title=Old Soldiers Never Die|publisher=Naval & Military Press|date=2001|isbn=978-1843420262}}</ref> The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917, were members of Kitchener battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820074913/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-date=2009-08-20|title=Welsh bard falls in the battle fields of Flanders |publisher=Museumwales.ac.uk |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>

[[File:Hedd Wyn Grave at Artillery Wood Cemetery 7.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The grave of Welsh poet [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917]]

====First World War; Territorial and War Service====
The TF battalions raised 2nd and 3rd Line battalions; in addition, the regiment raised over a dozen 'war service' battalions, informally known as [[Kitchener's Army|Kitchener]] or [[Pals battalion]]s.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>Peter Simkins, ''Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 – 1916'' (2007)</ref>

The 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was one of the first TF units to see active service, landing in France in November 1914, where it remained until January 1919.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=4th Denbighshire Battalion |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=878 |website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Between 1915 and 1918, another 10 Royal Welch Kitchener battalions also fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the battles of [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]; a number of these were disbanded in early 1918 due to manpower shortages. The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]] served with The 11th (Service) Battalion landed in [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] in November 1915, where it remained for the duration of the war.<ref name=James /><ref>{{cite web |title=11th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=7380|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

The 5th, 6th, 7th Territorial battalions fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] as part of the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]]; by January 1916, it contained 162 officers and 2,428 men, approximately 15% of full strength.<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/> The 8th Kitchener Battalion was also at Gallipoli as part of [[13th (Western) Division]]. They remained in the Middle East until the end of the war, the 53rd (Welsh) taking part in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] and the 13th (Western) in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]].<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/><ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=7th (Merioneth & Montgomery) |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=881|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

====Interwar====
The TF was reformed in 1920 and reorganised as the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) the following year. In 1938 the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion was converted into [[60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]. Just before the outbreak of World War II the Territorial Army was doubled in size and the battalions created duplicates:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref>Frederick, pp. 920–2.</ref>
* [[8th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|8th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 4th Bn''
* [[9th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|9th (Caernarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] – ''from the 6th Bn''
* [[10th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|10th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 7th Bn''
* [[70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery|70th Anti-Tank Regiment]] – ''from the 60th Rgt; granted Royal Welch Fusiliers subtitle in 1942)''

====Second World War; Regular Army====
The regiment was awarded 27 [[battle honour]]s for [[World War II]], with more than 1,200 fusiliers killed in action or died of wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwelsh.org.uk/regiment/history-regiment-timeline.htm|title=Timeline|publisher=Royal Welsh|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:The British Army in France 1940 F2913.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers celebrate St David's Day, 1 March 1940]]

During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was a [[Regular army|Regular Army]] unit and part of the [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Infantry Brigade]], assigned to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]]. It served in France in 1940 with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]].<ref>Joslen, p. 240</ref> The battalion fought in the short but fierce battles of [[Battle of France|France]] and [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]] and was forced to retreat and be evacuated during the [[Dunkirk evacuation]]. After two years spent in the United Kingdom, waiting and preparing for the invasion that never came ([[Operation Sea Lion]]), the 1st RWF and the rest of 2nd Division were sent to [[British Raj|British India]] to fight the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] after a string of defeats inflicted upon the British and Indian troops. The battalion was involved in the [[Burma Campaign]], particularly the [[Battle of Kohima]], nicknamed ''[[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] of the East'' due to the ferocity of fighting on both sides, that helped to turn the tide of the campaign in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South East Asian theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|title=2nd British Division|publisher=Burma Star Association|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929081558/https://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion was part of [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Independent Infantry Brigade]] throughout the war. In 1942, it fought in the [[Battle of Madagascar]], then part of [[Vichy French]], before being transferred to the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]]. In 1944, the battalion and brigade became part of [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th British Infantry Division]], previously an Indian Army formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|title=36th Division|publisher=British Military History|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1944 SE2889.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Royal Welsh Fusiliers move forward on a jungle path near Pinbaw, [[Burma]], December 1944]]

Both battalions came under the command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Bill Slim]], commander of the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fourteenth Army]]. This was known as the 'Forgotten Fourteenth,' allegedly because it fought in a theatre that seemed largely unnoticed and had little importance to the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/09/19/lord_slim_feature.shtml|title=The Greatest Commander of the 20th Century?|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

====Second World War; Territorial and War Service====
[[File:Fusilier Tom Payne from 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Normandy, 12 August 1944. B9005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Fusilier Tom Payne of 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, [[Normandy]], 12 August 1944]]

The 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions, all [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] units, served in [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|158th (Royal Welch) Brigade]] assigned to the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division]].<ref>Joslen, p. 346</ref> They took part in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] at [[Operation Jupiter (1944)|Hill 112]], where the 53rd Division suffered heavy casualties. Due to heavy fighting and casualties in Normandy, some of the battalions were posted to different brigades within the division. The 53rd again suffered heavily during [[Operation Veritable]] (the Battle of the Reichswald) under command of the [[First Canadian Army]], in which action the British and Canadians, and the 53rd Division in particular, endured some of the fiercest fighting of the entire European Campaign against [[Fallschirmjäger (World War II)|German paratroops]].<ref>Barclay, p. 125</ref>

The 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were 2nd Line Territorial battalions raised in 1939 as duplicates of the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions respectively. The battalions initially served in the [[115th Brigade (United Kingdom)|115th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Brigade]], [[38th (Welsh) Infantry Division|38th (Welsh) Division]], itself a 2nd Line duplicate of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.<ref>Joslen, pp. 87–88</ref>

The 8th and 9th battalions never saw action abroad, remaining in the UK throughout the war in a training role, supplying trained replacements to units overseas. In this capacity, the 9th battalion served with the [[80th Infantry (Reserve) Division (United Kingdom)|80th Infantry (Reserve) Division]] and the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division.<ref>Joslen, p. 374</ref>
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B12617.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[3-inch mortar]] of the 7th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 8 December 1944]]
In the summer of 1942, the 10th battalion was converted into the [[6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion|6th (Royal Welch) Battalion]], [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]].<ref>Horn, p. 270</ref> The 6th Parachute Battalion was assigned to the [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Parachute Brigade]], alongside the [[4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment|4th]] and [[5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion|5th]] Parachute battalions, originally part of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]. The battalion played a small part in the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] during [[Operation Slapstick]], an amphibious landing aimed at capturing the port of Taranto. After that, the 2nd Para Brigade became an independent brigade group. The brigade took part in [[Operation Dragoon]], the Allied invasion of Southern France, being the only British troops to do so (see [[2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France]]).<ref>Harclerode, pp. 425–426</ref> In late 1944, the brigade was sent to Greece to support pro-Western forces in the [[Greek Civil War]], a forgotten but brutal episode now seen as the first act of the post-1945 [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nachmani |first1=Amikam |title=Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946–49 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.1177/002200949002500406 |jstor=260759 |s2cid=159813355 }}</ref>

In 1938, the 5th Battalion transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]] as 60th Anti-Tank Regiment and in 1939, added a 2nd-Line duplicate, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nigelef.tripod.com/regtsumm.htm|title=Field Artillery Formations and Regiments of the Royal Artillery in World War 2|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Unlike 1914–1918, there were relatively few service battalions, one being 11th (Home Defence) Battalion, raised in 1939 as part of the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]].<ref name = RegtsRWF/> Formed in 1940, the 12th battalion became [[116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] in January 1942 and served with [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]] until disbanded in December 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Jonathan |title=116 (Royal Welch) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment |url=http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |website=Jonathan Ware |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110054/http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Derek|title=116 Light AA Regiment RA(TA)|url=http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page110.html|website=The Royal Artillery 1939–1945|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Post Second World War===
The 2nd Battalion Royal Welch remained overseas after the Second World War, with a posting to Burma (still a colony until 4 January 1948) and performed internal security duties. On 7 March 1947 a party aboard a train were ambushed by bandits and seven soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2084605/william-gordon-burgoyne/#&gid=2&pid=1|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref>Epilogue in Burma, 1945-48", McEnery J.H. Published 1990</ref>

The regiment did not take part in the [[Gulf War]], but did perform several tours in [[Northern Ireland]] ([[Operation Banner]]) before being deployed to the Balkans.<ref name=nam>{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], the regiment came to attention when 33 of their men and 350 other [[United Nations|UN]] servicemen part of [[UNPROFOR]] were taken hostage by Bosnian Serbs at [[Goražde]] on 28 May 1995.<ref>{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons |title=Sittings of the House| url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-05-31/Debate-1.html | date = 31 May 1995 | column_start = 999 | column_end = 1009}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Conflict in the Balkans: The Peacekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/world/conflict-in-the-balkans-the-peacekeepers-at-risk-british-troops-keep-watch.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 May 1995}}</ref> The situation caused some political debate as the UN troops had been given orders only to "deter attacks" and did not have a mandate or adequate equipment to fully defend the mainly Muslim town of Goražde, which was initially declared "safe" by the UN, thus rendering them exposed when armed members of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] ([[Bosnian Serb]] Army) ignored the [[NATO]] ultimatum and attacked the town without warning. The regiment managed to hold off the Bosnian Serbs until they were forced to retreat into [[bunker]]s – those who did not make it quickly enough were taken hostage – and remained trapped underground while [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|BiH Army]] reinforcements arrived and fought back. The [[commanding officer]], Lt Col [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Riley]] (later promoted to Lieutenant General), broke with protocol and directly reported to then Prime Minister [[John Major]] about the situation over the phone while in the bunker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commander in Bosnia mission impossible|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2534831.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> All the men were eventually safely rescued. An unprecedented five gallantry awards, seven [[Mention in Despatches|mentions in despatches]] and two [[Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service|Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service]] were awarded to the regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bosnia's troops' tally of medal set a record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bosnia-troops-tally-of-medals-sets-a-record-1346463.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=10 May 1996}}</ref> Although the incident was largely unreported at that time, the regiment was credited in hindsight by observers for saving the town from a possible genocide—after failing to take Goražde, the Bosnian Serbs continued south to [[Srebrenica]], where they would [[Srebrenica massacre|massacre]] over 8,000 [[Bosniak]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2535155.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref>

===Amalgamation===
It was one of only five line infantry regiments never to have been amalgamated in its entire history, the others being [[Royal Scots|The Royal Scots]], [[Green Howards|The Green Howards]], [[Cheshire Regiment|The Cheshire Regiment]], and [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|The King's Own Scottish Borderers]]. However, in 2004, it was announced that, as part of the restructuring of the infantry, the Royal Welch Fusiliers would merge with the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form a new large regiment, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name=nam/>

To honour the links between the regiment and the United States Marine Corps on the 16 September 1945 a set of Marine colours were presented to the regiment at the parish church in Wrexham to commemorate their close connection (see page 32 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc/>

The regiment has a chapel within St Giles Parish Church Wrexham containing their colours and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stgilesparishchurchwrexham.org.uk/index.php/history |title=History|publisher=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> There is an image available taken in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdrcreme.com/photo-gallery/57305/st-giles-parish-church-wrexham?q=gallery |title=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|publisher=hdrcreme|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Regimental museum==
The [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]] is located in [[Caernarfon]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/|title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:<ref name = RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*Namur 1695, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Minden, Egypt
*''Peninsular War'': Corunna, Martinique 1809, [[Battle of Albuhera|Albuhera]], [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of Orthes|Orthes]], [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]], Peninsula
*''Napoleonic War'': [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]
* ''Crimean War'': [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Battle of Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]
* Lucknow, Ashantee 1873–1874, Burma 1885–1887, [[Relief of Ladysmith]], South Africa 1899–1902, Pekin 1900
*''First World War'': [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]], [[Retreat from Mons]], [[First Battle of the Marne|Marne 1914]], [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne 1914 '18]], La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914 '17 '18, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914 '17, Gheluvelt, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Bullecourt, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–1918, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–1918, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915–1918, Suvla, Sari Bair, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–1916, Rumani, Egypt 1915–1917, Gaza, El Mughar, Jerusalem, Jericho, Tell 'Asur, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–1918
*''Second World War'': Dyle, Defence of Escaut, St. Omer-La Bassée, Caen, Esquay, Falaise, Nederrijn, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Weeze, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, Donbaik, North Arakan, Kohima, Mandalay, Ava, Burma 1943–1945

==Victoria Crosses==
The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
* Captain [[Edward William Derrington Bell]], [[Crimean War]] (20 September 1854)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261|title=Edward William Derrington Bell VC, CB|publisher=The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629155851/https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Thomas Bernard Hackett]], [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (18 November 1857)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22248|page=1482|date=12 April 1859}}</ref>
* Company Sergeant Major [[Frederick Barter]], [[First World War]] (16 May 1915)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210|page=6269|date=29 June 1915}}</ref>
* Corporal [[John Collins (VC)|John Collins]], First World War (31 October 1917)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergeant John COLLINS|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/pucollin.htm|publisher=Victoria Cross Society|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>
* Corporal [[James Llewellyn Davies]], First World War (31 July 1917)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30272|supp=y|page=9260|date=4 September 1917}}</ref>
* Corporal [[Joseph John Davies]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916 |page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Lt-Colonel [[Charles Doughty-Wylie]], First World War (26 April 1915)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Colin|title=How Gertrude Bell Caused a Desert Storm|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=23 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Private [[Albert Hill (VC)|Albert Hill]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916|page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* [[Colour sergeant|Colour-Sergeant]] [[Luke O'Connor]], Crimean War (20 September 1854)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21971 |date=24 February 1857 |page=659 }}</ref>
* [[Lance sergeant|Lance-Sergeant]] [[William Herbert Waring]], First World War (18 September 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 31155|date=28 January 1919 |page=1504|supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Lance corporal|Lance-Corporal]] [[Henry Weale]], First World War (26 August 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31012|supp=y|page=13473|date=12 November 1918}}</ref>

==Colonels-in-Chief==
The Colonels-in-Chief of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1901: [[George V|King George V]]
*1936: [[George VI|King George VI]]
*1953: [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]

==Regimental Colonels==
The Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1689: Col. [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]]
*1689–1691: Col. Charles Herbert
*1691–1692: Col. [[Toby Purcell]]
*1692–1693: Col. Sir John Morgan, 2nd Baronet
*1693–1705: Lt-Gen. [[Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)|Richard Ingoldsby]]

;The Royal Regiment of Welch Fuzileers (1723)
*1705–1739: Gen. [[Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)|Joseph Sabine]]
*1739–1743: Col. Newsham Peers
*1743–1761: Gen. [[John Huske]]
*1761–1775: Lt-Gen. Hon [[George Boscawen (British Army officer, born 1712)|George Boscawen]]
*1775–1786: Gen. Sir [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe]], KB
*1786–1823: Gen. [[Richard Grenville (1742–1823)|Richard Grenville]]
*1823–1851: Gen. Sir [[Sir James Willoughby Gordon, 1st Baronet|James Willoughby Gordon, Bt.]], GCB, GCH
*1851–1855: Lt-Gen. Sir [[George Charles D'Aguilar]], KCB
*1855–1860: Lt-Gen. [[Henry Rainey (British Army officer)|Henry Rainey]], CB, KH
*1860–1875: Gen. Sir [[William Codrington (British Army officer)|William Codrington]], GCB
*1875–1898: Gen. [[Charles Crutchley]]

;The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1881)
*1898–1910: Gen. Sir [[Edward Bulwer (British Army officer)|Edward Earle Gascoigne Bulwer]], GCB
*1910–1914: Maj-Gen. Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, KCB
*1914–1915: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Luke O'Connor]], VC, KCB

;The Royal Welch Fusiliers (1921)
*1915–1926: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Francis Lloyd (British Army officer)|Francis Lloyd]], GCVO, KCB, DSO
*1926–1938: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Charles Macpherson Dobell]], KCB, CMG, DSO
*1938–1942: Maj-Gen. [[John Minshull-Ford|John Randle Minshull-Ford]], CB, DSO, MC
*1942–1947: Maj-Gen. Nigel Maitland Wilson, CB, DSO, OBE
*1947–1948: Brig. [[Llewellyn Alston|Llewellyn Augustus Arthur Alston]], CBE, DSO, MC
*1948–1952: Brig. Sir Eric Ommanney Skaife, CB, OBE
*1952–1965: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Hugh Stockwell|Hugh Charles Stockwell]], KBE, CB, DSO
*1965–1974: Col. John Edward Theodore Willes, MBE
*1974–1984: Maj-Gen. [[Peter Raymond Leuchars]], CBE
*1984–1990: Brig. Anthony Chester Vivian, CBE
*1990–1997: Maj-Gen. Richard Morgan Llewellyn, CB, OBE
*1997–2001: Brig. David John Ross, CBE
*2001–2005: Maj-Gen. Brian Peter Plummer, CBE
*2005–2006: Maj-Gen. [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Peter Riley]], DSO
*''2006: Regiment amalgamated with [[The Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form [[The Royal Welsh]]''

==Alliances==

The regiment had an alliance with the Canadian [[Royal 22nd Regiment|Royal 22e Régiment]] from 1927 until its amalgamation in 2006; this alliance included the frequent exchange of personnel between the two regiments.<ref>Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment 1914-1999, Art Global, 1999, pp 87 and 88 and Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment'' (Les Editions GID, 2013), PP 60 and 61.</ref>

==Regimental mascot==
As with the Royal Regiment of Wales, the regiment traditionally had a goat, never called a mascot. The tradition dated back to at least 1775, and possibly to the regiment's formation. The goat was always named 'Billy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/8100259.stm|title=Soldiers choose regimental goat|publisher=BBC|date=15 June 2009|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Uniform==
Soldiers of this regiment were distinguishable by the unique feature of the "flash", consisting of five overlapping black silk ribbons (seven inches long for soldiers and nine inches long for officers) on the back of the uniform jacket at neck level.<ref name=cemetery>{{cite web|url=http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/fusiliers.html|title=23rd Foot – 7th Foot|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> This is a legacy of the days when it was normal for soldiers to wear [[pigtail]]s. In 1808, this practice was discontinued but when the order was issued the RWF were serving in [[Nova Scotia]] and had not received the instruction when the regiment departed to join an expedition to the West Indies.<ref>British Army Uniforms & Insignia of World War Two; Brian L. Davis</ref> In 1834 the officers of the 23rd Foot were finally granted permission by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] to wear this non-regulation item as a distinction on the full dress uniform as "a peculiarity whereby to mark the dress of that distinguished regiment".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mainwaring|first=Rowland Broughton|author-link=Rowland Mainwaring|title=Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Late the Twenty-third Regiment: Or, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fuzeliers) Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1689, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1889|year=1889|publisher=Hatchards|page=147}}</ref> This was extended to all ranks in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is "The Flash"?|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/en_faq.html|publisher=Royal Welch Fusiliers Regimental Museum|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Khaki]] service dress replaced the scarlet tunic as the principal uniform, and the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] attempted to remove the flash during the [[First World War]], citing the grounds that it would help the Germans identify which unit was facing them. As Fusilier officer [[Robert Graves]] reported, "the regiment retorted by inquiring on what occasion since the retreat from Corunna, when the regiment was the last to leave Spain, with the keys of the town postern in the pocket of one of its officers, had any of His Majesty's enemies seen the back of a Royal Welch Fusilier?," and the matter remained "in abeyance throughout the war."<ref>{{cite book|title=Goodbye To All That|author-link=Robert Graves|page=85|last=Graves|first=Robert|year=1929|publisher=Anchor}}</ref> The efforts of the regiment to retain the distinction was further reinforced at a medal ceremony when [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] saw an officer of the regiment in the line. He ordered an About Turn and seeing the flash still on the tunic said ''[[sotto voce]]'', "don't ever let anyone take it from you!"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great War and Modern Memory|last=Fussell|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199971978|year=2013}}</ref> The wearing of the flash on service dress was extended to other ranks in 1924.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wearing of the Flash. Royal Welch Fusiliers' Distinction. |date=29 January 1924|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=14}}</ref>

As a [[fusilier]] regiment, the RWF wore a [[hackle]], which consisted of a plume of white feathers mounted behind the cap-badge of the modern beret.<ref name=cemetery/> The full dress of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, as worn by the entire regiment until 1914, included a racoon-skin hat (bearskin for officers) with a white hackle and a scarlet tunic with the dark blue facings of a Royal regiment. This uniform continued to be worn by the RWF's Corps of Drums and the Regimental Pioneers until the merger of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/british_helmets1.htm|title=British Headdress (1856–current)|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
==Regimental Prayer==
The Regimental Collect (or prayer as it is also known as) was in Welsh:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oremus.org/labarum/booklets/regtcollectsprayerspdf.pdf |title=Regimental Collects|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Tragwyddol Dduw, a gyfododd trwy dy nerth yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist o’r meirw, gynnal fe weddiwn, gwrhydri hynafol y Ffiwsilwyr Cymreig, fel yr oddefwn galedi yn ôl ei esiampl, ac y cyfodwn gydag ef i lewyrch fel yr hal yn dy deyrnas, trwy’r un Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd. Amen.}}

And in English:

{{blockquote|Eternal God, whose strength raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, uphold, we pray thee, the ancient valour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, that we may ever endure hardship after his example, and may rise with him to shine as the sun in thy Kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.}}

== See also ==
* [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]]
*[[List of British Army regiments and corps]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last = Barclay | first = C. N.| year = 1956| title = The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division in the Second World War| publisher = Wm. Clowes & Sons| location = London| oclc = 36762829}}
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Cannon|author-link=Richard Cannon|title=Historical Record of the Twenty-third, or the Royal Welch Fusiliers |date=1850 |location=London |publisher=Parker, Furnivall and Parker |isbn=9780665483523 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t8ff4n74z;view=1up;seq=28}}
*{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Howard N|title=On Wings of Healing: The Story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940–1960|publisher=William Blackwood|location=Edinburgh, United Kingdom|year=1963|oclc=29847628}}
* Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-007-3}}.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-009-X}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Harclerode|first=Peter|title=Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-304-36730-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=Bernd|last2=Wyczynski|first2=Michel|title=Paras versus the Reich: Canada's paratroopers at war, 1942-45|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|year=2003|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=978-1-55002-470-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Joslen|first=Lt-Col H.F.|title=Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945|publisher= London: HM Stationery Office|year= 1960|isbn= 978-1-84342-474-1}}
* Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, {{ISBN|0-582-48565-7}}.
* Ray Westlake, ''Tracing the Rifle Volunteers'', Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84884-211-3}}.
* {{cite book|last=Westlake|first=Ray |year=2002|title=English and Welsh Infantry Regiments: An Illustrated Record of Service|publisher= Staplehurst. Spellmount|isbn=978-1-86227-147-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/ The regimental museum]
* [http://www.rwfia.org/index.htm Royal Welch Fusiliers in America]
* [http://www.rwf-forum.co.uk/vBulletin/index.php The Royal Welch Fusiliers Forum]
* [http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk Colwyn Bay RWF Comrades Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024025447/http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk/ |date=24 October 2008 }}
* [http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk Clwyd and Gwynedd ACF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142517/http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk/ |date=17 March 2010 }}
* [http://www.britisharmedforces.org/i_regiments/roywelchfus_index.htm British Light Infantry Regiments – Royal Welch Fusiliers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers] – [[National Army Museum]]
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk The Long, Long Trail]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)]

{{Royal Welsh}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Welch Fusiliers| ]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments]]
[[Category:Welsh regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:1689 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Battalions of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wales]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wrexham]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1689]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]

Royal Welch Fusiliers

2024-08-27T20:13:22Z

GenEli1L1: /* Victoria Crosses */

{{Short description|Line infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{about||the march composed by John Philip Sousa|The Royal Welch Fusiliers (march)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 23rd Regiment of Foot Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers
| image = Royal Welsh Fusiliers Cap Badge.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cap badge
| dates = 16 March 1689 – 28 February 2006
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1689–1707) {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–2006)
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role = [[Line infantry]]
| size = 1–2 [[Standing army|Regular]] battalions 
4–12 [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer]] and [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] battalions 
Up to 25 hostilities-only battalions
| current_commander =
| garrison = [[Hightown Barracks]], [[Wrexham]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Charles III of the United Kingdom|The King]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] Brian Plummer
| nickname = The Nanny Goats<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=125}}</ref> The Royal Goats<ref name="Burnham"/>
|patron=
| motto = ''[[Ich Dien]]''
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Nine Years' War]] [[War of the Spanish Succession]] [[War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[American War of Independence]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Second China War]] [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[World War I|First World War]] [[World War II|Second World War]] [[The Troubles]] [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries = [[St. David's Day]] (1 March)
| identification_symbol = [[File:RWF TRF.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
| identification_symbol_2 = White
| identification_symbol_2_label = Hackle
}}

The '''Royal Welch Fusiliers''' ({{lang-cy|Ffiwsilwyr Brenhinol Cymreig}}) was a [[line infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], and part of the [[Prince of Wales's Division]], that was founded in 1689; shortly after the [[Glorious Revolution]]. In 1702, it was designated a [[fusilier]] regiment and became the '''Welch Regiment of Fusiliers'''; the prefix "Royal" was added in 1713, then confirmed in 1714 when [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] named it the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers'''. In 1751, after reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''. In 1881, the final title of the regiment was adopted.

