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Mini (marque)

2024-04-20T15:39:28Z

Githek: Category:English brands

{{Short description|British automotive brand}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]] (2000-present)
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = {{bulleted list
|1= As a car model {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959}}
|2= As a standalone brand {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969}}
}}
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{Plainlist|
* {{Nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as '''MINI''')<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive [[brand]] founded in [[Oxford]] in 1969, owned by German Multinational automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]] assembled in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands and Germany. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a brand in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970">Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the brand in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|access-date=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]].<ref name=chrisreed/> Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–1971; 1990–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|access-date=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback) and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]).

The Mini Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref> The Mini Convertible and the second generation of the [[Mini Countryman#Second generation (F60; 2016)|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]]. The Mini 3-door Hatch/Hardtop is assembled at both plants,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman |title = VDL Nedcar to produce the new MINI Countryman}}</ref> with the 5-door being exclusively assembled at Oxford.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/united-kingdom/article/detail/T0185762EN_GB/the-new-mini-5-door-hatch-rolls-off-the-lines-at-oxford?language=en_GB|title=The new MINI 5-door Hatch rolls off the lines at Oxford |website=BMW Press Group}}</ref> The Paceman was until 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|access-date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|access-date=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref>

The third generation of the [[Mini Countryman#Third generation (U25; 2023)|Mini Countryman]] is produced in [[Germany]] at [[BMW Central Building|BMW's Leipzig plant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mini.com/en_MS/home/new-family/MINI-Countryman-production-in_Leipzig.html|title=A MINI made in Germany : The new Mini Countryman|publisher=Mini}}</ref>

Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite news|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |newspaper=Howstuffworks |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970"/> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
[[File:MINI_badge_on_a_car.jpg|thumb|right|Former logo used from 1997 to 2018]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|access-date=12 January 2012|work=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |access-date=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller.<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|access-date=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892|title=Electric Mini to be built in Oxford|work=BBC News|date=25 July 2017}}</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/|title=BMW group and Great Wall Motors partner to make electric MINIs in China}}</ref>

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer.<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In Sep 2023, BMW announced plans to invest hundreds of millions of pounds to prepare its Mini factory near Oxford to build a new generation of electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66745660|title=BMW investment secures future of Mini factories}}</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{Main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{Main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 |last1=Clarke |first1=R. M. |date=26 January 1998 |publisher=Brooklands Books Limited }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212110057/https://autowise.com/the-history-of-mini/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|adj=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211090658/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fmenschen_netzwerke%2Finnovationsnetzwerk%2Fforschung_innovation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061149/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fnetzwerk%2Fforschung_technik.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{Main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|access-date=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |access-date=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–2024)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000.

In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings, the Longbridge plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|access-date=5 February 2011|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|access-date=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|access-date=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123855/http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|access-date=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809090944/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A Mini 5-door hatch (F55) was available for the first time in 2014. The 5-door is exclusively assembled at Plant Oxford with additional tooling for the body sides, new equipment in the wax sealing line in the plant's paint shop to accommodate the extra door and differences in the shaping of the rear of the car. Plant Swindon produces the new rear door cells in the sub-assembly line with additional roof and panel tooling in the press shop.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com"/>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910093921/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2010|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archive-date=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertisement in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|access-date=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

The rear turn signals have been heavily criticised for pointing in the wrong way, as that may lead to accidents.<ref>[https://www.motor1.com/news/535958/mini-cooper-turn-signal/ We All Just Realized Mini's Taillights Are Pointing The Wrong Way]</ref><ref>[https://jalopnik.com/congratulations-mini-you-made-the-stupidest-turn-sign-1847727385 Congratulations, Mini, You Made The Stupidest Turn Signals Ever]</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring [[Michael Caine]] and [[Noël Coward]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/|title = The Italian Job|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 3 September 1969}}</ref>

In 2002, an original Austin Mini Mayfair MKV was featured in the [[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|Bourne Identity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mini – Bourne Identity {{!}} CAR Magazine |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/amp/car-news/mini/mini---bourne-identity/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref> In the action scene, [[Matt Damon]]'s character is chased through Paris, France .

In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53. [[Charlize Theron]]'s character also drivers an original Rover Mini Cooper.

In 2023, ten Mini Countryman R60 are used as chase vehicles in [[Fast X]], the tenth instalment of the [[Fast & Furious|Fast and Furious]] franchise. The film's picture car supervisor in Europe and the UK, Alex King, said he bought 10 Countrymans in the UK for the film, before modifying them to look like a proper rally car.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=These are the star cars to look out for in Fast X |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/motors/features/2023/05/18/these-are-the-star-cars-to-look-out-for-in-fast-x/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.expressandstar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World's Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=The New York Times|date=3 July 2010|access-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|access-date=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archive-date=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW's Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=The New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{Main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]

===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010, Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{Clear}}

===Formula E safety car===
On 30 March 2021, Mini announced the fully-electric Pacesetter. The car is intended for use from the [[2020–21 Formula E World Championship]] onwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric MINI Pacesetter Won't Make Production, But It Makes EVs Exciting|url=https://insideevs.com/news/497722/MINI-pacesetter-concept-safety-car-electric-revealed/|website=InsideEVs|author=Andrei Nedelea|date=30 March 2021|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archive-date=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |access-date=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil (journalist)|Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#turbo|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162938/https://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
* Official [https://twitter.com/MINI MINI(International)] account on [[Twitter]]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Mini (marque)}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:English brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2000 mergers and acquisitions]]

Mini (marque)

2024-03-15T02:15:03Z

Githek: Adding a reference The Mini Countryman is currently produced in Germany at BMW's Leipizig plant.

{{Short description|British automotive brand}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]] (2000-present)
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = {{bulleted list
|1= As a car model {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959}}
|2= As a standalone brand {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969}}
}}
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{Plainlist|
* {{Nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as '''MINI''')<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive [[brand]] founded in [[Oxford]] in 1969, owned by German Multinational automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]] assembled in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands and Germany. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a brand in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970">Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the brand in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|access-date=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]].<ref name=chrisreed/> Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–1971; 1990–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|access-date=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback) and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]).

The Mini Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref> The Mini Convertible and the second generation of the [[Mini Countryman#Second generation (F60; 2016)|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]]. The Mini 3-door Hatch/Hardtop is assembled at both plants,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman |title = VDL Nedcar to produce the new MINI Countryman}}</ref> with the 5-door being exclusively assembled at Oxford.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/united-kingdom/article/detail/T0185762EN_GB/the-new-mini-5-door-hatch-rolls-off-the-lines-at-oxford?language=en_GB|title=The new MINI 5-door Hatch rolls off the lines at Oxford |website=BMW Press Group}}</ref> The Paceman was until 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|access-date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|access-date=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref>

The third generation of the [[Mini Countryman#Third generation (U25; 2023)|Mini Countryman]] is produced in [[Germany]] at [[BMW Central Building|BMW's Leipzig plant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http:https://www.mini.com/en_MS/home/new-family/MINI-Countryman-production-in_Leipzig.html|title=A MINI made in Germany : The new Mini Countryman|publisher=Mini}}</ref>.

Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite news|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |newspaper=Howstuffworks |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970"/> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
[[File:MINI_badge_on_a_car.jpg|thumb|right|Former logo used from 1997 to 2018]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|access-date=12 January 2012|work=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |access-date=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller.<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|access-date=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892|title=Electric Mini to be built in Oxford|work=BBC News|date=25 July 2017}}</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/|title=BMW group and Great Wall Motors partner to make electric MINIs in China}}</ref>

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer.<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In Sep 2023, BMW announced plans to invest hundreds of millions of pounds to prepare its Mini factory near Oxford to build a new generation of electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66745660|title=BMW investment secures future of Mini factories}}</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{Main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{Main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 |last1=Clarke |first1=R. M. |date=26 January 1998 |publisher=Brooklands Books Limited }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212110057/https://autowise.com/the-history-of-mini/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|adj=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211090658/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fmenschen_netzwerke%2Finnovationsnetzwerk%2Fforschung_innovation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061149/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fnetzwerk%2Fforschung_technik.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{Main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|access-date=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |access-date=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–2024)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000.

In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings, the Longbridge plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|access-date=5 February 2011|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|access-date=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|access-date=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123855/http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|access-date=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809090944/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A Mini 5-door hatch (F55) was available for the first time in 2014. The 5-door is exclusively assembled at Plant Oxford with additional tooling for the body sides, new equipment in the wax sealing line in the plant's paint shop to accommodate the extra door and differences in the shaping of the rear of the car. Plant Swindon produces the new rear door cells in the sub-assembly line with additional roof and panel tooling in the press shop.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com"/>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910093921/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2010|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archive-date=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertisement in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|access-date=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

The rear turn signals have been heavily criticised for pointing in the wrong way, as that may lead to accidents.<ref>[https://www.motor1.com/news/535958/mini-cooper-turn-signal/ We All Just Realized Mini's Taillights Are Pointing The Wrong Way]</ref><ref>[https://jalopnik.com/congratulations-mini-you-made-the-stupidest-turn-sign-1847727385 Congratulations, Mini, You Made The Stupidest Turn Signals Ever]</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring [[Michael Caine]] and [[Noël Coward]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/|title = The Italian Job|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 3 September 1969}}</ref>

In 2002, an original Austin Mini Mayfair MKV was featured in the [[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|Bourne Identity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mini – Bourne Identity {{!}} CAR Magazine |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/amp/car-news/mini/mini---bourne-identity/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref> In the action scene, [[Matt Damon]]'s character is chased through Paris, France .

In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53. [[Charlize Theron]]'s character also drivers an original Rover Mini Cooper.

In 2023, ten Mini Countryman R60 are used as chase vehicles in [[Fast X]], the tenth instalment of the [[Fast & Furious|Fast and Furious]] franchise. The film's picture car supervisor in Europe and the UK, Alex King, said he bought 10 Countrymans in the UK for the film, before modifying them to look like a proper rally car.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=These are the star cars to look out for in Fast X |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/motors/features/2023/05/18/these-are-the-star-cars-to-look-out-for-in-fast-x/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.expressandstar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World's Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=The New York Times|date=3 July 2010|access-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|access-date=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archive-date=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW's Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=The New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{Main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]

===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010, Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{Clear}}

===Formula E safety car===
On 30 March 2021, Mini announced the fully-electric Pacesetter. The car is intended for use from the [[2020–21 Formula E World Championship]] onwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric MINI Pacesetter Won't Make Production, But It Makes EVs Exciting|url=https://insideevs.com/news/497722/MINI-pacesetter-concept-safety-car-electric-revealed/|website=InsideEVs|author=Andrei Nedelea|date=30 March 2021|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archive-date=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |access-date=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil (journalist)|Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#turbo|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162938/https://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
* Official [https://twitter.com/MINI MINI(International)] account on [[Twitter]]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Mini (marque)}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2000 mergers and acquisitions]]

Mini (marque)

2024-03-15T01:22:43Z

Githek: The third generation of Mini Countryman is produced in Germany at BMW's Leipzig factory

{{Short description|British automotive brand}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]] (since 2000)
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = {{bulleted list
|1= As a car model {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959}}
|2= As a standalone brand {{Start date and age|df=yes|1969}}
}}
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{Plainlist|
* {{Nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
* {{Nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as '''MINI''')<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive [[brand]] founded in [[Oxford]] in 1969 by [[British Leyland]], owned by German Multinational automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]] assembled in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands and Germany. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a brand in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970">Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archive-date=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the brand in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|access-date=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]].<ref name=chrisreed/> Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–1971; 1990–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|access-date=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback) and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]).

The Mini Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref> The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]]. The Mini 3-door Hatch/Hardtop is assembled at both plants,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman |title = VDL Nedcar to produce the new MINI Countryman}}</ref> with the 5-door being exclusively assembled at Oxford.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/united-kingdom/article/detail/T0185762EN_GB/the-new-mini-5-door-hatch-rolls-off-the-lines-at-oxford?language=en_GB|title=The new MINI 5-door Hatch rolls off the lines at Oxford |website=BMW Press Group}}</ref> The Paceman was until 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|access-date=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|access-date=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite news|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |newspaper=Howstuffworks |date=21 March 2007 |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref name="Michael Sedgwick 1970"/> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
[[File:MINI_badge_on_a_car.jpg|thumb|right|Former logo used from 1997 to 2018]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|access-date=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|access-date=12 January 2012|work=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |access-date=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller.<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|access-date=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|access-date=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892|title=Electric Mini to be built in Oxford|work=BBC News|date=25 July 2017}}</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/|title=BMW group and Great Wall Motors partner to make electric MINIs in China}}</ref>

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer.<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>

In Sep 2023, BMW announced plans to invest hundreds of millions of pounds to prepare its Mini factory near Oxford to build a new generation of electric cars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-66745660|title=BMW investment secures future of Mini factories}}</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{Main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{Main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 |last1=Clarke |first1=R. M. |date=26 January 1998 |publisher=Brooklands Books Limited }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212110057/https://autowise.com/the-history-of-mini/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|adj=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211090658/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fmenschen_netzwerke%2Finnovationsnetzwerk%2Fforschung_innovation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-date=11 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211061149/https://www.bmwgroup.com/en.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmwgroup.com%2Fe%2F0_0_www_bmwgroup_com%2Fforschung_entwicklung%2Fnetzwerk%2Fforschung_technik.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|date=21 January 2010 |publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{Main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{Clear}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|access-date=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |access-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |access-date=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archive-date=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|access-date=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |date=3 October 2006 |access-date=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015|date=26 November 2014}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–2024)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000.

In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings, the Longbridge plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|access-date=5 February 2011|work=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|access-date=21 November 2010|work=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |access-date=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|access-date=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|access-date=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|access-date=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013|archive-date=9 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123855/http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|access-date=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809090944/http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A Mini 5-door hatch (F55) was available for the first time in 2014. The 5-door is exclusively assembled at Plant Oxford with additional tooling for the body sides, new equipment in the wax sealing line in the plant's paint shop to accommodate the extra door and differences in the shaping of the rear of the car. Plant Swindon produces the new rear door cells in the sub-assembly line with additional roof and panel tooling in the press shop.<ref name="press.bmwgroup.com"/>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910093921/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2010|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|access-date=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archive-date=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertisement in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |access-date=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|access-date=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

The rear turn signals have been heavily criticised for pointing in the wrong way, as that may lead to accidents.<ref>[https://www.motor1.com/news/535958/mini-cooper-turn-signal/ We All Just Realized Mini's Taillights Are Pointing The Wrong Way]</ref><ref>[https://jalopnik.com/congratulations-mini-you-made-the-stupidest-turn-sign-1847727385 Congratulations, Mini, You Made The Stupidest Turn Signals Ever]</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring [[Michael Caine]] and [[Noël Coward]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/|title = The Italian Job|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 3 September 1969}}</ref>

In 2002, an original Austin Mini Mayfair MKV was featured in the [[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|Bourne Identity]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mini – Bourne Identity {{!}} CAR Magazine |url=https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/amp/car-news/mini/mini---bourne-identity/ |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref> In the action scene, [[Matt Damon]]'s character is chased through Paris, France .

In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53. [[Charlize Theron]]'s character also drivers an original Rover Mini Cooper.

In 2023, ten Mini Countryman R60 are used as chase vehicles in [[Fast X]], the tenth instalment of the [[Fast & Furious|Fast and Furious]] franchise. The film's picture car supervisor in Europe and the UK, Alex King, said he bought 10 Countrymans in the UK for the film, before modifying them to look like a proper rally car.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=These are the star cars to look out for in Fast X |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/news/motors/features/2023/05/18/these-are-the-star-cars-to-look-out-for-in-fast-x/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.expressandstar.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World's Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=The New York Times|date=3 July 2010|access-date=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|access-date=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archive-date=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|access-date=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW's Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=The New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|access-date=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{Main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]

===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010, Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{Clear}}

===Formula E safety car===
On 30 March 2021, Mini announced the fully-electric Pacesetter. The car is intended for use from the [[2020–21 Formula E World Championship]] onwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric MINI Pacesetter Won't Make Production, But It Makes EVs Exciting|url=https://insideevs.com/news/497722/MINI-pacesetter-concept-safety-car-electric-revealed/|website=InsideEVs|author=Andrei Nedelea|date=30 March 2021|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |access-date=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archive-date=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|access-date=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |access-date=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil (journalist)|Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#turbo|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162938/https://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
* Official [https://twitter.com/MINI MINI(International)] account on [[Twitter]]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Mini (marque)}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:2000 mergers and acquisitions]]

Reebok

2023-05-10T01:05:52Z

Githek:

{{short description|Footwear and clothing company}}
{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Limited
| former_name = Reebok
| logo = Reebok red logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2022
| image = Reebok sportswear company international headquarters Boston Massachusetts.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Global headquarters in [[Boston]], Massachusetts
| type = {{plainlist|
* [[Privately held company|Private]] {{small|(1958–1985)}}
* [[Public company|Public]] {{small|(1985–2005)}}
* [[Subsidiary]] {{small|(2005–present)}}
}}
| fate =
| industry = Textile, Sports equipment
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}{{efn|Predecessor [[J.W. Foster and Sons]] was established by Joseph W. Foster to manufacture athletic shoes. The original family business was eventually absorbed by Reebok in 1976.<ref name="FarrellT">{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=T. |date=2017-09-19 |title=Running the show: Reebok |url=http://letslookagain.com/2017/09/running-the-show-reebok/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Let's Look Again |language=en-GB}}</ref>}} in [[Bolton]], England<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Marc |date=October 18, 2018 |title=A Quick History of Reebok |url=https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Grailed}}</ref><ref name=highs>[https://www.highsnobiety.com/tag/reebok/ Reebok timeline] on Highsnobiety.com</ref>
| founder = Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]]
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, USA
| key_people = Todd Krinsky (CEO)
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = Sportswear, footwear
| parent = {{plainlist|
* [[Adidas]] {{small|(2005–2021)}}
* [[Authentic Brands Group]] {{small|(2021–present)}}
}}
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* Princess
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}

'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) formerly '''Reebok''' is an American fitness footwear and clothing brand that is a part of [[Authentic Brands Group]]. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], Lancashire. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of the United Kingdom in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company [[Adidas]] in 2005, then sold to the United States-based Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].

== History ==
===Early years===
In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], England, and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business "''J.W. Foster''" in 1900; later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name="rourke" /> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/><ref name="Coles">{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Jason |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960846901 |title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes That Changed Sport |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-3704-9 |location=London |pages=14–16 |oclc=960846901}}</ref> The company began distributing its shoes across the United Kingdom, which were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in Paris.<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]], formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a dictionary won in a sprint race by Joe as a boy.<ref name=highs/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

In 1979, an American businessman named [[Paul Fireman]] took notice of Reebok at the Chicago NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman had previously been an executive with his family business Boston Camping,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2021/06/14/Portfolio/Fireman.aspx|title=Paul Fireman: Sole Man|website=Sports Business Journal}}</ref> and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the United States. The division became known as '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> That year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke">{{cite book |last1=Rourke |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769042347 |title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd." |last2=Hedblad |first2=Edna |last3=Salamie |first3=David |date=1999 |publisher=St. James Press |others=Jay P. Pederson, Thomson Gale |isbn=978-1-55862-665-2 |location=Detroit, Mich. |oclc=769042347}}</ref>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982, Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last1=McDonald|first1=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million,<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> and Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK and was renamed Reebok International Limited.<ref name=ny86 /><ref name=vartan />

The brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic shoe, popularized by [[Boris Becker]] and [[John McEnroe]], and the Revenge Plus, also known as the Club C. The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the most significant segment of the athletic footwear industry.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|work=The New York Times |date=November 1, 1989|agency=Reuters|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 1986, Reebok switched its original Union Jack logo from it had since its founding to the vector logo—an abstract Union Flag streak across a race track—which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes.<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name="fastcode">{{cite web |author=Brownlee |first=John |date=March 13, 2014 |title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051346/http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |archive-date=2016-08-28 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=FastCode}}</ref> Reebok also began developing sports clothing and accessories, and introduced a line of children's athletic shoes called Weeboks.<ref name="chicagotrib">{{cite news |author=Petersen |first=Clarence |date=March 15, 1987 |title=The Training Of Trendy Tots |newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness |access-date=March 1, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014557/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-03-15-8701200671-story.html|archive-date=2018-09-26}}</ref> It acquired [[Rockport (company)|Rockport]] for $118.5 million in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Martha |date=1986-09-17 |title=Reebok to Buy Rockport for $118.5 Million |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-17-fi-10421-story.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion, and it overtook [[Nike, Inc.]] as the largest athletic shoe manufacturer in the US before losing the top position in 1988.<ref name="wsj05">{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Dennis K. |last2=Kang |first2=Stephanie |last3=Karnitsching |first3=Matthew |date=2005 |title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FarrellT" />

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s===
[[File:Reebok World headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Former Reebok headquarters in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.]]
In 2001, Reebok hired [[Peter Arnell]] with the Arnell Group as its lead marketing agency, which created several [[Reebok advertising campaigns|advertising campaigns]], including a successful series of [[Terry Tate]] commercials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Der Pool |first=Lisa |date=August 28, 2003 |title=Arnell 'Outperforms' for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/arnell-outperforms-reebok-66590/ |url-status=live |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> The agency also helped develop the [[Yao Ming]] line, and the fashion-oriented Rbk brand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2003 |title=Yao Ming Stands Tall for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/yao-ming-stands-tall-reebok-67985/ |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Greg |date=September 1, 2004 |title=The Rebirth of Cool: Reebok Has Given Up on Trying to Beat Nike at the Hard-Core Sports Game. Instead, It Wants to Become the Shoe Brand for Hip-Hoppers, Hipsters, and Other Fashion-Forward Urbanites. |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/index.htm |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reebok Logo - Design and History of Reebok Logo|url=https://www.famouslogos.us/reebok-logo/|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> In December, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and COO.<ref name="sportbiz">{{cite web |date=December 6, 2001 |title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161818/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=March 2, 2015 |publisher=Sport Business Daily}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004.<ref name="Herald_NHL" /> The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. It phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around {{US$|110 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-27 |title=Adidas sells ice hockey brand to Birch Hill for $110 million |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-adidas-divestiture-hockey-idUSKBN1AC2AE |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

=== Adidas ownership ===
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, but maintained operations under their separate brand names.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news |author=Stuart Elliot |date=August 4, 2005 |title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last1=Petrecca|first1=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that included the [[WNBA]], replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Adidas Reebok European headquarter in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Adidas Reebok European headquarters in [[Amsterdam]] (2017)]]
In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit [[delta (letter)|delta]] symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. As it lost contracts to make sportswear for professional and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017), Reebok began repositioning itself as a fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721191929/https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/}}</ref>

In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills International]].<ref name=adage/> The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red delta sign began appearing on Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, the company's second logo change in more than 120 years. The delta symbol is meant to symbolize three pillars of positive self-change—mental, physical and social—as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name="fastcode" />

Following a successful re-release of many of its sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in [[Motter Tektura]] typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing that consumers still identified with them rather than the red delta logo,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Adweek LLC |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the delta would continue to be used on some fitness lines.

===Authentic Brands Group ownership===
In February 2021, Adidas announced plans to divest Reebok after analyzing options<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulier |first1=Thomas |title=Adidas Begins Sale Process for Underperforming Reebok Brand |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-16/adidas-begins-sale-process-for-reebok-brand|website=Bloomberg|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> and expected a hit of about {{€|250 million}} to operating profit from costs to sell or spin-off the business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas pushes online sales and sustainability in five-year plan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/adidas-expects-strong-rebound-takes-reebok-hit.html |website=CNBC|date=10 March 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> In July 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being [[Wolverine World Wide]] and [[Authentic Brands Group]] on a joint deal, private equity companies [[Advent International]], [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], [[Cerberus Capital Management|Cerberus Capital]], and [[Sycamore Partners]], with a deadline for August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas shortlists bidders in Reebok sale -sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-shorlists-bidders-reebok-unit-sale-sources-2021-07-01/ |website=Reuters|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion.<ref name="reebok">{{Cite news |title=Adidas ends Reebok era with $2.5 bln sale to Authentic Brands |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-sells-reebok-authentic-brands-25-bln-2021-08-12/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On March 1, 2022, the acquisition was finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Authentic Brands Group Finalizes the Acquisition of Reebok |url=https://www.abgnewsroom.com/press-releases/abg-finalizes-reebok |date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=ABG Newsroom}}</ref>

== Logo evolution ==
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 105
|height= 70
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo (1958-1977).jpg|{{center|1958–1977}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (1977–1993).svg|{{center|1977–1993}} {{center|Alongside with the flag of the United Kingdom, on Reebok Classic models}}
|Reebok logo93 (2).png|{{center|1993–1997}}
|File:Reebok_logo_(1997-2000).jpg|{{center|1997–2000}}
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|{{center|2000–2005}}
|File:Reebok logo05.png|{{center|2005–2008}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (2008–2014).svg|{{center|2008–2014}}
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|{{center|2014–2019}}
|Reebok_International_logo.svg|{{center|2019–2022}}
|Reebok red logo.svg|{{center|2022–present}}
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In [[EMEA]] countries, Authentic Brands Group is working with [[Bounty Apparel]] in South Africa, [[Al Boom Marine]] in the Middle East and North Africa, and [[Flo Magazacilik]] in Turkey to grow the business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=ABG expands Reebok in several EMEA countries |url=https://www.sgieurope.com/retail-and-distribution/abg-expands-reebok-in-several-emea-countries/97654.article |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Sporting Goods Intelligence}}</ref>

==Products==
{{multiple image
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|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and [[CrossFit]] sportswear including clothing and accessories. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of Reebok's sales, and the company subsequently released similar styles including the Princess, Empress and Dutchess lines.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/features/freestyle-forever|title=Reebok Freestyle Forever|date=June 25, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their signature shoes, the [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archive-date=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes featuring zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 as the first official CrossFit shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered with [[Les Mills International|Les Mills]] and CrossFit to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok debuted the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole foam that is cushioned but durable, in 2014 on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology called Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new line under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC]] (2006–11) and [[East Bengal FC]] (2003–05, 2006–10).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=July 4, 2003 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to {{US$|233 million|link=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-23 |title=Reebok India alleges $233m fraud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18170674 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|access-date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|access-date=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| total_width = 350
| image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s.
}}

The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[EFL League One|League One]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian Instagram version of a global Reebok advertising campaign to promote female empowerment under the hashtag #BeMoreHuman featured the slogan "Sit not on the needle of men’s approval – sit on men’s face." After facing outrage on social media, Reebok removed the slogan and their Russian marketing director resigned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/08/reebok-russia-stirs-controversy-with-face-sitting-slogan-in-feminist-ad-campaign |title=Reebok Russia stirs controversy with 'face-sitting' slogan in feminist ad campaign |work=[[Euronews]] |date=February 10, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

On March 21, 2022, Reebok suspended all branded stores and e-commerce operations in Russia after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Riley |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/reebok-suspends-russian-retail-stores-015922715.html |title=Reebok Suspends Russian Retail Stores and E-Commerce |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=March 22, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok's Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&q=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&pg=PA53|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339939}}</ref>

Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). It hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|access-date=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref><ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, Reebok signed a four-year deal as the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB).<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|access-date=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> It became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice [[Rbk Edge|Edge Uniform System]], performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref name="Herald_NHL">{{Cite web |last=Goodison |first=Donna |date=2015-09-12 |title=Adidas to score NHL license from Reebok |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2015/09/12/adidas-to-score-nhl-license-from-reebok/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=[[Boston Herald]]}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |access-date=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |access-date=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season. On 29 September 2022, it announced a partnership with the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) as the official footwear partner for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feet Heat Fires Up With Reebok |url=https://nbl.com.au/news/feet-heat-fires-up-with-reebok |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL Australia]]}}</ref>

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]]; Argentinian club [[Club Atlético Los Andes|San Martín de Los Andes]]; Paraguayan club [[Club General Díaz|General Díaz]] and Uruguayan club [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> In November 2022, the company announced its return to the football stage, signing a new deal with [[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botafogo anuncia Reebok como nova fornecedora de material esportivo |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/2022/11/04/botafogo-anuncia-reebok-como-nova-fornecedora-de-material-esportivo.ghtml |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Non-sport related endorsements ===
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2002, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Parija |date=February 9, 2004 |title=Jordan, 50 cent & Jay-Z: the right fit? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/02/06/news/companies/retro_shoes/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[CNN]] Money}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. The company also produces shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''. Artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok over the years include [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Gigi Hadid]], [[Victoria Beckham]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham's Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref> [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=[[Today.com]] |date=2016-12-14 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
{{Portal|Massachusetts|Companies|Sport}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
{{navboxes
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff
|list =
{{Authentic Brands Group}}
{{Sports equipment brands}}
{{Running Shoe Brands}}
{{Adidas}}
{{Authority control}}
}}

[[Category:Reebok| ]]
[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:Authentic Brands Group]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Boston]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Ice hockey brands]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Swimwear manufacturers]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:1985 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2022 mergers and acquisitions]]

Talk:Reebok

2023-05-10T01:00:26Z

Githek: Githek moved page Talk:Reebok to Talk:Reebok International Limited

{{Spoken Wikipedia request|Lionsdude148|Important}}
{{Talk header}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=yes|1=
{{WikiProject Automobiles| class=c| importance=high}}
{{WikiProject Brands|class=c|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Companies| class=c| importance=high}}
{{WikiProject Fashion|class=c|importance=high}}
{{WikiProject Ice Hockey|class=c|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject Swimming|class=c|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject United States|class=c|importance=Low|Boston=yes|Boston-importance=low|MA=yes|MA-importance=low}}
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== Article Fixes Needed ==
This page is pretty decrepit as far as flow, information, and general quality is concerned. There is little introduction to the company or its history and instead the article contains only a minor [[WP:LEAD|lead]] and then starts in on product line info. For being a "high" priority in 2 different WikiProjects, you'd think there'd be more attention paid to details. For instance, I just fixed the fact that the company is based in Canton, MA now instead of its original location in Bolton, England. That's been changed since the 2005/2006 merger. The article could really benefit from a lot of positive attention to bring it up to speed with the company's worldwide profile. [[User:Ju66l3r|ju66l3r]] ([[User talk:Ju66l3r|talk]]) 15:44, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

:The article hasn't gotten much better since Ju6613r's comments. The article doesn't answer key facts about the company (when did Adidas buy them out? That should feature prominently in this article, but instead is mentioned nowhere). The article takes way too much space dedicated to the many individual teams Reebok sponsors and the mechanics of those sponsorships; instead a brief section covering where Reebok focuses its sponsorship efforts with a few key examples would be more appropriate in my opinion. There is also material in the last "news" section which is clearly marketing hype, with unsubstantiated claims ("It is a well known fact that many women...") that do nothing more than promote products. Pretty much a straightforward violation of the NPOV policy. This one needs a ground-up re-write. [[Special:Contributions/98.216.158.246|98.216.158.246]] ([[User talk:98.216.158.246|talk]]) 18:41, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

::I agree - I came looking for when Adidas acquired Reebok. It's on the Adidas page, but not here. Also, the opening 3 paragraphs are horribly written, e.g.
:::''Reebok . . . is a producer of athletic footwear, apparel, and accessories.Joe and Jeff Foster founded Mercury Sports.'' and ''Reebok developed a new innovative fabric that holds any dirt picked to avoid creating mess.''
::Also:
:::''despite being pricier than competitors adidas, Nike and Puma.''
::Somebody, for some reason, changed this from Nike, Adidas, and Puma. Maybe to alphabetize, but Nike is #1 and Adidas #2. And although their logo says "adidas," it should be capitalized as it is a proper name. Contradictory that the article says Reebok is a subsidiary of Adidas, then 2 paragraphs later says they're competitors - one more reason to include the merger info.
::I don't mind making small contributions to Wiki, but a major overhaul should fall on the responsibility of the moderator. I'm not going to spend the time to research and rewrite key points of the article knowing the moderator let it get this bad in the first place. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/76.173.42.163|76.173.42.163]] ([[User talk:76.173.42.163|talk]]) 08:04, 5 August 2010 (UTC) 

==European HQ==
According to Reebok's own site ([http://corporate.reebok.com/en/local/meta/contact/default.asp]) this is in the Netherlands.

Reebok EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa)

Koningin Wilhelminaplein 30 
1062 KR Amsterdam 
The Netherlands 

[[User:Harry the Dirty Dog|HtD]] ([[User talk:Harry the Dirty Dog|talk]]) 13:15, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

== Basquiat ==
What does this mean: "In 2006, Reebok licensed Jean-Michel Basquiat; there have been three collaborations to date."? I assume they don't mean that they issued JMB a Reebok license. They licensed his art, or his likeness, they can't have licensed him, he's a person and he's been dead for 20 years. What does the rest of the section mean? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/71.63.82.163|71.63.82.163]] ([[User talk:71.63.82.163#top|talk]]) 00:21, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

: couldn't agree more. It makes no real sense and it fails to cite any sources. I've deleted it until someone can see fit to rewrite it. Clearly nobody has responded to your message to they're unlikely to restore and rewrite it. [[User:Brob|brob]] ([[User talk:Brob|talk]]) 22:14, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

== Origins ==
I have changed the part @ the top of the Article that states the company was founded in Canton USA in 1858, don't know were this came from, but the articles was contradicting it's self as it said that in the start of the article, and then stated in the company round up that it was founded in Bolton UK in 1895. I looked @ Reebok's website and it confirms that the company was started in the UK, in 1895 (perhaps why the shoes have a Union Jack on them). It does say that ansestor company J.W. Foster and Sons was started in 1895, but Reebok itslef was started in Canton in 1958, so perhaps that's were the confusion came from. [[User:Yakacm|Yakacm]] ([[User talk:Yakacm|talk]]) 08:57, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

== Wikipedia 'allegedly' causes brain damage in those who edit it ==
From the article: "It allegedly caused the lead poisoning death of a 4-year-old child who swallowed it."

What?! If a Reebok pendant killed a 4 year old, this 'alleged' incident would be easy to find. There would be a coroner's report, a media frenzy, and a HUGE lawsuit.

Surprise, surprise, said incident IS easy to find. The US CDC has publicly available articles on the incident, as does the US Consumer Products Safety Commision.

Oh well, what else can one expect from a million lazy nerdy disaffected monkeys on typewriters. The article might as well have said "I heard some kid died from eating a Reebok charm, but couldn't be bothered looking it up, because while I'm active enough to edit Wikipedia, I'm too lazy and stupid to perform simple searches".

WIKIPEDIA IS GARBAGE, PEOPLE, AND IT'S GETTING WORSE! GIVE UP ON IT NOW! —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/121.45.63.98|121.45.63.98]] ([[User talk:121.45.63.98|talk]]) 07:48, 5 August 2009 (UTC) 

== Sponsership - Crossfit ==
Reebok sponsers the CrossFit Games. I'm not sure how to put this in the sponsers sections. It's not a "team" and it's not a "country". It's a international competition. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:War|War]] ([[User talk:War|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/War|contribs]]) 16:56, 28 March 2012 (UTC) 

== Article light on history ==
For a brand with such a strong history in the UK (even using the Union Jack as part of it's logo), this article seems too based on recent events. Two or three sentences in the first section does not suffice in describing the company's origin. --[[Special:Contributions/69.124.112.126|69.124.112.126]] ([[User talk:69.124.112.126|talk]]) 07:37, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

== Reads a bit like an ad... ==
No mention that: Reebok Paid $25 Million in Customer Refunds To Settle FTC Charges of Deceptive Advertising of EasyTone and RunTone Shoes - http://www.ftc.gov/reebok --[[User:Elvey|Elvey]] ([[User talk:Elvey|talk]]) 08:15, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

== Sweatshops ==
The German Wik site says that R had a bad history of using sweatshops and/but that now it is active in the area of human rights. If any of this is correct, it deserves mention in our article. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers|talk]]) 07:25, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

:Interesting. I'll try to find some [[WP:IRS|reliable sources]] on the issue. [[User:Zhang500|Zhang500]] ([[User talk:Zhang500|talk]]) 02:15, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

== External links modified ==
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Reebok]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=706239637 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130120032651/http://www.chl.ca/page/suppliers to http://www.chl.ca/page/suppliers/

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== External links modified ==
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on [[Reebok]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=757710619 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093735/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp to http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.shoebacca.com/brand/reebok
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za:80/news-shevenko.htm to http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm#
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== Sponsorship section ==
The present state of the sponsorship section violates Wikipedia policies:
# [[MOS:FLAG]]–national flags should only be used when an athelete is representing a national organization.
# [[WP:PROMO]]–a cut and paste list from the Reebok web site, without any meaningful prose.
I will update accordingly. [[User:Flibirigit|Flibirigit]] ([[User talk:Flibirigit|talk]]) 15:50, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

== Logo Change - 2019 ==
The company has scrapped the Delta logo as of November 2019 and reverted back to the old Vector logo with Motter Tektura script. A new version has been created by the company and can now be found on its website but not sure where to legally put it onto the title box, which needs to be updated. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:RapidAssistant|RapidAssistant]] ([[User talk:RapidAssistant#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/RapidAssistant|contribs]]) 11:37, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

:Reebok updated logo in November 2019 to the all black vector.
:I am a Reebok HQ employee and have been directed to update the logo image to the all black version. Please do NOT change to any other color version.
:The link below is to the internal PR page about the logo change.
:https://news.reebok.com/global/latest-news/all/reebok-unifies-under-one-logo--one-wordmark/s/e3f32cff-6241-47cb-a1c1-1b8704dc4afc
:The website also uses the black logo: https://www.reebok.com/us — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Tardifkara|Tardifkara]] ([[User talk:Tardifkara#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Tardifkara|contribs]]) 15:41, 2 January 2020 (UTC) 

:: As I already told to the user, who claims to be a former Reebok employee, I uploaded a black version in Commons: [[:Reebok logo20.png]] and added it to the article. I hope this controversy come to and end right now. [[User:Fma12|Fma12]] ([[User talk:Fma12|talk]]) 15:06, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

== Reebok Logo Updated 2019 - Corporate Requested Logo ==
Hi All,

As a Reebok HQ employee, I am updating the Reebok logo to represent the 2019 Vector logo update. The all black logo version is the image Reebok corporate has defined as the primary logo to be represented on Wikipedia and Reebok.com. See PR article below.

https://news.reebok.com/global/latest-news/all/reebok-unifies-under-one-logo--one-wordmark/s/e3f32cff-6241-47cb-a1c1-1b8704dc4afc

There are many color way versions of this logo but the all black is preferred as the primary logo for Wikipedia by the Reebok Corporate HQ.

[[User:Tardifkara|Tardifkara]] ([[User talk:Tardifkara|talk]]) 15:07, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

: {{ping|Tardifkara}} : As I already told to the user, who claims to be a former Reebok employee, I uploaded a black version in Commons: [[:File:Reebok logo20.png]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reebok&diff=933883179&oldid=933882687 added it to the article]. After all of this, I hope this controversy come to and definitely. [[User:Fma12|Fma12]] ([[User talk:Fma12|talk]]) 15:09, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

== "English" and "British" ==
I have undone several edits over the last few months that try to label this company as British or English. Reebok was purchased by American interests in 1985 and has been owned by Adidas, a German company, since 2005. While it was founded in England, it is not an English company today. Please refrain from adding such descriptors unless they are properly cited by independent sources. [[User:162 etc.|162 etc.]] ([[User talk:162 etc.|talk]]) 06:18, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

*Reebok USA merged with the original company based in England after the acquisition by businessman Paul Fireman. That's how Reebok became an American firm. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2001:861:5382:8B40:81CD:5491:9056:C7D7|2001:861:5382:8B40:81CD:5491:9056:C7D7]] ([[User talk:2001:861:5382:8B40:81CD:5491:9056:C7D7#top|talk]]) 10:51, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

== Corporate logo ==
The current Reebok logo (as seen at [https://www.reebok.com/us official site] and some of its [https://twitter.com/Reebok social media] is [[:file:Reebok red logo.svg|a red version]] (already uploaded to commons). Nevertheless, user {{ping|Plasamas}} insisted on keeping a previous version.

I'm aware that Reebok change its corporate logo in 2019, and the company has used some variations of it, including a total black and the blue/red emblem, nevertheless the current version (as of 2022) is the red one. I could not find reliable source (p.e. a corporate identity manual) to verify the rules that determine how the logo is used on different communication channels.

Otherwise, I think the red logo should be taken as the official version and being placed on the infobox. Unless the editor who reverted the action can prove the contrary. [[User:Fma12|Fma12]] ([[User talk:Fma12|talk]]) 10:15, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

:I agree with you, official site/socials have the red, text-free design, on trend with simplifying logos; readers can see the lettertype/colors/variations later in the article. Come to think of it, are any of the years in the "Logo evolution" section sourced?
:[[User:Plasamas]] has a thing for boldly changing infobox images, for better or worse; good luck convincing him. [[Special:Contributions/70.163.208.142|70.163.208.142]] ([[User talk:70.163.208.142|talk]]) 12:50, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

::Thanks for your reply. I'll wait a few days about what other editors (including Plasamas of course) think about the topic. Above all, I expect a convincing version that justify the recent removal of the red logo. Otherwise, this emblem will be restored as the assumed current logo. [[User:Fma12|Fma12]] ([[User talk:Fma12|talk]]) 15:05, 17 September 2022 (UTC)

:Reebok uses the red and blue logo on their clothing products. The wordmark and the logo are seen on almost every Reebok product. Containing the icon without the wordmark is impractical unless it is like Nike Inc, where the wordmark is rarely used. On many products (for example Reebok Classic shoe), only the wordmark is used. Many companies have different logos on Social Media, for example on June the logos change to rainbow. This does not change the clothing or actual products themselves.[[User:Plasamas|Plasamas]] ([[User talk:Plasamas|talk]]) 10:38, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

::{{ping|Plasamas}} {{ping|70.163.208.142}} I was doing some searches at the Reebok website and saw that both versions (with and ithout wordmark) appear on clothing lines ([https://www.reebok.com/us/women-clothing-new_arrivals women's] and [https://www.reebok.com/us/men-t_shirts men's]) so your reasons to erase the red logo from the infobox seems to be based on personal tastes rather than facts.
::You cited other sports brands such as Nike, well, that company also uses different logos on its clothing lines (for example, the "swoosh" is shown with/without the 'Nike' word [https://www.nike.com/ca/kids here]).
::A recent Reebok announcement (an agreement to supply football kits to Panama national team, dated 4 days ago) shows a red logo ([https://www.footyheadlines.com/2022/09/no-more-new-balance-panama-announce-reebok-kit-deal.html source here]). Summarizing, according to the reebok.com website, plus Reebok social media and the links provided, it can be assumed that red is the current corporate color for Reebok so it should be updated on the infobox. [[User:Fma12|Fma12]] ([[User talk:Fma12|talk]]) 20:14, 20 September 2022 (UTC)

Reebok

2023-05-10T01:00:25Z

Githek: Githek moved page Reebok to Reebok International Limited over redirect

{{short description|Footwear and clothing company}}
{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Limited
| former_name = Reebok
| logo = Reebok red logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2022
| image = Reebok sportswear company international headquarters Boston Massachusetts.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Global headquarters in [[Boston]], Massachusetts
| type = {{plainlist|
* [[Privately held company|Private]] {{small|(1958–1985)}}
* [[Public company|Public]] {{small|(1985–2005)}}
* [[Subsidiary]] {{small|(2005–present)}}
}}
| fate =
| industry = Textile, Sports equipment
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}{{efn|Predecessor [[J.W. Foster and Sons]] was established by Joseph W. Foster to manufacture athletic shoes. The original family business was eventually absorbed by Reebok in 1976.<ref name="FarrellT">{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=T. |date=2017-09-19 |title=Running the show: Reebok |url=http://letslookagain.com/2017/09/running-the-show-reebok/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Let's Look Again |language=en-GB}}</ref>}} in [[Bolton]], England<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Marc |date=October 18, 2018 |title=A Quick History of Reebok |url=https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Grailed}}</ref><ref name=highs>[https://www.highsnobiety.com/tag/reebok/ Reebok timeline] on Highsnobiety.com</ref>
| founder = Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]]
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, USA
| key_people = Todd Krinsky (CEO)
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = Sportswear, footwear
| parent = {{plainlist|
* [[Adidas]] {{small|(2005–2021)}}
* [[Authentic Brands Group]] {{small|(2021–present)}}
}}
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* Princess
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}

'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) is an American fitness footwear and clothing brand that is a part of [[Authentic Brands Group]]. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], Lancashire. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of the United Kingdom in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company [[Adidas]] in 2005, then sold to the United States-based Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].

== History ==
===Early years===
In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], England, and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business "''J.W. Foster''" in 1900; later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name="rourke" /> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/><ref name="Coles">{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Jason |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960846901 |title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes That Changed Sport |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-3704-9 |location=London |pages=14–16 |oclc=960846901}}</ref> The company began distributing its shoes across the United Kingdom, which were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in Paris.<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]], formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a dictionary won in a sprint race by Joe as a boy.<ref name=highs/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

In 1979, an American businessman named [[Paul Fireman]] took notice of Reebok at the Chicago NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman had previously been an executive with his family business Boston Camping,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2021/06/14/Portfolio/Fireman.aspx|title=Paul Fireman: Sole Man|website=Sports Business Journal}}</ref> and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the United States. The division became known as '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> That year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke">{{cite book |last1=Rourke |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769042347 |title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd." |last2=Hedblad |first2=Edna |last3=Salamie |first3=David |date=1999 |publisher=St. James Press |others=Jay P. Pederson, Thomson Gale |isbn=978-1-55862-665-2 |location=Detroit, Mich. |oclc=769042347}}</ref>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982, Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last1=McDonald|first1=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million,<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> and Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK and was renamed Reebok International Limited.<ref name=ny86 /><ref name=vartan />

The brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic shoe, popularized by [[Boris Becker]] and [[John McEnroe]], and the Revenge Plus, also known as the Club C. The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the most significant segment of the athletic footwear industry.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|work=The New York Times |date=November 1, 1989|agency=Reuters|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 1986, Reebok switched its Union Jack logo from it had since its founding to the vector logo—an abstract Union Flag streak across a race track—which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes.<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name="fastcode">{{cite web |author=Brownlee |first=John |date=March 13, 2014 |title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051346/http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |archive-date=2016-08-28 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=FastCode}}</ref> Reebok also began developing sports clothing and accessories, and introduced a line of children's athletic shoes called Weeboks.<ref name="chicagotrib">{{cite news |author=Petersen |first=Clarence |date=March 15, 1987 |title=The Training Of Trendy Tots |newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness |access-date=March 1, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014557/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-03-15-8701200671-story.html|archive-date=2018-09-26}}</ref> It acquired [[Rockport (company)|Rockport]] for $118.5 million in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Martha |date=1986-09-17 |title=Reebok to Buy Rockport for $118.5 Million |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-17-fi-10421-story.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion, and it overtook [[Nike, Inc.]] as the largest athletic shoe manufacturer in the US before losing the top position in 1988.<ref name="wsj05">{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Dennis K. |last2=Kang |first2=Stephanie |last3=Karnitsching |first3=Matthew |date=2005 |title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FarrellT" />

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s===
[[File:Reebok World headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Former Reebok headquarters in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.]]
In 2001, Reebok hired [[Peter Arnell]] with the Arnell Group as its lead marketing agency, which created several [[Reebok advertising campaigns|advertising campaigns]], including a successful series of [[Terry Tate]] commercials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Der Pool |first=Lisa |date=August 28, 2003 |title=Arnell 'Outperforms' for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/arnell-outperforms-reebok-66590/ |url-status=live |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> The agency also helped develop the [[Yao Ming]] line, and the fashion-oriented Rbk brand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2003 |title=Yao Ming Stands Tall for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/yao-ming-stands-tall-reebok-67985/ |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Greg |date=September 1, 2004 |title=The Rebirth of Cool: Reebok Has Given Up on Trying to Beat Nike at the Hard-Core Sports Game. Instead, It Wants to Become the Shoe Brand for Hip-Hoppers, Hipsters, and Other Fashion-Forward Urbanites. |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/index.htm |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reebok Logo - Design and History of Reebok Logo|url=https://www.famouslogos.us/reebok-logo/|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> In December, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and COO.<ref name="sportbiz">{{cite web |date=December 6, 2001 |title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161818/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=March 2, 2015 |publisher=Sport Business Daily}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004.<ref name="Herald_NHL" /> The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. It phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around {{US$|110 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-27 |title=Adidas sells ice hockey brand to Birch Hill for $110 million |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-adidas-divestiture-hockey-idUSKBN1AC2AE |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

=== Adidas ownership ===
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, but maintained operations under their separate brand names.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news |author=Stuart Elliot |date=August 4, 2005 |title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last1=Petrecca|first1=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that included the [[WNBA]], replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Adidas Reebok European headquarter in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Adidas Reebok European headquarters in [[Amsterdam]] (2017)]]
In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit [[delta (letter)|delta]] symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. As it lost contracts to make sportswear for professional and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017), Reebok began repositioning itself as a fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721191929/https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/}}</ref>

In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills International]].<ref name=adage/> The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red delta sign began appearing on Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, the company's second logo change in more than 120 years. The delta symbol is meant to symbolize three pillars of positive self-change—mental, physical and social—as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name="fastcode" />

Following a successful re-release of many of its sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in [[Motter Tektura]] typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing that consumers still identified with them rather than the red delta logo,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Adweek LLC |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the delta would continue to be used on some fitness lines.

===Authentic Brands Group ownership===
In February 2021, Adidas announced plans to divest Reebok after analyzing options<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulier |first1=Thomas |title=Adidas Begins Sale Process for Underperforming Reebok Brand |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-16/adidas-begins-sale-process-for-reebok-brand|website=Bloomberg|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> and expected a hit of about {{€|250 million}} to operating profit from costs to sell or spin-off the business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas pushes online sales and sustainability in five-year plan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/adidas-expects-strong-rebound-takes-reebok-hit.html |website=CNBC|date=10 March 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> In July 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being [[Wolverine World Wide]] and [[Authentic Brands Group]] on a joint deal, private equity companies [[Advent International]], [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], [[Cerberus Capital Management|Cerberus Capital]], and [[Sycamore Partners]], with a deadline for August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas shortlists bidders in Reebok sale -sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-shorlists-bidders-reebok-unit-sale-sources-2021-07-01/ |website=Reuters|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion.<ref name="reebok">{{Cite news |title=Adidas ends Reebok era with $2.5 bln sale to Authentic Brands |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-sells-reebok-authentic-brands-25-bln-2021-08-12/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On March 1, 2022, the acquisition was finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Authentic Brands Group Finalizes the Acquisition of Reebok |url=https://www.abgnewsroom.com/press-releases/abg-finalizes-reebok |date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=ABG Newsroom}}</ref>

== Logo evolution ==
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 105
|height= 70
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo (1958-1977).jpg|{{center|1958–1977}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (1977–1993).svg|{{center|1977–1993}} {{center|Alongside with the flag of the United Kingdom, on Reebok Classic models}}
|Reebok logo93 (2).png|{{center|1993–1997}}
|File:Reebok_logo_(1997-2000).jpg|{{center|1997–2000}}
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|{{center|2000–2005}}
|File:Reebok logo05.png|{{center|2005–2008}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (2008–2014).svg|{{center|2008–2014}}
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|{{center|2014–2019}}
|Reebok_International_logo.svg|{{center|2019–2022}}
|Reebok red logo.svg|{{center|2022–present}}
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In [[EMEA]] countries, Authentic Brands Group is working with [[Bounty Apparel]] in South Africa, [[Al Boom Marine]] in the Middle East and North Africa, and [[Flo Magazacilik]] in Turkey to grow the business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=ABG expands Reebok in several EMEA countries |url=https://www.sgieurope.com/retail-and-distribution/abg-expands-reebok-in-several-emea-countries/97654.article |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Sporting Goods Intelligence}}</ref>

==Products==
{{multiple image
|align = right
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|total_width = 200
|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and [[CrossFit]] sportswear including clothing and accessories. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of Reebok's sales, and the company subsequently released similar styles including the Princess, Empress and Dutchess lines.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/features/freestyle-forever|title=Reebok Freestyle Forever|date=June 25, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their signature shoes, the [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archive-date=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes featuring zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 as the first official CrossFit shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered with [[Les Mills International|Les Mills]] and CrossFit to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok debuted the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole foam that is cushioned but durable, in 2014 on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology called Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new line under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC]] (2006–11) and [[East Bengal FC]] (2003–05, 2006–10).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=July 4, 2003 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to {{US$|233 million|link=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-23 |title=Reebok India alleges $233m fraud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18170674 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|access-date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|access-date=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s.
}}

The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[EFL League One|League One]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian Instagram version of a global Reebok advertising campaign to promote female empowerment under the hashtag #BeMoreHuman featured the slogan "Sit not on the needle of men’s approval – sit on men’s face." After facing outrage on social media, Reebok removed the slogan and their Russian marketing director resigned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/08/reebok-russia-stirs-controversy-with-face-sitting-slogan-in-feminist-ad-campaign |title=Reebok Russia stirs controversy with 'face-sitting' slogan in feminist ad campaign |work=[[Euronews]] |date=February 10, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

On March 21, 2022, Reebok suspended all branded stores and e-commerce operations in Russia after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Riley |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/reebok-suspends-russian-retail-stores-015922715.html |title=Reebok Suspends Russian Retail Stores and E-Commerce |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=March 22, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok's Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&q=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&pg=PA53|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339939}}</ref>

Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). It hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|access-date=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref><ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, Reebok signed a four-year deal as the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB).<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|access-date=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> It became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice [[Rbk Edge|Edge Uniform System]], performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref name="Herald_NHL">{{Cite web |last=Goodison |first=Donna |date=2015-09-12 |title=Adidas to score NHL license from Reebok |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2015/09/12/adidas-to-score-nhl-license-from-reebok/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=[[Boston Herald]]}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |access-date=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |access-date=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season. On 29 September 2022, it announced a partnership with the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) as the official footwear partner for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feet Heat Fires Up With Reebok |url=https://nbl.com.au/news/feet-heat-fires-up-with-reebok |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL Australia]]}}</ref>

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]]; Argentinian club [[Club Atlético Los Andes|San Martín de Los Andes]]; Paraguayan club [[Club General Díaz|General Díaz]] and Uruguayan club [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> In November 2022, the company announced its return to the football stage, signing a new deal with [[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botafogo anuncia Reebok como nova fornecedora de material esportivo |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/2022/11/04/botafogo-anuncia-reebok-como-nova-fornecedora-de-material-esportivo.ghtml |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Non-sport related endorsements ===
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2002, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Parija |date=February 9, 2004 |title=Jordan, 50 cent & Jay-Z: the right fit? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/02/06/news/companies/retro_shoes/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[CNN]] Money}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. The company also produces shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''. Artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok over the years include [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Gigi Hadid]], [[Victoria Beckham]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham's Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref> [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=[[Today.com]] |date=2016-12-14 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
{{Portal|Massachusetts|Companies|Sport}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
{{navboxes
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff
|list =
{{Authentic Brands Group}}
{{Sports equipment brands}}
{{Running Shoe Brands}}
{{Adidas}}
{{Authority control}}
}}

[[Category:Reebok| ]]
[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:Authentic Brands Group]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Boston]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Ice hockey brands]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Swimwear manufacturers]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:1985 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2022 mergers and acquisitions]]

Reebok

2023-05-10T00:48:47Z

Githek: /* 1980s–1990s */

{{short description|Footwear and clothing company}}
{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Limited
| former_name = Reebok
| logo = Reebok red logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2022
| image = Reebok sportswear company international headquarters Boston Massachusetts.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Global headquarters in [[Boston]], Massachusetts
| type = {{plainlist|
* [[Privately held company|Private]] {{small|(1958–1985)}}
* [[Public company|Public]] {{small|(1985–2005)}}
* [[Subsidiary]] {{small|(2005–present)}}
}}
| fate =
| industry = Textile, Sports equipment
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}{{efn|Predecessor [[J.W. Foster and Sons]] was established by Joseph W. Foster to manufacture athletic shoes. The original family business was eventually absorbed by Reebok in 1976.<ref name="FarrellT">{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=T. |date=2017-09-19 |title=Running the show: Reebok |url=http://letslookagain.com/2017/09/running-the-show-reebok/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Let's Look Again |language=en-GB}}</ref>}} in [[Bolton]], England<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Marc |date=October 18, 2018 |title=A Quick History of Reebok |url=https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Grailed}}</ref><ref name=highs>[https://www.highsnobiety.com/tag/reebok/ Reebok timeline] on Highsnobiety.com</ref>
| founder = Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]]
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, USA
| key_people = Todd Krinsky (CEO)
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = Sportswear, footwear
| parent = {{plainlist|
* [[Adidas]] {{small|(2005–2021)}}
* [[Authentic Brands Group]] {{small|(2021–present)}}
}}
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* Princess
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}

'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) is an American fitness footwear and clothing brand that is a part of [[Authentic Brands Group]]. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], Lancashire. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of the United Kingdom in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company [[Adidas]] in 2005, then sold to the United States-based Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].

== History ==
===Early years===
In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], England, and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business "''J.W. Foster''" in 1900; later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name="rourke" /> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/><ref name="Coles">{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Jason |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960846901 |title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes That Changed Sport |year=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-3704-9 |location=London |pages=14–16 |oclc=960846901}}</ref> The company began distributing its shoes across the United Kingdom, which were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in Paris.<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]], formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a dictionary won in a sprint race by Joe as a boy.<ref name=highs/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

In 1979, an American businessman named [[Paul Fireman]] took notice of Reebok at the Chicago NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman had previously been an executive with his family business Boston Camping,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2021/06/14/Portfolio/Fireman.aspx|title=Paul Fireman: Sole Man|website=Sports Business Journal}}</ref> and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the United States. The division became known as '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> That year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke">{{cite book |last1=Rourke |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769042347 |title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd." |last2=Hedblad |first2=Edna |last3=Salamie |first3=David |date=1999 |publisher=St. James Press |others=Jay P. Pederson, Thomson Gale |isbn=978-1-55862-665-2 |location=Detroit, Mich. |oclc=769042347}}</ref>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982, Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last1=McDonald|first1=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million,<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> and Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK and was renamed Reebok International Limited.<ref name=ny86 /><ref name=vartan />

The brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic shoe, popularized by [[Boris Becker]] and [[John McEnroe]], and the Revenge Plus, also known as the Club C. The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the most significant segment of the athletic footwear industry.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|work=The New York Times |date=November 1, 1989|agency=Reuters|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

In 1986, Reebok switched its Union Jack logo from it had since its founding to the vector logo—an abstract Union Flag streak across a race track—which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes.<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name="fastcode">{{cite web |author=Brownlee |first=John |date=March 13, 2014 |title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051346/http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership |archive-date=2016-08-28 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=FastCode}}</ref> Reebok also began developing sports clothing and accessories, and introduced a line of children's athletic shoes called Weeboks.<ref name="chicagotrib">{{cite news |author=Petersen |first=Clarence |date=March 15, 1987 |title=The Training Of Trendy Tots |newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness |access-date=March 1, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014557/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-03-15-8701200671-story.html|archive-date=2018-09-26}}</ref> It acquired [[Rockport (company)|Rockport]] for $118.5 million in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Groves |first=Martha |date=1986-09-17 |title=Reebok to Buy Rockport for $118.5 Million |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-17-fi-10421-story.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion, and it overtook [[Nike, Inc.]] as the largest athletic shoe manufacturer in the US before losing the top position in 1988.<ref name="wsj05">{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Dennis K. |last2=Kang |first2=Stephanie |last3=Karnitsching |first3=Matthew |date=2005 |title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="FarrellT" />

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s===
[[File:Reebok World headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Former Reebok headquarters in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.]]
In 2001, Reebok hired [[Peter Arnell]] with the Arnell Group as its lead marketing agency, which created several [[Reebok advertising campaigns|advertising campaigns]], including a successful series of [[Terry Tate]] commercials.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Der Pool |first=Lisa |date=August 28, 2003 |title=Arnell 'Outperforms' for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/arnell-outperforms-reebok-66590/ |url-status=live |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref> The agency also helped develop the [[Yao Ming]] line, and the fashion-oriented Rbk brand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2003 |title=Yao Ming Stands Tall for Reebok |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/yao-ming-stands-tall-reebok-67985/ |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindsay |first=Greg |date=September 1, 2004 |title=The Rebirth of Cool: Reebok Has Given Up on Trying to Beat Nike at the Hard-Core Sports Game. Instead, It Wants to Become the Shoe Brand for Hip-Hoppers, Hipsters, and Other Fashion-Forward Urbanites. |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/index.htm |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reebok Logo - Design and History of Reebok Logo|url=https://www.famouslogos.us/reebok-logo/|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> In December, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and COO.<ref name="sportbiz">{{cite web |date=December 6, 2001 |title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161818/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=March 2, 2015 |publisher=Sport Business Daily}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004.<ref name="Herald_NHL" /> The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. It phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around {{US$|110 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-27 |title=Adidas sells ice hockey brand to Birch Hill for $110 million |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-adidas-divestiture-hockey-idUSKBN1AC2AE |access-date=2022-11-02}}</ref>

=== Adidas ownership ===
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, but maintained operations under their separate brand names.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news |author=Stuart Elliot |date=August 4, 2005 |title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last1=Petrecca|first1=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that included the [[WNBA]], replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Adidas Reebok European headquarter in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Adidas Reebok European headquarters in [[Amsterdam]] (2017)]]
In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit [[delta (letter)|delta]] symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. As it lost contracts to make sportswear for professional and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017), Reebok began repositioning itself as a fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721191929/https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/}}</ref>

In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills International]].<ref name=adage/> The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red delta sign began appearing on Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, the company's second logo change in more than 120 years. The delta symbol is meant to symbolize three pillars of positive self-change—mental, physical and social—as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name="fastcode" />

Following a successful re-release of many of its sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in [[Motter Tektura]] typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing that consumers still identified with them rather than the red delta logo,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=[[Adweek]] |publisher=Adweek LLC |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the delta would continue to be used on some fitness lines.

===Authentic Brands Group ownership===
In February 2021, Adidas announced plans to divest Reebok after analyzing options<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulier |first1=Thomas |title=Adidas Begins Sale Process for Underperforming Reebok Brand |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-16/adidas-begins-sale-process-for-reebok-brand|website=Bloomberg|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> and expected a hit of about {{€|250 million}} to operating profit from costs to sell or spin-off the business.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas pushes online sales and sustainability in five-year plan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/adidas-expects-strong-rebound-takes-reebok-hit.html |website=CNBC|date=10 March 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> In July 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being [[Wolverine World Wide]] and [[Authentic Brands Group]] on a joint deal, private equity companies [[Advent International]], [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], [[Cerberus Capital Management|Cerberus Capital]], and [[Sycamore Partners]], with a deadline for August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas shortlists bidders in Reebok sale -sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-shorlists-bidders-reebok-unit-sale-sources-2021-07-01/ |website=Reuters|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion.<ref name="reebok">{{Cite news |title=Adidas ends Reebok era with $2.5 bln sale to Authentic Brands |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-sells-reebok-authentic-brands-25-bln-2021-08-12/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On March 1, 2022, the acquisition was finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Authentic Brands Group Finalizes the Acquisition of Reebok |url=https://www.abgnewsroom.com/press-releases/abg-finalizes-reebok |date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=ABG Newsroom}}</ref>

== Logo evolution ==
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 105
|height= 70
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo (1958-1977).jpg|{{center|1958–1977}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (1977–1993).svg|{{center|1977–1993}} {{center|Alongside with the flag of the United Kingdom, on Reebok Classic models}}
|Reebok logo93 (2).png|{{center|1993–1997}}
|File:Reebok_logo_(1997-2000).jpg|{{center|1997–2000}}
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|{{center|2000–2005}}
|File:Reebok logo05.png|{{center|2005–2008}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (2008–2014).svg|{{center|2008–2014}}
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|{{center|2014–2019}}
|Reebok_International_logo.svg|{{center|2019–2022}}
|Reebok red logo.svg|{{center|2022–present}}
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's global headquarters are located in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, in the [[Seaport District]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In [[EMEA]] countries, Authentic Brands Group is working with [[Bounty Apparel]] in South Africa, [[Al Boom Marine]] in the Middle East and North Africa, and [[Flo Magazacilik]] in Turkey to grow the business.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2022 |title=ABG expands Reebok in several EMEA countries |url=https://www.sgieurope.com/retail-and-distribution/abg-expands-reebok-in-several-emea-countries/97654.article |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Sporting Goods Intelligence}}</ref>

==Products==
{{multiple image
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|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and [[CrossFit]] sportswear including clothing and accessories. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of Reebok's sales, and the company subsequently released similar styles including the Princess, Empress and Dutchess lines.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/features/freestyle-forever|title=Reebok Freestyle Forever|date=June 25, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their signature shoes, the [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archive-date=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes featuring zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 as the first official CrossFit shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered with [[Les Mills International|Les Mills]] and CrossFit to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok debuted the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole foam that is cushioned but durable, in 2014 on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology called Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new line under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC]] (2006–11) and [[East Bengal FC]] (2003–05, 2006–10).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=July 4, 2003 |access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to {{US$|233 million|link=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-23 |title=Reebok India alleges $233m fraud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18170674 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|access-date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|access-date=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
| align = right
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| total_width = 350
| image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s.
}}

The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[EFL League One|League One]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian Instagram version of a global Reebok advertising campaign to promote female empowerment under the hashtag #BeMoreHuman featured the slogan "Sit not on the needle of men’s approval – sit on men’s face." After facing outrage on social media, Reebok removed the slogan and their Russian marketing director resigned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/08/reebok-russia-stirs-controversy-with-face-sitting-slogan-in-feminist-ad-campaign |title=Reebok Russia stirs controversy with 'face-sitting' slogan in feminist ad campaign |work=[[Euronews]] |date=February 10, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

On March 21, 2022, Reebok suspended all branded stores and e-commerce operations in Russia after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Riley |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/reebok-suspends-russian-retail-stores-015922715.html |title=Reebok Suspends Russian Retail Stores and E-Commerce |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=March 22, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok's Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&q=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&pg=PA53|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339939}}</ref>

Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). It hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|access-date=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref><ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2004, Reebok signed a four-year deal as the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB).<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|access-date=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> It became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice [[Rbk Edge|Edge Uniform System]], performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref name="Herald_NHL">{{Cite web |last=Goodison |first=Donna |date=2015-09-12 |title=Adidas to score NHL license from Reebok |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2015/09/12/adidas-to-score-nhl-license-from-reebok/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=[[Boston Herald]]}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |access-date=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |access-date=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season. On 29 September 2022, it announced a partnership with the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) as the official footwear partner for the 2022–23 season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feet Heat Fires Up With Reebok |url=https://nbl.com.au/news/feet-heat-fires-up-with-reebok |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[National Basketball League (Australia)|NBL Australia]]}}</ref>

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]]; Argentinian club [[Club Atlético Los Andes|San Martín de Los Andes]]; Paraguayan club [[Club General Díaz|General Díaz]] and Uruguayan club [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> In November 2022, the company announced its return to the football stage, signing a new deal with [[Botafogo FR|Botafogo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botafogo anuncia Reebok como nova fornecedora de material esportivo |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/2022/11/04/botafogo-anuncia-reebok-como-nova-fornecedora-de-material-esportivo.ghtml |language=pt}}</ref>

=== Non-sport related endorsements ===
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2002, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Parija |date=February 9, 2004 |title=Jordan, 50 cent & Jay-Z: the right fit? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/02/06/news/companies/retro_shoes/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[CNN]] Money}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. The company also produces shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''. Artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok over the years include [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Gigi Hadid]], [[Victoria Beckham]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham's Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref> [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=[[Today.com]] |date=2016-12-14 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
{{Portal|Massachusetts|Companies|Sport}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
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Audi

2023-02-14T02:32:18Z

Githek: Image infobox Das_Audi_Forum_Ingolstadt.JPG with the next caption : Audi Forum (Ingolstadt, Germany) : Museum and Headquarters of the carmaker.

{{Short description|German automotive manufacturer}}
{{hatnote group|{{distinguish|Aldi}}{{other uses}}}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Audi AG
| logo = Audi-Logo 2016.svg
| logo_size =
| image = Das_Audi_Forum_Ingolstadt.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption = Audi Forum ([[Ingolstadt]], [[Germany]]) : Museum and Headquarters of the carmaker.
| type = [[Subsidiary]] ([[Aktiengesellschaft|AG]])
| predecessors = {{plainlist|
*[[Auto Union]]/[[DKW]] [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]]
*[[Auto Union|Slaby-Beringer]]
*[[Wanderer (company)|Wanderer]]
*[[NSU Motorenwerke|NSU Motorenwerke AG]]}}
| founder = [[August Horch]]<ref name="Audi history">{{cite web|title=History of Audi AG|url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/audi_history/personalities/august_horch.html|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114004911/http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/audi_history/personalities/august_horch.html|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Markus Duesmann {{small|(Chairman of the Board of Management & Board of Management Member for Technical Development and Product Lines)}}
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = [[Luxury vehicle]]s
| production = {{decrease}} 1,802,073 units<ref name="Audi Group in figures">{{cite web |title=Annual Financial Report 2019 |url=https://www.audi.com/en/company/investor-relations/reports-and-key-figures/annual-reports.html |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004230040/https://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/investor-relations/financial-events/jpk18/Financial_part_2017.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| revenue = {{decrease}} €55.680 [[1,000,000,000 (number)|billion]] (2019)<ref name="Annual Financial Report 2019">{{cite web|title=Annual Financial Report 2019|url=https://www.audi.com/en/company/investor-relations/reports-and-key-figures/annual-reports.html}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} €4.509 billion (2019)<ref name="Annual Financial Report 2019"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} €3.943 billion (2019)<ref name="Annual Financial Report 2019"/>
| assets = {{increase}} €66.878 billion (2019)<ref name="Annual Financial Report 2019"/>
| equity = {{decrease}} €28.395 billion (2019)<ref name="Annual Financial Report 2019"/>
| num_employees = 90,783 (12/2019)<ref name="Key figures worldwide">{{cite web|title=Key figures worldwide |url=https://www.audi.com/en/company.html}}</ref>
| parent = [[Volkswagen Group]]
| divisions = {{bulleted list | Audi Germany | [[Audi Brussels]] | Audi Mexico | Audi Hungaria | Audi China | Audi do Brasil | [[Audi India]] | Audi Slovakia | Audi Spain | Audi Russia}}
| subsid = {{bulleted list | [[Audi Sport GmbH]] | [[Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.|Ducati]] | [[Italdesign Giugiaro]] | [[Lamborghini]] | [[Bentley]] | [[Sauber Motorsport|Sauber]] (minority share)}}
| footnotes = Audi History: Chronicle,<ref name=founded>{{cite web |url=http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history/Chronicle/Chronicle_1899-1914.html |title=Chronicle 1899–1914 |work=audiusa.com |publisher=Audi of America, LLC |year=2012 |access-date=9 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710113717/http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history/Chronicle/Chronicle_1899-1914.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|AUDI AG|2012a}} |url-status = dead }}</ref> 2011 Annual Financial Report<ref name=aafr2011>{{cite web |url=http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf |title=Audi 2011 Annual Financial Report |publisher=AUDI AG |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=9 August 2012 |ref={{SfnRef|AUDI AG|2012}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191233/http://www.audi.com/etc/medialib/ngw/company/investor_relations/pdf/finanzberichte/geschaeftsberichte5.Par.0015.File.pdf/jahresfinanzbericht.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| caption =
| foundation = {{plainlist|
* 16 July 1909 in [[Zwickau]] (Audi)
* 29 June 1932 in [[Chemnitz]] (Auto Union)
* 3 September 1949 in [[Ingolstadt]] (re-establishment)
* 10 March 1969 in [[Neckarsulm]] (Fusion)<ref name="The history of AUDI AG">{{cite web|title=The history of AUDI AG|url=https://www.audi.com/en/company/history.html}}</ref>
}}
| location_city = [[Ingolstadt]]
| location_country = [[Germany]]
| locations = 13 production facilities in 10 countries<ref name="Total Number of Production Plant">{{cite web|last=AUDI|first=production plant|title=Company Sites|url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/sites-194}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.audi.com/en.html|audi.com}}
}}
'''Audi AG''' ({{IPA-de|ˈaʊ̯di ʔaːˈɡeː|lang|Audi AG.ogg}}) is a German [[automotive manufacturer]] of [[luxury vehicle]]s headquartered in [[Ingolstadt]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]. As a subsidiary of its parent company, the [[Volkswagen Group]], Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide.

The origins of the company are complex, going back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises ([[Horch]] and the ''Audiwerke'') founded by engineer [[August Horch]] (1868–1951); and two other manufacturers ([[DKW]] and [[Wanderer (car)|Wanderer]]), leading to the foundation of [[Auto Union]] in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by [[Volkswagen]] from [[Daimler-Benz]].<ref name="vw-holdings-2009">{{cite web|title=List of Shareholdings in accordance with sections 285 and 313 of the HGB of Volkswagen AG and the Volkswagen Group as of 31 December 2009|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2010/03/Anteilsbesitz.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Anteilsbesitz_2009_e.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2010/03/Anteilsbesitz.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Anteilsbesitz_2009_e.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|work=volkswagenag.com|publisher=Volkswagen AG |access-date=11 December 2010|date=31 December 2009}}</ref> After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the [[Audi F103]] series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with [[NSU Motorenwerke]] in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company.

The company name is based on the [[Latin]] translation of the surname of the founder, [[August Horch]]. {{lang|de|Horch}}, meaning "listen", becomes {{lang|la|audi}} in Latin. The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audi's predecessor company, Auto Union. Audi's slogan is {{lang|de|Vorsprung durch Technik}}, meaning "Being Ahead through Technology".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiworld.com/articles/audi-launches-new-brand-campaign/|title=Audi Launches New Brand Campaign|website=AudiWorld|date=7 May 2007|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> Audi, along with German brands [[BMW]] and [[Mercedes-Benz]], is among the best-selling luxury automobile brands in the world.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.carkeys.co.uk/news/mercedes-to-take-top-spot-as-best-selling-luxury-car-brand |title=Mercedes to take top spot as best-selling luxury car brand
|publisher=Car Keys |access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==

===Birth of the company and its name===
[[Automobile]] company Wanderer was originally established in 1885, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for [[Gottlieb Daimler]]'s four-wheeler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-audi-auto-group/|title=The History of Audi Auto Group|last=Nazario|first=Uriah|website=GearHeads|access-date=20 March 2015|date=18 May 2012|archive-date=19 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319071651/http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-audi-auto-group/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 14 November 1899, [[August Horch]] (1868–1951) established the company '''A. Horch & Cie.''' in the [[Ehrenfeld, Cologne|Ehrenfeld]] district of [[Cologne]]. In 1902, he moved with his company to [[Reichenbach im Vogtland]]. On 10 May 1904, he founded the '''August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG''', a joint-stock company in [[Zwickau]] (State of [[Saxony]]).

After troubles with Horch chief financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on 16 July 1909, his second company, the '''August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH'''. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement. The German [[Reichsgericht]] (Supreme Court) in [[Leipzig]],<ref>Audi AG motion picture 1994: "The Silver Arrows from Zwickau", running time approx. 49 mins.</ref> eventually determined that the Horch brand belonged to his former company.<ref name="chronicle2">[http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history.html Audi History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209000116/http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history.html |date=9 February 2010 }} audiusa.com</ref>

[[File:Audi Typ E (1923).jpg|thumb|1923 [[Audi Type E]]]]
Since August Horch was prohibited from using "Horch" as a trade name in his new car business, he called a meeting with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau. At the apartment of Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company. During this meeting, Franz's son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Several times he looked like he was on the verge of saying something but would just swallow his words and continue working, until he finally blurted out, "Father – ''[[Audi alteram partem|audiatur et altera pars]]''... wouldn't it be a good idea to call it ''audi'' instead of ''horch''?"<ref>August Horch: "Ich baute Autos – Vom Schmiedelehrling zum Autoindustriellen", Schützen-Verlag Berlin 1937</ref> "Horch!" in German means "Hark!" or "hear", which is "Audi" in the singular imperative form of "audire" – "to listen" – in Latin. The idea was enthusiastically accepted by everyone attending the meeting.<ref>{{cite book
| title = A History of Progress – Chronicle of the Audi AG
| publisher=Audi AG, Public Relations
| year = 1996
| page = 30
| url = http://www.bentleypublishers.com/product.htm?code=gahp
| isbn = 978-0-8376-0384-1}}</ref> On 25 April 1910 the '''Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau''' (from 1915 on '''Audiwerke AG Zwickau''') was entered in the company's register of Zwickau registration court.

The first Audi automobile, the [[Audi Type A]] 10/{{convert|22|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year,<ref name="chronicle1">{{cite web|title=Brand family tree|url=http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history/brand_family_tree/brand_family_tree.html|publisher=audiusa com|access-date=15 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825165725/http://www.audiusa.com/us/brand/en/about/main/history/brand_family_tree/brand_family_tree.html|archive-date=25 August 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref> followed by the successor [[Audi Type B|Type B]] 10/28PS in the same year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Baldwin|first1=Nick|title=The World guide to automobile manufacturers|year=1987|publisher=Facts on File Publications|isbn=978-0-8160-1844-4|first2=Brian|last2=Laban|page=43}}</ref>

Audi started with a 2,612 cc [[inline-four engine]] model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model, as well as 4,680 cc and 5,720 cc models. These cars were successful even in sporting events. The first [[Straight-six engine|six-cylinder]] model Type M, 4,655 cc appeared in 1924.<ref name="History of Audi">{{cite book|last=History|first=Audi|title=The Audi Story|year=2010|publisher=Audi AG|url=http://www.audi-journals.de/eJournals/mz3/default/index_4ringe_en.html#/14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706203938/http://www.audi-journals.de/eJournals/mz3/default/index_4ringe_en.html#/14|url-status = dead|archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref>

August Horch left the ''Audiwerke'' in 1920 for a high position at the ministry of transport, but he was still involved with Audi as a member of the board of trustees. In September 1921, Audi became the first German car manufacturer to present a production car, the Audi Type K, with left-handed drive.<ref name="chronicle3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090204194240/http://www.audi.com/audi/com/en2/about_audi_ag/history/chronicle/chronicle_1915_1929.html Audi chronicle 1915–1929]. audi.com</ref> Left-hand drive spread and established dominance during the 1920s because it provided a better view of oncoming traffic, making overtaking safer<ref name="chronicle3"/> when driving on the right.

===The merger of the four companies under the logo of four rings===
{{Main|Auto Union}}

In August 1928, [[Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen|Jørgen Rasmussen]], the owner of [[Dampf-Kraft-Wagen]] (DKW), acquired the majority of shares in Audiwerke AG.<ref name="chronicle4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090204030104/http://www.audi.com/audi/com/en2/about_audi_ag/history/chronicle/chronicle_1930_1944.html Audi chronicle 1930–1944]. Audi.com</ref> In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the U.S. [[automobile manufacturer]] [[Rickenbacker (car)|Rickenbacker]], including the manufacturing equipment for 8-cylinder engines. These engines were used in ''Audi Zwickau'' and ''Audi Dresden'' models that were launched in 1929. At the same time, 6-cylinder and 4-cylinder ([[Audi Type P|the "four"]] with a [[Peugeot]] engine) models were manufactured. Audi cars of that era were luxurious cars equipped with special bodywork.

In 1932, Audi merged with [[Horch]], DKW, and [[Wanderer (car)|Wanderer]], to form [[Auto Union]] AG, [[Chemnitz]]. It was during this period that the company offered the [[Audi Front]] that became the first European car to combine a six-cylinder engine with front-wheel drive. It used a power train shared with the Wanderer, but turned 180 degrees, so that the drive shaft faced the front.

Before [[World War II]], Auto Union used the four interlinked rings that make up the Audi badge today, representing these four brands. However, this badge was used only on Auto Union racing cars in that period while the member companies used their own names and emblems. The technological development became more and more concentrated and some Audi models were propelled by Horch- or Wanderer-built engines.

Reflecting the economic pressures of the time, Auto Union concentrated increasingly on smaller cars through the 1930s, so that by 1938 the company's DKW brand accounted for 17.9% of the German car market, while Audi held only 0.1%. After the final few Audis were delivered in 1939 the "Audi" name disappeared completely from the new car market for more than two decades.

===Post-World War II===
[[File:1. Magdeburger Oldtimertag (5743586787).jpg|thumb|[[IFA F9]]]]
Like most German manufacturing, at the onset of World War II the Auto Union plants were retooled for military production, and were a target for allied bombing during the war which left them damaged.

Overrun by the [[Soviet Army]] in 1945, on the orders of the Soviet Union military administration the factories were dismantled as part of [[war reparations]].<ref name="chronicle6"/> Following this, the company's entire assets were expropriated without compensation.<ref name="chronicle6"/> On 17 August 1948, Auto Union AG of Chemnitz was deleted from the commercial register.<ref name="chronicle4"/> These actions had the effect of liquidating Germany's Auto Union AG. The remains of the Audi plant of Zwickau became the [[Volkseigener Betrieb|VEB]] (for "People Owned Enterprise") {{Interlanguage link|Automobilwerk Zwickau|de|Automobilwerk Zwickau|vertical-align=sup}} or AWZ (in English: Automobile Works Zwickau).

With no prospect of continuing production in Soviet-controlled East Germany, Auto Union executives began the process of relocating what was left of the company to [[West Germany]]. A site was chosen in [[Ingolstadt]], [[Bavaria]], to start a spare parts operation in late 1945, which would eventually serve as the headquarters of the reformed Auto Union in 1949.

The former Audi factory in Zwickau restarted assembly of the pre-war models in 1949. These DKW models were renamed to [[IFA F8]] and [[IFA F9]] and were similar to the West German versions. West and East German models were equipped with the traditional and renowned DKW two-stroke engines. The Zwickau plant manufactured the infamous [[Trabant]] until 1991, when it came under Volkswagen control—effectively bringing it under the same umbrella as Audi since 1945.

===New Auto Union unit===
A new West German headquartered Auto Union was launched in Ingolstadt with loans from the Bavarian state government and [[Marshall Plan]] aid.<ref name="chronicle6">{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.com/audi/com/en2/about_audi_ag/history/chronicle/chronicle_1945_1959.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204031240/http://www.audi.com/audi/com/en2/about_audi_ag/history/chronicle/chronicle_1945_1959.html|archive-date=4 February 2009 |title=Audi Worldwide: Home |publisher=Audi.com |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref> The reformed company was launched 3 September 1949 and continued DKW's tradition of producing front-wheel drive vehicles with two-stroke engines.<ref name="chronicle6"/> This included production of a small but sturdy 125 cc motorcycle and a DKW delivery van, the [[DKW Schnellaster|DKW F89 L]] at Ingolstadt. The Ingolstadt site was large, consisting of an extensive complex of formerly military buildings which was suitable for administration as well as vehicle warehousing and distribution, but at this stage there was at Ingolstadt no dedicated plant suitable for mass production of automobiles: for manufacturing the company's [[DKW F89|first post-war mass-market passenger car]] plant capacity in [[Düsseldorf]] was rented from [[Rheinmetall|Rheinmetall-Borsig]]. It was only ten years later, after the company had attracted an investor, when funds became available for construction of major car plant at the Ingolstadt head office site.