It retained the archaic spelling of ''Welch'', instead of ''[[Wales|Welsh]]'', and ''Fuzileers'' for ''Fusiliers''; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antique-swords.com/AD77-1803P-Royal-Welsh-Fuzileers-Fusiliers-Officers.html|title=Napoleonic Welch Fuzileers Sword|publisher=Antique Swords|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> After the 1881 [[Childers Reforms]], normal spelling was used officially, but "Welch" continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.

It should not be confused with the [[Welch Regiment]], a different unit (formed in 1881 from the 41st and 69th) which recruited in South and West, rather than North Wales, and became part of the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] or '''RRW''' in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |title=Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum safeguards valuable First World War memories |date=15 April 2014 |publisher=Welsh Government |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025614/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |archive-date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>

One of the few regiments to retain its original title, in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion, [[Royal Welsh]], with RRW as the 2nd Battalion.

==History==
[[File:Henry Herbert Soest.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]], founder of the regiment]]

===Formation; 1689 to 1773===
The regiment was raised by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury|Henry Herbert]] at [[Ludlow]] on 16 March 1689, following the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] and exile of [[James II of England|James II]].<ref>Cannon, p. 1</ref><ref name = Frederick302>Frederick, pp. 302–6.</ref><ref name = RegtsRWF>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103213315/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/023RWF.htm RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref> It served throughout the 1689 to 1691 [[Williamite War in Ireland]], including the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690,<ref>Cannon, p. 5</ref> and the [[Battle of Aughrim]] in 1691 which brought the campaign to an end.<ref name=cannon13>Cannon, p. 13</ref> It joined Allied forces fighting in the [[Nine Years War]] and at [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Namur]] in August 1695, took part in the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork that inspired the song '[[The British Grenadiers]].'<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenihan|first1=Padraig|title=Namur Citadel, 1695: A Case Study in Allied Siege Tactics|journal=War in History|date=2011|volume=18|issue=3|page=298|doi=10.1177/0968344511401296|hdl=10379/6195|s2cid=159682220 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

On the outbreak of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1702, it became the '''Welch Regiment of Fuzilieers;''' this denoted [[Fusilier|units equipped with light-weight muskets]] or 'fusils' used to protect the artillery, although the distinction later became obsolete.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers">{{cite web |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |website=National Army Museum |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> It served throughout [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]'s campaigns in the Low Countries, including the battles of [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]], [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]] and [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd Foot |url=http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=23rd_Foot |website=Seven Years War Project |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1714, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] gave it the title of the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers.''' The next 28 years were spent on garrison duty in England and Scotland, until it returned to [[Flanders]] in 1742 for the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. At [[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]] in June 1743, it rallied after being driven back by the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|elite French Maison du Roi cavalry]]; its steadiness was a major contribution to what is considered a fortunate victory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=John H |title=History of the British Army; Volume II |date=1899 |pages=99–100}}</ref> It incurred 323 casualties at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] in May 1745, before a brief period in [[Scotland]] during the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]]. Over 240 members of the regiment were lost at [[Battle of Lauffeld|Lauffeld]] in July 1747, a defeat that led to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161">Fortescue, p. 161</ref>
[[File:Colored Print Battle of Minden 1785.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[Battle of Minden|Minden]], 1 August 1759, an action still celebrated as [[Minden Day]]]]
Following the 1751 reforms that standardised naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers"/> In the opening battle of the [[Seven Years' War]], it was part of the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Minorca garrison]] that surrendered to the French in June 1756; given free passage to Gibraltar, from 1758 it campaigned in Germany. At [[Battle of Minden|Minden]] in August 1759, it was one of the infantry units that routed the French cavalry, an achievement still celebrated as [[Minden Day]] by their successor unit, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161"/> Between 1760 and 1762, it fought in the battles of [[Battle of Warburg|Warburg]],<ref>Cannon, p. 83</ref> [[Battle of Kloster Kampen|Kloster Kampen]] 1760<ref>Cannon, p. 84</ref> and [[Battle of Wilhelmsthal|Wilhelmsthal]] in June 1762, before the war ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name = WestlakeWelsh>Westlake, ''English & Welsh Regiments'', pp. 75–6</ref>

When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1773, the regiment was posted to [[British North America|North America]].<ref>Cannon, p. 89</ref> The [[light infantry]] and [[grenadier]] companies took heavy losses at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775;<ref>Cannon, p. 93</ref> it participated in nearly every campaign up to the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in September 1781.<ref>Cannon, p. 113</ref> At Yorktown, it was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, which were smuggled out by a junior officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mikelynaugh.com/Yorktown/pages/IMG_3076.htm|title=Sign at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Redoubt in Yorktown, Virginia|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

In the early stages of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], it was posted to the [[West Indies]] in 1794 and participated in the 1795 capture of [[Port-au-Prince]] before returning home in 1796.<ref>Cannon, p. 117</ref> As part of the expeditionary force assigned to the 1799 [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]], it fought at [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Alkmaar]] in October 1799.<ref>Cannon, p. 120</ref>
[[Image:23rd royal welsh fusiliers.JPG|thumb|left|130px| 23rd Royal Welch Fusilier guarding a statue of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] in London.]]

===19th century===
[[File:Invasion of Martinique (1809) Monument, St. George's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Monument to Royal Welch Fusiliers who died in the [[Military history of Nova Scotia#Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique (1809)]], [[St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia]]]]
Apart from [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801 and the [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]] in 1809 the regiment saw little action in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] until being sent to the [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]] in 1810.<ref>Cannon, p. 134</ref> Between 1811 and 1814, it fought in many of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s actions, including the battles of [[Battle of Albuera|Albuera]], [[Second Siege of Badajoz (1811)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]] and [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]].<ref>Cannon, pp.136–150</ref> At the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in June 1815, it was part of Lieutenant Colonel [[Hugh Henry Mitchell|Hugh Mitchell]]'s 4th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |title=A Short Account of the Life and adventures of Private Thomas Jeremiah 23rd or Royal Welch Fusiliers 1812–37 |publisher=The Gareth Glover Collection |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402070835/http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |archive-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the [[Crimean War]], the [[Second Opium War]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] and the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/illustration/third-anglo-burmese-war-royal-welsh-royalty-free-illustration/1154126750|title=The Storming of Zeedaw: Royal Welch Fusiliers lying down in position for the attack before dawn|date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Getty Images|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Cardwell Reforms]] of 1872 linked most infantry regiments in pairs, but because the 23rd already had two battalions it was unaffected. Cardwell also introduced 'Localisation of the Forces', which established permanent regimental depots in county towns and brigaded the regular regiments with their local [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] and [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer]] battalions.<ref>Spiers, pp. 195–6.</ref> For the 23rd, this included:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List>''Army List'', various dates.</ref>
* 23rd Brigade Depot at [[Hightown Barracks]] in [[Wrexham]] from 1873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |title=Training Depots 1873–1881 |publisher=Regiments.org |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Royal Anglesey Light Infantry]] – ''converted to Engineers in 1877''<ref name = FrederickMil>Frederick, pp. 162–4.</ref>
* [[Royal Flint Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Carnarvon Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Administrative Battalion, Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 57–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsDen>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051226171148/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/rwf-4.htm 4th Bn RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref>
* [[1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers#Volunteer Force|1st Administrative Battalion, Flintshire & Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 37–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsCarn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117162151/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/carnarvn.htm Carnarvonshire & Anglesey Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref><ref name = WestlakeFlint>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref name = RegtsFlint>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117171929/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/flint.htm Flintshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The [[Childers Reforms]] of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further. The regiments were given names rather than numbers the regiment officially became '''The Royal Welsh Fusiliers''' on 1 July 1881,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24992|pages=3300–3301|date=1 July 1881}}</ref> although "Welch" was used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortyfirst.org/the-regiment-1719-to-now.html|title=The Regiment, 1719 to Now|first=Jim |last=Yaworsky|publisher=The Forty First|access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The depot became the 23rd Regimental District depot, and the militia and volunteers became numbered battalions of their linked regiment (though the Royal Flint Rifles joined the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<ref name = FrederickMil/><ref>Frederick, pp. 242–3.</ref>):
* [[3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion]] – ''3rd (Royal Denbigh and Flint Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion]] – ''4th (Royal Carnarvon and Merioneth Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Denbighshire Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Flintshire & Carnarvon Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''formed in 1897 from the Carnarvonshire companies of the 2nd VB''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>

The 1st battalion served in the 1899 to 1902 [[Second Boer War]];<ref name = WestlakeWelsh/> and returned home from South Africa on the SS ''Ortona'' in January 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - Troops returning Home|date=22 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36984}}</ref>

The 2nd battalion was stationed at [[Hong Kong]] from 1898 to 1902, and served in the multinational force involved in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers | publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> They fought alongside the [[United States Marine Corps]] (see pages 32–33 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/A%20Different%20War-Marines%20in%20Europe%20and%20North%20Africa%20%20PCN%2019000312500.pdf|title=A Different War-Marines in Europe and North Africa%20 PCN 19000312500.pdf|publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center|year=1994}}</ref> They transferred to [[British Raj|India]] in October 1902, and were stationed at [[Chakrata]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=10 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36895}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Colour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Regimental Colour]] of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, a Territorial unit of the Royal Welch Fusiliers<ref>{{cite web |title=6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=880 |website=Wartime Memories |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:5th_Battalion,_Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers_Cigarette_Card.jpg|thumb|Player's cigarette card showing a [[Pioneer (military)|pioneer]] of the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1908 in full dress uniform.]]
The [[Haldane Reforms]] of 1908 converted the remaining Militia into the [[Special Reserve]] (SR) and the Volunteers into the [[Territorial Force]] (TF).<ref>Dunlop, Chapter 14.</ref><ref>Spiers, Chapter 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|title=Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=31 March 1908|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812022930/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|url-status=live}}</ref> The battalions were now numbered sequentially within their regiment. The TF battalions of the RWF were given subtitles in 1909:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List/><ref name = RegtsRWF/>
* [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Reserve) Battalion]] (SR) at [[Poyser Street drill hall, Wrexham|Poyser Street]] in [[Wrexham]]
* [[4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|4th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Poyser Street, Wrexham<ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|5th (Flintshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Castle Precinct in [[Flint, Flintshire|Flint]] (since demolished)<ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|6th (Carnarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Caernarfon Barracks]] in [[Caernarfon]]<ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/>
* [[7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Back Lane drill hall, Newtown|Back Lane Drill Hall]] in [[Newtown, Powys|Newtown, Montgomeryshire]] – ''transferred from the [[South Wales Borderers]]''<ref name = WestlakeMont>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', p. 185.</ref><ref name = RegtsM&M>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117170415/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/merimont.htm Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The four TF Battalions constituted the [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|North Wales Brigade]] in the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|Welsh Division]].<ref name = Becke53>Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 117–23.</ref><ref name = TrailRWF>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/ Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = Trail53>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/53rd-welsh-division/ 53rd (Welsh) Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>

====First World War; Regular Army====
The 1st and 2nd battalions served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] from 1914 to 1918 and took part in some of the hardest fighting of the war, including [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] in 1916 and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele or Third Ypres]] in 1917.<ref name=James>James, pp. 66–8.</ref><ref name=trail>{{cite web|url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Claims in 2008 they participated in the semi-mythical [[Christmas truce|Christmas 1914 Football Game]] with the Germans have since been disproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |title=Frelinghien |publisher=Christmas Truce |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228090201/http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |archive-date=28 December 2009 }}</ref>

A number of writers fought with the regiment in France and recorded their experiences; [[David Cuthbert Thomas|David Thomas]] (killed 1916), [[Robert Graves]] and [[Siegfried Sassoon]] all served with the 1st Battalion. [[Bernard Adams (writer)|John Bernard Pye Adams]], a captain with the 1st Battalion, was wounded in 1916, and while on medical leave, wrote ''Nothing of Importance'', his recollections of trench life. Adams did not live to see its publication — after returning to the front in January 1917, he died in action a month later.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.beckenhamhistory.co.uk/world-war-one-archive/item/7-adams-john-bernard-pye | title =Adams, John Bernard Pye | website =Beckenham History | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> His book, published a few months after his death, was the only memoir of trench experiences published in Great Britain during the war<ref name=cas>{{cite web | url =http://www.stanwardine.com/cgi-bin/malvernww1.pl?id=2Adams | title =Captain John Bernard Pye Adams | website =Malvern College First World War Casualty | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> and was well received by both ''[[The Times]]'' and the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name=malvernian>{{cite journal | title =Nothing of Importance by Bernard Adams | journal =The Malvernian | issue =364 | pages =572 | publisher =[[Malvern College]] | date =November 1917 | url =https://www.malverniansocietyarchives.co.uk/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf&origFilename=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf | access-date = 2022-05-03}}</ref>

[[J. C. Dunn|J C Dunn]], a medical officer with the 2nd Battalion who had also served in the [[Second Boer War|1899–1902 Boer War]], published ''The War the Infantry Knew'' in 1931. A collection of letters and diary entries from over 50 individuals, it is considered a classic by military historians for its treatment of daily life and death in the trenches.<ref>{{cite web |title=The War the Infantry Knew: 1914–1919, by Captain J.C. Dunn |url=https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-the-infantry-knew-by-captain-jc-dunn |website=Educationumbrella |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'' by Robert Graves was first published in 1929 and has never been out of print; in one anecdote, he records the Regimental Goat Major being charged with 'prostituting the Royal Goat' in return for a [[Stud (animal)|stud fee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |title=Goodbye to all that |date=1929 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0141184593 |page=71}}</ref> Graves also edited ''Old Soldiers Never Die'', published in 1933; a rare example of the war seen by an ordinary soldier, it was written by [[Francis Philip Woodruff|Frank Richards]], a pre-war regular recalled in 1914, who served on the Western Front until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Frank|title=Old Soldiers Never Die|publisher=Naval & Military Press|date=2001|isbn=978-1843420262}}</ref> The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917, were members of Kitchener battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820074913/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-date=2009-08-20|title=Welsh bard falls in the battle fields of Flanders |publisher=Museumwales.ac.uk |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>

[[File:Hedd Wyn Grave at Artillery Wood Cemetery 7.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The grave of Welsh poet [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917]]

====First World War; Territorial and War Service====
The TF battalions raised 2nd and 3rd Line battalions; in addition, the regiment raised over a dozen 'war service' battalions, informally known as [[Kitchener's Army|Kitchener]] or [[Pals battalion]]s.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>Peter Simkins, ''Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 – 1916'' (2007)</ref>

The 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was one of the first TF units to see active service, landing in France in November 1914, where it remained until January 1919.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=4th Denbighshire Battalion |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=878 |website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Between 1915 and 1918, another 10 Royal Welch Kitchener battalions also fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the battles of [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]; a number of these were disbanded in early 1918 due to manpower shortages. The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]] served with The 11th (Service) Battalion landed in [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] in November 1915, where it remained for the duration of the war.<ref name=James /><ref>{{cite web |title=11th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=7380|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

The 5th, 6th, 7th Territorial battalions fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] as part of the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]]; by January 1916, it contained 162 officers and 2,428 men, approximately 15% of full strength.<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/> The 8th Kitchener Battalion was also at Gallipoli as part of [[13th (Western) Division]]. They remained in the Middle East until the end of the war, the 53rd (Welsh) taking part in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] and the 13th (Western) in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]].<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/><ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=7th (Merioneth & Montgomery) |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=881|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

====Interwar====
The TF was reformed in 1920 and reorganised as the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) the following year. In 1938 the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion was converted into [[60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]. Just before the outbreak of World War II the Territorial Army was doubled in size and the battalions created duplicates:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref>Frederick, pp. 920–2.</ref>
* [[8th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|8th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 4th Bn''
* [[9th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|9th (Caernarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] – ''from the 6th Bn''
* [[10th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|10th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 7th Bn''
* [[70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery|70th Anti-Tank Regiment]] – ''from the 60th Rgt; granted Royal Welch Fusiliers subtitle in 1942)''

====Second World War; Regular Army====
The regiment was awarded 27 [[battle honour]]s for [[World War II]], with more than 1,200 fusiliers killed in action or died of wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwelsh.org.uk/regiment/history-regiment-timeline.htm|title=Timeline|publisher=Royal Welsh|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:The British Army in France 1940 F2913.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers celebrate St David's Day, 1 March 1940]]

During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was a [[Regular army|Regular Army]] unit and part of the [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Infantry Brigade]], assigned to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]]. It served in France in 1940 with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]].<ref>Joslen, p. 240</ref> The battalion fought in the short but fierce battles of [[Battle of France|France]] and [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]] and was forced to retreat and be evacuated during the [[Dunkirk evacuation]]. After two years spent in the United Kingdom, waiting and preparing for the invasion that never came ([[Operation Sea Lion]]), the 1st RWF and the rest of 2nd Division were sent to [[British Raj|British India]] to fight the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] after a string of defeats inflicted upon the British and Indian troops. The battalion was involved in the [[Burma Campaign]], particularly the [[Battle of Kohima]], nicknamed ''[[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] of the East'' due to the ferocity of fighting on both sides, that helped to turn the tide of the campaign in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South East Asian theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|title=2nd British Division|publisher=Burma Star Association|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929081558/https://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion was part of [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Independent Infantry Brigade]] throughout the war. In 1942, it fought in the [[Battle of Madagascar]], then part of [[Vichy French]], before being transferred to the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]]. In 1944, the battalion and brigade became part of [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th British Infantry Division]], previously an Indian Army formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|title=36th Division|publisher=British Military History|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1944 SE2889.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Royal Welsh Fusiliers move forward on a jungle path near Pinbaw, [[Burma]], December 1944]]

Both battalions came under the command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Bill Slim]], commander of the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fourteenth Army]]. This was known as the 'Forgotten Fourteenth,' allegedly because it fought in a theatre that seemed largely unnoticed and had little importance to the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/09/19/lord_slim_feature.shtml|title=The Greatest Commander of the 20th Century?|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

====Second World War; Territorial and War Service====
[[File:Fusilier Tom Payne from 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Normandy, 12 August 1944. B9005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Fusilier Tom Payne of 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, [[Normandy]], 12 August 1944]]

The 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions, all [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] units, served in [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|158th (Royal Welch) Brigade]] assigned to the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division]].<ref>Joslen, p. 346</ref> They took part in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] at [[Operation Jupiter (1944)|Hill 112]], where the 53rd Division suffered heavy casualties. Due to heavy fighting and casualties in Normandy, some of the battalions were posted to different brigades within the division. The 53rd again suffered heavily during [[Operation Veritable]] (the Battle of the Reichswald) under command of the [[First Canadian Army]], in which action the British and Canadians, and the 53rd Division in particular, endured some of the fiercest fighting of the entire European Campaign against [[Fallschirmjäger (World War II)|German paratroops]].<ref>Barclay, p. 125</ref>

The 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were 2nd Line Territorial battalions raised in 1939 as duplicates of the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions respectively. The battalions initially served in the [[115th Brigade (United Kingdom)|115th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Brigade]], [[38th (Welsh) Infantry Division|38th (Welsh) Division]], itself a 2nd Line duplicate of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.<ref>Joslen, pp. 87–88</ref>

The 8th and 9th battalions never saw action abroad, remaining in the UK throughout the war in a training role, supplying trained replacements to units overseas. In this capacity, the 9th battalion served with the [[80th Infantry (Reserve) Division (United Kingdom)|80th Infantry (Reserve) Division]] and the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division.<ref>Joslen, p. 374</ref>
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B12617.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[3-inch mortar]] of the 7th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 8 December 1944]]
In the summer of 1942, the 10th battalion was converted into the [[6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion|6th (Royal Welch) Battalion]], [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]].<ref>Horn, p. 270</ref> The 6th Parachute Battalion was assigned to the [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Parachute Brigade]], alongside the [[4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment|4th]] and [[5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion|5th]] Parachute battalions, originally part of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]. The battalion played a small part in the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] during [[Operation Slapstick]], an amphibious landing aimed at capturing the port of Taranto. After that, the 2nd Para Brigade became an independent brigade group. The brigade took part in [[Operation Dragoon]], the Allied invasion of Southern France, being the only British troops to do so (see [[2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France]]).<ref>Harclerode, pp. 425–426</ref> In late 1944, the brigade was sent to Greece to support pro-Western forces in the [[Greek Civil War]], a forgotten but brutal episode now seen as the first act of the post-1945 [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nachmani |first1=Amikam |title=Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946–49 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.1177/002200949002500406 |jstor=260759 |s2cid=159813355 }}</ref>

In 1938, the 5th Battalion transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]] as 60th Anti-Tank Regiment and in 1939, added a 2nd-Line duplicate, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nigelef.tripod.com/regtsumm.htm|title=Field Artillery Formations and Regiments of the Royal Artillery in World War 2|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Unlike 1914–1918, there were relatively few service battalions, one being 11th (Home Defence) Battalion, raised in 1939 as part of the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]].<ref name = RegtsRWF/> Formed in 1940, the 12th battalion became [[116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] in January 1942 and served with [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]] until disbanded in December 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Jonathan |title=116 (Royal Welch) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment |url=http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |website=Jonathan Ware |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110054/http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Derek|title=116 Light AA Regiment RA(TA)|url=http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page110.html|website=The Royal Artillery 1939–1945|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Post Second World War===
The 2nd Battalion Royal Welch remained overseas after the Second World War, with a posting to Burma (still a colony until 4 January 1948) and performed internal security duties. On 7 March 1947 a party aboard a train were ambushed by bandits and seven soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2084605/william-gordon-burgoyne/#&gid=2&pid=1|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref>Epilogue in Burma, 1945-48", McEnery J.H. Published 1990</ref>

The regiment did not take part in the [[Gulf War]], but did perform several tours in [[Northern Ireland]] ([[Operation Banner]]) before being deployed to the Balkans.<ref name=nam>{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], the regiment came to attention when 33 of their men and 350 other [[United Nations|UN]] servicemen part of [[UNPROFOR]] were taken hostage by Bosnian Serbs at [[Goražde]] on 28 May 1995.<ref>{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons |title=Sittings of the House| url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-05-31/Debate-1.html | date = 31 May 1995 | column_start = 999 | column_end = 1009}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Conflict in the Balkans: The Peacekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/world/conflict-in-the-balkans-the-peacekeepers-at-risk-british-troops-keep-watch.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 May 1995}}</ref> The situation caused some political debate as the UN troops had been given orders only to "deter attacks" and did not have a mandate or adequate equipment to fully defend the mainly Muslim town of Goražde, which was initially declared "safe" by the UN, thus rendering them exposed when armed members of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] ([[Bosnian Serb]] Army) ignored the [[NATO]] ultimatum and attacked the town without warning. The regiment managed to hold off the Bosnian Serbs until they were forced to retreat into [[bunker]]s – those who did not make it quickly enough were taken hostage – and remained trapped underground while [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|BiH Army]] reinforcements arrived and fought back. The [[commanding officer]], Lt Col [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Riley]] (later promoted to Lieutenant General), broke with protocol and directly reported to then Prime Minister [[John Major]] about the situation over the phone while in the bunker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commander in Bosnia mission impossible|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2534831.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> All the men were eventually safely rescued. An unprecedented five gallantry awards, seven [[Mention in Despatches|mentions in despatches]] and two [[Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service|Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service]] were awarded to the regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bosnia's troops' tally of medal set a record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bosnia-troops-tally-of-medals-sets-a-record-1346463.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=10 May 1996}}</ref> Although the incident was largely unreported at that time, the regiment was credited in hindsight by observers for saving the town from a possible genocide—after failing to take Goražde, the Bosnian Serbs continued south to [[Srebrenica]], where they would [[Srebrenica massacre|massacre]] over 8,000 [[Bosniak]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2535155.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref>

===Amalgamation===
It was one of only five line infantry regiments never to have been amalgamated in its entire history, the others being [[Royal Scots|The Royal Scots]], [[Green Howards|The Green Howards]], [[Cheshire Regiment|The Cheshire Regiment]], and [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|The King's Own Scottish Borderers]]. However, in 2004, it was announced that, as part of the restructuring of the infantry, the Royal Welch Fusiliers would merge with the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form a new large regiment, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name=nam/>

To honour the links between the regiment and the United States Marine Corps on the 16 September 1945 a set of Marine colours were presented to the regiment at the parish church in Wrexham to commemorate their close connection (see page 32 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc/>

The regiment has a chapel within St Giles Parish Church Wrexham containing their colours and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stgilesparishchurchwrexham.org.uk/index.php/history |title=History|publisher=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> There is an image available taken in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdrcreme.com/photo-gallery/57305/st-giles-parish-church-wrexham?q=gallery |title=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|publisher=hdrcreme|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Regimental museum==
The [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]] is located in [[Caernarfon]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/|title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:<ref name = RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*Namur 1695, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Minden, Egypt
*''Peninsular War'': Corunna, Martinique 1809, [[Battle of Albuhera|Albuhera]], [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of Orthes|Orthes]], [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]], Peninsula
*''Napoleonic War'': [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]
* ''Crimean War'': [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Battle of Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]
* Lucknow, Ashantee 1873–1874, Burma 1885–1887, [[Relief of Ladysmith]], South Africa 1899–1902, Pekin 1900
*''First World War'': [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]], [[Retreat from Mons]], [[First Battle of the Marne|Marne 1914]], [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne 1914 '18]], La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914 '17 '18, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914 '17, Gheluvelt, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Bullecourt, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–1918, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–1918, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915–1918, Suvla, Sari Bair, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–1916, Rumani, Egypt 1915–1917, Gaza, El Mughar, Jerusalem, Jericho, Tell 'Asur, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–1918
*''Second World War'': Dyle, Defence of Escaut, St. Omer-La Bassée, Caen, Esquay, Falaise, Nederrijn, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Weeze, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, Donbaik, North Arakan, Kohima, Mandalay, Ava, Burma 1943–1945

==Victoria Crosses==
The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
* Captain [[Edward William Derrington Bell]], [[Crimean War]] (20 September 1854)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261|title=Edward William Derrington Bell VC, CB|publisher=The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629155851/https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Thomas Bernard Hackett]], [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (18 November 1857)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22248|page=1482|date=12 April 1859}}</ref>
* Company Sergeant Major [[Frederick Barter]], [[First World War]] (16 May 1915)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210|page=6269|date=29 June 1915}}</ref>
* Corporal [[John Collins (VC)|John Collins]], First World War (31 October 1917)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergeant John COLLINS|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/pucollin.htm|publisher=Victoria Cross Society|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>
* Corporal [[James Llewellyn Davies]], First World War (31 July 1917)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30272|supp=y|page=9260|date=4 September 1917}}</ref>
* Corporal [[Joseph John Davies]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916 |page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Lt-Colonel [[Charles Doughty-Wylie]], First World War (26 April 1915)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Colin|title=How Gertrude Bell Caused a Desert Storm|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=23 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Private [[Albert Hill (VC)|Albert Hill]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916|page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* [[Colour sergeant|Colour-Sergeant]] [[Luke O'Connor]], Crimean War (20 September 1854)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21971 |date=24 February 1857 |page=659 }}</ref>
* [[Lance sergeant|Lance-Sergeant]] [[William Herbert Waring]], First World War (18 September 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 31155|date=28 January 1919 |page=1504|supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Lance corporal|Lance-Corporal]] [[Henry Weale]], First World War (26 August 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31012|supp=y|page=13473|date=12 November 1918}}</ref>

==Colonels-in-Chief==
The Colonels-in-Chief of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1901: [[George V|King George V]]
*1936: [[George VI|King George VI]]
*1953: [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]

==Regimental Colonels==
The Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1689: Col. [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]]
*1689–1691: Col. Charles Herbert
*1691–1692: Col. [[Toby Purcell]]
*1692–1693: Col. Sir John Morgan, 2nd Baronet
*1693–1705: Lt-Gen. [[Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)|Richard Ingoldsby]]

;The Royal Regiment of Welch Fuzileers (1723)
*1705–1739: Gen. [[Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)|Joseph Sabine]]
*1739–1743: Col. Newsham Peers
*1743–1761: Gen. [[John Huske]]
*1761–1775: Lt-Gen. Hon [[George Boscawen (British Army officer, born 1712)|George Boscawen]]
*1775–1786: Gen. Sir [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe]], KB
*1786–1823: Gen. [[Richard Grenville (1742–1823)|Richard Grenville]]
*1823–1851: Gen. Sir [[Sir James Willoughby Gordon, 1st Baronet|James Willoughby Gordon, Bt.]], GCB, GCH
*1851–1855: Lt-Gen. Sir [[George Charles D'Aguilar]], KCB
*1855–1860: Lt-Gen. [[Henry Rainey (British Army officer)|Henry Rainey]], CB, KH
*1860–1875: Gen. Sir [[William Codrington (British Army officer)|William Codrington]], GCB
*1875–1898: Gen. [[Charles Crutchley]]

;The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1881)
*1898–1910: Gen. Sir [[Edward Bulwer (British Army officer)|Edward Earle Gascoigne Bulwer]], GCB
*1910–1914: Maj-Gen. Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, KCB
*1914–1915: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Luke O'Connor]], VC, KCB

;The Royal Welch Fusiliers (1921)
*1915–1926: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Francis Lloyd (British Army officer)|Francis Lloyd]], GCVO, KCB, DSO
*1926–1938: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Charles Macpherson Dobell]], KCB, CMG, DSO
*1938–1942: Maj-Gen. [[John Minshull-Ford|John Randle Minshull-Ford]], CB, DSO, MC
*1942–1947: Maj-Gen. Nigel Maitland Wilson, CB, DSO, OBE
*1947–1948: Brig. [[Llewellyn Alston|Llewellyn Augustus Arthur Alston]], CBE, DSO, MC
*1948–1952: Brig. Sir Eric Ommanney Skaife, CB, OBE
*1952–1965: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Hugh Stockwell|Hugh Charles Stockwell]], KBE, CB, DSO
*1965–1974: Col. John Edward Theodore Willes, MBE
*1974–1984: Maj-Gen. [[Peter Raymond Leuchars]], CBE
*1984–1990: Brig. Anthony Chester Vivian, CBE
*1990–1997: Maj-Gen. Richard Morgan Llewellyn, CB, OBE
*1997–2001: Brig. David John Ross, CBE
*2001–2005: Maj-Gen. Brian Peter Plummer, CBE
*2005–2006: Maj-Gen. [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Peter Riley]], DSO
*''2006: Regiment amalgamated with [[The Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form [[The Royal Welsh]]''

==Alliances==

The regiment had an alliance with the Canadian [[Royal 22nd Regiment|Royal 22e Régiment]] from 1927 until its amalgamation in 2006; this alliance included the frequent exchange of personnel between the two regiments.<ref>Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment 1914-1999, Art Global, 1999, pp 87 and 88 and Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment'' (Les Editions GID, 2013), PP 60 and 61.</ref>

==Regimental mascot==
As with the Royal Regiment of Wales, the regiment traditionally had a goat, never called a mascot. The tradition dated back to at least 1775, and possibly to the regiment's formation. The goat was always named 'Billy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/8100259.stm|title=Soldiers choose regimental goat|publisher=BBC|date=15 June 2009|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Uniform==
Soldiers of this regiment were distinguishable by the unique feature of the "flash", consisting of five overlapping black silk ribbons (seven inches long for soldiers and nine inches long for officers) on the back of the uniform jacket at neck level.<ref name=cemetery>{{cite web|url=http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/fusiliers.html|title=23rd Foot – 7th Foot|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> This is a legacy of the days when it was normal for soldiers to wear [[pigtail]]s. In 1808, this practice was discontinued but when the order was issued the RWF were serving in [[Nova Scotia]] and had not received the instruction when the regiment departed to join an expedition to the West Indies.<ref>British Army Uniforms & Insignia of World War Two; Brian L. Davis</ref> In 1834 the officers of the 23rd Foot were finally granted permission by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] to wear this non-regulation item as a distinction on the full dress uniform as "a peculiarity whereby to mark the dress of that distinguished regiment".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mainwaring|first=Rowland Broughton|author-link=Rowland Mainwaring|title=Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Late the Twenty-third Regiment: Or, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fuzeliers) Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1689, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1889|year=1889|publisher=Hatchards|page=147}}</ref> This was extended to all ranks in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is "The Flash"?|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/en_faq.html|publisher=Royal Welch Fusiliers Regimental Museum|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Khaki]] service dress replaced the scarlet tunic as the principal uniform, and the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] attempted to remove the flash during the [[First World War]], citing the grounds that it would help the Germans identify which unit was facing them. As Fusilier officer [[Robert Graves]] reported, "the regiment retorted by inquiring on what occasion since the retreat from Corunna, when the regiment was the last to leave Spain, with the keys of the town postern in the pocket of one of its officers, had any of His Majesty's enemies seen the back of a Royal Welch Fusilier?," and the matter remained "in abeyance throughout the war."<ref>{{cite book|title=Goodbye To All That|author-link=Robert Graves|page=85|last=Graves|first=Robert|year=1929|publisher=Anchor}}</ref> The efforts of the regiment to retain the distinction was further reinforced at a medal ceremony when [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] saw an officer of the regiment in the line. He ordered an About Turn and seeing the flash still on the tunic said ''[[sotto voce]]'', "don't ever let anyone take it from you!"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great War and Modern Memory|last=Fussell|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199971978|year=2013}}</ref> The wearing of the flash on service dress was extended to other ranks in 1924.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wearing of the Flash. Royal Welch Fusiliers' Distinction. |date=29 January 1924|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=14}}</ref>

As a [[fusilier]] regiment, the RWF wore a [[hackle]], which consisted of a plume of white feathers mounted behind the cap-badge of the modern beret.<ref name=cemetery/> The full dress of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, as worn by the entire regiment until 1914, included a racoon-skin hat (bearskin for officers) with a white hackle and a scarlet tunic with the dark blue facings of a Royal regiment. This uniform continued to be worn by the RWF's Corps of Drums and the Regimental Pioneers until the merger of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/british_helmets1.htm|title=British Headdress (1856–current)|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
==Regimental Prayer==
The Regimental Collect (or prayer as it is also known as) was in Welsh:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oremus.org/labarum/booklets/regtcollectsprayerspdf.pdf |title=Regimental Collects|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Tragwyddol Dduw, a gyfododd trwy dy nerth yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist o’r meirw, gynnal fe weddiwn, gwrhydri hynafol y Ffiwsilwyr Cymreig, fel yr oddefwn galedi yn ôl ei esiampl, ac y cyfodwn gydag ef i lewyrch fel yr hal yn dy deyrnas, trwy’r un Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd. Amen.}}

And in English:

{{blockquote|Eternal God, whose strength raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, uphold, we pray thee, the ancient valour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, that we may ever endure hardship after his example, and may rise with him to shine as the sun in thy Kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.}}

== See also ==
* [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]]
*[[List of British Army regiments and corps]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last = Barclay | first = C. N.| year = 1956| title = The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division in the Second World War| publisher = Wm. Clowes & Sons| location = London| oclc = 36762829}}
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Cannon|author-link=Richard Cannon|title=Historical Record of the Twenty-third, or the Royal Welch Fusiliers |date=1850 |location=London |publisher=Parker, Furnivall and Parker |isbn=9780665483523 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t8ff4n74z;view=1up;seq=28}}
*{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Howard N|title=On Wings of Healing: The Story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940–1960|publisher=William Blackwood|location=Edinburgh, United Kingdom|year=1963|oclc=29847628}}
* Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-007-3}}.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-009-X}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Harclerode|first=Peter|title=Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-304-36730-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=Bernd|last2=Wyczynski|first2=Michel|title=Paras versus the Reich: Canada's paratroopers at war, 1942-45|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|year=2003|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=978-1-55002-470-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Joslen|first=Lt-Col H.F.|title=Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945|publisher= London: HM Stationery Office|year= 1960|isbn= 978-1-84342-474-1}}
* Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, {{ISBN|0-582-48565-7}}.
* Ray Westlake, ''Tracing the Rifle Volunteers'', Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84884-211-3}}.
* {{cite book|last=Westlake|first=Ray |year=2002|title=English and Welsh Infantry Regiments: An Illustrated Record of Service|publisher= Staplehurst. Spellmount|isbn=978-1-86227-147-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/ The regimental museum]
* [http://www.rwfia.org/index.htm Royal Welch Fusiliers in America]
* [http://www.rwf-forum.co.uk/vBulletin/index.php The Royal Welch Fusiliers Forum]
* [http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk Colwyn Bay RWF Comrades Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024025447/http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk/ |date=24 October 2008 }}
* [http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk Clwyd and Gwynedd ACF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142517/http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk/ |date=17 March 2010 }}
* [http://www.britisharmedforces.org/i_regiments/roywelchfus_index.htm British Light Infantry Regiments – Royal Welch Fusiliers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers] – [[National Army Museum]]
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk The Long, Long Trail]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)]

{{Royal Welsh}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Welch Fusiliers| ]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments]]
[[Category:Welsh regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:1689 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Battalions of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wales]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wrexham]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1689]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]

Royal Welch Fusiliers

2024-08-27T20:11:56Z

GenEli1L1: /* Victoria Crosses */

{{Short description|Line infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{about||the march composed by John Philip Sousa|The Royal Welch Fusiliers (march)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 23rd Regiment of Foot Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers
| image = Royal Welsh Fusiliers Cap Badge.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cap badge
| dates = 16 March 1689 – 28 February 2006
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1689–1707) {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–2006)
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role = [[Line infantry]]
| size = 1–2 [[Standing army|Regular]] battalions 
4–12 [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer]] and [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] battalions 
Up to 25 hostilities-only battalions
| current_commander =
| garrison = [[Hightown Barracks]], [[Wrexham]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Charles III of the United Kingdom|The King]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] Brian Plummer
| nickname = The Nanny Goats<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=125}}</ref> The Royal Goats<ref name="Burnham"/>
|patron=
| motto = ''[[Ich Dien]]''
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Nine Years' War]] [[War of the Spanish Succession]] [[War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[American War of Independence]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Second China War]] [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[World War I|First World War]] [[World War II|Second World War]] [[The Troubles]] [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries = [[St. David's Day]] (1 March)
| identification_symbol = [[File:RWF TRF.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
| identification_symbol_2 = White
| identification_symbol_2_label = Hackle
}}

The '''Royal Welch Fusiliers''' ({{lang-cy|Ffiwsilwyr Brenhinol Cymreig}}) was a [[line infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], and part of the [[Prince of Wales's Division]], that was founded in 1689; shortly after the [[Glorious Revolution]]. In 1702, it was designated a [[fusilier]] regiment and became the '''Welch Regiment of Fusiliers'''; the prefix "Royal" was added in 1713, then confirmed in 1714 when [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] named it the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers'''. In 1751, after reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''. In 1881, the final title of the regiment was adopted.

It retained the archaic spelling of ''Welch'', instead of ''[[Wales|Welsh]]'', and ''Fuzileers'' for ''Fusiliers''; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antique-swords.com/AD77-1803P-Royal-Welsh-Fuzileers-Fusiliers-Officers.html|title=Napoleonic Welch Fuzileers Sword|publisher=Antique Swords|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> After the 1881 [[Childers Reforms]], normal spelling was used officially, but "Welch" continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.

It should not be confused with the [[Welch Regiment]], a different unit (formed in 1881 from the 41st and 69th) which recruited in South and West, rather than North Wales, and became part of the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] or '''RRW''' in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |title=Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum safeguards valuable First World War memories |date=15 April 2014 |publisher=Welsh Government |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025614/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |archive-date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>

One of the few regiments to retain its original title, in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion, [[Royal Welsh]], with RRW as the 2nd Battalion.

==History==
[[File:Henry Herbert Soest.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]], founder of the regiment]]

===Formation; 1689 to 1773===
The regiment was raised by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury|Henry Herbert]] at [[Ludlow]] on 16 March 1689, following the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] and exile of [[James II of England|James II]].<ref>Cannon, p. 1</ref><ref name = Frederick302>Frederick, pp. 302–6.</ref><ref name = RegtsRWF>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103213315/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/023RWF.htm RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref> It served throughout the 1689 to 1691 [[Williamite War in Ireland]], including the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690,<ref>Cannon, p. 5</ref> and the [[Battle of Aughrim]] in 1691 which brought the campaign to an end.<ref name=cannon13>Cannon, p. 13</ref> It joined Allied forces fighting in the [[Nine Years War]] and at [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Namur]] in August 1695, took part in the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork that inspired the song '[[The British Grenadiers]].'<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenihan|first1=Padraig|title=Namur Citadel, 1695: A Case Study in Allied Siege Tactics|journal=War in History|date=2011|volume=18|issue=3|page=298|doi=10.1177/0968344511401296|hdl=10379/6195|s2cid=159682220 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

On the outbreak of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1702, it became the '''Welch Regiment of Fuzilieers;''' this denoted [[Fusilier|units equipped with light-weight muskets]] or 'fusils' used to protect the artillery, although the distinction later became obsolete.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers">{{cite web |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |website=National Army Museum |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> It served throughout [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]'s campaigns in the Low Countries, including the battles of [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]], [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]] and [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd Foot |url=http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=23rd_Foot |website=Seven Years War Project |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1714, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] gave it the title of the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers.''' The next 28 years were spent on garrison duty in England and Scotland, until it returned to [[Flanders]] in 1742 for the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. At [[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]] in June 1743, it rallied after being driven back by the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|elite French Maison du Roi cavalry]]; its steadiness was a major contribution to what is considered a fortunate victory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=John H |title=History of the British Army; Volume II |date=1899 |pages=99–100}}</ref> It incurred 323 casualties at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] in May 1745, before a brief period in [[Scotland]] during the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]]. Over 240 members of the regiment were lost at [[Battle of Lauffeld|Lauffeld]] in July 1747, a defeat that led to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161">Fortescue, p. 161</ref>
[[File:Colored Print Battle of Minden 1785.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[Battle of Minden|Minden]], 1 August 1759, an action still celebrated as [[Minden Day]]]]
Following the 1751 reforms that standardised naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers"/> In the opening battle of the [[Seven Years' War]], it was part of the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Minorca garrison]] that surrendered to the French in June 1756; given free passage to Gibraltar, from 1758 it campaigned in Germany. At [[Battle of Minden|Minden]] in August 1759, it was one of the infantry units that routed the French cavalry, an achievement still celebrated as [[Minden Day]] by their successor unit, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161"/> Between 1760 and 1762, it fought in the battles of [[Battle of Warburg|Warburg]],<ref>Cannon, p. 83</ref> [[Battle of Kloster Kampen|Kloster Kampen]] 1760<ref>Cannon, p. 84</ref> and [[Battle of Wilhelmsthal|Wilhelmsthal]] in June 1762, before the war ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name = WestlakeWelsh>Westlake, ''English & Welsh Regiments'', pp. 75–6</ref>

When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1773, the regiment was posted to [[British North America|North America]].<ref>Cannon, p. 89</ref> The [[light infantry]] and [[grenadier]] companies took heavy losses at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775;<ref>Cannon, p. 93</ref> it participated in nearly every campaign up to the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in September 1781.<ref>Cannon, p. 113</ref> At Yorktown, it was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, which were smuggled out by a junior officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mikelynaugh.com/Yorktown/pages/IMG_3076.htm|title=Sign at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Redoubt in Yorktown, Virginia|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

In the early stages of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], it was posted to the [[West Indies]] in 1794 and participated in the 1795 capture of [[Port-au-Prince]] before returning home in 1796.<ref>Cannon, p. 117</ref> As part of the expeditionary force assigned to the 1799 [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]], it fought at [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Alkmaar]] in October 1799.<ref>Cannon, p. 120</ref>
[[Image:23rd royal welsh fusiliers.JPG|thumb|left|130px| 23rd Royal Welch Fusilier guarding a statue of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] in London.]]