In 1958, in response to pressure from [[Friedrich Flick]], then the company's largest single shareholder,<ref>[[#Oswald|Oswald]], p 263</ref> [[Daimler-Benz]] took an 87% holding in the Auto Union company, and this was increased to a 100% holding in 1959. However, small two-stroke cars were not the focus of Daimler-Benz's interests, and while the early 1960s saw major investment in new Mercedes models and in a state of the art factory for Auto Union's, the company's aging model range at this time did not benefit from the economic boom of the early 1960s to the same extent as competitor manufacturers such as [[Volkswagen]] and [[Opel]]. The decision to dispose of the Auto Union business was based on its lack of profitability.<ref name=Motor197107>{{cite journal| first=Charles | last=Bulmer (Ed)| title = The Audi-NSU Affair| journal=Motor| page =21|date = 24 July 1971}}</ref> Ironically, by the time they sold the business, it also included a large new factory and near production-ready modern four-stroke engine, which would enable the Auto Union business, under a new owner, to embark on a period of profitable growth, now producing not Auto Unions or DKWs, but using the "Audi" name, resurrected in 1965 after a 25-year gap.

In 1964, Volkswagen acquired a 50% holding in the business, which included the new factory in Ingolstadt, the DKW and Audi brands along with the rights to the new engine design which had been funded by Daimler-Benz, who in return retained the dormant Horch trademark and the Düsseldorf factory which became a Mercedes-Benz van assembly plant. Eighteen months later, Volkswagen bought complete control of Ingolstadt, and by 1966 were using the spare capacity of the Ingolstadt plant to assemble an additional 60,000 [[Volkswagen Beetle]]s per year.<ref name=Motor19710724>{{cite journal| first=Philip |last=Turner| title = Turner's Travel [to Wolfsburg]| journal=Motor| pages = 28–30|date = 24 July 1971}}</ref> Two-stroke engines became less popular during the 1960s as customers were more attracted to the smoother four-stroke engines. In September 1965, the [[DKW F102]] was fitted with a four-stroke engine and a [[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]] for the car's front and rear. Volkswagen dumped the DKW brand because of its associations with two-stroke technology, and having classified the model internally as the [[Audi F103|F103]], sold it simply as the "Audi". Later developments of the model were named after their horsepower ratings and sold as the Audi 60, 75, 80, and Super 90, selling until 1972. Initially, Volkswagen was hostile to the idea of Auto Union as a standalone entity producing its own models having acquired the company merely to boost its own production capacity through the Ingolstadt assembly plant – to the point where Volkswagen executives ordered that the Auto Union name and flags bearing the four rings were removed from the factory buildings. Then VW chief [[Heinrich Nordhoff|Heinz Nordhoff]] explicitly forbade Auto Union from any further product development. Fearing that Volkswagen had no long-term ambition for the Audi brand, Auto Union engineers under the leadership of [[Ludwig Kraus]] developed the first [[Audi 100]] in secret, without Nordhoff's knowledge. When presented with a finished prototype, Nordhoff was so impressed he authorised the car for production, which when launched in 1968, went on to be a huge success. With this, the resurrection of the Audi brand was now complete, this being followed by the first generation [[Audi 80#B1 (1972–1978)|Audi 80]] in 1972, which would in turn provide a template for VW's new front-wheel-drive water-cooled range which debuted from the mid-1970s onward.

[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F038791-0035, Wolfsburg, VW Autowerk.jpg|thumb|[[Audi 80]] [[assembly line]] in [[Wolfsburg]], 1973]]
In 1969, Auto Union merged with [[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]], based in [[Neckarsulm]], near [[Stuttgart]]. In the 1950s, NSU had been the world's largest manufacturer of motorcycles, but had moved on to produce small cars like the [[NSU Prinz]], the TT and TTS versions of which are still popular as vintage race cars. NSU then focused on new rotary engines based on the ideas of [[Felix Wankel]]. In 1967, the new [[NSU Ro 80]] was a car well ahead of its time in technical details such as aerodynamics, light weight, and safety. However, teething problems with the rotary engines put an end to the independence of NSU. The Neckarsulm plant is now used to produce the larger Audi models [[Audi A6|A6]] and [[Audi A8|A8]]. The Neckarsulm factory is also home of the "[[quattro GmbH]]" (from November 2016 "[[Audi Sport GmbH]]"), a subsidiary responsible for development and production of Audi high-performance models: the [[Audi R8 (road car)|R8]] and the '''RS''' model range.

===Modern era===
[[File:Audi NSU Auto Union AG 1969.jpg|thumb|Participation certificate of the Audi NSU Auto Union AG, issued August 1969]]
The new merged company was incorporated on 1 January 1969 and was known as '''Audi NSU Auto Union AG''', with its headquarters at NSU's Neckarsulm plant, and saw the emergence of Audi as a separate brand for the first time since the pre-war era. Volkswagen introduced the Audi brand to the United States for the 1970 model year. That same year, the mid-sized car that NSU had been working on, the [[VW K70|K70]], originally intended to slot between the rear-engined Prinz models and the futuristic [[NSU Ro 80]], was instead launched as a Volkswagen.

After the launch of the [[Audi 100]] of 1968, the [[Audi 80]]/Fox (which formed the basis for the 1973 [[Volkswagen Passat]]) followed in 1972 and the [[Audi 50]] (later rebadged as the [[Volkswagen Polo]]) in 1974. The Audi 50 was a seminal design because it was the first incarnation of the [[Volkswagen Golf|Golf/Polo]] concept, one that led to a hugely successful world car. Ultimately, the Audi 80 and 100 (progenitors of the [[Audi A4|A4]] and [[Audi A6|A6]], respectively) became the company's biggest sellers, whilst little investment was made in the fading NSU range; the [[NSU Prinz|Prinz]] models were dropped in 1973 whilst the fatally flawed [[NSU Ro80]] went out of production in 1977, spelling the effective end of the NSU brand. Production of the Audi 100 had been steadily moved from Ingolstadt to Neckarsulm as the 1970s had progressed, and by the appearance of the second generation C2 version in 1976, all production was now at the former NSU plant. Neckarsulm from that point onward would produce Audi's higher-end models.

The Audi image at this time was a conservative one, and so, a proposal from chassis engineer [[Jörg Bensinger]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.worldcarfans.com/news.cfm/newsID/2050225.007/country/gcf/audi/audi-quattro-the-early-years
|title = Quattro, The early years
|access-date =2 November 2006
}}</ref> was accepted to develop the [[four-wheel drive]] technology in [[Volkswagen]]'s [[Volkswagen Iltis|Iltis]] military vehicle for an Audi performance car and [[Rallying|rally]] racing car. The performance car, introduced in 1980, was named the "[[Audi Quattro]]", a [[turbo]]charged coupé which was also the first German large-scale production vehicle to feature permanent [[all-wheel drive]] through a centre [[differential (mechanical device)|differential]]. Commonly referred to as the "Ur-Quattro" (the "[[Proto-World language|Ur-]]" prefix is a German [[augmentative]] used, in this case, to mean "original" and is also applied to the first generation of Audi's [[Audi S4|S4]] and [[Audi S6|S6]] Sport Saloons, as in "UrS4" and "UrS6"), few of these vehicles were produced (all hand-built by a single team), but the model was a great success in rallying. Prominent wins proved the viability of all-wheel-drive racecars, and the Audi name became associated with advances in automotive technology.

In 1985, with the Auto Union and NSU brands effectively dead, the company's official name was now shortened to simply '''Audi AG'''. At the same time the company's headquarters moved back to Ingolstadt and two new wholly owned subsidiaries; ''Auto Union GmbH'' and ''NSU GmbH'', were formed to own and manage the historical trademarks and intellectual property of the original constituent companies (the exception being Horch, which had been retained by Daimler-Benz after the VW takeover), and to operate Audi's heritage operations.

[[File:Audi Quattro 20V - 001.jpg|thumb|right|[[Audi Quattro]]]]
In 1986, as the Passat-based [[Audi 80]] was beginning to develop a kind of "grandfather's car" image, the ''type 89'' was introduced. This completely new development sold extremely well. However, its modern and dynamic exterior belied the low performance of its base engine, and its base package was quite spartan (even the passenger-side mirror was an option.) In 1987, Audi put forward a new and very elegant [[Audi 90]], which had a much superior set of standard features. In the early 1990s, sales began to slump for the Audi 80 series, and some basic construction problems started to surface.

In the early part of the 21st century, Audi set forth on a German racetrack to claim and maintain several world records, such as top speed endurance. This effort was in-line with the company's heritage from the 1930s racing era [[Silver Arrows]].

Through the early 1990s, Audi began to shift its target market upscale to compete against German automakers [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[BMW]]. This began with the release of the [[Audi V8]] in 1990. It was essentially a new engine fitted to the Audi 100/200, but with noticeable bodywork differences. Most obvious was the new grille that was now incorporated in the bonnet.

By 1991, Audi had the four-cylinder Audi 80, the 5-cylinder [[Audi 80|Audi 90]] and [[Audi 100]], the turbocharged [[Audi 100|Audi 200]] and the Audi V8. There was also a [[Audi Coupé|coupé version]] of the 80/90 with both four- and five-cylinder engines.

Although the five-cylinder engine was a successful and robust powerplant, it was still a little too different for the target market. With the introduction of an all-new Audi 100 in 1992, Audi introduced a 2.8L [[V6 engine]]. This engine was also fitted to a face-lifted Audi 80 (all 80 and 90 models were now badged 80 except for the USA), giving this model a choice of four-, five-, and six-cylinder engines, in [[Saloon (automobile)|saloon]], [[coupé]] and [[Convertible (car)|convertible]] body styles.

The five-cylinder was soon dropped as a major engine choice; however, a [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] {{convert|220|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} version remained. The engine, initially fitted to the 200 quattro 20V of 1991, was a derivative of the engine fitted to the [[Audi Quattro#Sport Quattro|Sport Quattro]]. It was fitted to the [[Audi Coupé]], named the [[Audi S2|S2]], and also to the Audi 100 body, and named the [[Audi S4|S4]]. These two models were the beginning of the mass-produced [[Audi S models|S series]] of performance cars.

===Audi 5000 unintended acceleration allegations===
Sales in the United States fell after a series of recalls from 1982 to 1987 of [[Audi 5000]] models<ref name="bus week">{{cite journal | title = Audi 1980s Scare May Mean Lost Generation for Toyota | journal=Business Week| date=4 February 2010|first1=Andreas|last1=Cremer|first2=Tom|last2=Lavell| url = http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-04/audi-s-1980s-scare-may-mean-lost-generation-for-toyota-sales.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100208162109/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-04/audi-s-1980s-scare-may-mean-lost-generation-for-toyota-sales.html| archive-date = 8 February 2010| access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> associated with reported incidents of [[sudden unintended acceleration]] linked to six deaths and 700 accidents.<ref name="bus week"/> At the time, NHTSA was investigating 50 car models from 20 manufacturers for sudden surges of power.<ref name="renamed">{{cite news | title = A Hard Sell for Audi | newspaper=The New York Times|first=John|last=Holusha|date=24 July 1988 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/24/business/a-hard-sell-for-audi.html?scp=14&sq=audi%20sudden%20acceleration&st=cse | access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref>

A ''[[60 Minutes]]'' report aired 23 November 1986,<ref name="debacle">{{cite web | title = The Audi 5000 Intended Unintended acceleration Debacle | publisher=The Truth About Cars | first = Paul | last = Niedermeyer | date = 7 March 2010 | url = http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/the-best-of-ttac-the-audi-5000-intended-unintended-acceleration-debacle/| access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> featuring interviews with six people who had sued Audi after reporting unintended acceleration, showing an Audi 5000 ostensibly suffering a problem when the brake pedal was pushed.<ref name="huber">{{cite web|first=Peter|last=Huber|url=http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/cjm_18.htm|title=Manufacturing the Audi Scare|date=January 1990|publisher=Manhattan Institute for Policy Research|access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Accuracy in Media |url=http://www.aim.org/media-monitor/the-cbs-cold-case-files/|title=The CBS 'Cold Case' Files|first=Sherrie|last=Gossett|date=13 May 2005|access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> Subsequent investigation revealed that ''60 Minutes'' had engineered the failure – fitting a canister of compressed air on the passenger-side floor, linked via a hose to a hole drilled into the transmission.<ref name="debacle"/>

[[File:Audi 100 C3 (1988–1991) (10629216834).jpg|thumb|[[Audi 100]] C3, sold as the [[Audi 5000]] in the U.S.]]

Audi contended, prior to findings by outside investigators,<ref name="renamed"/> that the problems were caused by driver error, specifically pedal misapplication.<ref name="renamed"/> Subsequently, the [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] (NHTSA) concluded that the majority of unintended acceleration cases, including all the ones that prompted the ''60 Minutes'' report, were caused by driver error such as confusion of pedals.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post|via=Highbeam|date=16 April 1989|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1185635.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102221624/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1185635.html |url-status = dead|archive-date=2 November 2012 | title=Unfair at Any Speed|first=Brock |last=Yates|access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> CBS did not acknowledge the test results of involved government agencies, but did acknowledge the similar results of another study.<ref name="huber"/>

In a review study published in 2012, NHTSA summarized its past findings about the Audi unintended acceleration problems: "Once an unintended acceleration had begun, in the Audi 5000, due to a failure in the idle-stabilizer system (producing an initial acceleration of 0.3g), pedal misapplication resulting from panic, confusion, or unfamiliarity with the Audi 5000 contributed to the severity of the incident."<ref name="nhtsa2012">{{cite news | title = Pedal Application Errors | date = March 2012 | url = http://www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811597.pdf | access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

This summary is consistent with the conclusions of NHTSA's most technical analysis at the time: "Audi idle-stabilization systems were prone to defects which resulted in excessive idle speeds and brief unanticipated accelerations of up to 0.3g [which is similar in magnitude to an emergency stop in a subway car]. These accelerations could not be the sole cause of [(long-duration) sudden acceleration incidents (SAI)], but might have triggered some SAIs by startling the driver.<ref name="audi1988">{{cite news | title = Study of Mechanical and Driver-Related Systems of the Audi 5000 Capable of Producing Uncontrolled Sudden Acceleration Incidents | date = September 1988 | url = http://www.autosafety.org/sites/default/files/H%20Appendices%20Merge.pdf | access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The defective idle-stabilization system performed a type of [[electronic throttle control]]. Significantly: multiple "intermittent malfunctions of the electronic control unit were observed and recorded ... and [were also observed and] reported by Transport Canada."<ref name="audi1988" />

With a series of recall campaigns, Audi made several modifications; the first adjusted the distance between the brake and accelerator pedal on automatic-transmission models.<ref name="bus week"/> Later repairs, of 250,000 cars dating back to 1978, added a device requiring the driver to press the brake pedal before shifting out of park.<ref name="bus week"/> A legacy of the Audi 5000 and other reported cases of sudden unintended acceleration are intricate [[gear stick]] patterns and brake [[interlock]] mechanisms to prevent inadvertent shifting into forward or reverse. It is unclear how the defects in the idle-stabilization system were addressed.

Audi's U.S. sales, which had reached 74,061 in 1985, dropped to 12,283 in 1991 and remained level for three years,<ref name="bus week"/> – with resale values falling dramatically.<ref name="warranty">{{cite news | title = Audi Increases Warranty Plan | newspaper=The New York Times| date=27 July 1988 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/27/business/company-news-audi-increases-warranty-plan.html| access-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> Audi subsequently offered increased warranty protection<ref name="warranty"/> and renamed the affected models – with the ''5000'' becoming the ''100'' and ''200'' in 1989<ref name="renamed"/> – and reached the same sales levels again only by model year 2000.<ref name="bus week"/>

A 2010 ''BusinessWeek'' article – outlining possible parallels between Audi's experience and [[2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls]] – noted a class-action lawsuit filed in 1987 by about 7,500 Audi 5000-model owners remains unsettled and remains contested in [[Chicago]]'s [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook County]] after appeals at the Illinois state and U.S. federal levels.<ref name="bus week"/>

===Model introductions===
In the mid-to-late 1990s, Audi introduced new technologies including the use of aluminium construction. Produced from 1999 to 2005, the [[Audi A2]] was a futuristic super mini, born from the Al2 concept, with many features that helped regain consumer confidence, like the aluminium [[space frame]], which was a first in production car design. In the A2 Audi further expanded their TDI technology through the use of frugal three-cylinder engines. The A2 was extremely aerodynamic and was designed around a [[wind tunnel]]. The Audi A2 was criticised for its high price and was never really a sales success but it planted Audi as a cutting-edge manufacturer. The model, a [[Mercedes-Benz A-Class#W168|Mercedes-Benz A-Class]] competitor, sold relatively well in Europe. However, the A2 was discontinued in 2005 and Audi decided not to develop an immediate replacement.

The next major model change came in 1995 when the [[Audi A4]] replaced the [[Audi 80]]. The new nomenclature scheme was applied to the Audi 100 to become the [[Audi A6]] (with a minor facelift). This also meant the S4 became the [[Audi S6|S6]] and a new S4 was introduced in the A4 body. The S2 was discontinued. The [[Audi Cabriolet]] continued on (based on the Audi 80 platform) until 1999, gaining the engine upgrades along the way. A new [[Audi A3|A3]] [[hatchback]] model (sharing the [[Volkswagen Golf Mk4]]'s platform) was introduced to the range in 1996, and the radical [[Audi TT]] [[coupé]] and [[Roadster (automobile)|roadster]] were debuted in 1998 based on the same underpinnings.

The engines available throughout the range were now a 1.4 L, 1.6 L and 1.8 L four-cylinder, 1.8 L four-cylinder turbo, 2.6 L and 2.8 L [[V6 engine|V6]], 2.2 L turbo-charged five-cylinder and the 4.2 L [[V8 engine]]. The V6s were replaced by new 2.4 L and 2.8 L 30V V6s in 1998, with marked improvement in power, torque and smoothness. Further engines were added along the way, including a 3.7 L V8 and 6.0 L [[W12 engine]] for the A8.

===Audi AG today===
Audi's sales grew strongly in the 2000s, with deliveries to customers increasing from 653,000 in 2000 to 1,003,000 in 2008. The largest sales increases came from Eastern Europe (+19.3%), Africa (+17.2%) and the Middle East (+58.5%). China in particular has become a key market, representing 108,000 out of 705,000 cars delivered in the first three quarters of 2009. One factor for its popularity in China is that Audis have become the car of choice for purchase by the Chinese government for officials, and purchases by the government are responsible for 20% of its sales in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/10/20/audis-millionth-car-sale-shows-china-still-tops/ |title=China: Audi sells a million |department=beyondbrics |work=Financial Times|date=20 October 2010 |access-date=9 January 2011 |url-access=subscription |last=Reed |first=John}}</ref> As of late 2009, Audi's operating profit of €1.17 billion ($1.85 billion) made it the biggest contributor to parent Volkswagen Group's nine-month operating profit of €1.5 billion, while the other marques in Group such as Bentley and SEAT had suffered considerable losses.<ref>{{cite news|author=Canada |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/new-cars/auto-news/audis-a-game/article1377213/ |title=Audi's A game |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=12 March 2011 |location=Toronto}}</ref> May 2011 saw record sales for Audi of America with the new [[Audi A7]] and [[Audi A3]] TDI Clean Diesel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://larsonautomotiveblog.com/audi-has-best-may-u-s-sales-in-its-history/|title=Audi has best May U.S. sales in its history!|date=3 June 2011|publisher=Larson Automotive Group|access-date=25 July 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728093314/http://larsonautomotiveblog.com/audi-has-best-may-u-s-sales-in-its-history/|archive-date=28 July 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, Audi reported a 10% increase in its sales—from 408 units to 480 in the last year alone.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3479793.ece| title= Audi posts 10% growth in sales | date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

Audi manufactures vehicles in seven plants around the world, some of which are shared with other VW Group marques<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/production_plants/aurangabad.html#source=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/production_plants.html&container=page |title=Audi Worldwide > Company > Production plants > Aurangabad |publisher=Audi.com |date=27 August 2010 |access-date=12 March 2011 |archive-date=13 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613062751/http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/production_plants/aurangabad.html#source=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/company/production_plants.html&container=page |url-status=dead }}</ref> although many sub-assemblies such as engines and transmissions are manufactured within other Volkswagen Group plants.

Audi's two principal assembly plants in Germany are:

* [[Ingolstadt]], the former Auto Union site originally opened in 1945 and substantially rebuilt by Daimler-Benz in 1962, and acquired by Volkswagen in 1964 (Q2, A3, A4, A5)
* [[Neckarsulm]], the former NSU plant, acquired by Volkswagen in 1969: (A4, A5 (cabrio), A6, A7, A8, R8, and all RS variants) - a satellite plant at nearby Böllinger Höfe produces the e-tron GT

Outside of Germany, Audi produces vehicles at:

* [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], India, since 2006
* [[Bratislava]], Slovakia, shared with Volkswagen, SEAT, Škoda and Porsche (Q7 and Q8)
* [[Brussels]], Belgium, acquired from Volkswagen in 2007 (e-tron)
* [[Changchun]], China, since 1995
* [[Győr]], Hungary (TT, A3, Q3)
* [[Jakarta]], Indonesia, since 2011
* [[Martorell]], Spain, shared with SEAT and Volkswagen (A1, Q3)
* [[San José Chiapa]], Mexico (2nd gen Q5)

In September 2012, Audi announced the construction of its first North American manufacturing plant in [[Puebla]], Mexico. This plant became operative in 2016 and produces the second generation Q5.<ref>{{cite press release |title=AUDI AG opens automobile plant in Mexico |url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/presskits/audi-ag-opens-automobile-plant-in-mexico-6831|publisher=Audi AG |date=30 September 2016 |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>

From 2002 up to 2003, Audi headed the Audi Brand Group, a subdivision of the Volkswagen Group's Automotive Division consisting of Audi, Lamborghini and SEAT, which was focused on sporty values, with the marques' product vehicles and performance being under the higher responsibility of the Audi brand.

In January 2014, Audi, along with the [[Wireless Power Consortium]], operated a booth which demonstrated a phone compartment using the [[Qi (standard)|Qi]] [[Open standard|open]] [[interface standard]] at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]] (CES).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140109006406/en/Audi-Demonstrates-Qi-Wireless-Charging-CES-2014|title=Audi's Phone Box Updated With Qi Wireless Charging|date=9 January 2014|work=[[Business Wire]]|access-date=21 November 2016|via=[[Berkshire Hathaway]]}}</ref> In May, most of the Audi dealers in the UK falsely claimed that the Audi A7, A8, and R8 were Euro NCAP safety tested, all achieving five out of five stars. In fact none were tested.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27392157|title=Audi 'lied' about safety testing of vehicles|last=Dackevych|first=Alex|date=14 May 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=21 November 2016|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

In 2015, Audi admitted that at least 2.1 million Audi cars had been involved in the [[Volkswagen emissions testing scandal]] in which software installed in the cars manipulated emissions data to fool regulators and allow the cars to pollute at higher than government-mandated levels. The A1, A3, A4, A5, A6, TT, Q3 and Q5 models were implicated in the scandal.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Germany investigates VW's ex-boss over fraud allegations|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-emissions-idUSKCN0RP14U20150928|work = Reuters|date = 28 September 2015|access-date = 29 September 2015}}</ref> Audi promised to quickly find a technical solution and upgrade the cars so they can function within emissions regulations.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Audi Says 2.1 Million Cars Affected by Emissions Software|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-28/audi-says-2-1-million-diesel-cars-affected-by-emissions-software|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|access-date = 29 September 2015|first = Elisabeth Behrmann Mathieu|last = Rosemain|date = 28 September 2015}}</ref> Ulrich Hackenberg, the head of research and development at Audi, was suspended in relation to the scandal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newsweek.com/audi-germany-volkswagen-scandal-378184 | title=Report: Germany Investigating Audi over Emissions|work=Newsweek |agency=Reuters | date=29 September 2015 |access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> Despite widespread media coverage about the scandal through the month of September, Audi reported that U.S. sales for the month had increased by 16.2%.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Volkswagen, Audi sales increase despite emissions cheating scandal|url = http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-auto-sales-20151001-story.html|website = Los Angeles Times|date = 2 October 2015|access-date = 3 October 2015}}</ref> Audi's parent company Volkswagen announced on 18 June 2018 that Audi chief executive Rupert Stadler had been arrested.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44517753 | title=Audi boss arrested over diesel scandal| work=BBC News| date=18 June 2018}}</ref>

In November 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implicated the 3-liter diesel engine versions of the 2016 Audi A6 Quattro, A7 Quattro, A8, A8L and the Q5 as further models that had emissions regulation defeat-device software installed.<ref>{{Cite web|title = EPA: VW cheated on Audi, Porsche diesel SUVs, too|url = https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2015/11/02/epa-diesel-suv-volkswagen-audi-porsche/75044132/|website = USA Today|access-date = 2 November 2015}}</ref> Thus, these models emitted nitrogen oxide at up to nine times the legal limit when the car detected that it was not hooked up to emissions testing equipment.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Porsche Targeted as U.S. Expands VW Emissions Cheating Probe|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-02/u-s-expands-investigation-of-volkswagen-emissions-cheating|publisher = Bloomberg L.P.|access-date = 2 November 2015|first1 = Jeff |last1=Plungis |first2=Dana |last2=Hull |first3=Christoph |last3 = Rauwald|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|date = 2 November 2015}}</ref>

In November 2016, Audi expressed an intention to establish an assembly factory in [[Pakistan]], with the company's local partner acquiring land for a plant in [[Korangi Creek Industrial Park]] in [[Karachi]]. Approval of the plan would lead to an investment of $30 million in the new plant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1231159/audi-ag-expresses-intent-assemble-vehicles-pakistan/|title=Audi AG expresses intent to assemble vehicles in Pakistan |date=15 November 2016|newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Audi planned to cut 9,500 jobs in [[Germany]] starting from 2020 till 2025 to fund electric vehicles and digital working.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50563254|title=Audi to cut 9,500 jobs to fund electric car push|date=26 November 2019|access-date=27 November 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In February 2020, Volkswagen AG announced that it plans to take over all Audi shares it does not own (totalling 0.36%) via a squeeze-out according to German stock corporation law, thus making Audi a fully owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Audi with enhanced role in Volkswagen Group|url = https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/2020/02/Audi_with_enhanced_role_in_Volkswagen_Group.html|website = Volkswagen AG|date=28 February 2020|access-date = 14 March 2020}}</ref> This change took effect from 16 November 2020, when Audi became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AUDI AG: Entry of the transfer resolution in the commercial register|url=https://www.audi.com/content/dam/gbp2/company/investor-relations/kapitalmarktkommunikation/english/ad-hoc-announcements/2020/AUDI-AG-Entry-of-%20the-transfer-resolution-in-the-commercial-register-dgap.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.audi.com/content/dam/gbp2/company/investor-relations/kapitalmarktkommunikation/english/ad-hoc-announcements/2020/AUDI-AG-Entry-of-%20the-transfer-resolution-in-the-commercial-register-dgap.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|website = Audi AG|date=16 November 2020|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

In January 2021, Audi announced that it is planning to sell 1 million vehicles in China in 2023, comparing to 726,000 vehicles in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=2021-01-20|title=Audi aims to sell one million cars in China in 2023|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volkswagen-china-idUSKBN29P05H|access-date=2021-01-20}}</ref>

==Technology==

=== Audi AI ===
Audi AI is a [[Advanced driver-assistance systems|driver assist]] feature offered by Audi. The company's stated intent is to offer fully autonomous driving at a future time, acknowledging that legal, regulatory and technical hurdles must be overcome to achieve this goal. On 4 June 2017, Audi stated that its new [[Audi A8|A8]] will be fully self-driving for speeds up to 60 km/h using its Audi AI. Contrary to other cars, the driver will not have to do safety checks such as touching the steering wheel every 15 seconds to use this feature. The Audi A8 will therefore be the first production car to reach [[Autonomous car#Classification|level 3 autonomous driving]], meaning that the driver can safely turn their attention away from driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. Audi will also be the first manufacturer to use a 3D [[Lidar]] system in addition to cameras and ultrasonic sensors for their AI.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/motors/audi-s-self-driving-a8-drivers-can-watch-youtube-or-check-emails-at-60km-h-1.3150496|title=Audi's self-driving A8: drivers can watch YouTube or check emails at 60km/h|last=McAleer|first=Michael|date=11 July 2017|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=11 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/self-driving/the-audi-a8-the-worlds-first-production-car-to-achieve-level-3-autonomy|title=The Audi A8: the World's First Production Car to Achieve Level 3 Autonomy|last=Ross|first=Philip E.|date=11 July 2017|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref>

===Bodyshells===
Audi produces 100% [[Galvanisation|galvanised]] [[automobiles|cars]] to prevent [[corrosion]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090317013835/http://www.audiusa.com/audi/us/en2/tools/glossary/chassis_body/corrosion_protection.html Corrosion protection]. audiusa.com</ref> and was the first mass-market vehicle to do so, following introduction of the process by [[Porsche]], c. 1975. Along with other precautionary measures, the full-body [[zinc]] coating has proved to be very effective in preventing rust. The body's resulting durability even surpassed Audi's own expectations, causing the manufacturer to extend its original 10-year [[warranty]] against corrosion perforation to currently 12 years (except for aluminium bodies which do not rust).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audiusa.com/audi/us/en2/tools/glossary/chassis_body/galvanised_body.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221015807/http://www.audiusa.com/audi/us/en2/tools/glossary/chassis_body/galvanised_body.html |archive-date=21 February 2009 |title=Audi of America > Glossary > Chassis & Body > Galvanised body |publisher=Audiusa.com |access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref>

===Space Frame===
[[File:Audi R8 - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (160) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Audi R8]] uses Audi Space Frame technology.]]
Audi introduced a new series of vehicles in the mid-1990s and continues to pursue new technology and high performance. An all-aluminium car was brought forward by Audi, and in 1994 the [[Audi A8]] was launched, which introduced aluminium [[space frame]] technology (called ''Audi Space Frame'' or ASF) which saves weight and improves torsion rigidity compared to a conventional steel frame. Prior to that effort, Audi used examples of the Type 44 chassis fabricated out of aluminium as test-beds for the technique. The disadvantage of the aluminium frame is that it is very expensive to repair and requires a specialized aluminium bodyshop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/09q1/2007_audi_s8-long-term_road_test/sidebar_page_3 |title=2007 Audi S8 – Long-Term Road Test – Page 4 |publisher=Caranddriver.com |access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> The weight reduction is somewhat offset by the [[quattro (four-wheel drive system)|quattro]] [[four-wheel drive]] system which is standard in most markets. Nonetheless, the A8 is usually the lightest all-wheel drive car in the full-size luxury segment, also having best-in-class fuel economy.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peterson |first=Thane |url=http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/oct2010/bw2010104_140585.htm |title=Review: 2011 Audi A8 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=2 February 2011 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119123104/http://www.businessweek.com/lifestyle/content/oct2010/bw2010104_140585.htm |archive-date=19 January 2011 }}</ref> The [[Audi A2]], [[Audi TT]] and [[Audi R8 (road car)|Audi R8]] also use Audi Space Frame designs.

===Drivetrains===

====Layout====
For most of its lineup (excluding the A3, A1, and TT models), Audi has not adopted the transverse engine layout which is typically found in economy cars (such as Peugeot and Citroën), since that would limit the type and power of engines that can be installed. To be able to mount powerful engines (such as a V8 engine in the [[Audi S4]] and [[Audi RS4]], as well as the [[W12 engine]] in the [[Audi A8|Audi A8L W12]]), Audi has usually engineered its more expensive cars with a [[Longitudinal engine|longitudinally]] [[Front-engine design|front-mounted engine]], in an "overhung" position, over the front wheels in front of the axle line - this layout dates back to the DKW and Auto Union saloons from the 1950s. But while this allows for the easy adoption of all-wheel drive, it goes against the ideal 50:50 weight distribution.

In all its post [[Volkswagen]]-era models, Audi has firmly refused to adopt the traditional [[rear-wheel drive]] layout favored by its two archrivals [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[BMW]], favoring either [[front-wheel drive]] or [[four-wheel drive|all-wheel drive]]. The majority of Audi's lineup in the United States features all-wheel drive standard on most of its expensive vehicles (only the entry-level trims of the A4 and A6 are available with front-wheel drive), in contrast to [[Mercedes-Benz]] and [[BMW]] whose lineup treats all-wheel drive as an option. BMW did not offer all-wheel drive on its V8-powered cars (as opposed to crossover SUVs) until the 2010 BMW 7 Series and 2011 BMW 5 Series, while the Audi A8 has had all-wheel drive available/standard since the 1990s. Regarding high-performance variants, [[Audi S and RS models]] have always had all-wheel drive, unlike their direct rivals from [[BMW M]] and [[Mercedes-AMG]] whose cars are rear-wheel drive only (although their performance crossover SUVs are all-wheel drive).

Audi has recently applied the ''[[quattro (four-wheel drive system)|quattro]]'' badge to models such as the A3 and TT which do not use the [[Torsen]]-based system as in prior years with a mechanical center differential, but with the [[Haldex Traction]] electro-mechanical clutch AWD system.

====Engines====
{{Further|List of Audi vehicles#Production model engines}}
[[File:Volkswagen W12.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Volkswagen Group]] W12 engine from the [[Volkswagen Phaeton|Volkswagen Phaeton W12]]]]

Prior to the introduction of the Audi 80 and Audi 50 in 1972 and 1974, respectively, Audi had led the development of the ''EA111'' and ''EA827'' [[Straight-four engine|inline-four]] engine families. These new power units underpinned the water-cooled revival of parent company Volkswagen (in the Polo, Golf, Passat and Scirocco), whilst the many derivatives and descendants of these two basic engine designs have appeared in every generation of VW Group vehicles right up to the present day.

In the 1980s, Audi, along with Volvo, was the champion of the [[Straight-five engine|inline-five]] cylinder, [[Engine displacement|2.1/2.2 L]] engine as a longer-lasting alternative to more traditional six-cylinder engines. This engine was used not only in production cars but also in their race cars. The 2.1 L inline five-cylinder engine was used as a base for the [[Rallying|rally cars]] in the 1980s, providing well over {{convert|400|hp|kW|abbr=off}} after modification. Before 1990, there were engines produced with a displacement between 2.0 L and 2.3 L. This range of engine capacity allowed for both fuel economy and power.

For the ultra-luxury version of its [[Audi A8]] fullsize luxury flagship sedan, the Audi A8L W12, Audi uses the [[Volkswagen Group]] [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#W12|W12 engine]] instead of the conventional [[V12 engine]] favored by rivals Mercedes-Benz and BMW. The W12 engine configuration (also known as a "WR12") is created by forming two imaginary narrow-angle 15° [[VR6 engine]]s at an angle of 72°, and the narrow angle of each set of cylinders allows just two [[overhead camshaft]]s to drive each pair of banks, so just four are needed in total. The advantage of the W12 engine is its compact packaging, allowing Audi to build a 12-cylinder sedan with all-wheel drive, whereas a conventional [[V12 engine]] could have only a rear-wheel drive configuration as it would have no space in the engine bay for a differential and other components required to power the front wheels. In fact, the 6.0 L W12 in the Audi A8L W12 is smaller in overall dimensions than the 4.2 L V8 that powers the Audi A8 4.2 variants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newcartestdrive.com/review-intro.cfm?Vehicle=2005_Audi_A8&ReviewID=2934 |title=2005 Audi A8 Review and Photos |publisher=New Car Test Drive |access-date=18 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011923/http://www.newcartestdrive.com/review-intro.cfm?Vehicle=2005_Audi_A8&ReviewID=2934 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 2011 Audi A8 debuted a revised 6.3-litre version of the W12 (WR12) engine with {{convert|500|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}.

====Fuel Stratified Injection====
New models of the A3, A4, A6 and A8 have been introduced, with the ageing 1.8-litre engine now having been replaced by new [[Gasoline direct injection|Fuel Stratified Injection]] (FSI) engines. Nearly every petroleum burning model in the range now incorporates this fuel-saving technology.

[[File:2007 Audi R8 Engine.JPG|thumb|V8 FSI engine]]

====Direct-Shift Gearbox====
In 2003, Volkswagen introduced the [[Direct-Shift Gearbox]] (DSG), a type of [[dual-clutch transmission]]. It is a type of [[automatic transmission]], drivable like a conventional torque converter [[automatic transmission]]. Based on the gearbox found in the Group B S1, the system includes dual electro-hydraulically controlled [[clutch]]es instead of a [[torque converter]]. This is implemented in some [[Volkswagen Golf|VW Golfs]], [[Audi A3]], [[Audi A4]] and [[Audi TT|TT]] models where DSG is called S-Tronic.

===LED daytime running lights===
Beginning in 2005, Audi has implemented white [[light-emitting diode|LED]] technology as [[daytime running light]]s (DRL) in their products. The distinctive shape of the DRLs has become a trademark of sorts. LEDs were first introduced on the [[Audi A8#D3|Audi A8 W12]], the world's first production car to have LED DRLs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cargurus.com/Cars/2005-Audi-A8-Overview-c319|title=2005 Audi A8 - Overview |work=CarGurus|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/5753C7B50C3435D6CA257053001CB9E4 | title=Car Reviews - Audi - A8 - L W12 Quattro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cars.com/audi/a8/2005/expert-reviews|title=2005 Audi A8|first=Jim|last=Flammang|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715013345/http://www.cars.com/audi/a8/2005/expert-reviews|archive-date=15 July 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> and have since spread throughout the entire model range. The LEDs are present on some Audi [[billboard]]s.

Since 2010, Audi has also offered the [[LED headlamp|LED technology in low- and high-beam headlights]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=2010 Audi R8 LED Headlights|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/2010-audi-r8-led-headlights|magazine=Car and Driver|access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>

[[File:LED DaytimeRunningLights.jpg|thumb|The DRL in an [[Audi A4]] B8]]

===Multi Media Interface===
[[File:Audi TT 2014 (13558812864).jpg|thumb|left|Multi Media Interface-Menu on [[Audi virtual cockpit]], [[Audi TT Mk3]]]]
Starting with the 2003 [[Audi A8]], Audi has used a centralised control interface for its on-board [[infotainment]] systems, called [[Multi Media Interface]] (MMI). It is essentially a rotating control knob and 'segment' buttons – designed to control all in-car entertainment devices (radio, CD changer, iPod, TV tuner), satellite navigation, heating and ventilation, and other car controls with a screen.

The availability of MMI has gradually filtered down the Audi lineup, and following its introduction on the third generation A3 in 2011, MMI is now available across the entire range. It has been generally well received, as it requires less menu-surfing with its segment buttons around a central knob, along with 'main function' direct access buttons – with shortcuts to the radio or phone functions. The colour screen is mounted on the upright dashboard, and on the A4 (new), A5, A6, A8, and Q7, the controls are mounted horizontally.

=== Synthetic fuels ===
{{Main|Electrofuel}}
Audi has assisted with technology to produce [[synthetic diesel]] from water and [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://qz.com/392138/audi-is-making-fuel-from-air-and-water/ |title=Audi is making fuel from air and water|author=Zach Wener-Fligner|work=Quartz|date=27 April 2015 |access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url= https://www.tu.no/artikler/norsk-selskap-kan-bli-forst-i-verden-til-a-produsere-audis-vidunderdiesel/348424 |title=Norsk selskap kan bli først i verden til å produsere Audis 'vidunderdiesel' | trans-title = Norwegian company could be the first in the world to manufacture Audi's "wonderdiesel" | language = no | first = Jannicke | last = Nilsen | journal = [[Teknisk Ukeblad]] |date=10 June 2016 |access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/audi-lager-diesel-av-co2-og-vann-til-8-kroner-literen/222360 | title=Audi lager diesel av CO2 og vann til 8 kroner literen| date=28 April 2015}}</ref> Audi calls the synthetic diesel [[E-diesel]]. It is also working on synthetic gasoline (which it calls E-gasoline).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/press-releases/audi-advances-e-fuels-technology-new-e-benzin-fuel-being-tested-9912| title = E-gasoline}}</ref>

=== Logistics ===
Audi uses scanning gloves for parts registration during assembly, and automatic robots to transfer cars from factory to rail cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/home-page/audis-driverless-transport-system-recognised-industry-award|title=Audi's driverless transport system recognised with industry award|work=Automotive Logistics|date=21 February 2017|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225020427/http://automotivelogistics.media/home-page/audis-driverless-transport-system-recognised-industry-award|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Models==
{{main|List of Audi vehicles}}

===Current model range===
The following tables list Audi production vehicles that are sold as of 2018:
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Audi cars
|-
| [[Audi A1|A1]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A1 S Line 30 TFSi S-A 1.0.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Supermini}}
|
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi A3|A3]]
| [[File:Audi A3 8Y 45 TFSI e IMG 4931.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Small family car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi A4|A4]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A4 Sport TDi Quattro S-A 2.0.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Avant (estate/wagon)
* Allroad (crossover estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi A5|A5]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A5 S Line TDi S-A 2.0 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Coupé
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
* Cabriolet (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi A6|A6]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A6 TDi Quattro Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Avant (estate/wagon)
* Allroad (crossover estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi A7|A7]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A7 S Line 40 TDi S-A 2.0.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive Car}}
|
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi A8|A8]]
| [[File:2018 Audi A8 50 TDi Quattro Automatic 3.0.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Full-size luxury car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
|-
| [[Audi e-tron GT|e-tron GT]]
| [[File:Audi e-tron GT IMG 5690.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* 5-door fastback
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Audi coupés and SUVs
|-
| [[Audi TT|TT]]
| [[File:Audi TT Roadster 45 TFSI quattro, Paris Motor Show 2018, IMG 0732.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact sports car}}
|
* Coupé
* Roadster (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi R8 (road car)|R8]]
| [[File:Audi R8 V10 Decennium, GIMS 2019, Le Grand-Saconnex (GIMS1180).jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Sports car}}
|
* Coupé
* Spyder (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi Q2|Q2]]
| [[File:2017 Audi Q2 Sport TDi 1.6 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Subcompact crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q3|Q3]]
| [[File:2019 Audi Q3 S Line 35 TFSi 1.5.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Subcompact crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q4 e-tron|Q4 e-tron]]
| [[File:Audi Q4 e-tron IMG 5327.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q5|Q5]]
| [[File:2017 Audi Q5 S Line TFSi Quattro 2.0 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q7|Q7]]
| [[File:2017 Audi Q7 S Line Quattro 3.0 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Mid-size crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q8|Q8]]
| [[File:2018 Audi Q8.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Mid-size crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|-
| [[Audi Q8 e-tron|e-tron]]
| [[File:Audi e-tron, Paris Motor Show 2018, IMG 0442.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact crossover SUV}}
|
* SUV
|}
{{col-end}}

===S and RS models===
{{main|Audi S and RS models}}
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ S (Sport) models
|-
| [[Audi S3|S3]]
| [[File:Audi S3 8Y Sedan IMG 4872.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Small family car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi S4|S4]]
| [[File:AudiS4IAA 2015.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Avant (estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi S5|{{nowrap|S5}}]]
| [[File:2018 Audi S5 TFSi Quattro Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Coupé
* Cabriolet (convertible)
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi S6|S6]]
| [[File:Audi S6 Avant C8 IMG 4309.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
* Avant (estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi S7|S7]]
| [[File:Audi S7 C8 IMG 3594.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi S8|S8]]
| [[File:Audi S8 D5 IMG 3491.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Saloon (sedan)
|-
| [[Audi TTS|{{nowrap|TTS}}]]
| [[File:Audi TTS (8S) front.JPG|75px]]
| {{nowrap|'''Compact''' sports car}}
|
* Coupé
* Roadster (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi Q2|{{nowrap|SQ2}}]]
| [[File:Audi S Q2 Facelift IMG 4935.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Subcompact crossover SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
| [[Audi Q5|{{nowrap|SQ5}}]]
| [[File:Audi SQ5 (FY) IMG 1971.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Mid-size SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
| [[Audi Q7|{{nowrap|SQ7}}]]
| [[File:Audi SQ7 Temperamentrot.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Full-size SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
| [[Audi Q8|{{nowrap|SQ8}}]]
| [[File:Audi SQ8 IMG 4425.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Full-size SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ RS (''Rennsport''/racing sport) models
|-
| [[Audi e-tron GT|e-tron GT RS]]
| [[File:Audi RS e-tron GT IAA 2021 1X7A0128.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* 5-door fastback
|-
| [[Audi TT RS|{{nowrap|TT RS}}]]
| [[File:2018 Audi TT RS Coupe.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact sports car}}
|
* Coupé
* Roadster (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi RS3|RS3]]
| [[File:Audi RS3 8Y 1X7A6092.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Small family car}}
|
* Saloon (Sedan)
* 5-door hatchback
|-
| [[Audi RS4|{{nowrap|RS4}}]]
| [[File:2018 Audi RS4 TFSi Quattro Automatic 2.9 Front.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Avant (estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi A5#RS5|RS5]]
| [[File:Audi RS5 Coupe IMG 0728.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact executive car}}
|
* Coupé
* Cabriolet (convertible)
|-
| [[Audi RS6|{{nowrap|RS6}}]]
| [[File:Audi RS6 Avant C8 IMG 0344.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Avant (estate/wagon)
|-
| [[Audi RS7|RS7]]
| [[File:Audi RS7 C8 IMG 4323.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Executive car}}
|
* Sportback (5-door hatchback)
|-
| [[Audi Q3|{{nowrap|RSQ3}}]]
| [[File:Audi RS Q3 Sportback IMG 4828.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Compact crossover SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
| [[Audi Q8|{{nowrap|RSQ8}}]]
| [[File:Audi RSQ8 IMG 4308.jpg|75px]]
| {{nowrap|Full-size SUV}}
|
* Crossover
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

===Electric vehicles===
{{Further|List of Audi vehicles#Concept models}}
Audi is planning an alliance with the Japanese electronics giant [[Sanyo]] to develop a pilot hybrid electric project for the [[Volkswagen Group]]. The alliance could result in Sanyo batteries and other electronic components being used in future models of the Volkswagen Group.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080615022945/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=103840033&docId=l%3A788745336 Audi Plans To Run On Sanyo Hybrid Batteries]. lexisnexis.com (1 June 2008).</ref> Concept electric vehicles unveiled to date include the [[Audi A1]] Sportback Concept,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nextconceptcars.com/concept-cars/audi-a1-sportback-concept/ |title=Audi A1 Sportback concept |publisher=Next Concept Cars |date=2 October 2008 |access-date=27 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317010527/http://www.nextconceptcars.com/concept-cars/audi-a1-sportback-concept/ |archive-date=17 March 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Audi A4]] TDI Concept E,<ref>{{cite web |last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/02/audi-unveils-a4-tdi-concept-e/ |title=Audi unveils A4 TDI concept e |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=2 October 2008 |access-date=27 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609113605/http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/02/audi-unveils-a4-tdi-concept-e/ |archive-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the fully electric Audi e-tron Concept Supercar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audisite.com/1008/audi-e-tron-electric-concept-unveiled/|title=Audi e-Tron Electric Supercar Concept Unveiled|publisher=Audisite.com|access-date=15 September 2009|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129154644/http://www.audisite.com/1008/audi-e-tron-electric-concept-unveiled/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Self-driving cars ===
In December 2018, Audi announced to invest 14 billion Euro ($15.9 billion) in e-mobility, self-driving cars.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-audi-strategy-idUSKBN1O30Q8|title=Audi to invest 14 billion euros in e-mobility, self-driving cars|date=4 December 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

==Production figures==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em; font-size:95%"
|-
!
! [[Audi A1|A1]]
! [[Audi A2|A2]]
! [[Audi A3|A3]]
! [[Audi A4|A4]]
! [[Audi A5|A5]]
! [[Audi A6|A6]]
! [[Audi A7|A7]]
! [[Audi A8|A8]]
! [[Audi Q3|Q3]]
! [[Audi Q5|Q5]]
! [[Audi Q7|Q7]]
! [[Audi TT|TT]]
! [[Audi R8 (road car)|R8]]
|-
! 1998<ref name="volkswagenag.com">[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2000/03/Annual_Report_1999.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/VW_AR_1999_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 1999] (Including 1998) p. 50 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| —
| 143,974
| 271,152
| —
| 174,867
| —
| 15,355
| —
| —
| —
| 13,682
| —
|-
! 1999<ref name="volkswagenag.com"/>
| —
| —
| 143,505
| 252,514
| —
| 162,573
| —
| 14,636
| —
| —
| —
| 52,579
| —
|-
! 2000<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2001/03/Annual_Report_2000.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/VW_GB_2000_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2000]. p. 53 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 32,164
| 136,141
| 231,869
| —
| 180,715
| —
| 12,894
| —
| —
| —
| 56,776
| —
|-
! 2001<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2002/03/annual_report_2001.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/20020312_GB_2001_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2001]. p. 41 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 49,369
| 131,082
| 308,778
| —
| 186,467
| —
| 11,708
| —
| —
| —
| 39,349
| —
|-
! 2002<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2003/03/annual_report_2002.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/vw_gb_2002_en.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2002]. p. 77 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 37,578
| 125,538
| 360,267
| —
| 178,773
| —
| 10,942
| —
| —
| —
| 34,711
| —
|-
! 2003<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2004/03/annual_report_2003.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/20040309_gb2003_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2003]. p. 97 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 27,323
| 159,417
| 353,836
| —
| 168,612
| —
| 21,748
| —
| —
| —
| 32,337
| —
|-
! 2004<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2005/03/annual_report_2004.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Gbericht_2004_en.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2004]. p. 91 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 19,745
| 181,274
| 345,231
| —
| 195,529
| —
| 22,429
| —
| —
| —
| 23,605
| —
|-
! 2005<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2006/03/Volkswagen_AG__Annual_Report_2005.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/gesch%C3%A4ftsbericht_2005_english.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2005]. p. 41 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| 10,026
| 224,961
| 337,705
| —
| 215,437
| —
| 21,515
| —
| —
| 1,185
| 12,307
| —
|-
! 2006<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2007/03/Geschaeftsbericht_2006.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Annual_Report_2006_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2006]. p. 45 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| —
| 231,752
| 341,110
| 487
| 229,021
| —
| 22,468
| —
| —
| 72,169
| 23,675
| 164
|-
! 2007<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2008/03/Annual_Report_2007.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/VW_AG_GB_2007_en.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2007]. p. 83 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| —
| 231,117
| 289,806
| 25,549
| 243,842
| —
| 22,182
| —
| 162
| 77,395
| 56,766
| 4,125
|-
! 2008<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2009/03/GB_2008.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Y_2008_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2008]. p. 83 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| —
| 222,164
| 378,885
| 57,650
| 214,074
| —
| 20,140
| —
| 20,324
| 59,008
| 41,789
| 5,656
|-
! 2009<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2010/03/Annual_Report_2009.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/Y_2009_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2009]. p. 93 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| —
| —
| 206,747
| 282,033
| 84,883
| 182,090
| —
| 8,599
| —
| 105,074
| 27,929
| 22,821
| 2,101
|-
! 2010<ref>[http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2011/03/Volkswagen_AG_Geschaeftsbericht_2010.-bin.acq/qual-BinaryStorageItem.Single.File/GB_2010_e.pdf Volkswagen AG Annual Report 2010]. p. 111 volkswagenag.com</ref>
| 51,937
| —
| 198,974
| 306,291
| 111,270
| 211,256
| 8,496
| 22,435
| —
| 154,604
| 48,937
| 26,217
| 3,485
|-
! 2011<ref name="AudiAG FY2011">{{cite web|title=VWAG FY2011|url=http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/Volkswagen_AG_Annual_Report_2011.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Y_2011_e.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/publications/2012/03/Volkswagen_AG_Annual_Report_2011.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Y_2011_e.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| 117,566
| —
| 189,068
| 321,045
| 111,758
| 241,862
| 37,301
| 38,542
| 19,613
| 183,678
| 53,703
| 25,508
| 3,551
|-
! 2012<ref>{{cite web|title= Audi Annual Report 2012|url= http://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/investor-relations/financial_reports/annual-reports/2012_audi_annual_report.pdf|access-date= 7 August 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160818204336/http://www.audi.com/content/dam/com/EN/investor-relations/financial_reports/annual-reports/2012_audi_annual_report.pdf|archive-date= 18 August 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| 123,111
| —
| 164,666
| 329,759
| 103,357
| 284,888
| 28,950
| 35,932
| 106,918
| 209,799
| 54,558
| 21,880
| 2,241
|}
* Data from 1998 to 2010. Figures for different body types/versions of models have been merged to create overall figures for each model.

==Motorsport==
Audi has competed in various forms of [[auto racing|motorsports]]. Audi's tradition in motorsport began with their former company [[Auto Union]] in the 1930s. In the 1990s, Audi found success in the Touring and Super Touring categories of motor racing after success in circuit racing in North America.

===Rallying===
{{Main|Audi Sport WRC results}}
[[File:Portugal 84 Audi Quattro A2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Walter Röhrl]] with his [[Audi Quattro|Quattro]] A2 during the 1984 [[Rally Portugal]]]]
In 1980, Audi released the [[Audi Quattro|Quattro]], a [[four-wheel drive]] (4WD) [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] car that went on to win [[rally racing|rallies]] and races worldwide. It is considered one of the most significant rally cars of all time, because it was one of the first to take advantage of the then-recently changed rules which allowed the use of four-wheel drive in competition racing. Many critics doubted the viability of four-wheel drive racers, thinking them to be too heavy and complex, yet the Quattro was to become a successful car. It led its first rally before going off the road, however, the rally world had been served notice 4WD was the future. The Quattro went on to achieve much success in the [[World Rally Championship]]. It won the [[1983 World Rally Championship season|1983]] ([[Hannu Mikkola]]) and the [[1984 World Rally Championship season|1984]] ([[Stig Blomqvist]]) [[list of World Rally Championship Drivers' Champions|drivers' titles]],<ref>{{cite web|title=World Rally Championship for Drivers – Champions|work=RallyBase.nl|url=http://www.rallybase.nl/index.php?type=championlist&subchamptype=wcd|access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref> and brought Audi the [[list of World Rally Championship Constructors' Champions|manufacturers' title]] in [[1982 World Rally Championship season|1982]] and 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Rally Championship for Manufacturers – Champions|work=RallyBase.nl|url=http://www.rallybase.nl/index.php?type=championlist&subchamptype=wrc|access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref>
[[File:Audi Quattro - 2007 Rallye Deutschland (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Audi Quattro S1]] driven at the [[2007 Rallye Deutschland]]]]

In 1984, Audi launched the short-wheelbase [[Audi Quattro#Sport Quattro|Sport Quattro]] which dominated rally races in [[Monte Carlo Rally|Monte Carlo]] and [[Swedish Rally|Sweden]], with Audi taking all podium places, but succumbed to problems further into WRC contention. In [[1985 World Rally Championship season|1985]], after another season mired in mediocre finishes, [[Walter Röhrl]] finished the season in his [[Audi Quattro#Sport Quattro S1 E2|Sport Quattro S1]], and helped place Audi second in the manufacturers' points. Audi also received rally honours in the Hong Kong to Beijing rally in that same year. [[Michèle Mouton]], the only female driver to win a round of the World Rally Championship and a driver for Audi, took the Sport Quattro S1, now simply called the "S1", and raced in the [[Pikes Peak International Hill Climb]]. The {{convert|1439|m|adj=on}} climb race pits a driver and car to drive to the summit of the {{convert|4302|m|adj=on}} [[Pikes Peak]] mountain in [[Colorado]], and in 1985, Michèle Mouton set a new record of 11:25.39, and being the first woman to set a Pikes Peak record. In [[1986 World Rally Championship season|1986]], Audi formally left international rally racing following an accident in [[Rally Portugal|Portugal]] involving driver [[Joaquim Santos]] in his [[Ford RS200]]. Santos swerved to avoid hitting spectators in the road, and left the track into the crowd of spectators on the side, killing three and injuring 30. [[Bobby Unser]] used an Audi in that same year to claim a new record for the Pikes Peak Hill Climb at 11:09.22.

In 1987, Walter Röhrl claimed the title for Audi setting a new Pikes Peak International Hill Climb record of 10:47.85 in his Audi S1, which he had retired from the WRC two years earlier. The Audi S1 employed Audi's time-tested [[straight-five engine|inline-five-cylinder]] turbocharged engine, with the final version generating {{convert|441|kW|PS bhp|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Quattro25">{{cite web|url=http://www.audiusanews.com/newsrelease.do?id=211|title=25 Years of Audi Quattro|work=Audi AG|access-date=31 March 2009|date=22 February 2005|publisher=Audi Of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023044743/http://www.audiusanews.com/newsrelease.do?id=211|archive-date=23 October 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref> The engine was mated to a six-speed gearbox and ran on Audi's famous four-wheel drive system. All of Audi's top drivers drove this car; Hannu Mikkola, Stig Blomqvist, Walter Röhrl and Michèle Mouton. This Audi S1 started the range of Audi [[Audi S and RS models#S|'S' cars]], which now represents an increased level of sports-performance equipment within the mainstream Audi model range.

===In the United States===
As Audi moved away from rallying and into circuit racing, they chose to move first into America with the [[Trans-Am Series|Trans-Am]] in 1988.

In 1989, Audi moved to [[International Motor Sports Association]] (IMSA) [[IMSA GT Championship|GTO]] with the [[Audi 80|Audi 90]], however as they avoided the two major endurance events (Daytona and Sebring) despite winning on a regular basis, they would lose out on the title.

===Touring cars===
In 1990, having completed their objective to market cars in North America, Audi returned to Europe, turning first to the [[Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft]] (DTM) series with the [[Audi V8]], and then in 1993, being unwilling to build cars for the new formula, they turned their attention to the fast-growing [[Super Touring]] series, which are a series of national championships. Audi first entered in the [[French Supertouring Championship|French Supertourisme]] and [[Italian Superturismo Championship|Italian Superturismo]]. In the following year, Audi would switch to the German [[Super Tourenwagen Cup]] (known as STW), and then to [[British Touring Car Championship]] (BTCC) the year after that.

The [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA), having difficulty regulating the [[quattro (four-wheel drive system)|quattro]] four-wheel drive system, and the impact it had on the competitors, would eventually ban all four-wheel drive cars from competing in the series in 1998,<ref name="Audi Motorsport">{{cite book|last=motorsport|first=AUDI|title=Audi at Le Mans|date=February 2012|publisher=Audi-Motorsport info|page=17|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/downloads/Audi/R18-etron-quattro-press-kit.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ausmotive.com/downloads/Audi/R18-etron-quattro-press-kit.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> but by then, Audi switched all their works efforts to [[sports car racing]].

By 2000, Audi would still compete in the US with their [[Audi RS4#B5|RS4]] for the [[SPEED World Challenge|SCCA Speed World GT Challenge]], through dealer/team [[Champion Racing]] competing against Corvettes, Vipers, and smaller BMWs (where it is one of the few series to permit 4WD cars). In 2003, Champion Racing entered an [[Audi RS6#C5|RS6]]. Once again, the quattro four-wheel drive was superior, and Champion Audi won the championship. They returned in 2004 to defend their title, but a newcomer, Cadillac with the new Omega Chassis CTS-V, gave them a run for their money. After four victories in a row, the Audis were sanctioned with several negative changes that deeply affected the car's performance. Namely, added ballast weights, and Champion Audi deciding to go with different tyres, and reducing the boost pressure of the turbocharger.

In 2004, after years of competing with the [[Audi TT|TT-R]] in the revitalised DTM series, with privateer team Abt Racing/[[Christian Abt]] taking the 2002 title with [[Laurent Aïello]], Audi returned as a full factory effort to touring car racing by entering two factory-supported [[Joest Racing]] [[Audi A4#Audi Sport A4 DTM|A4 DTM]] cars.

===24 Hours of Le Mans===
{{Further|List of Audi vehicles#Le Mans prototypes}}
[[File:Audi R10 1.JPG|thumb|[[Audi R10 TDI]]]]
Audi began racing prototype sportscars in 1999, debuting at the Le Mans 24 hour. Two car concepts were developed and raced in their first season - the [[Audi R8R]] (open-cockpit 'roadster' prototype) and the [[Audi R8C]] (closed-cockpit 'coupé' GT-prototype). The R8R scored a credible podium on its racing debut at Le Mans and was the concept which Audi continued to develop into the 2000 season due to favourable rules for open-cockpit prototypes.

However, most of the competitors (such as BMW, Toyota, Mercedes and Nissan) retired at the end of 1999.
The factory-supported [[Joest Racing]] team won at Le Mans three times in a row with the Audi R8 (2000–2002), as well as winning every race in the [[American Le Mans Series]] in its first year. Audi also sold the car to customer teams such as [[Champion Racing]].

In 2003, two [[Bentley Speed 8]]s, with engines designed by Audi, and driven by Joest drivers ''loaned'' to the fellow [[Volkswagen Group]] company, competed in the GTP class, and finished the race in the top two positions, while the Champion Racing R8 finished third overall, and first in the LMP900 class. Audi returned to the winner's podium at the 2004 race, with the top three finishers all driving R8s: Audi Sport Japan Team Goh finished first, Audi Sport UK Veloqx second, and Champion Racing third.

At the [[2005 24 Hours of Le Mans]], Champion Racing entered two R8s, along with an R8 from the Audi PlayStation Team [[Oreca]]. The R8s (which were built to old LMP900 regulations) received a narrower air inlet restrictor, reducing power, and an additional {{convert|50|kg|0|abbr=on}} of weight compared to the newer LMP1 chassis. On average, the R8s were about 2–3 seconds off pace compared to the [[Pescarolo Sport|Pescarolo]]–[[Judd (engine)|Judd]]. But with a team of excellent drivers and experience, both Champion R8s were able to take first and third, while the Oreca team took fourth. The Champion team was also the first American team to win Le Mans since the Gulf Ford GTs in 1967. This also ends the long era of the R8; however, its replacement for 2006, called the [[Audi R10 TDI]], was unveiled on 13 December 2005.

The R10 [[Turbocharged Direct Injection|TDI]] employed many new and innovative features, the most notable being the [[twin-turbo]]charged [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] [[diesel engine]]. It was first raced in the [[2006 12 Hours of Sebring]] as a race-test in preparation for the [[2006 24 Hours of Le Mans]], which it later went on to win. Audi had a win in the first diesel sports car at 12 Hours of Sebring (the car was developed with a Diesel engine due to ACO regulations that favor diesel engines). As well as winning the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] in 2006, the R10 TDI beat the [[Peugeot 908 HDi FAP]] in {{24hLM|2007}}, and in {{24hLM|2008}}, (however Peugeot won the 24h in 2009) with a podium clean-sweep (all four 908 entries retired) while breaking a distance record (set by the [[Porsche 917]]K of [[Martini Racing]] in {{24hLM|1971}}), in {{24hLM|2010}} with the [[Audi R15 TDI|R15 TDI Plus]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.joest-racing.de/web/news/news.php?id=541&sprache=e | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050259/http://www.joest-racing.de/web/news/news.php?id=541&sprache=e | archive-date = 19 July 2011 | title = Audi achieves record victory at Le Mans with new technology | work=joest-racing.de; [[Audi Sport]] | publisher=Joest Racing | date = 13 June 2010 | access-date =16 June 2010}}</ref>

Audi's sports car racing success would continue with the [[Audi R18]]'s victory at the [[2011 24 Hours of Le Mans]]. [[Audi Sport Team Joest]]'s [[Benoît Tréluyer]] earned Audi their first [[pole position]] in five years while the team's sister car locked out the front row.<ref name=AFP_Audi_Front_Row>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ikxFTgOVDE0DXKGgxuzUurSVk4dw?docId=CNG.4facb82ec8689e5a037eb4e7286eff0b.3b1|title=Audi back on front row for Le Mans 24 Hours|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=10 June 2011}}</ref> Early accidents eliminated two of Audi's three entries, but the sole remaining [[Audi R18 TDI]] of Tréluyer, [[Marcel Fässler (racing driver)|Marcel Fässler]], and [[André Lotterer]] held off the trio of [[Peugeot 908]]s to claim victory by a margin of 13.8 seconds.

====Results====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em; font-size:87%"
|-
!Car
! Year
! [[1999 24 Hours of Le Mans|1999]]
! [[2000 24 Hours of Le Mans|2000]]
! [[2001 24 Hours of Le Mans|2001]]
! [[2002 24 Hours of Le Mans|2002]]
! [[2003 24 Hours of Le Mans|2003]]
! [[2004 24 Hours of Le Mans|2004]]
! [[2005 24 Hours of Le Mans|2005]]
! [[2006 24 Hours of Le Mans|2006]]
! [[2007 24 Hours of Le Mans|2007]]
! [[2008 24 Hours of Le Mans|2008]]
! [[2009 24 Hours of Le Mans|2009]]
! [[2010 24 Hours of Le Mans|2010]]
! [[2011 24 Hours of Le Mans|2011]]
! [[2012 24 Hours of Le Mans|2012]]
! [[2013 24 Hours of Le Mans|2013]]
! [[2014 24 Hours of Le Mans|2014]]
! [[2015 24 Hours of Le Mans|2015]]
! [[2016 24 Hours of Le Mans|2016]]
|- 1 CAR
!1
! rowspan="4" | Position
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#efcfff;" | Ret
| style="background:#ffffbf;" | 1
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
| style="background:#dfdfdf;" | 2
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|- CAR 2
!2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|-CAR 3
!3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 17
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|-CAR 4
!4
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|
|
|
|}

===American Le Mans Series===
Audi entered a factory racing team run by [[Joest Racing]] into the American Le Mans Series under the Audi Sport North America name in 2000. This was a successful operation with the team winning on its debut in the series at the 2000 12 Hours of Sebring. Factory-backed Audi R8s were the dominant car in ALMS taking 25 victories between 2000 and the end of the 2002 season. In 2003, Audi sold customer cars to [[Champion Racing]] as well as continuing to race the factory Audi Sport North America team. Champion Racing won many races as a private team running Audi R8s and eventually replaced Team Joest as the Audi Sport North America between 2006 and 2008. Since 2009 Audi has not taken part in full American Le Mans Series Championships, but has competed in the series opening races at Sebring, using the 12-hour race as a test for Le Mans, and also as part of the [[2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season]] calendar.

====Results====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! Year
! Manufacturer
! Chassis
! Team
! Rd1
! Rd2
! Rd3
! Rd4
! Rd5
! Rd6
! Rd7
! Rd8
! Rd9
! Rd10
! Rd11
! Rd12
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2000 American Le Mans Series season|2000]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="3"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
|-
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 20
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|-
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 15
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2001 American Le Mans Series season|2001]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2002 American Le Mans Series season|2002]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 14
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|
|
|-
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2003 American Le Mans Series season|2003]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Champion Racing]]
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 20
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2004 American Le Mans Series season|2004]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="3"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|UK}} Audi Sport UK
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Champion Racing]]
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2005 American Le Mans Series season|2005]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Champion Racing]]
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 18
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2006 American Le Mans Series season|2006]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="1"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R10|R10]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
|
|
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|-
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2007 American Le Mans Series season|2007]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R10|R10]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|-
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 23
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 17
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2008 American Le Mans Series season|2008]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R10|R10]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 21
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|style="background:#000000; color:white"| DSQ
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|-
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 6
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 7
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2009 American Le Mans Series season|2009]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R15|R15]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2010 American Le Mans Series season|2010]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R15|R15]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|United States}} Audi Sport North America
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2012 American Le Mans Series season|2012]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="3"| [[Audi R18|R18]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|Germany}} Audi Sport Team Joest
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 16
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2013 American Le Mans Series season|2013]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R18|R18]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|Germany}} Audi Sport Team Joest
|style="background:#ffffbf;"| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|style="background:#dfdfdf;"| 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

===European Le Mans Series===
Audi participated in the [[2003 1000km of Le Mans]] which was a one-off sports car race in preparation for the [[2004 European Le Mans Series]]. The factory team Audi Sport UK won races and the championship in the 2004 season but Audi was unable to match their sweeping success of Audi Sport North America in the American Le Mans Series, partly due to the arrival of a factory competitor in LMP1, Peugeot. The French manufacturer's [[Peugeot 908 HDi FAP|908 HDi FAP]] became the car to beat in the series from 2008 onwards with 20 LMP wins. However, Audi were able to secure the championship in 2008 even though Peugeot scored more race victories in the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/09/16/audi-wins-everything-add-european-le-mans-to-the-list/|title=Audi wins everything... add European Le Mans Series to the list|first=Jonathon|last=Ramsey|work=Autoblog|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

====Results====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! Year
! Manufacturer
! Chassis
! Team
! Rd1
! Rd2
! Rd3
! Rd4
! Rd5
|-
!rowspan="1"| [[2003 European Le Mans Series Season|2003]]
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="1"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|Japan}} Audi Sport Japan
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2004 European Le Mans Series Season|2004]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="3"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|UK}} Audi Sport UK
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#EFCFFF;" | Ret
|
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|
|-
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|Japan}} Audi Sport Japan
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|
|-
!rowspan="1"| [[2005 European Le Mans Series Season|2005]]
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="1"| [[Audi R8|R8]]
| align="left" rowspan="1"| {{Flagicon|France|variant=1974}} [[Oreca|Team Oreca]]
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[2008 Le Mans Endurance Series Season|2008]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="2"| [[Audi R10|R10]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi Sport Team Joest
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 5
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 6
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
| style="background:#dfffdf;" | 4
|-
!rowspan="3"| [[2010 Le Mans Endurance Series Season|2010]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi
|rowspan="3"| [[Audi R15|R15]]
| align="left" rowspan="3"| {{flagicon|GER}} Audi Sport Team Joest
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|
|
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|-
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 5
|
|
| style="background:#ffdf9f;" | 3
|-
|
|style="background:#dfffdf;"| 12
|
|
|
|-
|}

===World Endurance Championship===

====2012====
In 2012, the FIA sanctioned a [[FIA World Endurance Championship|World Endurance Championship]] which would be organised by the ACO as a continuation of the ILMC. Audi competed won the first WEC race at Sebring and followed this up with a further three successive wins, including the [[2012 24 Hours of Le Mans]]. Audi scored a final 5th victory in the 2012 WEC in Bahrain and were able to win the inaugural WEC Manufacturers' Championship.

====2013====
As defending champions, Audi once again entered the [[Audi R18|Audi R18 e-tron quattro]] chassis into the [[2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season|2013 WEC]] and the team won the first five consecutive races, including the [[2013 24 Hours of Le Mans]]. The victory at Round 5, [[Circuit of the Americas]], was of particular significance as it marked the 100th win for Audi in Le Mans prototypes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audi-mediaservices.com/publish/ms/content/en/public/pressemitteilungen/2013/09/22/audi_celebrates_100th.html|title=Audi celebrates 100th LMP overall victory with Austin win|work=Audi MediaCenter|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Audi secured their second consecutive WEC Manufacturers' Championship at Round 6 after taking second place and half points in the red-flagged Fuji race.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/110760 | title=Fuji WEC: Toyota gets victory as rain ends race | work=Autosport | date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

====2014====
For the 2014 season, Audi entered a redesigned and upgraded R18 e-tron quattro which featured a 2 [[Megajoule|MJ]] energy recovery system. As defending champions, Audi would once again face a challenge in [[LMP1]] from [[Toyota]], and additionally from [[Porsche]] who returned to endurance racing after a 16-year absence. The season-opening [[2014 6 Hours of Silverstone|6hrs of Silverstone]] was a disaster for Audi who saw both cars retire from the race, marking the first time that an Audi car has failed to score a podium in a [[FIA World Endurance Championship|World Endurance Championship]] race.

====Results====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Manufacturer
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! [[2012 12 Hours of Sebring|SEB]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps|SPA]] {{flagicon|BEL}}
! [[2012 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] {{flagicon|FRA}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of Silverstone|SIL]] {{flagicon|GBR}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of São Paulo|SÃO]] {{flagicon|BRA}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of Bahrain|BHR]] {{flagicon|BHR}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of Fuji|FUJ]] {{flagicon|JPN}}
! [[2012 6 Hours of Shanghai|SHA]] {{flagicon|CHN}}
! valign="middle"| {{Tooltip|Total points|Championship points listed first, cumulative points listed in parenthesis}}
! valign="middle"| {{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
|-
! [[2012 FIA World Endurance Championship season|2012]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} Audi
| [[Audi R18|R18 e-tron quattro]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | 2
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''173 (209)'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1st'''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Manufacturer
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! [[2013 6 Hours of Silverstone|SIL]] {{flagicon|GBR}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps|SPA]] {{flagicon|BEL}}
! [[2013 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] {{flagicon|FRA}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of São Paulo|SÃO]] {{flagicon|BRA}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas|COA]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of Fuji|FUJ]] {{flagicon|JPN}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of Shanghai|SHA]] {{flagicon|CHN}}
! [[2013 6 Hours of Bahrain|BHR]] {{flagicon|BHR}}
! valign="middle"| Total points
! valign="middle"| {{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
|-
! [[2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season|2013]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} Audi
| | [[Audi R18|R18 e-tron quattro]]
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | 1
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | '''2'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1'''
| style="background:#DFDFDF;" | '''2'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''207 (207)'''
| style="background:#FFFFBF;" | '''1st'''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Manufacturer
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! valign="middle"| Car
! [[2014 6 Hours of Silverstone|SIL]] {{flagicon|GBR}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps|SPA]] {{flagicon|BEL}}
! [[2014 24 Hours of Le Mans|LMS]] {{flagicon|FRA}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas|COA]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of Fuji|FUJ]] {{flagicon|JPN}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of Shanghai|SHA]] {{flagicon|CHN}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of Bahrain|BHR]] {{flagicon|BHR}}
! [[2014 6 Hours of São Paulo|SÃO]] {{flagicon|BRA}}
! valign="middle"| {{Tooltip|Total points|Championship points listed first, cumulative points listed in parenthesis}}
! valign="middle"| {{abbr|Pos.|Position}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|[[2014 FIA World Endurance Championship season|2014]]
| align="left" rowspan="2"| {{flagicon|DEU}} Audi
!rowspan="2"| [[Audi R18|R18 e-tron quattro]]
| 1
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#ffdf9f;"| 3
!rowspan="2"| 244
|style="background:#DFDFDF;" rowspan="3"| '''2nd'''
|-
|-
| 2
|style="background:#efcfff;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|-
|}

===Formula E===
Audi provide factory support to [[Abt Sportsline]] in the [[FIA Formula E Championship]], The team competed under the title of '''Audi Sport Abt Formula E Team''' in the inaugural [[2014-15 Formula E season]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-motor-racing-electric-idUKBRE9AE0QQ20131115 | work=Reuters | first=Alan | last=Baldwin | title=Audi Sport ABT to enter Formula E series | date=15 November 2013}}</ref> On 13 February 2014 the team announced its driver line up as [[Daniel Abt]] and World Endurance Championship driver [[Lucas di Grassi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/news/abt-reveal-drivers-line-up |title=Formula e - ABT Sportsline unveils Formula e driver line-up with Lucas di Grassi & Daniel Abt |access-date=13 February 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200407/http://www.fiaformulae.com/news/abt-reveal-drivers-line-up |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Team
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! valign="middle"| Driver
! [[Beijing Olympic Green Circuit|BEI]] {{flagicon|China}}
! [[Putrajaya Street Circuit|PUT]] {{flagicon|Malaysia}}
! [[Punta del Este Street Circuit|PDE]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
! [[Puerto Madero Street Circuit|BUE]] {{flagicon|Argentina}}
! [[Biscayne Bay Street Circuit|MIA]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[Long Beach Street Circuit|LBH]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[Circuit de Monaco|MCO]] {{flagicon|Monaco}}
! [[Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit|BER]] {{flagicon|Germany}}
! [[Moscow Street Circuit|MSC]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
!colspan=2| [[Battersea Park Street Circuit|LON]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}
! valign="middle"| Total points
! valign="middle"| Pos.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''[[2014–15 Formula E season|2014–15]]'''
| rowspan=2 align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} '''Audi Sport''' Abt Formula E Team
| rowspan="2" | [[Spark-Renault SRT 01E]]
! {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Daniel Abt]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ''15''
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13†
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| '''15'''
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"|11
!rowspan="2"| 165
!style="background:#FFDF9F;" rowspan="2"| '''3rd'''
|-
! {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 9
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#000000; color:white;"| DSQ
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''4''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Team
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! valign="middle"| Driver
! [[Beijing Olympic Green Circuit|BEI]] {{flagicon|China}}
! [[Putrajaya Street Circuit|PUT]] {{flagicon|Malaysia}}
! [[Punta del Este Street Circuit|PDE]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
! [[Puerto Madero Street Circuit|BUE]] {{flagicon|Argentina}}
! [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez|MEX]] {{flagicon|Mexico}}
! [[Long Beach Street Circuit|LBH]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! [[Paris Street Circuit|PAR]] {{flagicon|France}}
! [[Berlin Street Circuit|BER]] {{flagicon|Germany}}
!colspan=2| [[Battersea Park Street Circuit|LON]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}}
! valign="middle"| Total points
! valign="middle"| Pos.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''[[2015–16 Formula E season|2015–16]]'''
| rowspan=2 align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} '''Audi Sport''' Abt Formula E Team
| rowspan="2" | Spark-ABT Schaeffler FE01
! {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Daniel Abt]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 11
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 8
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
!rowspan="2"| 221
!style="background:#DFDFDF;" rowspan="2"| '''2nd'''
|-
! {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#000000; color:white;"| DSQ
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Team
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! valign="middle"| Driver
! [[Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit|HKG]] {{flagicon|Hong Kong}}
! [[Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan|MAR]] {{flagicon|Morocco}}
! [[Puerto Madero Street Circuit|BUE]] {{flagicon|Argentina}}
! [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez|MEX]] {{flagicon|Mexico}}
! [[Circuit de Monaco|MCO]] {{flagicon|Monaco}}
! [[Paris Street Circuit|PAR]] {{flagicon|France}}
!colspan=2| [[Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit|BER]] {{flagicon|Germany}}
!colspan=2| [[Brooklyn Street Circuit|NYC]] {{flagicon|USA}}
!colspan=2| [[Montreal Street Circuit|MTL]] {{flagicon|Canada}}
! valign="middle"| Total points
! valign="middle"| Pos.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''[[2016–17 Formula E season|2016–17]]'''
| rowspan=2 align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} '''Audi Sport''' Abt Formula E Team
| rowspan="2" | Spark-ABT Schaeffler FE02
! {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Daniel Abt]]
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13†
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14†
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ''Ret''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 6
!rowspan="2"| 248
!style="background:#DFDFDF;" rowspan="2"| '''2nd'''
|-
! {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| '''3'''
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| '''2'''
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| 3
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 4
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 5
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''1'''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
! valign="middle"| Year
! valign="middle"| Team
! valign="middle"| Chassis
! valign="middle"| Driver
!colspan=2| [[Hong Kong Central Harbourfront Circuit|HKG]] {{flagicon|Hong Kong}}
! [[Circuit International Automobile Moulay El Hassan|MAR]] {{flagicon|Morocco}}
! [[Santiago Street Circuit|SAN]] {{flagicon|Chile}}
! [[Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez|MEX]] {{flagicon|Mexico}}
! [[Punta del Este Street Circuit|PDE]] {{flagicon|Uruguay}}
! [[Circuito Cittadino dell'EUR|ROM]] {{flagicon|Italy}}
! [[Paris Street Circuit|PAR]] {{flagicon|France}}
! [[Tempelhof Airport Street Circuit|BER]] {{flagicon|Germany}}
! [[Zürich Street Circuit|ZRH]] {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
!colspan=2| [[Brooklyn Street Circuit|NYC]] {{flagicon|USA}}
! valign="middle"| Total points
! valign="middle"| Pos.
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''[[2017–18 Formula E season|2017–18]]'''
| rowspan=2 align="left" | {{flagicon|DEU}} '''Audi Sport''' Abt Formula E Team
| rowspan="2" | Spark-Audi e-tron FE04
! {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Daniel Abt]]
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''6''
|style="background:#000000; color:white;"| DSQ
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 10
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''4''
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| 7
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| '''''1'''''
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 13
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2''
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| ''3''
!rowspan="2"| 264
!style="background:#FFFFBF;" rowspan="2"| '''1st'''
|-
! {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Lucas di Grassi]]
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 17
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| 14
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| Ret
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| ''9''
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ''2''
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"| 1
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2
|}

===Formula One===
Audi has been linked to [[Formula One]] in recent years but has always resisted due to the company's opinion that it is not relevant to road cars, but hybrid power unit technology has been adopted into the sport, swaying the company's view and encouraging research into the program by former [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] team principal [[Stefano Domenicali]].

Audi announced in August 2022 that it would enter the Championship as an engine manufacturer in {{F1|2026}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audi to join Formula 1 from 2026 {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-audi-to-join-formula-1-from-2026.yr9pFVd5nSQBbZ7EZZDLJ.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.formula1.com |language=en}}</ref> In October, Audi confirmed its partnership with [[Sauber Motorsport]] for the year 2026, acquiring a stake in the company for the German brand to enter the competition by renaming the team and supplying engines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audi selects Sauber as strategic partner for Formula 1 entry |url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com:443/en/press-releases/audi-selects-sauber-as-strategic-partner-for-formula-1-entry-14981 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Audi MediaCenter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sauber to become Audi works F1 team from 2026 {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.breaking-sauber-to-become-audi-works-f1-team-from-2026.6EMJQ2LlvshgpCXdCR9xJl.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.formula1.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Current factory drivers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nathanaël Berthon]]
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mattia Drudi]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Luca Engstler]]
*{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Ricardo Feller]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Haase]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Pierre Kaffer]]
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Gilles Magnus]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Dennis Marschall]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Mies]]
*{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Nico Müller]]
*{{flagicon|SWI}} [[Patric Niederhauser]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[René Rast]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Frank Stippler]]
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kelvin van der Linde]]
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Frédéric Vervisch]]
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Markus Winkelhock]]}}

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audi Sport customer racing mit 18 Fahrern für 2022 |url=https://www.audi-mediacenter.com:443/de/pressemitteilungen/audi-sport-customer-racing-mit-18-fahrern-fuer-2022-14473 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=Audi MediaCenter |language=de}}</ref>

==Marketing==

===Branding===
[[File:Audi Logo.svg|thumb|right|The logo used by Audi, 1995–2009]]
[[File:Audi_logo_detail.svg|thumb|right|The logo used by Audi, 2009–2016]]
[[File:Typeface sample Audi Sans.png|thumb|right|The typeface Audi Sans (used 1997–2009)]]
[[File:Typeface sample Audi Type.png|thumb|right|The typeface Audi Type (used since 2009)]]
The Audi emblem is four overlapping rings that represent the four [[marque]]s of Auto Union. The Audi emblem symbolises the amalgamation of Audi with DKW, Horch and Wanderer: the first ring from the left represents Audi, the second represents DKW, third is Horch, and the fourth and last ring Wanderer.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.carlogo.info/audi-audi-logo_blog-bid-29.htm| title= Audi Logo| author= Car Logo| access-date= 10 September 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930100058/http://www.carlogo.info/audi-audi-logo_blog-bid-29.htm| archive-date= 30 September 2007|url-status = dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seriouswheels.com/art-four-rings-1.htm |title=History of the Four Rings-Part 1-Audi Auto Union |publisher=Seriouswheels.com |access-date=27 April 2009}}</ref>
The design is popularly believed to have been the idea of [[Klaus von Oertzen]], the director of sales at [[Wanderer (car)|Wanderer]] – when [[Berlin]] was chosen as the host city for the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] and that a form of the Olympic logo symbolized the newly established Auto Union's desire to succeed.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Paul|title=Audi: Sutton's Photographic History of Transport|date=25 May 1999|publisher=Sutton Publishing|isbn=978-0750919258|page=84}}</ref> Somewhat ironically, the [[International Olympic Committee]] later sued Audi in the International Trademark Court in 1995, where they lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoevolution.com/news/audi-reveals-updated-logo-10315.html |title=Audi Reveals Updated Logo |access-date=27 August 2009 |first=Alina|last=Dumitrache |publisher=autoevolution.com|date=27 August 2009 }}</ref>

The original "Audi" script, with the distinctive slanted tails on the "A" and "d" was created for the historic Audi company in 1920 by the famous graphic designer [[Lucian Bernhard]], and was resurrected when Volkswagen revived the brand in 1965. Following the demise of NSU in 1977, less prominence was given to the four rings, in preference to the "Audi" script encased within a black (later red) ellipse, and was commonly displayed next to the Volkswagen roundel when the two brands shared a dealer network under the '''V.A.G''' banner. The ellipse (known as the Audi Oval) was phased out after 1994, when Audi formed its own independent dealer network, and prominence was given back to the four rings – at the same time Audi Sans (a derivative of [[Univers]]) was adopted as the font for all marketing materials, corporate communications and was also used in the vehicles themselves.

As part of Audi's centennial celebration in 2009, the company updated the logo, changing the [[font]] to left-aligned Audi Type, and altering the shading for the overlapping rings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6546262/marketing/audi-unveils-updated-logo-following-centennial-celebration/index.html |title=Audi Unveils Updated Logo Following Centennial Celebration |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |access-date=2 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100809114134/http://wot.motortrend.com/6546262/marketing/audi-unveils-updated-logo-following-centennial-celebration/index.html| archive-date= 9 August 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> The revised logo was designed by Rayan Abdullah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mosul-network.org/index.php?do=article&id=18707 |title=mosul-network.org |publisher=mosul-network.org |date=20 January 2011 |access-date=18 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727095044/http://www.mosul-network.org/index.php?do=article&id=18707 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

Audi developed a Corporate Sound concept, with Audi Sound Studio designed for producing the Corporate Sound.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://audio-branding-academy.org/aba/congress/2k10/program-2010/audi-corporate-sound/|title=Audi Corporate Sound|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> The Corporate Sound project began with sound agency Klangerfinder GmbH & Co KG and s12 GmbH. Audio samples were created in Klangerfinder's sound studio in Stuttgart, becoming part of Audi Sound Studio collection. Other Audi Sound Studio components include The Brand Music Pool, The Brand Voice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.audi-mediaservices.com/publish/ms/content/en/public/pressemitteilungen/2010/08/23/luxurious_sound_from.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html|title=Audi MediaCenter|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> Audi also developed Sound Branding Toolkit including certain instruments, sound themes, rhythm and car sounds which all are supposed to reflect the AUDI sound character.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soundbrandingblog.com/2010/05/07/benchmark-case-new-audi-sound-branding/|title=Benchmark case: new AUDI Sound Branding|work=Sound Branding Blog|access-date=14 July 2015|date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

Audi started using a beating heart sound trademark beginning in 1996. An updated heartbeat sound logo, developed by agencies KLANGERFINDER GmbH & Co KG of Stuttgart and S12 GmbH of Munich, was first used in 2010 in an [[Audi A8]] commercial with the slogan ''The Art of Progress''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://audiusanews.com/newsrelease.do;jsessionid=6B7C3D245D0FFFC5A8563D0862FE4948?&id=1865&allImage=1&teaser=new-audi-heartbeat&mid=19|title=The new Audi heartbeat |publisher=Audi of America|date=9 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/carros/WmX9Ft92s9yydQy7TX9YDKACypSGLlNnSGbucb0f6XxPiXZyFQD7m1b3yi5h/Audi_Corporate_Sound.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://posterous.com/getfile/files.posterous.com/carros/WmX9Ft92s9yydQy7TX9YDKACypSGLlNnSGbucb0f6XxPiXZyFQD7m1b3yi5h/Audi_Corporate_Sound.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Good night, Posterous|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

====Slogans====
Audi's corporate [[tagline]] is {{lang|de|Vorsprung durch Technik}} {{IPA-de|ˈfoːɐ̯ˌʃpʁʊŋ dʊʁç ˈtɛçnɪk|}}, meaning "Progress through Technology".<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Eco-Culture | journal=Audi Magazine | issue = 3/08 | page = 19}}</ref> The German-language tagline is used in many European countries, including the United Kingdom (but not in Italy, where {{lang|it|All'avanguardia della tecnica}} is used), and in other markets, such as Latin America, Oceania, Africa and parts of Asia including Japan. Originally, the American tagline was ''Innovation through technology'', but in Canada ''Vorsprung durch Technik'' was used. Since 2007, Audi has used the slogan ''Truth in Engineering'' in the U.S.<ref>Lavrinc, Damon. [http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/08/audi-planning-tt-and-r8-lightweight-sport-models/ Audi planning TT and R8 lightweight "Sport" models]. ''[[Autoblog.com|Autoblog]]''. Retrieved 24 April 2010.</ref> However, since the [[Volkswagen emissions violations|Audi emissions testing scandal]] came to light in September 2015, this slogan was lambasted for being discordant with reality.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Audi's 'Truth in Engineering' ads come back to bite amid probe|date = 21 September 2015|url = http://www.autonews.com/article/20150921/RETAIL03/309219887/audis-truth-in-engineering-ads-come-back-to-bite-amid-probe|access-date = 3 October 2015}}</ref> In fact, just hours after disgraced Volkswagen CEO [[Martin Winterkorn]] admitted to cheating on emissions data, an advertisement during the 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards promoted Audi's latest advances in low emissions technology with Kermit the Frog stating, "It's not that easy being green."<ref>{{Cite news|title = Audi Airs Mistimed 'Truth in Engineering' Ads|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-21/audi-truth-in-engineering-ads-come-back-to-bite-amid-probe|publisher = Bloomberg L.P.|access-date = 3 October 2015|first = Alex|last = Webb|newspaper = Bloomberg.com|date = 21 September 2015}}</ref>

''Vorsprung durch Technik'' was first used in English-language advertising after Sir John Hegarty of the [[Bartle Bogle Hegarty]] advertising agency visited the Audi factory in 1982.<ref name="guardian-rice-oxley">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2012/sep/18/vorsprung-durch-technik-video|title=Vorsprung durch Technik: how a catchphrase was coined – video|work=The Guardian|date=18 September 2012|access-date=16 May 2013|first1=Mark|last1=Rice-Oxley|first2=Laurence|last2=Topham|first3=Ole|last3=Alsaker}}</ref> In the original British television commercials, the phrase was voiced by [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]].<ref name="guardian-rice-oxley"/> After its repeated use in advertising campaigns, the phrase found its way into popular culture, including the British comedy ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'', the [[U2]] song "[[Zooropa (song)|Zooropa]]"<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.u2.com/music/lyrics.php?song=91&list=z| title = Official U2 Website – Zooropa Lyrics}}</ref> and the [[Blur (Blur album)|Blur]] song "[[Parklife (song)|Parklife]]". Similar-sounding phrases have also been used, including as the punchline for a joke in the movie ''[[Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels]]'' and in the British TV series ''[[Peep Show (British TV series)|Peep Show]]''.

====Typography====
Audi Sans (based on [[Univers]] Extended) was originally created in 1997 by Ole Schäfer for [[MetaDesign]]. MetaDesign was later commissioned for a new corporate typeface called Audi Type, designed by Paul van der Laan and Pieter van Rosmalen of [[Bold Monday]]. The font began to appear in Audi's 2009 products and marketing materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boldmonday.com/en/audi |title=Bold Monday: Audi Type |publisher=boldmonday.com |access-date=6 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100901002038/http://www.boldmonday.com/en/audi| archive-date= 1 September 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>

===Sponsorships===
[[File:Allianz arena at night Richard Bartz.jpg|thumb|left|Audi sponsors [[Bundesliga]] club [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]]]
Audi is a strong partner of different kinds of sports. In [[association football|football]], long partnerships exist between Audi and domestic clubs including [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], [[Hamburger SV]], [[1. FC Nürnberg]], [[Hertha BSC]], and [[Borussia Mönchengladbach]] and international clubs including [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[FC Barcelona]], [[A.C. Milan]], [[AFC Ajax]] and [[Perspolis F.C.|Perspolis]]. Audi also sponsors winter sports: The Audi FIS Alpine Ski World Cup is named after the company. Additionally, Audi supports the [[German Ski Association]] (DSV) as well as the alpine skiing national teams of Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, France, Liechtenstein, Italy, Austria and the U.S. For almost two decades, Audi fosters golf sport: for example with the Audi quattro Cup and the HypoVereinsbank Ladies German Open presented by Audi. In sailing, Audi is engaged in the Medcup regatta and supports the team [[Luna Rossa Challenge|Luna Rossa]] during the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series and also is the primary sponsor of the Melges 20 sailboat. Further, Audi sponsors the regional teams [[ERC Ingolstadt]] (hockey) and [[FC Ingolstadt 04]] (soccer).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/experience/sponsoring/sportsponsoring.html |title=Audi Worldwide > Experience > Sponsoring > Sport |publisher=Audi.com |date=11 June 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923140158/http://www.audi.com/com/brand/en/experience/sponsoring/sportsponsoring.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 }}</ref> In 2009, the year of Audi's 100th anniversary, the company organized the [[Audi Cup]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2009/18772.php |title=FC Bayern |publisher=Fcbayern.t-home.de |date=4 March 2009 |access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> Audi also sponsor the [[New York Yankees]] as well. In October 2010 they agreed to a three sponsorship year-deal with [[Everton F.C.|Everton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Blues agree deal with Audi|url=http://www.evertonfc.com/news/archive/2010/10/14/blues-agree-deal-with-audi|publisher=Everton F.C.|access-date=16 March 2011|date=14 October 2010}}</ref> Audi also sponsors the England [[Polo]] Team and holds the [[Audi Polo Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishpolo.com/teams/ |title=British Polo teams |publisher=Britishpolo.com |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audipoloawards.com |title=Audi Polo Awards |publisher=Audi Polo Awards |access-date=8 June 2012}}</ref>

====Marvel Cinematic Universe====
Since the start of the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], Audi signed a deal to sponsor, promote and provide vehicles for several films. So far these have been, ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'', ''[[Iron Man 2]]'', ''[[Iron Man 3]]'', ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'', ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'', ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'', ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' and ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/csylt/2019/05/26/how-marvel-fuels-profits-for-audi/|title=Marvel Fuels Profits for Audi |magazine=Forbes |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Audi R8|R8]] supercar became the personal vehicle for [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark]] (played by [[Robert Downey Jr.]]) for six of these films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.dupontregistry.com/celebrity-cars/tony-stark-iron-mans-car-collection/|title=Tony Stark's R8s|date=10 December 2018|publisher=DuPontRegistry |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Audi e-tron (brand)|e-tron vehicles]] were promoted in ''Endgame'' and ''Far From Home''. Several commercials were co-produced by Marvel and Audi to promote several new concepts and some of the latest vehicles such as the [[Audi A8|A8]], [[Audi Q7|SQ7]] and the e-Tron fleet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2016/audi-captain-america-civil-war-chase/|title=Civil War's Chase|date=28 April 2016|publisher=theinspirationroom.com|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewswheel.com/spider-man-cheats-on-his-driving-test-with-audi/|title=Driver's Test for Spider-Man|date=30 June 2017|publisher=thenewswheel.com|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/355628/audi-helps-spider-man-vid/|title=Motor1.com|publisher=thenewswheel.com|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>

===Multitronic campaign===
[[File:Audi Centre Sydney, Zetland, New South Wales (2010-07-10) 02.jpg|thumb|Audi Centre Sydney, [[Zetland, New South Wales]], Australia]]

In 2001, Audi promoted the new [[multitronic]] [[continuously variable transmission]] with television commercials throughout Europe, featuring an impersonator of musician and actor [[Elvis Presley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQo95oI4nXY | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/YQo95oI4nXY| archive-date=2021-11-22 | url-status=live|title=Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, British version) |via=YouTube |access-date=2 August 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1czNu9pTzM | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211122/b1czNu9pTzM| archive-date=2021-11-22 | url-status=live|title=Audi Wackel-Elvis commercial (2001, German version) |via=YouTube |access-date=2 August 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A [[prototypical]] dashboard figure – later named "[[Wackel-Elvis]]" ("Wobble Elvis" or "Wobbly Elvis") – appeared in the commercials to demonstrate the smooth ride in an Audi equipped with the multitronic transmission. The dashboard figure was originally intended for use in the commercials only, but after they aired the demand for Wackel-Elvis fans grew among fans and the figure was mass-produced in China and marketed by Audi in their factory outlet store.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article456186/Wackel_Elvis_von_Audi_Fans_stehen_Schlange.html |title=Fans Waiting in Line for Release of Wackel-Elvis |language=de |newspaper=Die Welt |date=11 June 2001 |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>

===Audi TDI===
As part of Audi's attempt to promote its Diesel technology in 2009, the company began Audi Mileage Marathon. The driving tour featured a fleet of 23 Audi TDI vehicles from 4 models ([[Audi Q7]] 3.0 TDI, [[Audi Q5]] 3.0 TDI, [[Audi A4]] 3.0 TDI, [[Audi A3]] Sportback 2.0 TDI with S tronic transmission) travelling across the American continent from New York to Los Angeles, passing major cities like Chicago, Dallas and Las Vegas during the 13 daily stages, as well as natural wonders including the Rocky Mountains, Death Valley and the Grand Canyon.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/09/08/audi-to-kick-off-diesel-push-with-cross-country-mileage-marathon/ |title=Audi to kick off diesel push with cross country Mileage Marathon |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=8 September 2008 |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>

===Audi e-tron===
The next phase of technology Audi is developing is the [[Audi e-tron (brand)|e-tron]] electric drive powertrain system. They have shown several concept cars {{as of|March 2010|lc=on}}, each with different levels of size and performance. The original e-tron concept shown at the 2009 [[Frankfurt motor show]] is based on the platform of the R8 and has been scheduled for limited production. Power is provided by electric motors at all four wheels. The second concept was shown at the 2010 [[Detroit Motor Show]]. Power is provided by two electric motors at the rear axle. This concept is also considered to be the direction for a future mid-engined gas-powered 2-seat performance coupe. The [[Audi A1]] e-tron concept, based on the Audi A1 production model, is a [[hybrid vehicle]] with a range extending [[Wankel rotary engine]] to provide power after the initial charge of the battery is depleted. It is the only concept of the three to have range-extending capability. The car is powered through the front wheels, always using electric power.

It is all set to be displayed at the Auto Expo 2012 in New Delhi, India, from 5 January. Powered by a 1.4 litre engine, and can cover a distance up to 54 km s on a single charge. The e-tron was also shown in the 2013 blockbuster film Iron Man 3 and was driven by Tony Stark (Iron Man).

===In video games===
Audi has supported the European version of [[PlayStation Home]], the [[PlayStation 3]]'s online community-based service, by releasing a dedicated [[List of PlayStation Home Game Spaces#Non-gaming Company Spaces|Home space]]. Audi is the first carmaker to develop such a space for Home. On 17 December 2009, Audi released two spaces; the Audi Home Terminal and the Audi Vertical Run.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/audi-to-launch-playstation-download-game/3007770.article|title=Audi to launch PlayStation download game|date=10 December 2009|last=Fernandez|first=Joe|magazine=[[Marketing Week]]|access-date=10 December 2009}}</ref> The Audi Home Terminal features an Audi TV channel delivering video content, an Internet Browser feature, and a view of a city. The Audi Vertical Run is where users can access the mini-game Vertical Run, a futuristic mini-game featuring Audi's e-tron concept. Players collect energy and race for the highest possible speeds and the fastest players earn a place in the Audi apartments located in a large tower in the centre of the Audi Space. In both the Home Terminal and Vertical Run spaces, there are teleports where users can teleport back and forth between the two spaces. Audi had stated that additional content would be added in 2010.{{update inline|date=August 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10358137-48.html|title=Audi creates virtual Audi Space within PlayStation Home|publisher=[[CNET]] Reviews}}</ref> On 31 March 2015 Sony shutdown the PlayStation Home service rendering all content for it inaccessible.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2014/09/27/sony-finally-shutting-down-playstation-home-on-ps3/ | title = Sony Finally Shutting Down PlayStation Home On PS3 | first = Paul | last = Tassi | date = 27 September 2014 | access-date = 20 September 2018 | magazine = [[Forbes]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DKW]]
*[[Horch]]
*[[Wanderer (company)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Brooklands-AAURT52}}
* {{Brooklands-AAURT80 |editor-mask=6}}
* {{Deutsche Autos-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Audi}}
* {{official website}}

{{Audi}}
{{Audi (Europe) timeline 1970 to date}}
{{Audi (North America) timeline 1970 to date}}
{{Volkswagen Group brands}}
{{Automotive industry in Germany}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Audi| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Germany]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bavaria]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ingolstadt]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1909]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1939]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Re-established companies]]
[[Category:German brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies based in Saxony]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Volkswagen Group]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:German companies established in 1909]]

Austin Motor Company

2022-10-23T14:24:57Z

Githek: Category:English brands

{{short description|Defunct English manufacturer of motor vehicles}}
{{About||Austin's American subsidiary |American Austin Car Company|the unrelated American Austin company 1901–1921|Austin Automobile Company}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Austin Motor Company Limited
| logo = [[File:Logo Automobile Austin.jpg|150px]]
| fate = Merged with [[Morris Motors]]
| successor = [[British Motor Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date|1905|12}}
| founder = [[Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin|Herbert Austin]]
| defunct = {{end date|1952}} 
| location = [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]], [[England]]
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| key_people =
| products = [[Automobiles]] / [[MG Rover Group|Rover]] / [[Austin Rover]] / [[MG Motor|MG]] / [[Morris Motors|Morris]]
| num_employees = 
| parent = 
| subsid =
}}
{{Infobox Brand
|logo = [[File:Logo Automobile Austin.jpg|180px]] Logo of the Austin automotive brand.
|name = Austin marque
|image =
|type = Automotive [[marque]]
|currentowner = [[Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation|SAIC]]
|discontinued = {{end date|1987}}
|related =
|previousowners = Austin Motor Company (1905–1952) [[British Motor Corporation|BMC]] (1952–1967) [[British Leyland]] ([[Austin Rover]]) (1967–1988) [[Rover Group]] (1988–2005)
|trademarkregistrations=
}}
'''The Austin Motor Company Limited''' was an English manufacturer of [[motor vehicles]], founded in 1905 by [[Herbert Austin, 1st Baron Austin|Herbert Austin]] in Longbridge. In 1952 it was merged with [[Morris Motors|Morris Motors Limited]] in the new holding company [[British Motor Corporation|British Motor Corporation (BMC) Limited]], keeping its separate identity. The marque Austin was used until 1987. The trademark is currently owned by the Chinese firm [[SAIC Motor]], after being transferred from bankrupt subsidiary [[Nanjing Automobile|Nanjing Automotive]] which had acquired it with [[MG Rover Group]] in July 2005.

==History==
[[File:Herbert Austin 1905.jpg|thumb|Herbert Austin 1905<ref group=note>"Mr H Austin, who has for so many years been associated with the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company, Limited, and who is starting new works, where he will manufacture Austin Cars, at Longbridge, near Birmingham"

Mr H Austin, who has been for so long associated with the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Co. of Adderley Park, Birmingham, advises us that he is leaving the Company, and is starting works on his own account situated at Longbridge, near Birmingham, where he will manufacture vehicles which are to be known as the ‘'Austin'’ Cars. At first Mr Austin will turn out two sizes of tourist cars viz., a 15–20 hp and a 25–30 hp. both of which models will embody the best approved principles in design, and Mr Austin proposes to use only the highest grade of materials in their manufacture. Moderation is to govern the selling price, and Mr Austin hopes to make the car of his name a household word for reliability and good service. Captan Frank Kayser is associated with Mr Austin in the new undertaking and he will be assisted by a specially-selected staff, several of whom have been connected with him in the past. The works are of considerable extent, covering several acres, and are thoroughly suitable for the construction of automobiles of all types. Mr Austin hopes to have his first 25–30 hp car on the road by 1 December and to commence deliveries by the end of March 1906. Mr Austin sends us, in a tabulated form, an extremely interesting record gained by the cars which have been turned out by the Wolseley Company during his direction of that Company. This list bristles with gold and silver medals in all the leading reliability and consumption trials, exhibitions etc whilst in the speed events and hill-climbing contests, the number of winners makes a formidable show, these triumphs being in addition to the selection by the A.C.G.B.I. of the Wolseley racers in 1904 and 1905 for the Gordon Bennett Race. 
‘'The Automotor Journal, 4 November 1905 Page 1366'’</ref> "Mr Austin is starting new works, where he will manufacture Austin Cars at Longbridge, near Birmingham"]]

===1905–1918: Formation and development===
While running the [[The Wolseley Sheep Shearing Machine Company|original Wolseley]] business, which had a highly cyclical sales pattern, Herbert Austin searched for products with a steady demand. Starting in 1895, he built three cars in his free time. They were among Britain's first cars. The third car, a four-wheeler, was completed in 1899. By 1901 his fellow directors could not see future profit in motor vehicles and so with their blessing and the backing of the [[Vickers|Vickers brothers]] Austin started a separate car manufacturing business still using the name Wolseley.<ref name = ODNBChurch>Roy Church, 'Austin, Herbert, Baron Austin (1866–1941)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004</ref>

In 1905 he fell out with Thomas and Albert Vickers over engine design. Leaving his creation, [[Wolseley Motors|Wolseley]], which he had made Britain's largest motor vehicle manufacturer, Austin obtained the backing of steel magnate Frank Kayser for his own enterprise. Kayser provided funds through mortgages and loans, debentures and guarantees to the [[Midland Bank]] thereby allowing Austin to keep virtually total ownership of his own business through his personal savings. Further assistance came from [[Dunlop Rubber|Dunlop patent holder]] [[Harvey du Cros]].<ref name = ODNBChurch/> However, Austin's great rival, [[William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield|William Morris]], was able to enter the industry proper (he first repaired cars) a little later funding his operation entirely from his own resources.

In November 1905 Herbert Austin acquired a disused printing works which was less than ten years old. It was located seven miles south-west of [[Birmingham]] in the small village of [[Longbridge]] (then still within [[Worcestershire]]). The following month The Austin Motor Company Limited was incorporated. In the last week of April 1906 a large body of motorists travelled to Longbridge "where snow lay full three inches deep on the ground and was still falling fast" to see the new Austin car, a conventional four-cylinder model with chain drive. It was available as a 15/20 hp<ref name=RACHP/> complete at £500 (chassis, £425) and a 25/30 hp for £650 (chassis, £550). The sole concessionaire for sale of the cars was Mr [[Harvey du Cros#Harvey du Cros junior 1871-1928|Harvey Du Cros junior]].<ref>Automobile Notes. ''[[The Times]]'', 1 May 1906; p. 6; Issue 38008</ref>

Two things were noticeable about Austin's new design. He had parted from the Vickers brothers because he had refused to use the then more conventional vertical engine in Wolseley cars. His new car had a vertical engine and, in all but minor detail, was identical to the English-built [[Clément-Gladiator]]s assembled in the same factory.<ref>A Bird and F Hutton-Stott, ''Lanchester Motor Cars, a History'', Cassell London, 1965 p.110</ref>
[[File:1907 Austin 30hp Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon.jpg|thumb|right|1907 30hp<ref name=RACHP/>]]
[[File:Austin Grand Prix - Flickr - exfordy (1).jpg|thumb|right|1908 100hp<ref name=RACHP/> Grand Prix Race Car]]
A further injection of capital was needed in 1906 and William Harvey Du Cros (1846–1918) joined the board of directors. After that Harvey Du Cros junior of the [[Swift Motor Company|Swift Cycle Co]] and Austin each held approximately half of the ordinary capital. Herbert Austin remained chairman and managing director.<ref name = ODNBChurch/>

[[File:Austin and Mercedes showrooms, Long Acre, London 1.jpg|thumb|Austin Motors showroom, [[Long Acre]], London, {{circa|1910}}]]

Austin's cars, like Wolseley's, were luxury vehicles. The published customer list included Russian Grand Dukes, Princesses, Bishops, high officials of the Spanish government and a long list of Britain's highest nobility.<ref name=TT2>The Austin Motor Company (1914) Limited. ''The Times'', Monday, 9 February 1914; p. 13; Issue 40442.</ref>

{| class=wikitable
!
! 1906
! 1907
! 1908
! 1909
! 1910
! 1911
! 1912
! 1913
|-
| Turnover
| 14,771
| 84,930
| 119,744
| 169,821
| 209,048
| 276,195
| 354,209
| 425,641
|-
| Cars
| 31
| 180
| 218
|
|
|
| 1,107
| 1,500
|-
| Employees
|
| 270
|
|
|
|1,500<ref>{{cite news|title=Austin Motor Company|newspaper=The Times|page=21|date=27 May 1911}}</ref>
|1,800<ref>{{cite news|title=Austin Motor Company|newspaper=The Times|page=7|date=2 October 1912}}</ref>
|2,300
|}
Sources<ref name=TT2/><ref name=TT1>Sheepish start for the lion of Longbridge.
Lord Montagu of Beaulieu. ''The Times'', Saturday, 26 August 1995; pg. 3[S1]; Issue 65356.</ref>
Note: in 1912 Wolseley sold 3,000 cars.

In February 1914 Austin-manufactured bodies in tourer, limousine, landaulette and coupé styles could be provided with engines of 15, 20, 30 and 60 hp.<ref name=RACHP>[[Tax horsepower#Britain|RAC Rating]]</ref> Ambulances and commercial vehicles were also provided.<ref name=TT2/>

Austin became a public listed company in 1914 when the capital was increased to £650,000. At that time in number of cars produced it probably ranked fifth after [[Wolseley Motors#The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company Limited|Wolseley]] (still largest), [[Humber Limited|Humber]], [[Sunbeam Motor Car Company|Sunbeam]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]].<ref name = ODNBChurch/>

The Austin Motor Co. grew enormously during [[the First World War]] fulfilling government contracts for aircraft, shells, heavy guns and generating sets and 1,600 three-ton trucks most of which were sent to Russia.<ref name=TT1/> The workforce expanded from around 2,500 to 22,000.

===1919–1939: Interwar success===
[[File:Austin circa 1920 3851581011.jpg|thumb|1920 Twenty<ref name=RACHP/> 3.6-litre ''allweather'' coupé]]
[[File:1926.Austin.Seven.saloon.jpg|thumb|1926 [[Austin 7|Seven]]<ref name=RACHP/> box saloon]]
After the war Herbert Austin decided on a one-model policy based on the 3620 cc 20 hp engine. Versions included cars, commercials and even a tractor, but sales volumes were never enough to fill the vast factory built during wartime. The company went into [[receivership]] in 1921 but rose again after financial restructuring. Though Herbert Austin remained chairman he was no longer managing director and from that time decisions were made by committee.<ref name = ODNBChurch/>

Critical to the recovery was the appointment in 1922 of a new finance director, Ernest Payton with the backing of the Midland Bank, and a new works director in charge of car production, Carl Engelbach, at the insistence of the creditors' committee. This triumvirate of Austin, Payton and Engelbach steered the company's fortunes through the interwar years.

In a quest to expand market share, smaller cars were introduced, the 1661 cc ''Twelve'' in 1922 and, later the same year, the [[Austin 7|''Seven'']], an inexpensive, simple small car and one of the earliest to be directed at a mass market. One of the reasons for a market demand for a cars like the Austin 7 was the British [[Tax horsepower|tax code]]. In 1930 every personal car was taxed by its engine size, which in American dollars was $2.55 per cubic inch of piston displacement. As an example, the owner of an Austin 7 in England, which sold for approximately $455, would have to pay a yearly engine tax of $39. In comparison, the owner in England of a [[Ford Model A (1927–31)|Ford Model-A]] would have to pay $120 per year in an engine tax. And this system of engine displacement tax was common in other European nations as well in the 1930s. At one point, the "Baby Austin" was built under licence by the fledgling [[BMW]] of Germany (as the [[BMW Dixi|Dixi]]); by the Japanese manufacturer [[Nissan|Datsun]]; as the [[American Austin Car Company|Bantam]] in the United States; and as the [[Lucien Rosengart|Rosengart]] in France. In England the Austin was the most produced car in 1930<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA244#v=onepage&q&f=true "Midget Cars Next?" ''Popular Mechanics'', August 1930] right column, second paragraph</ref>

The [[American Austin Car Company]] struggled to sell tiny Austin cars in the US market. It operated as a largely independent subsidiary from 1929 to 1934 was revived after bankruptcy under the name "[[American Bantam]]" from 1937 to 1941. They became best known as the first company to submit the Bantam Reconnaissance Car working prototype, saving time by using Austin nose and fender parts of what would evolve into the extremely successful and iconic WWII [[Willys MB]] "Jeep". The design was unfortunately handed over to Willys and Ford for production with a revised nose and fender design, while Bantam would largely just build trailers during the war.

[[File:Bantam-no1-19400923.jpg|right|thumb|Bantam's first prototype – the BRC Pilot model ("Old Number One")]]

With the help of the ''Seven'', Austin weathered the worst of the depression and remained profitable through the 1930s, producing a wider range of cars which was steadily updated by the introduction of all-steel bodies, [[Lucas Industries#Girling|Girling]] brakes, and [[synchromesh]] gearboxes. However, all the engines retained the same [[side-valve]] configuration. Deputy chairman Ernest Payton became chairman in 1941 on the death of Lord Austin. In 1938 [[Leonard Lord]] joined the company board and became chairman in 1946 on the death of Ernest Payton.
{{clear}}
[[File:Datsun 16 Sedan 1937.jpg|thumb|left|Datsun model 16—Ruby Seven]]
[[File:1938 Austin Seven Ruby Motor Centre, Gaydon.jpg|thumb|right|Austin Seven Ruby]]

====Nissan====
In 1932, [[Nissan|Datsun]] (An automobile manufacturer under the [[Nissan Group|Nissan Concern]] ''[[Zaibatsu|zaibatsu]]'') built cars infringing Austin patents. From 1934, Datsun began to build Sevens under licence and this operation became the greatest success of Austin's overseas licensing of its Seven. It marked the beginning of Datsun's international success.<ref name=TT1/>

In 1952, Austin entered into another agreement with Datsun for assembly of 2,000 imported Austins from "knock-down kits", to be sold in Japan under the Austin trademark. The agreement called for Nissan to make all Austin parts locally within three years, a goal Nissan met. Nissan produced and marketed Austins for seven years. The agreement also gave Nissan rights to use Austin patents, which Nissan used in developing its own engines for its Datsun line of cars. In 1953, British-built Austins were assembled and sold, but by 1955, the [[Austin A50]] – completely assembled by Nissan and featuring a slightly larger body with 1489 cc engine – was on the market in Japan. Nissan produced 20,855 Austins between 1953 and 1959.<ref>Cusumano, pp. 90–92</ref>
{{clear}}

===1939–1958: War years and post-war years===
[[File:Austin A30 1954.jpg|thumb|right|1954 A30]]
[[File:1951 Austin A90 Atlantic Cabriolet IMG 3670 - Flickr - nemor2.jpg|thumb|right|The "winged-A" at the front of the [[Bonnet (car)|bonnet]] of new mainstream Austin models between 1947 and 1956 recalled the "flying-B" on [[Bentley Mark VI|post-war Bentley models]]]]
During [[the Second World War]] Austin continued building cars but also made trucks and aircraft, including [[Short Stirling]] and [[Avro Lancaster]] bombers.

The post-war car range was announced in 1944, and production started in 1945. The immediate post-war range was mainly similar to that of the late 1930s but did include the 16 hp, significant for having the company's first [[overhead valve]] engine.

====Austin of England====
From late 1950 to mid-1952 products, brochures and advertisements displayed in flowing script ''Austin of England'' as if in response to Morris' [[Nuffield Organization]]. It fell out of use with the financial merger with Morris in BMC.

====BMC====
In 1952, The Austin Motor Company Limited merged ownership, but not identity, with long-term rival [[Morris Motors|Morris Motors Limited]], becoming [[British Motor Corporation|The British Motor Corporation Limited]], with [[Leonard Lord]] in charge. [[William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield|William Morris]] was first chairman but soon retired. Lord, who had stormed out of Morris declaring he would "take Cowley apart brick by brick",{{citation needed|date=June 2017|reason=seriously, how do you not cite a direct quote?!}} ensured Austin was the dominant partner and its (more recently designed OHV) engines were adopted for most of the cars. Various models followed the Morris policy and became [[Rebadging|badge-engineered]] versions of each other.

[[File:Austin A40 Roadster ca 1951.jpg|thumb|right|[[Austin A40 Sports|A40 Sports]], ca 1951]]
[[File:Austin az Andrássy út 94 előtt, az 1950 -es évek végén.tif|thumb|Austin on Blvd Népköztársaság (today [[Andrássy út|Andrássy avenue]]) in [[Budapest]], end of 1950s]]

====Austin-Healey====
Also in 1952, Austin did a deal with [[Donald Healey]], leading to a new marque, [[Austin-Healey]], and a range of sports cars.

===1959–1969: Era of revolution===
[[File:63AustinCooperS.JPG|thumb|right|1963 [[Mini Cooper S]]]]
With the threat to fuel supplies resulting from the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], Lord asked [[Alec Issigonis]], who had been with Morris from 1936 to 1952, to design a small car; the result was the revolutionary [[Mini]], launched in 1959. The Austin version was initially called the Austin Seven, but Morris' Mini Minor name caught the public imagination and the Morris version outsold its Austin twin, so the Austin's name was changed to Mini to follow suit. In 1970, [[British Leyland]] dropped the separate Austin and Morris branding of the Mini, and it was subsequently simply "Mini", under the Austin Morris division of BLMC.

The principle of a transverse engine with gearbox in the sump and driving the front wheels was applied to larger cars, beginning with the [[Austin 1100|1100]] of 1963, (although the Morris-badged version was launched 13 months earlier than the Austin, in August 1962), the [[Austin 1800|1800]] of 1964 and the [[Austin Maxi|Maxi]] of 1969. This meant that BMC had spent 10 years developing a new range of front-drive, transverse-engined models, while most competitors had only just started to make such changes.

The big exception to this was the [[Austin 3-litre]]. Launched in 1968, it was a rear-wheel drive large car, but it shared the central section of the 1800. It was a sales disaster, with fewer than 10,000 examples being made.

BMC was the first British manufacturer to move into front-wheel drive so comprehensively. [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] did not launch its first front-drive model until 1976 (in Britain), Ford-Germany in 1962 with the Taunus 12M(P4), while [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall's]] first front-drive model was launched in 1979 and [[Chrysler Europe|Chrysler UK's]] first such car was launched in 1975. Front-wheel drive was popular elsewhere in Europe, however, with [[Renault]], [[Citroen]] and [[Simca]] all using the system at the same time or before BMC. East Germany's [[Trabant]] used the system from 1958.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

In September 1965 BMC completed the purchase of its major supplier, [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel]]. Twelve months later it completed the purchase of [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and in December 1966 changed its name from BMC to BMH, [[British Motor Holdings|British Motor Holdings Limited]]. In early 1968 under government pressure BMH merged with [[Leyland Motors|Leyland Motors Limited]] and Austin became a part of the large [[British Leyland|British Leyland Motor Corporation (BLMC)]] combine.

===1970–1979: Era of turbulence===
[[File:Austin Maxi 1750 HL.JPG|thumb|right|1979 [[Austin Maxi|Maxi]]]]
By 1970 Austin was part of the [[British Leyland]] combine. One of Austin's main models of this era was the 1973 [[Austin Allegro|Allegro]], successor to the 1100/1300 ranges, which was criticised for its bulbous styling which earned it the nickname "Flying pig" as well as the doubtful build quality and indifferent reliability.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} It was still a strong seller in Britain, although not quite as successful as its predecessor.

The wedge-shaped [[Princess (car)|18/22]] series was launched as an Austin, a Morris and a more upmarket Wolseley in 1975. But within six months, it was rechristened the Princess and wore none of the previous marque badges, becoming a marque in its own right, under the Austin Morris division of British Leyland that had been virtually [[Nationalisation|nationalised]] in 1975.

It was upgraded at the end of 1981 to become the [[Austin Ambassador]] (and gaining a hatchback) but by that time there was little that could be done to disguise the age of the design, and it was too late to make much of an impact on sales.

By the end of the 1970s, the future of Austin and the rest of British Leyland (now known as BL) was looking bleak.

===1980–1989: Austin Rover era===
[[File:Austin Metro Auto 1983.jpg|thumb|[[Austin Metro|Metro]], launched in 1980]]
[[File:Austin Maestro 1982.JPG|thumb|right|[[Austin Maestro|Maestro]], launched in 1983]]
[[File:Austin Montego gold 1984 (cleaned filtered balanced).jpg|thumb|right|[[Austin Montego|Montego]], launched in 1984]]
The [[Austin Metro]], launched in October 1980, was heralded as the saviour of Austin Motor Company and the whole BL combine. Twenty-one years after the launch of the Mini, it gave BL a much-needed modern supermini to compete with the recently launched likes of the [[Ford Fiesta]], [[Vauxhall Nova]], [[VW Polo]] and [[Renault 5]]. It was an instant hit with buyers and was one of the most popular British cars of the 1980s. It was intended as a replacement for the Mini but, in fact, the Mini actually went on to outlast the Metro. It was facelifted in October 1984 and gained a 5-door version.

In 1982, most of the car division of the by now somewhat shrunken British Leyland (BL) company was rebranded as the [[Austin Rover Group]], with Austin acting as the "budget" and mainstream brand to Rover's more luxurious models. The [[MG Cars|MG]] badge was revived for sporty versions of the Austin models, of which the MG Metro 1300 was the first. The Morris and Triumph brands were axed in 1984.

Austin revitalised its entry into the small family-car market in March 1983 with the launch of its all-new [[Austin Maestro|Maestro]], a spacious five-door hatchback that replaced the elderly [[Austin Allegro|Allegro]] and [[Austin Maxi|Maxi]] and was popular in the early years of its production life, although sales had started to dip dramatically by the end of the decade.

April 1984 saw the introduction of the Maestro-derived [[Austin Montego|Montego]] saloon, successor to the [[Morris Ital]]. The new car received praise for its interior space and comfort as well as its handling, but early build-quality problems took time to overcome. The spacious estate version, launched six months later, was one of the most popular load carriers in Britain for several years after its launch.

In 1986, Austin Rover's holding company BL plc became [[Rover Group|Rover Group plc]] and was [[Privatisation|privatised]] by selling it to [[British Aerospace]] (BAe) in 1988.

Plans to replace the Metro with a radical new model, based on the ECV3 research vehicle and aiming for 100 mpg, led to the Austin AR6 of 1984–86, with several prototypes tested and production expected to start before the end of the decade. The desire to lose the Austin name and take Rover "upmarket" led to this project's demise in early 1987.

In 1988, the Austin badge was phased out and Austin Rover became the Rover Group from the following year. The Austin cars continued to be manufactured, although they ceased to be Austins. They became "marque-less" in their home market with bonnet badges the same shape as the Rover longship badge but without "Rover" written on them. Instead any badging just showed the model of the car: a Montego of this era, for instance, would have a grille badge simply saying "Montego", while the rear badges just said "Montego" and the engine size/trim level. A revamped Metro was launched in May 1990 and got the new [[Rover K engine|K-series]] engine. It then became the Rover Metro.

Despite sales of both the Maestro and Montego being in decline by 1990, these ranges continued in production until 1994 and never wore a Rover badge on their bonnets in Britain. They were, however, sometimes referred to as "Rovers" in the press and elsewhere. Their place in the Rover range was gradually filled by a new generation of Rover models.

===Possible revival===
The rights to the Austin name passed to [[British Aerospace]] and then to BMW when each bought the Rover Group. The rights were subsequently sold to [[MG Rover Group|MG Rover]], created when BMW sold the business. Following MG Rover's collapse and sale, [[Nanjing Automobile (Group) Corporation|Nanjing Automobile Group]] owns the Austin name and Austin's historic assembly plant in Longbridge. At the Nanjing International Exhibition in May 2006, Nanjing announced it might use the Austin name on some of the revived MG Rover models, at least in the Chinese market. However, Nanjing is for the moment concentrating on reviving the MG brand. The MG brand is traditionally used for sports cars and Nanjing has no rights to the Rover name, so a revival of the Austin name would seem a logical brand for selling more standard cars. It might also be argued that a British name would be more respected in the European market than a Chinese name. Nanjing Automobile Group itself merged into [[SAIC Motor]].

More than a decade on the Austin name now belongs to the British Engineer John Stubbs, owner of specialist suspension company Black Art Designs. Stubbs aims to take the Austin name back into the mainstream market, possibly with an electric vehicle.

==Plant==
[[File:Austin Motor Company, Longbridge.jpg|thumb|right|Austin's [[Longbridge plant]]]]
{{Main|Longbridge plant}}
Austin started his business in an abandoned print works at [[Longbridge]], Birmingham. Due to its strategic advantages over [[Morris Motors|Morris]]'s Cowley plant, Longbridge became [[British Leyland]]'s main factory in the early 1970s. Following the Austin marque's discontinuance in 1987, [[Rover Company|Rover]] and [[MG Cars|MG]] continued to use the plant. The collapse of [[MG Rover Group|MG Rover]] meant it was not used from 2005 until MG production restarted in 2008.

==Models==
===Cars===
{{main|List of Austin motor vehicles}}
[[File:austin.ascot.1935.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|[[Austin 12/6|1935 Light 12/6 with Ascot body]]]]
[[File:Austin 12 August 1946 1465cc.JPG|right|thumb|1946 12 (1465cc)]]
[[File:Austin 1800 (ADO71).jpg|right|thumb|1975 [[Princess (car)|1800 (ADO71)]]]]

* [[subcompact car|Small cars]]
** 1910–1911 [[Austin 7 hp]]
** 1922–1939 [[Austin 7]]
** 1959–1961 [[Mini|Seven]], as BMC
** 1961–1969 [[Mini]], as BMC
** 1980–1990 [[Rover Metro|Metro]], as Austin Rover
* [[compact car|Small family cars]]
** 1911–1915 [[Austin 10 hp]]
** 1932–1947 [[Austin 10]]
** 1939–1947 [[Austin 8]]
** 1951–1956 [[Austin A30|A30]]
** 1956–1959 [[Austin A35|A35]]
** 1956–1962 [[Austin A35|A35 Countryman]]
** 1954–1961 [[Nash Metropolitan]]/[[Nash Metropolitan|Austin Metropolitan]]
** 1958–1961 [[Austin A40 Farina|A40 Farina Mk I]]
** 1961–1967 [[Austin A40 Farina|A40 Farina Mk II]]
** 1963–1974 [[BMC ADO16|1100]]
** 1967–1974 [[BMC ADO16|1300]]
** 1973–1983 [[Austin Allegro|Allegro]]
[[File:1932 Austin 16 westminster Saloon 192394989.jpg|thumb|Sixteen Westminster saloon 1932]]
* [[midsize car|Large family cars]]
** 1913–1914 [[Austin 15 hp]]
** 1922–1940 [[Austin 12 hp|Austin "Heavy" 12]]
** 1927–1938 [[Austin 16]] (16/18)
** 1931–1936 [[Austin 12/6|Austin "Light" 12/6]]
** 1933–1939 [[Austin 12/4|Austin "Light" 12/4]]
** 1937–1939 [[Austin 14]]
** 1938–1939 [[Austin 18]]
** 1939–1947 [[Austin 12 (1939)|Austin 12]]
** 1945–1949 [[Austin 16 hp]]
** 1947–1952 [[Austin A40 Devon|A40 Devon/Dorset]]
** 1948–1950 [[Austin A70|A70 Hampshire]]
** 1950–1954 [[Austin A70|A70 Hereford]]
** 1952–1954 [[Austin A40 Somerset|A40 Somerset]]
** 1954–1958 [[Austin Cambridge|A40/A50/A55 Cambridge]]
** 1954–1959 [[Austin Westminster|A90/A95/A105 Westminster]]
** 1959–1961 [[Austin Cambridge|A55 Cambridge]]
** 1959–1961 [[Austin Westminster|A99 Westminster]]
** 1961–1969 [[Austin Cambridge|A60 Cambridge]]
** 1961–1968 [[Austin Westminster|A110 Westminster]]
** 1964–1975 [[BMC ADO17|1800/2200 (ADO17)]]
** 1967–1971 [[Austin 3-Litre|3-Litre]]
** 1969–1981 [[Austin Maxi|Maxi]]
** 1975–1975 [[Princess (car)|1800/2200 (ADO71)]]
** 1982–1984 [[Austin Ambassador|Ambassador]]
** 1983–1994 [[Austin Maestro|Maestro]]
** 1984–1994 [[Austin Montego|Montego]]
[[File:OC 8149 - 1934 Austin 166 Carlton Saloon.jpg|thumb|Sixteen Carlton 7-seater 1934]]
[[File:1936 Austin 20 Mayfair saloon 192378479.jpg|thumb|Twenty Mayfair 1936]]
[[File:1938 Austin 18 6 Norfolk 4350563227.jpg|thumb|Eighteen Norfolk 1938]]
[[File:Princess IV 3995cc, April 1958.jpg|thumb|Princess IV 1956]]
* [[Full-size car|Large Cars]]
** 1906–1907 [[Austin 25/30]]
** 1906–1907 [[Austin 15/20]]
** 1907–1913 [[Austin 18/24]]
** 1908–1913 [[Austin 40 hp]]
** 1908–1910 [[Austin 60 hp]] 6-cylinder
** 1910–1913 [[Austin 50 hp]] 6-cylinder
** 1912–1918 [[Austin 20 hp]]
** 1914–1916 [[Austin 30 hp]]
** 1919–1938 [[Austin Twenty]]
** 1938–1939 [[Austin Twenty#28 Six-cylinder engine|Austin Twenty Eight]] (28/6)
** 1947–1954 [[Austin Sheerline|A110/A125 Sheerline]]
** 1946–1956 [[Austin Princess|A120 Princess]]
** 1947–1956 [[Austin Princess|A135 Princess]]
** 1956–1959 [[Austin Princess|Princess IV]]
* [[Limousine]]s and [[Landaulette]]s
** 1906–1907 [[Austin 25/30]]
** 1906–1907 [[Austin 15/20]]
** 1907–1913 [[Austin 18/24]]
** 1908–1913 [[Austin 40 hp]]
** 1908–1910 [[Austin 60 hp]] 6-cylinder
** 1910–1913 [[Austin 50 hp]] 6-cylinder
** 1912–1918 [[Austin 20 hp]]
** 1914–1916 [[Austin 30 hp]]
** 1919–1938 [[Austin Twenty]]
** 1927–1938 [[Austin 16]] (16/18)
** 1938–1939 [[Austin 18]]
** 1938–1939 [[Austin Twenty#28 Six-cylinder engine|Austin Twenty Eight]]
** 1947–1954 [[Austin Sheerline|A110/A125 Sheerline]]
** 1946–1956 [[Austin Princess|A120 Princess]]
** 1947–1956 [[Austin Princess|A135 Princess]]
** 1956–1959 [[Austin Princess|Princess IV]]
* [[Sports car]]s
** 1920–1923 [[Austin Twenty]] Sports Tourer
** 1948–1950 [[Austin Atlantic|A90 Atlantic Convertible]]
** 1949–1952 [[Austin Atlantic|A90 Atlantic Saloon]]
** 1950–1953 [[Austin A40 Sports|A40 Sports]]
** 1953–1956 [[Austin-Healey 100]]
** 1958–1970 [[Austin-Healey Sprite]]
** 1959–1967 [[Austin-Healey 3000]]
** 1971 [[Austin-Healey Sprite|Austin Sprite]]
* Australian Austin cars
** 1958–1962 [[Austin Lancer]]
** 1962–1966 [[Austin Freeway]]
** 1970–1973 [[Austin Kimberley]]/Tasman

===Military vehicles===
* [[Austin Armoured Car]] - First World War AFV
* "Car, Light Utility 4 x 2" - [[Tilly (vehicle)|Utility ("Tilly") vehicle]] version of [[Austin 10|Austin Ten]] produced during Second World War
* [[Austin K2]]
** [[Austin K2/Y]] - Second World War military ambulance
** Austin K2 fire engine, also used by [[National Fire Service]] and post war as ATV
* [[Austin K4]] - truck
*[[Austin K5]] - General Service truck and [[Portée (military)|artillery carrier]]
*[[Austin K6]]

* 1958–1967 [[Austin Gipsy]]
* [[Austin Champ]]
* c. 1968 [[Austin Ant]]

[[File:1937 Austin 12.4 Taxi.jpg|thumb|right|1937 ''low-loader'']]

===London Taxis===
* 1929–1934 [[Austin London Taxicab|Austin 12 Taxicab ''High Lot'']]
* 1934–1939 [[Austin London Taxicab|Austin 12 Taxicab ''Low Loader'']]
* 1938–1939 [[Austin London Taxicab|Austin 12 Taxicab ''Flash Lot'']]
* 1948–1958 [[Austin FX3]]
* 1958–1997 [[Austin FX4]]—[[London Taxi]]

===Ambulances===
* LD3
* WWII [[Austin K2/Y]]

===Commercial vehicles===
[[File:Austin LWB Truck 1954.jpg|thumb|right|LWB truck 1954]]
[[File:Austin A200FT Truck 1962.jpg|thumb|right|A200FT truck 1962]]
[[File:Austin light van ca 1964.jpg|thumb|right|Light van c. 1964]]
* Austin also made commercial vehicles, one of which was the FG, previously the Morris FG. The FG was the workhorse that kept Britain running in the 1960s. These Austin FGs and later the Leyland FGs all had petrol or diesel longstroke engines, producing good torque, but very little in the way of speed (40 mph was a good speed out of these vehicles). Leyland were to take over the FG, but before they did, in 1964, the [[BBC]] (British Broadcasting Corporation) commissioned six rolling chassis FGs to be coach-built by a Middlesex company, Palmer Coachbuilders. These six vehicles, registration 660 GYE to 666 GYE,  were outdoor broadcast scenery vehicles.

===Aircraft===
During [[the First World War]] Austin built aircraft under licence, including the [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a]], but also produced a number of its own designs. None of these progressed past the prototype stage. They included:
* [[Austin-Ball A.F.B.1]] (fighter)
* [[Austin A.F.T.3]] (fighter)
* [[Austin Greyhound]] (fighter)
* [[Austin Kestrel]] (two-seat biplane)
* [[Austin Osprey]] (fighter)
* [[Austin Whippet]] (post-war civil aircraft)

==See also==
* [[List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Sharratt |first=Barney |title=Men and Motors of "The Austin": The Intriguing Inside Story |publisher=Haynes Group
|year=2000 |isbn=1-85960-671-7 |mode=cs2 }}
*{{cite book |last=Cusumano |first=Michael A. |title=The Japanese Automobile Industry |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1985 |isbn=0-674-47255-1 |mode=cs2 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Austin Motor Company}}
* [http://www.austinmemories.com Austin Memories] All about the history of Longbridge and models produced
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040702091306/http://y2u.co.uk/%26002_Images/Austin%2001.htm Photos of Austin Pickup Van]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100930044607/http://austin-rover.co.uk/ The Unofficial Austin-Rover Web Resource]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=iuIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA243&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&hl=en&ei=F1pgTsXYNInUgQfhoo2PAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&sqi=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=true "Midget Cars Next?" ''Popular Mechanics'', August 1930, pp. 243–245] article on the Austin models offered in 1930
* {{PM20|FID=co/052493|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{British Leyland}}
{{British Car Industry}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{FT 30 constituents}}
{{Austin aircraft}}
{{Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Austin Motor Company|*]]
[[Category:British Leyland]]
[[Category:English brands]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of England]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Former defence companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Emergency services equipment makers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1987]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1987 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:British companies disestablished in 1987]]
[[Category:British companies established in 1905]]

Reebok

2022-09-27T01:08:07Z

Githek: Adding a picture in the infobox : Reebok's new headquarters in Boston

{{short description|Footwear and clothing company}}
{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Limited
| former_name =
| logo = Reebok red logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2022, based on the historical "Vector" logo
| image = Reebok sportswear company international headquarters Boston Massachusetts.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Current international headquarters in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| type = [[privately held company|Private]] (1895–2005) [[Subsidiary]] (2005–present)
| fate =
| industry = Textile, Sports equipment
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}} {{refn|Predecessor [[J.W. Foster and Sons]] was established by Joseph W. Foster to manufacture athletic shoes. The original family business was eventually absorbed by Reebok in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farrell |first=T. |date=2017-09-19 |title=Running the show: Reebok |url=http://letslookagain.com/2017/09/running-the-show-reebok/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Let's Look Again |language=en-GB}}</ref>|group=note|name=dates}} in [[Bolton]], [[England]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=Marc |date=October 18, 2018 |title=A Quick History of Reebok |url=https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Grailed}}</ref><ref name=highs>[https://www.highsnobiety.com/tag/reebok/ Reebok timeline] on Highsnobiety.com</ref>
| founder = [[Joseph William Foster|Joe]] and Jeff Foster
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], USA
| key_people = Matthew O'Toole (CEO)
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = Sportswear, footwear
| parent = {{plainlist|
* [[Authentic Brands Group]] (2021–present)
* [[Adidas]] (2005–2021)
}}
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* [[Reebok Princess|Princess]]
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}
'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) is an American fitness footwear and clothing manufacturer that is a part of [[Authentic Brands Group]]. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]]. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of Great Britain in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company [[Adidas]] in 2005, then sold to Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], in the [[Seaport District]].

== History ==
===Early history===
In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], [[England]], and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business "''J.W. Foster''" in 1900; later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name="rourke" /> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/> For pioneering the use of spikes, the company's running pumps appear in the book ''Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport''.<ref name="Coles">{{cite book |last1=Coles |first1=Jason |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960846901 |title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-3704-9 |location=London |pages=14–16 |oclc=960846901}}</ref> The company began distributing their shoes across the flag of the United Kingdom{{clarify|date=September 2021}} which were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Paris]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, Jeff and [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]], formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a dictionary won in a sprint race by Joe as a boy.<ref name=highs/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

In 1979, an American businessman named [[Paul Fireman]] took notice of Reebok at the [[Chicago]] NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman had previously been an executive with his family business Boston Camping<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Journal/Issues/2021/06/14/Portfolio/Fireman.aspx|title=Paul Fireman: Sole Man|website=Sports Business Journal}}</ref> Fireman negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the United States. The division became known as '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> Later that year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke">{{cite book |last1=Rourke |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769042347 |title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd." |last2=Hedblad |first2=Edna |last3=Salamie |first3=David |date=1999 |publisher=St. James Press |others=Jay P. Pederson, Thomson Gale |isbn=978-1-55862-665-2 |location=Detroit, Mich. |oclc=769042347}}</ref>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982, Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last1=McDonald|first1=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million.<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK.<ref name=ny86/><ref name=vartan/>

The brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic shoe, popularized by [[Boris Becker]] and [[John McEnroe]], and the Revenge Plus, also known as the Club C. The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the largest segments of the athletic footwear industry at the time.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> In 1986, Reebok switched its logo from the [[Union Jack]] it had since its founding, to the vector logo—an abstract Union Flag streak across a race track—which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes.<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/search/logos?search_api_views_fulltext=Reebok|title=Search {{!}} Brands of the World™|website=Brands of the World|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name=fastcode>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership|title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies|author=John Brownlee|date=March 13, 2014|publisher=FastCode|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

During the 1980s Reebok began introducing sports clothing and accessories (alongside entering the college/pro sports arena), along with a line of children's athletic shoes called Weeboks.<ref name="chicagotrib">{{cite news |author=Petersen |first=Clarence |date=March 15, 1987 |title=The Training Of Trendy Tots |newspaper=[[The Chicago Tribune]] |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness |access-date=March 1, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014557/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-03-15-8701200671-story.html|archive-date=2018-09-26}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion.<ref name="wsj05">{{cite news |last1=Berman |first1=Dennis K. |last2=Kang |first2=Stephanie |last3=Karnitsching |first3=Matthew |date=2005 |title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570?mod=_newsreel_5 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|date=November 1, 1989|agency=Reuters|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=The New York Times |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s===
Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In December 2000, Reebok signed a 10-year licensing agreement with the [[NFL]] for the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell NFL licensed merchandise, including uniforms and footwear, for all 32 teams.<ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also became the official uniform and apparel provider for the [[Canadian Football League]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sgbonline.com/reebok-inks-official-supplier-deal-with-cfl/|title=Reebok Inks Official Supplier Deal with CFL|date=October 14, 2003|publisher=SGB Media|access-date=December 11, 2018}}</ref>

In 2001, Reebok became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Also in 2001, Reebok hired the Arnell Group with Peter Arnell as their lead marketing agency. They created the "Outperform" campaign, the [[Yao Ming]] line, the Rbk brand and the famous Terry Tate Super Bowl commercial, among other programs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Van Der Pool|first=Lisa|title=Arnell 'Outperforms' for Reebok|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/arnell-outperforms-reebok-66590/|url-status=live|archive-date=August 28, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=StaffOctober 24|first=Adweek|last2=2003|title=Yao Ming Stands Tall for Reebok|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/yao-ming-stands-tall-reebok-67985/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reebok Logo - Design and History of Reebok Logo|url=https://www.famouslogos.us/reebok-logo/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en}}</ref> Later in 2001, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and [[chief operating officer|COO]].<ref name=sportbiz>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|date=December 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004. The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. Reebok phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around $100 million.<ref name=adidassold>[https://nypost.com/2017/07/20/adidas-laces-up-100m-hockey-brand-sale/ Adidas laces up $100M hockey brand sale] by Josh Kosman, July 20, 2017</ref>

=== Adidas ownership ===
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, uniting two of the largest sport outfitting companies, but maintaining operations under their separate brand names.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news |author=Stuart Elliot |date=August 4, 2005 |title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last1=Petrecca|first1=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that includes the [[WNBA]], replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Adidas Reebok European headquarter in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Adidas Reebok European headquarters in [[Amsterdam]] (2017)]]
In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit delta symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. Around that time, Reebok, as it lost contracts to make sportswear for professional and college teams, (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017) began repositioning itself as a fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25|archive-date=2021-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721191929/https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/}}</ref>

In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills International]].<ref name=adage/> The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red [[delta (letter)|delta]] sign began appearing on Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, the company's second logo change in more than 120 years. The delta symbol is meant to symbolize three pillars of positive self-change—mental, physical and social—as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name=fastcode/>

Following a successful re-release of many of its iconic sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in [[Typography of Apple Inc.#Motter Tektura|Motter Tektura]] typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing that consumers still identified with them rather than the red delta logo,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=Adweek |publisher=Adweek LLC |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the delta would continue to be used on some fitness lines.

===Authentic Brands Group ownership===
After some financial struggles, Adidas announced in February 2021 its plans to divest the Reebok brand as the German sportswear maker moves on after trying to revive its performance for more than a decade, after analyzing options for the brand<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulier |first1=Thomas |title=Adidas Begins Sale Process for Underperforming Reebok Brand |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-16/adidas-begins-sale-process-for-reebok-brand|website=Bloomberg|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> and expects a hit of about 250 million euros to operating profit from costs to make its struggling Reebok brand a standalone company as it prepares to sell or spin-off the business, with a third of that in 2022 but none in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas pushes online sales and sustainability in five-year plan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/adidas-expects-strong-rebound-takes-reebok-hit.html |website=CNBC|date=10 March 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

In July 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being [[Wolverine World Wide]] and [[Authentic Brands Group]] on a joint deal, private equity companies [[Advent International]], [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], [[Cerberus Capital Management|Cerberus Capital]], and [[Sycamore Partners]], with a deadline for August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas shortlists bidders in Reebok sale -sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-shorlists-bidders-reebok-unit-sale-sources-2021-07-01/ |website=Reuters|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion.<ref name="reebok">{{Cite news |title=Adidas ends Reebok era with $2.5 bln sale to Authentic Brands |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-sells-reebok-authentic-brands-25-bln-2021-08-12/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On March 1, 2022, the acquisition was finalized.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Authentic Brands Group Finalizes the Acquisition of Reebok |url=https://www.abgnewsroom.com/press-releases/abg-finalizes-reebok |date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=ABG Newsroom}}</ref>

== Logo evolution ==
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 105
|height= 70
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo (1958-1977).jpg|{{center|1958–1977}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (1977–1993).svg|{{center|1977–1993}} {{center|Alongside with the flag of Great Britain, on Reebok Classic models}}
|Reebok logo93 (2).png|{{center|1993–1997}}
|File:Reebok_logo_(1997-2000).jpg|{{center|1997–2000}}
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|{{center|2000–2005}}
|File:Reebok logo05.png|{{center|2005–2008}}
|File:Reebok wordmark (2008–2014).svg|{{center|2008–2014}}
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|{{center|2014–2019}}
|Reebok_International_logo.svg|{{center|2019–2022}}
|Reebok red logo.svg|{{center|2022–present}}
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's global headquarters are located in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbbj.com/work/reebok-world-headquarters/|title=Reebok World Headquarters {{!}} NBBJ|website=www.nbbj.com|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> in the [[Seaport District]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2016-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Reebok EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) has its regional office in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The company has additional regional offices in [[Panama City]] (Reebok Latin America), [[Shanghai]] (Reebok Shanghai International Commerce Centre), [[Singapore]], [[Taikoo Shing]], and [[Toronto]].<ref name=adidasgroup>{{cite web|url=http://careers.adidas-group.com/locations-list.aspx|title=Adidas Group Locations|publisher=Adidas|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>
Reebok first entered the South Korean market in 1987 and has since been making substantial revenue in South Korea. It is shown{{By whom|date=August 2022}} that it is the third most popular sports brand in South Korea. Through the merger and acquisition of the brand by Adidas in 2005, Reebok is no longer listed as a company in South Korea.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Products==
{{multiple image
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|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and CrossFit sportswear including clothing and footwear. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of the Reebok sales.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneakerfreaker.com/2012/12/reebok-museum-recap/|title=Reebok Freestyle Recap|date=December 31, 2012|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their most signature shoes, The [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archive-date=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes include zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 and is the first official [[CrossFit]] shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered with [[Les Mills International|Les Mills]] and [[CrossFit]] to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok released the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole so the foam is cushioned but not worn-down. The foam debuted on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology they call Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new collection under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC]] (2006–11) and [[East Bengal FC]] (2003–05, 2006–10).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to {{US$|233 million|link=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-23 |title=Reebok India alleges $233m fraud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-18170674 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2012 |title=Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|access-date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|access-date=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 350
|image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
|caption1 =
|image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
|caption2 =
|footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s
}}
The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[EFL League One|League One]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian Instagram version of a global Reebok advertising campaign to promote female empowerment under the hashtag #BeMoreHuman featured the slogan "Sit not on the needle of men’s approval – sit on men’s face." After facing outrage on social media, Reebok removed the slogan and their Russian marketing director resigned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/08/reebok-russia-stirs-controversy-with-face-sitting-slogan-in-feminist-ad-campaign |title=Reebok Russia stirs controversy with 'face-sitting' slogan in feminist ad campaign |work=[[Euronews]] |date=February 10, 2019 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

On March 21, 2022, Reebok suspended all branded stores and e-commerce operations in Russia after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Riley |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/finance/news/reebok-suspends-russian-retail-stores-015922715.html |title=Reebok Suspends Russian Retail Stores and E-Commerce |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=March 22, 2022 |access-date=March 26, 2022}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.cfl.ca/adidas-to-become-official-outfitter-of-the-cfl|title=adidas to become Official Outfitter of the CFL|website=press.cfl.ca}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&q=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&pg=PA53|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339939|language=en}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). The company hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|access-date=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref>

Reebok signed a four-year deal to become the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) in 2004;<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|access-date=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> Reebok also was given the rights to be the official uniform and apparel provider of the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) that same year; this alliance lasted until 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok's Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice "EDGE" Uniform System, performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://nypost.com/2014/02/01/adidas-may-distance-reebock-from-team-sports/|title=Adidas may distance Reebok from NHL|author1=Josh Kosman|author2=Larry Brooks|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|date=February 1, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |access-date=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |access-date=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season.

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]], Argentinian clubs [[Club Atlético Los Andes|San Martín de Los Andes]], Paraguayan club [[Club General Díaz|General Díaz]] and Uruguayan club [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

=== Non-sport related endorsements ===
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2002, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar |first=Parija |date=February 9, 2004 |title=Jordan, 50 cent & Jay-Z: the right fit? |url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/02/06/news/companies/retro_shoes/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[CNN]] Money}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. The company also produces shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''. Artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok over the years include [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Gigi Hadid]], [[Victoria Beckham]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham's Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref> [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

In January 2021, Reebok released a collection of shoes based on the [[DreamWorks Animation]] franchise ''[[Kung Fu Panda (franchise)|Kung Fu Panda]]''.<ref name=":73">{{Cite web|url=https://sneakernews.com/2020/12/28/kung-fu-panda-reebok-club-c-instapump-fury-release-date/|title=Kung Fu Panda And Reebok To Release A Full Footwear Capsule On January 15th|website=Sneaker News|access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=today.com |date=2016-12-14 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
* [[Reebok Pump]]
{{Portal|Massachusetts|Companies|Sport}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
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Reebok

2022-01-28T15:04:24Z

Githek: I add the 1st logo of the company between 1958 to 1977.

{{short description|Footwear and clothing company}}
{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Ltd.
| former_name = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| logo = Reebok_2019 logo.svg
| logo_size = 150
| image = ReebokSouthEdmontonCommon.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Reebok shop at [[South Edmonton Common]], Canada, May 2020
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| fate =
| industry = Textile Sports equipment
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}}{{refn|Although Reebok itself was established in 1958 by Joe and Jeff Foster,<ref name=grailed>[https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history A quick history of Reebok] by Marc Richardson on Grailed website, 18 Oct 1918</ref><ref name=look>[http://letslookagain.com/tag/j-w-foster-sons/ Running the show: Reebok] on Let's look website, Sep 2017</ref> the date of foundation is listed as 1895, when the original family business, [[J.W. Foster and Sons]] was established by their grandfather Joseph W. Foster in order to manufacture athletic shoes.<ref name=timeline>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fatbuddhastore.com/reebok-timeline-i206|title=Reebok Timeline - History of Reebok - Fat Buddha Store|website=www.fatbuddhastore.com}}</ref> The original family business was eventually absorbed by Reebok in 1976.|group=note|name=dates}} in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]], England
| founder = [[Joseph William Foster]]
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[US]]
| key_people = Matthew O'Toole {{small|(CEO)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = Sportswear, footwear
| parent = [[Adidas]] (2005–present) (sale to [[Authentic Brands Group]] pending)
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* [[Reebok Princess|Princess]]
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}
'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) is a fitness footwear and clothing manufacturer. It was established in 1958 in Great Britain as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]].<ref name=rourke>{{cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd."|last1=Rourke|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Hedblad|first2=Edna|last3=Salamie|first3=David|date=1999}}</ref> From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the Union Jack in its logo to signify the origins of the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reebok logo indicates shift from pros to CrossFit|url=https://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923|agency=Ad Age|date=28 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |title=Our Brands – adidas group |publisher=Adidas-group.com |access-date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093735/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="wsj05">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570?mod=_newsreel_5|title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike|last1=Berman|first1=Dennis K.|last2=Kang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Karnitsching|first3=Matthew|date=2005|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike|author=Stuart Elliot|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> The company was bought by German sporting goods company [[Adidas]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |title=Our Brands – adidas group |publisher=Adidas-group.com |access-date=May 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093735/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name="wsj05">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570?mod=_newsreel_5|title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike|last1=Berman|first1=Dennis K.|last2=Kang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Karnitsching|first3=Matthew|date=2005|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name="nytimes05">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike|author=Stuart Elliot|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> The company's global headquarters are now located in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbbj.com/work/reebok-world-headquarters/|title=Reebok World Headquarters {{!}} NBBJ|website=www.nbbj.com|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> in the [[Seaport District]], <ref>{{cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |access-date=2016-11-04 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> with regional offices in [[Amsterdam]], [[Montreal]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Mexico City]].

== History ==
===Early history===
In 1895 [[J.W. Foster and Sons|Joseph William Foster]] at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], [[England]], and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business "''J.W. Foster''" in 1900, later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name=AFP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140118045412/http://www.shoebacca.com/brand/reebok "Brand History" at ShoeBacca.com](Archive)</ref><ref name=RTF>[http://www.reebokthefounder.com at reebokthefounder.com](Brand History)</ref> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/> For pioneering the use of spikes, the company's revolutionary running pumps appear in the book ''Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport''.<ref name="Coles">{{cite book|last1=Colea|first1=Jason|title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=14–16}}</ref> The company began distributing their shoes across the flag of Great Britain{{clarify|date=September 2021}} which were worn by British athletes.<ref name="Coles"/> They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] (who would be immortalised in the Oscar winning film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'') in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Paris]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958 in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, [[Joseph William Foster|Joe]] and Jeff Foster, formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a South African dictionary won in a sprint race by [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]] as a boy.<ref name=AFP/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

In 1979 an American businessman named [[Paul Fireman]] took notice of Reebok at the [[Chicago]] NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the [[United States]]. The division became known as '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> Later that year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke"/>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982 Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last1=McDonald|first1=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million.<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref>

The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the largest segments of the athletic footwear industry at the time.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. In addition to its IPO, the brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic, popularized by Boris Becker and John Mc Enroe, and the Revenge Plus, better known today under its name Reebok Club C.

Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK.<ref name=ny86/><ref name=vartan/>

In 1986, Reebok switched its logo from the Union Jack flag it had since its founding, to the Vector logo - an abstract Union Jack streak across a race track - which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/search/logos?search_api_views_fulltext=Reebok|title=Search {{!}} Brands of the World™|website=www.brandsoftheworld.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name=fastcode>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership|title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies|author=John Brownlee|date=March 13, 2014|publisher=FastCode|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

During the 1980s Reebok began introducing sports clothing and accessories (alongside entering the college/pro sports arena), along with a new line of children's athletic shoes (called 'Weeboks').<ref name=chicagotrib>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness|title=The Training Of Trendy Tots|author=Clarence Petersen|date=March 15, 1987|newspaper=The Chicago Tribune|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion.<ref name=wsj05 /> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|date=November 1, 1989|agency=Reuters|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=The New York Times |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s===
[[File:Reebok World headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Former Reebok headquarters in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.]]
Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In December 2000, Reebok signed a 10-year licensing agreement with the [[NFL]] for the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell NFL licensed merchandise, including uniforms and footwear, for all 32 teams.<ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2001 Reebok became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Also in 2001, Reebok hired the Arnell Group with Peter Arnell as their lead marketing agency. They created the "Outperform" campaign, the [[Yao Ming]] line, the Rbk brand and the famous Terry Tate Super Bowl commercial, among other programs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Van Der Pool|first=Lisa|title=Arnell 'Outperforms' for Reebok|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/arnell-outperforms-reebok-66590/|url-status=live|archive-date=August 28, 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=StaffOctober 24|first=Adweek|last2=2003|title=Yao Ming Stands Tall for Reebok|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/yao-ming-stands-tall-reebok-67985/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reebok Logo - Design and History of Reebok Logo|url=https://www.famouslogos.us/reebok-logo/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en}}</ref> Later in 2001, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and [[chief operating officer|COO]].<ref name=sportbiz>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|date=December 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2003 Reebok also became the official uniform and apparel provider for the [[Canadian Football League]], which took effect in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sgbonline.com/reebok-inks-official-supplier-deal-with-cfl/|title=Reebok Inks Official Supplier Deal with CFL|date=October 14, 2003|publisher=SGB Media|access-date=December 11, 2018}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004. The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. Reebok phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around $100 million.<ref name=adidassold>[https://nypost.com/2017/07/20/adidas-laces-up-100m-hockey-brand-sale/ Adidas laces up $100M hockey brand sale] by Josh Kosman, July 20, 2017</ref>

=== Adidas ownership ===
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, uniting two of the largest sport outfitting companies, but maintaining operations under their separate brand names.<ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last1=Petrecca|first1=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last1=Sorkin|first1=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that includes the [[WNBA]], replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

In 2010 Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit delta symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. Around that time, Reebok, as it slowly began to lose its contracts to make sports uniforms and apparel to professional sports leagues and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017 with Adidas replacing them in that capacity) began repositioning itself as a largely fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>

In 2013 Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills]], a group fitness and team training program in eighty countries in more than 20,000 studios. The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red [[delta (letter)|delta]] sign began showing up on all of Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, making it the company's second logo change in more than 120 years.<ref name=adage/> The delta symbol represents the three pillars of positive self-change including mental, physical and social, as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name=fastcode/>

Following a successful re-release of many of its iconic sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 Vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in Motter Tektura typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing the reason that consumers still identified with them rather than the 2013 "Delta" logo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=Adweek |publisher=Adweek LLC |access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the Delta would continue to be used on certain fitness equipment and apparel lines.

===Authentic Brands Group===
After some financial struggles, Adidas announced in February 2021 its plans to divest the Reebok brand as the German sportswear maker moves on after trying to revive its performance for more than a decade, after analyzing options for the brand<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mulier |first1=Thomas |title=Adidas Begins Sale Process for Underperforming Reebok Brand |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-16/adidas-begins-sale-process-for-reebok-brand|website=Bloomberg|date=16 February 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> and expects a hit of about 250 million euros to operating profit from costs to make its struggling Reebok brand a standalone company as it prepares to sell or spin-off the business, with a third of that in 2022 but none in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas pushes online sales and sustainability in five-year plan |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/10/adidas-expects-strong-rebound-takes-reebok-hit.html |website=CNBC|date=10 March 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

In July 2021 Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being [[Wolverine World Wide]] and [[Authentic Brands Group]] on a joint deal, private equity companies [[Advent International]], [[CVC Capital Partners|CVC]], [[Cerberus Capital Management|Cerberus Capital]], and [[Sycamore Partners]], with a deadline for August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas shortlists bidders in Reebok sale -sources|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-shorlists-bidders-reebok-unit-sale-sources-2021-07-01/ |website=Reuters|date=1 July 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion, in a deal expected to close in the first quarter of 2022.<ref name="reebok">{{Cite news |title=Adidas ends Reebok era with $2.5 bln sale to Authentic Brands |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/adidas-sells-reebok-authentic-brands-25-bln-2021-08-12/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

== Logo evolution ==
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 105
|height= 70
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo (1958-1977).jpg|<center>1958-1977</center>
|File:Reebok.svg|<center>1977–1993 (used on Ventilator, Freestyle, Pump and Classic models)</center>
|File:Reebok logo93.png|<center>1993–1997</center>
|File:Reebok_logo_(1997-2000).jpg|<center>1997–2000</center>
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|<center>2000–2005</center>
|File:Reebok logo05.png|<center>2005–2008</center>
|File:Reebok logo.svg|<center>2008–2014</center>
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|<center>2014–2019</center>
|File:Reebok_logo20.png|<center>2019–present</center>
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's former parent company, Adidas, is headquartered in [[Herzogenaurach]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]], while the Reebok world headquarters remains located in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Reebok EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) has its regional office in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The company also has additional regional offices located in [[Panama City]] (Reebok Latin America), [[Shanghai]] (Reebok Shanghai International Commerce Centre), [[Singapore]], [[Taikoo Shing]], and [[Toronto]].<ref name=adidasgroup>{{cite web|url=http://careers.adidas-group.com/locations-list.aspx|title=Adidas Group Locations|publisher=Adidas|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>
Reebok first entered the South Korean market in 1987 and has since been making substantial revenue in South Korea. It is shown that it is the third most popular sports brand in South Korea. Through the merger and acquisition of the brand by Adidas in 2005, Reebok is no longer listed as a company in South Korea.

==Products==
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = vertical
|total_width = 200
|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and CrossFit sportswear including clothing and footwear. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of the Reebok sales.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneakerfreaker.com/2012/12/reebok-museum-recap/|title=Reebok Freestyle Recap|date=December 31, 2012|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their most signature shoes, The [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archive-date=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010 the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes include zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 and is the first official [[CrossFit]] shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered up with [[Les Mills]] and [[CrossFit]] to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|access-date=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archive-date=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok released the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole so the foam is cushioned but not worn-down. The foam debuted on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| access-date=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology they call Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017 the UFC announced the launch of a new collection under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018 [[Victoria Beckham]] being a long-term design partner with Reebok launched her first collection inspired by [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham's Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
Reebok sponsorships include individual professional athletes,<ref name=corp>[http://corporate.reebok.com/en/about_reebok/faq_section/athletes/default.asp "Reebok athletes" – Reebok official site],</ref> and the [[Portugal national basketball team]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zimbio.com/photos/Elvis+Evora/i8Mu6fkpO33/Standard+Life+Team+GB+Men+v+Portugal+Basketball|title=Elvis Evora Photostream|website=Zimbio}}</ref>

===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, [[Mohun Bagan AC]] (2006–11) and [[East Bengal FC]] (2003–05, 2006–10).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|title=East Bengal ropes in Reebok as official kit sponsor|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209205858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/East-Bengal-ropes-in-Reebok-as-official-kit-sponsor/articleshow/59990.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |access-date=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012 Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to [[United States dollar|US$]]233 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://listcricketinfo.blogspot.com/2018/07/reebok.html|title= Reebok |publisher=listcricketinfo.blogspot.com|access-date=2012-05-24}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms| title= Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India| date=18 July 2012}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|access-date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|access-date=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 350
|image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
|caption1 =
|image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
|caption2 =
|footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s
}}
The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[EFL League One|League One]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archive-date=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian subsidiary faced a scandal. While adapting the brand's "Never apologize for being strong" ad campaign, Reebok posted pictures on its social media accounts which encouraged women to try facesitting, saying ("To sit on a man's face instead of sitting on a needle of man's approval"). The public had a negative reaction to this and Russian Marketing Director Alexander Golofast along with several other employees were fired

The headquarters also had to issue an apology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://style.rbc.ru/repost/5c5c833d9a7947cec7413332|title=Как реклама Reebok со слоганом про мужское лицо возмутила соцсети|website=РБК Стиль}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.cfl.ca/adidas-to-become-official-outfitter-of-the-cfl|title=adidas to become Official Outfitter of the CFL|website=press.cfl.ca}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&q=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&pg=PA53|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0822339939|language=en}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). The company hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|access-date=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref>

Reebok signed a four-year deal to become the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) in 2004;<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|access-date=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> Reebok also was given the rights to be the official uniform and apparel provider of the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) that same year; this alliance lasted until 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok's Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|access-date=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice "EDGE" Uniform System, performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://nypost.com/2014/02/01/adidas-may-distance-reebock-from-team-sports/|title=Adidas may distance Reebok from NHL|author1=Josh Kosman|author2=Larry Brooks|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|date=February 1, 2014|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |access-date=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |access-date=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |access-date=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

==== Non-sport related endorsements ====
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2002, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref name="Jay-Z deal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.universalmusic.com/|title=Universal Music Group, the world's leading music company | Home Page|website=UMG}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. Pop singer [[Ariana Grande]] signed to Reebok in 2017. In the 2016 [[Gigi Hadid]] joined the company. Reebok also produce shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''.

Some artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok in the last years are [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Victoria Beckham]], [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season.

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]], Argentinian clubs [[Club Atlético Los Andes|San Martín de Los Andes]], Paraguayan clubs [[Club General Díaz|General Díaz]] and Uruguayan clubs [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]] .<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=today.com |date=2016-12-14 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
* [[Reebok Pump]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
{{navboxes
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff
|list =
{{Authentic Brands Group}}
{{Sports equipment brands}}
{{Running Shoe Brands}}
{{Adidas}}
{{Authority control}}
}}

[[Category:Reebok| ]]
[[Category:Adidas brands]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Ice hockey brands]]
[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:Shoe brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Boston]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Swimwear manufacturers]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Announced mergers and acquisitions]]

Reebok Classic

2022-01-28T14:46:01Z

Githek:

{{infobox brand
| name = Reebok Classic
| logo = Reebok Classic Logo Letters.jpg
| logo_size = 200
| image = Classics_Freestyle_&_ClassicLeather_ReebokClassics.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption =
| type = [[Sneakers|Footwear]]
| currentowner = [[Reebok]]
| country = [[United States]]
| introduced = {{start date and age|1983}}
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website =
}}

'''[[Reebok]] Classic''' is a lifestyle shoe brand that consists of [[sneakers|athletic shoes]] that became popular casual wear.<ref name="itsnicethat">{{cite web|url=http://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/reebok-classics|title=Reebok Classics|date=September 22, 2014|author=Liv Siddall|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=It's That Nice}}</ref><ref name="hypebeast2">{{cite web|url=http://hypebeast.com/2013/2/an-interview-with-ryan-cross-of-reebok-classics|title=An Interview with Ryan Cross of Reebok Classics|date=February 19, 2013|author=Jonathan Poh|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Hype Beast}}</ref> The brand evolved from the Classic Leather, the Workout, the Ex-O-Fit, the Newport Classic and the [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]].<ref name=hypebeast2/> Reebok Classic also includes Retro Running, Retro Basketball, InstaPump Fury and contemporary styles.