===19th century===
[[File:Invasion of Martinique (1809) Monument, St. George's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Monument to Royal Welch Fusiliers who died in the [[Military history of Nova Scotia#Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique (1809)]], [[St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia]]]]
Apart from [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801 and the [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]] in 1809 the regiment saw little action in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] until being sent to the [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]] in 1810.<ref>Cannon, p. 134</ref> Between 1811 and 1814, it fought in many of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s actions, including the battles of [[Battle of Albuera|Albuera]], [[Second Siege of Badajoz (1811)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]] and [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]].<ref>Cannon, pp.136–150</ref> At the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in June 1815, it was part of Lieutenant Colonel [[Hugh Henry Mitchell|Hugh Mitchell]]'s 4th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |title=A Short Account of the Life and adventures of Private Thomas Jeremiah 23rd or Royal Welch Fusiliers 1812–37 |publisher=The Gareth Glover Collection |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402070835/http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |archive-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the [[Crimean War]], the [[Second Opium War]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] and the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/illustration/third-anglo-burmese-war-royal-welsh-royalty-free-illustration/1154126750|title=The Storming of Zeedaw: Royal Welch Fusiliers lying down in position for the attack before dawn|date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Getty Images|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Cardwell Reforms]] of 1872 linked most infantry regiments in pairs, but because the 23rd already had two battalions it was unaffected. Cardwell also introduced 'Localisation of the Forces', which established permanent regimental depots in county towns and brigaded the regular regiments with their local [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] and [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer]] battalions.<ref>Spiers, pp. 195–6.</ref> For the 23rd, this included:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List>''Army List'', various dates.</ref>
* 23rd Brigade Depot at [[Hightown Barracks]] in [[Wrexham]] from 1873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |title=Training Depots 1873–1881 |publisher=Regiments.org |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Royal Anglesey Light Infantry]] – ''converted to Engineers in 1877''<ref name = FrederickMil>Frederick, pp. 162–4.</ref>
* [[Royal Flint Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Carnarvon Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Administrative Battalion, Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 57–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsDen>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051226171148/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/rwf-4.htm 4th Bn RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref>
* [[1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers#Volunteer Force|1st Administrative Battalion, Flintshire & Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 37–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsCarn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117162151/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/carnarvn.htm Carnarvonshire & Anglesey Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref><ref name = WestlakeFlint>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref name = RegtsFlint>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117171929/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/flint.htm Flintshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The [[Childers Reforms]] of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further. The regiments were given names rather than numbers the regiment officially became '''The Royal Welsh Fusiliers''' on 1 July 1881,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24992|pages=3300–3301|date=1 July 1881}}</ref> although "Welch" was used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortyfirst.org/the-regiment-1719-to-now.html|title=The Regiment, 1719 to Now|first=Jim |last=Yaworsky|publisher=The Forty First|access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The depot became the 23rd Regimental District depot, and the militia and volunteers became numbered battalions of their linked regiment (though the Royal Flint Rifles joined the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<ref name = FrederickMil/><ref>Frederick, pp. 242–3.</ref>):
* [[3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion]] – ''3rd (Royal Denbigh and Flint Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion]] – ''4th (Royal Carnarvon and Merioneth Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Denbighshire Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Flintshire & Carnarvon Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''formed in 1897 from the Carnarvonshire companies of the 2nd VB''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>

The 1st battalion served in the 1899 to 1902 [[Second Boer War]];<ref name = WestlakeWelsh/> and returned home from South Africa on the SS ''Ortona'' in January 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - Troops returning Home|date=22 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36984}}</ref>

The 2nd battalion was stationed at [[Hong Kong]] from 1898 to 1902, and served in the multinational force involved in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers | publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> They fought alongside the [[United States Marine Corps]] (see pages 32–33 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/A%20Different%20War-Marines%20in%20Europe%20and%20North%20Africa%20%20PCN%2019000312500.pdf|title=A Different War-Marines in Europe and North Africa%20 PCN 19000312500.pdf|publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center|year=1994}}</ref> They transferred to [[British Raj|India]] in October 1902, and were stationed at [[Chakrata]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=10 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36895}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Colour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Regimental Colour]] of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, a Territorial unit of the Royal Welch Fusiliers<ref>{{cite web |title=6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=880 |website=Wartime Memories |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:5th_Battalion,_Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers_Cigarette_Card.jpg|thumb|Player's cigarette card showing a [[Pioneer (military)|pioneer]] of the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1908 in full dress uniform.]]
The [[Haldane Reforms]] of 1908 converted the remaining Militia into the [[Special Reserve]] (SR) and the Volunteers into the [[Territorial Force]] (TF).<ref>Dunlop, Chapter 14.</ref><ref>Spiers, Chapter 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|title=Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=31 March 1908|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812022930/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|url-status=live}}</ref> The battalions were now numbered sequentially within their regiment. The TF battalions of the RWF were given subtitles in 1909:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List/><ref name = RegtsRWF/>
* [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Reserve) Battalion]] (SR) at [[Poyser Street drill hall, Wrexham|Poyser Street]] in [[Wrexham]]
* [[4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|4th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Poyser Street, Wrexham<ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|5th (Flintshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Castle Precinct in [[Flint, Flintshire|Flint]] (since demolished)<ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|6th (Carnarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Caernarfon Barracks]] in [[Caernarfon]]<ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/>
* [[7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Back Lane drill hall, Newtown|Back Lane Drill Hall]] in [[Newtown, Powys|Newtown, Montgomeryshire]] – ''transferred from the [[South Wales Borderers]]''<ref name = WestlakeMont>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', p. 185.</ref><ref name = RegtsM&M>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117170415/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/merimont.htm Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The four TF Battalions constituted the [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|North Wales Brigade]] in the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|Welsh Division]].<ref name = Becke53>Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 117–23.</ref><ref name = TrailRWF>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/ Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = Trail53>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/53rd-welsh-division/ 53rd (Welsh) Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>

====First World War; Regular Army====
The 1st and 2nd battalions served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] from 1914 to 1918 and took part in some of the hardest fighting of the war, including [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] in 1916 and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele or Third Ypres]] in 1917.<ref name=James>James, pp. 66–8.</ref><ref name=trail>{{cite web|url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Claims in 2008 they participated in the semi-mythical [[Christmas truce|Christmas 1914 Football Game]] with the Germans have since been disproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |title=Frelinghien |publisher=Christmas Truce |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228090201/http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |archive-date=28 December 2009 }}</ref>

A number of writers fought with the regiment in France and recorded their experiences; [[David Cuthbert Thomas|David Thomas]] (killed 1916), [[Robert Graves]] and [[Siegfried Sassoon]] all served with the 1st Battalion. [[Bernard Adams (writer)|John Bernard Pye Adams]], a captain with the 1st Battalion, was wounded in 1916, and while on medical leave, wrote ''Nothing of Importance'', his recollections of trench life. Adams did not live to see its publication — after returning to the front in January 1917, he died in action a month later.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.beckenhamhistory.co.uk/world-war-one-archive/item/7-adams-john-bernard-pye | title =Adams, John Bernard Pye | website =Beckenham History | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> His book, published a few months after his death, was the only memoir of trench experiences published in Great Britain during the war<ref name=cas>{{cite web | url =http://www.stanwardine.com/cgi-bin/malvernww1.pl?id=2Adams | title =Captain John Bernard Pye Adams | website =Malvern College First World War Casualty | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> and was well received by both ''[[The Times]]'' and the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name=malvernian>{{cite journal | title =Nothing of Importance by Bernard Adams | journal =The Malvernian | issue =364 | pages =572 | publisher =[[Malvern College]] | date =November 1917 | url =https://www.malverniansocietyarchives.co.uk/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf&origFilename=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf | access-date = 2022-05-03}}</ref>

[[J. C. Dunn|J C Dunn]], a medical officer with the 2nd Battalion who had also served in the [[Second Boer War|1899–1902 Boer War]], published ''The War the Infantry Knew'' in 1931. A collection of letters and diary entries from over 50 individuals, it is considered a classic by military historians for its treatment of daily life and death in the trenches.<ref>{{cite web |title=The War the Infantry Knew: 1914–1919, by Captain J.C. Dunn |url=https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-the-infantry-knew-by-captain-jc-dunn |website=Educationumbrella |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'' by Robert Graves was first published in 1929 and has never been out of print; in one anecdote, he records the Regimental Goat Major being charged with 'prostituting the Royal Goat' in return for a [[Stud (animal)|stud fee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |title=Goodbye to all that |date=1929 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0141184593 |page=71}}</ref> Graves also edited ''Old Soldiers Never Die'', published in 1933; a rare example of the war seen by an ordinary soldier, it was written by [[Francis Philip Woodruff|Frank Richards]], a pre-war regular recalled in 1914, who served on the Western Front until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Frank|title=Old Soldiers Never Die|publisher=Naval & Military Press|date=2001|isbn=978-1843420262}}</ref> The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917, were members of Kitchener battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820074913/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-date=2009-08-20|title=Welsh bard falls in the battle fields of Flanders |publisher=Museumwales.ac.uk |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>

[[File:Hedd Wyn Grave at Artillery Wood Cemetery 7.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The grave of Welsh poet [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917]]

====First World War; Territorial and War Service====
The TF battalions raised 2nd and 3rd Line battalions; in addition, the regiment raised over a dozen 'war service' battalions, informally known as [[Kitchener's Army|Kitchener]] or [[Pals battalion]]s.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>Peter Simkins, ''Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 – 1916'' (2007)</ref>

The 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was one of the first TF units to see active service, landing in France in November 1914, where it remained until January 1919.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=4th Denbighshire Battalion |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=878 |website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Between 1915 and 1918, another 10 Royal Welch Kitchener battalions also fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the battles of [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]; a number of these were disbanded in early 1918 due to manpower shortages. The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]] served with The 11th (Service) Battalion landed in [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] in November 1915, where it remained for the duration of the war.<ref name=James /><ref>{{cite web |title=11th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=7380|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

The 5th, 6th, 7th Territorial battalions fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] as part of the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]]; by January 1916, it contained 162 officers and 2,428 men, approximately 15% of full strength.<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/> The 8th Kitchener Battalion was also at Gallipoli as part of [[13th (Western) Division]]. They remained in the Middle East until the end of the war, the 53rd (Welsh) taking part in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] and the 13th (Western) in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]].<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/><ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=7th (Merioneth & Montgomery) |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=881|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

====Interwar====
The TF was reformed in 1920 and reorganised as the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) the following year. In 1938 the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion was converted into [[60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]. Just before the outbreak of World War II the Territorial Army was doubled in size and the battalions created duplicates:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref>Frederick, pp. 920–2.</ref>
* [[8th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|8th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 4th Bn''
* [[9th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|9th (Caernarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] – ''from the 6th Bn''
* [[10th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|10th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 7th Bn''
* [[70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery|70th Anti-Tank Regiment]] – ''from the 60th Rgt; granted Royal Welch Fusiliers subtitle in 1942)''

====Second World War; Regular Army====
The regiment was awarded 27 [[battle honour]]s for [[World War II]], with more than 1,200 fusiliers killed in action or died of wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwelsh.org.uk/regiment/history-regiment-timeline.htm|title=Timeline|publisher=Royal Welsh|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:The British Army in France 1940 F2913.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers celebrate St David's Day, 1 March 1940]]

During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was a [[Regular army|Regular Army]] unit and part of the [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Infantry Brigade]], assigned to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]]. It served in France in 1940 with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]].<ref>Joslen, p. 240</ref> The battalion fought in the short but fierce battles of [[Battle of France|France]] and [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]] and was forced to retreat and be evacuated during the [[Dunkirk evacuation]]. After two years spent in the United Kingdom, waiting and preparing for the invasion that never came ([[Operation Sea Lion]]), the 1st RWF and the rest of 2nd Division were sent to [[British Raj|British India]] to fight the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] after a string of defeats inflicted upon the British and Indian troops. The battalion was involved in the [[Burma Campaign]], particularly the [[Battle of Kohima]], nicknamed ''[[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] of the East'' due to the ferocity of fighting on both sides, that helped to turn the tide of the campaign in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South East Asian theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|title=2nd British Division|publisher=Burma Star Association|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929081558/https://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion was part of [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Independent Infantry Brigade]] throughout the war. In 1942, it fought in the [[Battle of Madagascar]], then part of [[Vichy French]], before being transferred to the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]]. In 1944, the battalion and brigade became part of [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th British Infantry Division]], previously an Indian Army formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|title=36th Division|publisher=British Military History|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1944 SE2889.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Royal Welsh Fusiliers move forward on a jungle path near Pinbaw, [[Burma]], December 1944]]

Both battalions came under the command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Bill Slim]], commander of the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fourteenth Army]]. This was known as the 'Forgotten Fourteenth,' allegedly because it fought in a theatre that seemed largely unnoticed and had little importance to the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/09/19/lord_slim_feature.shtml|title=The Greatest Commander of the 20th Century?|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

====Second World War; Territorial and War Service====
[[File:Fusilier Tom Payne from 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Normandy, 12 August 1944. B9005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Fusilier Tom Payne of 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, [[Normandy]], 12 August 1944]]

The 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions, all [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] units, served in [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|158th (Royal Welch) Brigade]] assigned to the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division]].<ref>Joslen, p. 346</ref> They took part in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] at [[Operation Jupiter (1944)|Hill 112]], where the 53rd Division suffered heavy casualties. Due to heavy fighting and casualties in Normandy, some of the battalions were posted to different brigades within the division. The 53rd again suffered heavily during [[Operation Veritable]] (the Battle of the Reichswald) under command of the [[First Canadian Army]], in which action the British and Canadians, and the 53rd Division in particular, endured some of the fiercest fighting of the entire European Campaign against [[Fallschirmjäger (World War II)|German paratroops]].<ref>Barclay, p. 125</ref>

The 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were 2nd Line Territorial battalions raised in 1939 as duplicates of the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions respectively. The battalions initially served in the [[115th Brigade (United Kingdom)|115th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Brigade]], [[38th (Welsh) Infantry Division|38th (Welsh) Division]], itself a 2nd Line duplicate of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.<ref>Joslen, pp. 87–88</ref>

The 8th and 9th battalions never saw action abroad, remaining in the UK throughout the war in a training role, supplying trained replacements to units overseas. In this capacity, the 9th battalion served with the [[80th Infantry (Reserve) Division (United Kingdom)|80th Infantry (Reserve) Division]] and the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division.<ref>Joslen, p. 374</ref>
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B12617.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[3-inch mortar]] of the 7th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 8 December 1944]]
In the summer of 1942, the 10th battalion was converted into the [[6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion|6th (Royal Welch) Battalion]], [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]].<ref>Horn, p. 270</ref> The 6th Parachute Battalion was assigned to the [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Parachute Brigade]], alongside the [[4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment|4th]] and [[5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion|5th]] Parachute battalions, originally part of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]. The battalion played a small part in the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] during [[Operation Slapstick]], an amphibious landing aimed at capturing the port of Taranto. After that, the 2nd Para Brigade became an independent brigade group. The brigade took part in [[Operation Dragoon]], the Allied invasion of Southern France, being the only British troops to do so (see [[2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France]]).<ref>Harclerode, pp. 425–426</ref> In late 1944, the brigade was sent to Greece to support pro-Western forces in the [[Greek Civil War]], a forgotten but brutal episode now seen as the first act of the post-1945 [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nachmani |first1=Amikam |title=Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946–49 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.1177/002200949002500406 |jstor=260759 |s2cid=159813355 }}</ref>

In 1938, the 5th Battalion transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]] as 60th Anti-Tank Regiment and in 1939, added a 2nd-Line duplicate, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nigelef.tripod.com/regtsumm.htm|title=Field Artillery Formations and Regiments of the Royal Artillery in World War 2|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Unlike 1914–1918, there were relatively few service battalions, one being 11th (Home Defence) Battalion, raised in 1939 as part of the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]].<ref name = RegtsRWF/> Formed in 1940, the 12th battalion became [[116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] in January 1942 and served with [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]] until disbanded in December 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Jonathan |title=116 (Royal Welch) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment |url=http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |website=Jonathan Ware |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110054/http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Derek|title=116 Light AA Regiment RA(TA)|url=http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page110.html|website=The Royal Artillery 1939–1945|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Post Second World War===
The 2nd Battalion Royal Welch remained overseas after the Second World War, with a posting to Burma (still a colony until 4 January 1948) and performed internal security duties. On 7 March 1947 a party aboard a train were ambushed by bandits and seven soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2084605/william-gordon-burgoyne/#&gid=2&pid=1|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref>Epilogue in Burma, 1945-48", McEnery J.H. Published 1990</ref>

The regiment did not take part in the [[Gulf War]], but did perform several tours in [[Northern Ireland]] ([[Operation Banner]]) before being deployed to the Balkans.<ref name=nam>{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], the regiment came to attention when 33 of their men and 350 other [[United Nations|UN]] servicemen part of [[UNPROFOR]] were taken hostage by Bosnian Serbs at [[Goražde]] on 28 May 1995.<ref>{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons |title=Sittings of the House| url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-05-31/Debate-1.html | date = 31 May 1995 | column_start = 999 | column_end = 1009}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Conflict in the Balkans: The Peacekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/world/conflict-in-the-balkans-the-peacekeepers-at-risk-british-troops-keep-watch.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 May 1995}}</ref> The situation caused some political debate as the UN troops had been given orders only to "deter attacks" and did not have a mandate or adequate equipment to fully defend the mainly Muslim town of Goražde, which was initially declared "safe" by the UN, thus rendering them exposed when armed members of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] ([[Bosnian Serb]] Army) ignored the [[NATO]] ultimatum and attacked the town without warning. The regiment managed to hold off the Bosnian Serbs until they were forced to retreat into [[bunker]]s – those who did not make it quickly enough were taken hostage – and remained trapped underground while [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|BiH Army]] reinforcements arrived and fought back. The [[commanding officer]], Lt Col [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Riley]] (later promoted to Lieutenant General), broke with protocol and directly reported to then Prime Minister [[John Major]] about the situation over the phone while in the bunker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commander in Bosnia mission impossible|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2534831.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> All the men were eventually safely rescued. An unprecedented five gallantry awards, seven [[Mention in Despatches|mentions in despatches]] and two [[Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service|Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service]] were awarded to the regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bosnia's troops' tally of medal set a record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bosnia-troops-tally-of-medals-sets-a-record-1346463.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=10 May 1996}}</ref> Although the incident was largely unreported at that time, the regiment was credited in hindsight by observers for saving the town from a possible genocide—after failing to take Goražde, the Bosnian Serbs continued south to [[Srebrenica]], where they would [[Srebrenica massacre|massacre]] over 8,000 [[Bosniak]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2535155.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref>

===Amalgamation===
It was one of only five line infantry regiments never to have been amalgamated in its entire history, the others being [[Royal Scots|The Royal Scots]], [[Green Howards|The Green Howards]], [[Cheshire Regiment|The Cheshire Regiment]], and [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|The King's Own Scottish Borderers]]. However, in 2004, it was announced that, as part of the restructuring of the infantry, the Royal Welch Fusiliers would merge with the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form a new large regiment, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name=nam/>

To honour the links between the regiment and the United States Marine Corps on the 16 September 1945 a set of Marine colours were presented to the regiment at the parish church in Wrexham to commemorate their close connection (see page 32 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc/>

The regiment has a chapel within St Giles Parish Church Wrexham containing their colours and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stgilesparishchurchwrexham.org.uk/index.php/history |title=History|publisher=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> There is an image available taken in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdrcreme.com/photo-gallery/57305/st-giles-parish-church-wrexham?q=gallery |title=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|publisher=hdrcreme|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Regimental museum==
The [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]] is located in [[Caernarfon]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/|title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:<ref name = RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*Namur 1695, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Minden, Egypt
*''Peninsular War'': Corunna, Martinique 1809, [[Battle of Albuhera|Albuhera]], [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of Orthes|Orthes]], [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]], Peninsula
*''Napoleonic War'': [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]
* ''Crimean War'': [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Battle of Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]
* Lucknow, Ashantee 1873–1874, Burma 1885–1887, [[Relief of Ladysmith]], South Africa 1899–1902, Pekin 1900
*''First World War'': [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]], [[Retreat from Mons]], [[First Battle of the Marne|Marne 1914]], [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne 1914 '18]], La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914 '17 '18, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914 '17, Gheluvelt, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Bullecourt, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–1918, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–1918, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915–1918, Suvla, Sari Bair, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–1916, Rumani, Egypt 1915–1917, Gaza, El Mughar, Jerusalem, Jericho, Tell 'Asur, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–1918
*''Second World War'': Dyle, Defence of Escaut, St. Omer-La Bassée, Caen, Esquay, Falaise, Nederrijn, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Weeze, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, Donbaik, North Arakan, Kohima, Mandalay, Ava, Burma 1943–1945

==Victoria Crosses==
The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
* Captain [[Edward William Derrington Bell]], [[Crimean War]] (20 September 1854)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261|title=Edward William Derrington Bell VC, CB|publisher=The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629155851/https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Thomas Bernard Hackett]], [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (18 November 1857)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22248|page=1482|date=12 April 1859}}</ref>
* Company Sergeant Major [[Frederick Barter]], [[First World War]] (16 May 1915)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210|page=6269|date=29 June 1915}}</ref>
* Corporal [[John Collins (VC)|John Collins]], First World War (31 October 1917)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergeant John COLLINS|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/pucollin.htm|publisher=Victoria Cross Society|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>
* Corporal [[James Llewellyn Davies]], First World War (31 July 1917)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30272|supp=y|page=9260|date=4 September 1917}}</ref>
* Corporal [[Joseph John Davies]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916 |page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Lt-Colonel [[Charles Doughty-Wylie]], First World War (26 April 1915)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Colin|title=How Gertrude Bell Caused a Desert Storm|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=23 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Private [[Albert Hill (VC)|Albert Hill]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916|page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Colour-Sergeant [[Luke O'Connor]], Crimean War (20 September 1854)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21971 |date=24 February 1857 |page=659 }}</ref>
* [[Lance sergeant|Lance-Sergeant]] [[William Herbert Waring]], First World War (18 September 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 31155|date=28 January 1919 |page=1504|supp=y}}</ref>
* [[Lance corporal|Lance-Corporal]] [[Henry Weale]], First World War (26 August 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31012|supp=y|page=13473|date=12 November 1918}}</ref>

==Colonels-in-Chief==
The Colonels-in-Chief of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1901: [[George V|King George V]]
*1936: [[George VI|King George VI]]
*1953: [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]

==Regimental Colonels==
The Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1689: Col. [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]]
*1689–1691: Col. Charles Herbert
*1691–1692: Col. [[Toby Purcell]]
*1692–1693: Col. Sir John Morgan, 2nd Baronet
*1693–1705: Lt-Gen. [[Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)|Richard Ingoldsby]]

;The Royal Regiment of Welch Fuzileers (1723)
*1705–1739: Gen. [[Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)|Joseph Sabine]]
*1739–1743: Col. Newsham Peers
*1743–1761: Gen. [[John Huske]]
*1761–1775: Lt-Gen. Hon [[George Boscawen (British Army officer, born 1712)|George Boscawen]]
*1775–1786: Gen. Sir [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe]], KB
*1786–1823: Gen. [[Richard Grenville (1742–1823)|Richard Grenville]]
*1823–1851: Gen. Sir [[Sir James Willoughby Gordon, 1st Baronet|James Willoughby Gordon, Bt.]], GCB, GCH
*1851–1855: Lt-Gen. Sir [[George Charles D'Aguilar]], KCB
*1855–1860: Lt-Gen. [[Henry Rainey (British Army officer)|Henry Rainey]], CB, KH
*1860–1875: Gen. Sir [[William Codrington (British Army officer)|William Codrington]], GCB
*1875–1898: Gen. [[Charles Crutchley]]

;The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1881)
*1898–1910: Gen. Sir [[Edward Bulwer (British Army officer)|Edward Earle Gascoigne Bulwer]], GCB
*1910–1914: Maj-Gen. Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, KCB
*1914–1915: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Luke O'Connor]], VC, KCB

;The Royal Welch Fusiliers (1921)
*1915–1926: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Francis Lloyd (British Army officer)|Francis Lloyd]], GCVO, KCB, DSO
*1926–1938: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Charles Macpherson Dobell]], KCB, CMG, DSO
*1938–1942: Maj-Gen. [[John Minshull-Ford|John Randle Minshull-Ford]], CB, DSO, MC
*1942–1947: Maj-Gen. Nigel Maitland Wilson, CB, DSO, OBE
*1947–1948: Brig. [[Llewellyn Alston|Llewellyn Augustus Arthur Alston]], CBE, DSO, MC
*1948–1952: Brig. Sir Eric Ommanney Skaife, CB, OBE
*1952–1965: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Hugh Stockwell|Hugh Charles Stockwell]], KBE, CB, DSO
*1965–1974: Col. John Edward Theodore Willes, MBE
*1974–1984: Maj-Gen. [[Peter Raymond Leuchars]], CBE
*1984–1990: Brig. Anthony Chester Vivian, CBE
*1990–1997: Maj-Gen. Richard Morgan Llewellyn, CB, OBE
*1997–2001: Brig. David John Ross, CBE
*2001–2005: Maj-Gen. Brian Peter Plummer, CBE
*2005–2006: Maj-Gen. [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Peter Riley]], DSO
*''2006: Regiment amalgamated with [[The Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form [[The Royal Welsh]]''

==Alliances==

The regiment had an alliance with the Canadian [[Royal 22nd Regiment|Royal 22e Régiment]] from 1927 until its amalgamation in 2006; this alliance included the frequent exchange of personnel between the two regiments.<ref>Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment 1914-1999, Art Global, 1999, pp 87 and 88 and Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment'' (Les Editions GID, 2013), PP 60 and 61.</ref>

==Regimental mascot==
As with the Royal Regiment of Wales, the regiment traditionally had a goat, never called a mascot. The tradition dated back to at least 1775, and possibly to the regiment's formation. The goat was always named 'Billy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/8100259.stm|title=Soldiers choose regimental goat|publisher=BBC|date=15 June 2009|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Uniform==
Soldiers of this regiment were distinguishable by the unique feature of the "flash", consisting of five overlapping black silk ribbons (seven inches long for soldiers and nine inches long for officers) on the back of the uniform jacket at neck level.<ref name=cemetery>{{cite web|url=http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/fusiliers.html|title=23rd Foot – 7th Foot|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> This is a legacy of the days when it was normal for soldiers to wear [[pigtail]]s. In 1808, this practice was discontinued but when the order was issued the RWF were serving in [[Nova Scotia]] and had not received the instruction when the regiment departed to join an expedition to the West Indies.<ref>British Army Uniforms & Insignia of World War Two; Brian L. Davis</ref> In 1834 the officers of the 23rd Foot were finally granted permission by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] to wear this non-regulation item as a distinction on the full dress uniform as "a peculiarity whereby to mark the dress of that distinguished regiment".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mainwaring|first=Rowland Broughton|author-link=Rowland Mainwaring|title=Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Late the Twenty-third Regiment: Or, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fuzeliers) Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1689, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1889|year=1889|publisher=Hatchards|page=147}}</ref> This was extended to all ranks in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is "The Flash"?|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/en_faq.html|publisher=Royal Welch Fusiliers Regimental Museum|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Khaki]] service dress replaced the scarlet tunic as the principal uniform, and the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] attempted to remove the flash during the [[First World War]], citing the grounds that it would help the Germans identify which unit was facing them. As Fusilier officer [[Robert Graves]] reported, "the regiment retorted by inquiring on what occasion since the retreat from Corunna, when the regiment was the last to leave Spain, with the keys of the town postern in the pocket of one of its officers, had any of His Majesty's enemies seen the back of a Royal Welch Fusilier?," and the matter remained "in abeyance throughout the war."<ref>{{cite book|title=Goodbye To All That|author-link=Robert Graves|page=85|last=Graves|first=Robert|year=1929|publisher=Anchor}}</ref> The efforts of the regiment to retain the distinction was further reinforced at a medal ceremony when [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] saw an officer of the regiment in the line. He ordered an About Turn and seeing the flash still on the tunic said ''[[sotto voce]]'', "don't ever let anyone take it from you!"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great War and Modern Memory|last=Fussell|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199971978|year=2013}}</ref> The wearing of the flash on service dress was extended to other ranks in 1924.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wearing of the Flash. Royal Welch Fusiliers' Distinction. |date=29 January 1924|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=14}}</ref>

As a [[fusilier]] regiment, the RWF wore a [[hackle]], which consisted of a plume of white feathers mounted behind the cap-badge of the modern beret.<ref name=cemetery/> The full dress of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, as worn by the entire regiment until 1914, included a racoon-skin hat (bearskin for officers) with a white hackle and a scarlet tunic with the dark blue facings of a Royal regiment. This uniform continued to be worn by the RWF's Corps of Drums and the Regimental Pioneers until the merger of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/british_helmets1.htm|title=British Headdress (1856–current)|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
==Regimental Prayer==
The Regimental Collect (or prayer as it is also known as) was in Welsh:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oremus.org/labarum/booklets/regtcollectsprayerspdf.pdf |title=Regimental Collects|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Tragwyddol Dduw, a gyfododd trwy dy nerth yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist o’r meirw, gynnal fe weddiwn, gwrhydri hynafol y Ffiwsilwyr Cymreig, fel yr oddefwn galedi yn ôl ei esiampl, ac y cyfodwn gydag ef i lewyrch fel yr hal yn dy deyrnas, trwy’r un Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd. Amen.}}

And in English:

{{blockquote|Eternal God, whose strength raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, uphold, we pray thee, the ancient valour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, that we may ever endure hardship after his example, and may rise with him to shine as the sun in thy Kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.}}

== See also ==
* [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]]
*[[List of British Army regiments and corps]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last = Barclay | first = C. N.| year = 1956| title = The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division in the Second World War| publisher = Wm. Clowes & Sons| location = London| oclc = 36762829}}
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Cannon|author-link=Richard Cannon|title=Historical Record of the Twenty-third, or the Royal Welch Fusiliers |date=1850 |location=London |publisher=Parker, Furnivall and Parker |isbn=9780665483523 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t8ff4n74z;view=1up;seq=28}}
*{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Howard N|title=On Wings of Healing: The Story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940–1960|publisher=William Blackwood|location=Edinburgh, United Kingdom|year=1963|oclc=29847628}}
* Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-007-3}}.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-009-X}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Harclerode|first=Peter|title=Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-304-36730-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=Bernd|last2=Wyczynski|first2=Michel|title=Paras versus the Reich: Canada's paratroopers at war, 1942-45|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|year=2003|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=978-1-55002-470-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Joslen|first=Lt-Col H.F.|title=Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945|publisher= London: HM Stationery Office|year= 1960|isbn= 978-1-84342-474-1}}
* Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, {{ISBN|0-582-48565-7}}.
* Ray Westlake, ''Tracing the Rifle Volunteers'', Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84884-211-3}}.
* {{cite book|last=Westlake|first=Ray |year=2002|title=English and Welsh Infantry Regiments: An Illustrated Record of Service|publisher= Staplehurst. Spellmount|isbn=978-1-86227-147-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/ The regimental museum]
* [http://www.rwfia.org/index.htm Royal Welch Fusiliers in America]
* [http://www.rwf-forum.co.uk/vBulletin/index.php The Royal Welch Fusiliers Forum]
* [http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk Colwyn Bay RWF Comrades Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024025447/http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk/ |date=24 October 2008 }}
* [http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk Clwyd and Gwynedd ACF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142517/http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk/ |date=17 March 2010 }}
* [http://www.britisharmedforces.org/i_regiments/roywelchfus_index.htm British Light Infantry Regiments – Royal Welch Fusiliers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers] – [[National Army Museum]]
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk The Long, Long Trail]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)]

{{Royal Welsh}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Welch Fusiliers| ]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments]]
[[Category:Welsh regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:1689 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Battalions of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wales]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wrexham]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1689]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]

Royal Welch Fusiliers

2024-08-27T20:09:54Z

GenEli1L1: /* Second World War; Territorial and War Service */

{{Short description|Line infantry regiment of the British Army}}
{{about||the march composed by John Philip Sousa|The Royal Welch Fusiliers (march)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 23rd Regiment of Foot Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers
| image = Royal Welsh Fusiliers Cap Badge.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Cap badge
| dates = 16 March 1689 – 28 February 2006
| country = {{flag|Kingdom of England}} (1689–1707) {{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1707–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–2006)
| branch = {{army|United Kingdom}}
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role = [[Line infantry]]
| size = 1–2 [[Standing army|Regular]] battalions 
4–12 [[Volunteer Force (Great Britain)|Volunteer]] and [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] battalions 
Up to 25 hostilities-only battalions
| current_commander =
| garrison = [[Hightown Barracks]], [[Wrexham]]
| ceremonial_chief = [[Charles III of the United Kingdom|The King]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment = [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] Brian Plummer
| nickname = The Nanny Goats<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=125}}</ref> The Royal Goats<ref name="Burnham"/>
|patron=
| motto = ''[[Ich Dien]]''
| colors =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[Williamite War in Ireland]] [[Nine Years' War]] [[War of the Spanish Succession]] [[War of the Austrian Succession]] [[Seven Years' War]] [[American War of Independence]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Second China War]] [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[World War I|First World War]] [[World War II|Second World War]] [[The Troubles]] [[Yugoslav Wars]]
| notable_commanders =
| anniversaries = [[St. David's Day]] (1 March)
| identification_symbol = [[File:RWF TRF.svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Tactical Recognition Flash
| identification_symbol_2 = White
| identification_symbol_2_label = Hackle
}}

The '''Royal Welch Fusiliers''' ({{lang-cy|Ffiwsilwyr Brenhinol Cymreig}}) was a [[line infantry]] [[regiment]] of the [[British Army]], and part of the [[Prince of Wales's Division]], that was founded in 1689; shortly after the [[Glorious Revolution]]. In 1702, it was designated a [[fusilier]] regiment and became the '''Welch Regiment of Fusiliers'''; the prefix "Royal" was added in 1713, then confirmed in 1714 when [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] named it the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers'''. In 1751, after reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''. In 1881, the final title of the regiment was adopted.

It retained the archaic spelling of ''Welch'', instead of ''[[Wales|Welsh]]'', and ''Fuzileers'' for ''Fusiliers''; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antique-swords.com/AD77-1803P-Royal-Welsh-Fuzileers-Fusiliers-Officers.html|title=Napoleonic Welch Fuzileers Sword|publisher=Antique Swords|access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> After the 1881 [[Childers Reforms]], normal spelling was used officially, but "Welch" continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.

It should not be confused with the [[Welch Regiment]], a different unit (formed in 1881 from the 41st and 69th) which recruited in South and West, rather than North Wales, and became part of the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] or '''RRW''' in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |title=Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum safeguards valuable First World War memories |date=15 April 2014 |publisher=Welsh Government |access-date=23 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417025614/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/firstminister/2014/8705942/?lang=en |archive-date=17 April 2014 }}</ref>

One of the few regiments to retain its original title, in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion, [[Royal Welsh]], with RRW as the 2nd Battalion.

==History==
[[File:Henry Herbert Soest.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]], founder of the regiment]]

===Formation; 1689 to 1773===
The regiment was raised by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury|Henry Herbert]] at [[Ludlow]] on 16 March 1689, following the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] and exile of [[James II of England|James II]].<ref>Cannon, p. 1</ref><ref name = Frederick302>Frederick, pp. 302–6.</ref><ref name = RegtsRWF>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103213315/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/023RWF.htm RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref> It served throughout the 1689 to 1691 [[Williamite War in Ireland]], including the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690,<ref>Cannon, p. 5</ref> and the [[Battle of Aughrim]] in 1691 which brought the campaign to an end.<ref name=cannon13>Cannon, p. 13</ref> It joined Allied forces fighting in the [[Nine Years War]] and at [[Siege of Namur (1695)|Namur]] in August 1695, took part in the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork that inspired the song '[[The British Grenadiers]].'<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lenihan|first1=Padraig|title=Namur Citadel, 1695: A Case Study in Allied Siege Tactics|journal=War in History|date=2011|volume=18|issue=3|page=298|doi=10.1177/0968344511401296|hdl=10379/6195|s2cid=159682220 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

On the outbreak of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1702, it became the '''Welch Regiment of Fuzilieers;''' this denoted [[Fusilier|units equipped with light-weight muskets]] or 'fusils' used to protect the artillery, although the distinction later became obsolete.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers">{{cite web |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |website=National Army Museum |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> It served throughout [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]'s campaigns in the Low Countries, including the battles of [[Battle of Schellenberg|Schellenberg]], [[Battle of Blenheim|Blenheim]] and [[Battle of Ramillies|Ramillies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=23rd Foot |url=http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/index.php?title=23rd_Foot |website=Seven Years War Project |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1714, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] gave it the title of the '''Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers.''' The next 28 years were spent on garrison duty in England and Scotland, until it returned to [[Flanders]] in 1742 for the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]. At [[Battle of Dettingen|Dettingen]] in June 1743, it rallied after being driven back by the [[Maison militaire du roi de France|elite French Maison du Roi cavalry]]; its steadiness was a major contribution to what is considered a fortunate victory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=John H |title=History of the British Army; Volume II |date=1899 |pages=99–100}}</ref> It incurred 323 casualties at [[Battle of Fontenoy|Fontenoy]] in May 1745, before a brief period in [[Scotland]] during the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]]. Over 240 members of the regiment were lost at [[Battle of Lauffeld|Lauffeld]] in July 1747, a defeat that led to the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161">Fortescue, p. 161</ref>
[[File:Colored Print Battle of Minden 1785.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|[[Battle of Minden|Minden]], 1 August 1759, an action still celebrated as [[Minden Day]]]]
Following the 1751 reforms that standardised naming and numbering of regiments, it became the '''23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers)'''.<ref name="The Royal Welch Fusiliers"/> In the opening battle of the [[Seven Years' War]], it was part of the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Minorca garrison]] that surrendered to the French in June 1756; given free passage to Gibraltar, from 1758 it campaigned in Germany. At [[Battle of Minden|Minden]] in August 1759, it was one of the infantry units that routed the French cavalry, an achievement still celebrated as [[Minden Day]] by their successor unit, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name="Fortescue, p. 161"/> Between 1760 and 1762, it fought in the battles of [[Battle of Warburg|Warburg]],<ref>Cannon, p. 83</ref> [[Battle of Kloster Kampen|Kloster Kampen]] 1760<ref>Cannon, p. 84</ref> and [[Battle of Wilhelmsthal|Wilhelmsthal]] in June 1762, before the war ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name = WestlakeWelsh>Westlake, ''English & Welsh Regiments'', pp. 75–6</ref>

When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1773, the regiment was posted to [[British North America|North America]].<ref>Cannon, p. 89</ref> The [[light infantry]] and [[grenadier]] companies took heavy losses at the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] in June 1775;<ref>Cannon, p. 93</ref> it participated in nearly every campaign up to the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in September 1781.<ref>Cannon, p. 113</ref> At Yorktown, it was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, which were smuggled out by a junior officer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mikelynaugh.com/Yorktown/pages/IMG_3076.htm|title=Sign at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Redoubt in Yorktown, Virginia|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

In the early stages of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], it was posted to the [[West Indies]] in 1794 and participated in the 1795 capture of [[Port-au-Prince]] before returning home in 1796.<ref>Cannon, p. 117</ref> As part of the expeditionary force assigned to the 1799 [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]], it fought at [[Battle of Alkmaar (1799)|Alkmaar]] in October 1799.<ref>Cannon, p. 120</ref>
[[Image:23rd royal welsh fusiliers.JPG|thumb|left|130px| 23rd Royal Welch Fusilier guarding a statue of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] in London.]]

===19th century===
[[File:Invasion of Martinique (1809) Monument, St. George's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg|thumb|Monument to Royal Welch Fusiliers who died in the [[Military history of Nova Scotia#Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique (1809)]], [[St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia]]]]
Apart from [[Egypt]] and the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Battle of Alexandria]] in 1801 and the [[Invasion of Martinique (1809)|Invasion of Martinique]] in 1809 the regiment saw little action in the [[Napoleonic Wars]] until being sent to the [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]] in 1810.<ref>Cannon, p. 134</ref> Between 1811 and 1814, it fought in many of [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s actions, including the battles of [[Battle of Albuera|Albuera]], [[Second Siege of Badajoz (1811)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]] and [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]].<ref>Cannon, pp.136–150</ref> At the [[Battle of Waterloo]] in June 1815, it was part of Lieutenant Colonel [[Hugh Henry Mitchell|Hugh Mitchell]]'s 4th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |title=A Short Account of the Life and adventures of Private Thomas Jeremiah 23rd or Royal Welch Fusiliers 1812–37 |publisher=The Gareth Glover Collection |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402070835/http://www.garethglovercollection.com/PrivateThomasJeremiah.htm |archive-date=2 April 2009 }}</ref>

In the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the [[Crimean War]], the [[Second Opium War]], the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] and the [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/illustration/third-anglo-burmese-war-royal-welsh-royalty-free-illustration/1154126750|title=The Storming of Zeedaw: Royal Welch Fusiliers lying down in position for the attack before dawn|date=7 June 2019 |publisher=Getty Images|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Cardwell Reforms]] of 1872 linked most infantry regiments in pairs, but because the 23rd already had two battalions it was unaffected. Cardwell also introduced 'Localisation of the Forces', which established permanent regimental depots in county towns and brigaded the regular regiments with their local [[Militia (United Kingdom)|Militia]] and [[Volunteer Force|Volunteer]] battalions.<ref>Spiers, pp. 195–6.</ref> For the 23rd, this included:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List>''Army List'', various dates.</ref>
* 23rd Brigade Depot at [[Hightown Barracks]] in [[Wrexham]] from 1873<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |title=Training Depots 1873–1881 |publisher=Regiments.org |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm |archive-date=10 February 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Royal Anglesey Light Infantry]] – ''converted to Engineers in 1877''<ref name = FrederickMil>Frederick, pp. 162–4.</ref>
* [[Royal Flint Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[Royal Carnarvon Rifles]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Administrative Battalion, Denbighshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 57–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsDen>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051226171148/http://regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/rwf-4.htm 4th Bn RWF at Regiments.org.]</ref>
* [[1st Flintshire Rifle Volunteers#Volunteer Force|1st Administrative Battalion, Flintshire & Carnarvonshire Rifle Volunteers]]<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 37–8.</ref><ref name = RegtsCarn>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117162151/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/carnarvn.htm Carnarvonshire & Anglesey Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref><ref name = WestlakeFlint>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', pp. 89–90.</ref><ref name = RegtsFlint>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117171929/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/flint.htm Flintshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The [[Childers Reforms]] of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further. The regiments were given names rather than numbers the regiment officially became '''The Royal Welsh Fusiliers''' on 1 July 1881,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24992|pages=3300–3301|date=1 July 1881}}</ref> although "Welch" was used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortyfirst.org/the-regiment-1719-to-now.html|title=The Regiment, 1719 to Now|first=Jim |last=Yaworsky|publisher=The Forty First|access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> The depot became the 23rd Regimental District depot, and the militia and volunteers became numbered battalions of their linked regiment (though the Royal Flint Rifles joined the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]<ref name = FrederickMil/><ref>Frederick, pp. 242–3.</ref>):
* [[3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Royal Denbigh and Merioneth Militia) Battalion]] – ''3rd (Royal Denbigh and Flint Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|4th (Royal Carnarvon Militia) Battalion]] – ''4th (Royal Carnarvon and Merioneth Militia) Battalion from 1889''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = FrederickMil/>
* [[1st Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Denbighshire Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[2nd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''from 1st Flintshire & Carnarvon Volunteers'''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[3rd Volunteer Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers]] – ''formed in 1897 from the Carnarvonshire companies of the 2nd VB''<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/><ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>

The 1st battalion served in the 1899 to 1902 [[Second Boer War]];<ref name = WestlakeWelsh/> and returned home from South Africa on the SS ''Ortona'' in January 1903.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - Troops returning Home|date=22 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36984}}</ref>

The 2nd battalion was stationed at [[Hong Kong]] from 1898 to 1902, and served in the multinational force involved in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-welch-fusiliers |title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers | publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> They fought alongside the [[United States Marine Corps]] (see pages 32–33 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc>{{cite web|url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/A%20Different%20War-Marines%20in%20Europe%20and%20North%20Africa%20%20PCN%2019000312500.pdf|title=A Different War-Marines in Europe and North Africa%20 PCN 19000312500.pdf|publisher=Marine Corps Historical Center|year=1994}}</ref> They transferred to [[British Raj|India]] in October 1902, and were stationed at [[Chakrata]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence|date=10 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36895}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Colour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Regimental Colour]] of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, a Territorial unit of the Royal Welch Fusiliers<ref>{{cite web |title=6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=880 |website=Wartime Memories |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>]]
[[File:5th_Battalion,_Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers_Cigarette_Card.jpg|thumb|Player's cigarette card showing a [[Pioneer (military)|pioneer]] of the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1908 in full dress uniform.]]
The [[Haldane Reforms]] of 1908 converted the remaining Militia into the [[Special Reserve]] (SR) and the Volunteers into the [[Territorial Force]] (TF).<ref>Dunlop, Chapter 14.</ref><ref>Spiers, Chapter 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|title=Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=31 March 1908|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812022930/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1908/mar/31/territorial-and-reserve-forces-act-1907|url-status=live}}</ref> The battalions were now numbered sequentially within their regiment. The TF battalions of the RWF were given subtitles in 1909:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref name = List/><ref name = RegtsRWF/>
* [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers|3rd (Reserve) Battalion]] (SR) at [[Poyser Street drill hall, Wrexham|Poyser Street]] in [[Wrexham]]
* [[4th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|4th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Poyser Street, Wrexham<ref name = WestlakeDen/><ref name = RegtsDen/>
* [[5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|5th (Flintshire) Battalion]] (TF) at Castle Precinct in [[Flint, Flintshire|Flint]] (since demolished)<ref name = WestlakeFlint/><ref name = RegtsFlint/>
* [[6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|6th (Carnarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Caernarfon Barracks]] in [[Caernarfon]]<ref name = WestlakeCarn/><ref name = RegtsCarn/>
* [[7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|7th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] (TF) at [[Back Lane drill hall, Newtown|Back Lane Drill Hall]] in [[Newtown, Powys|Newtown, Montgomeryshire]] – ''transferred from the [[South Wales Borderers]]''<ref name = WestlakeMont>Westlake, ''Rifle Volunteers'', p. 185.</ref><ref name = RegtsM&M>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060117170415/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/volmil-wales/vinf/merimont.htm Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.]</ref>

The four TF Battalions constituted the [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|North Wales Brigade]] in the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|Welsh Division]].<ref name = Becke53>Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 117–23.</ref><ref name = TrailRWF>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/ Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.]</ref><ref name = Trail53>[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/order-of-battle-of-divisions/53rd-welsh-division/ 53rd (Welsh) Division at Long, Long Trail.]</ref>

====First World War; Regular Army====
The 1st and 2nd battalions served on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] from 1914 to 1918 and took part in some of the hardest fighting of the war, including [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] in 1916 and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele or Third Ypres]] in 1917.<ref name=James>James, pp. 66–8.</ref><ref name=trail>{{cite web|url=http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/royal-welsh-fusiliers/|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref> Claims in 2008 they participated in the semi-mythical [[Christmas truce|Christmas 1914 Football Game]] with the Germans have since been disproved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |title=Frelinghien |publisher=Christmas Truce |access-date=3 July 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228090201/http://www.christmastruce.co.uk/frelinghien.html |archive-date=28 December 2009 }}</ref>