==Product history==
===Franchise 5===
In 1982, the [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]], the first athletic shoe designed for women, was introduced.<ref name="footballshirtculture">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballshirtculture.com/History/the-history-of-reebok.html|title=The history of Reebok|date=March 8, 2007|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Football Shirt Culture}}</ref><ref name="fashionbombdaily">{{cite web|url=http://fashionbombdaily.com/2010/02/17/black-history-fashion-trend-reebok-freestyle-hi-tops-aka-54-11s/|title=Black History Fashion Trend: Reebok Freestyle Hi-Tops aka 54-11’s|date=February 17, 2010|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Fashion Bomb Daily}}</ref> The shoe popularized the [[aerobics|aerobic]] exercise movement, encouraged women to participate in sports and began the acceptance of athletic footwear as street and casual wear.<ref name=footballshirtculture/> In 1983, Reebok launched the Classic Leather, a running shoe.<ref name="hypebeast3">{{cite web|url=http://hypebeast.com/reebok-30th-anniversary-classic-leather|title=Reebok 30th Anniversary Classic Leather|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Hype Beast}}</ref><ref name="complex">{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/10/sneakers-that-live-double-lives/|title=20 Sneakers That Have Lived Double Lives|date=October 4, 2013|author=Nick Engvall|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Complex}}</ref><ref name="mtv">{{cite web |url= http://origin-style-mtv-co-uk.vimn-q.mtvi.com/article/topic/style/1npr61/sneaker-sunday-30-years-of-reebok-classic/caguty?start=15&baseOffset=0&cpType=theLatest |title= Sneaker Sunday: 30 Years of Reebok Classic |date= March 24, 2013 |author= Kaash Sethi |accessdate= November 25, 2014 |publisher= MTV UK |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20141126050041/http://origin-style-mtv-co-uk.vimn-q.mtvi.com/article/topic/style/1npr61/sneaker-sunday-30-years-of-reebok-classic/caguty?start=15&baseOffset=0&cpType=theLatest |archivedate= November 26, 2014 }}</ref> It gained popularity as casual wear because of its simple design in comparison to the technical running footwear designs that followed the Classic Leather's release.<ref name=hypebeast3/> A print advertisement showing a couple on a motorcycle with the tag line "You've Arrived" was created for the shoe.<ref name=complex/> That year, the Newport Classic (NPC) and Ex-O-Fit were launched.<ref name="footwearplus">{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/symphonypublishing/docs/footwearplus_august_2013/90|title=A Visual Compendium of Sneakers|date=August 2013|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="kicksonfire">{{cite web|url=http://www.kicksonfire.com/reebok/reebok-newport-classic/|title=Reebok Newport Classic|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The Ex-O-Fit was similar to the Freestyle, but designed for men.<ref name=complex/> In 1985, the Workout was launched as a cross-training shoe.<ref name=complex/><ref name="nicekicks">{{cite web|url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2014/02/20/reebok-workout-clean-hennawhite/|title=Reebok Workout Clean Henna/White|date=February 20, 2014|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="thedroprate">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedropdate.com/news/reebok-classics-workout-plus-gore-tex-preview|title=Reebok Classics Workout Plus Gore-Tex Preview|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The shoe's simple look made it popular as casual wear.<ref name=complex/>

===Retro Running===
Reebok Classic established the Retro Running line to re-introduce popular shoe styles from the past.<ref name="sneakernews">{{cite web|url=http://sneakernews.com/2013/08/07/reeboks-retro-runner-invasion/|title=Reebok's Retro Runner Invasion|date=August 7, 2013|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The GL 6000 was a lightweight running and training shoe created to provide maximum stability.<ref name=sneakernews/> The shoe was first released in 1986 and has been re-released to honor the shoe's history and illustrate its timeless appeal.<ref name=sneakernews/> In 1990, [[Reebok Ventilator|the Ventilator]], a lightweight flexible running shoe, was launched.<ref name="dimemag">{{cite web|url=http://dimemag.com/2014/09/ventilator-tonal-ballistic-pack-reebok-classics/|title=Travi$ Scott, YG & French Montana Rock Reebok Ventilator "Tonal Ballistic"|date=September 22, 2014|author=Spencer Lund|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="airows">{{cite web|url=http://airows.com/these-1990-inspired-reebok-shoes-are-actually-pretty-sweet/|title=These 1990-Inspired Reebok Shoes Are Actually Pretty Sweet|author=Jack Archer|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The Ventilator's versatility made the shoe popular.<ref name="solecollector">{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/industrial-spaces-inspire-new-reebok-ventilator-pack/|title=Industrial Spaces Inspire New Reebok Ventilator Pack|date=October 6, 2014|author=Brandon Richard|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> Reebok Classic re-released the Ventilator "Tonal Ballistic" and "Heritage" limited edition packs in 2014.<ref name=dimemag/><ref name=solecollector/> The DMX Run was launched in 1997.<ref name="complex2">{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-dmx-run|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|date=February 25, 2013|author=Russ Bengtson|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref><ref name="freshnessmag">{{cite web|url=http://www.freshnessmag.com/2013/06/10/reebok-dmx-run-10-summer-2013-pack/|title=Reebok DMX Run 10 Summer 2013 Pack|date=June 10, 2013|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> The shoe debuted Reebok's DMX technology, a system in which air runs through connected pods and releases energy.<ref name=freshnessmag/> DMX was later used in [[Allen Iverson|Allen Iverson's]] second shoe.<ref name=complex2/> Reebok Classic re-released the shoe for the first time in October 2012.<ref name="sneakerreport">{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/the-reebok-dmx-run-is-back-will-you-take-to-the-track/|title=The Reebok DMX Run is Back, Will You Take to the Track?|date=October 18, 2012|author=Riley Jones|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref>

===Retro Basketball===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 300
|header =
|image1 = Shaq_Attaq_IV_ReebokClassic.jpg
|image2 = Iverson_ReebokClassic.JPG
|footer = Two notable basketball players with Reebok Classics: (left) [[Shaquille O'Neal]] (with a pair of '' Shaq Attaq IV'') and [[Allen Iverson]] (right, holding his Reebok Question signature shoe)
}}
The [[Reebok Pump]] was introduced as a basketball shoe in 1989.<ref name="hoopsvibe">{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|date=November 8, 2013|author=CY Ellis|publisher=Hoopsvibe}}</ref> It was the first shoe to have an internal inflation mechanism designed to provide a customized fit.<ref name="thatgooddubai">{{cite web|url=http://www.thatgooddubai.com/pump-up-and-air-out-the-history-of-reebok-pump/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915052933/http://www.thatgooddubai.com/pump-up-and-air-out-the-history-of-reebok-pump/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 15, 2014|title=Pump Up and Air Out! The History of Reebok Pump|date=November 2, 2014|accessdate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> Over a four-year period the shoe sold over 20 million pairs worldwide.<ref name=thatgooddubai/> In 1992, the Shaq Attaq was released during the NBA season.<ref name="nicekicks2">{{cite web|url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/04/18/everything-you-need-to-know-reebok-shaq-attaq/|title=Everything You Need To Know: Reebok Shaq Attaq|date=April 18, 2013|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Nice Kicks}}</ref> It was [[Shaquille O'Neal|Shaquille O'Neal's]] first signature shoe and the first official shoe for a Reebok athlete.<ref name=nicekicks2/> The shoe gained popularity because it was featured on basketball cards, video games, [[Pepsi]] commercials and movies.<ref name="complex4">{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/04/20-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-reebok-shaq-attaq/|title=20 Things You Didn't Know About the Reebok Shaq Attaq|date=April 18, 2013|author=Nick Engvall|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Complex}}</ref> The retro version of the Shaq Attaq was released in April 2013.<ref name=complex4/> The Reebok Kamikaze, [[Shawn Kemp|Shawn Kemp’s]] signature line, was launched in 1995.<ref name="complex5">{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2012/03/the-25-best-reebok-basketball-shoes-of-all-time/10|title=The 25 Best Reebok Basketball Shoes of All Time|date=March 6, 2012|author=Brandon Elder|accessdate=November 24, 2014|publisher=Complex}}</ref> That year, the Shaqnosis was launched.<ref name=solecollector3/> The shoe was worn by [[Will Smith]] in ''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]''.<ref name="solecollector3">{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/throwback-thursday-will-smith-wears-reebok-shaqnosis-in-m-i-b-/|title=Throwback Thursday // Will Smith Wears Reebok Shaqnosis In M.I.B.|date=July 11, 2013|author=Nick DePaula|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector}}</ref> In 1996, the Reebok Question Mid, Allen Iverson's signature shoe, was launched.<ref name="nicekicks3">{{cite web|url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2012/05/25/present-future-reebok-question/|title=THE Past, Present & Future of the Reebok Question|date=May 25, 2012|author=Ian Stonebrook|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Nice Kicks}}</ref> The shoe became popular because it was clean and wearable.<ref name=nicekicks3/> Iverson's fan-base also attributed to the Reebok Question Mid's popularity.<ref name=nicekicks3/>

===InstaPump Fury===
The InstaPump Fury was released in 1994.<ref name="complex3">{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/03/the-25-best-sneakers-of-the-past-25-years/insta-pump-fury|title=The 25 Best Sneakers of the Past 25 Years|date=March 18, 2013|author=Russ Bengston|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Complex}}</ref> The shoe was lace-less and featured Reebok's pump technology, a reduced midsole, Hexalite cushioning and a fully synthetic upper.<ref name=complex3/> That year, [[Steven Tyler]] wore the shoe during a performance at the [[1994 MTV Video Music Awards]].<ref name="straatosphere">{{cite web|url=http://straatosphere.com/why-people-dont-get-the-reebok-insta-pump-fury/5/|title=Why People Don’t Get the Reebok Insta Pump Fury|date=May 28, 2014|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Straatosphere}}</ref> The shoe was inducted into the Design Museum of London.<ref name="solecollector2">{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/oral-history-of-the-reebok-instapump-fury-with-designer-steven-smith/|title=The Oral History of the Reebok Instapump Fury with Designer Steven Smith|date=February 5, 2014|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector}}</ref> It has received numerous re-releases and new colorways.<ref name=solecollector2/>

==In pop culture==
[[Alicia Keys]], [[Kendrick Lamar]], [[50 Cent]], [[Jay-Z]], [[Travi$ Scott]], [[Mike Skinner (musician)]] and [[Kid Ink]] have collaborated with Reebok Classic.<ref name="fuse">{{cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/06/reebok-jayz-tyga-pharrell-alicia-keys-50-cent-sneakers|title=Reebok Exec on Sneaker Collabs With Jay-Z, Pharrell, Tyga & Alicia Keys|date=June 11, 2013|author=Jeff Benjamin|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Fuse}}</ref><ref name="hiphopworld">{{cite web|url=http://hiphopwired.com/2014/02/19/reebok-classics-cypher-swizz-beats-french-montana-agenda-las-vegas-2014-video/|title=Swizz Beatz, French Montana, Kid Ink’s Reebok Classics Freestyle At Agenda Las Vegas 2014|date=February 19, 2014|author=Trent Clark|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Hip Hop Wired}}</ref> [[Swizz Beatz]], a hip-hop recording artist and producer, was the creative director of Reebok as of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2013/03/a-history-of-celebrities-as-brand-creative-directors/swizz-beatz-reebok|title=A History of Celebrities as Brand Creative Directors|date=March 14, 2013|author=Sam Lockhart|accessdate=November 25, 2014|publisher=Complex}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Reebok}}

[[Category:Reebok brands|Classics, Reebok]]

Premier Automotive Group

2021-12-24T01:00:01Z

Githek: Ford's Premier Automotive Group division disestalished in 2010 following the sell of Volvo Cars to chinese automotive company Geely.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Coord|33.6573338|-117.7485857|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Premier Automotive Group
| type = [[Division (business)|Division]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1999}}
| defunct = {{Start date and age|2010|8|2}}
| location_city = [[Irvine, California]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| products = [[Automobile]]s
| parent = [[Ford Motor Company]]
| subsid = {{ubl|
* [[Aston Martin]]
* [[Lincoln Motor Company]]
* [[Jaguar Cars]]
* [[Land Rover]]
* [[Volvo Cars]]
}}
}}

The '''Premier Automotive Group''' (PAG) was an organizational division within the [[Ford Motor Company]] formed in 1999 to oversee the [[business]] operations of Ford's high-end [[automotive]] [[marque]]s. The PAG was gradually dismantled from 2006 to 2010 with the divestiture of its constituent brands.<ref name="hsw-lincoln">{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/lincoln-cars19.htm|title=The Decline of Lincoln|publisher=HowStuffWorks.com|access-date=21 April 2010}}</ref>

==History==
The Premier Automotive Group was formed in 1999 under then-CEO [[Jacques Nasser]]. It grew to include responsibility for the [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]], [[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]], [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]], Mazda, [[Land Rover]] and [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]] brands. [[Forbes]] estimated that, by 2004, Ford had spent $17 billion building on acquisitions to form PAG.<ref name="forbes2004">{{cite web | title= Ford's Premier Automotive Goof | publisher=[[Forbes]] | work=Backseat Driver | date= 27 July 2004| url= https://www.forbes.com/columnists/columnists/2004/07/27/cz_jf_0727flint.html/ | author= Jerry Flint | author-link= Jerry Flint }}</ref>

Lincoln and Mercury were returned to Ford direct control in 2002. Lincoln's headquarters had been merged into PAG's North American office, where it was run by a German executive who was based in London, England.<ref name="forbes2004"/>

The four other marques in the PAG, [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]], [[Land Rover]] and [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]], were essentially completely different car companies with their own unique markets and dealer networks, so there were few synergies that could be achieved by combining them under one division. Ford attempted to push these brands to share parts and engineering in order to cut costs. This made some vehicles too similar to mass-market Fords, notably the [[Jaguar X-Type]] which was a capable compact executive car yet its reputation suffered mainly because it shared a platform with the [[Ford Mondeo]]. While Volvo had been one of the more successful entry-level luxury brands in the United States with the [[Volvo 700 Series|Volvo 740]]/[[Volvo 900 Series|940]] and [[Volvo S70|S70]] when it was independent, it lost market share to the German luxury marques like BMW and Mercedes-Benz who had expanded their entry-level offerings extensively.<ref name="forbes2004"/>

When [[Alan Mulally]] became Ford's president and CEO in September 2006, the Premier Automotive Group began to be dismantled.<ref>{{cite web | title= What Ford's Losing With Volvo | work= The Money Times| url= http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20100402/what-ford039s-losing-volvo-id-10106367.html | access-date= 2 June 2010 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203833/http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20100402/what-ford039s-losing-volvo-id-10106367.html | archive-date= 21 July 2011}}</ref> Ford sold 92% of [[Aston Martin]], to a consortium of investors, headed by [[David Richards (racing)|David Richards]] in 2007.<ref name="bbc_20070612">{{Cite news |title=Aston Martin sold to UK-led group |date=12 June 2007 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6442101.stm |access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> In September 2006, the rights to use the defunct Rover brand were secured from BMW by Ford to protect the [[Land Rover]] brand.<ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2006/09/18/ford-buys-rover-brand-name-from-bmw/ Ford buys Rover brand name from BMW] from leftlanenews.com</ref> In March 2008, Ford sold [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] to Indian carmaker [[Tata Motors]]. In 2010, Ford sold the Swedish brand [[Volvo Cars]], the last of the PAG, to the parent of Chinese carmaker [[Geely Automobile|Geely]] for $1.8 billion.<ref name="www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements"/>

==Management==
* 1999–2002: [[Wolfgang Reitzle]]
* 2002–2005: [[Mark Fields (businessman)|Mark Fields]]
* 2005–2008: [[Lewis Booth]]

==Headquarters==
The Premier Automotive Group headquarters were located at 1 Premier Place in [[Irvine, California|Irvine]], [[California]]. It is next door to the [[Mazda North American Operations]] office, and is now the main office for [[Taco Bell]].

The Premier Automotive Group office in the United States was completed in 2001 at a cost of $68 million. It was the first Ford building and the first building in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] to qualify for [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] classification from the [[U.S. Green Building Council]].<ref name="intell2001">[http://www.autointell.com/News-2001/November-2001/November-2001-2/November-14-01-p2.htm "Ford Opens PAG Headquarters In California" from autointell.com]</ref> When the headquarters first opened, some of its floors were each specifically dedicated to one of PAG's brands.<ref name="intell2001"/> The complex also included a separate {{Convert|90000|ft2|adj=on}} product development centre.<ref name="DriveUp">{{cite news | url = http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/will-they-install-a-drive-up-window/?nl=wheels&emc=wheels | title= Will They Install a Drive-Up Window? | date = 11 November 2008 | work=The New York Times| department= Wheels (blog)| access-date=2010-06-02 | first=Jerry | last=Garrett}}</ref> In late 2008, a deal was announced to lease the former PAG headquarters building in Irvine to the [[Taco Bell]] restaurant chain. Although Ford planned to leave a small product development staff on the property, this was widely seen as the end of the PAG story and an ironic comment on the expensive failure of Ford's luxury-car strategy. The ''[[New York Times]]'' asked dryly, "Will they install a drive-up window?"<ref name="DriveUp"/>

==Members==
===Aston Martin===
[[Aston Martin]] was a member of PAG. Ford acquired an interest in Aston Martin in 1987 and had full control from 1991. It was sold on 12 March 2007 for £479 million.<ref name="bbc_20070612"/> However, Ford retained a £40 million (8%) stake in Aston Martin.<ref>[http://www.egmcartech.com/2007/03/12/ford-sells-aston-martin-for-925-million/ Ford sells Aston Martin for $925 million] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710173117/http://www.egmcartech.com/2007/03/12/ford-sells-aston-martin-for-925-million/ |date=10 July 2011 }} at egm CarTech, 12 March 2007</ref>

===Lincoln===
Ford's [[luxury vehicles|luxury car]] division, [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]], was part of the Premier Auto Group in the late 1990s, but was pulled out in 2002 as part of Ford's marketing strategy to separate its "import" marques from its domestic ones. During the creation of PAG, Lincoln's line-up received a complete overhaul, beginning with the 1998 redesign of the [[Lincoln Town Car]]. The same year also saw the introduction of the [[Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator SUV]] and in 2000 the [[Lincoln LS]], which shared its engines and platform with the [[Jaguar S-Type (1999)|Jaguar S-Type]], was introduced. All three cars were designed in [[Irvine, California]] and were, according to many critics, heavily influenced by [[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]] design themes.{{ref|CaliforniaDesign}} In both years 1998 and 2000 Lincoln was the best-selling luxury car brand in the US. After [[Cadillac]] surged back into the market in 2002, however, Ford pulled Lincoln out of the PAG in what is according to [[Jerry Flint]] of ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine an "impossible to make sense out of... strategy."<ref name="forbes2004"/>

===Jaguar===
{{see also|Jaguar Cars#Ford Motor Company ownership (1989-2008)}}
Ford made an offer for Jaguar stock in 1989. It was placed in Premier Automotive Group when it was formed. After acquiring Land Rover, Ford market Jaguar and Land Rover together and sold them off together in 2008.

===Land Rover===
Ford purchased [[Land Rover]] from [[BMW]] in 2000 after the break-up of [[Rover Group]]. On 18 September 2006, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] announced the purchase of the rights to use the [[Rover Company|Rover]] name. BMW had licensed the Rover name to [[MG Rover Group]] from 2000 until 2005, when MG Rover collapsed after a failed merger with [[SAIC Motor|SAIC]]. As part of Ford's initial purchase of Land Rover, Ford had the first option to purchase the Rover name if MG Rover Group ceased trading. Ford did not plan to use the name in production, instead buying it merely to protect their use of the name Land Rover.<ref>[http://www.leftlanenews.com/2006/09/18/ford-buys-rover-brand-name-from-bmw/ Ford buys Rover brand name from BMW]</ref>

Ford sold Jaguar and Land Rover to [[Tata Motors]] in March 2008 for £1.15 billion. As part of Ford's sale of Jaguar and Land Rover to Tata Motors, the defunct Rover brand name was included, as well as the [[Daimler Company|Daimler]] and [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] marques.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leftlanenews.com/5-for-2-special-tata-acquires-3-other-british-marques-in-jaguar-land-rover-deal.html#more-6922 | title = 5 for 2 special: Tata acquires 3 other British marques in Jaguar, Land Rover deal | publisher = Leftlane News | date = 28 March 2008 | access-date = 28 March 2008}}</ref>

===Volvo Cars===
Ford purchased [[Volvo]]'s automotive division in 1999 while Volvo's commercial vehicles division became a separate company. Both share the use of symbols and trademarks. [[Geely]] was reported to have approached Ford in mid-2008 about a possible takeover of Volvo Cars. On 28 October 2009, Geely was named as the preferred buyer of Volvo Cars by Ford.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/oct/28/volvo-ford-geely-china-car |title=Ford set to offload Volvo to Chinese carmaker Zhejiang Geely | Business | guardian.co.uk |work=The Guardian|date= 28 October 2009|access-date=4 December 2009 | location=London | first=Andrew | last=Clark}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/246037/ |title=Geely/Volvo deal 'done by Feb' |publisher=Autocar.co.uk |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=22 December 2009}}</ref> On 23 December 2009, Ford confirmed that all substantive commercial terms for the sale to Geely had been settled. Geely signed a deal with Ford to acquire Volvo Cars for $1.8 billion on 28 March 2010 and closed the deal on 2 August 2010.<ref name="www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements">{{cite web|url=http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-reaches-agreement-to-sell-32294|title=FORD REACHES AGREEMENT TO SELL VOLVO CARS AND RELATED ASSETS TO GEELY|access-date=30 March 2010|publisher=Ford|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331183111/http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-reaches-agreement-to-sell-32294|archive-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

{{Ford Motor Company}}

[[Category:Premier Automotive Group| ]]
[[Category:Ford Motor Company]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in Michigan]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:Defunct manufacturing companies based in Michigan]]

Sam Worthington

2021-05-09T00:29:37Z

Githek:

{{short description|Australian actor, model, and writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sam Worthington
| image = File:Sam Worthington 2014.jpg
| image size =
| caption = Worthington in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|08|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Godalming]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| nationality = Australian
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]]
| occupation = Actor, writer
| yearsactive = 2000–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lara Worthington|Lara Bingle]]|2014}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Samuel Henry John Worthington'''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://images.eonline.com/static/news/pdf/Worthington2.pdf | title = Incident 123082579 | publisher = Atlanta, Georgia, Police Department |website= [[E!|E! Online]] | date = 3 November 2012 | access-date = 5 November 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113082448/http://images.eonline.com/static/news/pdf/Worthington2.pdf | archive-date = 13 January 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> (born 2 August 1976) is an English-Australian actor and writer. He is best known for playing Jake Sully in the ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' film series, Marcus Wright in ''[[Terminator Salvation]]'', and [[Perseus]] in ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' as well as its sequel ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]''. He then transitioned to more dramatic roles, appearing in ''[[Everest (2015 film)|Everest]]'' (2015), ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' (2016), ''[[The Shack (2017 film)|The Shack]]'' (2017), ''[[Manhunt: Unabomber]]'' (2017), and ''[[Fractured (2019 film)|Fractured]]'' (2019). He also voiced the protagonist, Captain Alex Mason, in the video games ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]]'' (2010), ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]'' (2012) and ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops 4]]'' (2018).

In 2004, Worthington received [[Australian Film Institute Awards|Australia's highest film award]] for his lead role in ''[[Somersault (film)|Somersault]]''.

==Early life==
Worthington was born to English parents in [[Godalming]], [[Surrey]], in [[South East England]], and moved to [[Perth]], [[Western Australia]] when he was six months old. He grew up in [[Warnbro, Western Australia|Warnbro]], a suburb of [[Rockingham, Western Australia|Rockingham]]. His mother, Jeanne J. (née Martyn), is a [[housewife]], and his father, Ronald W. Worthington, is a [[power plant]] employee.<ref name="ref121">{{cite news|title=Avatar first reviews, Sam Worthington next Hollywood star in the making|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 December 2009|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/movies/avatar-first-reviews/story-e6frexli-1225809445878|access-date=12 December 2009}}</ref> He has a sister, Lucinda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9041850/Sam-Worthington-on-Man-on-a-Ledge.html|title=Sam Worthington on 'Man on a Ledge'|last=Lipworth|first=Elaine|date=4 February 2012|website=Telegraph|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-1836259/jeanne-j-worthington-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people|title=Jeanne J. Worthington|website=MyHeritage|access-date=9 June 2017}}</ref>

He attended [[John Curtin College of the Arts]], a school specialising in the dramatic arts, located in [[Fremantle, Western Australia]], where he studied drama but did not graduate. When he left the college, his father gave him $400 and sent him on a one-way trip to [[Cairns]], [[Queensland]], telling him to "work his way home". He began working on construction and odd jobs, eventually settling in Sydney. At age 19, while working as a [[bricklayer]], he auditioned for the [[National Institute of Dramatic Art]] (NIDA) and was accepted with a scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://screencrave.com/2009-05-21/sam-worthington-interview-for-terminator|title=Sam Worthington Interview for Terminator|publisher=Screencrave.com|date=21 May 2009|access-date=30 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008015655/http://screencrave.com/2009-05-21/sam-worthington-interview-for-terminator|archive-date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
===2000–2003===
Worthington played a small role alongside Adam Garcia in the Aussie dance film ''[[Bootmen]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|URL=http://film.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/AA4_Aust_Box_office_report.pdf|title=''Film Victoria – Australian Films at the Australian Box Office''|website=Film.vic.gov.au|accessdate=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218045303/http://film.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/AA4_Aust_Box_office_report.pdf|archive-date=18 February 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played a lead role in the low budget Aussie comedy ''[[Gettin' Square]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=7998&s=Interviews Andrew L Urban, "TEPLITZKY, JONATHAN – GETTIN' SQUARE", ''Urban Cinefile'',16 October 2003 accessed 4 December 2012|title=Getting Square|accessdate=19 April 2021}}</ref>

===2004–2008===
Worthington had a major role in ''[[Somersault (film)|Somersault]]'' (2004) and played the lead in a modern Australian retelling of ''[[Macbeth (2006 film)|Macbeth]]'' (2006). He won the AFI Award for Best Lead Actor for his role in ''Somersault''. He was well known in Australia for his role as Howard in the acclaimed Australian TV series ''[[Love My Way]]'', in which he played the main love interest of the female lead.

Worthington's international film career began with a series of small roles in Hollywood production ''[[The Great Raid]]'' (2005), which was filmed in Australia.
He auditioned for the role of [[James Bond]] in ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' but lost the role to [[Daniel Craig]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts/bard-arse/2006/09/13/1157827019501.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Bard arse | date=15 September 2006}}</ref> He starred in the Australian creature-feature film ''[[Rogue (2007 film)|Rogue]]'' (2007), as a man named Neil, which gained a 100 percent fresh rating from Rotten Tomatoes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1173563-rogue/|title=Rogue|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>

===2009–present===
In ''[[Terminator Salvation]]'', Worthington plays cyborg Marcus Wright who assists the humans despite their suspicions of him. Shot prior to the release of ''Terminator Salvation'', the [[James Cameron]]-directed science-fiction film ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' was Worthington's next project. In the film, he played [[Jake Sully]], a paraplegic US Marine who, assigned to control an alien body called an avatar through a neural link, finds himself at the centre of a war between his own species and the indigenous [[Pandoran biosphere#Naʼvi|Na'vi]] people of the moon Pandora. The film went on to become [[List of highest-grossing films|the highest-grossing film of all time]], grossing more than $2.73 billion (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2.730|2009|r=1}}}} billion adjusted for inflation) in box-office receipts worldwide, before being overtaken by [[Avengers: Endgame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |title=Worldwide Grosses |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> In November 2010, Worthington told ''[[GQ Australia]]''<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Sam Worthington|url=https://www.gq.com.au/life/people/sam+worthington,6453|magazine=GQ|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419044209/http://www.gq.com.au/life/people/sam+worthington,6453|archive-date=19 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> that he went to audition, but wasn't told what it was for and got annoyed. So he did his part, left, forgot about it – and was called back. "I was a bit pissed off, and I think that came across," he says. "I think Jim saw a spark and liked it because that's Sully's character – a guy who doesn't like to be bullied and a guy who just wants to set things right."<ref name="test">{{cite web |url=https://www.gq.com.au/life/people/sam+worthington,6453 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419044209/http://www.gq.com.au/life/people/sam+worthington,6453 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}, GQ Australia November 2010, Sam Worthington</ref>

He provided voice work for Captain Alex Mason, the protagonist character in the video game ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]]''. Some gamers criticised Worthington's inability to mask his Australian accent, as in ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite web|title=How an Australian Man Nearly Ruined Black Ops for Me|url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2010/11/how-an-australian-man-nearly-ruined-black-ops-for-me/}}</ref> In November 2010, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' named Worthington as one of the young male actors who are "pushing – or being pushed" into taking over Hollywood as the new "A-List".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/hollywoods-list-redefined-44771|title=Hollywood's A-List Redefined|first2=Lauren|last2= Schutte|first1=Emily|last1= Blank|publisher=(slide 9 of 10 in slideshow) [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

He was selected as one of the entrants to the ''[[Who's Who in Australia]]'' 2011 edition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who pack now boasts Siddle, Hamish and Andy and the Masterchef judges|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/whos-who-pack-now-boasts-siddle-hamish-and-andy-and-the-masterchef-judges/story-e6frf7jx-1225968131634|publisher=heraldsun.com.au|date=9 December 2010}}</ref>

In 2012, Worthington starred in the sequel to ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'', called ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'', alongside [[Liam Neeson]]. As in the first film, Worthington played the demigod and son of Zeus, [[Perseus]]. He also reprised his role as Alex Mason in ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author1=John Gaudiosi|title='Call of Duty: Black Ops II': Treyarch's Dave Anthony on Directing Sam Worthington, Michael Keaton (Q&A)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/call-duty-black-ops-2-389788|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=6 March 2015|date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Also in 2012, Worthington starred as Nick Cassidy in ''[[Man on a Ledge]]'', a suspense-thriller film directed by Asger Leth.

Worthington also portrays Jim Fitzgerald in the [[Discovery Channel]] television series, ''Manhunt: Unabomber''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McLennan|first1=Cindy|title=Manhunt: Unabomber: Scripted Discovery Series Debuts in August|url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/manhunt-unabomber-discovery-release-date/|publisher=TV Series Finale|date=March 28, 2017}}</ref>

In 2019, Worthington starred as Ray Monroe in the [[Netflix]] thriller film ''[[Fractured (2019 film)|Fractured]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/sam-worthington-brad-anderson-netflix-film-1202500162/|title=Sam Worthington Set As Lead In Brad Anderson-Directed Netflix Film|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=November 12, 2018|access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Lara Bingle and Sam Worthington on 2014 AACTAS Awards red carpet (cropped).jpg|thumb|210px|right|Lara Bingle and Worthington on the 2014 [[AACTA Awards]] red carpet]]

Worthington has said that when he was about 30, he sold most of his possessions and ended up with around $2,000 to his name. He says he bought a car with the proceeds and was living in it before he successfully auditioned for his role in the film ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hulu.com/watch/116108/the-jay-leno-show-sam-worthingtons-avatar-clip-and-car-crash|title=Watch The Jay Leno Show Online at Hulu|website=Hulu}}</ref> He then found a place to live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2009/12/25/i-was-living-in-my-car-before-avatar-sam-worthington-2-73823/|title=I was living in my car before 'Avatar': Sam Worthington}}</ref>

On 18 October 2013, Worthington had confirmed rumours of a relationship with fellow Australian, model [[Lara Worthington|Lara Bingle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/lara-bingle-and-sam-worthington-fuel-rumours-of-a-hot-new-couple/story-fni0fiyv-1226742291514|title=Aussie actor 'smitten' with Bingle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/lara-bingle-and-sam-worthington-fuel-rumours-of-a-hot-new-couple/story-fni0fiyv-1226742291514|title=Sam Worthington says he is smitten with new squeeze Lara Bingle}}</ref> They married on 28 December 2014 and had a son in 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Anya Leon|title=Sam Worthington and Lara Bingle Welcome Son Rocket Zot|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2015/03/27/sam-worthington-lara-bingle-welcome-son-rocket-zot/|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=27 March 2015|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Bingle and Worthington had their second child, another son.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellie McDonald|title=CONFIRMED! Lara and Sam Worthington have welcomed their second son|url=http://www.womansday.com.au/celebrity/australian-celebrities/confirmed-lara-and-sam-worthington-welcomes-second-son-16991|publisher=[[Woman's Day (Australian magazine)|Woman's Day]]|date=1 November 2016|access-date=23 December 2016}}</ref> In 2020 the couple announced the birth of their third child.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com.au/celebrity/interviews/lara-worthington-confirms-shes-pregnant-with-her-third-child-and-its-a-boy/news-story/ec5791a9eaa6cdf00d72ae1c59d39575|title=Lara Worthington confirms she's pregnant with her third child and it's a boy!}}</ref>

Worthington is a Christian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/actor-sam-worthington-the-shack-relationship-god-interview-176567/|title=Actor Sam Worthington Says 'The Shack' Helped Him Understand Relationship With God (Interview)|website=www.christianpost.com}}</ref>

===Arrest===
On 23 February 2014, Worthington was arrested in New York City for assault, after punching a [[paparazzi|paparazzo]], Sheng Li, who allegedly kicked Bingle in the shin. Video footage of the incident depicts Worthington referring to Bingle as his "wife", furthering speculation about the pair's marital status.<ref>{{cite news|title=So are Sam Worthington and Lara Bingle really married?
|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/so-are-sam-worthington-and-lara-bingle-really-married/story-fn907478-1226836257018|work=News.com.au|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> Worthington was initially released on a desk appearance ticket, while Li was arrested on charges of reckless endangerment, assault and harassment.<ref>{{cite web|title='Avatar' actor Sam Worthington arrested in NYC|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/news/39-avatar-39-actor-sam-worthington-arrested-nyc-051739831.html?vp=1|publisher=Yahoo|access-date=24 February 2014}}</ref>

On 26 February 2014, Worthington appeared in Manhattan Criminal Court, where he was ordered to stay away from Li for six months. The case was adjourned until 8 May 2014, with the actor to face charges of assault in the third degree, attempted assault and harassment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sam Worthington ordered to stay away from photographer|url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/sam-worthington-ordered-to-stay-away-from-photographer-20140227-33j1s.html|publisher=Sydney Morning Herlad|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref>

On 1 April 2014, Li blamed Bingle for starting the fight and called for her to be arrested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photographer blames 'Avatar' star's girlfriend for starting fight|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/02/us-samworthington-idUSBREA3024220140402|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 April 2014|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Later that month, Worthington secured a conditional discharge deal on a misdemeanour assault charge, therefore avoiding any jail time, while the charges against Li were dismissed "in the interest of justice".<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Mitchell|date=9 May 2014|title=Paparazzo walks free as Sam Worthington assault case dropped|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/paparazzo-walks-free-as-sam-worthington-assault-case-dropped/story-fni0cvc9-1226911207282|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> Li then filed a $3.7 million [[civil lawsuit]] against Worthington, which was [[Settlement (litigation)|settled out of court]] before going to trial in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ebony Bowden|date=4 September 2015|title=Sam Worthington settles $5 million lawsuit with photographer over scuffle|url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/sam-worthington-settles-5-million-lawsuit-with-photographer-over-scuffle-20150904-gjfdn8.html|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==
[[File:Sam Worthington 4, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Worthington at the [[Tropfest]] in 2013, in Sydney on 17 February 2013]]

===Films===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Bootmen]]'' || Mitchell Okden ||
|-
| 2001 || ''A Matter of Life'' || Our Hero || [[Short film]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || ''[[Hart's War]]'' || Cpl. B.J. "Depot" Guidry ||
|-
| ''[[Dirty Deeds (2002 film)|Dirty Deeds]]'' || Darcy Ryan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Gettin' Square]]'' || Barry "Wattsy" Wirth ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Enzo'' || - || Short film; Director, Writer, Music and Cinematography
|-
| ''[[Somersault (film)|Somersault]]'' || Joe ||
|-
| ''[[Thunderstruck (2004 film)|Thunderstruck]]'' || Ronnie ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[The Great Raid]]'' || Pfc. Lucas ||
|-
| ''Fink!'' || Able ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Macbeth (2006 film)|Macbeth]]'' || [[Macbeth (character)|Lord Macbeth]] ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Rogue (2007 film)|Rogue]]'' || Neil Kelly ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Terminator Salvation]]'' || Marcus Wright ||
|-
| ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' || Jake Sully / Tom Sully ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' || [[Perseus]] ||
|-
| ''[[Last Night (2010 film)|Last Night]]'' || Michael Reed ||
|-
| ''[[Love & Distrust]]'' || Miles || Segment: "Blue Poles"
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[The Debt (2011 film)|The Debt]]'' || Young David Peretz ||
|-
| ''[[Texas Killing Fields]]'' || Detective Mike Souder ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Man on a Ledge]]'' || Nick Cassidy ||
|-
| ''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'' || Perseus ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Drift (2013 Australian film)|Drift]]'' || JB ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Sabotage (2014 film)|Sabotage]]'' || James "Monster" Murray ||
|-
| ''[[Cake (2014 film)|Cake]]'' || Roy Collins ||
|-
| ''[[The Keeping Room]]'' || Moses ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Paper Planes (film)|Paper Planes]]'' || Jack Webber ||
|-
| ''[[Kidnapping Freddy Heineken]]'' || [[Willem Holleeder]] ||
|-
| ''[[Everest (2015 film)|Everest]]'' || Guy Cotter ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Hacksaw Ridge]]'' || Captain Glover ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[The Shack (2017 film)|The Shack]]'' || Mack Philips ||
|-
| ''[[The Hunter's Prayer]]'' || Stephen Lucas ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[The Titan (film)|The Titan]]'' || Rick Janssen ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Fractured (2019 film)|Fractured]]'' || Ray Monroe ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dreamland (upcoming film)|Dreamland]]'' || Bill Simmons|| Post-production
|-
| 2021 || ''Encanto'' || TBD || Voice In development
|-
| 2022|| ''[[Avatar 2]]'' || Jake Sully || Post-production
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Avatar 3]]'' || Jake Sully || Filming
|-
| rowspan=2|TBA || ''[[The Georgetown Project]]'' || || Post-production
|-
| ''[[Lansky (upcoming film)|Lansky]]'' || David Stone || Post-production
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' || Dunsmore || Episode: "Boomerang: Part 1"
|-
| ''[[Water Rats (TV series)|Water Rats]]'' || Phillip Champion || Episode: "Able to Leap Tall Buildings"
|-
| ''[[Blue Heelers]]'' || Shane Donovan || Episode: "Bloodlines"
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Love My Way]]'' || Howard Light || 10 episodes
|-
| 2005 || ''{{sortname|The|Surgeon}}'' || Dr. Sam Dash || 8 episodes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Two Twisted]]'' || Gus Rogers || Episode: "Delivery Man"
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Deadline Gallipoli]]'' || Phillip Schuler || 4 episodes; miniseries Executive Producer
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Manhunt: Unabomber]]'' || [[James R. Fitzgerald|Jim Fitzgerald]] ||
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]]'' || rowspan="3" | Alex Mason ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops II]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops 4]]'' || Specialist HQ and Blackout Character
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Title
! Result
|-
| 2000
| [[:Category:AACTA Awards ceremonies|AFI Award]]
| Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
| ''[[Bootmen]]''
| {{nominated}}
|-
| 2002
| [[Film Critics Circle of Australia|FCCA Award]]
| Best Supporting Actor – Male
| ''[[Dirty Deeds (2002 film)|Dirty Deeds]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2004
| AFI Award
| Best Actor in a Leading Role
| ''[[Somersault (film)|Somersault]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| FCCA Award
| Best Actor – Male
| ''Somersault''
| {{won}}<ref name="FCCA2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=9613&s=Features|title=Urban Cinefile FCCA AWARDS 2004 WINNERS|website=www.urbancinefile.com.au}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inside Film Awards|IF Award]]
| Best Actor
| ''Somersault''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie Fresh Face Male
| ''[[Terminator Salvation]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Australians in Film Breakthrough Award
|Australians in Film<ref>{{cite news|title=Australians in Film Breakthrough Awards |url=http://australiansinfilm.org/australians-in-film-breakthrough-awards.html |publisher=Australians in Film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703000026/http://australiansinfilm.org/australians-in-film-breakthrough-awards.html |archive-date=3 July 2012 }}</ref>
|''Avatar''
|
|-
| rowspan="11"| 2010
| [[Saturn Award]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Australian Film Institute International Award for Best Actor]]
| Best Actor
| ''Avatar''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Empire Award]]
| [[Empire Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''Avatar''
| {{won}}
|-
| Giffoni Award
|
|
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2010 Kids' Choice Awards|Kid's Choice Awards]]
| Cutest Couple (shared with [[Zoe Saldana]])
| ''Avatar''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[2010 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]] (shared with [[Stephen Lang (actor)|Stephen Lang]])
| ''Avatar''
| {{nominated}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] (shared with Zoe Saldana)
| ''Avatar''
| {{nominated}}
|-
| ShoWest Award
| Male Star of the Year
|
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[2010 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie: Fight (shared with Stephen Lang)
| ''Avatar''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor - Sci-Fi|Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi]]
| ''Avatar''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor - Fantasy|Choice Movie Actor: Fantasy]]
| ''Clash of the Titans''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|941777}}
*[http://www.artistdirect.com/entertainment-news/article/playlist-sam-worthington-of-i-clash-of-the-titans-i/6663523 ArtistDirect.com Video Interview – ''Clash Of the Titans'']

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Sam Worthington
|list =
{{AACTA Award Best Actor in a Leading Role}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Actor}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Worthington, Sam}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian male actors]]
[[Category:Australian Christians]]
[[Category:Australian male film actors]]
[[Category:Australian male television actors]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Best Actor AACTA Award winners]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Male actors from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Male actors from Surrey]]
[[Category:Male motion capture actors]]
[[Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Australia]]
[[Category:People educated at John Curtin College of the Arts]]
[[Category:People from Godalming]]

Stellantis

2021-01-24T18:39:25Z

Githek: /* Structure */

{{short description|multinational automotive company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Stellantis N.V.
| logo = Stellantis.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Naamloze vennootschap|N.V.]])
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
* {{Borsa Italiana|NL00150001Q9|STLA}}
* {{Euronext|STLA|NL00150001Q9|XPAR}}
* {{NYSE|STLA}}
* [[CAC 40|CAC 40 Component]]}}
| industry = {{unbulleted list |[[Automotive industry|Automotive]]|Production systems}}
| fate =
| predecessors = {{ubl|[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]]|[[Groupe PSA]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2021|01|16}}
| hq_location = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands<ref name="headquarters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/31/774994474/fiat-chrysler-and-peugeot-agree-on-merger-to-create-4th-largest-car-maker |title= Fiat-Chrysler & Peugeot Agree on Merger to Create 4th-Largest Carmaker|date= 2019-10-19| publisher =[[NPR]]|access-date=2020-07-17}}</ref>
| hq_location_city =
| hq_location_country =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* [[John Elkann]] ([[Chairperson|Chairman]])
* [[Carlos Tavares]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = [[Car|Automobiles]], [[commercial vehicle]]s, [[List of auto parts|auto parts]], production systems
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 400,000<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-18|title=Stellantis Surges in Trading Debut After Fiat-PSA Merger|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-18/stellantis-gains-in-first-day-of-trading-after-fiat-psa-merger|access-date=2021-01-19}}</ref>
| brands = {{flatlist|
* [[Abarth]]
* [[Alfa Romeo]]
* [[Chrysler]]
* [[Citroën]]
* [[Dodge]]
* [[DS Automobiles|DS]]
* [[Fiat]]
* [[Jeep]]
* [[Lancia]]
* [[Maserati]]
* [[Opel]]
* [[Peugeot]]
* [[Ram Trucks|Ram]]
* [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]}}
| divisions =
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* [[Mopar]]
* [[Comau]]
* [[:it:Plastic Components and Modules Automotive|PCMA]]
* [[VM Motori]]
* Free2Move
* Leasys}}
| owners = {{Unbulleted list| [[Exor (company)|Exor N.V.]] (14.40%) | Peugeot family (7.20%) | [[Bpifrance]] (5.40%) | [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] (4.91%)}}
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{URL|www.stellantis.com}}
}}

'''Stellantis N.V.''', commonly known as '''Stellantis''' ("of (he/it that) brightens with stars";<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=stellans, stellantis M - Latin is Simple Online Dictionary|url=https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/adjective/7954/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.latin-is-simple.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>"stellantis" is the genitive, singular form, male and neutral, of "stellans" - or, also, the present active participe of "stello", in that case still meaning "of (him/that who) brights with stars"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=stello, stellas, stellare A, -, stellatum - Latin is Simple Online Dictionary|url=https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/verb/6389/?h=stello|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.latin-is-simple.com|language=en}}</ref> from the [[Latin]] verb ''stello''),<ref name= Fox /><ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/merged-fiat-chrysler-psa-company-to-be-named-stellantis-11594837979 Fiat Chrysler to Be Renamed Stellantis After Merger With PSA], [[Wall Street Journal]], 15 July 2020</ref> is a Dutch-based multinational automotive manufacturing corporation headquartered in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. Resulting from the merger of French automaker [[Groupe PSA]] and Italian-American automaker [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] (following completion of a 50-50 [[Mergers and acquisitions|merger]] agreement),<ref name= Fox>[https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/fiat-chrysler-and-psa-group-rename-merged-automaker-stellantis Fiat Chrysler and PSA Group rename merged automaker ‘Stellantis’], [[Fox Business]], 16 July 2020</ref> the group includes 14 brands: [[Abarth]], [[Alfa Romeo]], [[Chrysler]], [[Citroën]], [[Dodge]], [[DS Automobiles|DS]], [[Fiat]], [[Jeep]], [[Lancia]], [[Maserati]], [[Opel]], [[Peugeot]], [[Ram Trucks|Ram]] and [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]. The name ''Stellantis'' is exclusively in use as a corporate brand, while its brands' names and logos remain unchanged.<ref name=Fox/>

The company has 400,000 employees, a presence in more than 130 countries with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Stellantis|url=https://www.stellantis.com/en/group/overview|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.stellantis.com}}</ref> The group plans to have 39 electrified vehicles available by the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stellantis: Building a world leader in sustainable mobility {{!}} Stellantis|url=https://www.stellantis.com/en/news/press-releases/2021/january/stellantis-building-a-world-leader-in-sustainable-mobility|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.stellantis.com}}</ref>

== History ==
In early 2019, FCA sought a merger with French group [[Renault]], and reached a provisional agreement with the company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Fiat Chrysler proposes 50-50 merger with Renault|work=TechCrunch|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/05/27/fiat-chrysler-proposes-50-50-merger-with-renault/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref> However, the French government did not support this agreement and the proposal was withdrawn.

Subsequently, FCA approached PSA. The merger, officially agreed in December 2019, created the world's fourth-largest carmaker by volume and result in an annual cost savings of about €3.7 billion, or $4.22 billion.<ref name=Fox/>

On 21 December 2020, the [[European Commission]] announced its approval of the merger, while imposing minimal remedies in order to ensure competition in the sector.<ref>{{Cite press release|date=2020-12-21|title=Mergers: Commission approves the merger of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. and Peugeot S.A., subject to conditions|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_2506|publisher=European Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The merger was confirmed on 4 January 2021, after a vote of shareholders from both companies and the deal completed on 16 January 2021. The combined company began trading its common shares on the [[Italian Bourse]] and [[Euronext Paris]] on 18 January 2021, while the listing on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] occurred on 19 January 2021, in each case under the ticker symbol "STLA".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Chrysler and Peugeot shareholders vote to merge, creating world's fourth-largest car maker|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/peugeot-shareholders-vote-merge-fiat-chrysler-creating-world-s-fourth-n1252712|access-date=2021-01-04|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stellantis merger to close on Jan. 16 after PSA, FCA shareholders approve|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/chrysler/2021/01/04/groupe-psa-fiat-chrysler-shareholders-vote-stellantis-merger/4102655001/|accessdate=2021-01-05|last=Noble|first=Breana|website=The Detroit News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The merger of FCA and Groupe PSA has been completed|url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/media_center/fca_press_release/FiatDocuments/2021/January/The_merger_of_FCA_and_Groupe_PSA_has_been_completed.pdf|access-date=2021-01-16|language=en}}</ref>

== Structure ==
As of 2021 the brand portfolio of Stellantis is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Brand
! Founded
! Brand CEO
!Positioning<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appointment of the Top Executive Team to steer Stellantis {{!}} Stellantis|url=https://www.stellantis.com/en/news/press-releases/2021/january/appointment-of-the-top-executive-team-to-steer-stellantis|access-date=2021-01-19|website=www.stellantis.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|United States}} [[Jeep]]|| align="center" | 1941 || Christian Meunier
|''Global SUV''
|-
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Chrysler]]|| align="center" | 1925 || Timothy Kuniskis
| rowspan="4" |''American brands''
|-
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Dodge]]|| align="center" | 1914 || Timothy Kuniskis
|-
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Ram Trucks|RAM]]|| align="center" | 2010{{#tag:ref|spun-off from Dodge brand|group=nb|name=RAM}}|| Michael Koval
|-
| {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Mopar]]|| align="center" | 1937 || Timothy Kuniskis
|-
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Fiat]]/[[Fiat Professional]]|| align="center" | 1899 || rowspan="2" | [[Olivier François]]
| rowspan="3" |''Core''
|-
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Abarth]]|| align="center" | 1949
|-
|{{Flagicon|France}} [[Citroën]]|| align="center" | 1919 || [[Vincent Cobée]]
|-
| {{Flagicon|France}} [[Peugeot]]|| align="center" | 1882 || [[Linda Jackson (businesswoman)|Linda Jackson]]
| rowspan="3" |''Upper mainstream''
|-
| {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Opel]] || align="center" | 1862 || rowspan="2" | Michael Lohscheller
|-
| {{Flagicon|England}} [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]|| align="center" | 1903 || rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Alfa Romeo]]|| align="center" | 1910 || Jean-Philippe Imparato
| rowspan="3" |''Premium''
|-
| {{Flagicon|France}} [[DS Automobiles]] || align="center" | 2014{{#tag:ref|spun-off from Citroën brand|group=nb|name=DS}} || Béatrice Foucher
|-
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Lancia]] || align="center" | 1906 || Luca Napolitano
|-
| {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Maserati]] || align="center" | 1914 || Davide Grasso
|''Luxury''
|}

== Ownership ==
Following the 50% FCA and 50% PSA merger, the owners are:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://live.euronext.com/en/product/equities/NL00150001Q9-XPAR/company-information |title=Stellantis Information on Euronext | publisher=[[Euronext]] |language=en |url-status=live |accessdate=23 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[Exor (company)|Exor N.V.]]: 14.40%
* Group-owned stock: 12.59%
* Peugeot family: 7.20%
* ''[[Caisse des dépôts et consignations]]'': 5.66%
* [[Bpifrance]]: 5.40%
* [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]]: 4.91%
* [[UBS Securities]]: 4.88%
* [[BlackRock]]: 3.77%

== References ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.stellantis.com}}
* [https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/media_center/fca_press_release/FiatDocuments/2020/july/Stellantis_The_name_of_new_group_resulting_from_the_merger_of_FCA_and_Groupe_PSA.pdf STELLANTIS: The name of the new group resulting from the merger of FCA and Groupe PSA], joint press release of FCA and PSA

{{Portal|Netherlands}}
{{Portal|Cars}}
{{Stellantis}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{EXOR}}
{{CAC 40 companies}}
{{Automotive industry in the Netherlands}}
{{Automotive industry in France}}
{{Automotive industry in Italy}}
{{Automotive industry in the United States}}
{{Automotive industry in Uruguay}}
}}

[[Category:Stellantis| ]]
[[Category:CAC 40]]
[[Category:Companies formed by merger]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Euronext Paris]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Holding companies of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Naamloze vennootschappen]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle engine manufacturers]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]

Kylie Minogue

2020-10-24T12:58:16Z

Githek: Category:People from Melbourne

{{about||her 1994 album|Kylie Minogue (album)|her 1997 album released in some markets with the title ''Kylie Minogue''|Impossible Princess}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{short description|Australian singer, recording artist, songwriter and actress}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kylie Minogue
| post-nominals = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|country=AUS|AO|OBE|commas=on}}
| image = Kylie Minogue 1 (4515615).jpg
| caption = Minogue performing on her [[Golden Tour]] in 2018
| birth_name = Kylie Ann Minogue
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| citizenship = {{hlist|Australian|British}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|actress|record producer|television judge}}
| net_worth = AU $109 million (2020 estimate)<ref name="fortune">{{cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/how-kylie-minogue-is-cashing-in-on-her-109-million-fortune/ORIP5LSKLSQE5UHAPNDR6RF5PM/|title=How Kylie Minogue is cashing in on her $109 million fortune|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=1 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008155221/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/how-kylie-minogue-is-cashing-in-on-her-109-million-fortune/ORIP5LSKLSQE5UHAPNDR6RF5PM/|archivedate=8 October 2020|url-status=live|first=Alison|last=Boshoff}}</ref>
| partner =
| relatives = [[Dannii Minogue]] (sister)
| years_active = 1979–present
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue|Full list]]
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[disco]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = {{hlist|[[Astralwerks]]|[[BMG Rights Management|BMG]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Deconstruction Records|Deconstruction]]|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]|[[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]]|[[Mushroom Records|Mushroom]]|[[Parlophone]]|[[Warner Records|Warner]]}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Steve Anderson (musician)|Steve Anderson]]|[[William Baker (fashion designer)|William Baker]]|[[Kylie and Garibay]]|[[Stock Aitken Waterman]]}}
}}
| signature = Kylie Minogue's signature.svg
| website = {{url|kylie.com}}
}}
'''Kylie Ann Minogue''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO|OBE|sep=,}} ({{IPAc-en|m|ᵻ|ˈ|n|oʊ|ɡ}}; born 28 May 1968), often [[Mononymous person|known simply]] by her first name, is an Australian singer, songwriter, actress, record producer and television judge. Having sold 70 million records worldwide, Minogue is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time and has been recognised for reinventing herself in music and fashion, for which she is referred to by the European press as the "[[Honorific nicknames in popular music|Princess of Pop]]" and a style icon. [[List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue|Her accolades]] include a [[Grammy Award]], three [[Brit Awards]] and 17 [[ARIA Music Awards]].

Born and raised in [[Melbourne]], she has worked and lived in England since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/04/23/kylie-minogue-australia-move-family_n_5197685.html|title=Kylie Minogue Moves Back To Australia To Be Closer To Her Family|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref> Minogue achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera ''[[Neighbours]]'', where she played tomboy mechanic [[Charlene Robinson]]. She came to prominence as a recording artist in the late 1980s and released four bubblegum and dance-pop-influenced studio albums produced by [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] and released by [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]]. By the time she released her fourth album in the early 1990s, she had amassed several top ten singles in the UK and Australia, including "[[I Should Be So Lucky]]", "[[The Loco-Motion]]", "[[Hand on Your Heart]]", "[[Better the Devil You Know]]" and "[[Step Back in Time]]". Minogue, however, felt alienated and dissatisfied with the little creative control she had over her music. In 1992, she left PWL and signed with [[Deconstruction Records]], where she released ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'' (1994) and ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' (1997), both of which received positive reviews from critics, with the latter being often described as her most personal and best work. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to [[Parlophone]] and released her disco-influenced seventh studio album ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'' (2000), which was preceded by lead single "[[Spinning Around]]". The follow-up, ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]'' (2001) became her best-selling album to date and was a breakthrough for Minogue in markets where she had little recognition previously. Its lead single, "[[Can't Get You Out of My Head]]" became one of the most successful singles of the 2000s, selling over five million units.

She continued reinventing her image and experimenting with a range of genres on her next albums, which produced successful singles such as "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]", "[[2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song)|2 Hearts]]" and "[[All the Lovers]]". Minogue made her film debut in ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]'' (1989) and portrayed [[Cammy]] in ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]'' (1994). She has also appeared in the films ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001), ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]'' and ''[[Holy Motors]]'' (2012). In 2014, she appeared as a judge on the third series of ''[[The Voice UK (series 3)|The Voice UK]]'' and ''[[The Voice (Australian TV series)|The Voice Australia]]''. Her other ventures include product endorsements, children's books and fashion.

Minogue was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in the [[2008 New Year Honours]] for services to Music.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=58557 |date=29 December 2007 |page=11 |supp=y}}</ref> She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier (knight) of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture. In 2005, while Minogue was on her [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]], she was diagnosed with breast cancer. After treatment, she resumed the tour under the title [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]], which critics viewed as a "triumph". Minogue was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Health Science]] (D.H.Sc.) degree by [[Anglia Ruskin University]] for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. On the 25th anniversary of the [[ARIA Music Awards]] in 2011, she was inducted by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] into the [[ARIA Hall of Fame]].

==Life and career==

===1968–1986: Early life and career beginnings===
Kylie Ann Minogue was born on 28 May 1968 in [[Melbourne]], Australia.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartley|1992|page=218}}</ref> Her father, Ronald Charles Minogue, is an accountant at a family-owned car company; her mother, Carol Minogue (''[[Birth name|née]]'' Ann Jones), is a former [[ballet dancer]].<ref name="Smith11-13">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=11, 13}}</ref><ref name="flyhigh">{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/flying-high-with-mum-in-the-wings-20061111-gdoszf.html|title=Flying high with mum in the wings|date=11 November 2006|accessdate=11 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008162652/https://www.smh.com.au/national/flying-high-with-mum-in-the-wings-20061111-gdoszf.html|archivedate=8 October 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|first=Andrew|last=Hornery}}</ref> Minogue is the eldest of three children: her younger brother, Brendan Minogue, is a news cameraman in Australia; her younger sister, [[Dannii Minogue]], is a singer and television host.<ref name="survivor">{{Cite news|title=Pop princess is a survivor|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=17 May 2005|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Pop-princess-is-a-survivor/2005/05/17/1116095959462.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519015414/http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Pop-princess-is-a-survivor/2005/05/17/1116095959462.html|archivedate=19 May 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> The family frequently moved around various suburbs in Melbourne to sustain their living expenses, which Minogue found unsettling as a child. She would often stay at home reading, sewing and learning to play violin and piano.<ref name="exclaim">{{cite web| url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/kylie_minogue_is_the_soccer_of_pop_artists_huge_worldwide_never_caught_on_in_north_america| date=5 June 2018| access-date=18 August 2019|title=Kylie Minogue Is the Soccer of Pop Artists: Huge Worldwide, Never Caught on in North America|work=[[Exclaim!]]| author=Gormely, Ian|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614222529/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/kylie_minogue_is_the_soccer_of_pop_artists_huge_worldwide_never_caught_on_in_north_america}}</ref> When they moved to [[Surrey Hills, Victoria]], Minogue went on to [[Camberwell High School]].<ref name="Goddessofthemoment">{{Cite news|last=Lister|first=David|title=Kylie Minogue: Goddess of the moment|work=The Independent|location=London|date=23 February 2002|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/kylie-minogue-goddess-of-the-moment-661725.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202225506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/kylie-minogue-goddess-of-the-moment-661725.html|archive-date=2 December 2009}}</ref> During her schooling years, Minogue found it difficult to make friends.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=21}}</ref> She got her [[Higher School Certificate (Victoria)|HSC]] (graduated high school) with subjects including Arts and Graphics and English.<ref name="pg36">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=36}}</ref> Minogue described herself as being of "average intelligence" and "quite modest" during her high school years.<ref name="pg36" /> Growing up, she and her sister Dannii took singing and dancing lessons.<ref name=exclaim/>

A ten-year-old Minogue accompanied Dannii to a hearing arranged by the sisters' aunt, Suzette, and, while producers found Dannii too young, [[Alan Hardy (producer)|Alan Hardy]] gave Kylie a minor role in [[soap opera]] ''[[The Sullivans]]'' (1979).<ref name=survivor/><ref name=exclaim/> She also appeared in another small role in ''[[Skyways (TV series)|Skyways]]'' (1980).<ref name=exclaim/> In 1985, she was cast in one of the lead roles in ''[[The Henderson Kids]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wearring|first=Miles|title=Kylie's life on screen|work=Herald Sun|date=28 May 2008|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23769961-10388,00.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528210458/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0%2C26278%2C23769961-10388%2C00.html|archivedate=28 May 2008}}</ref> Minogue took time off school to film ''The Henderson Kids'' and while Carol was not impressed, Minogue felt that she needed the independence to make it into the entertainment industry.<ref name="pg32">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=32}}</ref> During filming, co-star [[Nadine Garner]] labelled Minogue "fragile" after producers yelled at her for forgetting her lines; she would often cry on set.<ref name="pg32" /> Minogue was dropped from the second season of the show after producer Alan Hardy felt the need for her character to be "written off".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=34}}</ref> In retrospect, Hardy stated that removing her from the showing "turned out to be the best thing for her".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=37}}</ref> Interested in following a career in music, Minogue made a [[demo (music)|demo tape]] for the producers of weekly music programme ''[[Young Talent Time]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adams|first=Cameron|title=Kylie Minogue – 20 years on|work=Herald Sun|date=2 August 2007|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22171653-2902,00.html|accessdate=27 July 2009}}</ref> which featured Dannii as a regular performer.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=16}}</ref> Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast. Kylie was cast in the soap opera ''[[Neighbours]]'' in 1986,<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> as [[Charlene Robinson|Charlene Mitchell]], a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic. ''Neighbours'' achieved popularity in the UK, and a [[story arc]] that created a romance between [[Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell|her character]] and the character played by [[Jason Donovan]] culminated in a [[Episode 523 (Neighbours)|wedding episode]] in 1987 that attracted an audience of 20 million British viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981/?year=1988&view=top10|title=BARB Since 1981|publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]]|website=barb.co.uk|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312095633/http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981/?year=1988&view=top10|archivedate=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Simpson|first=Aislinn|title=Kylie Minogue celebrates 40th birthday|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=27 May 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/2036175/Kylie-Minogue-celebrates-40th-birthday.html|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> Minogue became the first person to win four [[Logie Award]]s in one year and was the youngest recipient of the "[[Gold Logie]]" as the country's "Most Popular Television Performer", with the result determined by public vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Logies|publisher=TelevisionAU|url=http://www.televisionau.com/logies.htm|website=televisionau.com|accessdate=26 January 2006}}</ref>

===1987–1989: ''Kylie'' and ''Enjoy Yourself''===
During a [[Fitzroy Football Club]] benefit concert with other ''Neighbours'' cast members, Minogue performed "[[I Got You Babe]]" as a duet with actor [[John Waters (actor)|John Waters]], and "The Loco-Motion" as an encore. She was subsequently signed to a recording contract with [[Mushroom Records]] in 1987.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=18}}</ref> Her first single, "[[The Locomotion (Kylie Minogue song)|The Locomotion]]", spent seven weeks at number one on the Australian singles charts and became the country's highest-selling single in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maley|first=Jacqueline|title=20 years at the top: she should be so lucky|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=5 August 2007|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/she-should-be-so-lucky/2007/08/04/1185648204390.html|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> She received the [[ARIA Award]] for the year's highest-selling single.<ref>{{cite web|title=1988: 2nd Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1988|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=5 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235720/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1988|archivedate=26 September 2007}}</ref> Its success resulted in Minogue travelling to England with Mushroom Records executive Gary Ashley to work with producers [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]]. They knew little of Minogue and had forgotten that she was arriving; as a result, they wrote "[[I Should Be So Lucky]]" while she waited outside the studio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transcript of television documentary ''Love Is in the Air'', episode title "I Should Be So Lucky"|publisher=ABC Television|date=2 November 2003|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/love/episodes/transcript4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526155734/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/love/episodes/transcript4.htm|archivedate=26 May 2012|accessdate=26 January 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Israel and Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=219}}</ref> Minogue won her second consecutive ARIA Award for the year's highest-selling single, and received a "Special Achievement Award".<ref>{{cite web|title=1989: 3rd Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1989|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref> Minogue's debut album, ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' was released in July 1988. The album is a collection of [[dance-pop|dance-oriented pop tunes]] and spent more than a year on the UK Albums Chart, including several weeks at number one.<ref name="Britishcharts">Brown, Kutner, Warwick, pp. 673–674</ref> It went gold in the United States, while the single "The Locomotion" reached number three on the U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] chart,<ref name="billboardhot100chart">{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue, Chart History, Hot 100|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=all}}|work=Billboard | accessdate =25 July 2009}}</ref> and number one on the [[RPM (magazine)|Canadian dance chart]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RPM 20 Dance Singles|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.8704&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.8704.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.8704|date=19 November 1988|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> The single "[[Got to Be Certain]]" became her third consecutive number one single on the Australian music charts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Got To Be Certain (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Got+To+Be+Certain&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Later in the year, she left ''Neighbours'' to focus on her music career. Minogue also collaborated with [[Jason Donovan]] for the song "[[Especially for You]]", which peaked at number-one in the United Kingdom and, in December 2014, sold its one millionth copy in the UK.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-and-jasons-especially-for-you-hits-one-million-uk-sales-kylie-im-thrilled-__7679/| date=12 December 2014| access-date=11 September 2019| title=Kylie and Jason's Especially For You hits one million UK sales. Kylie: "I'm thrilled!"|author=Myers, Justin|work=Official Charts Company}}</ref> Minogue was sometimes referred to as "the Singing [[Budgerigar|Budgie]]" by her detractors over the coming years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coorey|first=Madeleine|title=Kylie costumes thrill fans|work=The Standard|location=Hong Kong|date=3 March 2006|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=18&art_id=13262&sid=6891429&con_type=1&archive_d_str=20060303|accessdate=2 September 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002728/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=18&art_id=13262&sid=6891429&con_type=1&archive_d_str=20060303|archivedate=16 October 2015}}</ref> In a review of the album ''Kylie'' for [[AllMusic]], Chris True described the tunes as "standard, late-80s ... bubblegum", but added, "her cuteness makes these rather vapid tracks bearable".<ref name=kylie88/>

Minogue's second album, ''[[Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)|Enjoy Yourself]]'' was released in October 1989. It was a success in the United Kingdom, Europe, New Zealand, Asia and Australia and spawned the UK number one singles "[[Hand on Your Heart]]" and "[[Tears on My Pillow]]".<ref name="Britishcharts" /> However, it failed to sell well throughout North America and Minogue was dropped by her American record label [[Geffen Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76837/can-kylie-break-in-the-us|title=Can Kylie Break in the U.S.?|work=Billboard|date=11 February 2002}}</ref> She then embarked on her first concert tour, the [[Enjoy Yourself Tour]], in the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia and Australia in February 1990. She was also one of the featured vocalists on the remake of "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=220}}</ref> Minogue's debut film, ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]'' was released in December 1989. The movie received mixed reviews by critics but proved popular with audiences. In the UK it grossed more than [[pound sterling|£]]200,000,<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian films earning over £200,000 gross at the UK box office, 1979 – March 2006|publisher=[[Australian Film Commission]]|date=April 2006|url=http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/mrboxuk.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020428032247/http://www.afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxuk.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2002|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> and in Australia, it was the fourth-highest grossing local film of 1989 and the highest grossing local film of 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top five Australian feature films each year, and gross Australian box office earned that year, 1988–2005|publisher=[[Australian Film Commission]]|date=31 December 2005|url=http://www.afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxausttop5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329052944/http://afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxausttop5.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2002|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> From 1989 to 1991, Minogue dated [[INXS]] frontman [[Michael Hutchence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/762703/kylie-minogue-joshua-sasse-relationship-boyfriend-split-michael-hutchence-jason-donovan|title=Kylie Minogue relationships: A look back at Kylie's boyfriends after Joshua Sasse split|last=Smith|first=Reiss|date=3 February 2017|work=Daily Express|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

===1990–1992: ''Rhythm of Love'', ''Let's Get to It'' and ''Greatest Hits''===
Minogue's third album, ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'' was released in November 1990 and was described as "leaps and bounds more mature" than her previous albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-of-love-mw0000457557|website=AllMusic|title=Kylie Minogue – Rhythm of Love|first=Chris|last=True|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> Her relationship with [[Michael Hutchence]] was also seen as part of her departure from her earlier persona.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McLuckie|first=Kirsty|title=Dating Danger|work=The Scotsman|location=UK|date=23 January 2003|url=http://news.scotsman.com/kylieminogue/Call-it-chemistry-Kylie-Minogue.2293601.jp|accessdate=26 January 2006}}</ref> Its lead single, "[[Better the Devil You Know]]" peaked at number two in the UK and four in her native Australia.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> The making of the "Better the Devil You Know" video was the first time Minogue "felt part of the creative process". She said: "I wasn’t in charge but I had a voice. I’d bought some clothes on [[King's Road]] for the video. I saw a new way to express my point of view creatively."<ref name=pjoye/> ''Rhythm of Love'''s second and fourth single, "[[Step Back in Time]]" and "[[Shocked (song)|Shocked]]" were both a top ten hit in the UK and Australia.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> She then embarked on the [[Rhythm of Love Tour]] in February 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kylieminogue.150m.com/live.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504161515/http://kylieminogue.150m.com/live.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2010 |title=Rhythm of Love Tour 1991|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

Minogue's fourth album, ''[[Let's Get to It]]'' was released in October 1991 and reached number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. It was her first album to fail to reach the top ten.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> While the first single from the album, "[[Word Is Out (song)|Word Is Out]]", became her first single to miss the top ten of the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> subsequent singles "[[If You Were with Me Now]]" and "[[Give Me Just a Little More Time]]" both reached the top five.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> In support of the album, she embarked on the [[Let's Get to It Tour]] in October. She later expressed her opinion that she was stifled by Stock, Aitken and Waterman, saying, "I was very much a puppet in the beginning. I was blinkered by my record company. I was unable to look left or right."<ref name="Shuker164">Shuker, p. 164</ref> Her first ''[[Greatest Hits (Kylie Minogue album)|Greatest Hits]]'' album was released in August 1992. It reached number one in the United Kingdom<ref name="Britishcharts" /> and number three in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Greatest Hits (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Greatest+Hits&cat=a|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The singles from the album, "[[What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)|What Kind of Fool]]" and her cover version of [[Kool & the Gang]]'s "[[Celebration (Kool & the Gang song)|Celebration]]" both reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="Britishcharts" />

===1993–1998: ''Kylie Minogue'' and ''Impossible Princess''===
Minogue's signing with [[Deconstruction Records]] in 1993 marked a new phase in her career. Her fifth album, ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'', was released in September 1994 and was a departure from her previous efforts as it "no longer featured the Stock-Aitken-Waterman production gloss", with critics praising Minogue's vocals and the album production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/thesound/a222204/kylie-revisited-5-kylie-minogue.html |title=Kylie: Revisited #5: 'Kylie Minogue' |publisher=Digital Spy|date=29 May 2010 |accessdate=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144735/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/thesound/a222204/kylie-revisited-5-kylie-minogue.html|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=True |first=Chris |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/kylie-minogue-r220635 |title=Kylie Minogue – Kylie Minogue |website=AllMusic |accessdate=11 January 2012}}</ref> It was produced by dance music producers the [[Brothers In Rhythm]], namely [[Dave Seaman]] and [[Steve Anderson (musician)|Steve Anderson]], who had previously produced "[[Finer Feelings]]", her last single with [[PWL]]. As of 2015, Anderson continued to be Minogue's [[musical director]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://steveandersonproductions.com/biography/|publisher=Steve Anderson Productions|title=Steve Anderson – Biography|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> The lead single, "[[Confide in Me]]", spent four weeks at number one on the Australian singles chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Confide In Me (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Confide+In+Me&cat=s|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The next two singles from the album, "[[Put Yourself in My Place (Kylie Minogue song)|Put Yourself in My Place]]" and "[[Where Is the Feeling?]]", reached the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> while the album peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> eventually selling 250,000 copies.<ref>Sutherland and Ellis, p. 51</ref>

During this period, Minogue made a guest appearance as herself in an episode of the comedy ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]''. Director [[Steven E. de Souza]] saw Minogue's cover photo in Australia's ''[[Who (magazine)|Who Magazine]]'' as one of "The 30 Most Beautiful People in the World" and offered her a role opposite [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] in the film ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]''.<ref name="Smith152">{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=152}}</ref> The film was a moderate success, earning US$70 million in the US,<ref name="Smith152" /> but received poor reviews, with ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'}}s Richard Harrington calling Minogue "the worst actress in the English-speaking world".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/streetfighterpg13harrington_a0ad15.htm|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Street Fighter|date=24 December 1994|first=Richard|last=Harrington|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> She had a minor role in the 1996 film ''[[Bio-Dome]]'' starring [[Pauly Shore]] and [[Stephen Baldwin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/biodomepg13hinson_c0422f.htm|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Bio Dome|date=12 January 1996|first=Hal|last=Hinson|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> She also appeared in the 1995 short film ''[[Hayride to Hell]]'' and in the 1997 film ''Diana & Me''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema|first1=Errol|last1=Vieth|first2=Albert|last2=Moran|page=198|date=2005}}</ref> In 1995, Minogue collaborated with Australian artist [[Nick Cave]] for the song "[[Where the Wild Roses Grow]]". Cave had been interested in working with Minogue since hearing "Better the Devil You Know", saying it contained "one of pop music's most violent and distressing lyrics".<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 99</ref> The music video for their song was inspired by [[John Everett Millais]]'s painting ''[[Ophelia (painting)|Ophelia]]'' (1851–1852), and showed Minogue as the murdered woman, floating in a pond as a serpent swam over her body. The single received widespread attention in Europe, where it reached the top 10 in several countries, and reached number two in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue: Where The Wild Roses Grow (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Nick+Cave+%26+The+Bad+Seeds+%2B+Kylie+Minogue&titel=Where+The+Wild+Roses+Grow&cat=s|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The song won [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA Awards]] for "Song of the Year" and "Best Pop Release".<ref>{{cite web|title=1996: 10th Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1996|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=6 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235646/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1995|archivedate=26 September 2007}}</ref> Following concert appearances with Cave, Minogue recited the lyrics to "I Should Be So Lucky" as poetry in London's [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref name="lalala112">Baker and Minogue, p. 112</ref>

By 1997, Minogue was in a relationship with French photographer [[Stéphane Sednaoui]], who encouraged her to develop her creativity.<ref>Baker and Minogue, pp. 107–112</ref> Inspired by a mutual appreciation of Japanese culture, they created a visual combination of "[[geisha]] and [[manga]] superheroine" for the photographs taken for Minogue's sixth album ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' and the video for "[[German Bold Italic]]", Minogue's collaboration with [[Towa Tei]].<ref>Baker and Minogue, pp. 108–109</ref> She drew inspiration from the music of artists such as [[Shirley Manson]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]], [[Björk]], [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] and [[U2]], and Japanese pop musicians such as [[Pizzicato Five]] and Towa Tei.<ref name=iprincess>Baker and Minogue, p. 108</ref> The album featured collaborations with musicians including [[James Dean Bradfield]] and [[Sean Moore (musician)|Sean Moore]] of the [[Manic Street Preachers]]. ''Impossible Princess'' garnered some negative reviews upon its release in 1997,<ref name="slant"/> but would be praised as Minogue's most personal and best work in retrospective reviews. In 2003, ''Slant Magazine'''s Sal Cinquemani called it a "deeply personal effort" and "Minogue’s best album to date",<ref name="slant"/> while Evan Sawdey, from ''[[PopMatters]]'', described ''Impossible Princess'' as "one of the most crazed, damn-near perfect dance-pop albums ever created" in a 2008 review.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Sawdey, Evan|url=https://www.popmatters.com/review/kylie-minogue-x/|title=Kylie Minogue: X|magazine=[[PopMatters]]|date=31 March 2008|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Mostly a dance album, Minogue countered suggestions that she was trying to become an [[independent music|indie artist]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Petridis|first=Alex|title=Kylie Chameleon|work=Mixmag (UK)|date=October 1997|url=http://www.kylie.co.uk/press/00000002.shtml|accessdate=20 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003157/http://www.kylie.co.uk/press/00000002.shtml|archivedate=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Acknowledging that she had attempted to escape the perceptions of her that had developed during her early career, Minogue commented that she was ready to "forget the painful criticism" and "accept the past, embrace it, use it".<ref name="lalala112" /> The music video for "[[Did It Again (Kylie Minogue song)|Did It Again]]" paid homage to her earlier incarnations.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 113</ref> Retitled ''Kylie Minogue'' in the UK following the death of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], it became the lowest-selling album of her career. At the end of the year, a campaign by ''[[Virgin Radio]]'' stated, "We've done something to improve Kylie's records: we've banned them."<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> In Australia, the album was a success and spent 35 weeks on the album chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – Impossible Princess (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Impossible+Princess&cat=a|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> Minogue's [[Intimate and Live (concert tour)|Intimate and Live]] tour in 1998 was extended due to demand.<ref name="lalala125">Baker and Minogue, p. 125</ref> She gave several live performances in Australia, including the 1998 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]],<ref name="lalala125" /> and the opening ceremonies of Melbourne's [[Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex|Crown Casino]],<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 129</ref> and Sydney's [[20th Century Fox|Fox Studios]] in 1999 (where she performed [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]")<ref name="sydneycity">{{cite web|title=Kylie: Top 10 Live Performances|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/music/1137592126005/Kylie:+Top+10+Live+Performances |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717204214/http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/music/1137592126005/Kylie:+Top+10+Live+Performances |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> as well as a Christmas concert in [[Dili]], East Timor, in association with the [[United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces]].<ref name="sydneycity" /> She played a small role in the Australian-made [[Molly Ringwald]] 2000 film ''[[Cut (2000 film)|Cut]]''.

===1999–2003: ''Light Years'', ''Fever'' and ''Body Language''===
[[File:201000 - Opening Ceremony Kylie Minogue performs 2 - 3b - 2000 Sydney opening ceremony photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Minogue performing "[[Waltzing Matilda]]" at the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney Summer Paralympics]]]]

In 1999, Minogue performed a duet with the [[Pet Shop Boys]]' on their ''[[Nightlife (Pet Shop Boys album)|Nightlife]]'' album and spent several months in [[Barbados]] performing in Shakespeare's ''[[The Tempest]]''.<ref name="lalala146">{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|p=146}}</ref> She then appeared in the film ''[[Sample People]]'' and recorded a cover version of [[Russell Morris]]'s "The Real Thing" for the soundtrack.<ref name="lalala146" /> She signed with [[Parlophone]] in April, who wanted to re-establish Minogue as a pop artist.<ref>{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Miles_Leonard_Int.html|title=Interview with Miles Leonard, A&R for Gorillaz, Kylie Minogue, Coldplay|date=21 February 2002|accessdate=4 June 2002|publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|first=Kimbel|last=Bouwman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402144815/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Miles_Leonard_Int.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=dead|location=EMI/Parlophone UK}}</ref> Her seventh studio album, ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'', was released on 25 September 2000.<ref name=lightall>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/light-years-mw0000464935|title=Light Years – Kylie Minogue|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=4 June 2019|first=Chris|last=True|archivedate=20 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213742/https://www.allmusic.com/album/light-years-mw0000464935|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' magazine called it a "fun, perfectly-formed" record, which saw Minogue "dropping her considerable concern for cool and bouncing back to her [[disco|disco-pop]] roots".<ref name="nme">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/kylie-minogue/2942 |title=Light Years |work=[[NME]] |date=25 September 2000 |accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219144128/https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/reviews-nme-2942|archivedate=19 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a commercial success, becoming Minogue's first number-one album in her native Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2458645.stm|title=Kylie's sweet run of success|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 November 2002|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619215607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2458645.stm|archivedate=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Australiachartscom">{{cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317180124/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archivedate=17 March 2017|title=Kylie Minogue|publisher=Australiancharts.com. Hung Medien|accessdate=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The lead single, "[[Spinning Around]]", debuted atop the [[UK Singles Chart]] in July, making her only the second artist to have a number-one single in three consecutive decades (after [[Madonna]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20000625/7501/|title= Official Singles Chart Top 100|date= 1 July 2000|accessdate= 1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060416/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20000625/7501/|archivedate=27 February 2019|url-status=live|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spinning Around|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/spinning-around/|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=9 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213150337/http://stage.kylie.com/discography/singles/spinning-around/|archivedate=13 February 2014}}</ref> Its accompanying video featured Minogue in revealing gold [[hotpants]], which came to be regarded as a "trademark".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|pp=189–192}}</ref> Three other singles—"[[On a Night Like This]]", "[[Kids (Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue song)|Kids]]" (with [[Robbie Williams]]), and "[[Please Stay (Kylie Minogue song)|Please Stay]]"—peaked in the top ten in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Britishcharts" /><ref name="occkylie"/>

An elaborate [[art book]] titled ''Kylie'', featuring contributions by Minogue and creative director [[William Baker (fashion designer)|William Baker]], was published by Booth-Clibborn in March 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apmmedia.co.uk/portfolio/157/|title=Kylie Minogue: 'Kylie'|date=1 September 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017|publisher=APM Media|first1=Alex|last1=Mullen|first2=Nathan|last2=Smith|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605050241/http://www.apmmedia.co.uk/portfolio/157/|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kylie: Kylie Minogue|isbn=1861541376|location=United States|publisher=Booth-Clibborn}}</ref> At the time, she began a romantic relationship with model James Gooding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-boy-cant-help-it-7290293.html|title=The boy can't help it...|work=[[Evening Standard]]|first=Melanie|last=Rickey|date=30 May 2003|accessdate=30 May 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605101825/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-boy-cant-help-it-7290293.html|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Minogue performed at both the closing ceremonies of [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]] and in the opening ceremony of [[2000 Summer Paralympics|the Paralympics]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/news/2000/1018/152095-paralympics/|title=Paralympics: Sydney celebrates once more|journal=[[RTÉ.ie]]|publication-date=14 June 2007|date=18 October 2000|accessdate=14 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927190426/https://www.rte.ie/sport/news/2000/1018/152095-paralympics/|archivedate=27 September 2012|url-status=live|first1=Amanda|last1=Fennelly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/951094.stm|title=Sydney says goodbye|publication-date=1 October 2000|date=29 October 2000|accessdate=27 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402142327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/951094.stm|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance of [[ABBA]]'s "[[Dancing Queen]]" was chosen as one of the most memorable Olympic closing ceremony moments by Kate Samuelson of ''[[TNT (magazine)|TNT]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntmagazine.com/news/olympics-and-paralympics/the-best-olympic-closing-ceremony-moments-in-history|title=The best Olympic closing ceremony moments in history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017160537/http://www.tntmagazine.com/news/olympics-and-paralympics/the-best-olympic-closing-ceremony-moments-in-history|archivedate=17 October 2016|url-status=live|work=[[TNT (magazine)|TNT]]|date=2 August 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|first=Kate|last=Samuelson}}</ref> The following year, she embarked on the [[On a Night Like This (concert tour)|On a Night Like This Tour]], which was inspired by the style of Broadway shows and the musicals of the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|pages=164–165}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/on_a_night_2001.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213233116/http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/on_a_night_2001.htm|archivedate=13 February 2008|url-status=dead|title=On a Night Like This 2001 Tour|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> She also made a brief cameo as The Green Fairy in [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/moulin-rouge-secrets-behind-scenes/|title=15 Secrets Behind The Making of Moulin Rouge|date=17 April 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017|work=[[Screen Rant]]|first1=Ref|last1=Abreu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202221756/https://screenrant.com/moulin-rouge-secrets-behind-scenes/|archivedate=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which earned her an [[MTV Movie Award for Best Cameo|MTV Movie Award]] nomination [[2002 MTV Movie Awards|in 2002]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-122900934.html|title=Kylie Minogue's 'greatest' movie hits|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]] (Yahoo! Inc.)|location=UK & Ireland|date=28 September 2012|accessdate=8 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002025231/https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-122900934.html|archivedate=2 October 2012|url-status=dead|first=Ryan|last=Leston }}</ref> "Spinning Around" and ''Light Years'' consecutively won the [[ARIA Award for Best Pop Release]] in [[ARIA Music Awards of 2000|2000]] and [[ARIA Music Awards of 2001|2001]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners by Year – 2000 ARIA Music Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2000|publisher=[[ARIA Music Awards]]|accessdate=27 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109051644/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2000|archivedate=9 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners by Year – 2001 ARIA Music Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2001|publisher=[[ARIA Music Awards]]|accessdate=27 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211125511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2001|archivedate=11 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kylie-Hammersmith-Apollo-Croped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Minogue performing "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]" during the [[Money Can't Buy]] concert show in 2003.]]
In September 2001, Minogue released "[[Can't Get You Out of My Head]]", the lead single from her eighth studio album, ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stage.kylie.com/news/2011/09/ten-years-ago-on-8th-september-2001/|title=Ten Years Ago On 8th September 2001...|date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Kylie.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531010653/http://www.kylie.com/news/2011/09/ten-years-ago-on-8th-september-2001/ |archive-date=31 May 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> It reached number one in over 40 countries and [[List of best-selling singles|sold 5 million copies]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/yradish/biggest-selling-singles-since-the-year-2000.html|title=Biggest Selling Singles Since The Year 2000|author=Robert of the Radish|date=1 September 2009|accessdate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010258/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/yradish/biggest-selling-singles-since-the-year-2000.html|archivedate=2 May 2014|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Yahoo! Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Best Tracks of the 00s – No. 74 Kylie Minogue – 'Can't Get You Out of My Head|url=https://www.nme.com/list/100-best-tracks-of-the-00s/269740/article/269931|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=22 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614053028/http://www.nme.com/list/100-best-tracks-of-the-00s/269740/article/269931|archivedate=14 June 2013|date=29 May 2012}}</ref> becoming Minogue's most successful single to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can't Get You Out of My Head|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327200226/http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|archivedate=27 March 2012}}</ref> The accompanying music video featured the singer sporting an infamous hooded white [[jumpsuit]] with deep plunging neckline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/fashion/kylie-minogue-pop-star-fashion-darling-who.html|title=Kylie Minogue: Pop Star, Fashion Darling ... Who?|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 June 2013|accessdate=13 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408164755/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/fashion/kylie-minogue-pop-star-fashion-darling-who.html|archivedate=8 April 2018|url-status=live|first=Bee|last=Sharpio}}</ref> The remaining singles—"[[In Your Eyes (Kylie Minogue song)|In Your Eyes]]", "[[Love at First Sight (Kylie Minogue song)|Love at First Sight]]" and "[[Come into My World]]"—all peaked in the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Australiachartscom"/><ref name="occkylie">{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/43484/kylie-minogue/|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=11 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415232402/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/43484/kylie-minogue/|archivedate=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Released on 1 October, ''Fever'' topped the charts in Australia,<ref name="Australiachartscom"/> Austria,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120002111/https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archivedate=20 November 2017|title=Kylie Minogue|publisher=Austriancharts.com. Hung Medien|accessdate=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3829|title=Fever – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|accessdate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215740/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3829|archivedate=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2001&year=2001&week=41|title=GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 41, 2001|publisher=[[GfK Chart-Track]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812115254/https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2001&year=2001&week=41|archivedate=12 August 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> and the United Kingdom,<ref name="occkylie"/> eventually achieving worldwide sales in excess of six million.<ref name="grooveback">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/29/1075340776864.html|title=Can Kylie get her groove back|work=[[The Age]]|date=31 January 2004|accessdate=25 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202651/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/can-kylie-get-her-groove-back-20040131-gdx7jf.html|archivedate=8 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dominique Leone]] from ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' praised its simple and "comfortable" composition, terming it a "mature sound from a mature artist, and one that may very well re-establish Minogue for the [[VH1]] generation".<ref>{{cite web|last=Leone|first=Dominique|authorlink=Dominique Leone|title=Kylie Minogue: Fever|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5313-fever/|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=21 March 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318132507/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5313-fever/|archivedate=18 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
The warm reception towards the album led to its release in the United States in February 2002 by [[Capitol Records]],<ref name="second coming">{{Cite news|title=Kylie's second coming|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 February 2004|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215244.html?from=storyrhs|accessdate=24 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181914/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/kylies-second-coming-20040214-gdicod.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/77291/kylies-fever-to-heat-us-in-feb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628072019/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/77291/kylies-fever-to-heat-us-in-feb|title=Kylie's 'Fever' To Heat U.S. In Feb.|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2 January 2002|accessdate=2 January 2012|archivedate=28 June 2015}}</ref> Minogue's first in 13 years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Fever' Turns 10: Backtracking|url=http://idolator.com/6193061/kylie-minogue-fever-10-year-anniversary-backtracking|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|accessdate=31 July 2013|date=27 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213750/http://www.idolator.com/6193061/kylie-minogue-fever-10-year-anniversary-backtracking|archivedate=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It debuted on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] at number three, her highest-charting album in the region,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dansby|first1=Andrew|title=Morissette Claims Number One|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/morissette-claims-number-one-20020306|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=29 July 2014|date=6 March 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213745/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/morissette-claims-number-one-196989/|archivedate=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – ''Billboard'' 200 Chart History|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Billboard 200}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref> while peaking at number 10 on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]].<ref name=canadianalbumchart>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – Canadian Albums Chart History|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Canadian Albums}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref>

To support the album, Minogue headlined her [[KylieFever2002]] tour in Europe and Australia, which ran from April to August 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/fever_2002.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004194335/http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/fever_2002.htm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=4 October 2008|title=KylieFever2002 Tour|publisher=Kylie.com}}</ref> She performed several songs from the setlist in a series of [[KIIS-FM Jingle Ball|Jingle Ball concert]]s in the United States in 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|date=1 February 2003|title=Miami: Kylie Kind of Town|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=115|issue=5 |page=78|location=New York City|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|issn=0006-2510|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=15 September 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/arts/pop-review-the-hit-parade-marches-toward-a-kind-of-reality.html |title=Pop Review; The Hit Parade Marches Toward a Kind of Reality |last=Pareles|first=Jon |date=17 December 2002 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=7 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402163039/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/arts/pop-review-the-hit-parade-marches-toward-a-kind-of-reality.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Despite broken foot, Timberlake danced in annual Jingle Ball concert |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NTlHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3607,2768252 |newspaper=The Daily Reporter|location = New York|date=17 December 2002|page=9 |accessdate=7 March 2011|via=[[Google Books]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> In May 2002, Minogue and Gooding announced the end of their relationship after two and a half years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2240b949715602a775765190eddadd75|title=Kylie Minogue, Boyfriend Split|date=3 May 2003|accessdate=3 May 2003|type=Press release|location=London|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605121101/https://apnews.com/2240b949715602a775765190eddadd75|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/music/2002/05/03/kyliesplit/|title=Kylie Minogue Splits from Boyfriend James Gooding|date=3 May 2003|accessdate=3 May 2003|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605121458/https://www.hellomagazine.com/music/2002/05/03/kyliesplit/|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live|work=[[OK!]]}}</ref> She received four accolades at the [[ARIA Music Awards of 2002]], including Highest Selling Single and [[ARIA Award for Single of the Year|Single of the Year]] for "Can't Get You Out of My Head".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmierczak|first=Anita|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2331249.stm|title=Kylie sweeps Aussie music awards|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 October 2002|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220055126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2331249.stm|archivedate=20 February 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2002 Brit Awards|That same year]], she won her first [[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist]] and [[Brit Award for International Album|Best International Album]] for ''Fever''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brit Awards 2002: The winners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832486.stm|accessdate=27 November 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 February 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327031733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832486.stm|archivedate=27 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[45th Annual Grammy Awards|In 2003]], she received her first [[Grammy Award|Grammy nomination]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]] for "Love at First Sight",<ref name="KylieSparro">{{Cite news|title=Kylie, Sparro nominated for Grammys|work=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24753660-12377,00.html|date=4 December 2008|accessdate=1 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140809/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24753660-12377,00.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> before winning the award for "Come into My World" [[46th Annual Grammy Awards|the following year]], marking the first time an Australian music artist had won in a major category since [[Men at Work]] [[25th Annual Grammy Awards|in 1983]].<ref name=come1>{{cite web|last=Jinman|first=Richard|title=A Grammy comes into Kylie's world|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/09/1076175107061.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=4 August 2013|date=10 February 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043644/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/a-grammy-comes-into-kylies-world-20040210-gdibry.html|archivedate=13 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2003, Minogue released her ninth studio album ''[[Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)|Body Language]]'' following an invitation-only concert, titled ''[[Money Can't Buy]]'', at the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] in London. The album downplayed the disco style and was inspired by 1980s artists such as [[Scritti Politti]], [[The Human League]], [[Adam and the Ants]] and [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], blending their styles with elements of [[hip hop music|hip hop]].<ref name="ThinWhiteDame">{{cite web|last=Ives|first=Brian|author2=Bottomley, C.|title=Kylie Minogue: Disco's Thin White Dame|publisher=VH1|date=24 February 2004|url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1485255/02232004/minogue_kylie.jhtml|accessdate=21 January 2007|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040415162219/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1485255/02232004/minogue_kylie.jhtml|archivedate=15 April 2004}}</ref> The sales of the album were lower than anticipated after the success of ''Fever'',<ref name="grooveback" /><ref name="secondcoming">{{Cite news|title=Kylie's second coming|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=14 February 2004|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215244.html?from=storyrhs|accessdate=24 March 2008}}</ref> though the first single, "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]", was a number-one hit in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Slow (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Slow&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Two more singles from the album were released: "[[Red Blooded Woman]]" and "[[Chocolate (Kylie Minogue song)|Chocolate]]". In the US, "Slow" reached number-one on the club chart<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue, Chart History, Dance/Club Play Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Dance/Club Play Songs}}|work=Billboard | accessdate =25 July 2009}}</ref> and received a Grammy Award nomination in the Best Dance Recording category.<ref name="KylieSparro" /> ''Body Language'' achieved first week sales of 43,000 and declined significantly in the second week.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie vs America|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,600241_3,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=19 March 2004|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref>

===2004–2009: ''Ultimate Kylie'', ''Showgirl'' and ''X''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue live in Paris - The Beginning - April 20th 2005 (202133436).jpg|thumb|200px|Minogue performing during [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]] in 2005]]
In November 2004, Minogue released her second official greatest hits album entitled ''[[Ultimate Kylie]]''. The album yielded two singles: "[[I Believe in You (Kylie Minogue song)|I Believe in You]]" and "[[Giving You Up]]". "I Believe in You" was later nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of "Best Dance Recording".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/Annual_Show/48_nominees.aspx|title=48th Annual Grammy Awards Nominee List|accessdate=27 August 2013|publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126205314/http://www.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/Annual_Show/48_nominees.aspx|archivedate=26 January 2006}}</ref> In March 2005, Minogue commenced her [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]]. After performing in Europe, she travelled to Melbourne, where she was diagnosed with breast cancer, forcing her to cancel the tour.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie Minogue Has Breast Cancer|publisher=CBS News|date=17 May 2005|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/17/entertainment/main695716.shtml|accessdate=24 March 2008}}</ref> She underwent surgery in May 2005 and commenced chemotherapy treatment soon after.<ref name="CNNtreatment" /> It was announced in January 2006 that she had finished chemotherapy and the disease "had no recurrence" after the surgery.<ref name=chemo/> She would continue her treatment for the next months.<ref name=people1/> In December 2005, Minogue released a digital-only single, "[[Over the Rainbow (Kylie Minogue single)|Over the Rainbow]]", a live recording from her Showgirl tour. Her children's book, ''[[The Showgirl Princess]]'', written during her period of convalescence, was published in October 2006, and her perfume, "Darling", was launched in November.<ref name="popsdarling">{{Cite news|last=Moses|first=Alexa|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/people/pops-darling-is-one-busy-showgirl/2006/11/08/1162661757617.html|title=Pop's darling is one busy showgirl|date=9 November 2006|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> The range was later augmented by eau de toilettes including Pink Sparkle, Couture and Inverse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue Fragrance range|publisher=Fragrance Direct|date=28 February 2011|url=http://www.fragrancedirect.co.uk/k/kylie-minogue/icat/kylieminogue/|accessdate=28 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221035939/http://www.fragrancedirect.co.uk/k/kylie-minogue/icat/kylieminogue|archivedate=21 February 2011}}</ref>

Minogue resumed her then cancelled tour in November 2006, under the title [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]]. Her dance routines had been reworked to accommodate her medical condition, with slower costume changes and longer breaks introduced between sections of the show to conserve her strength.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two UK gigs as Kylie resumes tour|work=BBC News|date=17 July 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5188896.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> The media reported that Minogue performed energetically, with the ''Sydney Morning Herald'' describing the show as an "extravaganza" and "nothing less than a triumph".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Christine|last=Sams|title=Feathered Kylie's fans tickled pink|date=12 November 2006|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/feathered-kylies-fans-tickled-pink/2006/11/11/1162661950112.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=4 December 2006}}</ref> She voiced Florence in the animated film ''[[The Magic Roundabout (film)|The Magic Roundabout]]'', based on [[The Magic Roundabout|the television series of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2314687.stm|title=Robbie, Kylie spin Magic Roundabout|work=[[BBC News]]|date=10 October 2002|accessdate=10 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2314687.stm|archivedate=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She finished her voice role back in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/10/broadcasting.filmnews|title=Robbie and Kylie climb aboard a rehashed Magic Roundabout|first=Sarah|last=Hall|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 October 2002|accessdate=10 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909223245/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/10/broadcasting.filmnews|archivedate=9 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> before it was released in 2005 in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Halligan|first=Fionnuala|title=The Magic Roundabout (La Manege Enchante)|work=[[Screen Daily]]|date=27 January 2005|url=http://www.screendaily.com/the-magic-roundabout-la-manege-enchante/4021721.article|accessdate=1 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092258/https://www.screendaily.com/the-magic-roundabout-la-manege-enchante/4021721.article|archivedate=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, she reprised the role and recorded the theme song for the American edition, re-titled as ''Doogal'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/animationworld/doogal-magic-roundabout-takes-its-spin-us|title='Doogal': 'The Magic Roundabout' Takes Its Spin in the U.S.|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|first=Joe|last=Strike|date=24 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003020239/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/doogal-magic-roundabout-takes-its-spin-us|archivedate=3 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/doogal-mw0000408535|title=Doogal – Original Soundtrack|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830002358/http://www.allmusic.com/album/doogal-mw0000408535|archivedate=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which grossed $26,691,243 worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=doogal.htm|title=Doogal (2006)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=10 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529040246/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=doogal.htm|archivedate=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2007, Minogue released her tenth and much-discussed "comeback" album, ''[[X (Kylie Minogue album)|X]]''.<ref name="heraldsunjan08">{{Cite news|first=Cameron|last=Adams|title=Kylie Minogue talks about leaks, love and moving on|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/kylie-minogue-talks-about-leaks-love-and-moving-on/story-e6frf96f-1111115331870|work=Herald Sun|publisher=News|date=17 January 2008|accessdate=15 April 2008}}</ref> The [[electro (music)|electro]]-styled album included contributions from [[Guy Chambers]], [[Cathy Dennis]], [[Bloodshy & Avant]] and [[Calvin Harris]].<ref name="heraldsunjan08" /> The album received some criticism for the triviality of its subject matter in light of Minogue's experiences with breast cancer.<ref name=xall/> ''X'' and its lead single, "[[2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song)|2 Hearts]]", entered at number one on the Australian albums and singles charts, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: X (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=X&cat=a|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: 2 Hearts (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=2+Hearts&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ''X'' initially attracted lukewarm sales,<ref name="heraldsunjan08" /> although its commercial performance eventually improved.<ref name="thetimeskyliex2008">{{Cite news|last=Sinclair|first=David|title=Kylie Minogue at the O2 Arena, London|work=The Times|location=UK|date=28 July 2008|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/live_reviews/article4413509.ece|accessdate=1 August 2008}}</ref> Follow-up singles from the album, "[[In My Arms (Kylie Minogue song)|In My Arms]]" and "[[Wow (Kylie Minogue song)|Wow]]", both peaked inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. In the US, the album was nominated at the [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|2009 Grammy Awards]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album|Best Electronic/Dance Album]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Cameron|last=Adams|title=The 51st Grammy Awards Winners List|url=http://content.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/51st_show/list.aspx#02|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805193328/http://content.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx |archivedate=5 August 2009}}</ref>

Minogue began a relationship with French actor [[Olivier Martinez]] after meeting him at the 2003 Grammy Awards ceremony. They ended their relationship in February 2007, but remained on friendly terms. Minogue was reported to have been "saddened by false [media] accusations of [Martinez's] disloyalty". She defended Martinez, and acknowledged the support he had given during her treatment for breast cancer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue & Olivier Martinez Split|work=People|date=3 February 2007|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20010855,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2009}}</ref> As part of the promotion of her album, Minogue was featured in ''[[White Diamond: A Personal Portrait of Kylie Minogue|White Diamond]]'', a documentary filmed during 2006 and 2007 as she resumed her Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7048346.stm|title=Kylie thanks fans at film launch|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> She also appeared in ''[[The Kylie Show]]'', which featured her performances as well as comedy sketches.<ref>{{harvnb|page=192|Smith|2014}}</ref> She co-starred in the 2007 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Christmas special episode, "[[Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)|Voyage of the Damned]]", as [[Astrid Peth]]. The episode was watched by 13.31 million viewers, which was the show's highest viewing figure since 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/12/26/51751.shtml|title=Titanic Success!|work=BBC News|date=26 December 2007|accessdate=26 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105150053/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/12/26/51751.shtml|archivedate=5 January 2009}}</ref> In May 2008, Minogue embarked on the European leg of the [[KylieX2008]] tour, her most expensive tour to date with production costs of £10 million.<ref name="reutersalbum">{{Cite news|last=Goodman|first=Dean|title=Kylie Minogue album a flop in the U.S.|agency=Reuters|date=11 April 2008|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/industryNews/idU.S.N1137190920080412|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie's tour to kick off in Paris|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=29 April 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3672988/Kylies-tour-to-kick-off-in-Paris.html|accessdate=7 August 2008|location=London}}</ref> The tour was generally acclaimed and sold well.<ref name="thetimeskyliex2008" /> She was then appointed a Chevalier of the French [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]], the junior grade of France's highest cultural honour.<ref name="Frenchhonour" /> In July, she was officially invested by [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince of Wales]] as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7485868.stm|title=Kylie attends Palace for honour|work=BBC News|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=10 October 2008}}</ref> She also won the "Best International Female Solo Artist" award at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7254282.stm|title=Take That scoop Brit Award double|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> In September, she made her Middle East debut as the headline act at the opening of [[Atlantis, The Palm]], an exclusive hotel resort in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/travel/kylie-minogue-performs-at-atlantis-hotel-launch-20081121-6dev.html|title=Kylie Minogue performs at Atlantis hotel launch|work=The Age|location=Australia|date=21 November 2008|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref> and from November, she continued her ''KylieX2008'' tour, taking the show to cities across South America, Asia and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kylie.com/news/1745645|title=More Dates for KylieX2008 South America!|accessdate=2 September 2008|publisher=Minogue's Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206231009/http://www.kylie.com/news/1745645|archivedate=6 December 2008}}</ref> The tour visited 21 countries, and was considered a success, with ticket sales estimated at $70,000,000.<ref name="firstNorthAmericantour">{{cite web|last=Herrera|first=Monica|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268706/kylie-minogue-plans-first-north-american-tour|title=Kylie Minogue Plans First North American Tour|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 May 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> In 2009, Minogue hosted the [[2009 BRIT Awards|BRIT Awards]] with [[James Corden]] and [[Mathew Horne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7837020.stm|title=Kylie to present the Brit Awards|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> She then embarked on the [[For You, for Me]] tour which was her first North American concert tour.<ref name="firstNorthAmericantour" /> She was also featured in the Hindi movie, ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'', performing an [[A. R. Rahman]] song.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie dreams of credible film career not U.S. success|work=The Independent|location=London|date=11 May 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/kylie-dreams-of-credible-film-career-not-us-success-1682845.html|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> Minogue was in a relationship with model [[Andrés Velencoso]] from 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue still loves Andres Velencoso|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-still-loves-andres-velencoso-9074032.html|website=Evening Standard|date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

===2010–2012: ''Aphrodite'' and ''Anti Tour''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Minogue performing during the 2012 [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]]]]

In July 2010, Minogue released her eleventh studio album, ''[[Aphrodite (album)|Aphrodite]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.kylie.com/news/1774378|title=Kylie Returns as Aphrodite!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423121517/http://www2.kylie.com/news/1774378|archivedate=23 April 2010}}</ref> The album featured new songwriters and producers including [[Stuart Price]] as executive producer. Price also contributed to song writing along with Minogue, [[Calvin Harris]], [[Jake Shears]], [[Nerina Pallot]], [[Pascal Gabriel]], [[Lucas Secon]], [[Keane (band)|Keane's]] [[Tim Rice-Oxley]] and [[Kish Mauve]]. The album received favourable reviews from most music critics; Rob Sheffield from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' labelled the album Minogue's "finest work since 1997's underrated ''Impossible Princess''" and Tim Sendra from Allmusic commended Minogue's choice of collaborators and producers, commenting that the album is the "work of someone who knows exactly what her skills are and who to hire to help showcase them to perfection".<ref>{{cite web|title=Aphrodite – Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/aphrodite/kylie-minogue|publisher=[[Metacritic]]. [[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|title=Aphrodite|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/aphrodite-20100607|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=21 September 2013|date=7 July 2010}}</ref> ''Aphrodite'' debuted at number-one in the United Kingdom, exactly 22 years after her first number one hit in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10592181|work=BBC News|title=Kylie claims UK number one album|date=11 July 2010}}</ref> The album's lead single, "[[All the Lovers]]," was a success and became her 33rd top ten single in the United Kingdom, though subsequent singles from the album, "[[Get Outta My Way]]", "[[Better than Today]]", and "[[Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)|Put Your Hands Up]]", failed to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. However, all the singles released from the album have topped the US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/306232/kylie+minogue/chart?f=359|title=Kylie Minogue|work=Billboard|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

Minogue recorded a duet with synthpop duo [[Hurts]] on their song "Devotion", which was included on the group's album ''[[Happiness (Hurts album)|Happiness]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurts explain how they got Kylie Minogue to sing on their debut album|url=https://www.nme.com/news/hurts/52262|date=28 July 2010|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref> She was then featured on [[Taio Cruz]]'s single "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]". The result was successful, peaking inside the top 20 in several charts and reaching number one on the US Hot Dance Club Charts. At the time, Minogue also held the third spot on the chart with "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]", her collaboration with British recording artist [[Taio Cruz]], becoming the first artist to claim two of the top three spots at the same time in the American dance chart's history.<ref name=bill11/> To conclude her recordings in 2010, she released the extended play ''[[A Kylie Christmas]]'', which included covers of Christmas songs including "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!|Let It Snow]]" and "[[Santa Baby]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-christmas-gift-ep/id407966543|title=iTunes Music – A Christmas Gift – EP by Kylie Minogue|publisher=iTunes Store|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629132534/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-christmas-gift-ep/id407966543|archivedate=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/a-kylie-christmas-single/id407566533|title=iTunes Music – A Kylie Christmas – Single by Kylie Minogue|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 November 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref> Minogue embarked on the [[Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour]] in February 2011, travelling to Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Africa. With a stage set inspired by the birth of the love goddess [[Aphrodite]] and Grecian culture and history, it was greeted with positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept and the stage production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/01/11/kylie-minogue-to-embark-on-ridiculous-world-tour/|title=Kylie Minogue to embark on ridiculous world tour|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=11 January 2011|author=Painter, Henry|work=Consequence of Sound|publisher=Complex Media Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209013410/http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/01/11/kylie-minogue-to-embark-on-ridiculous-world-tour/|archivedate=9 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The tour was a commercial success, grossing a total of US$60 million and ranking at number six and 21 on the mid-year and annual Pollstar Top Concert Tours of 2011 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf|title=Pollstar: Top 25 Worldwide Tours (1/1/2011 – 12/31/2011)|date=28 December 2011|work=Pollstar|accessdate=29 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407064507/http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/files/Charts2011/071811Top50WorldwideTours.pdf|title=Top 50 Worldwide Tours (01/01/2011 – 06/30/2011)|date=8 July 2011|work=Pollstar|publisher=Pollstar, Inc.|accessdate=15 July 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, Minogue began a year-long celebration for her 25 years in the music industry, which was often called "K25". The anniversary started with her embarking on the [[Anti Tour]] in England and Australia, which featured b-sides, demos and rarities from her music catalogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/kylie-anti-tour-shows-announced/|title=Kylie Anti Tour Shows Announced | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=5 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307211630/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/kylie-anti-tour-shows-announced/|archivedate=7 March 2012}}</ref> The tour was positively received for its intimate atmosphere and was a commercial success, grossing over two million dollars from four shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a373234/kylie-minogues-anti-tour-uk-dates-sell-out-in-ten-minutes.html|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Anti-Tour' UK dates sell out in 3 minutes — Music News|work=Digital Spy|date=26 March 2012|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/one-more-manchester-show/|title=ONE MORE MANCHESTER SHOW! | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=8 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331005621/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/one-more-manchester-show/|archivedate=31 March 2012}}</ref> She then released the single "[[Timebomb (Kylie Minogue song)|Timebomb]]" in May, the greatest hits compilation album, ''[[The Best of Kylie Minogue]]'' in June and the singles box-set, ''K25 Time Capsule'' in October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/489104/new-kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-album-due-in-june|title=New Kylie Minogue Greatest Hits Album Due in June|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|work=Billboard|accessdate=4 May 2012|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> She performed at various events around the world, including [[Sydney Mardi Gras]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]]'s ''[[Diamond Jubilee Concert]]'', and [[The Proms|BBC Proms in the Park London 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/k25-at-the-sydney-mardi-gras-2/|title=K25 AT THE SYDNEY MARDI GRAS | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=7 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054741/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/k25-at-the-sydney-mardi-gras-2/|archivedate=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jonze|first=Tim|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2012/jun/04/queen-diamond-jubilee-concert|title=The Queen's diamond jubilee concert – as it happened|work=The Guardian|date=4 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17868695|title=BBC NewsKylie Minogue to headline Proms in the Park concert|work=BBC News|date=27 April 2012}}</ref> Minogue released the compilation album, ''[[The Abbey Road Sessions (Kylie Minogue album)|The Abbey Road Sessions]]'' in October. The album contained reworked and orchestral versions of her previous songs. It was recorded at London's [[Abbey Road Studios]] and was produced by [[Steve Anderson (musician)|Steve Anderson]] and Colin Elliot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/09/kylie-the-abbey-road-sessions/|title=Kylie – the abbey road sessions|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=5 September 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908013533/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/09/kylie-the-abbey-road-sessions/|archivedate=8 September 2012}}</ref> The album received favourable reviews from music critics and debuted at number-two in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/the-abbey-road-sessions/kylie-minogue/critic-reviews|title=The Abbey Road Sessions – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[Metacritic]]. [[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Alan|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-albums-chart-analysis-adele-s-21-leaves-top-30-after-92-weeks/052422|title=Official Albums Chart Analysis: Adele's 21 leaves Top 30 after 92 weeks|work=[[Music Week]]|date=5 November 2012|accessdate=5 November 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> The album spawned two singles, "[[Flower (Kylie Minogue song)|Flower]]" and "[[On a Night Like This]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/this-weeks-new-releases-17-12-2012-1761/|title=New Releases 17-12-2012|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref> Minogue returned to acting and starred in two films: a cameo appearance in the American independent film ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]'' and a lead role in the French film ''[[Holy Motors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1567500.php/Kylie-Minogue-spotted-with-tattoo-sleeve|title=Kylie Minogue spotted with tattoo sleeve|author=Sophie Eager|date=30 June 2010|work=[[Monsters and Critics]]|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> ''Jack & Diane'' opened at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] on 20 April 2012, while ''Holy Motors'' opened at the [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]], which Minogue attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/auds-whoop-holler-at-holy-motors-screening-1118054519/|title=Auds whoop, holler at 'Holy Motors' screening|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref>

===2013–2016: ''Kiss Me Once'' and ''Kylie Christmas''===
[[File:KylieRAH111215-28 (23896679685) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Kylie and her sister [[Dannii Minogue|Dannii]] performing together in 2015]]
In January 2013, Minogue and her manager Terry Blamey, whom she had worked with since the start of her singing career, parted ways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-takes-music-break-after-split-from-manager-terry-blamey/story-e6frf9hf-1226552965014|title=Kylie Minogue takes music break after split with manager Terry Blamey|work=Herald Sun|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> The following month, she signed to [[Roc Nation]] for a management deal. In September, she was featured on Italian singer-songwriter [[Laura Pausini]]'s single "[[Limpido]]", which was a number-one hit in Italy and received a nomination for "World's Best Song" at the 2013 [[World Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkdna.it/laura-pausini-limpido-nomination-ai-world-music-awards/|title=Laura Pausini: "Limpido" in nomination ai World Music Awards | PinkDNA|date=16 September 2013|publisher=Pinkdna.it}}</ref> In the same month, Minogue was hired as a coach for the third series of [[BBC One]]'s talent competition ''[[The Voice UK]]'', alongside record producer and [[The Black Eyed Peas|Black Eyed Peas]] member, [[will.i.am]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]]' lead singer [[Ricky Wilson (British musician)|Ricky Wilson]] and singer [[Tom Jones (singer)|Sir Tom Jones]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24048141|title=Kylie Minogue to join The Voice|work=BBC News|date=11 September 2013|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26985230|title=Kylie Minogue quits The Voice|accessdate=11 April 2014|work=BBC News|date=11 April 2014}}</ref> The show opened with 9.35 million views from the UK, a large percentage increase from the second season. It accumulated an estimated 8.10 million viewers on average.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Voice UK is most successful new entertainment series launch on BBC One in over a decade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/voice-success.html|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top 30 Programmes – BARB|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-30?|publisher=BARB|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> Minogue's judging and personality on the show were singled out for praise. Ed Power from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' gave the series premiere 3 stars, praising Minogue for being "glamorous, agreeably giggly [and] a card-carrying national treasure".<ref>{{cite news|first=Ed|last=Power|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/10564792/The-Voice-UK-blind-auditions-series-three-week-one-BBC-One-review.html|title=The Voice UK, blind auditions, series three, week one, BBC One, review|date=11 January 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref> In November, she was hired as a coach for the third season of ''The Voice Australia''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2013/11/kylie-joins-the-voice-australia/|title=Kylie Joins the Voice Australia|accessdate=27 November 2013|date=26 November 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130032901/http://www.kylie.com/news/2013/11/kylie-joins-the-voice-australia/|archivedate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

In March 2014, Minogue released her twelfth studio album, ''[[Kiss Me Once]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duff|first=Seamus|title=Kylie Minogue unveils new album cover for Kiss Me Once|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/01/24/kylie-minogue-unveils-new-album-cover-for-kiss-me-once-4275200/|work=Metro|accessdate=23 January 2014|date=23 January 2014}}</ref> The album featured contributions from [[Sia Furler]], [[Mike Del Rio]], [[Cutfather]], [[Pharrell Williams]], [[MNEK]] and [[Ariel Rechtshaid]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Kylie Minogue Discusses Pharrell, Sia And New Album 'Kiss Me Once': Idolator Interview|url=http://www.idolator.com/7507058/kylie-minogue-kiss-me-once-sia-pharrell-interview|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|accessdate=17 March 2014|date=25 February 2014}}</ref> It peaked at number one in Australia and number two in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/george-michael-denies-kylie-minogue-this-weeks-number-1-album-2843/|title=George Michael denies Kylie Minogue this week's Number 1 album|publisher=Officialcharts.com|accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums | Australia's Official Top 50 Albums|publisher=ARIA Charts|accessdate=24 March 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131116201405/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|archivedate=16 November 2013}}</ref> The singles from the album, "[[Into the Blue (Kylie Minogue song)|Into the Blue]]" and "[[I Was Gonna Cancel]]", did not chart inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 12 and number 59 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/dvbbs-borgeous-and-tinie-tempah-storm-to-number-1-with-tsunami-jump-2823/|title=Dvbbs, Borgeous and Tinie Tempah storm to Number 1 with Tsunami (Jump)|date=16 March 2014|accessdate=17 March 2014}}</ref> In August, Minogue performed a seven-song set at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|closing ceremony]] of the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], donning a custom [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] corset.<ref>{{cite web|last=Preston|first=Faye|title=My emergency call from Kylie Minogue|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/emergency-Kylie-Minogue-Lara-Jensen-makes/story-22084424-detail/story.html|work=HULL Daily Mail|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=6 August 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307190715/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/emergency-Kylie-Minogue-Lara-Jensen-makes/story-22084424-detail/story.html#ixzz3T1MH7rhl|archivedate=7 March 2015}}</ref> In September, she embarked on the [[Kiss Me Once Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie|url=http://www.livenation.co.uk/artist/kylie-tickets|work=Live Nation|publisher=Live Nation Entertainment|accessdate=20 April 2014|year=2014}}</ref> In January 2015, Minogue appeared as a guest vocalist on [[Giorgio Moroder]]'s single "[[Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)|Right Here, Right Now]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|title=Giorgio Moroder & Kylie Minogue Drop Single 'Right Here, Right Now'|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=21 January 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> providing her [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart#M|12th number one hit on the U.S. Dance Chart]] on 18 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/302866/giorgio-moroder/chart?f=359|title=Giorgio Moroder – Chart history|work=Billboard|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref>

In March, Minogue's contract with Parlophone Records ended, leaving her future music releases with [[Warner Music Group]] in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-reveals-how-michael-hutchence-became-her-archangel/story-fni0bvjn-1227258502776|title=Kylie Minogue reveals how Michael Hutchence became her archangel|last=Adams|first=Cameron|work=[[Herald Sun]]|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> The same month, she parted ways with Roc Nation. In April, Minogue played tech reporter Shauna in a two episode arc on the [[ABC Family]] series, ''[[Young & Hungry]]''. Minogue also appeared as Susan Riddick in the disaster film ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]'', released in May and starring [[Dwayne Johnson]] and [[Carla Gugino]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue and Dwayne Johnson, aka The Rock, on set of San Andreas on the Gold Coast|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/movies/kylie-minogue-and-dwayne-johnson-aka-the-rock-on-set-of-san-andreas-on-the-gold-coast/story-e6frfmw0-1226952262635|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=12 June 2014|year=2014}}</ref> In September 2015, an extended play with [[Fernando Garibay]] titled ''[[Kylie + Garibay]]'' was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.spotify.com/album/36V6pJsUBSNwfgH070Nfq7|title=Kylie + Garibay|work=[[Spotify]]|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> Garibay and [[Giorgio Moroder]] served as producers for the extended play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7582946/kylie-minogue-giorgio-moroder-fernando-garibay-new-song-snippet|title=Kylie Minogue, Giorgio Moroder & Fernando Garibay Debuted A New Song in West Hollywood: Watch Snippets|last=Lee|first=Christina|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> In November, Minogue was a featured artist on the track, "[[The Other Boys]]" by [[Nervo (duo)|Nervo]], alongside [[Jake Shears]] and [[Nile Rodgers]]. This became her 13th chart topper on the U.S Dance Chart, lifting her position in the list of artists with the most U.S. Dance Chart number ones to equal 8th alongside [[Whitney Houston]], [[Enrique Iglesias]] and [[Lady Gaga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746008/dj-snake-top-10-hot-dance-electronic-songs|title=DJ Snake Lands 3 Songs in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Top 10|first=Gordon|last=Murray|date=29 October 2015|accessdate=7 November 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> In December 2015, Minogue was the guest on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''. Her choices included "[[Dancing Queen]]" by [[ABBA]], "[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]]" by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] and "[[Need You Tonight]]" by [[INXS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06rl9s5|title=BBC Radio 4 – Desert Island Discs, Kylie Minogue|publisher=BBC|date=13 December 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vanessa Thorpe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/13/kylie-minogue-joshua-sasse-secret-poem-desert-island-discs|title=Kylie Minogue's partner reads erotic poem to her on Desert Island Discs|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 December 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> Minogue released her first Christmas album, ''[[Kylie Christmas]]'' in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.warnermusic.com/music-1/cd-1/kylie-christmas-deluxe-cd-dvd-album.html|title=Kylie Christmas – CD and DVD bundle|publisher=Warner Music Group|accessdate=2 October 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003135204/http://store.warnermusic.com/music-1/cd-1/kylie-christmas-deluxe-cd-dvd-album.html|archivedate=3 October 2015}}</ref> In 2016, she recorded the theme song "[[This Wheel's on Fire]]", from the soundtrack ''[[Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie]]''.<ref>Powell, Emma (10 June 2016). [https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-over-the-moon-to-record-absolutely-fabulous-theme-song-a3268196.html "Kylie Minogue 'over the moon' to record Absolutely Fabulous theme song."] ''[[Evening Standard]]''. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</ref> Minogue's holiday album ''Kylie Christmas'', was re-released in November entitled as ''[[Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kylie-christmas-snow-queen/id1168800514?app=itunes|title=''Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition'' on iTunes|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=White, Jack|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-is-repackaging-her-holiday-album-kylie-christmas__16245/|title=Kylie Minogue is repackaging her holiday album Kylie Christmas|publisher=Official Charts|date=6 September 2016|accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> In November 2015, Minogue confirmed she was dating British actor [[Joshua Sasse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=73992|title=Q&A: Kylie Minogue Talks First Christmas Album, 'Hating' the Boxes People Put Her In & Her Mistletoe Man ('You Should Love Who You Love')|publisher=PrideSource|date=6 November 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> On 20 February 2016, their engagement was announced in the "Forthcoming Marriages" section of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1645226/kylie-minogue-announces-engagement-to-british-star|title=Sky News – First For Breaking News From The UK And Around The World|publisher=Sky News}}</ref> but in February 2017, she confirmed the couple had ended their relationship.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernandez|first1=Alexia|title=Kylie Minogue Ends Year-Long Engagement to Fiancé Joshua Sasse|url=http://people.com/music/kylie-minogue-ends-engagement/|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203152446/http://people.com/music/kylie-minogue-ends-engagement/|archivedate=3 February 2017|location=United States|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2017–2019: ''Golden'' and ''Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue - Summer 2019 - Step Back In Time Tour - Castlefield Bowl - Manchester - 11.07.19 - 126.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Minogue performing during her [[Summer 2019 (Kylie Minogue tour)|2019 summer tour]] at [[Castlefield Bowl]]]]
In February 2017, Minogue signed a new record deal with [[BMG Rights Management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-signs-new-record-deal-with-bmg-new-album-expected-this-year__18062/|title=Kylie Minogue signs new record deal with BMG, new album expected this year|publisher=officialcharts.com|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> In December 2017, Minogue and BMG had struck a joint-deal with [[Mushroom Group|Mushroom Music Labels]] — under the sub-division label Liberator to release her new album in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie Minogue {{!}} New Album Reunites Pop Princess With Mushroom Group in Australia {{!}} Mushroom Promotions|url=https://mushroompromotions.com/press-releases/kylie-minogue-new-album-reunites-pop-princess-mushroom-group-australia/|accessdate=8 December 2017|work=Mushroom Promotions|publisher=[[Mushroom Group]]|date=8 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208142226/https://mushroompromotions.com/press-releases/kylie-minogue-new-album-reunites-pop-princess-mushroom-group-australia/|archivedate=8 December 2017|location=Australia}}</ref> In 2017, Minogue worked with writers and producers for her 14th studio album, including Sky Adams and [[Biffco|Richard Stannard]], and recorded the album in London, Los Angeles and Nashville, with the latter profoundly influencing the record.<ref name=hmv1>{{cite web| url=https://www.hmv.com/music/kylie-minogue-golden-review| date=6 April 2018| access-date=26 July 2019| title=Kylie Minogue's Golden: What You Need to Know| work=[[HMV]]| author=James}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogues-new-album-is-super-positive-and-inspired-by-a-break-up__20756/|title=Kylie Minogue's new album is "super positive" and inspired by a break-up|work=Official Charts|date=16 October 2017|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref> Minogue's album ''[[Golden (Kylie Minogue album)|Golden]]'' was released in April 2018 with "[[Dancing (Kylie Minogue song)|Dancing]]" serving as its lead single.<ref name=hmv1/> The album debuted at number one in the UK and Australia.<ref name=golden4>{{cite web| url=https://www.idolator.com/7678366/number-1-australia-uk-kylie-minogue-golden-success?chrome=1| date=16 April 2018| access-date=26 July 2019| title=Number 1 in Australia & The UK: Kylie Minogue's 'Golden' Success| work=Idolator| author=Wass, Mike}}</ref> With this feat, she has reached the top position of the UK Albums Chart in four consecutive decades, from the 1980s to the 2010s.<ref name=golden4/> Tim Sendra from AllMusic labelled ''Golden'' a "darn bold" for an artist of Minogue's longevity, stating "The amazing thing about the album, and about Minogue, is that she pulls off the country as well as she's pulled off new wave, disco, electro, murder ballads, and everything else she's done in her long career."<ref name="AllGolden">{{cite web|author=Sendra, Tim|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/golden-mw0003145096|title=Kylie Minogue – Golden|work=[[AllMusic]]|date=5 April 2018|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> ''Golden'' also received criticism, with ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'''s Ben Cardew claiming that it "sounds like someone playing at country music, rather than someone who understands it."<ref>{{cite web|author=Cardew, Ben|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/kylie-minogue-golden/|title=Kylie Minogue: Golden Album Review|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=5 April 2018|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> Minogue was among the performers at [[The Queen's Birthday Party]] held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43851739 |title=Shaggy and Kylie help the Queen celebrate 92nd birthday |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=22 April 2018 |accessdate=10 July 2020}}</ref>

Minogue released a greatest hits compilation ''[[Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection]]'' on 28 June 2019, featuring "[[New York City (Kylie Minogue song)|New York City]]" as the lead single.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-announces-greatest-hits-album-step-back-in-time-the-definitive-collection__26213/ |title=Kylie Minogue announces greatest hits album Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection |author=White, Jack |date=2 May 2019 |accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref> The album reached number one in her native Australia and in the UK, becoming her seventh album to reach the top spot in the latter.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-thanks-fans-for-sixth-aria-no1-album-ng-b881252972z|date=7 July 2019|work=Perth Now|author=Collins, Simon|title=Kylie Minogue thanks fans for sixth ARIA No.1 album}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8518863/kylie-minogue-blasts-no-1-uk-step-back-in-time|title=Kylie Minogue Blasts to No. 1 in U.K. With 'Step Back in Time'|work=Billboard|author=Brandle, Lars|date=8 July 2019}}</ref> On 30 June, Minogue made her debut at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2019|Glastonbury Festival]], fourteen years after her breast cancer diagnosis forced her to cancel her 2005 headlining slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/live/kylies-glastonbury-debut-14-years-late-surreal-pop-spectacle-fake-wedding-rainbow-confetti-two-famous-dudes|title=Kylie's Glastonbury debut, 14 years late: a surreal pop spectacle with a fake wedding, rainbow confetti and two famous dudes|date=30 June 2019|work=NME|author=Stubbs, Dan}}</ref> Performing in the Legends Slot, Minogue's set featured guest appearances from [[Nick Cave]] and [[Chris Martin]]. Her set received rave reviews from critics, with ''[[The Guardian]]'' declaring it a "solid-gold", "peerless" and "phenomenal".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/30/kylie-at-glastonbury-2019-review|date=30 June 2019|work=The Guardian|title=Kylie at Glastonbury 2019 review – solid-gold set from a living legend|author=Snapes, Laura}}</ref> It was a big hit with fans, with Minogue's performance being the most-watched set of the [[BBC]] coverage (earning three million viewers, ahead of the nearest competitor, [[The Killers]] who received 1.4 million) and reportedly breaking records for the most attended Glastonbury set in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/glastonbury-kylie-may-have-broken-record-as-vast-crowd-watches-her-emotional-set-11752082|date=2 July 2019|work=Sky News|title=Glastonbury: Kylie may have broken record as vast crowd watches her emotional set|author=Peplow, Gemma}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48823891|date=1 July 2019|title=The Killers, Stormzy, Kylie Minogue, The Cure – who won Glastonbury?|work=BBC|author=Youngs, Ian}}</ref> Minogue also appeared in her own Christmas television special, ''[[Kylie's Secret Night]]'', which aired on [[Channel 4]] in December 2019.<ref name="channel4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/kylie-minogue-spend-secret-night-channel-4-december|title=Kylie Minogue to spend a Secret Night with Channel 4 this December|date=9 November 2019|website=[[Channel 4]]|url-status=live|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

===2020: ''Disco''===
Following her Glastonbury performance, Minogue stated that she would like to create a "[[Pop music|pop]]-[[disco]] album" and return to recording new material after the performance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2019|title=Kylie Minogue's Glastonbury surprise|url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/music/musicnews/kylie-minogues-glastonbury-surprise-1193387.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Female First}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nied|first=Mikey|date=24 December 2019|title=Pop miracle! Kylie Minogue teases new "grown-up disco" era|url=https://www.idolator.com/7904822/pop-miracle-kylie-minogue-teases-new-grown-up-disco-era?adblock=1&chrome=1|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2020|website=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]}}</ref> Work continued on ''[[Disco (Kylie Minogue album)|Disco]]'' during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, with Minogue using a home studio to record throughout [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns|lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=27 May 2020|title=Kylie Minogue has been recording new album from living room during lockdown|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/kylie-minogue-new-album-release-date-coronavirus-a9534991.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2020}}</ref> Alistair Norbury, president of Minogue's record label [[BMG Rights Management|BMG]], announced to industry title ''[[Music Week]]'' that Minogue was also learning to record and [[audio engineer|engineer]] her own vocals using music software [[Logic Pro]] in order to continue working apace during lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-is-working-on-her-fifteenth-studio-album-during-lockdown-says-bmg-president-alistair-norbury__29810/|title=Kylie Minogue is working on her fifteenth studio album during lockdown, says BMG president Alistair Norbury|work=[[Official Charts]]|last=White|first=Jack|date=19 May 2020|accessdate=23 July 2020}}</ref> On 23 July 2020, "[[Say Something (Kylie Minogue song)|Say Something]]" was unveiled as the first single from ''Disco''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/9421988/kylie-minogue-announces-album-disco |title=Rejoice, Kylie Minogue Is Dropping Her 15th Studio Album, 'Disco', This Fall |author=Bain, Katie |date=21 July 2020 |accessdate=22 July 2020}}</ref> The album's second single, "[[Magic (Kylie Minogue song)|Magic]]", was released on 24 September.<ref name="release">{{cite web|last=Pappis|first=Konstantinos|date=24 September 2020|title=Listen to Kylie Minogue's New Song 'Magic'|url=https://ourculturemag.com/2020/09/24/listen-to-kylie-minogues-new-song-magic/|accessdate=24 September 2020|work=[[Our Culture Mag|Ourculture]]}}</ref>

==Artistry==
Minogue explained that she first became interested in pop music during her adolescence: "I first got into pop music in 1981, I'd say. It was all about [[Prince (singer)|Prince]], [[Adam Ant#Adam and the Ants|Adam + the Ants]], that whole [[New Romantic]] period. Prior to that, it was the [[Jackson 5]], [[Donna Summer]], and my dad's records – [[Rolling Stones|the Stones]] and [[The Beatles|Beatles]]."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame"/> She would also listen to the records of [[Olivia Newton-John]] and [[ABBA]].<ref name=exclaim/><ref name=pjoye/> Minogue claimed that she "wanted to be" Newton-John while growing up.<ref name=pjoye/> Her producer, Pete Waterman, recalled Minogue during the early years of her music career with the observation: "She was setting her sights on becoming the new Prince or [[Madonna]] ... What I found amazing was that she was outselling Madonna four to one, but still wanted to be her."<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> Minogue came to prominence in the music scene as a bubblegum pop singer and was deemed a "product of the [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]] Hit Factory".<ref name=kylie88/><ref name=pjoye/> Musician [[Nick Cave]], who worked with Minogue in some occasions, was a major influence on her artistic development.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Flick|first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Minogue Makes Mature Turn on Deconstruction Set|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=110|issue=14|page=18|issn=0006-2510|date=4 April 1998|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> She told ''The Guardian'': "He’s definitely infiltrated my life in beautiful and profound ways."<ref name=hann>{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/26/kylie-minogue-on-how-ageing-breast-cancer-and-nick-cave-all-influenced-her-greatest-hits| date=26 April 2018| access-date=18 August 2019| title=Kylie on how ageing, breast cancer and Nick Cave all influenced her greatest hits| work=The Guardian| author=Hann, Michael}}</ref> Throughout her career, Minogue's work was also influenced by [[Cathy Dennis]], [[D Mob]],<ref name=hann/> [[Scritti Politti]],<ref name="ThinWhiteDame"/> [[Björk]], [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]], [[U2]] and [[Pizzicato Five]],<ref name=iprincess/> among others.

{{Listen
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Minogue has been known for her soft [[soprano]] vocal range.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.idolator.com/7510278/kylie-minogue-kiss-me-once-album-review| title = Kylie Minogue's 'Kiss Me Once': Album Review| work=Idolator| date=18 March 2014| accessdate=19 November 2017| first=Robbie| last=Daw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/kylie-minogue-jake-shears-nervo-interview-the-other-boys| title = Kylie Minogue confirms her musical at NERVO video shoot!| work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]| date=7 September 2015| accessdate=15 March 2018| first=Alice| last=Howarth}}</ref> Tim Sendra of ''AllMusic'' reviewed her album ''Aphrodite'' and said that Minogue's "slightly nasal, girl-next-door vocals serve her needs perfectly."<ref name=aphro/> According to Fiona MacDonald from ''Madison'' magazine, Kylie "has never shied away from making some brave but questionable artistic decisions".<ref name="madison" /> In musical terms, Minogue has worked with many genres in [[pop music|pop]] and [[dance music]]. However, her signature music has been contemporary [[disco]] music.<ref name=ew1>{{cite web| url=https://ew.com/music/2018/02/01/the-catch-up-kylie-minogue/| date=1 February 2018| access-date=14 August 2019| title=The Catch-Up: Your guide to Kylie Minogue's disco-pop music career| work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]| author=Macias, Ernest}}</ref> Her first studio albums with Stock, Aitken, and Waterman present a more bubblegum pop influence, with many critics comparing her to American recording artist Madonna. Chris True from ''Allmusic'', reviewed her debut ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' and found her music "standard late-'80s Stock-Aitken-Waterman bubblegum", however he stated that she presented the most personality of any 1980s recording artist.<ref name=kylie88>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/kylie-mw0000652270|title=Kylie – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> He said of her third album ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'', from the early 1990s, "The songwriting is stronger, the production dynamic, and Kylie seems more confident vocally."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-of-love-mw0000457557|title=Rhythm of Love – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> At the time of her third studio album, "She began to trade in her cutesy, bubblegum pop image for a more mature one, and in turn, a more sexual one." Chris True stated that during her relationship with [[Michael Hutchence]], "her shedding of the near-virginal façade that dominated her first two albums, began to have an effect, not only on how the press and her fans treated her, but in the evolution of her music."<ref name="allmusicbio">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kylie-minogue-mn0000776093 Kylie Minogue >> Overview]. AllMusic.</ref>

From Minogue's work on her sixth studio album, ''[[Impossible Princess]]'', her songwriting and musical content began to change. She was constantly writing down words, exploring the form and meaning of sentences.<ref>Baker and Minogue, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002. p 111.</ref> She had written lyrics before, but called them "safe, just neatly rhymed words and that's that".<ref>John Walsh. "Lucky in Luck". ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''. November 1997.</ref> Sal Cinquemani from ''Slant Magazine'' said that the album bears a resemblance to Madonna's ''[[Ray of Light]]''. He said that she took inspiration from "both the Brit-pop and electronica movements of the mid-'90s", saying that "Impossible Princess is the work of an artist willing to take risks".<ref name="slant">{{cite journal|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|date=19 November 2003|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/kylie-minogue-impossible-princess/371|title=Kylie Minogue: Impossible Princess|journal=Slant Magazine|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Her next effort, ''Light Years'' is a disco-influenced dance-pop record, with ''AllMusic'''s Chris True calling it "Arguably one of the best disco records since the '70s".<ref name=lightall/> True stated that her eighth album, ''Fever'', "combines the disco-diva comeback of ''Light Years'' with simple dance rhythms".<ref name=albumreviewallmusic>{{cite web|last=True|first=Chris|title=Fever – Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/fever-mw0000658212|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=21 July 2013}}</ref> Her ninth album, ''Body Language'' was quite different from her musical experiments in the past as it was a "successful" attempt at broadening her sound with electro and hip-hop for instance.<ref name="allmusicbio" /> Incorporating styles of [[dance music]] with funk, disco and R&B,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/artistKeyname/7262|title=Kylie – Body Language|date=12 September 2005|work=NME|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> the album was listed on ''[[Q magazine|Q]]''{{'}}s "Best Albums of 2003".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlists.html#2003|title=Q magazine Recordings Of The Year – 2003|publisher=Rocklist.net. music.co.uk|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

Critics said Minogue's tenth record ''X'' did not feature enough "consistency" and Chris True called the tracks "cold, calculated dance-pop numbers."<ref name=xall>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/x-mw0000784634|title=X – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> Tim Sendra of ''AllMusic'' said that her eleventh album ''Aphrodite'' "rarely strays past sweet love songs or happy dance anthems" and "the main sound is the kind of glittery disco pop that really is her strong suit." Sendra found ''Aphrodite'' "One of her best, in fact."<ref name=aphro>{{cite web|last=Sendra|first=Tim|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/aphrodite-mw0001999355|title=Aphrodite – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=7 September 2013}}</ref> Minogue's 14th studio album, ''Golden'' was heavily influenced by [[country music]], although maintaining her dance-pop sensibilities.<ref name=evolut>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5QvWnH6x8rlrshw8JWcf4pd/how-does-kylie-minogue-look-back-on-her-musical-evolution| access-date=18 August 2019| title=How does Kylie Minogue look back on her musical evolution?| work=BBC}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani from ''Slant Magazine'' wrote that "''Golden'' further bolsters Minogue's reputation for taking risks—and artfully sets the stage for her inevitable disco comeback."<ref name="Slant">{{cite web|author=Cinquemani, Sal|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/kylie-minogue-golden|title=Kylie Minogue: Golden|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=4 April 2018|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>

==Public image==
[[File:Kylie minogue statue at waterfront city.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bronze statue of Minogue at Waterfront City, [[Melbourne Docklands]]|alt=A bronze statue of Kylie, on a star-shaped pedestal, portrays her in a dancing pose. Her legs are crossed and she bends at the waist, with both arms stretched above her head. The statue stands in a public square in front of a modern glass building, and several people are walking.]]
Minogue's efforts to be taken seriously as a recording artist were initially hindered by the perception that she had not "paid her dues" and was no more than a manufactured pop star exploiting the image she had created during her stint on ''Neighbours''.<ref name="Shuker164" /> Minogue acknowledged this viewpoint, saying, "If you're part of a record company, I think to a degree it's fair to say that you're a manufactured product. You're a product and you're selling a product. It doesn't mean that you're not talented and that you don't make creative and business decisions about what you will and won't do and where you want to go."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame" />

In 1993, [[Baz Luhrmann]] introduced Minogue to photographer [[Bert Stern]], notable for his work with Marilyn Monroe. Stern photographed her in Los Angeles and, comparing her to Monroe, commented that Minogue had a similar mix of vulnerability and eroticism.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 50</ref> Throughout her career, Minogue has chosen photographers who attempt to create a new "look" for her, and the resulting photographs have appeared in a variety of magazines, from the cutting edge ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'' to the more traditionally sophisticated ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', making the Minogue face and name known to a broad range of people. Stylist [[William Baker (fashion designer)|William Baker]] has suggested that this is part of the reason she entered mainstream [[popular culture|pop culture]] in Europe more successfully than many other pop singers who concentrate solely on selling records.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 165</ref>

By 2000, Minogue was considered to have achieved a degree of musical credibility for having maintained her career longer than her critics had expected.<ref name="Copley">Copley, p. 128</ref> Her progression from the wholesome "[[girl next door]]" to a more sophisticated performer with a flirtatious and playful persona attracted new fans.<ref name="Copley" /> Her "Spinning Around" video led to some media outlets referring to her as "SexKylie", and sex became a stronger element in her subsequent videos.<ref name="Copley" /> In September 2002, she was ranked 27 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Sexiest Artists list.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-tops-the-list-as-vh1-counts-down-musics-100-sexiest-artists-in-five-hour-five-night-special-premiering-september-23-27-at-1000-pm-etpt-75840192.html|title=Madonna Tops the List as VH1 Counts Down Music's '100 Sexiest Artists'|agency=PR Newswire|date=18 September 2002|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015929/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-tops-the-list-as-vh1-counts-down-musics-100-sexiest-artists-in-five-hour-five-night-special-premiering-september-23-27-at-1000-pm-etpt-75840192.html|archivedate=6 June 2011}}</ref> She was also named one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time by ''[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Hottest Women of All-Time|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/g19547274/hottest-women-all-time/?slide=38|work=[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]|accessdate=15 August 2019|date=22 November 2013|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815142627/https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/g19547274/hottest-women-all-time/?slide=38|url-status=live}}</ref> William Baker described her status as a [[sex symbol]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lottie Anderson|title=Sing out sister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/31/artsfeatures.popandrock|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 October 2002|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baker|first=William|author2=Minogue, Kylie|title=Kylie: La La La|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|year=2002|page=211|isbn=978-0-340-73440-7|title-link=Kylie: La La La}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/showbiz/660138/Kylie-Minogue-ageless-beauty-minidress-thigh-high-boots-sexy-outfit-pictures-2017|title=Kylie Minogue, 49, reclaims sex symbol status|website=[[Daily Star (United Kingdom)|Daily Star]] |accessdate=15 November 2017|date=15 November 2017}}</ref> as a "double edged sword", observing that "we always attempted to use her sex appeal as an enhancement of her music and to sell a record. But now it has become in danger of eclipsing what she actually is: a pop singer."<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 211.</ref> After 20 years as a performer, Minogue was described as a fashion "trend-setter" and a "style icon who constantly reinvents herself".<ref name="bbcfiona">{{cite news|first=Fiona|last=Pryor|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6336337.stm|title=Discovering Kylie's style secrets|work=BBC News|date=6 February 2007|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Kylie Minogue (34537332145).jpg|thumb|140px|right|upright|Wax statue of Minogue at [[Madame Tussauds]] in London]]
Minogue has been inspired by and compared to Madonna throughout her career.<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kemp|first=Rob|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kylieminogue/biography|title=Kylie Minogue biography|work=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|year=2004|accessdate=5 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105839/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kylieminogue/biography|archivedate=24 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> She received negative comments that her Rhythm of Love tour in 1991 was too similar visually to Madonna's [[Blond Ambition World Tour]], for which critics labelled her a [[Madonna wannabe]].<ref name="lalala58">Baker and Minogue, p. 58</ref> Writing for the ''Observer Music Monthly'', [[Rufus Wainwright]] described Minogue as "the anti-Madonna. Self-knowledge is a truly beautiful thing and Kylie knows herself inside out. She is what she is and there is no attempt to make quasi-intellectual statements to substantiate it. She is the gay shorthand for joy."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" /> Kathy McCabe for ''The Telegraph'' noted that Minogue and Madonna follow similar styles in music and fashion,<ref name="KylieandMadonna">{{Cite news|last=McCabe|first=Kathy|title=Kylie and Madonna strut a similar stage, but are they poles apart?|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 November 2007|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/kylie-or-madonna-whos-queen/story-fna7dq6e-1111114952055|accessdate=25 July 2009}}</ref> but concluded, "Where they truly diverge on the pop-culture scale is in shock value. Minogue's clips might draw a gasp from some but Madonna's ignite religious and political debate unlike any other artist on the planet ... Simply, Madonna is the dark force; Kylie is the light force."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" /> Minogue has said of Madonna, "Her huge influence on the world, in pop and fashion, meant that I wasn't immune to the trends she created. I admire Madonna greatly but in the beginning she made it difficult for artists like me, she had done everything there was to be done",<ref name="lalala58" /> and "Madonna's the Queen of Pop, I'm the princess. I'm quite happy with that."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" />

In January 2007, [[Madame Tussauds]] in London unveiled its fourth waxwork of Minogue; only Queen Elizabeth II has had more models created.<ref name="PerfumedKylie">{{cite news|title=Perfumed Kylie waxwork unveiled|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6248283.stm|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> During the same week a bronze cast of her hands was added to [[Wembley Arena]]'s "Square of Fame".<ref name="PerfumedKylie" /> In 2007, a bronze statue of Minogue was unveiled at [[Melbourne Docklands]] for permanent display.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/kylie-minogue-and-friends-evicted-from-docklands-to-make-way-for-new-tower-20160429-gohsbi.html| date=29 April 2016| access-date=14 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue and friends evicted from Docklands to make way for new tower| work=The Age| author=Ham, Larissa}}</ref>

In March 2010, Minogue was declared by researchers as the "most powerful celebrity in Britain". The study examined how marketers identify celebrity and brand partnerships. Mark Husak, head of Millward Brown's UK media practice, said: "Kylie is widely accepted as an adopted Brit. People know her, like her and she is surrounded by positive buzz".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie Minogue named 'most powerful celebrity in Britain'|publisher=The Daily Telegraph UK|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/7540790/Kylie-Minogue-named-most-powerful-celebrity-in-Britain.html|accessdate=31 March 2010|location=London|date=31 March 2010}}</ref> In 2016, according to the [[Sunday Times Rich List]], Minogue had a [[net worth]] of £55 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11626386|title=Britain's top 50 Music Millionaires revealed|date=21 April 2016|work=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref>

Minogue is regarded as a [[gay icon]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2014/03/25/kylie-minogue-i-became-gay-icon-being-myself| date=25 March 2014| access-date=19 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 'I Became A Gay Icon by Being Myself'| work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]| author=Peeples, Jase|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327045730/https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2014/03/25/kylie-minogue-i-became-gay-icon-being-myself|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> which she has encouraged with comments including "I am not a traditional gay icon. There's been no tragedy in my life, only tragic outfits" and "My gay audience has been with me from the beginning ... they kind of adopted me."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame" /> Her status as a gay icon has been attributed to her music, fashion sense and career longevity.<ref name=popularcult>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2hBtKcZESoC&pg=PA187 |year=2007| access-date=20 August 2019| title=Beautiful Things in Popular Culture| author=McKee, Alan|author2= Brennan, Marc| isbn=9781405178556}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://attitude.co.uk/article/the-enduring-gay-appeal-of-ms-kylie-minogue-1/20008/| date=7 January 2019| access-date=19 August 2019| title=The enduring gay appeal of Ms. Kylie Minogue| work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507101107/https://attitude.co.uk/article/the-enduring-gay-appeal-of-ms-kylie-minogue-1/20008/ |archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Author Constantine Chatzipapatheodoridis wrote about Minogue's appeal to gay men in ''Strike a Pose, Forever: The Legacy of Vogue...'' and observed that she "frequently incorporates [[Camp (style)#Music|camp]]-inflected themes in her extravaganzas, drawing mainly from the disco scene, the S/M culture, and the burlesque stage."<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/11771| access-date=19 August 2019| title=Strike a Pose, Forever: The Legacy of Vogue and its Re-contextualization in Contemporary Camp Performances| journal=European Journals of American Studies| author=Chatzipapatheodoridis, Constantine| year=2017| volume=11| issue=3| doi=10.4000/ejas.11771|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602092412/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/11771| doi-access=free}}</ref> In ''Beautiful Things in Popular Culture'' (2007), Marc Brennan stated that Minogue's work "provides a gorgeous form of escapism".<ref name=popularcult/> Minogue has explained that she first became aware of her gay audience in 1988, when several [[drag queen]]s performed to her music at a Sydney pub, and she later saw a similar show in Melbourne. She said that she felt "very touched" to have such an "appreciative crowd", and this encouraged her to perform at gay venues throughout the world, as well as headlining the 1994 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]].<ref>Sutherland and Ellis, p. 47</ref> Minogue has one of the largest gay followings in the world.<ref>Lucy Ellis, Bryony Sutherland. Kylie "Talking": Kylie Minogue in Her Own Words. Omnibus Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7119-9834-6}}. p. 47</ref>

==Impact and legacy==
Throughout her career, Minogue has been known for reinventing herself in fashion and musical content.<ref name=pjoye/><ref name="bbcfiona"/> In 2012, Dino Scatena of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' wrote about Minogue, "A quarter of a century ago, a sequence of symbiotic events altered the fabric of Australian popular culture and set in motion the transformation of a 19-year-old soap actor from Melbourne into an international pop icon."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|date=28 July 2012|first=Dino|last=Scatena|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/should-be-so-lucky-20120726-22s3i.html|title=Should be so lucky|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Scatena also described her as "Australia's single most successful entertainer and a world-renowned style idol".<ref name="smh" />
{{multiple image
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| footer = Minogue's star on the Melbourne's Walk of Stars<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/walk-of-fame-for-our-stars-20060430-ge280o.html| date=30 April 2006| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Walk of fame for our stars| work=The Age| author=La Canna, Xavier}}</ref> and handprints and signature in [[Olympiapark, Munich]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.olympiapark.de/en/olympic-park/outside-area/munich-olympic-walk-of-stars/kylie-minogue/| date=5 March 2011| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue| work=Olympiapark}}</ref>
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Pointing out the several reinventions in Minogue's image, Larissa Dubecki from ''[[The Age]]'' labelled her the "Mother of Reinvention",<ref>{{cite news|first=Larissa|last=Dubecki|date=4 November 2006|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/11/03/1162340051016.html|title=The mother of reinvention|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> while ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'''s Ernest Macias opined: "[with] a panache for fabulous fashion, and her unequivocal disco-pop sound, Minogue has established herself as a timeless icon."<ref name=ew1/> Paula Joye of ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' wrote that "Minogue’s fusion of fashion and music has made a huge contribution to the style ''[[zeitgeist]]''."<ref name=pjoye>{{cite web| url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/kylie-pop-culture-princess-20111129-1o3vh.html| date=30 November 2011| access-date=15 August 2019| title=Kylie: Pop Culture Princess| work=The Sydney Morning Herald| author=Joye, Paula|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815142956/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/kylie-pop-culture-princess-20111129-1o3vh.html?js-chunk-not-found-refresh=true|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Fiona MacDonald from ''Madison'' acknowledged Kylie as "one of the handful of singers recognised around the world by her first name alone. And yet despite becoming an international music superstar, style icon and honorary Brit, those two syllables still seem as Australian as the smell of eucalyptus or a barbeque on a hot day."<ref name="madison">{{cite web|first=Fiona|last=MacDonald|date=14 January 2013|url=http://www.madisonmag.com.au/news/the-iconic-kylie.htm|title=The iconic Kylie|work=Madison|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123080703/http://www.madisonmag.com.au/news/the-iconic-kylie.htm|archivedate=23 January 2013}}</ref>

Minogue has been recognised with a number of [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|honorific nicknames]],<ref name=ew1/><ref>Inner lines: Pg 35 – la la la – Written by William Baker and Kylie Minogue {{ISBN|0-340-73440-X}}</ref> most notably the "Princess of Pop",<ref name=survivor/><ref name=tit1>{{cite web| url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/kylie-minogue-the-perfect-princess-of-pop-with-31-years-of-music-1.3649249| date=6 October 2018| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: The perfect Princess of Pop with 31 years of music| work=[[The Irish Times]]| author=Bruton, Louise}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title = Kylie's back on royal form | page = 5 | newspaper = [[Birmingham Post]] | date = 8 July 2000|quote=Once upon a time, long before anybody had even heard of Britney, Christina, Jessica or Mandy, Australian singer Kylie Minogue ruled the charts as princess of pop}}</ref> "Goddess of Pop"<ref>"Kylie: Goddess of Pop" – Julie Aspinall, 2010 (p.3), {{ISBN|1921667761}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.entertainmentafrica.mobi/music/view/news/34197-Kylie-Minogue-is-the-goddess-of-pop |title=Kylie Minogue is the goddess of pop |publisher=entertainmentafrica.mobi |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110120117/http://www.entertainmentafrica.mobi/music/view/news/34197-Kylie-Minogue-is-the-goddess-of-pop |archivedate=10 November 2013 |accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rhythmscene.com/2011/05/kylie-minogue-a-real-pop-goddess/ |title=Kylie Minogue a Real Pop Goddess " Rhythm Scene |publisher=Rhythmscene.com |accessdate=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609074316/http://www.rhythmscene.com/2011/05/kylie-minogue-a-real-pop-goddess/ |archivedate=9 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="VH1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2014-10-23/runner-ups-pop-queen-faceoff/4/ |title=VH1 Pop Queen Faceoff: The Runner Ups |publisher=VH1 Music |date=October 2014 |accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref> and "Queen of Pop".<ref name="VH1" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Hull New Theatre will be alive with The Sound of Music|url=http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/news/Undefined-Headline/article-3121927-detail/article.html|accessdate=12 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Grimsby Telegraph]]|date=20 January 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120914085113/http://www.thisisgrimsby.co.uk/news/Undefined-Headline/article-3121927-detail/article.html|archivedate=14 September 2012 |url-status=dead|location=Grimsby|quote=On the same night, his former soap partner Kylie was crowned Queen of Pop at the Brits.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oxfordstudent.com/2018/05/02/kylie-minogues-golden-a-wholesome-new-direction-for-the-queen-of-pop/|title=Kylie Minogue's Golden: A wholesome new direction for the Queen of Pop}}</ref>

Jon O'Brien of AllMusic reviewed her box-set ''[[Kylie: The Albums 2000–2010]]'' and stated that it "contains plenty of moments to justify her position as one of the all-time premier pop princesses."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-albums-2000-2010-mw0002164770|author=O'Brien, Jon|title=Kylie Minogue – The Albums 2000–2010|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=13 August 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120160053/http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-albums-2000-2010-mw0002164770|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> In January 2012, ''[[NME]]'' critics ranked her single "Can't Get You Out of My Head" at number four on their Greatest Pop Songs in History list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/the-greatest-pop-songs-in-history-no-4-kylie-minogue-%E2%80%98can%E2%80%99t-get-you-out-of-my-head%E2%80%99|title=The Greatest Pop Songs in History – No. 4 : Kylie Minogue, 'Can't Get You Out of My Head'|work=[[NME]]|date=3 January 2012}}</ref> In February 2012, [[VH1]] ranked Minogue at number 47 on its 100 Greatest Women in Music list, and number 49 on the 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/100-greatest-women-in-music/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418062435/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/100-greatest-women-in-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2013|title="VH1′s 100 Greatest Women in Music [COMPLETE LIST]".|work=Music News – VH1 Music|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355|title=50 Greatest Women of the Video Era|publisher=VH1|accessdate=28 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061423/http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355|archivedate=29 June 2011}}</ref> [[Channel 4]] listed her as one of the world's greatest pop stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/worlds-greatest-pop-stars/episode-guide/series-1/episode-7|work=Channel 4|url-status=dead|date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191818/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/worlds-greatest-pop-stars/episode-guide/series-1/|archivedate=29 September 2013|title=Series 1 – Episode 7 – T4: Rimmel London Presents: The World's Greatest Pop Stars|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Minogue's work has influenced pop and dance artists including [[September (singer)|September]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7iJXkT7eEU|title=The Story of September (Part 1)|via=YouTube|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> [[Diana Vickers]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a401098/diana-vickers-next-album-is-between-kylie-and-madonna.html|title=Diana Vickers: 'Next album is between Kylie and Madonna'|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=11 April 2013|first=Mayer|last=Nissim|work=[[Digital Spy]]|quote=It's between Kylie and Madonna, but early days. They've been my inspiration. Pop's the way forward, so I'm going to keep it very pop.}}</ref> [[The Veronicas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/08/veronicas-new-album-interview|title=The Veronicas get into the groove on a new, eclectically electronic album|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|date=8 July 2016|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> [[Slayyyter]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.papermag.com/slayyyter-heidi-montag-interview-2629503215.html?rebelltitem=15#rebelltitem15| date=20 February 2019| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Slayyyter and Heidi Montag Interview| work=Paper| author=Love Michael, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=slayyyter|number=1090502443153190912|date=29 January 2019|title=no!! i still gotta record that one lol}}</ref> [[Paulina Rubio]]<ref name=people>{{cite web|date=1 July 2002|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20137405,00.html|accessdate=14 August 2020|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|author=Chuck Arnold, Kyle Smith|title=Picks and Pans Review: Border Girl}}</ref> and [[Paris Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/41386|title=Paris Hilton completes Kylie Minogue-influenced second album|work=[[NME]]|first=Adam|last=Bychawski|date=1 December 2008|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> In 2007, French avant-garde guitarist [[Noël Akchoté]] released ''[[So Lucky (Noël Akchoté album)|So Lucky]]'', featuring solo guitar versions of tunes recorded by Minogue.<ref>Stef, [http://www.freejazzblog.org/2007/09/nol-akchot-so-lucky-winter-winter-2007.html Free Jazz Collective Review], 15 September 2007</ref>

==Achievements==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue}}
[[File:Kylie Minogue Cropped Sliver Spoon Awards 2012.jpg|thumb|155px|upright|In 2012, Minogue won the [[Silver Clef Award]] in recognition of her contribution to the music industry<ref>{{cite web|last1=Daniels|first1=Colin|title=Kylie Minogue to receive Australia's top live entertainment award|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a494140/kylie-minogue-to-receive-australias-top-live-entertainment-award/|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=2 July 2019|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>]]
Minogue has received a number of accolades, including a [[Grammy Award]],<ref name=come1/> three [[Brit Awards]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/brit-awards/11432476/The-Brit-Awards-most-successful-acts.html?frame=3210421| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 3 Awards – The Brit Awards' most successful acts| work=The Telegraph| date=25 February 2015}}</ref> 17 [[ARIA Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://ariaawards.com.au/history/search/?text=Kylie%20Minogue| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Search results for "Kylie Minogue"| work=ARIA Awards}}</ref> two [[MTV Video Music Award]]s,<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners|title=2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|date=1 September 2002|accessdate=25 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085844/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners|archivedate=30 June 2018|url-status=live|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com.au/awards/98vma/ausnoms/ausnom.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012050006/http://www.mtv.com.au/awards/98vma/ausnoms/ausnom.html|archivedate=12 October 1999|title=Best Australian Video Nominees 1998|publisher=[[MTV (Australia and New Zealand)|MTV Australia]]|accessdate=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> two [[MTV Europe Music Award]]s<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1458707/eminem-wins-most-mtv-europe-music-awards/| date=14 November 2002| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Eminem wins most MTV Europe Music Awards| work=MTV| author=Dangelo, Joe}}</ref> and six [[Mo Award]]s, including the Australian Performer of the Year in 2001 and 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/651-2/|title=Winners – 26th MO Awards 2001|publisher=[[Mo Awards|Australian Entertainment 'Mo' Awards Incorporated]]|accessdate=8 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711064803/http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/651-2/|archivedate=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/2003-2/|title=Winners – 28th MO Awards 2003|publisher=[[Mo Awards|Australian Entertainment 'Mo' Awards Incorporated]]|accessdate=8 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165044/http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/2003-2/|archivedate=20 December 2013}}</ref> In 2008, she was honoured with [[Music Industry Awards|Music Industry Trust's]] award for recognition of her 20-year career and was hailed as "an icon of pop and style", becoming the first female musician to receive a Music Industry Trust award.<ref name=bill70/><ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/10/29/kylies-hailed-as-a-pop-icon-422490/|title=Kylie's hailed as a 'pop icon'.|work=Metro|accessdate=28 September 2014|date=29 October 2007}}</ref> In April 2017, the [[Britain-Australia Society]] recognised Minogue with its 2016 award for outstanding contribution to the improving of relations and bilateral understanding between Britain and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://britain-australia.org.uk/events/event/kylie-award-announcement|title=BAS Award to Kylie Minogue|publisher=Britain-Australia Society|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> The citation reads: "In recognition of significant contributions to the Britain-Australia relationship as an acclaimed singer, songwriter, actor and iconic personality in both countries".<ref name=newsau>{{cite web| url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/pop-princess-kylie-minogue-honoured-by-prince-philip-and-declared-a-cultural-ambassador/news-story/e9ccc9fc2b2394192d9d7ec5dc60e18a| date=4 April 2017| access-date=15 August 2019| title=Pop princess Kylie Minogue honoured by Prince Philip and declared a cultural ambassador| work=[[news.com.au]]| author=Whinnett, Ellen|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404134809/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/pop-princess-kylie-minogue-honoured-by-prince-philip-and-declared-a-cultural-ambassador/news-story/e9ccc9fc2b2394192d9d7ec5dc60e18a|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The award was announced at a reception in Australia House but was personally presented the next day by Prince Philip, Patron of the Society, at [[Windsor Castle]].<ref name=newsau/>

As of 2013, she has sold 70 million records worldwide.<ref name=bill70>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue To Be Honored With Australia's Top Live Entertainment Award|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568570/kylie-minogue-to-be-honored-with-australias-top-live-entertainment-award|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=22 August 2019|date=28 June 2013|author=Brandle, Lars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033229/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568570/kylie-minogue-to-be-honored-with-australias-top-live-entertainment-award|archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> Minogue is the most successful Australian female recording artist of all time<ref name=pjoye/><ref name=ew1/><ref name="smh" /> and, in November 2011, on the 25th anniversary of the [[ARIA Music Awards]], she was inducted by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] into the [[ARIA Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ariahall>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/prime-minister-julia-gillard-to-honour-pop-princess-kylie-minogue/story-e6frewyr-1226205421573|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]] |title=Prime Minister Julia Gillard to honour pop princess Kylie Minogue|date=25 November 2011|first=Kathy|last=McCabe|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> In June 2012, [[The Official Chart Company]] revealed that Minogue is the 12th best selling singer in the United Kingdom to date, and the third best selling female artist, selling over 10.1 million albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-singles-charts-biggest-selling-artists-of-all-time-revealed-1431/|title=The Official Singles Charts' biggest selling artists of all time revealed!|publisher=Officialcharts.com|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> According to the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI), all her studio albums have been [[British Phonographic Industry|certified]], and with her singles as well, she has a total of 27 certified records.<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx "BPI – Search >> Kylie Minogue – Artist"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015932/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=24 September 2009}}. [[British Phonographic Industry]]. 1987–present. Retrieved 2 October 2012.</ref> In January 2011, Minogue received a ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' citation for having the most consecutive decades with top five albums in the UK, with all her albums doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/9000/most-consecutive-decades-with-top-five-albums-(uk)-(female)|title=MOST CONSECUTIVE DECADES WITH TOP FIVE ALBUMS (UK) (FEMALE)|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Minogue and American singer Madonna are the only artists to have had reached the top position of the UK Albums Chart in four consecutive decades, from the 1980s to the 2010s.<ref name=golden4/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-50-golden-chart-facts-about-the-original-pop-princess__21489/| date=28 June 2019| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 50 golden chart facts about the original pop princess| work=Official Charts Company| author=Copsey, Rob}}</ref>

Minogue's songs have garnered some accolades throughout her career. In 2004, she held the record for the most singles at number one in the ARIA singles chart, with a total of nine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Recording Artists Make ARIA Chart History|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/AustralianRecordingArtistsMakeARIAChartHistory.htm|date=3 August 2004|access-date=13 August 2019|work=Australian Recording Industry Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816051404/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/AustralianRecordingArtistsMakeARIAChartHistory.htm|archive-date=16 August 2004}}</ref> In 2011, she made history for having two songs inside the top three on the U.S. [[Dance Club Songs]] chart, with her singles "[[Better than Today]]" and "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]" charting at one and three, respectively.<ref name=bill11>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/472860/kylie-minogue-makes-history-on-danceclub-play-songs|title=Kylie Minogue Makes History on Dance/Club Play Songs|work=Billboard|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=13 August 2019}}</ref> In December 2016, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' ranked her as the 18th most successful dance artist of all-time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1}}</ref> Her single "Can't Get You Out of My Head" was named the most-played track of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/kylie-minogue-2-34-1280306|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Can't Get You Out of My Head' named most-played track of the decade|work=[[NME]]|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> The song eventually became the third best-selling UK single and the most-played song in the UK in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|title=Can't Get You Out of My Head|publisher=Kylie.com|date=17 September 2001|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327200226/http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|archivedate=27 March 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, "Can't Get You Out of My Head" was the 72nd song featured on UK's Official Top 100 Biggest Selling Singles of All Time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/06/kylie-officially-honoured-as-uks-queen-of-singles/|title=Kylie Officially Honoured as UKS Queen of Singles|publisher=Kylie.com|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082652/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/06/kylie-officially-honoured-as-uks-queen-of-singles/|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie officially honoured as UK's queen of singles!|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-honoured-as-queen-of-singles-with-7-number-1-awards-1427/|publisher=Official Charts.|accessdate=11 December 2013|date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Health===
Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 36 in May 2005, leading to the postponement of the remainder of her Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour and her withdrawal from the [[Glastonbury Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Minogue's cancer shock ends tour|publisher=CNN|date=17 May 2005|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/17/kylie.cancer/index.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> Her hospitalisation and treatment in Melbourne resulted in a brief but intense period of media coverage, particularly in Australia, where then Prime Minister [[John Howard]] issued a statement of support.<ref name="CNNtreatment">{{Cite news|title=Kylie begins cancer treatment|date=19 May 2005|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/kylie.surgery/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=9 December 2006}}</ref> As media and fans began to congregate outside the Minogue residence in Melbourne, Victorian Premier [[Steve Bracks]] warned the international media that any disruption of the Minogue family's rights under Australian privacy laws would not be tolerated.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bracks warns paparazzi to back off|work=The Age|location=Australia|date=18 May 2005|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/People/Bracks-warns-paparazzi/2005/05/18/1116361596970.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Attard|first=Monica|title=Peter Carrette and Peter Blunden on Kylie Minogue and the media|publisher=ABC Sunday Profile|date=22 May 2005|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1373289.htm|accessdate=21 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011101209/http://abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1373289.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aiken|first=Kirsten|title=Media Coverage of Kylie Minogue: Circulation or Compassion?|publisher=ABC Radio|date=22 May 2005|url=http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2004/s1373909.htm|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref>