A number of writers fought with the regiment in France and recorded their experiences; [[David Cuthbert Thomas|David Thomas]] (killed 1916), [[Robert Graves]] and [[Siegfried Sassoon]] all served with the 1st Battalion. [[Bernard Adams (writer)|John Bernard Pye Adams]], a captain with the 1st Battalion, was wounded in 1916, and while on medical leave, wrote ''Nothing of Importance'', his recollections of trench life. Adams did not live to see its publication — after returning to the front in January 1917, he died in action a month later.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.beckenhamhistory.co.uk/world-war-one-archive/item/7-adams-john-bernard-pye | title =Adams, John Bernard Pye | website =Beckenham History | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> His book, published a few months after his death, was the only memoir of trench experiences published in Great Britain during the war<ref name=cas>{{cite web | url =http://www.stanwardine.com/cgi-bin/malvernww1.pl?id=2Adams | title =Captain John Bernard Pye Adams | website =Malvern College First World War Casualty | access-date =2022-05-03}}</ref> and was well received by both ''[[The Times]]'' and the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]''.<ref name=malvernian>{{cite journal | title =Nothing of Importance by Bernard Adams | journal =The Malvernian | issue =364 | pages =572 | publisher =[[Malvern College]] | date =November 1917 | url =https://www.malverniansocietyarchives.co.uk/Filename.ashx?systemFileName=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf&origFilename=Malvernian1917_0364.pdf | access-date = 2022-05-03}}</ref>

[[J. C. Dunn|J C Dunn]], a medical officer with the 2nd Battalion who had also served in the [[Second Boer War|1899–1902 Boer War]], published ''The War the Infantry Knew'' in 1931. A collection of letters and diary entries from over 50 individuals, it is considered a classic by military historians for its treatment of daily life and death in the trenches.<ref>{{cite web |title=The War the Infantry Knew: 1914–1919, by Captain J.C. Dunn |url=https://www.educationumbrella.com/curriculum-vital/book-review-the-war-the-infantry-knew-by-captain-jc-dunn |website=Educationumbrella |access-date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

''[[Good-Bye to All That]]'' by Robert Graves was first published in 1929 and has never been out of print; in one anecdote, he records the Regimental Goat Major being charged with 'prostituting the Royal Goat' in return for a [[Stud (animal)|stud fee]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Graves |first1=Robert |title=Goodbye to all that |date=1929 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0141184593 |page=71}}</ref> Graves also edited ''Old Soldiers Never Die'', published in 1933; a rare example of the war seen by an ordinary soldier, it was written by [[Francis Philip Woodruff|Frank Richards]], a pre-war regular recalled in 1914, who served on the Western Front until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=Frank|title=Old Soldiers Never Die|publisher=Naval & Military Press|date=2001|isbn=978-1843420262}}</ref> The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917, were members of Kitchener battalions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820074913/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1920/|archive-date=2009-08-20|title=Welsh bard falls in the battle fields of Flanders |publisher=Museumwales.ac.uk |date=2007-04-25 |access-date=2014-05-19}}</ref>

[[File:Hedd Wyn Grave at Artillery Wood Cemetery 7.jpg|thumb|upright|left|150px|The grave of Welsh poet [[Hedd Wyn]], killed at Passchendaele in 1917]]

====First World War; Territorial and War Service====
The TF battalions raised 2nd and 3rd Line battalions; in addition, the regiment raised over a dozen 'war service' battalions, informally known as [[Kitchener's Army|Kitchener]] or [[Pals battalion]]s.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>Peter Simkins, ''Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 – 1916'' (2007)</ref>

The 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was one of the first TF units to see active service, landing in France in November 1914, where it remained until January 1919.<ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=4th Denbighshire Battalion |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=878 |website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> Between 1915 and 1918, another 10 Royal Welch Kitchener battalions also fought on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], including the battles of [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]] and [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]]; a number of these were disbanded in early 1918 due to manpower shortages. The poets [[David Jones (artist-poet)|David Jones]] and [[Hedd Wyn]] served with The 11th (Service) Battalion landed in [[Thessaloniki|Salonika]] in November 1915, where it remained for the duration of the war.<ref name=James /><ref>{{cite web |title=11th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=7380|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

The 5th, 6th, 7th Territorial battalions fought at [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] as part of the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]]; by January 1916, it contained 162 officers and 2,428 men, approximately 15% of full strength.<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/> The 8th Kitchener Battalion was also at Gallipoli as part of [[13th (Western) Division]]. They remained in the Middle East until the end of the war, the 53rd (Welsh) taking part in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] and the 13th (Western) in the [[Mesopotamian campaign]].<ref name = Becke53/><ref name = Trail53/><ref name = James/><ref name = trail/><ref>{{cite web |title=7th (Merioneth & Montgomery) |url=https://wartimememoriesproject.com/greatwar/allied/battalion.php?pid=881|website=Wartime Memories Project |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

====Interwar====
The TF was reformed in 1920 and reorganised as the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA) the following year. In 1938 the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion was converted into [[60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery]]. Just before the outbreak of World War II the Territorial Army was doubled in size and the battalions created duplicates:<ref name = Frederick302/><ref>Frederick, pp. 920–2.</ref>
* [[8th (Denbighshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|8th (Denbighshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 4th Bn''
* [[9th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|9th (Caernarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion]] – ''from the 6th Bn''
* [[10th (Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers|10th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) Battalion]] – ''from the 7th Bn''
* [[70th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery|70th Anti-Tank Regiment]] – ''from the 60th Rgt; granted Royal Welch Fusiliers subtitle in 1942)''

====Second World War; Regular Army====
The regiment was awarded 27 [[battle honour]]s for [[World War II]], with more than 1,200 fusiliers killed in action or died of wounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwelsh.org.uk/regiment/history-regiment-timeline.htm|title=Timeline|publisher=Royal Welsh|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:The British Army in France 1940 F2913.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers celebrate St David's Day, 1 March 1940]]

During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was a [[Regular army|Regular Army]] unit and part of the [[6th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|6th Infantry Brigade]], assigned to the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]]. It served in France in 1940 with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War II)|British Expeditionary Force]].<ref>Joslen, p. 240</ref> The battalion fought in the short but fierce battles of [[Battle of France|France]] and [[Battle of Belgium|Belgium]] and was forced to retreat and be evacuated during the [[Dunkirk evacuation]]. After two years spent in the United Kingdom, waiting and preparing for the invasion that never came ([[Operation Sea Lion]]), the 1st RWF and the rest of 2nd Division were sent to [[British Raj|British India]] to fight the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] after a string of defeats inflicted upon the British and Indian troops. The battalion was involved in the [[Burma Campaign]], particularly the [[Battle of Kohima]], nicknamed ''[[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] of the East'' due to the ferocity of fighting on both sides, that helped to turn the tide of the campaign in the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South East Asian theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|title=2nd British Division|publisher=Burma Star Association|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929081558/https://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/2nd-british-division/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2nd Battalion was part of [[29th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|29th Independent Infantry Brigade]] throughout the war. In 1942, it fought in the [[Battle of Madagascar]], then part of [[Vichy French]], before being transferred to the [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asian Theatre]]. In 1944, the battalion and brigade became part of [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th British Infantry Division]], previously an Indian Army formation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|title=36th Division|publisher=British Military History|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194908/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/webeasycms/hold/uploads/bmh_document_pdf/36_Indian_Infantry_Division.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1944 SE2889.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Royal Welsh Fusiliers move forward on a jungle path near Pinbaw, [[Burma]], December 1944]]

Both battalions came under the command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Bill Slim]], commander of the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|British Fourteenth Army]]. This was known as the 'Forgotten Fourteenth,' allegedly because it fought in a theatre that seemed largely unnoticed and had little importance to the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2008/09/19/lord_slim_feature.shtml|title=The Greatest Commander of the 20th Century?|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>

====Second World War; Territorial and War Service====
[[File:Fusilier Tom Payne from 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Normandy, 12 August 1944. B9005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Fusilier Tom Payne of 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, [[Normandy]], 12 August 1944]]

The 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions, all [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial]] units, served in [[158th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|158th (Royal Welch) Brigade]] assigned to the [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division]].<ref>Joslen, p. 346</ref> They took part in the [[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]] at [[Operation Jupiter (1944)|Hill 112]], where the 53rd Division suffered heavy casualties. Due to heavy fighting and casualties in Normandy, some of the battalions were posted to different brigades within the division. The 53rd again suffered heavily during [[Operation Veritable]] (the Battle of the Reichswald) under command of the [[First Canadian Army]], in which action the British and Canadians, and the 53rd Division in particular, endured some of the fiercest fighting of the entire European Campaign against [[Fallschirmjäger (World War II)|German paratroops]].<ref>Barclay, p. 125</ref>

The 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were 2nd Line Territorial battalions raised in 1939 as duplicates of the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions respectively. The battalions initially served in the [[115th Brigade (United Kingdom)|115th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Brigade]], [[38th (Welsh) Infantry Division|38th (Welsh) Division]], itself a 2nd Line duplicate of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.<ref>Joslen, pp. 87–88</ref>

The 8th and 9th battalions never saw action abroad, remaining in the UK throughout the war in a training role, supplying trained replacements to units overseas. In this capacity, the 9th battalion served with the [[80th Infantry (Reserve) Division (United Kingdom)|80th Infantry (Reserve) Division]] and the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division.<ref>Joslen, p. 374</ref>
[[File:The British Army in North-west Europe 1944-45 B12617.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[3-inch mortar]] of the 7th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 8 December 1944]]
In the summer of 1942, the 10th battalion was converted into the [[6th (Royal Welch) Parachute Battalion|6th (Royal Welch) Battalion]], [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]].<ref>Horn, p. 270</ref> The 6th Parachute Battalion was assigned to the [[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Parachute Brigade]], alongside the [[4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment|4th]] and [[5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion|5th]] Parachute battalions, originally part of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|1st Airborne Division]]. The battalion played a small part in the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] during [[Operation Slapstick]], an amphibious landing aimed at capturing the port of Taranto. After that, the 2nd Para Brigade became an independent brigade group. The brigade took part in [[Operation Dragoon]], the Allied invasion of Southern France, being the only British troops to do so (see [[2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France]]).<ref>Harclerode, pp. 425–426</ref> In late 1944, the brigade was sent to Greece to support pro-Western forces in the [[Greek Civil War]], a forgotten but brutal episode now seen as the first act of the post-1945 [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nachmani |first1=Amikam |title=Civil War and Foreign Intervention in Greece: 1946–49 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=1990 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.1177/002200949002500406 |jstor=260759 |s2cid=159813355 }}</ref>

In 1938, the 5th Battalion transferred to the [[Royal Artillery]] as 60th Anti-Tank Regiment and in 1939, added a 2nd-Line duplicate, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nigelef.tripod.com/regtsumm.htm|title=Field Artillery Formations and Regiments of the Royal Artillery in World War 2|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> Unlike 1914–1918, there were relatively few service battalions, one being 11th (Home Defence) Battalion, raised in 1939 as part of the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]].<ref name = RegtsRWF/> Formed in 1940, the 12th battalion became [[116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery]] in January 1942 and served with [[53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division|53rd (Welsh) Division]] until disbanded in December 1944.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ware |first1=Jonathan |title=116 (Royal Welch) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment |url=http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |website=Jonathan Ware |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401110054/http://www.jonathanhware.com/116-rw-light-anti-aircraft-regiment.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Barton|first1=Derek|title=116 Light AA Regiment RA(TA)|url=http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/laa/page110.html|website=The Royal Artillery 1939–1945|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

===Post Second World War===
The 2nd Battalion Royal Welch remained overseas after the Second World War, with a posting to Burma (still a colony until 4 January 1948) and performed internal security duties. On 7 March 1947 a party aboard a train were ambushed by bandits and seven soldiers were killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2084605/william-gordon-burgoyne/#&gid=2&pid=1|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref><ref>Epilogue in Burma, 1945-48", McEnery J.H. Published 1990</ref>

The regiment did not take part in the [[Gulf War]], but did perform several tours in [[Northern Ireland]] ([[Operation Banner]]) before being deployed to the Balkans.<ref name=nam>{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers|publisher=National Army Museum|access-date=24 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav Wars]], the regiment came to attention when 33 of their men and 350 other [[United Nations|UN]] servicemen part of [[UNPROFOR]] were taken hostage by Bosnian Serbs at [[Goražde]] on 28 May 1995.<ref>{{cite hansard | house=House of Commons |title=Sittings of the House| url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199495/cmhansrd/1995-05-31/Debate-1.html | date = 31 May 1995 | column_start = 999 | column_end = 1009}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|title=Conflict in the Balkans: The Peacekeepers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/30/world/conflict-in-the-balkans-the-peacekeepers-at-risk-british-troops-keep-watch.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 May 1995}}</ref> The situation caused some political debate as the UN troops had been given orders only to "deter attacks" and did not have a mandate or adequate equipment to fully defend the mainly Muslim town of Goražde, which was initially declared "safe" by the UN, thus rendering them exposed when armed members of the [[Army of Republika Srpska]] ([[Bosnian Serb]] Army) ignored the [[NATO]] ultimatum and attacked the town without warning. The regiment managed to hold off the Bosnian Serbs until they were forced to retreat into [[bunker]]s – those who did not make it quickly enough were taken hostage – and remained trapped underground while [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|BiH Army]] reinforcements arrived and fought back. The [[commanding officer]], Lt Col [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Riley]] (later promoted to Lieutenant General), broke with protocol and directly reported to then Prime Minister [[John Major]] about the situation over the phone while in the bunker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Commander in Bosnia mission impossible|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2534831.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> All the men were eventually safely rescued. An unprecedented five gallantry awards, seven [[Mention in Despatches|mentions in despatches]] and two [[Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service|Queen's Commendations for Valuable Service]] were awarded to the regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bosnia's troops' tally of medal set a record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/bosnia-troops-tally-of-medals-sets-a-record-1346463.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=10 May 1996}}</ref> Although the incident was largely unreported at that time, the regiment was credited in hindsight by observers for saving the town from a possible genocide—after failing to take Goražde, the Bosnian Serbs continued south to [[Srebrenica]], where they would [[Srebrenica massacre|massacre]] over 8,000 [[Bosniak]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/2535155.stm|publisher=BBC|date=5 December 2002}}</ref>

===Amalgamation===
It was one of only five line infantry regiments never to have been amalgamated in its entire history, the others being [[Royal Scots|The Royal Scots]], [[Green Howards|The Green Howards]], [[Cheshire Regiment|The Cheshire Regiment]], and [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|The King's Own Scottish Borderers]]. However, in 2004, it was announced that, as part of the restructuring of the infantry, the Royal Welch Fusiliers would merge with the [[Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form a new large regiment, the [[Royal Welsh]].<ref name=nam/>

To honour the links between the regiment and the United States Marine Corps on the 16 September 1945 a set of Marine colours were presented to the regiment at the parish church in Wrexham to commemorate their close connection (see page 32 in official USMC paper published in 1995).<ref name=usmc/>

The regiment has a chapel within St Giles Parish Church Wrexham containing their colours and other items.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stgilesparishchurchwrexham.org.uk/index.php/history |title=History|publisher=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref> There is an image available taken in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdrcreme.com/photo-gallery/57305/st-giles-parish-church-wrexham?q=gallery |title=St Giles Parish Church Wrexham|publisher=hdrcreme|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

==Regimental museum==
The [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]] is located in [[Caernarfon]], [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/|title=The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Battle honours==
The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:<ref name = RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*Namur 1695, Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Minden, Egypt
*''Peninsular War'': Corunna, Martinique 1809, [[Battle of Albuhera|Albuhera]], [[Siege of Badajoz (1812)|Badajoz]], [[Battle of Salamanca|Salamanca]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of Orthes|Orthes]], [[Battle of Toulouse (1814)|Toulouse]], Peninsula
*''Napoleonic War'': [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]
* ''Crimean War'': [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Battle of Sevastopol|Sevastopol]]
* Lucknow, Ashantee 1873–1874, Burma 1885–1887, [[Relief of Ladysmith]], South Africa 1899–1902, Pekin 1900
*''First World War'': [[Battle of Mons|Mons]], [[Battle of Le Cateau|Le Cateau]], [[Retreat from Mons]], [[First Battle of the Marne|Marne 1914]], [[First Battle of the Aisne|Aisne 1914 '18]], La Bassée 1914, Messines 1914 '17 '18, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1914 '17 '18, Langemarck 1914 '17, Gheluvelt, Givenchy 1914, Neuve Chapelle, Aubers, Festubert 1915, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Guillemont, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Arras 1917, Scarpe 1917, Arleux, Bullecourt, Pilckem, Menin Road, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Bapaume 1918, Lys, Bailleul, Kemmel, Scherpenberg, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, St. Quentin Canal, Beaurevoir, Selle, Valenciennes, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–1918, Piave, Vittorio Veneto, Italy 1917–1918, Doiran 1917 '18, Macedonia 1915–1918, Suvla, Sari Bair, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–1916, Rumani, Egypt 1915–1917, Gaza, El Mughar, Jerusalem, Jericho, Tell 'Asur, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917–1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1916–1918
*''Second World War'': Dyle, Defence of Escaut, St. Omer-La Bassée, Caen, Esquay, Falaise, Nederrijn, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Weeze, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1940 '44–45, Madagascar, Middle East 1942, Donbaik, North Arakan, Kohima, Mandalay, Ava, Burma 1943–1945

==Victoria Crosses==
The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:
* Captain [[Edward William Derrington Bell]], [[Crimean War]] (20 September 1854)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261|title=Edward William Derrington Bell VC, CB|publisher=The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629155851/https://victoriacrossonline.co.uk/edward-w-d-bell-vc/4585969261/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Thomas Bernard Hackett]], [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (18 November 1857)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22248|page=1482|date=12 April 1859}}</ref>
* Company Sergeant Major [[Frederick Barter]], [[First World War]] (16 May 1915)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29210|page=6269|date=29 June 1915}}</ref>
* Corporal [[John Collins (VC)|John Collins]], First World War (31 October 1917)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sergeant John COLLINS|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/pucollin.htm|publisher=Victoria Cross Society|access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>
* Corporal [[James Llewellyn Davies]], First World War (31 July 1917)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30272|supp=y|page=9260|date=4 September 1917}}</ref>
* Corporal [[Joseph John Davies]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916 |page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Lt-Colonel [[Charles Doughty-Wylie]], First World War (26 April 1915)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Freeman|first1=Colin|title=How Gertrude Bell Caused a Desert Storm|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10651309/How-Gertrude-Bell-caused-a-desert-storm.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|date=21 February 2014 |access-date=23 April 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* Private [[Albert Hill (VC)|Albert Hill]], First World War (20 July 1916)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29765|date=26 September 1916|page=9418|supp=y }}</ref>
* Colour-Sergeant [[Luke O'Connor]], Crimean War (20 September 1854)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21971 |date=24 February 1857 |page=659 }}</ref>
* Lance-Sergeant [[William Herbert Waring]], First World War (18 September 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 31155|date=28 January 1919 |page=1504|supp=y}}</ref>
* Lance-Corporal [[Henry Weale]], First World War (26 August 1918)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31012|supp=y|page=13473|date=12 November 1918}}</ref>

==Colonels-in-Chief==
The Colonels-in-Chief of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1901: [[George V|King George V]]
*1936: [[George VI|King George VI]]
*1953: [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]

==Regimental Colonels==
The Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name= RegtsRWF/><ref name = List/>
*1689: Col. [[Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury]]
*1689–1691: Col. Charles Herbert
*1691–1692: Col. [[Toby Purcell]]
*1692–1693: Col. Sir John Morgan, 2nd Baronet
*1693–1705: Lt-Gen. [[Richard Ingoldsby (British Army officer, died 1712)|Richard Ingoldsby]]

;The Royal Regiment of Welch Fuzileers (1723)
*1705–1739: Gen. [[Joseph Sabine (British Army officer)|Joseph Sabine]]
*1739–1743: Col. Newsham Peers
*1743–1761: Gen. [[John Huske]]
*1761–1775: Lt-Gen. Hon [[George Boscawen (British Army officer, born 1712)|George Boscawen]]
*1775–1786: Gen. Sir [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe]], KB
*1786–1823: Gen. [[Richard Grenville (1742–1823)|Richard Grenville]]
*1823–1851: Gen. Sir [[Sir James Willoughby Gordon, 1st Baronet|James Willoughby Gordon, Bt.]], GCB, GCH
*1851–1855: Lt-Gen. Sir [[George Charles D'Aguilar]], KCB
*1855–1860: Lt-Gen. [[Henry Rainey (British Army officer)|Henry Rainey]], CB, KH
*1860–1875: Gen. Sir [[William Codrington (British Army officer)|William Codrington]], GCB
*1875–1898: Gen. [[Charles Crutchley]]

;The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1881)
*1898–1910: Gen. Sir [[Edward Bulwer (British Army officer)|Edward Earle Gascoigne Bulwer]], GCB
*1910–1914: Maj-Gen. Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, KCB
*1914–1915: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Luke O'Connor]], VC, KCB

;The Royal Welch Fusiliers (1921)
*1915–1926: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Francis Lloyd (British Army officer)|Francis Lloyd]], GCVO, KCB, DSO
*1926–1938: Lt-Gen. Sir [[Charles Macpherson Dobell]], KCB, CMG, DSO
*1938–1942: Maj-Gen. [[John Minshull-Ford|John Randle Minshull-Ford]], CB, DSO, MC
*1942–1947: Maj-Gen. Nigel Maitland Wilson, CB, DSO, OBE
*1947–1948: Brig. [[Llewellyn Alston|Llewellyn Augustus Arthur Alston]], CBE, DSO, MC
*1948–1952: Brig. Sir Eric Ommanney Skaife, CB, OBE
*1952–1965: Maj-Gen. Sir [[Hugh Stockwell|Hugh Charles Stockwell]], KBE, CB, DSO
*1965–1974: Col. John Edward Theodore Willes, MBE
*1974–1984: Maj-Gen. [[Peter Raymond Leuchars]], CBE
*1984–1990: Brig. Anthony Chester Vivian, CBE
*1990–1997: Maj-Gen. Richard Morgan Llewellyn, CB, OBE
*1997–2001: Brig. David John Ross, CBE
*2001–2005: Maj-Gen. Brian Peter Plummer, CBE
*2005–2006: Maj-Gen. [[Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)|Jonathon Peter Riley]], DSO
*''2006: Regiment amalgamated with [[The Royal Regiment of Wales]] to form [[The Royal Welsh]]''

==Alliances==

The regiment had an alliance with the Canadian [[Royal 22nd Regiment|Royal 22e Régiment]] from 1927 until its amalgamation in 2006; this alliance included the frequent exchange of personnel between the two regiments.<ref>Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment 1914-1999, Art Global, 1999, pp 87 and 88 and Serge Bernier, ''Le Royal 22e Régiment'' (Les Editions GID, 2013), PP 60 and 61.</ref>

==Regimental mascot==
As with the Royal Regiment of Wales, the regiment traditionally had a goat, never called a mascot. The tradition dated back to at least 1775, and possibly to the regiment's formation. The goat was always named 'Billy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/8100259.stm|title=Soldiers choose regimental goat|publisher=BBC|date=15 June 2009|access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref>