Minogue underwent surgery on 21 May 2005 at Cabrini Hospital in [[Malvern, Victoria|Malvern]] and commenced [[chemotherapy]] treatment soon after.<ref name="CNNtreatment" /> After the surgery, the disease "had no recurrence".<ref name=chemo/> On 8 July 2005, she made her first public appearance after surgery when she visited a children's cancer ward at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital. She returned to France where she completed her chemotherapy treatment at the [[Institut Gustave Roussy|Institut Gustave-Roussy]] in [[Villejuif]], near Paris.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Games appearance, says Kylie|date=30 August 2005|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4196460.stm|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> In January 2006, Minogue's publicist announced that she had finished chemotherapy, and her treatment continued for the next months.<ref name=chemo>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/chemo-finished-but-kylies-treatment-continues-20060114-ge1klp.html| date=14 January 2006| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Chemo finished, but Kylie's treatment continues|work=The Age}}</ref><ref name=people1>{{cite web| url=https://people.com/celebrity/kylie-minogue-boyfriend-got-me-through-cancer/| date=2 November 2006| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: Boyfriend Got Me Through Cancer| work=People| author=Orloff, Brian}}</ref> On her return to Australia for her concert tour, she discussed her illness and said that her chemotherapy treatment had been like "experiencing a [[nuclear bomb]]".<ref name="popsdarling" /> While appearing on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' in 2008, Minogue said that her cancer had originally been misdiagnosed. She commented, "Because someone is in a white coat and using big medical instruments doesn't necessarily mean they're right",<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie says 'I was misdiagnosed'|work=BBC News|date=8 April 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7336164.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> but later spoke of her respect for the medical profession.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie has 'respect' for doctors|work=BBC News|date=9 April 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7338417.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref>

Minogue was acknowledged for the impact she made by publicly discussing her cancer diagnosis and treatment. In May 2008, the French Cultural Minister [[Christine Albanel]] said, "Doctors now even go as far as saying there is a "Kylie effect" that encourages young women to have regular checks."<ref name="Frenchhonour">{{cite web|title=Kylie receives top French honour|publisher=ABC News|date=6 May 2008|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-05-06/kylie-receives-top-french-honour/2426438|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> She has been cited as an example of cases where more women have undergone regular checks for cancer symptoms after publicity around famous people being diagnosed with cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Impact of news of celebrity illness on breast cancer screening: Kylie Minogue's breast cancer diagnosis|first1=Simon|last1=Chapman|first2=Simon|last2=Holding|first3=Kim|last3=McLeod|first4=Melanie|last4=Wakefield|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|date=May 2005|volume=183|issue=5|pages=247–250|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07029.x|pmid=16138798|s2cid=25168753}}</ref> Television host [[Giuliana Rancic]] cited Minogue's cancer story as "inspirational" when she too was diagnosed with cancer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kaufman, Donna|date=27 June 2012|url=http://www.ivillage.com/kylie-minogue-giuliana-rancic-over-breast-cancer/1-a-468914|url-status=dead|work=[[iVillage UK|iVillage]]|title=Kylie Minogue: 'I Bonded with Giuliana Rancic Over Breast Cancer'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630043754/http://www.ivillage.com/kylie-minogue-giuliana-rancic-over-breast-cancer/1-a-468914|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>

===Philanthropy===
Minogue has helped fundraise on many occasions. In 1989, she participated in recording "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" under the name [[Band Aid II]] to help raise money. In early 2010, Minogue along with many other artists (under the name Helping Haiti) recorded a cover version of "[[Everybody Hurts]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/753376/haiti-aid-song-to-be-rems-everybody-hurts|title="X Factor Simon Cowell Earthquake Charity Single To Be REM's Everybody Hurts, Sky Sources Say".|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> The single was a fundraiser to help after the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]. She also spent a week in Thailand after the 2005 tsunami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plan-international.org/tsunamirecovery/sri-lanka/children-of-the-sea.php|title=Children of the Sea – Child tsunami survivors spread strength and smiles through theatre|publisher=Plan-international.org|accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> During her 2011 [[Aphrodite World Tour]], the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] struck Japan, which was on her itinerary. She declared she would continue to tour there, stating, "I was here to do shows and I chose not to cancel, Why did I choose not to cancel? I thought long and hard about it and it wasn't an easy decision to make."<ref name="japanese">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/newstest2/archive-old-assets/kylie-minogue-and-julia-gillard-unite-for-tsunami-fundraiser-in-japan/story-e6frfkyi-1226043574739|title=Kylie Minogue and Julia Gillard unite for tsunami fundraiser in Japan|work=NewsComAu|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> While she was there, she and Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] were star guests at an Australian Embassy fundraiser for the disaster.<ref name="japanese" /> In January 2020, in response to the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|2019–20 Australian bushfires]], Minogue announced that she and her family were donating A$500,000 towards immediate firefighting efforts and ongoing support.<ref name="bushfires">{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-australia-bushfire-charity-a4327051.html|title=Kylie Minogue donates $500,000 to Australian firefighting efforts in the face of 'heartbreaking' bushfires|work=[[Evening Standard]]|first=Rachel|last=McGrath|date=6 January 2020|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

In 2008, Minogue pledged her support for a campaign to raise money for abused children, to be donated to the British charities ChildLine and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. According to the source, around $93 million was raised.<ref name="charity1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollyscoop.com/kylie-minogue/kylie-minogue-launches-charity-drive-for-children.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221114/http://www.hollyscoop.com/kylie-minogue/kylie-minogue-launches-charity-drive-for-children.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Kylie Minogue Launches Charity Drive For Children|work=Hollyscoop|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> She spoke out in relation to the cause, saying: "Finding the courage to tell someone about being abused is one of the most difficult decisions a child will ever have to make."<ref name="charity1" /> In 2010 and 2012, she was involved in supporting the [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] Support Gala, which was held by the American Foundation for Aids Research (Amfar).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18059332|title=Kylie Minogue supports Cannes Aids gal|work=BBC News|accessdate=28 September 2014|date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

Since Minogue's breast cancer diagnosis in 2005, she has been a sponsor and ambassador for the cause. In May 2010, she held a breast cancer campaign for the first time. She later spoke about the cause saying "It means so much to me to be part of this year's campaign for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer. I wholeheartedly support their efforts to raise funds for the vital work undertaken by Breakthrough Breast Cancer."<ref name="fundraiser">{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG7532553/Kylie-Minogue-leads-stars-in-breast-cancer-charity-campaign.html|title=Kylie Minogue leads stars in breast cancer charity campaign – Telegraph|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=18 December 2012|location=London|date=28 March 2010}}</ref> For the cause, she "posed in a silk sheet emblazoned with the distinctive target logo of Fashion Targets Breast Cancer" for photographer [[Mario Testino]].<ref name="fundraiser" /> In April 2014, Minogue had launched a new campaign entitled One Note Against Cancer, which is a charity organisation to help cancer research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onenoteagainstcancer.com/en|title=OneNoteAgainstCancer|work=One Note Against Cancer|date=15 April 2014|accessdate=15 April 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135150/http://www.onenoteagainstcancer.com/en|archivedate=17 April 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Kylie Minogue albums discography|Kylie Minogue singles discography|List of songs recorded by Kylie Minogue}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)|Enjoy Yourself]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Let's Get to It]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)|Body Language]]'' (2003)
* ''[[X (Kylie Minogue album)|X]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Aphrodite (album)|Aphrodite]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kiss Me Once]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kylie Christmas]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Golden (Kylie Minogue album)|Golden]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Disco (Kylie Minogue album)|Disco]]'' (2020)

==Tours and concerts==
{{Main|List of Kylie Minogue concert tours}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Disco in Dream]] (1989)
* [[Enjoy Yourself Tour]] (1990)
* [[Rhythm of Love Tour]] (1991)
* [[Let's Get to It Tour]] (1991)
* [[Intimate and Live (concert tour)|Intimate and Live]] (1998)
* [[On a Night Like This (concert tour)|On a Night Like This]] (2001)
* [[KylieFever2002]] (2002)
* [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]] (2005)
* [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]] (2006–2007)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[KylieX2008]] (2008–2009)
* [[For You, for Me]] (2009)
* [[Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour]] (2011)
* [[Anti Tour]] (2012)
* [[Kiss Me Once Tour]] (2014–2015)
* [[Kylie Summer 2015]] (2015)
* [[A Kylie Christmas (concert series)|A Kylie Christmas]] (2015–2016)
* [[Kylie Presents Golden|Kylie Presents: Golden]] (2018)
* [[Golden Tour]] (2018–2019)
* [[Summer 2019 (Kylie Minogue)|Summer 2019]] (2019)
{{col-end}}

==Filmography==
{{Main|Kylie Minogue filmography|Kylie Minogue videography}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected films
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 1989
| ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]''
| Lola Lovell
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]''
| [[Cammy (Street Fighter)|Cammy]]
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''
| The Green Fairy
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]''
| Tara
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Holy Motors]]''
| Eva Grace (Jean)
|-
| 2015
| ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]''
| Susan Riddick
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Swinging Safari (film)|Swinging Safari]]''
| Kaye Hall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/first-look-kylie-minogue-guy-pearce-ignite-flammable-children/5114683.article|title=First look: Kylie Minogue, Guy Pearce ignite 'Flammable Children'|accessdate=18 February 2017|work=screendaily.com}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986–1988
| ''[[Neighbours]]''
| [[Charlene Robinson]]
| 362 episodes
1987 [[Logie Award]] for Most Popular Actress<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/kylie-minogue|title=Minogue, Kylie 1968–|website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Victorian Television<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Actress<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Nominated – 1987 Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Nominated – 1989 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" />
|-
| 1994
| ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]''
| Herself
| Episode "Community Spirit"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/kylie-on-vicar-of-dibley.html|title=Kylie on Vicar of Dibley|last=Knox|first=David|date=4 May 2010|website=TV Tonight |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Doctor Who]]''
| [[Astrid Peth]]
| Episode "[[Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)|Voyage of the Damned]]"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Young & Hungry]]''
| Shauna
| Episodes "Young & Moving" and "Young & Ferris Wheel"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2066229/kylie-minogue-young-and-hungry/|title=Exclusive: 'Young & Hungry' Casts Kylie Minogue As Charming New Love Interest|last=Bell|first=Crystal|date=2 February 2015|publisher=MTV News |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Galavant]]''
| Queen of The Enchanted Forest
| Episode "A New Season aka Suck It Cancellation Bear"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/tv/178950_kylie_minogue_strips_joshua_sasse_down_galavant|title=FIRST LOOK: Kylie Minogue Strips Joshua Sasse Down in Sexy, New 'Galavant' Number|last=Lambe|first=Stacy|date=30 December 2015|website=Entertainment Tonight |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Kylie Minogue}}
{{Portal|Biography|Pop music|Australia}}
* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart]]
* [[List of best-selling singles worldwide]]
* [[List of songs recorded by Kylie Minogue]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Print sources===
{{Refbegin|25em}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=William|last2=Minogue|first2=Kylie|title=Kylie: La La La|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-340-73440-7|title-link=Kylie: La La La}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Tony|author2=Kutner, Jon|author3=Warwick, Neil|title=The Complete Book of the British Charts Singles and Albums|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7119-9075-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Copley|first=Paul|title=Marketing Communications Management: Concepts and Theories, Cases and Practices|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5294-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hartley |first1=John |title=Tele-ology: Studies in Television |date=1992 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-06818-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBHjzIEvq5UC&pg=PA218 |accessdate=20 April 2020|author-link=John Hartley (academic)|via=[[Google Books]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shuker|first=Roy|title=Understanding Popular Music|publisher=Routledge, Second Edition|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-23509-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk}}
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Sean|date=13 March 2014|title=Kylie|url=http://www.seansmithceleb.com/kylie-minogue.htm|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-147-113-5804|access-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406064851/http://www.seansmithceleb.com/kylie-minogue.htm|archivedate=6 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Sean|title=Kylie Confidential|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books Limited|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85479-415-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sutherland|first=Byrony|author2=Ellis, Lucy|title=Kylie: Showgirl|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7119-9294-8}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Kylie Minogue}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Kylie Minogue songs}}
{{Stock Aitken Waterman}}
{{UK best-selling albums (by year) 1970–1989}}
{{ARIA Award for Single of the Year 2000s}}
{{ARIA Award for Best Female Artist 2000s}}
{{Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television}}
{{JC Williamson Award}}
{{Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress on Australian Television}}
{{Glamour Awards Woman of the Year}}
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minogue, Kylie}}
[[Category:Kylie Minogue| ]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Melbourne]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women singers]]
[[Category:ARIA Award winners]]
[[Category:ARIA Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Actresses from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Australian child actresses]]
[[Category:Australian dance musicians]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Australian female pop singers]]
[[Category:Australian film actresses]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Australian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Australian television personalities]]
[[Category:Australian video game actresses]]
[[Category:Australian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Australian women in electronic music]]
[[Category:Breast cancer survivors]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:Capitol Records artists]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Dance-pop musicians]]
[[Category:Freestyle musicians]]
[[Category:Gold Logie winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners for dance and electronic music]]
[[Category:MTV EMA winners]]
[[Category:Helpmann Award winners]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia]]
[[Category:NME Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nu-disco musicians]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Parlophone artists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Centenary Medal]]
[[Category:Singers from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]

Reebok

2020-10-17T08:27:44Z

Githek: Reebok was an English company, but changed to becomes American in 1985 when of their U.S distributors, Paul Fireman created a company of the same name, Reebok USA and bought the english based parent company based in Bolton. American and English roots of reebok merge and the new company becomes Reebok International limited. So it's now an American company.

{{for|the South African antelope|Grey rhebok}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Reebok International Ltd.
| former_name =
| logo = Reebok_2019 logo.svg
| logo_size = 150
| image = ReebokSouthEdmontonCommon.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Reebok store at [[South Edmonton Common]], pictured in May 2020
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| fate = Acquired by [[Adidas]] in 2005
| industry = [[Textile]] [[Sports equipment]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1895}} {{refn|Although Reebok itself was established in 1958,<ref name=grailed>[https://www.grailed.com/drycleanonly/reebok-history A quick history of Reebok] by Marc Richardson on Grailed website, 18 Oct 1918</ref><ref name=look>[http://letslookagain.com/tag/j-w-foster-sons/ Running the show: Reebok] on Let's look website, Sep 2017</Ref> the date of foundation is set in 1895, when the family business began to run with Joseph W. Foster starting the manufacture of athletic shoes.<ref name=timeline>[https://www.fatbuddhastore.com/reebok-timeline-i206 Reebok timeline: History]</Ref> Foster's company, [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], was absorbed by Reebok in 1976.|group=note|name=dates}} in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]], [[England]]
| founder = [[Joseph William Foster|Joe]] and Jeff Foster
| defunct =
| predecessor = [[J.W. Foster and Sons]]
| location_city = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], [[US]]
| key_people = Matthew O'Toole {{small|(CEO)}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = [[Sportswear]], [[sneakers|footwear]]
| parent = [[Adidas]]
| owner =
| subsid =
| brands = {{collapsible list|
* [[Reebok Classic|Classic]]
* [[Reebok Freestyle|Freestyle]]
* [[Reebok Nano|Nano]]
* [[Reebok Princess|Princess]]
* [[Reebok Pump|Pump]]
* [[Reebok Ventilator|Ventilator]]
* [[Reebok Zig|Zig]]
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.reebok.com/us/|reebok.com}}
}}

'''Reebok International Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|b|ɒ|k}}) is an American [[sneakers|footwear]] and [[sportswear (activewear)|clothing]] company founded in [[Bolton]] ([[Greater Manchester]]), and headquartered in [[Boston]] ([[Massachusetts]]). Since 2005, the company has been a subsidiary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/a-companies/adidas/adidas-reebok-kickstart-integration/articleshow/2209875.cms|title=Adidas, Reebok kickstart integration|website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> of [[Germany|German]] [[sports equipment|sporting goods]] giant [[Adidas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |title=Our Brands – adidas group |publisher=Adidas-group.com |accessdate=May 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719093735/http://www.adidas-group.com/en/ourbrands/welcome.asp |archivedate=July 19, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref name=wsj05>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB112304841978003570?mod=_newsreel_5|title=Adidas Nears Deal to Buy Reebok In Effort to Gain Ground on Nike|last=Berman|first=Dennis K.|last2=Kang|first2=Stephanie|last3=Karnitsching|first3=Matthew|date=2005|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nytimes05>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/04/business/media/04adco.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Adidas's Reebok Purchase Sets a Challenge for Nike|author=Stuart Elliot|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok produces and distributes [[physical fitness|fitness]], [[running]] and [[CrossFit]] [[Sportswear (activewear)|sportswear]] including clothing and [[sneakers|footwear]]. It is the official footwear and apparel sponsor for [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC), [[CrossFit]], and [[Spartan Race]].<ref name=bloomberg1>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-09-18/reebok-turns-to-race-from-hell-to-revive-former-glory|title=Reebok Turns to 'Race From Hell' to Revive Former Glory|author=Julie Cruz|date=September 23, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, Reebok was established as a companion company to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]], founded in 1895 in [[Bolton]], [[Lancashire]], England.<ref name=rourke>{{cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories: "Reebok International Ltd."|last=Rourke|first=Elizabeth|last2=Hedblad|first2=Edna|last3=Salamie|first3=David|date=1999}}</ref> From 1958 until 1986, Reebok clothing featured the Union Flag to signify the company's British origins.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reebok logo indicates shift from pros to CrossFit|url=https://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923|agency=Ad Age|date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

The company's global headquarters are located in [[Boston, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbbj.com/work/reebok-world-headquarters/|title=Reebok World Headquarters {{!}} NBBJ|website=www.nbbj.com|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref> U.S., with regional offices in [[Amsterdam]], [[Montreal]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Mexico City]].

In November 2016, Reebok announced it would be moving its headquarters from the Boston suburb of [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]] to the innovation and design building in the seaport district of [[South Boston]]. The reasons for the move, according to the company, were to be located in an urban environment that is more desirable to [[millennial]] workers and to “clarify the roles” of United States offices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chesto |first=Jon |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/11/03/reebok-laces-for-headquarters-move-boston/pq4llPyHysjzvf22V2Q5XO/story.html |title=Reebok plans a big move — and some job cuts |work=[[Boston Globe]] |date=2016-11-03 |accessdate=2016-11-04 }}</ref> The move was completed in fall of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masslive.com/news/boston/2017/07/inside_reeboks_new_220000-squa.html|title=Inside Reebok's new 220,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston's Seaport District|last=Williams|first=Michelle|date=2017-07-18|website=masslive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>

== History ==
===Early history===
In 1895, [[J.W. Foster and Sons|Joseph William Foster]] at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in [[Bolton]], [[England]], and designed some of the earliest [[spiked running shoe]]s.<ref name="Company history">{{cite news|title=Adidas buys Reebok to conquer US|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2920095/Adidas-buys-Reebok-to-conquer-US.html|agency=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2016}}</ref> After his ideas progressed, he founded his business 'J.W. Foster' in 1900, later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to [[J.W. Foster and Sons]].<ref name=AFP>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140118045412/http://www.shoebacca.com/brand/reebok "Brand History" at ShoeBacca.com](Archive)</ref><ref name=RTF>[http://www.reebokthefounder.com at reebokthefounder.com](Brand History)</ref> Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps".<ref name="Company history"/> For pioneering the use of spikes, the company's revolutionary [https://www.shoereviewsguide.in/trending-reebok-run-shoes running pumps] appear in the book, ''Golden Kicks: The Shoes that changed Sport''.<ref name="Coles">{{cite book|last1=Colea|first1=Jason|title=Golden Kicks: The Shoes that Changed Sport|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=14–16}}</ref> The company began distributing shoes across the Union Jack flag which were worn by British athletes.<ref name="Coles"/> They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion [[Harold Abrahams]] (who would be immortalised in the Oscar winning film ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'') in the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] held in [[Paris]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=ny86>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/15/business/market-place-the-surging-reebok-stock.html|title=Market Place; The Surging Reebok Stock|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=May 15, 1986|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=February 24, 2015}}</ref>

In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, [[Joseph William Foster|Joe]] and Jeff Foster, formed a companion company "Reebok," having found the name in a South African dictionary won in a running race by [[Joseph William Foster|Joe Foster]] as a boy.<ref name=AFP/> The name is [[Afrikaans]] for the [[grey rhebok]], a type of African [[antelope]].<ref name="Coles"/><ref name=lesmills/>

====U.S. market====
In 1979, at the [[Chicago]] International Sneaker Trade show an American businessman, [[Paul Fireman]], took notice of Reebok. Fireman was working for team sports and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the [[United States]]. The division was called '''Reebok USA Ltd.'''<ref name=hoopsvibe>{{cite news|title=The History of Reebok in the Sneaker Industry|author=C.Y. Ellis|date=November 8, 2013|publisher=HoopsVibe}}</ref> Later that year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.<ref name="rourke"/>

===1980s–1990s===
In 1982, Reebok debuted the [[Reebok Freestyle]] aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women.<ref name=rourke/><ref name=mcdonald>{{cite news|title=Cases in Sport Marketing|last=McDonald|first=Mark A.|last2=Milne|first2=George R.|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|date=1999| pages=63–86}}</ref> The following year, Reebok's sales were $13 million.<ref name=fortune88>{{cite magazine|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/05/23/70575/index.htm|title=America's Fastest Growing Companies|author=Stuart Gannes|date=May 23, 1988|magazine=Fortune Magazine|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref>

The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the largest segments of the athletic footwear industry at the time.<ref name=vartan>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/21/business/market-place-a-brisk-pace-is-set-by-nike.html|title=Market Place; A Brisk Pace Is Set by Nike|author=Vartanig G. Vartan|date=January 21, 1986|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}</ref> Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. In addition to its IPO, the brand will conquer tennis with the Newport Classic, popularized by Boris Becker and John Mc Enroe, and the Revenge Plus, better known today under its name Reebok Club C.

Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its [[initial public offering]] on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol RBK.<ref name=ny86/><ref name=vartan/>

In 1986, Reebok switched its logo from the Union Jack flag it had since its founding, to the Vector logo - an abstract Union Jack streak across a race track - which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes<ref name=adage>{{cite magazine|url=http://adage.com/article/news/change-reebok-logo-shift-pros-crossfit/291923/|title=Change: Reebok Logo Indicates Shift From Pros to Crossfit|author=Natalie Zmuda|date=February 28, 2014|magazine=Advertising Age|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsoftheworld.com/search/logos?search_api_views_fulltext=Reebok|title=Search {{!}} Brands of the World™|website=www.brandsoftheworld.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the [[NBA]] and [[NFL]].<ref name=fastcode>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/3027567/how-reeboks-crossfit-logo-took-over-the-mothership|title=How Reebok Became The Brand For Crossfit Junkies|author=John Brownlee|date=March 13, 2014|publisher=FastCode|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

During the 1980s, Reebok began introducing sports clothing and accessories (alongside entering the college/pro sports arena), along with a new line of children's athletic shoes (called 'Weeboks').<ref name=chicagotrib>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-03-15/features/8701200671_1_tres-yup-buzz-buzzell-trendiness|title=The Training Of Trendy Tots|author=Clarence Petersen|date=March 15, 1987|newspaper=The Chicago Tribune|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion.<ref name=wsj05 /> One of the company's most iconic technologies,<ref name=complex>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2013/02/10-sneakers-that-debuted-significant-technology/reebok-pump|title=10 Sneakers That Debuted Significant Technology|author=Russ Bengtson|date=February 25, 2013|publisher=Complex Magazine|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> the [[Reebok Pump]], debuted in 1989<ref name=nytimes89>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/01/business/company-news-reebok-introduces-inflatable-shoe.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Reebok Introduces Inflatable Shoe|date=November 1, 1989|work=Reuters|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=sun89>{{cite news|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1989-09-14/business/8903030064_1_reebok-shoe-version|title=Reebok 'Pump' To Sell For $170|date=September 14, 1989|newspaper=Sun Sentinel|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref name=rourke/><ref name=bswk93>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1993-12-19/can-reebok-regain-its-balance|title=Can Reebok Regain Its Balance?|date=December 19, 1993|magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for [[step aerobics]]. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at [[San Diego State University]]. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it,<ref>{{cite news |title=One Step Makes Workouts More Strenuous |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=September 18, 1991 |first=Garret |last=Condon}}</ref> and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/26/sports/on-your-own-step-up-and-down-to-sharper-workouts.html |title=Step Up (and Down) to Sharper Workouts |date=March 26, 1990 |last=Lloyd |first=Barbara |newspaper=The New York Times |page=C-10}}</ref> Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices, and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support.<ref name=lesmills/> Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Firming Up Revenues |newspaper=The Courant |location=Hartford, Connecticut |date=April 22, 1999 |first=Vanessa |last=Hua}}</ref>

Reebok named [[Carl Yankowski]] president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers.<ref name=latimes98>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/28/business/fi-17271|title=Former Sony Exec to Head Reebok Brand|date=August 28, 1998|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref><ref name=baltimore99>{{cite news|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-12-02/business/9912020099_1_reebok-international-yankowski-athletic-shoe|title=Yankowski resigns as president of Reebok-brand shoes, apparel|date=December 2, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|accessdate=March 1, 2015}}</ref> Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO [[Paul Fireman]] took over as president for the first time in 12 years.<ref name=baltimore99/>

===2000s–present===
[[File:Reebok World headquarters.jpg|thumb|right|Former Reebok headquarters in [[Canton, Massachusetts|Canton]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.]]
Reebok signed [[Venus Williams]] after she won singles titles at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=nytimes00>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/22/sports/tennis-having-style-pays-off-for-venus-williams.html|title=TENNIS; Having Style Pays Off for Venus Williams|date=December 22, 2000|author=Richard Sandomir|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> In December 2000, Reebok signed a 10-year licensing agreement with the [[NFL]] for the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell NFL licensed merchandise, including uniforms and footwear, for all 32 teams.<ref name=latimes00>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/20/business/fi-2360|title=Reebok Granted NFL Apparel Licensing Rights|date=December 20, 2000|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2001, Reebok became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the [[NBA]],<ref name=cnnmoney>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/08/01/companies/reebok/|title=Reebok nets NBA|date=August 1, 2001|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> and 16 [[WNBA]] teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season.<ref name=lat2001>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/02/sports/sp-29711|title=NBA Signs 10-Year Deal With Reebok|date=August 2, 2001|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.<ref name=sportbiz01>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2001/08/20010806/This-Weeks-Issue/Reebok-Locks-Up-More-Than-NBA-With-10-Year-Licensing-Deal.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|author=Andy Bernstein|date=August 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Later in 2001, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and [[chief operating officer|COO]].<ref name=sportbiz>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Issues/2001/12/Issue-59/Sports-Industrialists/Reebok-Names-Margolis-To-New-Position-Of-President-COO.aspx|title=Reebok locks up more than NBA with 10-year licensing deal|date=December 6, 2001|publisher=Sport Business Daily|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref> After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors.<ref name=bizjournal04>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2004/10/18/daily39.html?page=all|title=High exec at Reebok resigns|date=October 21, 2004|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

In 2003, Reebok also became the official uniform and apparel provider for the [[Canadian Football League]], which took effect in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sgbonline.com/reebok-inks-official-supplier-deal-with-cfl/|title=Reebok Inks Official Supplier Deal with CFL|date=October 14, 2003|publisher=SGB Media|accessdate=December 11, 2018}}</ref>

Reebok acquired official [[National Hockey League]] sponsor [[CCM (The Hockey Company)|CCM]] in 2004. The company began manufacturing [[ice hockey]] equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. Reebok phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015.<ref name=livestrong>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/406961-what-does-ccm-stand-for-on-hockey-equipment/|title=What Does CCM stand for on Hockey Equipment?|author=Cam Merritt|date=January 28, 2015|publisher=LiveStrong|accessdate=March 2, 2015}}</ref>

==== Adidas acquisition ====
In August 2005, [[Adidas]] acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, uniting two of the largest sport outfitting companies, but maintaining operations under their separate brand names.<ref name=usatoday05>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/manufacturing/2005-08-04-adidas-1b-cover-usat_x.htm|title=Adidas-Reebok merger lets rivals nip at Nike's heels|last=Petrecca|first=Laura|last2=Howard|first2=Theresa|date=August 4, 2005|newspaper=USA Today|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion.<ref name=nyt2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/03/business/03cnd-shoe.html?_r=2&|title=Adidas Agrees to Acquire Reebok in $3.8 Billion Deal|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|last2=Feder|first2=Barnaby J.|date=August 3, 2005|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the [[NBA]] in 2006<ref name=adage/> with an 11-year deal that includes the [[WNBA]] and replica jerseys and warm-up gear.<ref name=espn06>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2404020|title=NBA laces up adidas for 11-year partnership|author=Darren Rovell|date=April 18, 2006|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.<ref name=bizjournal06>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2006/01/09/daily18.html|title=Harrington named CEO of Reebok Brand division|date=January 10, 2006|newspaper=Boston Business Journal|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref>

In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with [[CrossFit]], a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the [[CrossFit Games]], opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011.<ref name=bloomberg2>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-29/adidas-to-make-crossfit-delta-logo-symbol-for-reebok-fitness|title=Adidas to Make CrossFit Delta Logo Symbol for Reebok Fitness|author=Julie Cruz|date=May 29, 2013|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=March 3, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit delta symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. Around that time, Reebok, as it slowly began to lose its contracts to make sports uniforms and apparel to professional sports leagues and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017) began repositioning itself as a largely fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventmarketer.com/article/qa-reebok-explains-how-and-why-the-brand-is-going-back-to-its-fitness-roots/|title=Why Reebok is Going Back to its Fitness Roots|website=www.eventmarketer.com|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>

In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with [[Les Mills]], a group fitness and team training program in eighty countries in more than 20,000 studios. The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red [[delta (letter)|delta]] sign began showing up on all of Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, making it the company's second logo change in more than 120 years.<ref name=adage/> The delta symbol represents the three pillars of positive self-change including mental, physical and social, as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.<ref name=fastcode/>

Following a successful re-release of many of its iconic sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 Vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in Motter Tektura typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing the reason that consumers still identified with them rather than the 2013 "Delta" logo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zorilla |first1=Monica Marie |title=Reebok Refreshes Iconic Vector Logo, Sidelines Red Delta Symbol |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reebok-vector-logo-refresh-red-delta-symbol/ |website=Adweek |publisher=Adweek LLC |accessdate=9 November 2019}}</ref> although the Delta would continue to be used on certain fitness equipment and apparel lines.

=== Logo evolution ===
{{gallery
|title =
|perrow= 7
|width= 115
|height= 80
|align=center
|File:Reebok logo77.png|1977–1986
|File:Reebok logo93.png|1986–2000
|File:Reebok logo2000.png|2000–2005
|File:Reebok logo05.png|2005–2008
|File:Reebok logo.svg|2008–2014
|File:Reebok delta logo.svg|2014–2019
|File:Reebok_logo20.png|2019–present
}}

==Offices==
Reebok's parent company, [[Adidas]], is headquartered in [[Herzogenaurach]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]], while the Reebok world headquarters remains located in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Reebok EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) has its regional office in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The company also has additional regional offices located in [[Panama City]] (Reebok Latin America), [[Shanghai]] (Reebok Shanghai International Commerce Centre), [[Singapore]], [[Taikoo Shing]], and [[Toronto]].<ref name=adidasgroup>{{cite web|url=http://careers.adidas-group.com/locations-list.aspx|title=Adidas Group Locations|publisher=Adidas|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref>
Reebok first entered the South Korean market in 1987 and has since been making substantial revenue in South Korea. It is shown that it is the third most popular sports brand in South Korea. Through the merger and acquisition of Adidas International, Reebok is no longer listed as a corporation in South Korea.

==Products==
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = vertical
|total_width = 200
|header = Reebok footwear
|image1 = Reebok Royal Glide Ripple Clip shoe.jpg
|caption1 = Royal Glide Ripple Clip men's shoe, pictured in 2017
|image2 = Reebok-11k-inlineskates-2011.jpg
|caption2 = 11k Pump [[Inline hockey]]-Skates from 2011
|footer =
}}
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells [[physical fitness|fitness]], [[running]] and [[CrossFit]] [[Sportswear (activewear)|sportswear]] including clothing and [[sneakers|footwear]]. The clothing line includes [[t-shirt]]s, [[hoodie]]s and [[pants]] among other items. The brand has also collaborated with other companies to produce fitness equipment and workouts.

The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the [[Reebok Freestyle]] that was manufactured and marketed for women.<ref name=classickick>{{cite web|url=http://www.classickicks.com/2013/12/the-history-of-cross-training/|title=The History Of Cross Training|author=Nick Santora|date=December 11, 2013|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of the Reebok sales.<ref name=sneakerfrk>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneakerfreaker.com/2012/12/reebok-museum-recap/|title=Reebok Freestyle Recap|date=December 31, 2012|publisher=Sneaker Freaker|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Following the [[aerobics]] trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok also released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.<ref name=wpost09>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/21/AR2009082101107.html|title=Step Aerobics Marks Its 20th Anniversary With a Celebration Led by Its Creator|author=Vicky Hallett|date=August 25, 2009|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The brand also introduced one of their most signature shoes, The [[Reebok Pump]]. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the world's first fully adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation.<ref name=counterkicks>{{cite web|url=http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Reebok Pump Chronology|author=Yale Schalk|date=November 14, 2009|publisher=CounterKicks|accessdate=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224074852/http://counterkicks.com/2009/11/exclusive-reebok-pump-chronology/|archivedate=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/10/the-reebok-runners-that-defined-90s-sneaker-culture/reebok-ventilator|title=The Reebok Runners That Defined '90s Sneaker Culture|date=October 24, 2014|author=John Q Marcelo|publisher=Complex Magazine|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with [[Allen Iverson]] when he signed with the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].<ref name=nicekicks>{{cite web| url=http://www.nicekicks.com/2013/10/30/end-of-an-era-the-13-best-allen-iverson-shoes/|title=End of an Era: The 13 Best Allen Iverson Shoes|date=October 30, 2013|publisher=NiceKicks|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref><ref name=usatoday30>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/nba/sixers/2001-11-28-iverson-reebok.htm|title=Iverson signs lifetime deal with Reebok|author=Rob Maaddi|date=November 28, 2001|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.<ref name=collector>{{cite web|url=http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|title=A History of Allen Iverson's Reebok Signature Sneaker Line|date=June 7, 2014|publisher=Sole Collector|accessdate=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222124657/http://solecollector.com/news/a-history-of-allen-iverson-s-reebok-signature-sneaker-line/|archivedate=February 22, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2010, the brand released [[Reebok Zig]], an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes include zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sneakerreport.com/features/history-suspension-soles/6/|title=A Complete History of Suspension Soled Sneakers|author=Riley Jones|date=January 5, 2014|publisher=Sneaker Report|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 and is the first official [[CrossFit]] shoe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wodreview.com/shoes/reebok-crossfit-shoes|title=Which Reebok CrossFit shoe is best for you?|author=Gabriel Simon|publisher=WOD Review|accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> The company has also partnered up with [[Les Mills]] and [[CrossFit]] to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts.<ref name=lesmills>{{cite web|url=http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|title=Reebok: A running history|date=June 2, 2014|publisher=LesMills|accessdate=February 23, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224073519/http://www.lesmills.com.au/word-is/reebok-running-history|archivedate=February 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=forbes2011>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/prishe/2011/11/29/reeboks-attention-to-crossfit-feedback-boost-branding-and-product-quality-initiatives/|title=Reebok's Attention to CrossFit Feedback Boost Branding and Product Quality Initiatives|author=Patrick Rishe|date=November 29, 2011|magazine=[[Forbes]]| accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok released the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole so the foam is cushioned but not worn-down. The foam debuted on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://sneakerreport.com/news/reebok-announces-zquick-footwear-collection-2014/| title=Reebok Announces ZQUICK Footwear Collection for 2014| author=Gurvinder Singh Gandu| date=December 20, 2013| publisher=Sneaker Report| accessdate=February 23, 2015}}</ref>

Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology they call Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid [[polyurethane]] and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.si.com/tech-media/2016/10/24/reebok-new-liquid-factory-3-d-drawing|title=Reebok's Liquid Factory could revolutionize shoe-making |website=Sports Illustrated |date=2017-10-24 |accessdate=2017-05-26}}</ref>

In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new collection under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianmazique/2017/09/05/ufc-and-reebok-announce-new-fight-night-apparel/#6d19e9675b66|title=UFC And Reebok Announce New Fight Night Collection|last=Mazique|first=Brian|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-26|language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Victoria Beckham]] being a long-term design partner with Reebok launched her first collection inspired by [[Shaquille O'Neal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/victoria-beckham-reebok-collection|title=Victoria Beckham's First Collection for Reebok Is Here—and It's Inspired by Shaq|last=Park|first=Andrea|work=Glamour|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/victoria-beckham-reebok-merch-collection-shaquille-oneal-celebrity-style|title=Victoria Beckham’s Reebok Merch Collection is a Stylish Slam Dunk Inspired by Shaq|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-08-10|language=en}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
Reebok sponsorships include individual professional athletes,<ref name=corp>[http://corporate.reebok.com/en/about_reebok/faq_section/athletes/default.asp "Reebok athletes" - Reebok official site],</ref> and the [[Portugal national basketball team]].<ref>[http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Elvis+Evora/Standard+Life+Team+GB+Men+v+Portugal+Basketball/nTrE9x_R9X_ 2015 Elvis Evora Photos - Standard Life Team GB Men v Portugal - Basketball]</ref>

===Asia===
Reebok sponsored kits for a top seeded Indian Football club, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]], in the year 2006–2011. Later it sponsored kits for [[Indian Premier League]] teams, such as the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]] in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]], [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], [[Kings XI Punjab]] kits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city |title=Reebok Running Squad – Reebok Ambassador, Gautam Gambhir to flag off first RRS meet in the city |publisher=LiveMango |accessdate=2011-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070951/http://www.livemango.com/entertainment/reebok-running-squad-reebok-ambassador-gautam-gambhir-flag-rrs-meet-city/ |archivedate=September 25, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/reebok-launches-ipl-merchandise|title=Reebok launches IPL merchandise|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=April 11, 2012|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former top employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to [[United States dollar|US$]]233 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://listcricketinfo.blogspot.com/2018/07/reebok.html|title= Reebok |publisher=listcricketinfo.blogspot.com|accessdate=2012-05-24}}</ref> On the charge of alleged [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Enforcement-Directorate-books-Reebok-for-retail-sale-in-India/articleshow/15025932.cms| title= Enforcement Directorate books Reebok for retail sale in India
| date=18 July 2012}}</ref> Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two main accused in Reebok case granted bail|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/53eA3TSbimPNlWT62lFM7N/Two-main-accused-in-Reebok-case-granted-bail.html|accessdate=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[Live Mint]] and the [[Wall Street Journal]]|date=17 July 2013|author=Vidhi Choudhary}}</ref>

One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], was named by ''[[Forbes]]'' as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 100 Highest-Paid Athletes|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45igdi/31-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|work=Forbes|publisher=Forbes.com LLC™|accessdate=7 December 2013|author=Kurt Badenhausen|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

===Europe===
{{multiple image
|align = right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width = 350
|image1 = Reebok Stadium - panoramio - Flippo.jpg
|caption1 =
|image2 = Ryan Giggs United.jpg
|caption2 =
|footer = (Left): The Reebok logo on the seating of what was then [[Macron Stadium|Reebok Stadium]] (now University of Bolton stadium) in the founder's home town of [[Bolton]], England; (right): [[Ryan Giggs]] in his Reebok Sprintfit football boots. The former [[Manchester United]] winger signed an endorsement with Reebok in the early 1990s
}}
The company maintained its relationship with its origins in the UK through a long-term sponsorship deal with [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], a [[Football League Championship|Championship]] [[association football|football]] club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the [[Reebok Stadium]].

Several other English clubs, such as [[Liverpool F.C.]], had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by [[Adidas]], but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, [[Phil Gartside]].<ref name="boltonpr2014">{{cite press release
| publisher=Bolton Wanderers | title=BWFC strike stadium and kit deal with Macron | date=25 Apr 2014 }}</ref> In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club [[1. FC Köln]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/boltons-reebok-stadium-name-change-3450046|title=Bolton to change stadium name to Macron Stadium – but where does it rank in the worst arena names?|author=Paul Gorst|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=April 24, 2014|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In [[rugby union]], Reebok sponsored the [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales national team]] until late 2008, who won the [[Grand Slam (Rugby Union)|Grand Slam]] in the [[Six Nations Championship]] in that year, and the [[Tasman Rugby Union|Tasman Makos]] in New Zealand's domestic competition, the [[Air New Zealand Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.zdnet.com/lucky-goldstar-shuns-welsh-rfu-sponsorship-3002066714/|title=Lucky Goldstar shuns Welsh RFU sponsorship|author=Marc Ambasna Jones|work=ZDNet|date=September 19, 1997|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[France national football team|France national team]] striker [[Thierry Henry]] signed a deal to join the ''"I Am What I Am"'' campaign on August 1, 2006.<ref name="Henry">Bond, David (12 April 2006) [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2335183/Henry-drops-bombshell-by-moving-to-Reebok.html "Henry drops bombshell by moving to Reebok"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</ref> [[Manchester United]] winger [[Ryan Giggs]] has also done ''"I Am What I Am"'' commercials.<ref name="Giggs">{{cite web|url= http://www.soccerbible.com/football-news/2011/04/reebok-still-in-the-game/|title=Reebok Still in the Game|publisher=Soccer Bible|date=April 27, 2011|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref> [[Andriy Shevchenko]] started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.<ref name="Shevchenko deal">{{cite web |url=http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm# |title=Announcement of Shevchenko signs a deal with Rbk |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820033838/http://reebok.co.za/news-shevenko.htm |archivedate=August 20, 2006 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/andriy-shevchenko-of-chelsea-and-ukraine-arrives-via-the-news-photo/71643201|title=Andriy Shevchenko of Chelsea and Ukraine arrives via the Thames|publisher=Getty Images|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Russia===
In February 2019, the Russian subsidiary faced a scandal. While adapting the brand's "Never apologize for being strong" ad campaign, Reebok posted pictures on its social media accounts which encouraged women to try facesitting, saying ("To sit on a man's face instead of sitting on a needle of man's approval"). The public had a negative reaction to this and Russian Marketing Director Alexander Golofast along with several other employees were fired. The headquarters also had to issue an apology.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://style.rbc.ru/repost/5c5c833d9a7947cec7413332|title=How Reebok ad campaign angered social networks}}</ref>

===North America===
[[File:ReebokVaughanMills.jpg|thumb|Reebok store in North America]]
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.cfl.ca/adidas-to-become-official-outfitter-of-the-cfl#|title=adidas to become Official Outfitter of the CFL|publisher=}}</ref>

In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of [[C.D. Guadalajara|Chivas de Guadalajara]] before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Global/Issues/2013/01/04/Marketing-and-Sponsorship/Notes.aspx|title=São Paulo Football Club Signs With Penalty For More Than $17M|publisher=Sports Business Daily|date=January 4, 2013|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==== United States ====
Reebok shoes were featured as [[product placement]] advertising on the [[Nickelodeon (cable channel)|Nickelodeon]] game show ''[[Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show)|Double Dare]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWrmQWznHGQC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=reebok+in+1980+in+Nickelodeon&source=bl&ots=_SMVVqjq9t&sig=iamZ3e_54602M1EpoJJr_KZxcds&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjerd3Oh8PWAhWCsFQKHfwADiEQ6AEISzAJ#v=onepage&q=reebok%20in%201980%20in%20Nickelodeon&f=false|title=Kids Rule!: Nickelodeon and Consumer Citizenship|last=Banet-Weiser|first=Sarah|date=2007-09-03|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822339935|language=en}}</ref>

From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as ''NFL Equipment'') of the teams of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). The company hired filmmaker [[Errol Morris]] to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Football Calls, and Reebok Responds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/24/business/media/24adco.html?_r=0|accessdate=September 28, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2006|author=Jane Levere}}</ref>

Reebok signed a four-year deal to become the official shoe supplier to [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) in 2004;<ref>{{cite web|title=Reebok adds rights for MLB to its deals with NFL and NBA|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2004/02/20040223/Marketingsponsorship/Reebok-Adds-Rights-For-MLB-To-Its-Deals-With-NFL-And-NBA.aspx|work=Sports Business Journal|publisher=Street and Smith's Sports Group|accessdate=September 29, 2013|author=Terry Lefton|date=February 23, 2004}}</ref> Reebok also was given the rights to be the official uniform and apparel provider of the [[Canadian Football League]] (CFL) that same year; this alliance lasted until 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=CFL Retro With Reebok’s Craig Ryan|url=https://www.cfl.ca/2008/09/02/cfl-retro-with-reebok-s-craig-ryan/|accessdate=December 11, 2018|website=Canadian Football League|date=September 2, 2008|quote=CFL and Reebok have just signed a new five-year contract extending the current deal that was signed in 2004.}}</ref>

Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice "EDGE" Uniform System, performance clothing and training footwear of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://nypost.com/2014/02/01/adidas-may-distance-reebock-from-team-sports/|title=Adidas may distance Reebok from NHL|author1=Josh Kosman|author2=Larry Brooks|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|date=February 1, 2014|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

On December 2, 2014, the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFC inks exclusive deal with Reebok, uniform program to roll out July 2015 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/12/2/7316263/ufc-inks-exclusive-deal-with-reebok-uniform-program-to-roll-out-july |accessdate=December 2, 2014|author=Shaun Al-Shatti|date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>

In July 2018, [[Reebok Boston Track Club]] announced to be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/07/former_su_running_coach_chris_fox_will_lead_reebok_team_that_signed_justyn_knigh.html |title=Former SU running coach Chris Fox will lead Reebok team that signed Justyn Knight |accessdate=July 23, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.syracuse.com/orangesports/index.ssf/2018/09/syracuse_hires_brien_bell_right-hand_man_of_chris_fox_to_lead_running_programs.html |title=Syracuse hires Brien Bell, right-hand man of Chris Fox, to lead running programs |accessdate=September 17, 2018 |author=Chris Carlson |date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reebok.com/en-us/Blog/2018-07/reebok-boston-track-club/ |title=Coach Chris Fox and Justyn Knight Sign on to Newly Established Reebok Boston Track Club |accessdate=July 23, 2018 |author=Reebok Running |date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>

==== Non-sport related endorsements ====
Rapper [[Jay-Z]] became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The ''"S. Carter Collection by Rbk"'' was launched on November 21, 2003, and the ''S. Carter'' sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history.<ref name="Jay-Z deal">{{cite web|url=http://rocafella.com/kingdomcome/?v=bio&|title=S.Carter the fastest selling Reebok shoe}}</ref> Later, Reebok made a deal with rapper [[50 Cent]] to release a line of [[G-Unit]] sneakers, and artists such as [[Nelly]] and [[Miri Ben-Ari]] have become spokespersons for the company.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2006/02/14/reeboks_walk_on_wild_side_draws_youngsters_critics/?page=full|title=Reebok's walk on wild side draws youngsters, critics|author=Mark Jewell|publisher=Boston.com|date=February 14, 2006|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2004/09/01/379521/|title=The Rebirth of Cool|author=Greg Lindsay|website=CNN Money|date=September 1, 2004|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref> Reebok also signed [[Scarlett Johansson]] and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called ''Scarlett Hearts'', part of the ''Rbk Lifestyle Collection''. Pop singer [[Ariana Grande]] signed to Reebok in 2017. In the 2016 [[Gigi Hadid]] joined the company. Reebok also produce shoes for [[Emporio Armani]] under the label ''EA7''.

Some artists and fashion figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok in the last years are [[Ariana Grande]], [[Gal Gadot]], [[Victoria Beckham]], [[Cardi B]], and [[Camille Kostek]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reebok.co.uk/blog/326994-camille-kostek-talks-nevernotdancing-modeling-and-finding-her-confidence|title=Camille Kostek Talks #NeverNotDancing, Modeling And Finding Her Confidence|website=Reebok UK|access-date=26 February 2019}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian [[A-League]] competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer.<ref name="A-League deal">{{cite web|url=http://www.soccerhut.net/home/read.php?id=17774|title=Reebok signs a deal with A-League}}</ref> Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season.

=== South America ===
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], [[Clube de Regatas Vasco da Gama|Vasco]], [[Sport Club Internacional|Internacional]] and [[São Paulo FC]] and Uruguayan clubs [[Club Atletico Peñarol|Peñarol]] .<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.football-shirts.co.uk/fans/chivas-guadalajara-agree-deal-with-adidas_11362|title=Chivas Guadalajara agree deal with Adidas|author=Braden Galea|publisher=Football Shirts News|date=May 14, 2011|accessdate=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

==Charitable work==
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.today.com/series/today-original/lace-natalie-teams-reebok-create-kids-shoes-charity-t105910|title=Natalie Morales teams up with Reebok to create kids' shoes for charity |website=today.com |date=2016-12-14 |accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Reebok advertising campaigns]]
* [[Reebok Pro Summer League]]
* [[Reebok Pump]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Reebok}}
{{Sports equipment brands}}
{{Running Shoe Brands}}
{{Adidas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Reebok| ]]
[[Category:Adidas]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Clothing companies established in 1895]]
[[Category:American brands]]
[[Category:Shoe companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Boston]]
[[Category:Ice hockey brands]]
[[Category:Athletic shoe brands]]
[[Category:Shoe brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States]]
[[Category:Sportswear brands]]
[[Category:Swimwear manufacturers]]
[[Category:1980s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:2005 mergers and acquisitions]]

Ellie Goulding

2020-06-18T15:21:41Z

Githek: Category:English singer-songwriters

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{short description|English singer and songwriter}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ellie Goulding
| image = Goulding,_Staples_Center,_Los_Angeles,_8th_April_2016_(43)-cropped.jpg
| caption = Goulding at the [[Staples Center]] in April 2016
| birth_name = Elena Jane Goulding
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Hereford]], England
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Caspar Jopling|2019}}
| partner =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre =  {{hlist|[[Electropop]]|[[synth-pop]]|[[indie pop]]|[[folktronica]]}}
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano|drum}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Polydor Records|Polydor]]|[[Neon Gold Records|Neon Gold]]|[[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Tinie Tempah]]|[[Madeon]]|[[Calvin Harris]]|[[Lissie]]|[[Skrillex]]}}
| website = {{URL|elliegoulding.com}}
}}
}}
'''Elena Jane Goulding''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|l|d|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|GOLDing}}; born 30 December 1986) is an English singer and songwriter. Her career began when she met record producers [[Starsmith]] and [[Frankmusik]], and she was later spotted by Jamie Lillywhite, who later became her manager and [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]]. After signing to [[Polydor Records]] in July 2009, Goulding released her debut [[extended play]], ''[[An Introduction to Ellie Goulding]]'' later that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brits.co.uk/ |title=The BRIT Awards 2013 |accessdate=19 February 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218102832/http://www.brits.co.uk/ |archivedate=18 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, she became the second artist to top the [[BBC]]'s annual [[Sound of...]] poll and win the Critics' Choice Award at the [[2010 Brit Awards|Brit Awards]] in the same year. She released her debut studio album, ''[[Lights (Ellie Goulding album)|Lights]]'', in 2010; it debuted at {{thinspace|No.|1}} on the [[UK Albums Chart]] and has sold over 850,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In November 2010, the album was reissued as ''Bright Lights'', which spawned two singles: a cover of [[Elton John]]'s "[[Your Song (Ellie Goulding song)|Your Song]]" which was selected for the first John Lewis Christmas advert, reached {{thinspace|No.|2}} on the [[UK Singles Chart]], and "[[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|Lights]]", which became Goulding's highest-charting single on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] to date, peaking at {{thinspace|No.|2}}.

Goulding's second studio album, ''[[Halcyon (album)|Halcyon]]'', was released in October 2012. "[[Anything Could Happen]]" preceded the album as the lead single. The album debuted at {{thinspace|No.|2}} on the UK Albums Chart, and after 65 weeks, it reached {{thinspace|No.|1}}. ''Halcyon'' debuted at {{thinspace|No.|9}} on the US ''Billboard'' 200. ''[[Halcyon Days (Ellie Goulding album)|Halcyon Days]]'', a repackaged edition of ''Halcyon'', was released in August 2013, generating singles, such as "[[Burn (Ellie Goulding song)|Burn]]", which became her first [[List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s|{{thinspace|No.|1}} single in the UK]]. At the [[2014 Brit Awards]], she received the award for British Female Solo Artist. Goulding released her third studio album, titled [[Delirium (Ellie Goulding album)|''Delirium'']], on 6 November 2015, with "[[On My Mind (Ellie Goulding song)|On My Mind]]" as the album's [[lead single]]. In December 2015, she received her first [[Grammy Award]] nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]] for her single "[[Love Me Like You Do]]".<ref name="58Grammys"/>

==Early life==
Elena Jane Goulding was born on 30 December 1986<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ellie-goulding-mn0001596642/biography |title=Ellie Goulding Biography| first= Andrew |last=Leahey|website=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=3 December 2015| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151118080606/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ellie-goulding-mn0001596642/biography | archivedate= 18 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Hereford]] and raised in [[Lyonshall]], a small village near [[Kington, Herefordshire]]. At age 9, she began playing the [[clarinet]] and at 14 began learning guitar. Goulding attended [[Lady Hawkins' High School]] in Kington and, by the age of 15, started writing songs. She took [[GCE Advanced Level|A levels]] in English, Politics, Drama and Music, passed the first 3 with "A" grades but<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/esmagazine/the-reinvention-of-ellie-goulding-people-used-to-think-i-was-boring-not-any-more-9531696.html|title=The reinvention of Ellie Goulding: People used to think I was boring ... not any more|last=Rafanelli|first=Stephanie|date=13 June 2014|website=The Evening Standard (ES) Magazine|access-date=}}</ref> failed Music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/nov/10/ellie-goulding-voice-top-thing|title=Ellie Goulding: 'My voice is the top thing. That's the key'|last=Lamont|first=Tom|date=10 November 2013|website=The Guardian|access-date=}}</ref>

After enrolling on a degree in Drama and Theatre Studies at the [[University of Kent]] and remaining until her final year, she met Jamie Lillywhite who became her manager and introduced her to the producer Starsmith who would become her chief collaborator and the primary producer of ''Lights''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Introducing… Starsmith|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/11283095/introducing-starsmith|publisher=BBC|date=7 August 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030030037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/11283095/introducing-starsmith|archivedate=30 October 2017}}</ref>

==Career==

===2009–2011: ''Lights'' and ''Bright Lights''===
[[File:Ellie Goulding @ Nokia World 2010 1.jpg|thumb|left|Goulding performing at Nokia World in September 2010]]
Although Ellie Goulding signed to [[Polydor Records]] in July 2009, her debut single, "[[Under the Sheets]]", was released through the independent label [[Neon Gold Records]], appearing [[music download|digitally]] in the United Kingdom on 15 November 2009.<ref name="hitquarters">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_SStennett1.html|title=Interview with Sarah Stennett|date=21 January 2013|publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605042440/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_SStennett1.html|archivedate=5 June 2015|url-status=dead|accessdate=24 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="HerTim">{{cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Paul |url=http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/4581912.Herefordshire_singer__Ellie_Goulding__signs_recording_deal_with_Polydor/ |title=Herefordshire singer, Ellie Goulding, signs recording deal with Polydor |work=[[Hereford Times]] |publisher=[[Newsquest]] |date=4 September 2009 |accessdate=8 January 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808180148/http://www.herefordtimes.com/news/4581912.Herefordshire_singer__Ellie_Goulding__signs_recording_deal_with_Polydor/ |archivedate=8 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/under-the-sheets-ep/id338264167 |title=Under the Sheets – EP by Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=2 January 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083542/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/under-the-sheets-ep/id338264167 |archivedate=22 December 2009}}</ref> The single peaked at {{thinspace|No.|53}} on the [[UK Singles Chart]] following a successful appearance on ''[[Later... with Jools Holland]]'' (performing "Under the Sheets" and "[[Guns and Horses]]")<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00npj43 |title=Later... with Jools Holland, Series 35, Episode 7 |publisher=BBC |date=30 October 2009 |accessdate=18 December 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027060902/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00npj43 |archivedate=27 October 2009}}</ref> and a UK tour supporting [[Little Boots]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Leanne |url=http://www.glasswerk.co.uk/news/national/6730/Little+Boots+To+Release+New+Single+Earthquake |title=Little Boots To Release New Single 'Earthquake' |publisher=Glasswerk National |date=28 September 2009 |accessdate=1 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325072822/http://www.glasswerk.co.uk/news/national/6730/Little+Boots+To+Release+New+Single+Earthquake |archivedate=25 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="UK chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/5933/ellie-goulding/ |title=Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704134046/http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/5933/ellie-goulding/ |archivedate=4 July 2017}}</ref> "Wish I Stayed" was available as a free download as Single of the Week on [[iTunes Store]] UK from 22–28 December 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/wish-i-stayed-single-week/id347421814 |title=Wish I Stayed – Single of the Week by Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] (UK) |accessdate=26 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112094345/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/wish-i-stayed-single-week/id347421814 |archivedate=12 November 2012}}</ref>

Before the release of her debut album, Goulding won the [[Sound of...|BBC Sound of 2010]] poll, which showcases the music industry's top choices for rising stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8442389.stm |title=Ellie Goulding tops BBC Sound of 2010 music list |work=BBC News |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=8 January 2008}}</ref> She also won the Critics' Choice Award at the [[2010 Brit Awards]], making her the second artist to win both in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Association |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/newcomer-ellie-goulding-scoops-critics-choice-award-1836982.html |title=Newcomer Ellie Goulding scoops Critics' Choice |work=[[The Independent]] |date=9 December 2009 |accessdate=9 December 2009 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213042452/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/newcomer-ellie-goulding-scoops-critics-choice-award-1836982.html |archivedate=13 December 2009}}</ref>
Goulding co-wrote "Love Me 'Cause You Want To" for [[Gabriella Cilmi]]'s second album, ''[[Ten (Gabriella Cilmi album)|Ten]]'', and three songs ("Remake Me + You", "Notice", "Jumping into Rivers") for [[Diana Vickers]]'s debut album, ''[[Songs from the Tainted Cherry Tree]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smyth |first=David |url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4355&Itemid=9 |title=Diana Vickers: proper bow |publisher=[[Popjustice]] |date=15 January 2010 |accessdate=4 February 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119062037/http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4355&Itemid=9 |archivedate=19 January 2010}}</ref> Her song "Not Following" was used by German singer [[Lena Meyer-Landrut|Lena]] on her debut album ''[[My Cassette Player]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2010/05/13/lena-meyer-landrut-kriegt-von-ellie-goulding-song-geschenkt/51893 |title=Lena Meyer-Landrut kriegt von Ellie Goulding Song geschenkt |language=German |publisher=Klatsch-Tratsch |date=13 May 2010 |accessdate=21 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719052457/http://www.klatsch-tratsch.de/2010/05/13/lena-meyer-landrut-kriegt-von-ellie-goulding-song-geschenkt/51893 |archivedate=19 July 2011}}</ref> Goulding was featured on rapper [[Tinie Tempah]]'s single "[[Wonderman (Tinie Tempah song)|Wonderman]]" from his debut studio album ''[[Disc-Overy]]'' (2010).

Goulding's debut album ''[[Lights (Ellie Goulding album)|Lights]]'' was released in March 2010, reaching {{thinspace|No.|1}} on the [[UK Albums Chart]] and {{thinspace|No.|6}} on the [[Irish Albums Chart]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8554453.stm |title=Ellie Goulding debut tops album chart |work=BBC News |date=7 March 2010 |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/ellie-goulding/49094 |title=Ellie Goulding reveals debut album details – exclusive |work=[[NME]] |date=6 January 2010 |accessdate=6 January 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108190121/http://www.nme.com/news/ellie-goulding/49094 |archivedate=8 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/musicvideo/music/archive/index_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2010&year=2010&week=9 |title=Top 75 Artist Album, Week Ending 4 March 2010 |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]. [[Chart-Track]] |accessdate=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607005145/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2010&year=2010&week=9 |archivedate=7 June 2012 }}</ref> Its singles "[[Starry Eyed (Ellie Goulding song)|Starry Eyed]]", "[[Guns and Horses]]", and "[[The Writer (song)|The Writer]]" peaked at {{thinspace|Nos.|4}}, 26, and 19.<ref name="UK chart"/> As of June 2012, the album had sold over 850,000 copies in the UK and 1.6 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=Paul |url=http://content.yudu.com/A1x664/MW150612/resources/3.htm |title=Polydor celebrates as Goulding goes global |journal=[[Music Week]] |page=3 |date=15 June 2012 |accessdate=16 June 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104015922/http://content.yudu.com/A1x664/MW150612/resources/3.htm |archivedate=4 November 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> In August 2010, she released a second EP, ''[[Run into the Light]]'', containing remixes of songs from ''Lights''. The album was supported by [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] and was released through Polydor as a running soundtrack in an effort to get her music taken up by the running subculture.<ref name="Running">{{cite web |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/feb/20/pop-music-business-digital-revolution |title=Music is thriving, but the business is dying. Who can make it pay again? |work=[[The Observer]] |date=20 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021170458/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/feb/20/pop-music-business-digital-revolution |archivedate=21 October 2013}}</ref> In November 2010, ''Lights'' was re-released as ''Bright Lights'', with six new tracks added. It was originally announced that the lead single from ''Bright Lights'' would be the new edit of the [[Lights (Ellie Goulding song)|title track]] with a release scheduled for 1 November 2010.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=elliegoulding|author=Ellie Goulding|number=23930243782|date=8 September 2010|title=Excited to announce that my next single is called "Lights" and is out on the 1st of November.}}</ref> This plan was ultimately scrapped to allow her cover of [[Elton John]]'s "[[Your Song (Ellie Goulding song)|Your Song]]" to be released in conjunction with the [[John Lewis Christmas advert]] in the UK in 2010. The single became her second highest-charting single to date, reaching {{thinspace|No.|2}} on the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="UK chart"/> It also charted in some European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Your+Song&cat=s |title=Ellie Goulding – Your Song |publisher=swedishcharts.com |accessdate=4 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716172811/http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ellie+Goulding&titel=Your+Song&cat=s |archivedate=16 July 2011}}</ref> In January 2011, it was announced that the title track from ''Lights'' would serve as the second single from ''Bright Lights''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cherrytreerecords.com/profiles/blogs/first-cherrytree-blog |title=First Cherrytree Blog! |publisher=[[Cherrytree Records]] |date=12 January 2011 |accessdate=12 January 2011}}</ref> "Lights" reached {{thinspace|No.|49}} on the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="UK chart"/> while becoming Goulding's first song to chart in the United States, as well as her highest-charting song to date, peaking at {{thinspace|No.|2}} on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in August 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/Ellie-Goulding/chart-history/hot-100 |title=Ellie Goulding Chart History (Hot 100) |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204173402/https://www.billboard.com/music/Ellie-Goulding/chart-history/hot-100 |archivedate=4 February 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Ellie Goulding 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|Goulding performing live at The Venue in Vancouver, April 2011]]
Goulding toured in support of ''Lights'' and supported [[Passion Pit]] in March 2010 and [[John Mayer]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gigwise.com/news/55750/john-mayer-invites-ellie-goulding-to-support-him-on-uk-tour |title=John Mayer Invites Ellie Goulding To Support Him on UK Tour |work=Gigwise |date=12 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019182717/http://www.gigwise.com/news/55750/john-mayer-invites-ellie-goulding-to-support-him-on-uk-tour |archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref> during his British tour in May 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8445641.stm |title=BBC Sound of 2010: Ellie Goulding |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2010 |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref> During the summer she performed at a number of festivals. On 29 May she performed at the [[Dot to Dot Festival]] in Bristol.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |url=http://www.southsonic.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=391&Itemid=69 |title=Dot to Dot Festival, Bristol (29/05/10) |publisher=SouthSonic |date=29 May 2010 |accessdate=23 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She performed a set on 25 June at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2010]] on the John Peel Stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2010/artists/elliegoulding/ |title=BBC – Glastonbury Festival – Ellie Goulding |publisher=BBC |accessdate=23 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629135129/http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2010/artists/elliegoulding/ |archivedate=29 June 2011}}</ref> Her third EP was a live recording of part of her set at the [[iTunes Festival]] 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/itunes-festival-london-2010/id382616884 |title=iTunes Festival: London 2010 – EP by Ellie Goulding |publisher=iTunes Store (UK) |accessdate=22 January 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825060637/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/itunes-festival-london-2010/id382616884 |archivedate=25 August 2010}}</ref> The whole set was ultimately included as bonus content on the iTunes version of ''Bright Lights''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bright-lights/id404772330 |title=Bright Lights by Ellie Goulding |publisher=iTunes Store (UK) |accessdate=22 January 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212213318/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/bright-lights/id404772330 |archivedate=12 December 2010}}</ref> She made her [[T in the Park 2010|T in the Park]] debut on 11 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tinthepark/2010/artists/ellie_goulding/ |title=BBC – T in the Park Festival – Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[BBC Music]] |accessdate=23 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629135138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tinthepark/2010/artists/ellie_goulding/ |archivedate=29 June 2011}}</ref>
In early 2011, she recorded an original song for the film ''[[Life in a Day (2011 film)|Life in a Day]]''. Ellie Goulding was {{thinspace|No.|5}} on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s annual hot list in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/ellie-goulding/ellie-featured-in-rolling-stone-hot-list/10150095243549518 |title=Ellie Featured in Rolling Stone Hot List |publisher=Facebook |date=8 February 2011 |accessdate=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029234311/http://www.facebook.com/notes/ellie-goulding/ellie-featured-in-rolling-stone-hot-list/10150095243549518 |archivedate=29 October 2012}}</ref> In February 2011, she returned to the [[2011 Brit Awards|Brit Awards]] where she was nominated for Best British Female and Best British Breakthrough Act but lost out to [[Laura Marling]] and to [[Tinie Tempah]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12187205 |title=Brit Awards 2011: Winners |work=BBC News |date=15 February 2011 |accessdate=7 February 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316202426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12187205 |archivedate=16 March 2012}}</ref>

In August and September 2010, Goulding was an opening act for [[U2]] on the [[U2 360 Tour]] in Zurich (two nights), [[Munich]], and [[Vienna]]. She also played live at the [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]] in April 2011.<ref name="TelegraphObsessed">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/8338164/He-was-Obsessed-with-Murder-Ellie-Goulding-interview.html|title='He was Obsessed with Murder': Ellie Goulding interview|last=Harrod|first=Horatia|date=21 February 2011|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=23 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226131933/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/8338164/He-was-Obsessed-with-Murder-Ellie-Goulding-interview.html|archivedate=26 February 2011|url-status=live|location=London}}</ref> She made her American television debut on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'' on 7 April 2011 performing "Starry Eyed". She appeared as the musical guest on the 700th episode of the ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', broadcast 7 May 2011 and hosted by [[Tina Fey]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Seidman |first=Robert |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/25/saturday-night-live-snl-closes-out-season-with-tina-feyellie-goulding-ed-helmspaul-simon-and-justin-timberlakelady-gaga/90480 |title="Saturday Night Live (SNL)" Closes Out Season with Tina Fey/Ellie Goulding, Ed Helms/Paul Simon and Justin Timberlake/Lady Gaga |publisher=[[TV by the Numbers]] |date=25 April 2011 |accessdate=25 April 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429165753/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/04/25/saturday-night-live-snl-closes-out-season-with-tina-feyellie-goulding-ed-helmspaul-simon-and-justin-timberlakelady-gaga/90480 |archivedate=29 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Georgette|title=Ellie Goulding Shines 'Lights' on 'Saturday Night Live'|url=http://www.spinner.com/2011/05/08/ellie-goulding-shines-lights-on-saturday-night-live/|work=Spinner|accessdate=9 January 2012}}</ref> She performed at the wedding reception of [[Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton|Prince William and Kate Middleton]] on 29 April 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/ellie-goulding/268429-ellie-goulding-royal-wedding-prince-william-kate-middleton |title=Ellie Goulding Sang at Royal Wedding |publisher=MTV |date=30 April 2011 |accessdate=9 September 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812012059/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/ellie-goulding/268429-ellie-goulding-royal-wedding-prince-william-kate-middleton |archivedate=12 August 2011}}</ref> and performed what she recalled as "about 14 songs", including her cover of "Your Song".<ref name="billboard-may2011">{{cite news| url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471689/ellie-goulding-talks-royal-wedding-calls-tina-fey-her-favorite-lady-ever| title=Ellie Goulding Talks Royal Wedding, Calls Tina Fey Her 'Favorite Lady Ever'| first=Jillian|last= Mapes | work=Billboard | date= 6 May 2011 |accessdate= 3 November 2015 | archivedate=30 March 2013 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130330220044/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471689/ellie-goulding-talks-royal-wedding-calls-tina-fey-her-favorite-lady-ever|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goulding collaborated with American electronic artist and producer [[Skrillex]] on a song titled "Summit", included on his 2011 EP ''[[Bangarang (EP)|Bangarang]]''. She travelled with Skrillex on his South American tour<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/skrillex-is-dating-ellie-goulding-20120215 |title=Skrillex is Dating Ellie Goulding | Music News |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=15 February 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607061003/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/skrillex-is-dating-ellie-goulding-20120215 |archivedate=7 June 2017}}</ref>
She headlined the 2011 [[Wakestock (Wales)|Wakestock Festival]] in Wales, performing on 8 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/biffy-clyro/54767 |title=Biffy Clyro, Wombats, Ellie Goulding to headline Wakestock festival |work=NME |date=31 January 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207040721/http://www.nme.com/news/biffy-clyro/54767 |archivedate=7 February 2011}}</ref> In August, she performed at the [[V Festival#V2011|V Festival]] for her second year in a row.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://elliegoulding.com/#/news/ellie-to-play-v-festival/ |title=Ellie To Play V Festival |publisher=elliegoulding.com |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=6 March 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223221904/http://elliegoulding.com/#/news/ellie-to-play-v-festival/ |archivedate=23 February 2011}}</ref>
Following the re-release of ''Lights'' and the American release of the album, Goulding said she would soon begin work on a second studio album with an expected release of September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTjaLYlBxOg |title=Ellie Goulding interview with T4 |publisher=YouTube |date=14 January 2011 |accessdate=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220031735/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTjaLYlBxOg |archivedate=20 February 2013}}</ref>
On 6 August 2011, she performed at [[Lollapalooza]] in Chicago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/08/07/lollapalooza-skylar-grey-patrick-stump/ |title=Lollapalooza Day Two: Skylar Grey, Patrick Stump, Ellie Goulding Mix It Up |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=7 August 2011 |accessdate=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229000822/http://newsroom.mtv.com/2011/08/07/lollapalooza-skylar-grey-patrick-stump/ |archivedate=29 December 2011}}</ref> She performed at the annual [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]] on 11 December 2011 in [[Oslo]], Norway. On 1 December 2011, she performed at the [[White House]] during the [[National Christmas Tree (United States)|National Christmas Tree]] lighting, alongside [[Big Time Rush]] and [[will.i.am]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Steven |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675078/ellie-goulding-national-christmas-tree-lighting.jhtml |title=Ellie Goulding Brings ''Lights'' To National Christmas Tree |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=29 November 2011 |accessdate=9 January 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101101927/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675078/ellie-goulding-national-christmas-tree-lighting.jhtml |archivedate=1 January 2012}}</ref> On 19 September 2011, it was announced that she would open for [[Katy Perry]]'s [[California Dreams Tour]], replacing [[Jessie J]] due to a foot injury.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bain |first=Becky |url=http://idolator.com/6017282/katy-perry-replaces-jessie-j-with-ellie-goulding-california-dreams-tour |title=Katy Perry Replaces Jessie J. With Ellie Goulding on California Dreams Tour |publisher=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]] |date=19 September 2011 |accessdate=7 February 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120711185235/http://idolator.com/6017282/katy-perry-replaces-jessie-j-with-ellie-goulding-california-dreams-tour |archivedate=11 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/ellie-goulding-to-join-the-california-dreams-tour-in-november/ |title=Ellie Goulding to Join the California Dreams Tour in November |publisher=katyperry.com |date=19 September 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529131624/http://www.katyperry.com/ellie-goulding-to-join-the-california-dreams-tour-in-november/ |archivedate=29 May 2012}}</ref>

===2012–2014: ''Halcyon'' and ''Halcyon Days''===
[[File:Ellie Goulding at Manchester Academy 2012 - Belting.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Goulding performing at the [[Manchester Academy]] in December 2012]]

In 2012, Goulding appeared on "Fall into the Sky" from [[Zedd (producer)|Zedd]]'s debut album ''[[Clarity (Zedd album)|Clarity]]'' and on [[Calvin Harris]]'s song "[[I Need Your Love (Calvin Harris song)|I Need Your Love]]" which is included on ''Halcyon'' and also Harris's album ''[[18 Months]]''. On 10 July 2012, Goulding released a cover of [[Active Child]]'s song "Hanging On", featuring Tinie Tempah, as a free download on her [[SoundCloud]] page.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bain |first=Becky |url=http://idolator.com/6707462/ellie-goulding-hanging-on-listen |title=Ellie Goulding Covers Active Child's "Hanging On": Listen |publisher=Idolator. Buzz Media |date=10 July 2012 |accessdate=18 July 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103184942/http://idolator.com/6707462/ellie-goulding-hanging-on-listen |archivedate=3 January 2013}}</ref> In late July 2012, it was announced that Goulding's second album is titled ''[[Halcyon (album)|Halcyon]]'' and it would be released on 8 October 2012. The album was preceded by the lead single "[[Anything Could Happen]]" on 21 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interscope.com/artist/news/default.aspx?nid=39109&aid=1187 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103181724/http://www.interscope.com/artist/news/default.aspx?nid=39109&aid=1187 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=New Album HALCYON Out 9 Oct |publisher=[[Interscope Records]] |date=30 July 2012 }}</ref> The lyric video for "Anything Could Happen" premiered on 9 August 2012, consisting of a series of fan-submitted [[Instagram]] pictures.<ref>{{cite web |last=Daw |first=Robbie |url=http://idolator.com/6799452/ellie-goulding-anything-could-happen-lyric-video |title=Ellie Goulding's "Anything Could Happen": Watch The Lyric Video For Her New Single |publisher=Idolator. Buzz Media |date=9 August 2012 |accessdate=9 August 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130103185254/http://idolator.com/6799452/ellie-goulding-anything-could-happen-lyric-video |archivedate=3 January 2013}}</ref>
On 19 November 2012, the music video for Goulding's second single from ''Halcyon'', titled "[[Figure 8 (song)|Figure 8]]" was released. The single was released digitally in the UK on 12 December 2012. The song charted before it was released, and made its way into the top 40 in the UK, peaking at {{thinspace|No.|33}}.