==Uniform==
Soldiers of this regiment were distinguishable by the unique feature of the "flash", consisting of five overlapping black silk ribbons (seven inches long for soldiers and nine inches long for officers) on the back of the uniform jacket at neck level.<ref name=cemetery>{{cite web|url=http://british-cemetery-elvas.org/fusiliers.html|title=23rd Foot – 7th Foot|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> This is a legacy of the days when it was normal for soldiers to wear [[pigtail]]s. In 1808, this practice was discontinued but when the order was issued the RWF were serving in [[Nova Scotia]] and had not received the instruction when the regiment departed to join an expedition to the West Indies.<ref>British Army Uniforms & Insignia of World War Two; Brian L. Davis</ref> In 1834 the officers of the 23rd Foot were finally granted permission by [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] to wear this non-regulation item as a distinction on the full dress uniform as "a peculiarity whereby to mark the dress of that distinguished regiment".<ref>{{cite book|last=Mainwaring|first=Rowland Broughton|author-link=Rowland Mainwaring|title=Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Late the Twenty-third Regiment: Or, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fuzeliers) Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1689, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1889|year=1889|publisher=Hatchards|page=147}}</ref> This was extended to all ranks in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is "The Flash"?|url=http://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/en_faq.html|publisher=Royal Welch Fusiliers Regimental Museum|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>

[[Khaki]] service dress replaced the scarlet tunic as the principal uniform, and the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] attempted to remove the flash during the [[First World War]], citing the grounds that it would help the Germans identify which unit was facing them. As Fusilier officer [[Robert Graves]] reported, "the regiment retorted by inquiring on what occasion since the retreat from Corunna, when the regiment was the last to leave Spain, with the keys of the town postern in the pocket of one of its officers, had any of His Majesty's enemies seen the back of a Royal Welch Fusilier?," and the matter remained "in abeyance throughout the war."<ref>{{cite book|title=Goodbye To All That|author-link=Robert Graves|page=85|last=Graves|first=Robert|year=1929|publisher=Anchor}}</ref> The efforts of the regiment to retain the distinction was further reinforced at a medal ceremony when [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] saw an officer of the regiment in the line. He ordered an About Turn and seeing the flash still on the tunic said ''[[sotto voce]]'', "don't ever let anyone take it from you!"<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great War and Modern Memory|last=Fussell|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199971978|year=2013}}</ref> The wearing of the flash on service dress was extended to other ranks in 1924.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Wearing of the Flash. Royal Welch Fusiliers' Distinction. |date=29 January 1924|newspaper=[[The Times]]|page=14}}</ref>

As a [[fusilier]] regiment, the RWF wore a [[hackle]], which consisted of a plume of white feathers mounted behind the cap-badge of the modern beret.<ref name=cemetery/> The full dress of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, as worn by the entire regiment until 1914, included a racoon-skin hat (bearskin for officers) with a white hackle and a scarlet tunic with the dark blue facings of a Royal regiment. This uniform continued to be worn by the RWF's Corps of Drums and the Regimental Pioneers until the merger of 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc-techwriters.com/militaria/british_helmets1.htm|title=British Headdress (1856–current)|access-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
==Regimental Prayer==
The Regimental Collect (or prayer as it is also known as) was in Welsh:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oremus.org/labarum/booklets/regtcollectsprayerspdf.pdf |title=Regimental Collects|access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Tragwyddol Dduw, a gyfododd trwy dy nerth yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist o’r meirw, gynnal fe weddiwn, gwrhydri hynafol y Ffiwsilwyr Cymreig, fel yr oddefwn galedi yn ôl ei esiampl, ac y cyfodwn gydag ef i lewyrch fel yr hal yn dy deyrnas, trwy’r un Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd. Amen.}}

And in English:

{{blockquote|Eternal God, whose strength raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, uphold, we pray thee, the ancient valour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, that we may ever endure hardship after his example, and may rise with him to shine as the sun in thy Kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.}}

== See also ==
* [[Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum]]
*[[List of British Army regiments and corps]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last = Barclay | first = C. N.| year = 1956| title = The History of the 53rd (Welsh) Division in the Second World War| publisher = Wm. Clowes & Sons| location = London| oclc = 36762829}}
* Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-847347-39-8}}.
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Cannon|author-link=Richard Cannon|title=Historical Record of the Twenty-third, or the Royal Welch Fusiliers |date=1850 |location=London |publisher=Parker, Furnivall and Parker |isbn=9780665483523 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t8ff4n74z;view=1up;seq=28}}
*{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Howard N|title=On Wings of Healing: The Story of the Airborne Medical Services 1940–1960|publisher=William Blackwood|location=Edinburgh, United Kingdom|year=1963|oclc=29847628}}
* Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-007-3}}.
* J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, {{ISBN|1-85117-009-X}}.
*{{Cite book|last=Harclerode|first=Peter|title=Wings Of War – Airborne Warfare 1918–1945|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0-304-36730-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=Bernd|last2=Wyczynski|first2=Michel|title=Paras versus the Reich: Canada's paratroopers at war, 1942-45|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd|year=2003|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=978-1-55002-470-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Joslen|first=Lt-Col H.F.|title=Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945|publisher= London: HM Stationery Office|year= 1960|isbn= 978-1-84342-474-1}}
* Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, {{ISBN|0-582-48565-7}}.
* Ray Westlake, ''Tracing the Rifle Volunteers'', Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010, {{ISBN|978-1-84884-211-3}}.
* {{cite book|last=Westlake|first=Ray |year=2002|title=English and Welsh Infantry Regiments: An Illustrated Record of Service|publisher= Staplehurst. Spellmount|isbn=978-1-86227-147-0}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.rwfmuseum.org.uk/ The regimental museum]
* [http://www.rwfia.org/index.htm Royal Welch Fusiliers in America]
* [http://www.rwf-forum.co.uk/vBulletin/index.php The Royal Welch Fusiliers Forum]
* [http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk Colwyn Bay RWF Comrades Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024025447/http://www.colwyn-bayrwf.org.uk/ |date=24 October 2008 }}
* [http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk Clwyd and Gwynedd ACF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317142517/http://www.clwyd-gwyneddacf.org.uk/ |date=17 March 2010 }}
* [http://www.britisharmedforces.org/i_regiments/roywelchfus_index.htm British Light Infantry Regiments – Royal Welch Fusiliers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140225230345/http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/royal-welch-fusiliers Royal Welch Fusiliers] – [[National Army Museum]]
* [http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk The Long, Long Trail]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228103659/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/index.htm Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)]

{{Royal Welsh}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Welch Fusiliers| ]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:Fusilier regiments]]
[[Category:Welsh regiments of the British Army]]
[[Category:1689 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Battalions of the British Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wales]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Wrexham]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1689]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in World War I]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Burma in World War II|R]]

57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot

2024-08-27T20:04:11Z

GenEli1L1: /* Victoria Cross */

{{for|other units with the same regimental number|57th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
|image=57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot badge.jpeg
|caption=Badge of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
|dates= 1755 to 1881
|country={{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1755–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–1881)
|branch={{army|United Kingdom}}
|type=[[Infantry of the Line|Line Infantry]]
|role=[[Light Infantry]]
|size=One [[battalion]] (two battalions 1803–1815)
|garrison=[[Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow|Hounslow Barracks]]
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= "The Steelbacks"<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=126}}</ref> [[Die hard (phrase)|"The Die Hards"]]
|motto= ''[[Honi soit qui mal y pense]]'' (Evil be to Him, who Evil Thinks)
|colors= Yellow facings, gold braided lace
|march= '''Quick:''' ''Sir [[Manley Power]]'' '''Slow:''' ''Caledonian''
|mascot=
|battles= [[American Revolutionary War]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] [[New Zealand Wars]] [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
|battle_honours=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot''' was a [[regiment]] of [[line infantry]] in the [[British Army]], raised in 1755. Under the [[Childers Reforms]] it amalgamated with the [[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]] to form the [[Middlesex Regiment]] in 1881.

==History==
===Early wars===
[[File:Fort Montgomery 04.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)|Fort Montgomery]], stormed by the regiment in October 1777]]
The regiment was raised in [[Somerset]] and [[Gloucester]] by [[Colonel]] John [[Arabin]] as the 59th Regiment of Foot in 1755 for service in the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref name=regiments>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057-757.htm |title=57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201151140/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057-757.htm |archive-date=1 December 2006}}</ref> It was re-ranked as the '''57th Regiment of Foot''', following the disbandment of the existing [[Shirley's Regiment|50th]] and [[Pepperrell's Regiment|51st]] regiments, in 1756.<ref name=regiments/> The regiment, which originally operated as [[marines]], was deployed to [[Gibraltar]] in 1757, to [[Menorca]] in 1763 and to [[Ireland]] in 1767.<ref name=warre30>Warre, p. 30</ref>

It was dispatched to [[Charleston, South Carolina]] in February 1776 for service in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=warre30/> The regiment saw action at the [[Battle of Long Island]] in August 1776<ref name=warre30/> and stormed Fort Montgomery at the [[Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery]] in October 1777.<ref name=warre31>Warre, p. 31</ref> The regiment's light company then served under General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] and was taken prisoner at the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in October 1781.<ref name=warre32>Warre, p. 32</ref>

It adopted a county designation as the '''57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot''' in August 1782.<ref name=regiments/><ref name="handbook">Chant, p. 103</ref> After this it moved to [[Nova Scotia]] in October 1783 and returned to England in November 1790.<ref name=warre33>Warre, p. 33</ref>

===Napoleonic Wars===
[[File:GenSirWilliamInglis.jpg|thumb|left|Colonel [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]], struck down while commanding the 1st battalion at the [[Battle of Albuera]], May 1811]]
[[File:Lady Elizabeth Butler - steady the drums and fifes.jpg|thumb|The drummer boys of the 57th Regiment at the [[Battle of Albuera]], May 1811; "Steady the Drums and Fifes" by [[Elizabeth Thompson|Lady Elizabeth Butler]]]]
In 1793 the regiment embarked for the [[Low Countries]] for service in the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]] and re-enforced the garrison at [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]] for some months before returning home later in the year.<ref name=warre35>Warre, p. 35</ref> The regiment returned to Flanders in 1794 before returning home again in 1795.<ref name=warre44>Warre, p. 44</ref> It embarked for the [[West Indies]] in spring 1796 and took part in the capture of [[Saint Lucia]] in May 1796 before embarking for [[Trinidad]] in 1797 and returning home in 1803.<ref name=warre46>Warre, p. 46</ref> A second battalion was raised in 1803 to increase the strength of the regiment but spent most of the war in [[Jersey]].<ref name=regiments/> The 1st battalion embarked for the Mediterranean Sea in November 1805 and, after four years at [[Gibraltar]], landed in [[Portugal]] for service in the [[Peninsular War]] in July 1809.<ref name=warre47>Warre, p. 47</ref> The battalion fell back to the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]] in October 1810.<ref name=warre50>Warre, p. 50</ref>

The battalion earned the regiment its nickname of "the Die Hards" after their participation in the [[Battle of Albuera]], [[Battle of Albuera order of battle|(order of battle)]] one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in May 1811.<ref name=warre53>Warre, p. 53</ref> The commanding officer of the battalion, Colonel [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]], was struck down by a charge of [[canister shot]] which hit him in the neck and left breast. He refused to be carried to the rear for treatment, but lay in front of his men calling on them to hold their position and when the fight reached its fiercest cried, "Die hard the 57th, die hard!".<ref name="Inglis">{{cite web|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/heroes/page7.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001183450/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/heroes/page7.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-10-01|title=Lieutenant-Colonel William Inglis (1764-1835)|publisher=[[National Army Museum]]|year=2009|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref> The casualties of the battalion were 422 out of the 570 men in the ranks and 20 out of the 30 officers.<ref name="handbook"/> The Allied commander of the Anglo-Portuguese force General [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]] wrote in his dispatch, "our dead, particularly the 57th Regiment, were lying as they fought in the ranks, every wound in front".<ref name="dispatches">Gurwood, p. 576</ref>

The battalion also fought at the [[Battle of Vitoria]] in June 1813.<ref name=warre62>Warre, p. 62</ref> It then pursued the French Army into France and saw further action at the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813,<ref name=warre64>Warre, p. 64</ref> the [[Battle of Nivelle]] in November 1813<ref name=warre65>Warre, p. 65</ref> and the [[Battle of the Nive]] in December 1813.<ref name=warre66>Warre, p. 66</ref> The battalion embarked for [[North America]] in May 1814 for service in the [[War of 1812]]<ref name=warre67>Warre, p. 67</ref> but, without seeing any action, it embarked for home in spring 1815.<ref name=warre68>Warre, p. 68</ref>

===The Victorian era===
[[File:57th West Middlesex Regiment of Foot.jpg|thumb|[[Lieutenant-Colonel]] [[Henry Warre|H.J. Warre]] and an unidentified [[non-commissioned officer]] of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot, serving in the [[Crimean War]], photographed in 1855 by [[Roger Fenton]]]]
The regiment traveled to [[New South Wales]] in detachments as escorts to prisoners in 1824.<ref name=warre73>Warre, p. 73</ref> It moved on to [[India]] in 1830<ref name=warre76>Warre, p. 76</ref> and, while there, helped to suppress a rebellion in [[Mangalore]] in 1837.<ref name=warre82>Warre, p. 82</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060416/1837-when-the-rebel-flag-fluttered-high.html|title=1837: When the rebel flag fluttered high|date=6 April 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> The regiment did not embark for home until April 1846.<ref name=warre95>Warre, p. 95</ref> In September 1854 the regiment embarked for service in the [[Crimean War]]:<ref name=warre115>Warre, p. 115</ref> it fought at the [[Battle of Inkerman]] in November 1854<ref name=warre118>Warre, p. 118</ref> and the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Siege of Sevastapol]] in winter 1854.<ref name=warre121>Warre, p. 121</ref> It moved to [[Malta]] in June 1856<ref name=warre139>Warre, p. 139</ref> and then sailed for India to help suppress the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] in May 1858.<ref name=warre145>Warre, p. 145</ref> It then sailed for [[Auckland]] in [[New Zealand]] in November 1860 for service in the [[New Zealand Wars]].<ref name=warre156>Warre, p. 156</ref> [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] [[John Thornton Down]] and [[Drummer (military)|Drummer]] [[Dudley Stagpoole]] were both awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for their actions during a skirmish at Allen's Hill near [[Omata]] in October 1863 during the [[Second Taranaki War]].<ref name=warre179>Warre, p. 179</ref> The regiment returned to England in 1867<ref name=warre202>Warre, p. 202</ref> and then moved to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] in 1873.<ref name=warre220>Warre, p. 220</ref> From Ceylon it sailed to [[South Africa]] in 1879 for service in the [[Anglo-Zulu War]].<ref name=regiments/>

As part of the [[Cardwell Reforms]] of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 57th was linked with the [[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]], and assigned to district no. 50 at [[Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow|Hounslow Barracks]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2006|title=Training Depots|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 1881 the [[Childers Reforms]] came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot to form the [[Middlesex Regiment]].<ref name="handbook"/>

==Regimental marches==
The regiment's regimental marches were 'Sir [[Manley Power]]' (quick) and 'Caledonian' (slow).<ref name="handbook"/>

==Victoria Cross==
* Ensign John Thornton Down, New Zealand Wars (2 October 1863)
* [[Sergeant]] [[George Gardiner (VC)|George Gardiner]], [[Crimean War]] (22 March 1855)
* [[Private (rank)|Private]] [[Charles McCorrie]], Crimean War (23 June 1855)
* Drummer Dudley Stagpoole, New Zealand Land Wars (2 October 1863)

==Battle honours==
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:<ref name=regiments/>
* Peninsular War: [[Battle of Albuera|Albuhera]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of the Nive|Nive]], [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]]
* Crimean War: [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Sevastapol]]
* Later wars: [[New Zealand Wars|New Zealand]], [[Anglo-Zulu War|South Africa (1879)]]

==Colonels of the Regiment==
Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name=regiments/>

===59th Regiment of Foot===
*1755–1757 Col. John Arabin

===57th Regiment of Foot===
*1757–1767 Lt-Gen. Sir David Cunynghame
*1767–1780 Gen. Sir [[John Irwin (British Army officer)|John Irwin]]
*1780–1806 Gen. [[John Campbell, of Strachur|John Campbell (of Strachur)]]

====57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot====
*1806–1811 Gen. [[John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore]]
*1811–1830 Gen. Sir [[Hew Whitefoord Dalrymple]], Bt.
*1830–1835 Lt-Gen. Sir [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]]
*1835–1843 Gen. Sir [[Frederick Adam]]
*1843–1856 F.M. Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge]]
*1856–1865 Gen. Sir [[Frederick Love|James Frederick Love]]
*1865–1873 Gen. [[Charles Richard Fox]]
*1873–1875 Gen. [[Freeman Murray]]
*1875–1881 Gen. Sir Edward Alan Holdich

==See also==
*[[Edwin Bezar]] – last surviving member

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=The Handbook of British Regiments |last=Chant |first=Christopher |year=1988 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-00241-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNcNAAAAQAAJ&q=badajoz+manley+power&pg=PA103}}
*{{cite book |title=The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K. G. during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France: From 1799 to 1818, Volume 7 |last=Gurwood |first=John |year=1837 |publisher=J.Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA576}}
*{{cite book |title=Historical records of the fifty-seventh, or, West Middlesex Regiment of Foot: compiled from official and private sources, from the date of its formation in 1755, to the present time, 1878|first=Lieutenant-General H. J. |last=Warre|year=1878|publisher=W. Mitchell & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00regigoog}}

{{PWRR}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army|57]]
[[Category:1755 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1881 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1755]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1881]]
[[Category:Middlesex Regiment]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Middlesex]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War]]

57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot

2024-08-27T20:02:53Z

GenEli1L1: /* The Victorian era */

{{for|other units with the same regimental number|57th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
|image=57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot badge.jpeg
|caption=Badge of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
|dates= 1755 to 1881
|country={{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}} (1755–1800) {{flag|United Kingdom}} (1801–1881)
|branch={{army|United Kingdom}}
|type=[[Infantry of the Line|Line Infantry]]
|role=[[Light Infantry]]
|size=One [[battalion]] (two battalions 1803–1815)
|garrison=[[Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow|Hounslow Barracks]]
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname= "The Steelbacks"<ref name="Burnham">{{cite book |last1=Burnham|first1=Robert|last2=McGuigan|first2=Ron|year=2010|title=The British Army against Napoleon|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Frontline Books|isbn=978-1-84832-562-3|page=126}}</ref> [[Die hard (phrase)|"The Die Hards"]]
|motto= ''[[Honi soit qui mal y pense]]'' (Evil be to Him, who Evil Thinks)
|colors= Yellow facings, gold braided lace
|march= '''Quick:''' ''Sir [[Manley Power]]'' '''Slow:''' ''Caledonian''
|mascot=
|battles= [[American Revolutionary War]] [[French Revolutionary Wars]] [[Napoleonic Wars]] [[Crimean War]] [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] [[New Zealand Wars]] [[Anglo-Zulu War]]
|battle_honours=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot''' was a [[regiment]] of [[line infantry]] in the [[British Army]], raised in 1755. Under the [[Childers Reforms]] it amalgamated with the [[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]] to form the [[Middlesex Regiment]] in 1881.

==History==
===Early wars===
[[File:Fort Montgomery 04.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of [[Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)|Fort Montgomery]], stormed by the regiment in October 1777]]
The regiment was raised in [[Somerset]] and [[Gloucester]] by [[Colonel]] John [[Arabin]] as the 59th Regiment of Foot in 1755 for service in the [[Seven Years' War]].<ref name=regiments>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057-757.htm |title=57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot |publisher=regiments.org |access-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201151140/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057-757.htm |archive-date=1 December 2006}}</ref> It was re-ranked as the '''57th Regiment of Foot''', following the disbandment of the existing [[Shirley's Regiment|50th]] and [[Pepperrell's Regiment|51st]] regiments, in 1756.<ref name=regiments/> The regiment, which originally operated as [[marines]], was deployed to [[Gibraltar]] in 1757, to [[Menorca]] in 1763 and to [[Ireland]] in 1767.<ref name=warre30>Warre, p. 30</ref>

It was dispatched to [[Charleston, South Carolina]] in February 1776 for service in the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name=warre30/> The regiment saw action at the [[Battle of Long Island]] in August 1776<ref name=warre30/> and stormed Fort Montgomery at the [[Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery]] in October 1777.<ref name=warre31>Warre, p. 31</ref> The regiment's light company then served under General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] and was taken prisoner at the [[Siege of Yorktown]] in October 1781.<ref name=warre32>Warre, p. 32</ref>

It adopted a county designation as the '''57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot''' in August 1782.<ref name=regiments/><ref name="handbook">Chant, p. 103</ref> After this it moved to [[Nova Scotia]] in October 1783 and returned to England in November 1790.<ref name=warre33>Warre, p. 33</ref>

===Napoleonic Wars===
[[File:GenSirWilliamInglis.jpg|thumb|left|Colonel [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]], struck down while commanding the 1st battalion at the [[Battle of Albuera]], May 1811]]
[[File:Lady Elizabeth Butler - steady the drums and fifes.jpg|thumb|The drummer boys of the 57th Regiment at the [[Battle of Albuera]], May 1811; "Steady the Drums and Fifes" by [[Elizabeth Thompson|Lady Elizabeth Butler]]]]
In 1793 the regiment embarked for the [[Low Countries]] for service in the [[Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition|Flanders Campaign]] and re-enforced the garrison at [[Nieuwpoort, Belgium|Nieuwpoort]] for some months before returning home later in the year.<ref name=warre35>Warre, p. 35</ref> The regiment returned to Flanders in 1794 before returning home again in 1795.<ref name=warre44>Warre, p. 44</ref> It embarked for the [[West Indies]] in spring 1796 and took part in the capture of [[Saint Lucia]] in May 1796 before embarking for [[Trinidad]] in 1797 and returning home in 1803.<ref name=warre46>Warre, p. 46</ref> A second battalion was raised in 1803 to increase the strength of the regiment but spent most of the war in [[Jersey]].<ref name=regiments/> The 1st battalion embarked for the Mediterranean Sea in November 1805 and, after four years at [[Gibraltar]], landed in [[Portugal]] for service in the [[Peninsular War]] in July 1809.<ref name=warre47>Warre, p. 47</ref> The battalion fell back to the [[Lines of Torres Vedras]] in October 1810.<ref name=warre50>Warre, p. 50</ref>

The battalion earned the regiment its nickname of "the Die Hards" after their participation in the [[Battle of Albuera]], [[Battle of Albuera order of battle|(order of battle)]] one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in May 1811.<ref name=warre53>Warre, p. 53</ref> The commanding officer of the battalion, Colonel [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]], was struck down by a charge of [[canister shot]] which hit him in the neck and left breast. He refused to be carried to the rear for treatment, but lay in front of his men calling on them to hold their position and when the fight reached its fiercest cried, "Die hard the 57th, die hard!".<ref name="Inglis">{{cite web|url=http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/heroes/page7.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001183450/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/heroes/page7.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-10-01|title=Lieutenant-Colonel William Inglis (1764-1835)|publisher=[[National Army Museum]]|year=2009|access-date=2009-01-12}}</ref> The casualties of the battalion were 422 out of the 570 men in the ranks and 20 out of the 30 officers.<ref name="handbook"/> The Allied commander of the Anglo-Portuguese force General [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]] wrote in his dispatch, "our dead, particularly the 57th Regiment, were lying as they fought in the ranks, every wound in front".<ref name="dispatches">Gurwood, p. 576</ref>