Goulding contributed a track titled "Bittersweet" (produced by [[Skrillex]]) to the soundtrack of ''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (soundtrack)|The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2]]'', released on 13 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schillaci |first=Sophie A. |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/breaking-dawn-soundtrack-green-day-377281 |title='Twilight: Breaking Dawn Part 2' Soundtrack to Feature Green Day, Ellie Goulding |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=8 October 2012 |accessdate=6 November 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120120742/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/breaking-dawn-soundtrack-green-day-377281 |archivedate=20 November 2012}}</ref>
It was announced on 12 February 2013, that in May 2013, she would be supporting [[Bruno Mars]] on his Moonshine Jungle World Tour on selected dates.<ref>{{cite web |author=Carl Williott |url=http://idolator.com/7440944/bruno-mars-moonshine-jungle-tour-dates-ellie-goulding |title=Bruno Mars Announces The Moonshine Jungle World Tour With Ellie Goulding | Music News, Reviews, and Gossip on |publisher=Idolator.com }}</ref>
On 20 May 2013, Goulding announced she would embark on a seven-date tour in the UK during October that year.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://elliegoulding.com/newsitems/new-uk-dates/|title = New UK Dates|date = 20 May 2013|accessdate = 1 November 2015|website = elliegoulding.com|publisher = |last = |first = |url-status=live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224039/http://elliegoulding.com/newsitems/new-uk-dates/|archivedate = 17 December 2013|df = dmy-all}}</ref> On
28 May 2013, Goulding's cover of [[Alt-J]]'s song "[[Tessellate (song)|Tessellate]]" was released via her SoundCloud page.<ref>{{cite web |author=(03:56) |url=http://www.earmilk.com/2013/05/28/ellie-goulding-tessellate-exclusive-premiere/ |title=Ellie Goulding – "Tessellate" (Alt-J Cover) [Premiere] |publisher=Earmilk.Com |date=28 May 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608001854/http://www.earmilk.com/2013/05/28/ellie-goulding-tessellate-exclusive-premiere |archivedate=8 June 2013}}</ref> Goulding has also been reported to have filmed a music video for this track in Paris earlier that month. She claimed to be "making a video for a song that isn't on my record."<ref>{{cite tweet|user=elliegoulding|author=Ellie Goulding|number=329963789892075520|date=2 May 2013|title=Making a video for a song that isn't on my record}}</ref>
In June 2013, Goulding performed at previous festivals and concerts including [[RockNess]] festival in [[Inverness]], [http://www.capitalfm.com/summertime-ball/ Capital FM Summertime Ball] and [[Firefly Music Festival]] at The Woodlands in [[Dover, Delaware]].
On 2 July 2013, Goulding premiered a song titled "You My Everything" in the first episode of ''[[Skins (UK TV series)|Skins Fire]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/s89/skins/news/a495279/ellie-goulding-debuts-new-skins-song-you-my-everything-listen.html |title=Ellie Goulding debuts new 'Skins' song 'You, My Everything' – listen – Skins News – Music |work=Digital Spy |date=3 July 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706035202/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/s89/skins/news/a495279/ellie-goulding-debuts-new-skins-song-you-my-everything-listen.html |archivedate=6 July 2013}}</ref> and that same day Goulding confirmed to ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' magazine that ''Halcyon'' would be re-released later that year.<ref>{{cite web|title = How Ellie Goulding Prepped for Her Mega Tour with Bruno Mars|url = http://www.elle.com/news/culture/ellie-goulding-bruno-mars-tour-interview|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|date = 2 July 2013|accessdate = 2 November 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105054215/http://www.elle.com/news/culture/ellie-goulding-bruno-mars-tour-interview|archivedate = 5 November 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

On 5 July 2013, Digital Spy confirmed the release of ''[[Halcyon Days (Ellie Goulding album)|Halcyon Days]]'', a repackaged edition of ''Halcyon'', which was released on 23 August 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a495921/ellie-goulding-confirms-repackaged-album-halcyon-days.html |title=Ellie Goulding confirms repackaged album 'Halcyon Days' – Music News |work=Digital Spy |date=5 July 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416022312/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a495921/ellie-goulding-confirms-repackaged-album-halcyon-days.html |archivedate=16 April 2015}}</ref> The re-release, featuring ten additional tracks, was preceded by the single "[[Burn (Ellie Goulding song)|Burn]]", which had been uploaded to Goulding's [[SoundCloud]] page the previous day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://soundcloud.com/elliegoulding |title=Ellie Goulding's sounds on SoundCloud – Hear the world's sounds |publisher=Soundcloud.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730220146/http://soundcloud.com/elliegoulding |archivedate=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151419309201642&set=a.172690006641.129617.135027136641&type=1 |title=Ellie Goulding – Tijdlijnfoto's |publisher=Facebook |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105101108/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151419309201642&set=a.172690006641.129617.135027136641&type=1 |archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref> On 7 July 2013, the official music video for "Burn" premiered on Goulding's Vevo channel on [[YouTube]]. "Burn" became Goulding's first single to top the UK's Official Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellie Goulding scores first ever UK Number 1 single with Burn|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-goulding-scores-first-ever-uk-number-1-single-with-burn-2432/|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=20 August 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821021841/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-goulding-scores-first-ever-uk-number-1-single-with-burn-2432/|archivedate=21 August 2013}}</ref>
Goulding was performing at V Festival Chelmsford when news of her first UK {{thinspace|No.|1}} broke; [[Rita Ora]] surprised Goulding with her Official Number 1 Award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rita Ora presents Ellie Goulding with her Official Number 1 Award for Burn|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/rita-ora-presents-ellie-goulding-with-her-official-number-1-award-for-burn-2436/|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=20 August 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819151759/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/rita-ora-presents-ellie-goulding-with-her-official-number-1-award-for-burn-2436/|archivedate=19 August 2013}}</ref>
On 9 September 2013, Goulding released a music video for "[[How Long Will I Love You?#Ellie Goulding version|How Long Will I Love You]]" for the film ''About Time''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a506858/ellie-goulding-premieres-new-track-how-long-will-i-love-you-listen.html |title=Ellie Goulding premieres new track 'How Long Will I Love You' – listen – Music News |work=Digital Spy |date=14 August 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025102855/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a506858/ellie-goulding-premieres-new-track-how-long-will-i-love-you-listen.html |archivedate=25 October 2013}}</ref> Goulding appeared on the soundtrack for the film ''[[The Hunger Games: Catching Fire]]'' with the track "Mirror".
On 15 October 2013, Goulding confirmed on [[Fearne Cotton]]'s radio show that "How Long Will I Love You" would be the next single for BBC's Children in Need.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24442181|title=Ellie Goulding to release Children in Need song|date=8 October 2013|publisher=BBC|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011003822/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24442181|archivedate=11 October 2013}}</ref> On the same day, the [[Active Child]] song "Silhouette", on which Goulding features, was also released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/active-child/silhouette-feat-ellie-goulding|title=Silhouette (ft. Ellie Goulding)|publisher=SoundCloud|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114010351/https://soundcloud.com/active-child/silhouette-feat-ellie-goulding|archivedate=14 November 2013}}</ref> On 28 October 2013, Goulding posted an alternative video of "How Long Will I Love You" on her Vevo channel for the short film ''Tom & Issy'', in which she also stars.<ref name="entertainmentwise.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/130769/Ellie-Goulding-Releases-How-Long-Will-I-Love-You-As-BBC-Children-In-Need-Single-WATCH |title=Ellie Goulding Releases 'How Long Will I Love You' as BBC Children in Need Single |first=Rachel |last=McGrath |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=Entertainment Wise |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043034/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/130769/Ellie-Goulding-Releases-How-Long-Will-I-Love-You-As-BBC-Children-In-Need-Single-WATCH |archivedate=30 October 2013}}</ref> On the final episode of ''[[The X Factor (UK series 10)|The X Factor]]'' on 14 December, Goulding performed a duet with finalist [[Luke Friend]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/x-factors-luke-friend-threatened-5477974|title=Luke Friend threatened with court action for alleged breach of contract|first=Simon|last=Keegan|date=8 April 2015|website=mirror}}</ref>

[[File:Ellie Goulding - Ilosaarirock 2014 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Goulding performing at the [[Ilosaarirock]] festival in July 2014]]
On 5 January 2014, Goulding premiered the music video for her song "Goodness Gracious" on her Vevo channel, later confirming that it would be her sixth single released from ''Halcyon Days''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ellie-goulding/news/goodness-gracious-making-of/ |title=Ellie Goulding Reveals Making Of Her Music Video For New Song 'Goodness Gracious' – Video |date=6 January 2014 |accessdate=21 November 2014 |website=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103062906/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/ellie-goulding/news/goodness-gracious-making-of/ |archivedate=3 November 2014}}</ref> On 22 January 2014, Goulding confirmed through her Facebook page that she had contributed the song "[[Beating Heart (Ellie Goulding song)|Beating Heart]]" to the soundtrack for the film ''[[Divergent (film)|Divergent]]'', based on the [[Divergent (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Veronica Roth]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/zedd-and-ellie-goulding-to-appear-on-soundtrack |title=Zedd and Ellie Goulding to appear on Divergent soundtrack |date=27 January 2014 |journal=[[Mixmag]] |accessdate=21 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103062456/http://www.mixmag.net/words/news/zedd-and-ellie-goulding-to-appear-on-soundtrack |archivedate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
On 3 February 2014, Goulding released a cover of the James Blake song "Life Round Here" featuring rapper [[Angel Haze]] through her SoundCloud page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1653652/ellie-goulding-life-round-here-feat-angel-haze-james-blake-cover/mp3s/ |title=Ellie Goulding – "Life Round Here" (Feat. Angel Haze) (James Blake Cover) |website=[[Stereogum]] |date=3 February 2014 |first=Tom |last=Breihan |accessdate=21 November 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110071929/http://www.stereogum.com/1653652/ellie-goulding-life-round-here-feat-angel-haze-james-blake-cover/mp3s/ |archivedate=10 November 2014}}</ref> On 19 February, Goulding won Best British Female Solo Artist at the [[2014 Brit Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/19/ellie-goulding-wins-best-british-female-solo-artist-2014-brits |title=Ellie Goulding wins British female solo artist award at 2014 Brits |date=19 February 2014 |first=Tshepo |last=Mokoena |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=21 November 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103061428/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/feb/19/ellie-goulding-wins-best-british-female-solo-artist-2014-brits |archivedate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
On 20 October 2014, she stated via [[Facebook]] that she will appear on the new [[Calvin Harris]] album, ''[[Motion (Calvin Harris album)|Motion]]'', with a new song called "[[Outside (Calvin Harris song)|Outside]]". The song was released as the album's fourth single on 20 October 2014.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6312378/calvin-harris-ellie-goulding-outside-video "Calvin Harris & Ellie Goulding Cope With Imploding Relationships in 'Outside' Video"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729005154/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6312378/calvin-harris-ellie-goulding-outside-video |date=29 July 2015 }}. ''Billboard''. Retrieved 29 July 2015</ref>

===2015–2017: ''Delirium''===
In November 2014, Goulding announced that she was focusing on a third studio album. In early 2015, Goulding released the song "[[Love Me like You Do]]", which was featured in the soundtrack to the film adaptation of the erotic romance novel ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey (film)|Fifty Shades of Grey]]''. The video was released to [[YouTube]] on 22 January, to precede an official release date of 15 February.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00RED9FY8 |title=Love Me Like You Do (From "Fifty Shades Of Grey"): Ellie Goulding: MP3 Downloads |publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=11 January 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104113615/http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00RED9FY8 |archivedate=4 November 2015}}</ref> The single has been a commercial success, spending four weeks at {{thinspace|No.|1}} on the [[UK Singles Chart]], topping the charts in many other nations including Australia, New Zealand, and Germany, and reaching {{thinspace|No.|3}} on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The single held the record for the most-streamed track in a single week in the United Kingdom (streamed 2.58 million times), and worldwide (streamed 15.5 million times).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-gouldings-love-me-like-you-do-breaks-worldwide-streaming-record__8144/|title=Ellie Goulding's Love Me Like You Do breaks worldwide streaming record|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=25 February 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225001426/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-gouldings-love-me-like-you-do-breaks-worldwide-streaming-record__8144/|archivedate=25 February 2015}}</ref> On 7 December 2015, "Love Me like You Do" earned Goulding a [[Grammy Award]] nomination for [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]].<ref name="58Grammys">{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre=All|website=Grammy.com|publisher=Grammy.com|title=58th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|accessdate=7 December 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208195133/http://www.grammy.com/Nominees?genre=All|archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref> In the nominations for the [[2016 Brit Awards]] announced on 14 January 2016, the song was among the nominees for British Single of the Year, and Best British Video.<ref>{{cite news |title= Brit Awards 2016: The nominations |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35319213 |work= BBC News Online |date= 14 January 2016 |accessdate= 22 January 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160117215320/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35319213 |archivedate= 17 January 2016 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Goulding starred in the music video for [[Taylor Swift]]'s song "[[Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song)|Bad Blood]]", which was released in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/12/ellie-goulding-lorde_n_5045496.html | work=[[HuffPost]] | first=Sasha | last=Bronner | title=What Ellie Goulding Thinks of Lorde | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417142530/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/12/ellie-goulding-lorde_n_5045496.html | archivedate=17 April 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Goulding appeared on the [[Major Lazer]] album ''[[Peace Is the Mission]]'' on the track "[[Powerful (song)|Powerful]]", alongside [[Tarrus Riley]]. The track was released together with the album on 1 June 2015. A preview of the single was revealed on 23 April 2015.<ref>[https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6545661/major-lazer-powerful-ellie-goulding-tarrus-riley "Major Lazer's 'Powerful' Partners Ellie Goulding With Reggae Singer Tarrus Riley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428033735/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/code/6545661/major-lazer-powerful-ellie-goulding-tarrus-riley |date=28 April 2015 }}. Billboard. Retrieved 29 July 2015</ref> Having finished recording new material on 27 July 2015, Goulding tweeted a link to an Instagram post of her leaving [[Abbey Road Studios]] captioned, "That's a wrap!".<ref>[http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/ellie-goulding-snap-keeps-bond-spectre-fans-guessing-about-soundtrack-31411680.html "Ellie Goulding snap keeps Bond Spectre fans guessing about soundtrack"]. ''Belfast Telegraph''. Retrieved 29 July 2015</ref> On 5 August 2015 at the [[iHeartRadio]] Music Summit, Interscope unveiled the title of Goulding's new single, "On My Mind".<ref>{{cite web|author1=Net News|title=Hits Aplenty At Day One Of iHeartMedia's Music Summit|url=http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/144176/hits-aplenty-at-day-one-of-iheartmedia-s-music-sum|website=AllAccess.com|publisher=All Access Music Group|accessdate=5 August 2015|location=United States|date=5 August 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807171346/http://www.allaccess.com/net-news/archive/story/144176/hits-aplenty-at-day-one-of-iheartmedia-s-music-sum|archivedate=7 August 2015}}</ref> A preview of the new track was released online via Goulding's Facebook page on 15 September 2015, with a confirmed single release date of 17 September 2015. The following day, another video teaser was uploaded revealing the title and cover art for Goulding's third studio album, ''[[Delirium (Ellie Goulding album)|Delirium]]''.
[[File:Ellie Goulding at Bumbershoot 2015 (21563783141).jpg|left|thumb|Goulding at [[Bumbershoot]] 2015]]
On 7 September 2015, it was announced that Goulding would be performing at the [[2015 AFL Grand Final]], along with Canadian musician [[Bryan Adams]] and American musician [[Chris Isaak]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Twomey|first1=Callum|title=Adams, Goulding, Isaak headline GF show|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2015-09-07/bryan-adams-chris-isaak-headline-grand-final-entertainment|website=afl.com.au|publisher=Australian Football League|accessdate=7 September 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910015754/http://www.afl.com.au/news/2015-09-07/bryan-adams-chris-isaak-headline-grand-final-entertainment|archivedate=10 September 2015}}</ref> On 17 September, Goulding debuted her single, "[[On My Mind (Ellie Goulding song)|On My Mind]]", the lead track from ''Delirium'', on BBC Radio 1's Breakfast Show. She also announced that ''Delirium'' would be released on 6 November. Goulding subsequently performed "On My Mind" at the [[Apple Music Festival]] later that week.<ref>{{cite news |last=Davidson |first=Amy |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a668950/ellie-goulding-announces-her-new-album-delirium-and-debuts-first-single-on-my-mind.html |title=Ellie Goulding announces her new album Delirium and debuts first single 'On My Mind' |publisher= |work=Digital Spy |date=17 September 2015 |accessdate=20 September 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920020812/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a668950/ellie-goulding-announces-her-new-album-delirium-and-debuts-first-single-on-my-mind.html |archivedate=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/showbiz-news/2015/09/19/delirium-as-ellie-goulding-opens-the-apple-music-festival-2/ |title=Delirium as Ellie Goulding opens the Apple Music Festival |newspaper=Express & Star |publisher=Midland News Association |date=19 September 2015 |accessdate=20 September 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921001812/http://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/showbiz-news/2015/09/19/delirium-as-ellie-goulding-opens-the-apple-music-festival-2/ |archivedate=21 September 2015}}</ref>

Goulding then travelled to Sydney where she performed a one-off show at the [[Enmore Theatre]] on 4 October. She performed a variety of songs similar to her Apple Music Festival setlist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/ellie-goulding/2015/enmore-theatre-sydney-australia-33f41895.html |title=Ellie Goulding Concert Setlist at Enmore Theatre, Sydney on October 4, 2015 |website=Setlist.fm |date= |accessdate=19 December 2015 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208154839/http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/ellie-goulding/2015/enmore-theatre-sydney-australia-33f41895.html |archivedate=8 December 2015}}</ref> She also appeared on the Australian ''[[The X Factor (Australian TV series)|X Factor]]'' on 6 October where she performed "[[On My Mind (Ellie Goulding song)|On My Mind]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://popcrush.com/ellie-goulding-x-factor-australia-on-my-mind/|title=Ellie Goulding Electrifies With 'On My Mind' on 'X Factor Australia'|website=Popcrush.com|date=|accessdate=19 December 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209082039/http://popcrush.com/ellie-goulding-x-factor-australia-on-my-mind/|archivedate=9 December 2015}}</ref> On 15 October 2015, it was announced that "[[Army (Ellie Goulding song)|Army]]" would serve as the second official single from the album; the song's music video was later released on 14 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Davidson|first1=Amy|title=Ellie Goulding's next single is 'Army' and she's performing it on Children In Need|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a673804/ellie-gouldings-next-single-is-army-and-shes-performing-it-on-children-in-need.html|website=Digitalspy|accessdate=19 October 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017233008/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a673804/ellie-gouldings-next-single-is-army-and-shes-performing-it-on-children-in-need.html|archivedate=17 October 2015}}</ref> Third single, "[[Something in the Way You Move]]" was first released as a promotional single from the album on 9 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corner|first1=Lewis|title=Ellie Goulding's new song 'Something In the Way You Move' is pop gold|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a672792/ellie-gouldings-new-song-something-in-the-way-you-move-is-pop-gold.html|website=Digital Spy|publisher=Digital Soy|accessdate=10 October 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010173705/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a672792/ellie-gouldings-new-song-something-in-the-way-you-move-is-pop-gold.html|archivedate=10 October 2015}}</ref> It was then released on 19 January 2016, its original music video was released on 23 February 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/ellie-goulding/something-in-the-way-you-move/GBUV71600056 |title=Something In The Way You Move – Ellie Goulding |publisher=[[Vevo]] |date=23 February 2016 |accessdate=23 February 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227024621/http://www.vevo.com/watch/ellie-goulding/Something-In-The-Way-You-Move/GBUV71600056 |archivedate=27 February 2016}}</ref> and other music video directed by [[Emil Nava]] was released on 21 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0_GWTy9FEM|title=Something In The Way You Move (Directed by Emil Nava)|date=21 June 2017|accessdate=21 June 2017|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621232616/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0_GWTy9FEM|archivedate=21 June 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Ellie Goulding, O2 Arena, London (25933561262).jpg|thumb|right|Goulding performing at [[The O2 Arena]] in 2016]]
On 19 August 2016 she released the song "[[Still Falling For You]]" for the [[Bridget Jones's Baby: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|soundtrack]] to the film ''[[Bridget Jones's Baby]]'', and its music video premiered on 25 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/ellie-goulding-still-falling-bridget-jones-baby |title=Ellie Goulding releases 'Still Falling for You' from ''Bridget Jones's Baby'' soundtrack |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=19 August 2016 |accessdate=22 December 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223080614/http://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/ellie-goulding-still-falling-bridget-jones-baby/ |archivedate=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvP_OwVSFpk|title=Still Falling For You|via=[[YouTube]]|date=25 August 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217065311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvP_OwVSFpk|archivedate=17 December 2016}}</ref> It received moderate commercial success worldwide managing to reach number 11 in the UK.<ref name="UK chart"/>

After a long gap, in 2017, she performed at the opening of 16th edition of [[Mawazine]] Festival, held in Rabat from 12 to 20 May.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/03/212265/english-singer-ellie-goulding-open-mawazine-festival/|title=English Singer Ellie Goulding to Open Mawazine Festival|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=28 March 2017|work=[[Morocco World News]]|author=Safaa Kasraoui|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142357/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/03/212265/english-singer-ellie-goulding-open-mawazine-festival/|archivedate=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/05/216440/ellie-goulding-shines-mawazines-opening-night-lights/|title=Ellie Goulding Shines Under Mawazine's Opening Night Lights|date=13 May 2017|accessdate=4 June 2017|work=Morocco World News|author=Chaima Lahsini|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210014220/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/05/216440/ellie-goulding-shines-mawazines-opening-night-lights/|archivedate=10 December 2017}}</ref> There she also sung live her latest single for the first time in any event, "[[First Time (Kygo and Ellie Goulding song)|First Time]]"; which was released on 28 April in collaboration with [[Kygo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thenational.ae/arts-life/music-festivals/mawazine-festival-2017-goulding-back-on-stage-in-her-ellie-ment|title=Mawazine Festival 2017: Goulding back on stage, in her Ellie-ment|date=14 May 2017|accessdate=4 June 2017|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|author=Saeed Saeed|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518040316/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-life/music-festivals/mawazine-festival-2017-goulding-back-on-stage-in-her-ellie-ment|archivedate=18 May 2017}}</ref>

===2018–present: ''Brightest Blue''===
In 2018, Goulding joined Tap Management after almost a decade with First Access Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/ellie-goulding-joins-lana-del-rey-dua-lipa-at-tap-management-1202750887/|title=Ellie Goulding Joins Lana Del Rey, Dua Lipa at Tap Management|date=11 April 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> She appeared on a collaboration with [[Sean Paul]] on his ''[[Mad Love the Prequel]]'' EP titled "Bad Love", released on 29 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/mad-love-the-prequel/1396476826/|title=Mad Love: The Prequel by Sean Paul on Apple Music|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref>

Goulding collaborated with [[Diplo]] and [[Swae Lee]] on the single "[[Close to Me (Ellie Goulding and Diplo song)|Close to Me]]", which was released on 24 October 2018.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Kat Bein|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8481581/ellie-goulding-diplo-swae-lee-close-to-me|title=Ellie Goulding Shines With Diplo & Swae Lee on 'Close to Me': Listen|magazine=Billboard|date=24 October 2018|accessdate=25 October 2018}}</ref> On 1 January 2019, ''The Guardian'' reported that she has been working on her fourth album, set to release in the same year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jan/01/ellie-goulding-interview-fourth-album-2019-arts-preview|title=Ellie Goulding: 'I'm finally myself again'|date=1 January 2019|accessdate=1 March 2019|work=The Guardian|author=Ben Beaumont-Thomas}}</ref> On 1 March, she released the next single "[[Flux (Ellie Goulding song)|Flux]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/ellie-goulding-shares-new-single-flux/|title=Ellie Goulding Returns With New Single And Video For 'Flux'|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=1 March 2019|publisher=uDiscover Music|author=Laura Stavropoulos}}</ref> She said regarding the album, "it's very much written by me".<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Rania Aniftos|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8500589/ellie-goulding-shares-emotional-new-ballad-flux-listen|title=Ellie Goulding Shares Emotional New Ballad 'Flux': Listen|magazine=Billboard|date=1 March 2019|accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>

On 12 April 2019, Goulding released the single "[[Sixteen (Ellie Goulding song)|Sixteen]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=145951 |title=Ellie Goulding Releases Her New Single "Sixteen"|publisher=Top40-Charts.com |date=12 April 2019 |accessdate=12 April 2019 }}</ref> Goulding said of the single, "...That age was such a pivotal year for me in many ways and this song is so close to my heart. It takes me back to the reckless days of being a teenager and I hope it reminds us all about the innocence of youth."<ref name="sixteen billboard">{{cite web |last1=Aniftos |first1=Rania |title=Ellie Goulding Reflects on Her Teenage Years in 'Sixteen' Music Video: Watch |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8507726/ellie-goulding-sixteen-music-video-watch |website=Billboard |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>

Goulding released "[[Hate Me (Ellie Goulding and Juice Wrld song)|Hate Me]]" with American rapper [[Juice Wrld]] on 26 June 2019.<ref name="Instagram">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BzD8D3RH7v5/|title=elliegoulding on Instagram: '26.06.19'|via=[[Instagram]]|accessdate=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Official">{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BzGw2QsDZvA/|title=elliegoulding on Instagram: 'Hate Me w/ @juicewrld999 Coming this Wednesday.'|via=Instagram|date=24 June 2019|accessdate=25 June 2019}}</ref> It was premiered by [[Zane Lowe]] as his 'World Record' on [[Beats 1]].<ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/8517685/ellie-goulding-juice-wrld-hate-me|title=Ellie Goulding Teams Up With Juice Wrld For Anti-Love Anthem 'Hate Me': Listen|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Lamarre|first=Carl|date=26 June 2019|accessdate=27 June 2019}}</ref> In July, Goulding stated that her next material to be released would be the songs "Woman I Am" and "Start".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/ellie-goulding-swearing-men-finding-one/|title=Ellie Goulding on swearing off men – and then finding The One|work=[[Telegraph.co.uk]]|last=Gannon|first=Louise|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=22 July 2019|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In November, she released [[River (Joni Mitchell song)#Ellie Goulding version|her rendition]] of [[Joni Mitchell]]'s Christmas song "[[River (Joni Mitchell song)|River]]", which topped the UK Singles Chart, becoming her third UK number one single and the last UK number one song of the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-goulding-scores-her-third-uk-number-1-single-with-river__28069/|title=Ellie Goulding scores third UK Number 1 single|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=27 December 2019}}</ref>

On 13 March 2020, Goulding released the new single "[[Worry About Me]]" which was created in-collaboration with [[Blackbear (musician)|Blackbear]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Claire Shaffer |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/ellie-goulding-blackbear-worry-about-me-video-967095/ |title=Ellie Goulding Hunts Down Blackbear's Clones in 'Worry About Me' Video |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=13 March 2020 |accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref> In a radio interview with [[Heart (radio network)|Heart]] the same month, she revealed that the album "kind of comes in two parts," adding that "the first side is something written entirely by me which was fun and I wrote most of it in New York when I was living there a few years back. I play the guitar and I play the bass and piano and then I'm singing a lot of vocals. It's very classically influenced because I love classical music. There's a lot going on, it's a big soundscape and one big film. The second half is my kind of alter ego songs."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ellie-goulding-reveals-her-new-album-will-be-split-into-two-parts-classically-influenced-and-her-alter-ego-pop-songs__29119/ |title=Ellie Goulding's new album will be split between classical and her 'alter ego' pop |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |date=17 March 2020 |accessdate=5 May 2020}}</ref>

==Artistry and influences==
{{multiple image
| footer = Goulding has listed musicians such as [[Joni Mitchell]] (''left'') and [[Björk]] (''right'') as her influences
| image1 = Joni Mitchell 1983.jpg
| width1 = 133
| alt1 = Joni Mitchell performing
| image2 = Björk by deep schismic at Big Day Out 2008, Melbourne Flemington Racecourse.jpg
| width2 = 133
| alt2 = Björk performing
| align = right}}

Goulding's music has been described as [[electropop]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Dolan |first=Jon |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/divergent-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20140311 |title=Various Artists: Divergent: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |work=Rolling Stone |date=11 March 2014 |accessdate=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122001138/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/divergent-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20140311 |archivedate=22 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-ca-ms-spring-preview-coachella-notebook-20160320-story.html |title=Coachella music festival and celebrity magnet kicks off the season of sounds under the sun |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=18 March 2016 |accessdate=21 January 2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072043/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-ca-ms-spring-preview-coachella-notebook-20160320-story.html |archivedate=22 January 2018}}</ref> [[synth-pop]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Aguila |first=Justino |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5770379/katy-perry-hosts-famous-friends-previews-next-tour-at-hollywood |title=Katy Perry Hosts Famous Friends, Previews Next Tour at Hollywood Bowl: Live Review |work=Billboard |date=24 October 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624200053/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5770379/katy-perry-hosts-famous-friends-previews-next-tour-at-hollywood |archivedate=24 June 2014}}</ref> [[indie pop]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.straight.com/blogra/535246/holy-concert-countdown-batman-over-20-vancouver-shows-go-sale-tomorrow |title=Holy concert countdown, Batman! Over 20 Vancouver shows go on sale tomorrow |work=[[The Georgia Straight]] |date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110949/http://www.straight.com/blogra/535246/holy-concert-countdown-batman-over-20-vancouver-shows-go-sale-tomorrow |archivedate=24 December 2013}}</ref> and [[folktronica]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Alan |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/what-ive-learnt-ellie-goulding-xs0r2skfj8s |title=What I've learnt: Ellie Goulding |work=[[The Times]] |date=16 October 2010 |accessdate=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/01_january/08/sound.shtml |title=Folktronica singer Ellie Goulding tops BBC's Sound of 2010 |publisher=BBC |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=22 December 2013 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912083336/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/01_january/08/sound.shtml |archivedate=12 September 2017}}</ref> She is a [[soprano]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosen |first=Jody |authorlink=Jody Rosen |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/lights-20110308 |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights |work=Rolling Stone |date=8 March 2011 |accessdate=8 March 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315175739/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/lights-20110308 |archivedate=15 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jupp |first=Emily |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/ellie-goulding-roundhouse-london-8181292.html |title=Ellie Goulding, Roundhouse, London |work=[[The Independent]] |date=27 September 2012 |accessdate=17 October 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924133336/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/ellie-goulding-roundhouse-london-8181292.html |archivedate=24 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Paste">{{cite web |last=Farokhmanesh |first=Megan |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2012/10/ellie-goulding-halcyon.html |title=Ellie Goulding: Halcyon |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |date=9 October 2012 |accessdate=13 October 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011235912/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2012/10/ellie-goulding-halcyon.html |archivedate=11 October 2012}}</ref> and is noted for her high piercing [[vibrato]], breathy tone and emotive delivery.<ref>{{cite news |last=McCormick |first=Neil |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7326168/Ellie-Goulding-Lights-CD-review.html |title=Ellie Goulding: Lights, CD review |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=12 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228180843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7326168/Ellie-Goulding-Lights-CD-review.html |archivedate=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news |last=Shriver |first=Jerry |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/reviews/2012/10/08/ellie-goulding-halcyon-album/1621547/ |title=Album of the week: Ellie Goulding's 'Halcyon' |work=[[USA Today]] |date=9 October 2012 |accessdate=9 October 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009040255/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/reviews/2012/10/08/ellie-goulding-halcyon-album/1621547/ |archivedate=9 October 2012}}</ref> In a review for ''Halcyon'', Neil McCormick of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' described her voice as "something special", continuing; "Her tremulous vibrato and slightly hoarse [[timbre]] have the feel of something primal and folky, her birdlike high notes conveying a childlike wonder while darker tones imply ancient depths of sorrow. She sings like she is strung out on the melody, warbling from a place of desperate emotion. It really is that rarest and perhaps most accidental of gifts: an original voice". He then continued in regards to her vocal layering stating, "producer Jim Eliot puts her voice front, back and centre, banking up choral walls of vibrato, fashioning hooks from cut up samples of chirrups and chants, and creating unusual textures from trills and warbles".<ref>{{cite news |last=McComick |first=Neil |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/9587413/Ellie-Goulding-Halcyon-Pop-CD-review.html |title=Ellie Goulding, Halcyon, Pop CD review |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=5 October 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012010622/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/9587413/Ellie-Goulding-Halcyon-Pop-CD-review.html |archivedate=12 October 2012}}</ref> During an interview with [[Carson Daly]], Goulding described her own voice saying;

{{quote|I think sometimes it sounds like my voice is like, out of control... I have to really control it because it just kind of goes everywhere. Like, sometimes stuff comes out that I don't expect. A lot, actually [...]. It's so funny because my favourite thing to do is imitate opera singers, but I've never had a singing lesson. Oh, I had a lesson just to teach me how to breathe better, but I never really had a singing lesson.<ref>{{cite web |last=Carroll |first=Sarah |url=http://amp.cbslocal.com/2012/08/06/ellie-goulding-talks-halcyon-skrillex-success-in-the-u-s-with-carson-daly/ |title=Ellie Goulding Talks Halcyon, Skrillex, & Success in the U.S. With Carson Daly |publisher=[[KAMP-FM|97.1 AMP Radio]] |date=6 August 2012 |accessdate=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008024248/http://amp.cbslocal.com/2012/08/06/ellie-goulding-talks-halcyon-skrillex-success-in-the-u-s-with-carson-daly/ |archivedate=8 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}

[[Will Hermes]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' compared her voice to that of [[Dolly Parton]], stating that her upper register was dazzling whilst also complementing her skill in vocal multi-layering.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hermes |first=Will |authorlink=Will Hermes |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/halcyon-20121009 |title=Halcyon |work=Rolling Stone |date=9 October 2012 |accessdate=12 October 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012232728/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/halcyon-20121009 |archivedate=12 October 2012}}</ref> Megan Farokhmanesh of ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' magazine stated "Goulding has a lovely voice, but occasionally her soprano-strung vocals hit a note that rubs the eardrums the wrong way" although she praised Goulding overall for her "talent for gorgeous high heart-tugging vocals".<ref name="Paste" />

Goulding has listed [[Joni Mitchell]], [[Kate Bush]], and [[Björk]] as influences, as well as contemporaries such as [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Burial (musician)|Burial]], [[Taylor Swift]], [[Bon Iver]], and [[Rihanna]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kathy Iandoli |url=http://www.vibe.com/2014/09/exclusive-ellie-goulding-talks-subliminal-diss-songs/ |title=Exclusive: Ellie Goulding Talks Subliminal Songs – ‘People Shouldn’t Believe What They’ve Been Hearing’ |date=12 September 2014 |work=[[Vibe (magazine)|Vibe]] |access-date=24 January 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622200736/http://www.vibe.com/2014/09/exclusive-ellie-goulding-talks-subliminal-diss-songs/ |archivedate=22 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-joni-mitchell-generation-james-blake-corinne-bailey-rae-and-others-pay-tribute-8915548.html|title=The Joni Mitchell generation: James Blake, Corinne Bailey Rae and others pay tribute|author=Elisa Bray|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=1 November 2013|accessdate=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413061809/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-joni-mitchell-generation-james-blake-corinne-bailey-rae-and-others-pay-tribute-8915548.html|archivedate=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a319282/ellie-goulding-im-influenced-by-everyone/|title=Ellie Goulding: "I'm influenced by everyone"|author=Jennifer Still|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=13 May 2011|accessdate=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181924/http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a319282/ellie-goulding-im-influenced-by-everyone/|archivedate=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.spin.com/2015/11/ellie-goulding-interview-delirium-max-martin-new-album/|title=Ellie Goulding: 'I Was As Influenced By Björk As I Was By Beyoncé'|author=Brennan Carley|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=2 November 2015|accessdate=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320103100/http://www.spin.com/2015/11/ellie-goulding-interview-delirium-max-martin-new-album/|archivedate=20 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/listen-to-ellie-gouldings-biggest-influences-20121019|title=Listen to Ellie Goulding's Biggest Influences|date=19 October 2012|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|access-date=1 February 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105619/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/listen-to-ellie-gouldings-biggest-influences-20121019|archivedate=25 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taylor-swift-is-an-inspiration-to-me-ellie-goulding/1208202/|title=Taylor Swift is an inspiration to me: Ellie Goulding|date=16 December 2013|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=29 March 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417034828/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/taylor-swift-is-an-inspiration-to-me-ellie-goulding/1208202/|archivedate=17 April 2016}}</ref> She also expressed admiration for rappers [[Kanye West]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]] and [[Nicki Minaj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/meet-brit-pop-star-ellie-goulding-2011125 |title=Meet Brit Pop Star Ellie Goulding |work=[[Us Weekly]] |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=6 November 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003160416/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/meet-brit-pop-star-ellie-goulding-2011125 |archivedate=3 October 2013}}</ref> Goulding's musical style has been compared to that of [[Kate Nash]], [[Lykke Li]] and [[Tracey Thorn]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Lester |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Lester |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/16/new-band-ellie-goulding |title=New band of the day – No 486: Ellie Goulding |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012082349/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/feb/16/new-band-ellie-goulding |archivedate=12 October 2013}}</ref>

Goulding's debut album ''[[Lights (Ellie Goulding album)|Lights]]'' (2010) experimented with genres including [[indie pop]], [[synthpop]], [[folktronica]] and [[indietronica]]. The album contained "sparkling pop with a [[Folk music|folky]] heart and an [[Electronic music|electronic]] edge" and was noted as being infectious.<ref name="thefly">{{cite web|last=Pia|first=Camilla|url=http://www.the-fly.co.uk/reviews/album/7105/Album-Review-Ellie-Goulding|title=Ellie Goulding – 'Lights' (Polydor)|work=[[The Fly (magazine)|The Fly]]|publisher=[[MAMA Group]]|date=26 February 2010|accessdate=3 March 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418224725/http://www.the-fly.co.uk/reviews/album/7105/Album-Review-Ellie-Goulding/|archivedate=18 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The album incorporated "acoustic guitar" and "retro-synthpop" compared to that of [[Little Boots]] and [[La Roux]], while the production contained "folkie origins under a welter of busily cycling synths and programmed beats".<ref name="independent">{{cite news|last=Gill|first=Andy|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-ellie-goulding-lights-polydor-1910878.html|title=Album: Ellie Goulding, Lights (Polydor)|work=[[The Independent]]|date=26 February 2010|accessdate=26 February 2010|location=London|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301083734/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-ellie-goulding-lights-polydor-1910878.html|archivedate=1 March 2010}}</ref> Goulding toured the United Kingdom with American folk singer [[Lissie]] in 2010.<ref name="pcm">{{cite web|url=http://www.popculturemadness.com/interview/Lissie.html|title=Lissie Interview|date=11 February 2008|publisher=PopCultureMadness|accessdate=29 May 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615001604/http://www.popculturemadness.com/interview/Lissie.html|archivedate=15 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="paste10">{{cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/01/best-of-whats-next-lissie.html|title=Best of What's Next: Lissie|last=Maddux|first=Rachael|date=5 January 2010|work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|accessdate=29 May 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525171909/http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/01/best-of-whats-next-lissie.html|archivedate=25 May 2010}}</ref> Goulding's second album ''[[Halcyon (album)|Halcyon]]'' followed in the same vein, including genres such as indie pop, synthpop and [[dream pop]]. She stepped away from the electronic sound of her previous album and moved to a more tribal and anthemic sound containing a bit more piano and vocal.<ref>{{cite web|last=Montgomery|first=James|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1692648/ellie-goulding-anything-could-happen-video-set.jhtml|title=Ellie Goulding's 'Anything Could Happen' Video: Go Behind The Scenes Now!|publisher=[[MTV News]]. [[Viacom International Media Networks|Viacom]]|date=27 August 2012|accessdate=5 September 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830190101/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1692648/ellie-goulding-anything-could-happen-video-set.jhtml|archivedate=30 August 2012}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Personal life==
Goulding ran the inaugural Nike Women Half Marathon in Washington, D.C. on 28 April 2013, earning a time of 1:41:35.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.styleite.com/media/ellie-goulding-nike-half-marathon/| title=Ellie Goulding Runs Nike Half Marathon, We All Want To Be Her| work=Styleite Media| date=28 April 2013| accessdate=10 May 2013| first=Deenie| last=Hartzog| url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503085134/http://www.styleite.com/media/ellie-goulding-nike-half-marathon/| archivedate=3 May 2013| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXSjd4-p1NM| title=Ellie Goulding: Running with Nike| work=Uncensored Interview| date=1 December 2011| accessdate=1 October 2012 | url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125205530/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXSjd4-p1NM| archivedate=25 January 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Goulding was in a relationship with [[Dougie Poynter]] of [[McFly]] between 2014 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tabberer |first1=Jamie |title=Dougie Poynter reveals he was invited to ex Ellie Goulding’s wedding but thought it was inappropriate|website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/09/05/dougie-poynter-reveals-he-was-invited-to-ex-ellie-gouldings-wedding-but-thought-it-was-inappropriate-10692345/|accessdate=5 November 2019}}</ref>

Goulding's best friend and personal assistant is Hannah Suzanne Lowe; the song "[[Army (Ellie Goulding song)|Army]]" was dedicated to Lowe and to Goulding's fans.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/ellie-goulding-i-understood-that-my-only-way-out-was-through-edu/ | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | first=Salter | last=Jessica | title=Ellie Goulding: 'I understood that my only way out was through education' | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122183430/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/artists/ellie-goulding-i-understood-that-my-only-way-out-was-through-edu/ | archivedate=22 January 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://elliegoulding.tumblr.com/post/132211010075/to-my-fans | website=[[Tumblr]] | title=To my fans | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224223750/http://elliegoulding.tumblr.com/post/132211010075/to-my-fans | archivedate=24 February 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On ''[[Michael McIntyre's Big Show]]'', she revealed that she is also close friends with [[Princess Beatrice of York]].

On 7 August 2018, Goulding and her boyfriend, Caspar Jopling, announced their engagement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/celebrity/ellie-goulding-is-engaged-%E2%80%94-and-she-announced-the-big-news-in-a-totally-traditional-way/ar-BBLByGs|title=Ellie Goulding Is Engaged — and She Announced the Big News in a Totally Traditional Way|website=msn.com|language=en-US|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ellie-goulding-engaged-caspar-jopling-announcement_us_5b69c87fe4b0de86f4a5de5b|title=Ellie Goulding Is Engaged To Caspar Jopling. See Their Super Traditional Announcement.|last=Wong|first=Brittany|date=7 August 2018|work=Huffington Post|access-date=8 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> The couple were married at [[York Minster]] on 31 August 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/music/ellie-goulding-marries-caspar-jopling/|date=31 August 2019|author1=Jeff Nelson|author2=Phil Boucher|title=Ellie Goulding Marries Longtime Boyfriend Caspar Jopling|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en|access-date=31 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-49534982|title=Royalty and showbiz at Goulding wedding|publisher=BBC|date=31 August 2019|access-date=31 August 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Caspar Jopling is the grandson of former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Michael Jopling]], who was the [[Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]] from 1983 to 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/who-ellie-gouldings-husband-caspar-16846335|title=Who is Ellie Goulding's husband Caspar Jopling?|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Katie|date=31 August 2019|website=men|access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref>

Goulding has spoken several times about her experience with mental health conditions. In 2016 she discussed [[panic attack]]s caused by the studio environment that prevented her from working.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/ellie-goulding-anxiety-panic-attacks-flare-magazine_uk_573c545ce4b0328a838bafeb|title=Ellie Goulding Opens Up About 'Debilitating' Anxiety And Panic Attacks|author=Ash Percival|date=18 May 2016|work=HuffPost|accessdate=17 August 2017}}</ref> In 2017 she discussed ongoing confidence issues and severe anxiety she had experienced. She spoke of an increased confidence within herself which reduces the nervous flutters she experiences.<ref name="herHealth">{{cite news|url=http://people.com/music/ellie-goulding-overcoming-anxiety-panic-attacks-with-exercise/|title=Ellie Goulding on Her Crippling Anxiety: 'I Was Scared I Wasn't as Good of a Singer as Everyone Thought'|author=Julie Mazziotta|date=14 March 2017|work=[[People.com]]|accessdate=28 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328215516/http://people.com/music/ellie-goulding-overcoming-anxiety-panic-attacks-with-exercise/|archivedate=28 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> She has said that a fitness regime and boxing at the gym has helped her overcome panic attacks and anxiety.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/style/ellie-goulding-no-shower-after-boxing/|title=A Shower After the Gym? Not for Ellie Goulding|author=Sharon Kanter|date=21 April 2017|work=People.com|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref>

Goulding supports the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].<ref>{{cite tweet|user=elliegoulding|author=Ellie Goulding|number=596391975626113024|date=7 May 2015|title=#Labour}}</ref> She supported Vote Remain at the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]] and in the aftermath of the [[Brexit]] result, she expressed her disappointment on Twitter saying: "I truly believe this is one of the most devastating things to happen during my lifetime. I felt a fear I've never felt this morning."<ref>{{cite tweet|user=elliegoulding|author=Ellie Goulding|number=746265460119830528|date=24 June 2016|title=I truly believe this is one of the most devastating things to happen during my lifetime. I felt a fear I've never felt this morning.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228022031/https:/twitter.com/elliegoulding/status/746265460119830528|archive-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

In 2019 she was baptised.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vince|first=Jessica|date=2020-05-31|title=Ellie Goulding: "I got christened so I could get married"|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/bazaar-brides/a32721809/ellie-goulding-christened-wedding/|access-date=2020-06-05|website=Harper's BAZAAR|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Endorsements==
Goulding contributed her vocals to an advert for the British department store chain [[John Lewis (department store)|John Lewis]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/556143/sob-all-the-john-lewis-christmas-adverts-which-one-is-your-favourite|title=Sob! All the John Lewis Christmas adverts. Which one is your favourite?|date=6 November 2014|work=[[Now (UK magazine)|Now]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510090900/http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/556143/sob-all-the-john-lewis-christmas-adverts-which-one-is-your-favourite|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> The [[John Lewis Christmas advert]] has become an annual tradition in [[Culture of the United Kingdom|British culture]] and one of the signals that the countdown to Christmas has begun in the UK, with Goulding performing "Your Song" for the store's 2010 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/nov/12/john-lewis-christmas-ads-2007-2013|title=John Lewis Christmas ads: how they evolved from 2007 to 2013|last=Stone|first=Jason|date=12 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201150324/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/nov/12/john-lewis-christmas-ads-2007-2013|archivedate=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11212935/Its-funny-how-John-Lewis-Christmas-Advert-is-now-part-of-our-Christmas-countdown.html|title=It's funny how John Lewis Christmas Advert is now part of our Christmas countdown|last=Wallop|first=Harry|date=6 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420083648/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11212935/Its-funny-how-John-Lewis-Christmas-Advert-is-now-part-of-our-Christmas-countdown.html|archivedate=20 April 2017}}</ref>

In 2013, Goulding was announced as one of several new models for [[Marks & Spencer]]'s 'Womanism' campaign. Subtitled "Britain's leading ladies", the campaign saw Goulding appear alongside British women from various fields, including the actress [[Helen Mirren]], double Olympic gold medal winning boxer [[Nicola Adams]], and writer [[Monica Ali]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Marks & Spencer's new ad: what does it mean?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2013/aug/19/marks-spencer-new-ad-annie-leibowitz|agency=The Guardian|date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107015822/https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/fashion-blog/2013/aug/19/marks-spencer-new-ad-annie-leibowitz|archivedate=7 November 2016}}</ref>

Goulding is endorsing the Swiss shampoo [[Pantene]] Pro-V on television and on the official Pantene website under the tagline "Strong Is Beautiful".<ref>[http://pantene.co.uk/en-gb/strong-is-beautiful-ellie-goulding-hub "Strong Is Beautiful"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204171924/http://pantene.co.uk/en-gb/strong-is-beautiful-ellie-goulding-hub |date=4 February 2017 }}. Pantene.co.uk.</ref> This campaign has been running since 21 March 2016.<ref>[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160321005683/en/Ellie-Goulding-Launches-StrongIsBeautiful-Pantene-Pro-V "Ellie Goulding Launches #StrongIsBeautiful with Pantene Pro-V"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170427/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160321005683/en/Ellie-Goulding-Launches-StrongIsBeautiful-Pantene-Pro-V |date=4 February 2017 }}. Businesswire.co.uk.</ref>

==Philanthropy==
[[File:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (43433001240) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Goulding speaks in 2018 in her role as UN Environment Goodwill Ambassador]]
In 2010, Goulding participated in the [[Great North Run|Bupa Great North Run]] for the [[British Heart Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellie Goulding puts heart into Great North Run|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/get-involved/events/runs/great-north-run|publisher=[[British Heart Foundation]]|accessdate=22 April 2013|date=22 September 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007062022/https://www.bhf.org.uk/get-involved/events/runs/great-north-run|archivedate=7 October 2016}}</ref> In 2011, Goulding ran the ''She Runs LA'' event for charity [[Students Run LA]], which aims to increase access to sport for less privileged children across the [[Los Angeles Unified School District]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Sarah|title=SEE PICS: Ellie Goulding jogs for charity in LA|url=http://www.instyle.co.uk/celebrity/news/see-pics-ellie-goulding-jogs-for-charity-in-la|work=[[InStyle]]|accessdate=22 April 2013|date=21 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016133022/http://www.instyle.co.uk/celebrity/news/see-pics-ellie-goulding-jogs-for-charity-in-la|archivedate=16 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, she partnered with [[Pandora Radio]], one dollar for each sale of her mixtape was donated to the ''Free the Children'' charity.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=elliegoulding|author=Ellie Goulding|number=274235502876561408|date=29 November 2012|title=Add my mixtape to your playlist & Pandora will donate $1 to @FreeTheChildren.A charity REALLY close to my heart. Plz RT}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ellie Partners with Pandora for Free The Children|url=http://elliegoulding.com/newsitems/ellie-partners-with-pandora-for-free-the-children/|accessdate=22 April 2013|date=30 November 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628105351/http://elliegoulding.com/newsitems/ellie-partners-with-pandora-for-free-the-children/|archivedate=28 June 2013}}</ref> On 1 June 2013, Goulding performed at [[Gucci]]'s global concert event in London whose campaign "Chime for Change" aims to raise awareness of women's issues in terms of education, health and justice.<ref>{{cite web|last=Talarico|first=Brittany|title=Katy Perry, Blake Lively Join Beyoncé and Gucci to Empower Women|url=http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2013/04/17/katy-pery-blake-lively-beyonce-gucci-campaig/|work=People|accessdate=22 April 2013|date=17 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424022452/http://stylenews.peoplestylewatch.com/2013/04/17/katy-pery-blake-lively-beyonce-gucci-campaig/|archivedate=24 April 2013}}</ref>

Goulding has frequently contributed to the [[BBC]]'s annual charity telethon [[Children in Need]] in the UK.<ref name="BBC 2016"/> In 2013, Goulding's track "How Long Will I Love You" was the official single for the [[Children in Need 2013|2013 Children in Need]] campaign.<ref name="BBC 2016">{{cite news|title=Ellie Goulding releases official single for BBC Children in Need|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3dkrSvXL49lxhwCNSH2kmsq/ellie-goulding-releases-official-single-for-bbc-children-in-need|agency=BBC|date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105090457/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3dkrSvXL49lxhwCNSH2kmsq/ellie-goulding-releases-official-single-for-bbc-children-in-need|archivedate=5 November 2015}}</ref>

On 15 November 2014, Goulding joined the charity group [[Band Aid 30]] along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording a new version of the track "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" at [[Sarm West Studios]] in [[Notting Hill]], London, to raise money for the [[2014 Ebola outbreaks|2014 Ebola crisis]] in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Band Aid 30: One Direction among celebrity line-up|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 November 2014|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/11220735/Band-Aid-30-line-up-revealed.html|accessdate=11 February 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220193058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/11220735/Band-Aid-30-line-up-revealed.html|archivedate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

Goulding is also an activist for [[homelessness]]. She has performed in the annual charity concerts for the "Streets of London" charity event at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] from years 2014 to 2018 consecutively.<ref>{{Cite news|title=homeless from:elliegoulding|website=Twitter|date=22 December 2016 |url=https://twitter.com/search?f=tweets&q=homeless%20from%3Aelliegoulding&src=typd|accessdate=22 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ELLIE GOULDING IN AID OF STREETS OF LONDON, ROYAL ALBERT HALL, NOVEMBER 2016 |work=Streets of London |date=21 November 2016 |url=http://www.streetsoflondon.org.uk/concert-detail/ellie-goulding-plus-very-special-guests-in-aid-of-streets-of-london-at-roya |accessdate=22 December 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222225606/http://www.streetsoflondon.org.uk/concert-detail/ellie-goulding-plus-very-special-guests-in-aid-of-streets-of-london-at-roya |archivedate=22 December 2016}}</ref> On 24 December 2015, Goulding volunteered in central London at the Marylebone Project to help end homelessness and to assist in the elimination of the stereotype associated with the homeless population. She said, "It's that stigma of what a homeless person is — they abuse drugs or abuse alcohol. It's just not true, some people come from very normal backgrounds, very normal situations and something goes wrong. It can happen to all of us."<ref>{{Cite news|title=On Ellie Goulding Telling a "Fan" Not to Come to Her Concert...|first=Jason|last=Fuller|website=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=5 May 2016|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jason-fuller2/opinion-on-ellie-goulding_b_10175894.html|accessdate=22 December 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223133159/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jason-fuller2/opinion-on-ellie-goulding_b_10175894.html|archivedate=23 December 2016}}</ref>

In October 2017, she was recognized with a Global Leadership Award by the [[United Nations Foundation]] for her environmental and social justice activism. She also announced that she would join the foundation in 2018 as a Goodwill Ambassador.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wifc.com/news/articles/2017/oct/20/ellie-goulding-receives-global-leadership-award-from-united-nations/|title=Ellie Goulding receives Global Leadership Award from United Nations|date=19 October 2017|accessdate=20 October 2017|publisher=[[WIFC]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020045629/http://wifc.com/news/articles/2017/oct/20/ellie-goulding-receives-global-leadership-award-from-united-nations/|archivedate=20 October 2017}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Ellie Goulding discography}}
* ''[[Lights (Ellie Goulding album)|Lights]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Halcyon (album)|Halcyon]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Delirium (Ellie Goulding album)|Delirium]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Brightest Blue]]'' (2020)

==Concert tours==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Headlining'''
* The Lights Tour (2010)
* [[The Halcyon Days Tour]] (2012–2014)
* [[Delirium World Tour]] (2016-2017)

{{col-2}}
'''Supporting'''
*[[Katy Perry]] – [[California Dreams Tour]] (2011)
*[[Bruno Mars]] – [[Moonshine Jungle Tour]] (2013)
{{col-end}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#bfd7ff;"|Television
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''Who Is...?''
|rowspan="5"| Herself
|Featured artist
|-
| ''The Sound Change Live''
| Guest
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Voice (American TV series)|The Voice]]''
| Advisor for Team [[Adam Levine]] ([[The Voice (American season 8)|season 8]])
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Sesame Street]]''
| Voice role; episode: "The Helpful Cloud"
|-
| 2020
| ''[[One World: Together at Home]]''
| Special
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#bfd7ff;"|Films
|-
| 2013
| ''Tom & Issy''
| Issy
| Short film
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''Ellie Goulding: Healthy Eating on Tour''
|rowspan="3"| Herself
| Documentary short
|-
| ''Lennon or McCartney''
| Documentary short
|-
|2017
|''Louder Together''
|Documentary
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Ellie Goulding}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Allmusic|id=ellie-goulding-mn0001596642}}
* {{IMDb name|3716110}}

{{Ellie Goulding}}
{{Brit Critics' Choice}}
{{Brit British Female}}
{{BBC Sound of...}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goulding, Ellie}}
[[Category:Ellie Goulding| ]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century English singers]]
[[Category:21st-century English women singers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Kent]]
[[Category:Brit Award winners]]
[[Category:Electropop musicians]]
[[Category:English singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:British indie pop musicians]]
[[Category:English electronic musicians]]
[[Category:English female pop singers]]
[[Category:English sopranos]]
[[Category:Folktronica]]
[[Category:Homelessness activists]]
[[Category:Interscope Records artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Herefordshire]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kent]]
[[Category:People from Hereford]]
[[Category:Polydor Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers with a three-octave vocal range]]
[[Category:Synth-pop singers]]
[[Category:English women in electronic music]]

Kylie Minogue

2020-06-13T12:53:39Z

Githek: I add film in the portal bar

{{about||her 1994 album|Kylie Minogue (album){{!}}''Kylie Minogue'' (album)|her 1997 album released in some markets with the title ''Kylie Minogue''|Impossible Princess{{!}}''Impossible Princess''}}
{{pp-move-indef}}

{{short description|Australian singer-songwriter, recording artist, and actress}}
{{pp-semi-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kylie Minogue
| post-nominals = {{postnominals|size=100%|country=AUS|AO|OBE|sep=,}}
| image = Kylie Minogue at The Queen's Birthday Party (cropped 3).jpg
| caption = Minogue performing at [[The Queen's Birthday Party]] at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in 2018
| birth_name = Kylie Ann Minogue
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|5|28}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| residence = [[Chelsea, London]], [[England]]
| nationality = [[Australian]]
| occupation = Singer-songwriter, actress
| partner =
| relatives = [[Dannii Minogue]] (sister)
| years_active = 1979–present
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue|Full list]]
| module =
{{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[disco]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = {{hlist|[[Astralwerks]]|[[BMG Rights Management|BMG]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Deconstruction Records|Deconstruction]]|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]]|[[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]]|[[Mushroom Records|Mushroom]]|[[Parlophone]]|[[Warner Records|Warner]]}}
| associated_acts = [[Kylie and Garibay]]
}}
| signature = Kylie Minogue's signature.svg
| website = {{url|kylie.com}}
}}
'''Kylie Ann Minogue''', {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO|OBE|sep=,}} ({{IPAc-en|m|ᵻ|ˈ|n|oʊ|ɡ}}; born 28 May 1968), often [[Mononymous person|known simply]] as '''Kylie''', is an Australian singer-songwriter and actress. She is the highest-selling female Australian artist of all time and has been recognised with several [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|honorific nicknames]], most notably the "Princess of Pop". Minogue has also been known for reinventing herself in music and fashion throughout her career, being referred to as a style icon.

Born and raised in [[Melbourne]], she has worked and lived in England since the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/04/23/kylie-minogue-australia-move-family_n_5197685.html|title=Kylie Minogue Moves Back To Australia To Be Closer To Her Family|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=23 April 2014|accessdate=15 April 2018}}</ref> Minogue achieved recognition starring in the Australian soap opera ''[[Neighbours]]'', where she played tomboy mechanic [[Charlene Robinson]]. She came to prominence as a recording artist in the late 1980s and released four bubblegum and dance-pop-influenced studio albums produced by [[Stock Aitken Waterman]] and released by [[Pete Waterman Entertainment|PWL]]. By the time she released her fourth album in the early 1990s, she had amassed several top ten singles in the UK and Australia, including "[[I Should Be So Lucky]]", "[[The Loco-Motion]]", "[[Hand on Your Heart]]", "[[Better the Devil You Know]]" and "[[Step Back in Time]]". Minogue, however, felt alienated and dissatisfied with the little creative control she had over her music. In 1992, she left PWL and signed with [[Deconstruction Records]], where she released ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'' (1994) and ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' (1997), both of which received positive reviews from critics, with the latter being often described as her most personal and best work. Returning to more mainstream dance-oriented music, Minogue signed to [[Parlophone]] and released her disco-influenced seventh studio album ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'' (2000), which was preceded by lead single "[[Spinning Around]]". The follow-up, ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]'' (2001) became her best-selling album to date and was a breakthrough for Minogue in markets where she had little recognition previously. Its lead single, "[[Can't Get You Out of My Head]]" became one of the most successful singles of the 2000s, selling over five million units.

She continued reinventing her image and experimenting with a range of genres on her next albums, which produced successful singles such as "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]", "[[2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song)|2 Hearts]]" and "[[All the Lovers]]". Minogue made her film debut in ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]'' (1989) and portrayed [[Cammy]] in ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]'' (1994). She has also appeared in the films ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'' (2001), ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]'' and ''[[Holy Motors]]'' (2012). In 2014, she appeared as a judge on the third series of ''[[The Voice UK (series 3)|The Voice UK]]'' and ''[[The Voice (Australian TV series)|The Voice Australia]]''. Her other ventures include product endorsements, children's books and fashion.

Minogue has sold 70 million records worldwide and has earned [[List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue|numerous awards and accolades]], including a [[Grammy Award]], three [[Brit Awards]], 17 [[ARIA Music Awards]], two [[MTV Europe Music Award]] and two [[MTV Video Music Award]]. She has mounted several successful and critically acclaimed concert tours for which she received a [[Mo Award]] for Australian Performer of the Year in 2001 and 2003. Minogue was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] in the [[2008 New Year Honours]] for services to Music.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=58557 |date=29 December 2007 |page=11 |supp=y}}</ref> She was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier (knight) of the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] for her contribution to the enrichment of French culture. In 2005, while Minogue was on her [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]], she was diagnosed with breast cancer. After treatment, she resumed the tour under the title [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]], which critics viewed as a "triumph". Minogue was awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Health Science]] (D.H.Sc.) degree by [[Anglia Ruskin University]] for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. On the 25th anniversary of the [[ARIA Music Awards]] in 2011, she was inducted by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] into the [[ARIA Hall of Fame]].

==Life and career==

===1968–1986: Early life and career beginnings===

Kylie Ann Minogue was born on 28 May 1968 in [[Melbourne]], Australia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartley |first1=John |title=Tele-ology: Studies in Television |date=1992 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-06818-5 |pages=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBHjzIEvq5UC&pg=PA218&dq= |accessdate=20 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Ronald Charles Minogue, is a fifth-generation [[Australian people|Australian]] and has [[Irish people|Irish]] ancestry; her mother, Carol Ann Jones, came from [[Maesteg]], Wales.<ref name="Smith11"/> Jones had lived in Wales until age ten when her mother and father, Millie and Denis Jones, decided to move to Australia for a better life.<ref name="Smith11">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=11}}</ref> Just before Kylie's birth, Ron qualified as an accountant and worked through several jobs while Carol worked as a professional dancer.<ref name="pg13">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=13}}</ref> Kylie's younger brother, Brendan, is a news cameraman in Australia, while her younger sister [[Dannii Minogue]] is also a singer and television host.<ref name=survivor>{{Cite news|title=Pop princess is a survivor|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=17 May 2005|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Pop-princess-is-a-survivor/2005/05/17/1116095959462.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519015414/http://www.smh.com.au/news/People/Pop-princess-is-a-survivor/2005/05/17/1116095959462.html|archivedate=19 May 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> The Minogue family frequently moved around various suburbs in Melbourne to sustain their living expenses, which Kylie found unsettling as a child. After the birth of Dannii, the family moved to South Oakleigh.<ref name="pg13" /> Kylie would often stay at home reading, sewing and learning to play the violin and piano.<ref name=exclaim>{{cite web| url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/kylie_minogue_is_the_soccer_of_pop_artists_huge_worldwide_never_caught_on_in_north_america| date=5 June 2018| access-date=18 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue Is the Soccer of Pop Artists: Huge Worldwide, Never Caught On in North America| work=[[Exclaim!]]| author=Gormely, Ian|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614222529/http://exclaim.ca/music/article/kylie_minogue_is_the_soccer_of_pop_artists_huge_worldwide_never_caught_on_in_north_america}}</ref> As money was tight, Ron worked as an accountant at a family-owned car company and Carol worked as a tea lady at a local hospital.<ref name="pg13" /> After moving to [[Surrey Hills, Victoria|Surrey Hills]], Melbourne, Minogue attended Studfield Primary School briefly before attending Camberwell Primary School. She went on to [[Camberwell High School]].<ref name="Goddessofthemoment">{{Cite news|last=Lister|first=David|title=Kylie Minogue: Goddess of the moment|work=The Independent|location=London|date=23 February 2002|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/kylie-minogue-goddess-of-the-moment-661725.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202225506/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/kylie-minogue-goddess-of-the-moment-661725.html|archive-date=2 December 2009}}</ref> During her schooling years, Minogue found it difficult to make friends.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=21}}</ref> She got her [[Higher School Certificate (Victoria)|HSC]] (graduated high school) with subjects including Arts and Graphics and English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minography|url=http://downtheabbeyroad.weebly.com/1/post/2012/10/minography.html|website=Shine on Minogues|accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="pg36">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=36}}</ref> Minogue described herself as being of "average intelligence" and "quite modest" during her high school years.<ref name="pg36" /> Growing up, she and her sister Dannii took singing and dancing lessons.<ref name=exclaim/>

A ten-year-old Minogue accompanied Dannii to a hearing arranged by the sisters' aunt, Suzette, and, while producers found Dannii too young, [[Alan Hardy (producer)|Alan Hardy]] gave Kylie a minor role in [[soap opera]] ''[[The Sullivans]]'' (1979).<ref name=survivor/><ref name=exclaim/> She also appeared in another small role in ''[[Skyways (TV series)|Skyways]]'' (1980).<ref name=exclaim/> In 1985, she was cast in one of the lead roles in ''[[The Henderson Kids]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wearring|first=Miles|title=Kylie's life on screen|work=Herald Sun|date=28 May 2008|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23769961-10388,00.html|accessdate=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528210458/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0%2C26278%2C23769961-10388%2C00.html|archivedate=28 May 2008|df=}}</ref> Minogue took time off school to film ''The Henderson Kids'' and while Carol was not impressed, Minogue felt that she needed the independence to make it into the entertainment industry.<ref name="pg32">{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=32}}</ref> During filming, co-star [[Nadine Garner]] labelled Minogue "fragile" after producers yelled at her for forgetting her lines; she would often cry on set.<ref name="pg32" /> Minogue was dropped from the second season of the show after producer Alan Hardy felt the need for her character to be "written off".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=34}}</ref> In retrospect, Hardy stated that removing her from the showing "turned out to be the best thing for her".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2014|p=37}}</ref> Interested in following a career in music, Minogue made a [[demo (music)|demo tape]] for the producers of weekly music programme ''[[Young Talent Time]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adams|first=Cameron|title=Kylie Minogue – 20 years on|work=Herald Sun|date=2 August 2007|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22171653-2902,00.html|accessdate=27 July 2009}}</ref> which featured Dannii as a regular performer.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=16}}</ref> Kylie gave her first television singing performance on the show in 1985 but was not invited to join the cast. Kylie was cast in the soap opera ''[[Neighbours]]'' in 1986,<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> as [[Charlene Robinson|Charlene Mitchell]], a schoolgirl turned garage mechanic. ''Neighbours'' achieved popularity in the UK, and a [[story arc]] that created a romance between [[Scott Robinson and Charlene Mitchell|her character]] and the character played by [[Jason Donovan]] culminated in a [[Episode 523 (Neighbours)|wedding episode]] in 1987 that attracted an audience of 20 million British viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981/?year=1988&view=top10|title=BARB Since 1981|publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]]|website=barb.co.uk|accessdate=21 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312095633/http://www.barb.co.uk/facts/since1981/?year=1988&view=top10|archivedate=12 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Simpson|first=Aislinn|title=Kylie Minogue celebrates 40th birthday|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|date=27 May 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/2036175/Kylie-Minogue-celebrates-40th-birthday.html|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> Minogue became the first person to win four [[Logie Award]]s in one year and was the youngest recipient of the "[[Gold Logie]]" as the country's "Most Popular Television Performer", with the result determined by public vote.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Logies|publisher=TelevisionAU|url=http://www.televisionau.com/logies.htm|website=televisionau.com|accessdate=26 January 2006}}</ref>

===1987–1989: ''Kylie'' and ''Enjoy Yourself''===
During a [[Fitzroy Football Club]] benefit concert with other ''Neighbours'' cast members, Minogue performed "[[I Got You Babe]]" as a duet with actor [[John Waters (actor)|John Waters]], and "The Loco-Motion" as an encore. She was subsequently signed to a recording contract with [[Mushroom Records]] in 1987.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=18}}</ref> Her first single, "[[The Locomotion (Kylie Minogue song)|The Locomotion]]", spent seven weeks at number one on the Australian singles charts and became the country's highest-selling single in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maley|first=Jacqueline|title=20 years at the top: she should be so lucky|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=5 August 2007|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/she-should-be-so-lucky/2007/08/04/1185648204390.html|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> She received the [[ARIA Award]] for the year's highest-selling single.<ref>{{cite web|title=1988: 2nd Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1988|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=5 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235720/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1988|archivedate=26 September 2007|df=}}</ref> Its success resulted in Minogue travelling to England with Mushroom Records executive Gary Ashley to work with producers [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]]. They knew little of Minogue and had forgotten that she was arriving; as a result, they wrote "[[I Should Be So Lucky]]" while she waited outside the studio.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transcript of television documentary ''Love Is in the Air'', episode title "I Should Be So Lucky"|publisher=ABC Television|date=2 November 2003|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/love/episodes/transcript4.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526155734/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/love/episodes/transcript4.htm|archivedate=26 May 2012|accessdate=26 January 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> The song reached number one in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Israel and Hong Kong.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=219}}</ref> Minogue won her second consecutive ARIA Award for the year's highest-selling single, and received a "Special Achievement Award".<ref>{{cite web|title=1989: 3rd Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1989|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref> Minogue's debut album, ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' was released in July 1988. The album is a collection of [[dance-pop|dance-oriented pop tunes]] and spent more than a year on the UK Albums Chart, including several weeks at number one.<ref name="Britishcharts">Brown, Kutner, Warwick, pp. 673–674</ref> It went gold in the United States, while the single "The Locomotion" reached number three on the U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] chart,<ref name="billboardhot100chart">{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue, Chart History, Hot 100|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=all}}|work=Billboard | accessdate =25 July 2009}}</ref> and number one on the [[RPM (magazine)|Canadian dance chart]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RPM 20 Dance Singles|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.8704&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.8704.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.8704|date=19 November 1988|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> The single "[[Got to Be Certain]]" became her third consecutive number one single on the Australian music charts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Got To Be Certain (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Got+To+Be+Certain&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Later in the year, she left ''Neighbours'' to focus on her music career. Minogue also collaborated with [[Jason Donovan]] for the song "[[Especially for You]]", which peaked at number-one in the United Kingdom and, in December 2014, sold its one millionth copy in the UK.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-and-jasons-especially-for-you-hits-one-million-uk-sales-kylie-im-thrilled-__7679/| date=12 December 2014| access-date=11 September 2019| title=Kylie and Jason's Especially For You hits one million UK sales. Kylie: "I'm thrilled!"|author=Myers, Justin|work=Official Charts Company}}</ref> Minogue was sometimes referred to as "the Singing [[Budgerigar|Budgie]]" by her detractors over the coming years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coorey|first=Madeleine|title=Kylie costumes thrill fans|work=The Standard|location=Hong Kong|date=3 March 2006|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=18&art_id=13262&sid=6891429&con_type=1&archive_d_str=20060303|accessdate=2 September 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002728/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/archive_news_detail.asp?pp_cat=18&art_id=13262&sid=6891429&con_type=1&archive_d_str=20060303|archivedate=16 October 2015}}</ref> In a review of the album ''Kylie'' for [[AllMusic]], Chris True described the tunes as "standard, late-80s ... bubblegum", but added, "her cuteness makes these rather vapid tracks bearable".<ref name=kylie88/>

Minogue's second album, ''[[Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)|Enjoy Yourself]]'' was released in October 1989. It was a success in the United Kingdom, Europe, New Zealand, Asia and Australia and spawned the UK number one singles "[[Hand on Your Heart]]" and "[[Tears on My Pillow]]".<ref name="Britishcharts" /> However, it failed to sell well throughout North America and Minogue was dropped by her American record label [[Geffen Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/76837/can-kylie-break-in-the-us|title=Can Kylie Break In The U.S.?|work=Billboard|date=11 February 2002}}</ref> She then embarked on her first concert tour, the [[Enjoy Yourself Tour]], in the United Kingdom, Europe, Asia and Australia in February 1990. She was also one of the featured vocalists on the remake of "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=220}}</ref> Minogue's debut film, ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]'' was released in December 1989. The movie received mixed reviews by critics but proved popular with audiences. In the UK it grossed more than [[pound sterling|£]]200,000,<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian films earning over £200,000 gross at the UK box office, 1979 – March 2006|publisher=[[Australian Film Commission]]|date=April 2006|url=http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/mrboxuk.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020428032247/http://www.afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxuk.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2002|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> and in Australia, it was the fourth-highest grossing local film of 1989 and the highest grossing local film of 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top five Australian feature films each year, and gross Australian box office earned that year, 1988–2005|publisher=[[Australian Film Commission]]|date=31 December 2005|url=http://www.afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxausttop5.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020329052944/http://afc.gov.au/GTP/mrboxausttop5.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2002|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> From 1989 to 1991, Minogue dated [[INXS]] frontman [[Michael Hutchence]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity-news/762703/kylie-minogue-joshua-sasse-relationship-boyfriend-split-michael-hutchence-jason-donovan|title=Kylie Minogue relationships: A look back at Kylie's boyfriends after Joshua Sasse split|last=Smith|first=Reiss|date=3 February 2017|work=Daily Express|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

===1990–1992: ''Rhythm of Love'', ''Let's Get to It'' and ''Greatest Hits''===
Minogue's third album, ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'' was released in November 1990 and was described as "leaps and bounds more mature" than her previous albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-of-love-mw0000457557|website=AllMusic|title=Kylie Minogue – Rhythm of Love|first=Chris|last=True|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> Her relationship with [[Michael Hutchence]] was also seen as part of her departure from her earlier persona.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McLuckie|first=Kirsty|title=Dating Danger|work=The Scotsman|location=UK|date=23 January 2003|url=http://news.scotsman.com/kylieminogue/Call-it-chemistry-Kylie-Minogue.2293601.jp|accessdate=26 January 2006}}</ref> Its lead single, "[[Better the Devil You Know]]" peaked at number two in the UK and four in her native Australia.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> The making of the "Better the Devil You Know" video was the first time Minogue "felt part of the creative process". She said: "I wasn’t in charge but I had a voice. I’d bought some clothes on [[King's Road]] for the video. I saw a new way to express my point of view creatively."<ref name=pjoye/> ''Rhythm of Love'''s second and fourth single, "[[Step Back in Time]]" and "[[Shocked (song)|Shocked]]" were both a top ten hit in the UK and Australia.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> She then embarked on the [[Rhythm of Love Tour]] in February 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kylieminogue.150m.com/live.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504161515/http://kylieminogue.150m.com/live.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2010 |title=Rhythm of Love Tour 1991|access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

Minogue's fourth album, ''[[Let's Get to It]]'' was released in October 1991 and reached number 15 on the UK Albums Chart. It was her first album to fail to reach the top ten.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> While the first single from the album, "[[Word Is Out (song)|Word Is Out]]", became her first single to miss the top ten of the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> subsequent singles "[[If You Were with Me Now]]" and "[[Give Me Just a Little More Time]]" both reached the top five.<ref name="Britishcharts" /> In support of the album, she embarked on the [[Let's Get to It Tour]] in October. She later expressed her opinion that she was stifled by Stock, Aitken and Waterman, saying, "I was very much a puppet in the beginning. I was blinkered by my record company. I was unable to look left or right."<ref name="Shuker164">Shuker, p. 164</ref> Her first ''[[Greatest Hits (Kylie Minogue album)|Greatest Hits]]'' album was released in August 1992. It reached number one in the United Kingdom<ref name="Britishcharts" /> and number three in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Greatest Hits (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Greatest+Hits&cat=a|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The singles from the album, "[[What Kind of Fool (Heard All That Before)|What Kind of Fool]]" and her cover version of [[Kool & the Gang]]'s "[[Celebration (Kool & the Gang song)|Celebration]]" both reached the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.<ref name="Britishcharts" />

===1993–1998: ''Kylie Minogue'' and ''Impossible Princess''===
Minogue's signing with [[Deconstruction Records]] in 1993 marked a new phase in her career. Her fifth album, ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'', was released in September 1994 and was a departure from her previous efforts as it "no longer featured the Stock-Aitken-Waterman production gloss", with critics praising Minogue's vocals and the album production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/thesound/a222204/kylie-revisited-5-kylie-minogue.html |title=Kylie: Revisited #5: 'Kylie Minogue' |publisher=Digital Spy|date=29 May 2010 |accessdate=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603144735/https://www.digitalspy.com/music/thesound/a222204/kylie-revisited-5-kylie-minogue.html|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=True |first=Chris |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/kylie-minogue-r220635 |title=Kylie Minogue – Kylie Minogue |website=AllMusic |accessdate=11 January 2012}}</ref> It was produced by dance music producers the [[Brothers In Rhythm]], namely [[Dave Seaman]] and [[Steve Anderson (musician)|Steve Anderson]], who had previously produced "[[Finer Feelings]]", her last single with [[PWL]]. As of 2015, Anderson continued to be Minogue's [[musical director]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://steveandersonproductions.com/biography/|publisher=Steve Anderson Productions|title=Steve Anderson – Biography|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> The lead single, "[[Confide in Me]]", spent four weeks at number one on the Australian singles chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Confide In Me (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Confide+In+Me&cat=s|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The next two singles from the album, "[[Put Yourself in My Place (Kylie Minogue song)|Put Yourself in My Place]]" and "[[Where Is the Feeling?]]", reached the top 20 on the UK Singles Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> while the album peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart,<ref name="Britishcharts" /> eventually selling 250,000 copies.<ref>Sutherland and Ellis, p. 51</ref>

During this period, Minogue made a guest appearance as herself in an episode of the comedy ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]''. Director [[Steven E. de Souza]] saw Minogue's cover photo in Australia's ''[[Who (magazine)|Who Magazine]]'' as one of "The 30 Most Beautiful People in the World" and offered her a role opposite [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] in the film ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]''.<ref name="Smith152">{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=152}}</ref> The film was a moderate success, earning US$70 million in the US,<ref name="Smith152" /> but received poor reviews, with ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'}}s Richard Harrington calling Minogue "the worst actress in the English-speaking world".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/streetfighterpg13harrington_a0ad15.htm|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Street Fighter|date=24 December 1994|first=Richard|last=Harrington|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> She had a minor role in the 1996 film ''[[Bio-Dome]]'' starring [[Pauly Shore]] and [[Stephen Baldwin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/biodomepg13hinson_c0422f.htm|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Bio Dome|date=12 January 1996|first=Hal|last=Hinson|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> She also appeared in the 1995 short film ''[[Hayride to Hell]]'' and in the 1997 film ''Diana & Me''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema|first1=Errol|last1=Vieth|first2=Albert|last2=Moran|page=198|date=2005}}</ref> In 1995, Minogue collaborated with Australian artist [[Nick Cave]] for the song "[[Where the Wild Roses Grow]]". Cave had been interested in working with Minogue since hearing "Better the Devil You Know", saying it contained "one of pop music's most violent and distressing lyrics".<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 99</ref> The music video for their song was inspired by [[John Everett Millais]]'s painting ''[[Ophelia (painting)|Ophelia]]'' (1851–1852), and showed Minogue as the murdered woman, floating in a pond as a serpent swam over her body. The single received widespread attention in Europe, where it reached the top 10 in several countries, and reached number two in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue: Where The Wild Roses Grow (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Nick+Cave+%26+The+Bad+Seeds+%2B+Kylie+Minogue&titel=Where+The+Wild+Roses+Grow&cat=s|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> The song won [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA Awards]] for "Song of the Year" and "Best Pop Release".<ref>{{cite web|title=1996: 10th Annual ARIA Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1996|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=6 June 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235646/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1995|archivedate=26 September 2007|df=}}</ref> Following concert appearances with Cave, Minogue recited the lyrics to "I Should Be So Lucky" as poetry in London's [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref name="lalala112">Baker and Minogue, p. 112</ref>
[[File:Kylie Minogue Intimate & Live Tour 4.jpg|thumb|left|Minogue performing during her 1998 [[Intimate and Live (concert tour)|Intimate and Live]] concert tour, in support of her sixth album ''[[Impossible Princess]]'']]
By 1997, Minogue was in a relationship with French photographer [[Stéphane Sednaoui]], who encouraged her to develop her creativity.<ref>Baker and Minogue, pp. 107–112</ref> Inspired by a mutual appreciation of Japanese culture, they created a visual combination of "[[geisha]] and [[manga]] superheroine" for the photographs taken for Minogue's sixth album ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' and the video for "[[German Bold Italic]]", Minogue's collaboration with [[Towa Tei]].<ref>Baker and Minogue, pp. 108–109</ref> She drew inspiration from the music of artists such as [[Shirley Manson]] and [[Garbage (band)|Garbage]], [[Björk]], [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] and [[U2]], and Japanese pop musicians such as [[Pizzicato Five]] and Towa Tei.<ref name=iprincess>Baker and Minogue, p. 108</ref> The album featured collaborations with musicians including [[James Dean Bradfield]] and [[Sean Moore (musician)|Sean Moore]] of the [[Manic Street Preachers]]. ''Impossible Princess'' garnered some negative reviews upon its release in 1997,<ref name="slant"/> but would be praised as Minogue's most personal and best work in retrospective reviews. In 2003, ''Slant Magazine'''s Sal Cinquemani called it a "deeply personal effort" and "Minogue’s best album to date",<ref name="slant"/> while Evan Sawdey, from ''[[PopMatters]]'', described ''Impossible Princess'' as "one of the most crazed, damn-near perfect dance-pop albums ever created" in a 2008 review.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Sawdey, Evan|url=https://www.popmatters.com/review/kylie-minogue-x/|title=Kylie Minogue: X|magazine=[[PopMatters]]|date=31 March 2008|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Mostly a dance album, Minogue countered suggestions that she was trying to become an [[independent music|indie artist]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Petridis|first=Alex|title=Kylie Chameleon|work=Mixmag (UK)|date=October 1997|url=http://www.kylie.co.uk/press/00000002.shtml|accessdate=20 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003157/http://www.kylie.co.uk/press/00000002.shtml|archivedate=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Acknowledging that she had attempted to escape the perceptions of her that had developed during her early career, Minogue commented that she was ready to "forget the painful criticism" and "accept the past, embrace it, use it".<ref name="lalala112" /> The music video for "[[Did It Again (Kylie Minogue song)|Did It Again]]" paid homage to her earlier incarnations.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 113</ref> Retitled ''Kylie Minogue'' in the UK following the death of [[Diana, Princess of Wales]], it became the lowest-selling album of her career. At the end of the year, a campaign by ''[[Virgin Radio]]'' stated, "We've done something to improve Kylie's records: we've banned them."<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> In Australia, the album was a success and spent 35 weeks on the album chart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – Impossible Princess (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Impossible+Princess&cat=a|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> Minogue's [[Intimate and Live (concert tour)|Intimate and Live]] tour in 1998 was extended due to demand.<ref name="lalala125">Baker and Minogue, p. 125</ref> She gave several live performances in Australia, including the 1998 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]],<ref name="lalala125" /> and the opening ceremonies of Melbourne's [[Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex|Crown Casino]],<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 129</ref> and Sydney's [[20th Century Fox|Fox Studios]] in 1999 (where she performed [[Marilyn Monroe]]'s "[[Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend]]")<ref name="sydneycity">{{cite web|title=Kylie: Top 10 Live Performances|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/music/1137592126005/Kylie:+Top+10+Live+Performances |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717204214/http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/music/1137592126005/Kylie:+Top+10+Live+Performances |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> as well as a Christmas concert in [[Dili]], East Timor, in association with the [[United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces]].<ref name="sydneycity" /> She played a small role in the Australian-made [[Molly Ringwald]] 2000 film ''[[Cut (2000 film)|Cut]]''.