The battalion also fought at the [[Battle of Vitoria]] in June 1813.<ref name=warre62>Warre, p. 62</ref> It then pursued the French Army into France and saw further action at the [[Battle of the Pyrenees]] in July 1813,<ref name=warre64>Warre, p. 64</ref> the [[Battle of Nivelle]] in November 1813<ref name=warre65>Warre, p. 65</ref> and the [[Battle of the Nive]] in December 1813.<ref name=warre66>Warre, p. 66</ref> The battalion embarked for [[North America]] in May 1814 for service in the [[War of 1812]]<ref name=warre67>Warre, p. 67</ref> but, without seeing any action, it embarked for home in spring 1815.<ref name=warre68>Warre, p. 68</ref>

===The Victorian era===
[[File:57th West Middlesex Regiment of Foot.jpg|thumb|[[Lieutenant-Colonel]] [[Henry Warre|H.J. Warre]] and an unidentified [[non-commissioned officer]] of the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot, serving in the [[Crimean War]], photographed in 1855 by [[Roger Fenton]]]]
The regiment traveled to [[New South Wales]] in detachments as escorts to prisoners in 1824.<ref name=warre73>Warre, p. 73</ref> It moved on to [[India]] in 1830<ref name=warre76>Warre, p. 76</ref> and, while there, helped to suppress a rebellion in [[Mangalore]] in 1837.<ref name=warre82>Warre, p. 82</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060416/1837-when-the-rebel-flag-fluttered-high.html|title=1837: When the rebel flag fluttered high|date=6 April 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> The regiment did not embark for home until April 1846.<ref name=warre95>Warre, p. 95</ref> In September 1854 the regiment embarked for service in the [[Crimean War]]:<ref name=warre115>Warre, p. 115</ref> it fought at the [[Battle of Inkerman]] in November 1854<ref name=warre118>Warre, p. 118</ref> and the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Siege of Sevastapol]] in winter 1854.<ref name=warre121>Warre, p. 121</ref> It moved to [[Malta]] in June 1856<ref name=warre139>Warre, p. 139</ref> and then sailed for India to help suppress the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] in May 1858.<ref name=warre145>Warre, p. 145</ref> It then sailed for [[Auckland]] in [[New Zealand]] in November 1860 for service in the [[New Zealand Wars]].<ref name=warre156>Warre, p. 156</ref> [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] [[John Thornton Down]] and [[Drummer (military)|Drummer]] [[Dudley Stagpoole]] were both awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for their actions during a skirmish at Allen's Hill near [[Omata]] in October 1863 during the [[Second Taranaki War]].<ref name=warre179>Warre, p. 179</ref> The regiment returned to England in 1867<ref name=warre202>Warre, p. 202</ref> and then moved to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] in 1873.<ref name=warre220>Warre, p. 220</ref> From Ceylon it sailed to [[South Africa]] in 1879 for service in the [[Anglo-Zulu War]].<ref name=regiments/>

As part of the [[Cardwell Reforms]] of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 57th was linked with the [[77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot]], and assigned to district no. 50 at [[Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow|Hounslow Barracks]].<ref name=training>{{cite web|url=http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172841/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/depot/1873.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2006|title=Training Depots|publisher=Regiments.org|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On 1 July 1881 the [[Childers Reforms]] came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot to form the [[Middlesex Regiment]].<ref name="handbook"/>

==Regimental marches==
The regiment's regimental marches were 'Sir [[Manley Power]]' (quick) and 'Caledonian' (slow).<ref name="handbook"/>

==Victoria Cross==
* Ensign John Thornton Down, New Zealand Wars (2 October 1863)
* [[Sergeant]] [[George Gardiner (VC)|George Gardiner]], [[Crimean War]] (22 March 1855)
* [[Private]] [[Charles McCorrie]], Crimean War (23 June 1855)
* Drummer Dudley Stagpoole, New Zealand Land Wars (2 October 1863)

==Battle honours==
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:<ref name=regiments/>
* Peninsular War: [[Battle of Albuera|Albuhera]], [[Battle of Vitoria|Vittoria]], [[Battle of the Pyrenees|Pyrenees]], [[Battle of Nivelle|Nivelle]], [[Battle of the Nive|Nive]], [[Peninsular War|Peninsula]]
* Crimean War: [[Battle of Inkerman|Inkerman]], [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|Sevastapol]]
* Later wars: [[New Zealand Wars|New Zealand]], [[Anglo-Zulu War|South Africa (1879)]]

==Colonels of the Regiment==
Colonels of the Regiment were:<ref name=regiments/>

===59th Regiment of Foot===
*1755–1757 Col. John Arabin

===57th Regiment of Foot===
*1757–1767 Lt-Gen. Sir David Cunynghame
*1767–1780 Gen. Sir [[John Irwin (British Army officer)|John Irwin]]
*1780–1806 Gen. [[John Campbell, of Strachur|John Campbell (of Strachur)]]

====57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot====
*1806–1811 Gen. [[John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore]]
*1811–1830 Gen. Sir [[Hew Whitefoord Dalrymple]], Bt.
*1830–1835 Lt-Gen. Sir [[William Inglis (British Army officer)|William Inglis]]
*1835–1843 Gen. Sir [[Frederick Adam]]
*1843–1856 F.M. Sir [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge]]
*1856–1865 Gen. Sir [[Frederick Love|James Frederick Love]]
*1865–1873 Gen. [[Charles Richard Fox]]
*1873–1875 Gen. [[Freeman Murray]]
*1875–1881 Gen. Sir Edward Alan Holdich

==See also==
*[[Edwin Bezar]] – last surviving member

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=The Handbook of British Regiments |last=Chant |first=Christopher |year=1988 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-00241-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNcNAAAAQAAJ&q=badajoz+manley+power&pg=PA103}}
*{{cite book |title=The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, K. G. during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France: From 1799 to 1818, Volume 7 |last=Gurwood |first=John |year=1837 |publisher=J.Murray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n4BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA576}}
*{{cite book |title=Historical records of the fifty-seventh, or, West Middlesex Regiment of Foot: compiled from official and private sources, from the date of its formation in 1755, to the present time, 1878|first=Lieutenant-General H. J. |last=Warre|year=1878|publisher=W. Mitchell & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00regigoog}}

{{PWRR}}
{{Regiments of Foot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

[[Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army|57]]
[[Category:1755 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1881 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the Crimean War]]
[[Category:Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1755]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1881]]
[[Category:Middlesex Regiment]]
[[Category:Military units and formations in Middlesex]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War]]

10th Michigan Infantry Regiment

2024-08-27T20:00:45Z

GenEli1L1: /* Commanders */

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name =10th Michigan Infantry Regiment
| image=Flag of Michigan.svg
| image_size = 200px
|caption=Michigan state flag
|dates =Feburary 10, 1862 – August 1, 1865
|country ={{flag|United States|1864|23px}}
|allegiance =[[Union (Civil War)|Union]]
|branch = [[Union Army|Army]]
|type =[[Infantry]]
|role =
|size =[[Regiment]]
|command_structure =
|garrison =
|garrison_label =
|nickname =
|patron =
|motto =
|colors =
|colors_label =
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles=[[American Civil War]]
*[[Siege of Corinth|The Siege of Corinth]]
*[[Battle of Booneville]]
*[[Battle of Nashville]]
*[[Battle of Stones River]]
*[[Battle of Missionary Ridge]]
*[[Battle of Athens (1864)|Battle of Athens]]
*[https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/battle-of-buzzards-roost/ Battle of Buzzard's Roost]
*[[Battle of Resaca]]
*[[Battle of Rome Cross Roads|Battle of Rome]]
*[[Battle of Dallas]]
*[[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain]]
*[[Battle of Peachtree Creek]]
*[https://warwashere.com/category/red-oak/ Battle of Red Oak]
*[[Battle of Jonesboro]]
*[[Siege of Atlanta]]
*[https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ The Battle of Rough and Ready]
*[[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]]
*[[Carolinas campaign|March to burn Columbia]]
*[[Battle of Monroe's Crossroads]]
*[[Battle of Averasborough]]
*[[Battle of Bentonville]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=August 1, 1865
|flying_hours=
|website=


|identification_symbol=
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}}
The '''10th Michigan Infantry Regiment''' was an [[infantry regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] between February 10, 1862, and August 1, 1865, during the [[American Civil War]].

== Service ==
The 10th Michigan Infantry was organized at [[Flint, Michigan]], and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on February 6th, 1862.

The regiment was organized in Flint during the fall and winter of 1861-62 with men from the following counties: [[Shiawassee County, Michigan|Shiawassee]], [[Livingston County, Michigan|Livingston]], [[Genesee County, Michigan|Genesee]], [[Midland County, Michigan|Midland]], [[Saginaw County, Michigan|Saginaw]], [[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland]], [[Sanilac County, Michigan|Sanilac]], [[St. Clair County, Michigan|St. Clair]], [[Lapeer County, Michigan|Lapeer]], [[Jackson County, Michigan|Jackson]], [[Eaton County, Michigan|Eaton]], and [[Hillsdale County, Michigan|Hillsdale]]. The regiment was officially mustered on Febuary 6th, 1862. It left the state on April 22nd, being ordered to [[Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee|Pittsburg Landing]].

The regiment saw action at the [[Siege of Corinth]]. It was also engaged at [[Battle of Booneville|Boonville]] in July; was then ordered to [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] and assigned to the 1st brigade and 1st division of [[William Rosecrans|Rosecrans]]' army. It was engaged in provost, guard duty and fatigue duty at [[Battle of Nashville|Nashville]]. On December 31st it guarded an [[Ammunition train|ammunition train]] for the army, made a march of {{convert|54|mi|km}} in 36 hours, and participated in the engagement at [[Battle of Stones River|the Battle of Stones River]]. On January 3, 1863, Companies A and D were attacked by a large force of [[Confederate States Army|secess]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], but repulsed them, killing 15 and capturing at least that same number. On the 25th of January, 1863, a squad guarding a convoy was captured by 200 of the confederate [[Cavalry in the American Civil War|cavalry]]. Twenty-seven men of the 10th being near, went forward and routed the enemy with heavy loss, capturing guns and horses and saving most of the convoy, which had been set alight. On April 10th, several hundred guerrillas drove a detail of 46 men away from another convoy they were guarding, but reinforced by 15 men, the guard returned and saved the convoy.

In August and September the regiment joined in the march from [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee|Murfreesboro]] to [[Columbia, Tennessee|Columbia]]. The regiment then moved to [[Wheeler's October 1863 Raid|Anderson's cross-roads]], and then to Smith's ferry, which was reached October 26th. On November 26th it participated in the Capture of Chickamauga Station <ref>Not to be confused with The Battle of Chickamauga, this refers to some sort of action in Tenessee, seen here: https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=141053</ref>

The regiment then moved towards [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] marched for several days, but was then ordered to Columbus, reaching it on December 9th. They then moved through [[Stevenson, Alabama|Stevenson]], [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], fought in the [[Battle_of_Athens_(1864)|Athens]], and [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]], skirmishing at the latter place.<ref>I couldn't find anything about said skirmish, if anyone finds something to the contrary, lmk please.</ref> .It moved for [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] on the 15th. 395 men, having reenlisted as veterans on Feb. 6, 1864, were expecting to receive the longed-for furlough, but instead on the 23rd, the regiment was ordered to prepare for a movement into Georgia. The order was cheerfully obeyed and the regiment participated in the battle of [https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/battle-of-buzzards-roost/ Buzzard Roost], losing 13 killed, 36 wounded and 17 missing. It made a gallant advance over two sharp ridges but, being unsupported, was compelled to return to its earlier stand. The 10th then took part in the successful counterattack at [[Tunnel Hill, Georgia|Tunnel Hill]] before being furloughed home in March. On its return, it reached Chattanooga on May 11th, in time to take part in the [[Atlanta campaign]]. It was engaged at [[Battle of Resaca|Resaca]], [[Battle of Rome Cross Roads|Rome]], and [[Battle of Dallas|Dallas]], was in reserve at [[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain|Kennesaw mountain]]. When [[Confederate General]] [[John Bell Hood]] attacked in defense of Atlanta, the 10th fought valiantly at [[Battle of Peachtree Creek|Peach Tree Creek]].

They also fought engagements at Sandtown, [https://warwashere.com/category/red-oak/ Red Oak] and at [[Battle of Jonesborough|Jonesboro]] charged the enemy's works, taking [https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/08/abraham-lincoln-the-president-s-general-order-to-protect-black-pows-from-confederate-punishment.html 400 prisoners] and a stand of [[Military colours, standards and guidons|colors]], losing 30 killed and 47 wounded. The regiment also fought at the Battle of [https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ Rough and Ready]. Afterwards, it moved forward with the army on the [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Savannah campaign]], engaging in skirmishes at [[Sandersville, Georgia|Sandersville]] and [[Louisville, Georgia|Louisville]]. At Louisville, four companies defeated a superior force. The regiment reached [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] on December 11th and moved into the city on the 21st. It then participated in [[Carolinas campaign|the Carolinas campaign]], being engaged with the enemy at [[Battle of Fayetteville Road|Fayetteville]], [[Battle of Averasborough|Averasborough]], Southfield road, and [[Battle of Bentonville|Bentonville]]. It reached [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] on May 7th. The regiment was in [[Grand Review of the Armies|the grand review]] at Washington D.C., moved to [[Louisville, Kentucky]], in June, and was mustered out on July 19th.
[[File:-Grand Army Review, Washington, D.C.- MET DP356037.jpg|thumb|225x225px|View of the Grand Review of the Armies in D.C.]]
The regiment was discharged on August 1st, 1865, in Jackson, Michigan. The Tenth Michigan Infantry is now represented by a [[American Civil War reenactment|Civil War Reenactment group]].

== Commanders ==
[[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] Charles M. Lum

[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] Christopher J. Dickerson

Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Dunphy

[[Major (United States)|Major]] James J. Scarrett

Major Henry S. Burnett

Major Sylvan Ter Bush

== Total strength and casualties ==
The regiment suffered 7 officers and 95 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 2 officers and 223 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 327
fatalities. Its original strength was 997: gain by recruits, 791; total, 1,788. Loss by death, 299. <ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf2.htm#10th The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|American Civil War|Michigan}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

<ref>{{cite web |title=Chickamauga Station |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=141053 |website=HMdb |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pierce |first1=Byron |title=Civil War Regiments from Michigan |date=2003 |location=Pensacola, Florida |isbn=1-9321-5725-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyer |first1=Frederick |title=A Compendium of the War of the Rebllion |date=1959 |publisher=David Yoseloff |location=New York}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Oak |url=https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ |website=WarWasHere |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rough and Ready |url=https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ |website=WarWasHere}}</ref>

10th Michigan Infantry Regiment

2024-08-27T19:58:00Z

GenEli1L1: /* Service */

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name =10th Michigan Infantry Regiment
| image=Flag of Michigan.svg
| image_size = 200px
|caption=Michigan state flag
|dates =Feburary 10, 1862 – August 1, 1865
|country ={{flag|United States|1864|23px}}
|allegiance =[[Union (Civil War)|Union]]
|branch = [[Union Army|Army]]
|type =[[Infantry]]
|role =
|size =[[Regiment]]
|command_structure =
|garrison =
|garrison_label =
|nickname =
|patron =
|motto =
|colors =
|colors_label =
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles=[[American Civil War]]
*[[Siege of Corinth|The Siege of Corinth]]
*[[Battle of Booneville]]
*[[Battle of Nashville]]
*[[Battle of Stones River]]
*[[Battle of Missionary Ridge]]
*[[Battle of Athens (1864)|Battle of Athens]]
*[https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/battle-of-buzzards-roost/ Battle of Buzzard's Roost]
*[[Battle of Resaca]]
*[[Battle of Rome Cross Roads|Battle of Rome]]
*[[Battle of Dallas]]
*[[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain]]
*[[Battle of Peachtree Creek]]
*[https://warwashere.com/category/red-oak/ Battle of Red Oak]
*[[Battle of Jonesboro]]
*[[Siege of Atlanta]]
*[https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ The Battle of Rough and Ready]
*[[Sherman's March to the Sea|March to the Sea]]
*[[Carolinas campaign|March to burn Columbia]]
*[[Battle of Monroe's Crossroads]]
*[[Battle of Averasborough]]
*[[Battle of Bentonville]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=August 1, 1865
|flying_hours=
|website=


|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}
The '''10th Michigan Infantry Regiment''' was an [[infantry regiment]] that served in the [[Union Army]] between February 10, 1862, and August 1, 1865, during the [[American Civil War]].

== Service ==
The 10th Michigan Infantry was organized at [[Flint, Michigan]], and mustered into Federal service for a three-year enlistment on February 6th, 1862.

The regiment was organized in Flint during the fall and winter of 1861-62 with men from the following counties: [[Shiawassee County, Michigan|Shiawassee]], [[Livingston County, Michigan|Livingston]], [[Genesee County, Michigan|Genesee]], [[Midland County, Michigan|Midland]], [[Saginaw County, Michigan|Saginaw]], [[Oakland County, Michigan|Oakland]], [[Sanilac County, Michigan|Sanilac]], [[St. Clair County, Michigan|St. Clair]], [[Lapeer County, Michigan|Lapeer]], [[Jackson County, Michigan|Jackson]], [[Eaton County, Michigan|Eaton]], and [[Hillsdale County, Michigan|Hillsdale]]. The regiment was officially mustered on Febuary 6th, 1862. It left the state on April 22nd, being ordered to [[Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee|Pittsburg Landing]].

The regiment saw action at the [[Siege of Corinth]]. It was also engaged at [[Battle of Booneville|Boonville]] in July; was then ordered to [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] and assigned to the 1st brigade and 1st division of [[William Rosecrans|Rosecrans]]' army. It was engaged in provost, guard duty and fatigue duty at [[Battle of Nashville|Nashville]]. On December 31st it guarded an [[Ammunition train|ammunition train]] for the army, made a march of {{convert|54|mi|km}} in 36 hours, and participated in the engagement at [[Battle of Stones River|the Battle of Stones River]]. On January 3, 1863, Companies A and D were attacked by a large force of [[Confederate States Army|secess]] [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], but repulsed them, killing 15 and capturing at least that same number. On the 25th of January, 1863, a squad guarding a convoy was captured by 200 of the confederate [[Cavalry in the American Civil War|cavalry]]. Twenty-seven men of the 10th being near, went forward and routed the enemy with heavy loss, capturing guns and horses and saving most of the convoy, which had been set alight. On April 10th, several hundred guerrillas drove a detail of 46 men away from another convoy they were guarding, but reinforced by 15 men, the guard returned and saved the convoy.

In August and September the regiment joined in the march from [[Murfreesboro, Tennessee|Murfreesboro]] to [[Columbia, Tennessee|Columbia]]. The regiment then moved to [[Wheeler's October 1863 Raid|Anderson's cross-roads]], and then to Smith's ferry, which was reached October 26th. On November 26th it participated in the Capture of Chickamauga Station <ref>Not to be confused with The Battle of Chickamauga, this refers to some sort of action in Tenessee, seen here: https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=141053</ref>

The regiment then moved towards [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]] marched for several days, but was then ordered to Columbus, reaching it on December 9th. They then moved through [[Stevenson, Alabama|Stevenson]], [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], fought in the [[Battle_of_Athens_(1864)|Athens]], and [[Florence, Alabama|Florence]], skirmishing at the latter place.<ref>I couldn't find anything about said skirmish, if anyone finds something to the contrary, lmk please.</ref> .It moved for [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] on the 15th. 395 men, having reenlisted as veterans on Feb. 6, 1864, were expecting to receive the longed-for furlough, but instead on the 23rd, the regiment was ordered to prepare for a movement into Georgia. The order was cheerfully obeyed and the regiment participated in the battle of [https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/battle-of-buzzards-roost/ Buzzard Roost], losing 13 killed, 36 wounded and 17 missing. It made a gallant advance over two sharp ridges but, being unsupported, was compelled to return to its earlier stand. The 10th then took part in the successful counterattack at [[Tunnel Hill, Georgia|Tunnel Hill]] before being furloughed home in March. On its return, it reached Chattanooga on May 11th, in time to take part in the [[Atlanta campaign]]. It was engaged at [[Battle of Resaca|Resaca]], [[Battle of Rome Cross Roads|Rome]], and [[Battle of Dallas|Dallas]], was in reserve at [[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain|Kennesaw mountain]]. When [[Confederate General]] [[John Bell Hood]] attacked in defense of Atlanta, the 10th fought valiantly at [[Battle of Peachtree Creek|Peach Tree Creek]].

They also fought engagements at Sandtown, [https://warwashere.com/category/red-oak/ Red Oak] and at [[Battle of Jonesborough|Jonesboro]] charged the enemy's works, taking [https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/08/abraham-lincoln-the-president-s-general-order-to-protect-black-pows-from-confederate-punishment.html 400 prisoners] and a stand of [[Military colours, standards and guidons|colors]], losing 30 killed and 47 wounded. The regiment also fought at the Battle of [https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ Rough and Ready]. Afterwards, it moved forward with the army on the [[Sherman's March to the Sea|Savannah campaign]], engaging in skirmishes at [[Sandersville, Georgia|Sandersville]] and [[Louisville, Georgia|Louisville]]. At Louisville, four companies defeated a superior force. The regiment reached [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] on December 11th and moved into the city on the 21st. It then participated in [[Carolinas campaign|the Carolinas campaign]], being engaged with the enemy at [[Battle of Fayetteville Road|Fayetteville]], [[Battle of Averasborough|Averasborough]], Southfield road, and [[Battle of Bentonville|Bentonville]]. It reached [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] on May 7th. The regiment was in [[Grand Review of the Armies|the grand review]] at Washington D.C., moved to [[Louisville, Kentucky]], in June, and was mustered out on July 19th.
[[File:-Grand Army Review, Washington, D.C.- MET DP356037.jpg|thumb|225x225px|View of the Grand Review of the Armies in D.C.]]
The regiment was discharged on August 1st, 1865, in Jackson, Michigan. The Tenth Michigan Infantry is now represented by a [[American Civil War reenactment|Civil War Reenactment group]].

== Commanders ==
[[Colonel]] Charles M. Lum

[[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Christopher J. Dickerson

Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Dunphy

[[Major (rank)|Major]] James J. Scarrett

Major Henry S. Burnett

Major Sylvan Ter Bush

== Total strength and casualties ==
The regiment suffered 7 officers and 95 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 2 officers and 223 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 327
fatalities. Its original strength was 997: gain by recruits, 791; total, 1,788. Loss by death, 299. <ref>http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unmiinf2.htm#10th The Civil War Archive website after Dyer, Frederick Henry. '''A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion'''. 3 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1959.</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|American Civil War|Michigan}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

<ref>{{cite web |title=Chickamauga Station |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=141053 |website=HMdb |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
[[Category:Units and formations of the Union Army from Michigan]]
[[Category:1865 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1862]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1865]]
<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pierce |first1=Byron |title=Civil War Regiments from Michigan |date=2003 |location=Pensacola, Florida |isbn=1-9321-5725-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dyer |first1=Frederick |title=A Compendium of the War of the Rebllion |date=1959 |publisher=David Yoseloff |location=New York}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Oak |url=https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ |website=WarWasHere |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rough and Ready |url=https://warwashere.com/category/rough-and-ready/ |website=WarWasHere}}</ref>