===1999–2003: ''Light Years'', ''Fever'' and ''Body Language''===
[[File:201000 - Opening Ceremony Kylie Minogue performs 2 - 3b - 2000 Sydney opening ceremony photo (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Minogue performing "[[Waltzing Matilda]]" at the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Summer Paralympics|2000 Sydney Summer Paralympics]]]]

In 1999, Minogue performed a duet with the [[Pet Shop Boys]]' on their ''[[Nightlife (Pet Shop Boys album)|Nightlife]]'' album and spent several months in [[Barbados]] performing in Shakespeare's ''[[The Tempest]]''.<ref name="lalala146">{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|p=146}}</ref> She then appeared in the film ''[[Sample People]]'' and recorded a cover version of [[Russell Morris]]'s "The Real Thing" for the soundtrack.<ref name="lalala146" /> She signed with [[Parlophone]] in April, who wanted to re-establish Minogue as a pop artist.<ref>{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Miles_Leonard_Int.html|title=Interview with Miles Leonard, A&R for Gorillaz, Kylie Minogue, Coldplay|date=21 February 2002|accessdate=4 June 2002|publisher=[[HitQuarters]]|first=Kimbel|last=Bouwman|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402144815/http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview%2Fopar%2Fintrview_Miles_Leonard_Int.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=dead|location=EMI/Parlophone UK}}</ref> Her seventh studio album, ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'', was released on 25 September 2000.<ref name=lightall>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/light-years-mw0000464935|title=Light Years – Kylie Minogue|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=4 June 2019|first=Chris|last=True|archivedate=20 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213742/https://www.allmusic.com/album/light-years-mw0000464935|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' magazine called it a "fun, perfectly-formed" record, which saw Minogue "dropping her considerable concern for cool and bouncing back to her [[disco|disco-pop]] roots".<ref name="nme">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/kylie-minogue/2942 |title=Light Years |work=[[NME]] |date=25 September 2000 |accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219144128/https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/reviews-nme-2942|archivedate=19 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a commercial success, becoming Minogue's first number-one album in her native Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2458645.stm|title=Kylie's sweet run of success|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 November 2002|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619215607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2458645.stm|archivedate=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Australiachartscom">{{cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317180124/https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archivedate=17 March 2017|title=Kylie Minogue|publisher=Australiancharts.com. Hung Medien|accessdate=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The lead single, "[[Spinning Around]]", debuted atop the [[UK Singles Chart]] in July, making her only the second artist to have a number-one single in three consecutive decades (after [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20000625/7501/|title= Official Singles Chart Top 100|date= 1 July 2000|accessdate= 1 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060416/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20000625/7501/|archivedate=27 February 2019|url-status=live|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spinning Around|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/spinning-around/|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=9 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213150337/http://stage.kylie.com/discography/singles/spinning-around/|archivedate=13 February 2014}}</ref> Its accompanying video featured Minogue in revealing gold [[hotpants]], which came to be regarded as a "trademark".<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|pp=189–192}}</ref> Three other singles—"[[On a Night Like This]]", "[[Kids (Robbie Williams and Kylie Minogue song)|Kids]]" (with [[Robbie Williams]]), and "[[Please Stay (Kylie Minogue song)|Please Stay]]"—peaked in the top ten in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Britishcharts" /><ref name="occkylie"/>

An elaborate [[art book]] titled ''Kylie'', featuring contributions by Minogue and creative director [[William Baker (fashion designer)|William Baker]], was published by Booth-Clibborn in March 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apmmedia.co.uk/portfolio/157/|title=Kylie Minogue: 'Kylie'|date=1 September 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017|publisher=APM Media|first1=Alex|last1=Mullen|first2=Nathan|last2=Smith|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605050241/http://www.apmmedia.co.uk/portfolio/157/|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kylie: Kylie Minogue|asin=1861541376|location=United States|publisher=Booth-Clibborn}}</ref> At the time, she began a romantic relationship with model James Gooding.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-boy-cant-help-it-7290293.html|title=The boy can't help it...|work=[[Evening Standard]]|first=Melanie|last=Rickey|date=30 May 2003|accessdate=30 May 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605101825/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-boy-cant-help-it-7290293.html|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, Minogue performed at both the closing ceremonies of [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]] and in the opening ceremony of [[2000 Summer Paralympics|the Paralympics]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/news/2000/1018/152095-paralympics/|title=Paralympics: Sydney celebrates once more|journal=[[RTÉ.ie]]|publication-date=14 June 2007|date=18 October 2000|accessdate=14 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927190426/https://www.rte.ie/sport/news/2000/1018/152095-paralympics/|archivedate=27 September 2012|url-status=live|first1=Amanda|last1=Fennelly}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/951094.stm|title=Sydney says goodbye|publication-date=1 October 2000|date=29 October 2000|accessdate=27 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402142327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/951094.stm|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance of [[ABBA]]'s "[[Dancing Queen]]" was chosen as one of the most memorable Olympic closing ceremony moments by Kate Samuelson of ''[[TNT (magazine)|TNT]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tntmagazine.com/news/olympics-and-paralympics/the-best-olympic-closing-ceremony-moments-in-history|title=The best Olympic closing ceremony moments in history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017160537/http://www.tntmagazine.com/news/olympics-and-paralympics/the-best-olympic-closing-ceremony-moments-in-history|archivedate=17 October 2016|url-status=live|work=[[TNT (magazine)|TNT]]|date=2 August 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|first=Kate|last=Samuelson}}</ref> The following year, she embarked on the [[On a Night Like This (concert tour)|On a Night Like This Tour]], which was inspired by the style of Broadway shows and the musicals of the 1930s.<ref>{{harvnb|Baker|Minogue|2002|pages=164–165}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/on_a_night_2001.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213233116/http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/on_a_night_2001.htm|archivedate=13 February 2008|url-status=dead|title=On a Night Like This 2001 Tour|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> She also made a brief cameo as The Green Fairy in [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/moulin-rouge-secrets-behind-scenes/|title=15 Secrets Behind The Making Of Moulin Rouge|date=17 April 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017|work=[[Screen Rant]]|first1=Ref|last1=Abreu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202221756/https://screenrant.com/moulin-rouge-secrets-behind-scenes/|archivedate=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which earned her an [[MTV Movie Award for Best Cameo|MTV Movie Award]] nomination [[2002 MTV Movie Awards|in 2002]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-122900934.html|title=Kylie Minogue's 'greatest' movie hits|work=|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]] (Yahoo! Inc.)|location=UK & Ireland|date=28 September 2012|accessdate=8 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002025231/https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-122900934.html|archivedate=2 October 2012|url-status=dead|first=Ryan|last=Leston }}</ref> "Spinning Around" and ''Light Years'' consecutively won the [[ARIA Award for Best Pop Release]] in [[ARIA Music Awards of 2000|2000]] and [[ARIA Music Awards of 2001|2001]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners by Year – 2000 ARIA Music Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2000|publisher=[[ARIA Music Awards]]|accessdate=27 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109051644/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2000|archivedate=9 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Winners by Year – 2001 ARIA Music Awards|url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2001|publisher=[[ARIA Music Awards]]|accessdate=27 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211125511/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2001|archivedate=11 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kylie-Hammersmith-Apollo-Croped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Minogue performing "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]" during the [[Money Can't Buy]] concert show in 2003.]]
In September 2001, Minogue released "[[Can't Get You Out of My Head]]", the lead single from her eighth studio album, ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stage.kylie.com/news/2011/09/ten-years-ago-on-8th-september-2001/|title=Ten Years Ago On 8th September 2001...|date=8 September 2011 |publisher=Kylie.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531010653/http://www.kylie.com/news/2011/09/ten-years-ago-on-8th-september-2001/ |archive-date=31 May 2012 |access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref> It reached number one in over 40 countries and [[List of best-selling singles|sold 5 million copies]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/yradish/biggest-selling-singles-since-the-year-2000.html|title=Biggest Selling Singles Since The Year 2000|author=Robert of the Radish|date=1 September 2009|accessdate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010258/http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/yradish/biggest-selling-singles-since-the-year-2000.html|archivedate=2 May 2014|url-status=dead|publisher=[[Yahoo! Music]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=100 Best Tracks of the 00s – No. 74 Kylie Minogue – 'Can't Get You Out of My Head|url=https://www.nme.com/list/100-best-tracks-of-the-00s/269740/article/269931|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=22 August 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614053028/http://www.nme.com/list/100-best-tracks-of-the-00s/269740/article/269931|archivedate=14 June 2013|date=29 May 2012}}</ref> becoming Minogue's most successful single to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can't Get You Out Of My Head|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327200226/http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|archivedate=27 March 2012}}</ref> The accompanying music video featured the singer sporting an infamous hooded white [[jumpsuit]] with deep plunging neckline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/fashion/kylie-minogue-pop-star-fashion-darling-who.html|title=Kylie Minogue: Pop Star, Fashion Darling ... Who?|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 June 2013|accessdate=13 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408164755/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/13/fashion/kylie-minogue-pop-star-fashion-darling-who.html|archivedate=8 April 2018|url-status=live|first=Bee|last=Sharpio}}</ref> The remaining singles—"[[In Your Eyes (Kylie Minogue song)|In Your Eyes]]", "[[Love at First Sight (Kylie Minogue song)|Love at First Sight]]" and "[[Come into My World]]"—all peaked in the top ten in Australia and the United Kingdom.<ref name="Australiachartscom"/><ref name="occkylie">{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/43484/kylie-minogue/|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=11 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415232402/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/43484/kylie-minogue/|archivedate=15 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Released on 1 October, ''Fever'' topped the charts in Australia,<ref name="Australiachartscom"/> Austria,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120002111/https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue|archivedate=20 November 2017|title=Kylie Minogue|publisher=Austriancharts.com. Hung Medien|accessdate=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3829|title=Fever – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|accessdate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215740/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3829|archivedate=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2001&year=2001&week=41|title=GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 41, 2001|publisher=[[GfK Chart-Track]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812115254/https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2001&year=2001&week=41|archivedate=12 August 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> and the United Kingdom,<ref name="occkylie"/> eventually achieving worldwide sales in excess of six million.<ref name="grooveback">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/01/29/1075340776864.html|title=Can Kylie get her groove back|work=[[The Age]]|date=31 January 2004|accessdate=25 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808202651/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/can-kylie-get-her-groove-back-20040131-gdx7jf.html|archivedate=8 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dominique Leone]] from ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' praised its simple and "comfortable" composition, terming it a "mature sound from a mature artist, and one that may very well re-establish Minogue for the [[VH1]] generation".<ref>{{cite web|last=Leone|first=Dominique|authorlink=Dominique Leone|title=Kylie Minogue: Fever|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5313-fever/|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|accessdate=22 July 2013|date=21 March 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318132507/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5313-fever/|archivedate=18 March 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
The warm reception towards the album led to its release in the United States in February 2002 by [[Capitol Records]],<ref name="second coming">{{Cite news|title=Kylie's second coming|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=14 February 2004|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215244.html?from=storyrhs|accessdate=24 March 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402181914/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/kylies-second-coming-20040214-gdicod.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/77291/kylies-fever-to-heat-us-in-feb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628072019/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/77291/kylies-fever-to-heat-us-in-feb|title=Kylie's 'Fever' To Heat U.S. In Feb.|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2 January 2002|accessdate=2 January 2012|archivedate=28 June 2015}}</ref> Minogue's first in 13 years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Fever' Turns 10: Backtracking|url=http://idolator.com/6193061/kylie-minogue-fever-10-year-anniversary-backtracking|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|accessdate=31 July 2013|date=27 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213750/http://www.idolator.com/6193061/kylie-minogue-fever-10-year-anniversary-backtracking|archivedate=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It debuted on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] at number three, her highest-charting album in the region,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dansby|first1=Andrew|title=Morissette Claims Number One|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/morissette-claims-number-one-20020306|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=29 July 2014|date=6 March 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420213745/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/morissette-claims-number-one-196989/|archivedate=20 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – ''Billboard'' 200 Chart History|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Billboard 200}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref> while peaking at number 10 on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]].<ref name=canadianalbumchart>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – Canadian Albums Chart History|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Canadian Albums}}|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref>

To support the album, Minogue headlined her [[KylieFever2002]] tour in Europe and Australia, which ran from April to August 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/fever_2002.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004194335/http://www.kylie.com/2006_site/kylie_tour_06/fever_2002.htm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=4 October 2008|title=KylieFever2002 Tour|publisher=Kylie.com}}</ref> She performed several songs from the setlist in a series of [[KIIS-FM Jingle Ball|Jingle Ball concert]]s in the United States in 2002–2003.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|date=1 February 2003|title=Miami: Kylie Kind of Town|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=115|issue=5 |page=78|location=New York City|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|issn=0006-2510|via=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=15 September 2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA78#v=onepage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE1DA173DF934A25751C1A9649C8B63 |title=Pop Review; The Hit Parade Marches Toward a Kind of Reality |last=Pareles|first=Jon |date=17 December 2002 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=7 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402163039/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/arts/pop-review-the-hit-parade-marches-toward-a-kind-of-reality.html|archivedate=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Despite broken foot, Timberlake danced in annual Jingle Ball concert |author= |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NTlHAAAAIBAJ&dq=kylie%20minogue%20jingle%20ball&pg=3607%2C2768252 |newspaper=The Daily Reporter|location = New York|date=17 December 2002|page=9 |accessdate=7 March 2011|via=[[Google Books]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> In May 2002, Minogue and Gooding announced the end of their relationship after two and a half years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2240b949715602a775765190eddadd75|title=Kylie Minogue, Boyfriend Split|date=3 May 2003|accessdate=3 May 2003|type=Press release|location=London|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605121101/https://apnews.com/2240b949715602a775765190eddadd75|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/music/2002/05/03/kyliesplit/|title=Kylie Minogue Splits from Boyfriend James Gooding|date=3 May 2003|accessdate=3 May 2003|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20190605121458/https://www.hellomagazine.com/music/2002/05/03/kyliesplit/|archivedate=5 June 2019|url-status=live|work=[[OK!]]}}</ref> She received four accolades at the [[ARIA Music Awards of 2002]], including Highest Selling Single and [[ARIA Award for Single of the Year|Single of the Year]] for "Can't Get You Out of My Head".<ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmierczak|first=Anita|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2331249.stm|title=Kylie sweeps Aussie music awards|work=[[BBC News]]|date=15 October 2002|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220055126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2331249.stm|archivedate=20 February 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2002 Brit Awards|That same year]], she won her first [[Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist]] and [[Brit Award for International Album|Best International Album]] for ''Fever''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brit Awards 2002: The winners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832486.stm|accessdate=27 November 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 February 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327031733/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1832486.stm|archivedate=27 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[45th Annual Grammy Awards|In 2003]], she received her first [[Grammy Award|Grammy nomination]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording|Best Dance Recording]] for "Love at First Sight",<ref name="KylieSparro">{{Cite news|title=Kylie, Sparro nominated for Grammys|work=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24753660-12377,00.html|date=4 December 2008|accessdate=1 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140809/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24753660-12377,00.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> before winning the award for "Come into My World" [[46th Annual Grammy Awards|the following year]], marking the first time an Australian music artist had won in a major category since [[Men at Work]] [[25th Annual Grammy Awards|in 1983]].<ref name=come1>{{cite web|last=Jinman|first=Richard|title=A Grammy comes into Kylie's world|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/09/1076175107061.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=4 August 2013|date=10 February 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813043644/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/a-grammy-comes-into-kylies-world-20040210-gdibry.html|archivedate=13 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2003, Minogue released her ninth studio album ''[[Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)|Body Language]]'' following an invitation-only concert, titled ''[[Money Can't Buy]]'', at the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] in London. The album downplayed the disco style and was inspired by 1980s artists such as [[Scritti Politti]], [[The Human League]], [[Adam and the Ants]] and [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], blending their styles with elements of [[hip hop music|hip hop]].<ref name="ThinWhiteDame">{{cite web|last=Ives|first=Brian|author2=Bottomley, C.|title=Kylie Minogue: Disco's Thin White Dame|publisher=VH1|date=24 February 2004|url=http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1485255/02232004/minogue_kylie.jhtml|accessdate=21 January 2007|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040415162219/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1485255/02232004/minogue_kylie.jhtml|archivedate=15 April 2004}}</ref> The sales of the album were lower than anticipated after the success of ''Fever'',<ref name="grooveback" /><ref name="secondcoming">{{Cite news|title=Kylie's second coming|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=14 February 2004|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215244.html?from=storyrhs|accessdate=24 March 2008}}</ref> though the first single, "[[Slow (Kylie Minogue song)|Slow]]", was a number-one hit in the United Kingdom and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: Slow (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=Slow&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Two more singles from the album were released: "[[Red Blooded Woman]]" and "[[Chocolate (Kylie Minogue song)|Chocolate]]". In the US, "Slow" reached number-one on the club chart<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue, Chart History, Dance/Club Play Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=kylie minogue|chart=Dance/Club Play Songs}}|work=Billboard | accessdate =25 July 2009}}</ref> and received a Grammy Award nomination in the Best Dance Recording category.<ref name="KylieSparro" /> ''Body Language'' achieved first week sales of 43,000 and declined significantly in the second week.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie vs America|url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,600241_3,00.html|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=19 March 2004|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref>

===2004–2009: ''Ultimate Kylie'', ''Showgirl'' and ''X''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue live in Paris - The Beginning - April 20th 2005 (202133436).jpg|thumb|200px|Minogue performing during [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]] (2005)]]
In November 2004, Minogue released her second official greatest hits album entitled ''[[Ultimate Kylie]]''. The album yielded two singles: "[[I Believe in You (Kylie Minogue song)|I Believe in You]]" and "[[Giving You Up]]". "I Believe in You" was later nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of "Best Dance Recording".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/Annual_Show/48_nominees.aspx|title=48th Annual Grammy Awards Nominee List|accessdate=27 August 2013|publisher=[[Grammy Awards]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126205314/http://www.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/Annual_Show/48_nominees.aspx|archivedate=26 January 2006}}</ref> In March 2005, Minogue commenced her [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]]. After performing in Europe, she travelled to Melbourne, where she was diagnosed with breast cancer, forcing her to cancel the tour.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie Minogue Has Breast Cancer|publisher=CBS News|date=17 May 2005|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/05/17/entertainment/main695716.shtml|accessdate=24 March 2008}}</ref> She underwent surgery in May 2005 and commenced chemotherapy treatment soon after.<ref name="CNNtreatment" /> It was announced in January 2006 that she had finished chemotherapy and the disease "had no recurrence" after the surgery.<ref name=chemo/> She would continue her treatment for the next months.<ref name=people1/> In December 2005, Minogue released a digital-only single, "[[Over the Rainbow (Kylie Minogue single)|Over the Rainbow]]", a live recording from her Showgirl tour. Her children's book, ''[[The Showgirl Princess]]'', written during her period of convalescence, was published in October 2006, and her perfume, "Darling", was launched in November.<ref name="popsdarling">{{Cite news|last=Moses|first=Alexa|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/people/pops-darling-is-one-busy-showgirl/2006/11/08/1162661757617.html|title=Pop's darling is one busy showgirl|date=9 November 2006|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> The range was later augmented by eau de toilettes including Pink Sparkle, Couture and Inverse.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue Fragrance range|publisher=Fragrance Direct|date=28 February 2011|url=http://www.fragrancedirect.co.uk/k/kylie-minogue/icat/kylieminogue/|accessdate=28 February 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221035939/http://www.fragrancedirect.co.uk/k/kylie-minogue/icat/kylieminogue|archivedate=21 February 2011}}</ref>

Minogue resumed her then cancelled tour in November 2006, under the title [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]]. Her dance routines had been reworked to accommodate her medical condition, with slower costume changes and longer breaks introduced between sections of the show to conserve her strength.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two UK gigs as Kylie resumes tour|work=BBC News|date=17 July 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5188896.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> The media reported that Minogue performed energetically, with the ''Sydney Morning Herald'' describing the show as an "extravaganza" and "nothing less than a triumph".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Christine|last=Sams|title=Feathered Kylie's fans tickled pink|date=12 November 2006|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/music/feathered-kylies-fans-tickled-pink/2006/11/11/1162661950112.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=4 December 2006}}</ref> She voiced Florence in the animated film ''[[The Magic Roundabout (film)|The Magic Roundabout]]'', based on [[The Magic Roundabout|the television series of the same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2314687.stm|title=Robbie, Kylie spin Magic Roundabout|work=[[BBC News]]|date=10 October 2002|accessdate=10 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092312/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2314687.stm|archivedate=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> She finished her voice role back in 2002,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/10/broadcasting.filmnews|title=Robbie and Kylie climb aboard a rehashed Magic Roundabout|first=Sarah|last=Hall|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 October 2002|accessdate=10 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909223245/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/oct/10/broadcasting.filmnews|archivedate=9 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> before it was released in 2005 in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Halligan|first=Fionnuala|title=The Magic Roundabout (La Manege Enchante)|work=[[Screen Daily]]|date=27 January 2005|url=http://www.screendaily.com/the-magic-roundabout-la-manege-enchante/4021721.article|accessdate=1 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604092258/https://www.screendaily.com/the-magic-roundabout-la-manege-enchante/4021721.article|archivedate=4 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A year later, she reprised the role and recorded the theme song for the American edition, re-titled as ''Doogal'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.awn.com/animationworld/doogal-magic-roundabout-takes-its-spin-us|title='Doogal': 'The Magic Roundabout' Takes Its Spin in the U.S.|publisher=[[Animation World Network]]|first=Joe|last=Strike|date=24 February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003020239/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/doogal-magic-roundabout-takes-its-spin-us|archivedate=3 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/doogal-mw0000408535|title=Doogal – Original Soundtrack|website=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830002358/http://www.allmusic.com/album/doogal-mw0000408535|archivedate=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which grossed $26,691,243 worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=doogal.htm|title=Doogal (2006)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=10 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529040246/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=doogal.htm|archivedate=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2007, Minogue released her tenth and much-discussed "comeback" album, ''[[X (Kylie Minogue album)|X]]''.<ref name="heraldsunjan08">{{Cite news|first=Cameron|last=Adams|title=Kylie Minogue talks about leaks, love and moving on|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/kylie-minogue-talks-about-leaks-love-and-moving-on/story-e6frf96f-1111115331870|work=Herald Sun|publisher=News|date=17 January 2008|accessdate=15 April 2008}}</ref> The [[electro (music)|electro]]-styled album included contributions from [[Guy Chambers]], [[Cathy Dennis]], [[Bloodshy & Avant]] and [[Calvin Harris]].<ref name="heraldsunjan08" /> The album received some criticism for the triviality of its subject matter in light of Minogue's experiences with breast cancer.<ref name=xall/> ''X'' and its lead single, "[[2 Hearts (Kylie Minogue song)|2 Hearts]]", entered at number one on the Australian albums and singles charts, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: X (album)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=X&cat=a|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue: 2 Hearts (song)|publisher=Media Jungen|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Kylie+Minogue&titel=2+Hearts&cat=s|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ''X'' initially attracted lukewarm sales,<ref name="heraldsunjan08" /> although its commercial performance eventually improved.<ref name="thetimeskyliex2008">{{Cite news|last=Sinclair|first=David|title=Kylie Minogue at the O2 Arena, London|work=The Times|location=UK|date=28 July 2008|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/live_reviews/article4413509.ece|accessdate=1 August 2008}}</ref> Follow-up singles from the album, "[[In My Arms (Kylie Minogue song)|In My Arms]]" and "[[Wow (Kylie Minogue song)|Wow]]", both peaked inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. In the US, the album was nominated at the [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|2009 Grammy Awards]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album|Best Electronic/Dance Album]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Cameron|last=Adams|title=The 51st Grammy Awards Winners List|url=http://content.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/51st_show/list.aspx#02|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805193328/http://content.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx |archivedate=5 August 2009}}</ref>

Minogue began a relationship with French actor [[Olivier Martinez]] after meeting him at the 2003 Grammy Awards ceremony. They ended their relationship in February 2007, but remained on friendly terms. Minogue was reported to have been "saddened by false [media] accusations of [Martinez's] disloyalty". She defended Martinez, and acknowledged the support he had given during her treatment for breast cancer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue & Olivier Martinez Split|work=People|date=3 February 2007|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20010855,00.html|accessdate=23 July 2009}}</ref> As part of the promotion of her album, Minogue was featured in ''[[White Diamond: A Personal Portrait of Kylie Minogue|White Diamond]]'', a documentary filmed during 2006 and 2007 as she resumed her Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7048346.stm|title=Kylie thanks fans at film launch|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2007|accessdate=26 July 2009}}</ref> She also appeared in ''[[The Kylie Show]]'', which featured her performances as well as comedy sketches.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kylie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1hNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP192&lpg=PP192&dq=kylie+minogue+%22kylie+show%22+sketch#v=onepage|publisher=Simon and Schuster|last=Smith|first=Sean|year=2014|isbn = 9781471135835}}</ref> She co-starred in the 2007 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' Christmas special episode, "[[Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)|Voyage of the Damned]]", as [[Astrid Peth]]. The episode was watched by 13.31 million viewers, which was the show's highest viewing figure since 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/12/26/51751.shtml|title=Titanic Success!|work=BBC News|date=26 December 2007|accessdate=26 July 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105150053/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/12/26/51751.shtml|archivedate=5 January 2009}}</ref> In May 2008, Minogue embarked on the European leg of the [[KylieX2008]] tour, her most expensive tour to date with production costs of £10 million.<ref name="reutersalbum">{{Cite news|last=Goodman|first=Dean|title=Kylie Minogue album a flop in the U.S.|agency=Reuters|date=11 April 2008|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/industryNews/idU.S.N1137190920080412|accessdate=1 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie's tour to kick off in Paris|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=29 April 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3672988/Kylies-tour-to-kick-off-in-Paris.html|accessdate=7 August 2008|location=London}}</ref> The tour was generally acclaimed and sold well.<ref name="thetimeskyliex2008" /> She was then appointed a Chevalier of the French [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]], the junior grade of France's highest cultural honour.<ref name="Frenchhonour" /> In July, she was officially invested by [[Charles, Prince of Wales|The Prince of Wales]] as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7485868.stm|title=Kylie attends Palace for honour|work=BBC News|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=10 October 2008}}</ref> She also won the "Best International Female Solo Artist" award at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7254282.stm|title=Take That scoop Brit Award double|work=BBC News|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> In September, she made her Middle East debut as the headline act at the opening of [[Atlantis, The Palm]], an exclusive hotel resort in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/travel/kylie-minogue-performs-at-atlantis-hotel-launch-20081121-6dev.html|title=Kylie Minogue performs at Atlantis hotel launch|work=The Age|location=Australia|date=21 November 2008|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref> and from November, she continued her ''KylieX2008'' tour, taking the show to cities across South America, Asia and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kylie.com/news/1745645|title=More Dates for KylieX2008 South America!|accessdate=2 September 2008|publisher=Minogue's Official Website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206231009/http://www.kylie.com/news/1745645|archivedate=6 December 2008}}</ref> The tour visited 21 countries, and was considered a success, with ticket sales estimated at $70,000,000.<ref name="firstNorthAmericantour">{{cite web|last=Herrera|first=Monica|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/268706/kylie-minogue-plans-first-north-american-tour|title=Kylie Minogue Plans First North American Tour|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=6 May 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> In 2009, Minogue hosted the [[2009 BRIT Awards|BRIT Awards]] with [[James Corden]] and [[Mathew Horne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7837020.stm|title=Kylie to present the Brit Awards|work=BBC News|date=19 January 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref> She then embarked on the [[For You, for Me]] tour which was her first North American concert tour.<ref name="firstNorthAmericantour" /> She was also featured in the Hindi movie, ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'', performing an [[A. R. Rahman]] song.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie dreams of credible film career not U.S. success|work=The Independent|location=London|date=11 May 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/kylie-dreams-of-credible-film-career-not-us-success-1682845.html|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> Minogue was in a relationship with model [[Andrés Velencoso]] from 2008 to 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue still loves Andres Velencoso|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-still-loves-andres-velencoso-9074032.html|website=Standard|date=21 January 2014}}</ref>

===2010–2012: ''Aphrodite'' and ''Anti Tour''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Minogue performing during the 2012 [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]]]]

In July 2010, Minogue released her eleventh studio album, ''[[Aphrodite (album)|Aphrodite]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.kylie.com/news/1774378|title=Kylie Returns as Aphrodite!|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423121517/http://www2.kylie.com/news/1774378|archivedate=23 April 2010}}</ref> The album featured new songwriters and producers including [[Stuart Price]] as executive producer. Price also contributed to song writing along with Minogue, [[Calvin Harris]], [[Jake Shears]], [[Nerina Pallot]], [[Pascal Gabriel]], [[Lucas Secon]], [[Keane (band)|Keane's]] [[Tim Rice-Oxley]] and [[Kish Mauve]]. The album received favourable reviews from most music critics; Rob Sheffield from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' labelled the album Minogue's "finest work since 1997's underrated ''Impossible Princess''" and Tim Sendra from Allmusic commended Minogue's choice of collaborators and producers, commenting that the album is the "work of someone who knows exactly what her skills are and who to hire to help showcase them to perfection".<ref>{{cite web|title=Aphrodite – Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/aphrodite/kylie-minogue|publisher=[[Metacritic]]. [[CBS Interactive]]|accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|title=Aphrodite|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/aphrodite-20100607|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|accessdate=21 September 2013|date=7 July 2010}}</ref> ''Aphrodite'' debuted at number-one in the United Kingdom, exactly 22 years after her first number one hit in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10592181|work=BBC News|title=Kylie claims UK number one album|date=11 July 2010}}</ref> The album's lead single, "[[All the Lovers]]," was a success and became her 33rd top ten single in the United Kingdom, though subsequent singles from the album, "[[Get Outta My Way]]", "[[Better than Today]]", and "[[Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)|Put Your Hands Up]]", failed to reach the top ten of the UK Singles Chart. However, all the singles released from the album have topped the US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/306232/kylie+minogue/chart?f=359|title=Kylie Minogue|work=Billboard|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

Minogue recorded a duet with synthpop duo [[Hurts]] on their song "Devotion", which was included on the group's album ''[[Happiness (Hurts album)|Happiness]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurts explain how they got Kylie Minogue to sing on their debut album|url=https://www.nme.com/news/hurts/52262|date=28 July 2010|work=[[NME]]|accessdate=21 August 2010}}</ref> She was then featured on [[Taio Cruz]]'s single "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]". The result was successful, peaking inside the top 20 in several charts and reaching number one on the US Hot Dance Club Charts. At the time, Minogue also held the third spot on the chart with "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]", her collaboration with British recording artist [[Taio Cruz]], becoming the first artist to claim two of the top three spots at the same time in the American dance chart's history.<ref name=bill11/> To conclude her recordings in 2010, she released the extended play ''[[A Kylie Christmas]]'', which included covers of Christmas songs including "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!|Let It Snow]]" and "[[Santa Baby]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-christmas-gift-ep/id407966543|title=iTunes Music – A Christmas Gift – EP by Kylie Minogue|publisher=iTunes Store|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629132534/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/a-christmas-gift-ep/id407966543|archivedate=29 June 2012|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/a-kylie-christmas-single/id407566533|title=iTunes Music – A Kylie Christmas – Single by Kylie Minogue|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 November 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref> Minogue embarked on the [[Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour]] in February 2011, travelling to Europe, North America, Asia, Australia and Africa. With a stage set inspired by the birth of the love goddess [[Aphrodite]] and Grecian culture and history, it was greeted with positive reviews from critics, who praised the concept and the stage production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/01/11/kylie-minogue-to-embark-on-ridiculous-world-tour/|title=Kylie Minogue to embark on ridiculous world tour|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=11 January 2011|author=Painter, Henry|work=Consequence of Sound|publisher=Complex Media Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209013410/http://consequenceofsound.net/2011/01/11/kylie-minogue-to-embark-on-ridiculous-world-tour/|archivedate=9 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The tour was a commercial success, grossing a total of US$60 million and ranking at number six and 21 on the mid-year and annual Pollstar Top Concert Tours of 2011 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf|title=Pollstar: Top 25 Worldwide Tours (1/1/2011 – 12/31/2011)|date=28 December 2011|work=Pollstar|accessdate=29 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407064507/http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf|archivedate=7 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/files/Charts2011/071811Top50WorldwideTours.pdf|title=Top 50 Worldwide Tours (01/01/2011 – 06/30/2011)|date=8 July 2011|work=Pollstar|publisher=Pollstar, Inc.|accessdate=15 July 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, Minogue began a year-long celebration for her 25 years in the music industry, which was often called "K25". The anniversary started with her embarking on the [[Anti Tour]] in England and Australia, which featured b-sides, demos and rarities from her music catalogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/kylie-anti-tour-shows-announced/|title=Kylie Anti Tour Shows Announced | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=5 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307211630/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/kylie-anti-tour-shows-announced/|archivedate=7 March 2012|df=}}</ref> The tour was positively received for its intimate atmosphere and was a commercial success, grossing over two million dollars from four shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a373234/kylie-minogues-anti-tour-uk-dates-sell-out-in-ten-minutes.html|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Anti-Tour' UK dates sell out in 3 minutes — Music News|work=Digital Spy|date=26 March 2012|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/one-more-manchester-show/|title=ONE MORE MANCHESTER SHOW! | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=8 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331005621/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/one-more-manchester-show/|archivedate=31 March 2012|df=}}</ref> She then released the single "[[Timebomb (Kylie Minogue song)|Timebomb]]" in May, the greatest hits compilation album, ''[[The Best of Kylie Minogue]]'' in June and the singles box-set, ''K25 Time Capsule'' in October.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/489104/new-kylie-minogue-greatest-hits-album-due-in-june|title=New Kylie Minogue Greatest Hits Album Due in June|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|work=Billboard|accessdate=4 May 2012|date=4 May 2012}}</ref> She performed at various events around the world, including [[Sydney Mardi Gras]], [[Queen Elizabeth II]]'s ''[[Diamond Jubilee Concert]]'', and [[The Proms|BBC Proms in the Park London 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/k25-at-the-sydney-mardi-gras-2/|title=K25 AT THE SYDNEY MARDI GRAS | Kylie Minogue|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=7 March 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309054741/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/03/k25-at-the-sydney-mardi-gras-2/|archivedate=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jonze|first=Tim|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2012/jun/04/queen-diamond-jubilee-concert|title=The Queen's diamond jubilee concert – as it happened|work=The Guardian|date=4 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17868695|title=BBC NewsKylie Minogue to headline Proms in the Park concert|work=BBC News|date=27 April 2012}}</ref> Minogue released the compilation album, ''[[The Abbey Road Sessions (Kylie Minogue album)|The Abbey Road Sessions]]'' in October. The album contained reworked and orchestral versions of her previous songs. It was recorded at London's [[Abbey Road Studios]] and was produced by [[Steve Anderson (musician)|Steve Anderson]] and Colin Elliot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/09/kylie-the-abbey-road-sessions/|title=Kylie – the abbey road sessions|publisher=Kylie.com|accessdate=5 September 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908013533/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/09/kylie-the-abbey-road-sessions/|archivedate=8 September 2012|df=}}</ref> The album received favourable reviews from music critics and debuted at number-two in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/the-abbey-road-sessions/kylie-minogue/critic-reviews|title=The Abbey Road Sessions – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[Metacritic]]. [[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Alan|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-albums-chart-analysis-adele-s-21-leaves-top-30-after-92-weeks/052422|title=Official Albums Chart Analysis: Adele's 21 leaves Top 30 after 92 weeks|work=[[Music Week]]|date=5 November 2012|accessdate=5 November 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref> The album spawned two singles, "[[Flower (Kylie Minogue song)|Flower]]" and "[[On a Night Like This]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/this-weeks-new-releases-17-12-2012-1761/|title=New Releases 17-12-2012|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=17 December 2012|accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref> Minogue returned to acting and starred in two films: a cameo appearance in the American independent film ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]'' and a lead role in the French film ''[[Holy Motors]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1567500.php/Kylie-Minogue-spotted-with-tattoo-sleeve|title=Kylie Minogue spotted with tattoo sleeve|author=Sophie Eager|date=30 June 2010|work=[[Monsters and Critics]]|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> ''Jack & Diane'' opened at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] on 20 April 2012, while ''Holy Motors'' opened at the [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]], which Minogue attended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/auds-whoop-holler-at-holy-motors-screening-1118054519/|title=Auds whoop, holler at 'Holy Motors' screening|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=22 May 2012|accessdate=23 May 2012}}</ref>

===2013–2016: ''Kiss Me Once'' and ''Kylie Christmas''===
[[File:KylieRAH111215-28 (23896679685) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Minogue and her sister [[Dannii Minogue|Dannii]] performing together in 2015]]
In January 2013, Minogue and her manager Terry Blamey, whom she had worked with since the start of her singing career, parted ways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-takes-music-break-after-split-from-manager-terry-blamey/story-e6frf9hf-1226552965014|title=Kylie Minogue takes music break after split with manager Terry Blamey|work=Herald Sun|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> The following month, she signed to [[Roc Nation]] for a management deal. In September, she was featured on Italian singer-songwriter [[Laura Pausini]]'s single "[[Limpido]]", which was a number-one hit in Italy and received a nomination for "World's Best Song" at the 2013 [[World Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkdna.it/laura-pausini-limpido-nomination-ai-world-music-awards/|title=Laura Pausini: "Limpido" in nomination ai World Music Awards | PinkDNA|date=16 September 2013|publisher=Pinkdna.it}}</ref> In the same month, Minogue was hired as a coach for the third series of [[BBC One]]'s talent competition ''[[The Voice UK]]'', alongside record producer and [[The Black Eyed Peas|Black Eyed Peas]] member, [[will.i.am]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]]' lead singer [[Ricky Wilson (British musician)|Ricky Wilson]] and singer [[Tom Jones (singer)|Sir Tom Jones]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24048141|title=Kylie Minogue to join The Voice|work=BBC News|date=11 September 2013|accessdate=12 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-26985230|title=Kylie Minogue quits The Voice|accessdate=11 April 2014|work=BBC News|date=11 April 2014}}</ref> The show opened with 9.35 million views from the UK, a large percentage increase from the second season. It accumulated an estimated 8.10 million viewers on average.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Voice UK is most successful new entertainment series launch on BBC One in over a decade|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2012/voice-success.html|accessdate=7 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top 30 Programmes – BARB|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/viewing/weekly-top-30?|publisher=BARB|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> Minogue's judging and personality on the show were singled out for praise. Ed Power from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' gave the series premiere 3 stars, praising Minogue for being "glamorous, agreeably giggly [and] a card-carrying national treasure".<ref>{{cite news|first=Ed|last=Power|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/tv-and-radio-reviews/10564792/The-Voice-UK-blind-auditions-series-three-week-one-BBC-One-review.html|title=The Voice UK, blind auditions, series three, week one, BBC One, review|date=11 January 2014|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=8 March 2014}}</ref> In November, she was hired as a coach for the third season of ''The Voice Australia''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2013/11/kylie-joins-the-voice-australia/|title=Kylie Joins the Voice Australia|accessdate=27 November 2013|date=26 November 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131130032901/http://www.kylie.com/news/2013/11/kylie-joins-the-voice-australia/|archivedate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

In March 2014, Minogue released her twelfth studio album, ''[[Kiss Me Once]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Duff|first=Seamus|title=Kylie Minogue unveils new album cover for Kiss Me Once|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/01/24/kylie-minogue-unveils-new-album-cover-for-kiss-me-once-4275200/|work=Metro|accessdate=23 January 2014|date=23 January 2014}}</ref> The album featured contributions from [[Sia Furler]], [[Mike Del Rio]], [[Cutfather]], [[Pharrell Williams]], [[MNEK]] and [[Ariel Rechtshaid]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Daw|first=Robbie|title=Kylie Minogue Discusses Pharrell, Sia And New Album 'Kiss Me Once': Idolator Interview|url=http://www.idolator.com/7507058/kylie-minogue-kiss-me-once-sia-pharrell-interview|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|accessdate=17 March 2014|date=25 February 2014}}</ref> It peaked at number one in Australia and number two in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/george-michael-denies-kylie-minogue-this-weeks-number-1-album-2843/|title=George Michael denies Kylie Minogue this week's Number 1 album|publisher=Officialcharts.com|accessdate=24 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums | Australia's Official Top 50 Albums|publisher=ARIA Charts|accessdate=24 March 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131116201405/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|archivedate=16 November 2013|df=}}</ref> The singles from the album, "[[Into the Blue (Kylie Minogue song)|Into the Blue]]" and "[[I Was Gonna Cancel]]", did not chart inside the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 12 and number 59 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/dvbbs-borgeous-and-tinie-tempah-storm-to-number-1-with-tsunami-jump-2823/|title=Dvbbs, Borgeous and Tinie Tempah storm to Number 1 with Tsunami (Jump)|date=16 March 2014|accessdate=17 March 2014}}</ref> In August, Minogue performed a seven-song set at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|closing ceremony]] of the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], donning a custom [[Jean Paul Gaultier]] corset.<ref>{{cite web|last=Preston|first=Faye|title=My emergency call from Kylie Minogue|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/emergency-Kylie-Minogue-Lara-Jensen-makes/story-22084424-detail/story.html|work=HULL Daily Mail|accessdate=28 February 2015|date=6 August 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307190715/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/emergency-Kylie-Minogue-Lara-Jensen-makes/story-22084424-detail/story.html#ixzz3T1MH7rhl|archivedate=7 March 2015}}</ref> In September, she embarked on the [[Kiss Me Once Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie|url=http://www.livenation.co.uk/artist/kylie-tickets|work=Live Nation|publisher=Live Nation Entertainment|accessdate=20 April 2014|year=2014}}</ref> In January 2015, Minogue appeared as a guest vocalist on [[Giorgio Moroder]]'s single "[[Right Here, Right Now (Giorgio Moroder song)|Right Here, Right Now]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6443612/giorgio-moroder-kylie-minogue-drop-single-right-here-right-now|title=Giorgio Moroder & Kylie Minogue Drop Single 'Right Here, Right Now'|first=Keith|last=Caulfield|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=21 January 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> providing her [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart#M|12th number one hit on the U.S. Dance Chart]] on 18 April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/302866/giorgio-moroder/chart?f=359|title=Giorgio Moroder – Chart history|work=Billboard|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref>

In March, Minogue's contract with Parlophone Records ended, leaving her future music releases with [[Warner Music Group]] in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-reveals-how-michael-hutchence-became-her-archangel/story-fni0bvjn-1227258502776|title=Kylie Minogue reveals how Michael Hutchence became her archangel|last=Adams|first=Cameron|work=[[Herald Sun]]|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> The same month, she parted ways with Roc Nation. In April, Minogue played tech reporter Shauna in a two episode arc on the [[ABC Family]] series, ''[[Young & Hungry]]''. Minogue also appeared as Susan Riddick in the disaster film ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]'', released in May and starring [[Dwayne Johnson]] and [[Carla Gugino]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue and Dwayne Johnson, aka The Rock, on set of San Andreas on the Gold Coast|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/movies/kylie-minogue-and-dwayne-johnson-aka-the-rock-on-set-of-san-andreas-on-the-gold-coast/story-e6frfmw0-1226952262635|publisher=News.com.au|accessdate=12 June 2014|year=2014}}</ref> In September 2015, an extended play with [[Fernando Garibay]] titled ''[[Kylie + Garibay]]'' was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.spotify.com/album/36V6pJsUBSNwfgH070Nfq7|title=Kylie + Garibay|work=[[Spotify]]|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=11 September 2015}}</ref> Garibay and [[Giorgio Moroder]] served as producers for the extended play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idolator.com/7582946/kylie-minogue-giorgio-moroder-fernando-garibay-new-song-snippet|title=Kylie Minogue, Giorgio Moroder & Fernando Garibay Debuted A New Song In West Hollywood: Watch Snippets|last=Lee|first=Christina|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> In November, Minogue was a featured artist on the track, "[[The Other Boys]]" by [[Nervo (duo)|Nervo]], alongside [[Jake Shears]] and [[Nile Rodgers]]. This became her 13th chart topper on the U.S Dance Chart, lifting her position in the list of artists with the most U.S. Dance Chart number ones to equal 8th alongside [[Whitney Houston]], [[Enrique Iglesias]] and [[Lady Gaga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6746008/dj-snake-top-10-hot-dance-electronic-songs|title=DJ Snake Lands 3 Songs in Hot Dance/Electronic Songs Top 10|first=Gordon|last=Murray|date=29 October 2015|accessdate=7 November 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> In December 2015, Minogue was the guest on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]''. Her choices included "[[Dancing Queen]]" by [[ABBA]], "[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]]" by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] and "[[Need You Tonight]]" by [[INXS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06rl9s5|title=BBC Radio 4 – Desert Island Discs, Kylie Minogue|publisher=BBC|date=13 December 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vanessa Thorpe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/13/kylie-minogue-joshua-sasse-secret-poem-desert-island-discs|title=Kylie Minogue's partner reads erotic poem to her on Desert Island Discs|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 December 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> Minogue released her first Christmas album, ''[[Kylie Christmas]]'' in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.warnermusic.com/music-1/cd-1/kylie-christmas-deluxe-cd-dvd-album.html|title=Kylie Christmas – CD and DVD bundle|publisher=Warner Music Group|accessdate=2 October 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003135204/http://store.warnermusic.com/music-1/cd-1/kylie-christmas-deluxe-cd-dvd-album.html|archivedate=3 October 2015|df=}}</ref> In 2016, she recorded the theme song "[[This Wheel's on Fire]]", from the soundtrack ''[[Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie]]''.<ref>Powell, Emma (10 June 2016). [https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-over-the-moon-to-record-absolutely-fabulous-theme-song-a3268196.html "Kylie Minogue 'over the moon' to record Absolutely Fabulous theme song."] ''[[Evening Standard]]''. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</ref> Minogue's holiday album ''Kylie Christmas'', was re-released in November entitled as ''[[Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kylie-christmas-snow-queen/id1168800514?app=itunes|title=''Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition'' on iTunes|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=4 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=White, Jack|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-is-repackaging-her-holiday-album-kylie-christmas__16245/|title=Kylie Minogue is repackaging her holiday album Kylie Christmas|publisher=Official Charts|date=6 September 2016|accessdate=12 October 2016}}</ref> In November 2015, Minogue confirmed she was dating British actor [[Joshua Sasse]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=73992|title=Q&A: Kylie Minogue Talks First Christmas Album, 'Hating' the Boxes People Put Her In & Her Mistletoe Man ('You Should Love Who You Love')|publisher=PrideSource|date=6 November 2015|accessdate=18 December 2015}}</ref> On 20 February 2016, their engagement was announced in the "Forthcoming Marriages" section of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1645226/kylie-minogue-announces-engagement-to-british-star|title=Sky News – First For Breaking News From The UK And Around The World|publisher=Sky News}}</ref> but in February 2017, Minogue confirmed the couple had ended their relationship.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernandez|first1=Alexia|title=Kylie Minogue Ends Year-Long Engagement to Fiancé Joshua Sasse|url=http://people.com/music/kylie-minogue-ends-engagement/|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203152446/http://people.com/music/kylie-minogue-ends-engagement/|archivedate=3 February 2017|location=United States|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref>

===2017–present: ''Golden'' and ''Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection''===
[[File:Kylie Minogue - Golden Tour - Motorpoint Arena - Nottingham - 20.09.18. - ( 03 ) (44647632170) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Minogue performing during her [[Golden Tour]] (2018–19)]]
In February 2017, Minogue signed a new record deal with [[BMG Rights Management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-signs-new-record-deal-with-bmg-new-album-expected-this-year__18062/|title=Kylie Minogue signs new record deal with BMG, new album expected this year|publisher=officialcharts.com|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> In December 2017, Minogue and BMG had struck a joint-deal with [[Mushroom Group|Mushroom Music Labels]] — under the sub-division label Liberator to release her new album in Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie Minogue {{!}} New Album Reunites Pop Princess With Mushroom Group In Australia {{!}} Mushroom Promotions|url=https://mushroompromotions.com/press-releases/kylie-minogue-new-album-reunites-pop-princess-mushroom-group-australia/|accessdate=8 December 2017|work=Mushroom Promotions|publisher=[[Mushroom Group]]|date=8 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208142226/https://mushroompromotions.com/press-releases/kylie-minogue-new-album-reunites-pop-princess-mushroom-group-australia/|archivedate=8 December 2017|location=Australia}}</ref> In 2017, Minogue worked with writers and producers for her 14th studio album, including Sky Adams and [[Biffco|Richard Stannard]], and recorded the album in London, Los Angeles and Nashville, with the latter profoundly influencing the record.<ref name=hmv1>{{cite web| url=https://www.hmv.com/music/kylie-minogue-golden-review| date=6 April 2018| access-date=26 July 2019| title=Kylie Minogue's Golden: What You Need to Know| work=[[HMV]]| author=James}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogues-new-album-is-super-positive-and-inspired-by-a-break-up__20756/|title=Kylie Minogue's new album is "super positive" and inspired by a break-up|work=Official Charts|date=16 October 2017|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref> Minogue's album ''[[Golden (Kylie Minogue album)|Golden]]'' was released in April 2018 with "[[Dancing (Kylie Minogue song)|Dancing]]" serving as its lead single.<ref name=hmv1/> The album debuted at number one in the UK and Australia.<ref name=golden4>{{cite web| url=https://www.idolator.com/7678366/number-1-australia-uk-kylie-minogue-golden-success?chrome=1| date=16 April 2018| access-date=26 July 2019| title=Number 1 In Australia & The UK: Kylie Minogue's 'Golden' Success| work=Idolator| author=Wass, Mike}}</ref> With this feat, she has reached the top position of the UK Albums Chart in four consecutive decades, from the 1980s to the 2010s.<ref name=golden4/> Tim Sendra from AllMusic labelled ''Golden'' a "darn bold" for an artist of Minogue's longevity, stating "The amazing thing about the album, and about Minogue, is that she pulls off the country as well as she's pulled off new wave, disco, electro, murder ballads, and everything else she's done in her long career."<ref name="AllGolden">{{cite web|author=Sendra, Tim|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/golden-mw0003145096|title=Kylie Minogue – Golden|work=[[AllMusic]]|date=5 April 2018|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref> ''Golden'' also received criticism, with ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'''s Ben Cardew claiming that it "sounds like someone playing at country music, rather than someone who understands it."<ref>{{cite web|author=Cardew, Ben|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/kylie-minogue-golden/|title=Kylie Minogue: Golden Album Review|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=5 April 2018|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref>

Minogue released a greatest hits compilation ''[[Step Back in Time: The Definitive Collection]]'' on 28 June 2019, featuring "[[New York City (Kylie Minogue song)|New York City]]" as the lead single.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-announces-greatest-hits-album-step-back-in-time-the-definitive-collection__26213/ |title=Kylie Minogue announces greatest hits album Step Back In Time: The Definitive Collection |author=White, Jack |date=2 May 2019 |accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref> The album reached number one in her native Australia and in the UK, becoming her seventh album to reach the top spot in the latter.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/entertainment/music/kylie-minogue-thanks-fans-for-sixth-aria-no1-album-ng-b881252972z|date=7 July 2019|work=Perth Now|author=Collins, Simon|title=Kylie Minogue thanks fans for sixth ARIA No.1 album}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8518863/kylie-minogue-blasts-no-1-uk-step-back-in-time|title=Kylie Minogue Blasts to No. 1 In U.K. With 'Step Back In Time'|work=Billboard|author=Brandle, Lars|date=8 July 2019}}</ref> On 30 June, Minogue made her debut at the [[Glastonbury Festival 2019|Glastonbury Festival]], fourteen years after her breast cancer diagnosis forced her to cancel her 2005 headlining slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/live/kylies-glastonbury-debut-14-years-late-surreal-pop-spectacle-fake-wedding-rainbow-confetti-two-famous-dudes|title=Kylie's Glastonbury debut, 14 years late: a surreal pop spectacle with a fake wedding, rainbow confetti and two famous dudes|date=30 June 2019|work=NME|author=Stubbs, Dan}}</ref> Performing in the Legends Slot, Minogue's set featured guest appearances from [[Nick Cave]] and [[Chris Martin]]. Her set received rave reviews from critics, with ''[[The Guardian]]'' declaring it a "solid-gold", "peerless" and "phenomenal".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/jun/30/kylie-at-glastonbury-2019-review|date=30 June 2019|work=The Guardian|title=Kylie at Glastonbury 2019 review – solid-gold set from a living legend|author=Snapes, Laura}}</ref> It was a big hit with fans, with Minogue's performance being the most-watched set of the [[BBC]] coverage (earning three million viewers, ahead of the nearest competitor, [[The Killers]] who received 1.4 million) and reportedly breaking records for the most attended Glastonbury set in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/glastonbury-kylie-may-have-broken-record-as-vast-crowd-watches-her-emotional-set-11752082|date=2 July 2019|work=Sky News|title=Glastonbury: Kylie may have broken record as vast crowd watches her emotional set|author=Peplow, Gemma}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48823891|date=1 July 2019|title=The Killers, Stormzy, Kylie Minogue, The Cure – who won Glastonbury?|work=BBC|author=Youngs, Ian}}</ref> Minogue also appeared in her own Christmas television special, ''[[Kylie's Secret Night]]'', which aired on [[Channel 4]] in December 2019.<ref name="channel4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/kylie-minogue-spend-secret-night-channel-4-december|title=Kylie Minogue to spend a Secret Night with Channel 4 this December|last=|first=|date=9 November 2019|website=[[Channel 4]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

==Artistry==
Minogue explained that she first became interested in pop music during her adolescence: "I first got into pop music in 1981, I'd say. It was all about [[Prince (singer)|Prince]], [[Adam Ant#Adam and the Ants|Adam + the Ants]], that whole [[New Romantic]] period. Prior to that, it was the [[Jackson 5]], [[Donna Summer]], and my dad's records – [[Rolling Stones|the Stones]] and [[The Beatles|Beatles]]."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame"/> She would also listen to the records of [[Olivia Newton-John]] and [[ABBA]].<ref name=exclaim/><ref name=pjoye/> Minogue claimed that she "wanted to be" Newton-John while growing up.<ref name=pjoye/> Her producer, Pete Waterman, recalled Minogue during the early years of her music career with the observation: "She was setting her sights on becoming the new Prince or [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] ... What I found amazing was that she was outselling Madonna four to one, but still wanted to be her."<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /> Minogue came to prominence in the music scene as a bubblegum pop singer and was deemed a "product of the [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]] Hit Factory".<ref name=kylie88/><ref name=pjoye/> Musician [[Nick Cave]], who worked with Minogue in some occasions, was a major influence on her artistic development.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Flick|first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ug4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=Impossible+Princess+interview#v=onepage |title=Minogue Makes Mature Turn On Deconstruction Set|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=110|issue=14|page=18|issn=0006-2510|date=4 April 1998|access-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> She told ''The Guardian'': "He’s definitely infiltrated my life in beautiful and profound ways."<ref name=hann>{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/26/kylie-minogue-on-how-ageing-breast-cancer-and-nick-cave-all-influenced-her-greatest-hits| date=26 April 2018| access-date=18 August 2019| title=Kylie on how ageing, breast cancer and Nick Cave all influenced her greatest hits| work=The Guardian| author=Hann, Michael}}</ref> Throughout her career, Minogue's work was also influenced by [[Cathy Dennis]], [[D Mob]],<ref name=hann/> [[Scritti Politti]],<ref name="ThinWhiteDame"/> [[Björk]], [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]], [[U2]] and [[Pizzicato Five]],<ref name=iprincess/> among others.

{{Listen
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}}
Minogue has been known for her soft [[soprano]] vocal range.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.idolator.com/7510278/kylie-minogue-kiss-me-once-album-review| title = Kylie Minogue's 'Kiss Me Once': Album Review| work=Idolator| date=18 March 2014| accessdate=19 November 2017| first=Robbie| last=Daw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/kylie-minogue-jake-shears-nervo-interview-the-other-boys| title = Kylie Minogue confirms her musical at NERVO video shoot!| work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]| date=7 September 2015| accessdate=15 March 2018| first=Alice| last=Howarth}}</ref> Tim Sendra of ''AllMusic'' reviewed her album ''Aphrodite'' and said that Minogue's "slightly nasal, girl-next-door vocals serve her needs perfectly."<ref name=aphro/> According to Fiona MacDonald from ''Madison'' magazine, Kylie "has never shied away from making some brave but questionable artistic decisions".<ref name="madison" /> In musical terms, Minogue has worked with many genres in [[pop music|pop]] and [[dance music]]. However, her signature music has been contemporary [[disco]] music.<ref name=ew1>{{cite web| url=https://ew.com/music/2018/02/01/the-catch-up-kylie-minogue/| date=1 February 2018| access-date=14 August 2019| title=The Catch-Up: Your guide to Kylie Minogue's disco-pop music career| work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]| author=Macias, Ernest}}</ref> Her first studio albums with Stock, Aitken, and Waterman present a more bubblegum pop influence, with many critics comparing her to American recording artist Madonna. Chris True from ''Allmusic'', reviewed her debut ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' and found her music "standard late-'80s Stock-Aitken-Waterman bubblegum", however he stated that she presented the most personality of any 1980s recording artist.<ref name=kylie88>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/kylie-mw0000652270|title=Kylie – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> He said of her third album ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'', from the early 1990s, "The songwriting is stronger, the production dynamic, and Kylie seems more confident vocally."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rhythm-of-love-mw0000457557|title=Rhythm of Love – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> At the time of her third studio album, "She began to trade in her cutesy, bubblegum pop image for a more mature one, and in turn, a more sexual one." Chris True stated that during her relationship with [[Michael Hutchence]], "her shedding of the near-virginal façade that dominated her first two albums, began to have an effect, not only on how the press and her fans treated her, but in the evolution of her music."<ref name="allmusicbio">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kylie-minogue-mn0000776093 Kylie Minogue >> Overview]. AllMusic.</ref>

From Minogue's work on her sixth studio album, ''[[Impossible Princess]]'', her songwriting and musical content began to change. She was constantly writing down words, exploring the form and meaning of sentences.<ref>Baker and Minogue, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002. p 111.</ref> She had written lyrics before, but called them "safe, just neatly rhymed words and that's that".<ref>John Walsh. "Lucky in Luck". ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''. November 1997.</ref> Sal Cinquemani from ''Slant Magazine'' said that the album bears a resemblance to Madonna's ''[[Ray of Light]]''. He said that she took inspiration from "both the Brit-pop and electronica movements of the mid-'90s", saying that "Impossible Princess is the work of an artist willing to take risks".<ref name="slant">{{cite journal|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|date=19 November 2003|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/kylie-minogue-impossible-princess/371|title=Kylie Minogue: Impossible Princess|journal=Slant Magazine|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Her next effort, ''Light Years'' is a disco-influenced dance-pop record, with ''AllMusic'''s Chris True calling it "Arguably one of the best disco records since the '70s".<ref name=lightall/> True stated that her eighth album, ''Fever'', "combines the disco-diva comeback of ''Light Years'' with simple dance rhythms".<ref name=albumreviewallmusic>{{cite web|last=True|first=Chris|title=Fever – Kylie Minogue|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/fever-mw0000658212|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=21 July 2013}}</ref> Her ninth album, ''Body Language'' was quite different from her musical experiments in the past as it was a "successful" attempt at broadening her sound with electro and hip-hop for instance.<ref name="allmusicbio" /> Incorporating styles of [[dance music]] with funk, disco and R&B,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/artistKeyname/7262|title=Kylie – Body Language|date=12 September 2005|work=NME|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> the album was listed on ''[[Q magazine|Q]]''{{'}}s "Best Albums of 2003".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlists.html#2003|title=Q magazine Recordings Of The Year – 2003|publisher=Rocklist.net. music.co.uk|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

Critics said Minogue's tenth record ''X'' did not feature enough "consistency" and Chris True called the tracks "cold, calculated dance-pop numbers."<ref name=xall>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/x-mw0000784634|title=X – Kylie Minogue|website=AllMusic|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> Tim Sendra of ''AllMusic'' said that her eleventh album ''Aphrodite'' "rarely strays past sweet love songs or happy dance anthems" and "the main sound is the kind of glittery disco pop that really is her strong suit." Sendra found ''Aphrodite'' "One of her best, in fact."<ref name=aphro>{{cite web|last=Sendra|first=Tim|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/aphrodite-mw0001999355|title=Aphrodite – Kylie Minogue|publisher=[[AllMusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=7 September 2013}}</ref> Minogue's 14th studio album, ''Golden'' were heavily influenced by [[country music]], although maintaining her dance-pop sensibilities.<ref name=evolut>{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5QvWnH6x8rlrshw8JWcf4pd/how-does-kylie-minogue-look-back-on-her-musical-evolution| access-date=18 August 2019| title=How does Kylie Minogue look back on her musical evolution?| work=BBC}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani from ''Slant Magazine'' wrote that "''Golden'' further bolsters Minogue's reputation for taking risks—and artfully sets the stage for her inevitable disco comeback."<ref name="Slant">{{cite web|author=Cinquemani, Sal|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/kylie-minogue-golden|title=Kylie Minogue: Golden|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=4 April 2018|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>

==Public image==
[[File:Kylie minogue statue at waterfront city.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bronze statue of Minogue at Waterfront City, [[Melbourne Docklands]]|alt=A bronze statue of Kylie, on a star-shaped pedestal, portrays her in a dancing pose. Her legs are crossed and she bends at the waist, with both arms stretched above her head. The statue stands in a public square in front of a modern glass building, and several people are walking.]]
Minogue's efforts to be taken seriously as a recording artist were initially hindered by the perception that she had not "paid her dues" and was no more than a manufactured pop star exploiting the image she had created during her stint on ''Neighbours''.<ref name="Shuker164" /> Minogue acknowledged this viewpoint, saying, "If you're part of a record company, I think to a degree it's fair to say that you're a manufactured product. You're a product and you're selling a product. It doesn't mean that you're not talented and that you don't make creative and business decisions about what you will and won't do and where you want to go."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame" />

In 1993, [[Baz Luhrmann]] introduced Minogue to photographer [[Bert Stern]], notable for his work with Marilyn Monroe. Stern photographed her in Los Angeles and, comparing her to Monroe, commented that Minogue had a similar mix of vulnerability and eroticism.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 50</ref> Throughout her career, Minogue has chosen photographers who attempt to create a new "look" for her, and the resulting photographs have appeared in a variety of magazines, from the cutting edge ''[[The Face (magazine)|The Face]]'' to the more traditionally sophisticated ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', making the Minogue face and name known to a broad range of people. Stylist [[William Baker (fashion designer)|William Baker]] has suggested that this is part of the reason she entered mainstream [[popular culture|pop culture]] in Europe more successfully than many other pop singers who concentrate solely on selling records.<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 165</ref>

By 2000, Minogue was considered to have achieved a degree of musical credibility for having maintained her career longer than her critics had expected.<ref name="Copley">Copley, p. 128</ref> Her progression from the wholesome "[[girl next door]]" to a more sophisticated performer with a flirtatious and playful persona attracted new fans.<ref name="Copley" /> Her "Spinning Around" video led to some media outlets referring to her as "SexKylie", and sex became a stronger element in her subsequent videos.<ref name="Copley" /> In September 2002, she was ranked 27 on [[VH1]]'s 100 Sexiest Artists list.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-tops-the-list-as-vh1-counts-down-musics-100-sexiest-artists-in-five-hour-five-night-special-premiering-september-23-27-at-1000-pm-etpt-75840192.html|title=Madonna Tops the List as VH1 Counts Down Music's '100 Sexiest Artists'|agency=PR Newswire|date=18 September 2002|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606015929/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/madonna-tops-the-list-as-vh1-counts-down-musics-100-sexiest-artists-in-five-hour-five-night-special-premiering-september-23-27-at-1000-pm-etpt-75840192.html|archivedate=6 June 2011}}</ref> She was also named one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time by ''[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Hottest Women of All-Time|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/g19547274/hottest-women-all-time/?slide=38|work=[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]|accessdate=15 August 2019|date=22 November 2013|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815142627/https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/g19547274/hottest-women-all-time/?slide=38|url-status=live}}</ref> William Baker described her status as a [[sex symbol]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lottie Anderson|title=Sing out sister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/oct/31/artsfeatures.popandrock|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 October 2002|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Baker|first=William|author2=Minogue, Kylie|title=Kylie: La La La|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|year=2002|page=211|isbn=978-0-340-73440-7|title-link=Kylie: La La La}}</ref> as a "double edged sword", observing that "we always attempted to use her sex appeal as an enhancement of her music and to sell a record. But now it has become in danger of eclipsing what she actually is: a pop singer."<ref>Baker and Minogue, p. 211.</ref> After 20 years as a performer, Minogue was described as a fashion "trend-setter" and a "style icon who constantly reinvents herself".<ref name="bbcfiona">{{cite news|first=Fiona|last=Pryor|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6336337.stm|title=Discovering Kylie's style secrets|work=BBC News|date=6 February 2007|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Kylie Minogue (34537332145).jpg|thumb|140px|right|upright|Wax statue of Minogue at [[Madame Tussauds]] in London]]
Minogue has been inspired by and compared to Madonna throughout her career.<ref name="Goddessofthemoment" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Kemp|first=Rob|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kylieminogue/biography|title=Kylie Minogue biography|work=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|year=2004|accessdate=5 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224105839/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kylieminogue/biography|archivedate=24 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> She received negative comments that her Rhythm of Love tour in 1991 was too similar visually to Madonna's [[Blond Ambition World Tour]], for which critics labelled her a [[Madonna wannabe]].<ref name="lalala58">Baker and Minogue, p. 58</ref> Writing for the ''Observer Music Monthly'', [[Rufus Wainwright]] described Minogue as "the anti-Madonna. Self-knowledge is a truly beautiful thing and Kylie knows herself inside out. She is what she is and there is no attempt to make quasi-intellectual statements to substantiate it. She is the gay shorthand for joy."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" /> Kathy McCabe for ''The Telegraph'' noted that Minogue and Madonna follow similar styles in music and fashion,<ref name="KylieandMadonna">{{Cite news|last=McCabe|first=Kathy|title=Kylie and Madonna strut a similar stage, but are they poles apart?|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 November 2007|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/kylie-or-madonna-whos-queen/story-fna7dq6e-1111114952055|accessdate=25 July 2009}}</ref> but concluded, "Where they truly diverge on the pop-culture scale is in shock value. Minogue's clips might draw a gasp from some but Madonna's ignite religious and political debate unlike any other artist on the planet ... Simply, Madonna is the dark force; Kylie is the light force."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" /> Minogue has said of Madonna, "Her huge influence on the world, in pop and fashion, meant that I wasn't immune to the trends she created. I admire Madonna greatly but in the beginning she made it difficult for artists like me, she had done everything there was to be done",<ref name="lalala58" /> and "Madonna's the Queen of Pop, I'm the princess. I'm quite happy with that."<ref name="KylieandMadonna" />

In January 2007, [[Madame Tussauds]] in London unveiled its fourth waxwork of Minogue; only Queen Elizabeth II has had more models created.<ref name="PerfumedKylie">{{cite news|title=Perfumed Kylie waxwork unveiled|work=BBC News|date=7 October 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6248283.stm|accessdate=30 July 2009}}</ref> During the same week a bronze cast of her hands was added to [[Wembley Arena]]'s "Square of Fame".<ref name="PerfumedKylie" /> In 2007, a bronze statue of Minogue was unveiled at [[Melbourne Docklands]] for permanent display.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/kylie-minogue-and-friends-evicted-from-docklands-to-make-way-for-new-tower-20160429-gohsbi.html| date=29 April 2016| access-date=14 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue and friends evicted from Docklands to make way for new tower| work=The Age| author=Ham, Larissa}}</ref>

In March 2010, Minogue was declared by researchers as the "most powerful celebrity in Britain". The study examined how marketers identify celebrity and brand partnerships. Mark Husak, head of Millward Brown's UK media practice, said: "Kylie is widely accepted as an adopted Brit. People know her, like her and she is surrounded by positive buzz".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie Minogue named 'most powerful celebrity in Britain'|publisher=The Daily Telegraph UK|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/7540790/Kylie-Minogue-named-most-powerful-celebrity-in-Britain.html|accessdate=31 March 2010|location=London|date=31 March 2010}}</ref> In 2016, according to the [[Sunday Times Rich List]], Minogue had a [[net worth]] of £55 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11626386|title=Britain's top 50 Music Millionaires revealed|date=21 April 2016|work=The New Zealand Herald}}</ref>

Minogue is regarded as a [[gay icon]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2014/03/25/kylie-minogue-i-became-gay-icon-being-myself| date=25 March 2014| access-date=19 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 'I Became A Gay Icon by Being Myself'| work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]| author=Peeples, Jase|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327045730/https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/music/2014/03/25/kylie-minogue-i-became-gay-icon-being-myself|archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> which she has encouraged with comments including "I am not a traditional gay icon. There's been no tragedy in my life, only tragic outfits" and "My gay audience has been with me from the beginning ... they kind of adopted me."<ref name="ThinWhiteDame" /> Her status as a gay icon has been attributed to her music, fashion sense and career longevity.<ref name=popularcult>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2hBtKcZESoC&pg=PA187&lpg=PA187&dq=kylie+minogue+longevity+gay+icon#v=onepage| year=2007| access-date=20 August 2019| title=Beautiful Things In Popular Culture| author=McKee, Alan|author2= Brennan, Marc| isbn=9781405178556}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://attitude.co.uk/article/the-enduring-gay-appeal-of-ms-kylie-minogue-1/20008/| date=7 January 2019| access-date=19 August 2019| title=The enduring gay appeal of Ms. Kylie Minogue| work=[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507101107/https://attitude.co.uk/article/the-enduring-gay-appeal-of-ms-kylie-minogue-1/20008/ |archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Author Constantine Chatzipapatheodoridis wrote about Minogue's appeal to gay men in ''Strike a Pose, Forever: The Legacy of Vogue...'' and observed that she "frequently incorporates [[Camp (style)#Music|camp]]-inflected themes in her extravaganzas, drawing mainly from the disco scene, the S/M culture, and the burlesque stage."<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/11771| access-date=19 August 2019| title=Strike a Pose, Forever: The Legacy of Vogue and its Re-contextualization in Contemporary Camp Performances| work=European Journals of American Studies| author=Chatzipapatheodoridis, Constantine| year=2017| volume=11| issue=3| doi=10.4000/ejas.11771|url-status=live|archive-date=2 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602092412/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/11771}}</ref> In ''Beautiful Things in Popular Culture'' (2007), Marc Brennan stated that Minogue's work "provides a gorgeous form of escapism".<ref name=popularcult/> Minogue has explained that she first became aware of her gay audience in 1988, when several [[drag queen]]s performed to her music at a Sydney pub, and she later saw a similar show in Melbourne. She said that she felt "very touched" to have such an "appreciative crowd", and this encouraged her to perform at gay venues throughout the world, as well as headlining the 1994 [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]].<ref>Sutherland and Ellis, p. 47</ref> Minogue has one of the largest gay followings in the world.<ref>Lucy Ellis, Bryony Sutherland. Kylie "Talking": Kylie Minogue in Her Own Words. Omnibus Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-7119-9834-6}}. p. 47</ref>

==Impact and legacy==
Throughout her career, Minogue has been known for reinventing herself in fashion and musical content.<ref name=pjoye/><ref name="bbcfiona"/> In 2012, Dino Scatena of ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'' wrote about Minogue, "A quarter of a century ago, a sequence of symbiotic events altered the fabric of Australian popular culture and set in motion the transformation of a 19-year-old soap actor from Melbourne into an international pop icon."<ref name="smh">{{cite news|date=28 July 2012|first=Dino|last=Scatena|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/should-be-so-lucky-20120726-22s3i.html|title=Should be so lucky|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Scatena also described her as "Australia's single most successful entertainer and a world-renowned style idol".<ref name="smh" />
{{multiple image
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| footer = Minogue's star on the Melbourne's Walk of Stars<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/walk-of-fame-for-our-stars-20060430-ge280o.html| date=30 April 2006| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Walk of fame for our stars| work=The Age| author=La Canna, Xavier}}</ref> and handprints and signature in [[Olympiapark, Munich]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.olympiapark.de/en/olympic-park/outside-area/munich-olympic-walk-of-stars/kylie-minogue/| date=5 March 2011| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue| work=Olympiapark}}</ref>
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Pointing out the several reinventions in Minogue's image, Larissa Dubecki from ''[[The Age]]'' labelled her the "Mother of Reinvention",<ref>{{cite news|first=Larissa|last=Dubecki|date=4 November 2006|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/11/03/1162340051016.html|title=The mother of reinvention|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> while ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'''s Ernest Macias opined: "[with] a panache for fabulous fashion, and her unequivocal disco-pop sound, Minogue has established herself as a timeless icon."<ref name=ew1/> Paula Joye of ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' wrote that "Minogue’s fusion of fashion and music has made a huge contribution to the style ''[[zeitgeist]]''."<ref name=pjoye>{{cite web| url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/kylie-pop-culture-princess-20111129-1o3vh.html| date=30 November 2011| access-date=15 August 2019| title=Kylie: Pop Culture Princess| work=The Sydney Morning Herald| author=Joye, Paula|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815142956/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/kylie-pop-culture-princess-20111129-1o3vh.html?js-chunk-not-found-refresh=true|archive-date=15 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Fiona MacDonald from ''Madison'' acknowledged Kylie as "one of the handful of singers recognised around the world by her first name alone. And yet despite becoming an international music superstar, style icon and honorary Brit, those two syllables still seem as Australian as the smell of eucalyptus or a barbeque on a hot day."<ref name="madison">{{cite web|first=Fiona|last=MacDonald|date=14 January 2013|url=http://www.madisonmag.com.au/news/the-iconic-kylie.htm|title=The iconic Kylie|work=Madison|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123080703/http://www.madisonmag.com.au/news/the-iconic-kylie.htm|archivedate=23 January 2013}}</ref>

Minogue has been recognised with a number of [[Honorific nicknames in popular music|honorific nicknames]],<ref name=ew1/><ref>Inner lines: Pg 35 – la la la – Written by William Baker and Kylie Minogue {{ISBN|0-340-73440-X}}</ref><ref>"Kylie: Goddess of Pop" – Julie Aspinall, 2010 (p.3), {{ISBN|1921667761}}</ref> most notably the "Princess of Pop".<ref name=tit1>{{cite web| url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/kylie-minogue-the-perfect-princess-of-pop-with-31-years-of-music-1.3649249| date=6 October 2018| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: The perfect Princess of Pop with 31 years of music| work=[[The Irish Times]]| author=Bruton, Louise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kylie's back on royal form|page=5|newspaper=[[Birmingham Post]]|date=8 July 2000}}</ref> Jon O'Brien of AllMusic reviewed her box-set ''[[Kylie: The Albums 2000–2010]]'' and stated that it "contains plenty of moments to justify her position as one of the all-time premier pop princesses."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-albums-2000-2010-mw0002164770|author=O'Brien, Jon|title=Kylie Minogue – The Albums 2000–2010|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=13 August 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120160053/http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-albums-2000-2010-mw0002164770|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> In January 2012, ''[[NME]]'' critics ranked her single "Can't Get You Out of My Head" at number four on their Greatest Pop Songs in History list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/the-greatest-pop-songs-in-history-no-4-kylie-minogue-%E2%80%98can%E2%80%99t-get-you-out-of-my-head%E2%80%99|title=The Greatest Pop Songs in History – No. 4 : Kylie Minogue, 'Can't Get You Out of My Head'|work=[[NME]]|date=3 January 2012}}</ref> In February 2012, [[VH1]] ranked Minogue at number 47 on its 100 Greatest Women in Music list, and number 49 on the 50 Greatest Women of the Video Era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/100-greatest-women-in-music/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418062435/http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/100-greatest-women-in-music/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2013|title="VH1′s 100 Greatest Women In Music [COMPLETE LIST]".|work=Music News – VH1 Music|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355|title=50 Greatest Women of the Video Era|publisher=VH1|accessdate=28 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061423/http://www.vh1.com/shows/the_greatest/episode.jhtml?episodeID=66355|archivedate=29 June 2011|df=}}</ref> [[Channel 4]] listed her as one of the world's greatest pop stars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/worlds-greatest-pop-stars/episode-guide/series-1/episode-7|work=Channel 4|url-status=dead|date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929191818/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/worlds-greatest-pop-stars/episode-guide/series-1/|archivedate=29 September 2013|title=Series 1 – Episode 7 – T4: Rimmel London Presents: The World's Greatest Pop Stars|access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> Minogue's work has influenced pop and dance artists including [[September (singer)|September]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7iJXkT7eEU|title=The Story of September (Part 1)|via=YouTube|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> [[Diana Vickers]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a401098/diana-vickers-next-album-is-between-kylie-and-madonna.html|title=Diana Vickers: 'Next album is between Kylie and Madonna'|date=22 August 2012|accessdate=11 April 2013|first=Mayer|last=Nissim|work=[[Digital Spy]]|quote=It's between Kylie and Madonna, but early days. They've been my inspiration. Pop's the way forward, so I'm going to keep it very pop.}}</ref> [[The Veronicas]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/08/veronicas-new-album-interview|title=The Veronicas get into the groove on a new, eclectically electronic album|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|first=Joey|last=Nolfi|date=8 July 2016|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> [[Slayyyter]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.papermag.com/slayyyter-heidi-montag-interview-2629503215.html?rebelltitem=15#rebelltitem15| date=20 February 2019| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Slayyyter and Heidi Montag Interview| work=Paper| author=Love Michael, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=slayyyter|number=1090502443153190912|date=29 January 2019|title=no!! i still gotta record that one lol}}</ref> and [[Paris Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/41386|title=Paris Hilton completes Kylie Minogue-influenced second album|work=[[NME]]|first=Adam|last=Bychawski|date=1 December 2008|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref> In 2007, French avant-garde guitarist [[Noël Akchoté]] released ''[[So Lucky (Noël Akchoté album)|So Lucky]]'', featuring solo guitar versions of tunes recorded by Minogue.<ref>Stef, [http://www.freejazzblog.org/2007/09/nol-akchot-so-lucky-winter-winter-2007.html Free Jazz Collective Review], 15 September 2007</ref>

==Achievements==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue}}
[[File:Kylie Minogue Cropped Sliver Spoon Awards 2012.jpg|thumb|155px|upright|In 2012, Minogue won the [[Silver Clef Award]] in recognition of her contribution to the music industry<ref>{{cite web|last1=Daniels|first1=Colin|title=Kylie Minogue to receive Australia's top live entertainment award|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a494140/kylie-minogue-to-receive-australias-top-live-entertainment-award/|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=2 July 2019|date=28 June 2012}}</ref>]]
Minogue has received a number of accolades, including a [[Grammy Award]],<ref name=come1/> three [[Brit Awards]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/brit-awards/11432476/The-Brit-Awards-most-successful-acts.html?frame=3210421| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 3 Awards – The Brit Awards' most successful acts| work=The Telegraph| date=25 February 2015}}</ref> 17 [[ARIA Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://ariaawards.com.au/history/search/?text=Kylie%20Minogue| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Search results for "Kylie Minogue"| work=ARIA Awards}}</ref> two [[MTV Video Music Award|MTV Video Music Awards]],<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners|title=2002 MTV Video Music Awards Winners|date=1 September 2002|accessdate=25 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085844/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/74257/2002-mtv-video-music-awards-winners|archivedate=30 June 2018|url-status=live|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com.au/awards/98vma/ausnoms/ausnom.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012050006/http://www.mtv.com.au/awards/98vma/ausnoms/ausnom.html|archivedate=12 October 1999|title=Best Australian Video Nominees 1998|publisher=[[MTV (Australia and New Zealand)|MTV Australia]]|accessdate=9 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> two [[MTV Europe Music Award|MTV Europe Music Awards]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1458707/eminem-wins-most-mtv-europe-music-awards/| date=14 November 2002| access-date=23 August 2019| title=Eminem wins most MTV Europe Music Awards| work=MTV| author=Dangelo, Joe}}</ref> and six [[Mo Award|Mo Awards]], including the Australian Performer of the Year in 2001 and 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/651-2/|title=Winners – 26th MO Awards 2001|publisher=[[Mo Awards|Australian Entertainment 'Mo' Awards Incorporated]]|accessdate=8 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711064803/http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/651-2/|archivedate=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/2003-2/|title=Winners – 28th MO Awards 2003|publisher=[[Mo Awards|Australian Entertainment 'Mo' Awards Incorporated]]|accessdate=8 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165044/http://moawards.com/awards/award-winners/2001-2007/2003-2/|archivedate=20 December 2013}}</ref> In 2008, she was honoured with [[Music Industry Awards|Music Industry Trust's]] award for recognition of her 20-year career and was hailed as "an icon of pop and style", becoming the first female musician to receive a Music Industry Trust award.<ref name=bill70/><ref name="metro.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2007/10/29/kylies-hailed-as-a-pop-icon-422490/|title=Kylie's hailed as a 'pop icon'.|work=Metro|accessdate=28 September 2014|date=29 October 2007}}</ref> In April 2017, the [[Britain-Australia Society]] recognised Minogue with its 2016 award for outstanding contribution to the improving of relations and bilateral understanding between Britain and Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://britain-australia.org.uk/events/event/kylie-award-announcement|title=BAS Award to Kylie Minogue|publisher=Britain-Australia Society|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref> The citation reads: "In recognition of significant contributions to the Britain-Australia relationship as an acclaimed singer, songwriter, actor and iconic personality in both countries".<ref name=newsau>{{cite web| url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/pop-princess-kylie-minogue-honoured-by-prince-philip-and-declared-a-cultural-ambassador/news-story/e9ccc9fc2b2394192d9d7ec5dc60e18a| date=4 April 2017| access-date=15 August 2019| title=Pop princess Kylie Minogue honoured by Prince Philip and declared a cultural ambassador| work=[[news.com.au]]| author=Whinnett, Ellen|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404134809/https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/pop-princess-kylie-minogue-honoured-by-prince-philip-and-declared-a-cultural-ambassador/news-story/e9ccc9fc2b2394192d9d7ec5dc60e18a|archive-date=4 April 2017}}</ref> The award was announced at a reception in Australia House but was personally presented the next day by Prince Philip, Patron of the Society, at [[Windsor Castle]].<ref name=newsau/>

In June 2012, [[The Official Chart Company]] revealed that Minogue is the 12th best selling singer in the United Kingdom to date, and the third best selling female artist, selling over 10.1 million albums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-singles-charts-biggest-selling-artists-of-all-time-revealed-1431/|title=The Official Singles Charts' biggest selling artists of all time revealed!|publisher=Officialcharts.com|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> According to the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI), all her studio albums have been [[British Phonographic Industry|certified]], and with her singles as well, she has a total of 27 certified records.<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx "BPI – Search >> Kylie Minogue – Artist"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924015932/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=24 September 2009}}. [[British Phonographic Industry]]. 1987–present. Retrieved 2 October 2012.</ref> She has sold between 60 and 70 million records worldwide.<ref name=bill70>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue To Be Honored With Australia's Top Live Entertainment Award|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568570/kylie-minogue-to-be-honored-with-australias-top-live-entertainment-award|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=22 August 2019|date=28 June 2013|author=Brandle, Lars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033229/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1568570/kylie-minogue-to-be-honored-with-australias-top-live-entertainment-award|archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie Minogue – Line of Enquiry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/contact-us/line-of-enquiry/|work=[[BBC Radio 2]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=29 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105063258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/contact-us/line-of-enquiry/|archivedate=5 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Iley|last=Chrissy|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/kylie-minogue-interview-state-of-bliss-1-1354482|title=Kylie Minogue interview: State of Bliss|work=[[Scotland on Sunday]]|date=9 July 2009|accessdate=8 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Webster|first=Philip|title=Kylie Minogue and Michael Parkinson lead list with heroes of summer floods|work=The Times|location=London|date=29 December 2007|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3105760.ece|accessdate=26 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725112423/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3105760.ece|archive-date=25 July 2008}}</ref> In January 2011, Minogue received a ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' citation for having the most consecutive decades with top five albums in the UK, with all her albums doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/9000/most-consecutive-decades-with-top-five-albums-(uk)-(female)|title=MOST CONSECUTIVE DECADES WITH TOP FIVE ALBUMS (UK) (FEMALE)|publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> Minogue and American singer Madonna are the only artists to have had reached the top position of the UK Albums Chart in four consecutive decades, from the 1980s to the 2010s.<ref name=golden4/><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-50-golden-chart-facts-about-the-original-pop-princess__21489/| date=28 June 2019| access-date=16 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: 50 golden chart facts about the original pop princess| work=Official Charts Company| author=Copsey, Rob}}</ref> In 2004, she held the record for the most singles at number one in the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) singles chart, with a total of nine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Recording Artists Make ARIA Chart History|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/AustralianRecordingArtistsMakeARIAChartHistory.htm|date=3 August 2004|access-date=13 August 2019|work=Australian Recording Industry Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816051404/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/AustralianRecordingArtistsMakeARIAChartHistory.htm|archive-date=16 August 2004}}</ref> In November 2011, on the 25th anniversary of the [[ARIA Music Awards]], she was inducted by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] into the [[ARIA Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ariahall>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/prime-minister-julia-gillard-to-honour-pop-princess-kylie-minogue/story-e6frewyr-1226205421573|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]] |title=Prime Minister Julia Gillard to honour pop princess Kylie Minogue|date=25 November 2011|first=Kathy|last=McCabe|accessdate=22 July 2015}}</ref> ''The Sydney Morning Herald'''s Paula Joye declared Minogue as "the most successful Australian female recording artist of all time".<ref name=pjoye/>

Minogue's songs have garnered some accolades throughout her career. In 2011, she made history for having two songs inside the top three on the U.S. [[Dance Club Songs]] chart, with her singles "[[Better than Today]]" and "[[Higher (Taio Cruz song)|Higher]]" charting at one and three, respectively.<ref name=bill11>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/472860/kylie-minogue-makes-history-on-danceclub-play-songs|title=Kylie Minogue Makes History On Dance/Club Play Songs|work=Billboard|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=13 August 2019}}</ref> In December 2016, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' ranked her as the 18th most successful dance artist of all-time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/greatest-top-dance-club-artists|title=Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists : Page 1}}</ref> Her single "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" was named the most-played track of the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/kylie-minogue-2-34-1280306|title=Kylie Minogue's 'Can't Get You Out of My Head' named most-played track of the decade|work=[[NME]]|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> The song eventually became the third best-selling UK single and the most-played song in the UK in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|title=Can't Get You Out of My Head|publisher=Kylie.com|date=17 September 2001|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327200226/http://www.kylie.com/discography/singles/cant-get-you-out-of-my-head/|archivedate=27 March 2012}}</ref> As of 2012, "Can't Get You Out of My Head" was the 72nd song featured on UK's Official Top 100 Biggest Selling Singles of All Time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/06/kylie-officially-honoured-as-uks-queen-of-singles/|title=Kylie Officially Honoured as UKS Queen of Singles|publisher=Kylie.com|date=1 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082652/http://www.kylie.com/news/2012/06/kylie-officially-honoured-as-uks-queen-of-singles/|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kylie officially honoured as UK's queen of singles!|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-honoured-as-queen-of-singles-with-7-number-1-awards-1427/|publisher=Official Charts.|accessdate=11 December 2013|date=1 June 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Health===
Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 36 in May 2005, leading to the postponement of the remainder of her Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour and her withdrawal from the [[Glastonbury Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Minogue's cancer shock ends tour|publisher=CNN|date=17 May 2005|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/17/kylie.cancer/index.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref> Her hospitalisation and treatment in Melbourne resulted in a brief but intense period of media coverage, particularly in Australia, where then Prime Minister [[John Howard]] issued a statement of support.<ref name="CNNtreatment">{{Cite news|title=Kylie begins cancer treatment|date=19 May 2005|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/18/kylie.surgery/|publisher=CNN|accessdate=9 December 2006}}</ref> As media and fans began to congregate outside the Minogue residence in Melbourne, Victorian Premier [[Steve Bracks]] warned the international media that any disruption of the Minogue family's rights under Australian privacy laws would not be tolerated.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bracks warns paparazzi to back off|work=The Age|location=Australia|date=18 May 2005|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/People/Bracks-warns-paparazzi/2005/05/18/1116361596970.html|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Attard|first=Monica|title=Peter Carrette and Peter Blunden on Kylie Minogue and the media|publisher=ABC Sunday Profile|date=22 May 2005|url=http://www.abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1373289.htm|accessdate=21 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011101209/http://abc.net.au/sundayprofile/stories/s1373289.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Aiken|first=Kirsten|title=Media Coverage of Kylie Minogue: Circulation or Compassion?|publisher=ABC Radio|date=22 May 2005|url=http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2004/s1373909.htm|accessdate=21 January 2007}}</ref>

Minogue underwent surgery on 21 May 2005 at Cabrini Hospital in [[Malvern, Victoria|Malvern]] and commenced [[chemotherapy]] treatment soon after.<ref name="CNNtreatment" /> After the surgery, the disease "had no recurrence".<ref name=chemo/> On 8 July 2005, she made her first public appearance after surgery when she visited a children's cancer ward at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital. She returned to France where she completed her chemotherapy treatment at the [[Institut Gustave Roussy|Institut Gustave-Roussy]] in [[Villejuif]], near Paris.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Games appearance, says Kylie|date=30 August 2005|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4196460.stm|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> In January 2006, Minogue's publicist announced that she had finished chemotherapy, and her treatment continued for the next months.<ref name=chemo>{{cite web| url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/chemo-finished-but-kylies-treatment-continues-20060114-ge1klp.html| date=14 January 2006| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Chemo finished, but Kylie's treatment continues|work=The Age}}</ref><ref name=people1>{{cite web| url=https://people.com/celebrity/kylie-minogue-boyfriend-got-me-through-cancer/| date=2 November 2006| access-date=21 August 2019| title=Kylie Minogue: Boyfriend Got Me Through Cancer| work=People| author=Orloff, Brian}}</ref> On her return to Australia for her concert tour, she discussed her illness and said that her chemotherapy treatment had been like "experiencing a [[nuclear bomb]]".<ref name="popsdarling" /> While appearing on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]'' in 2008, Minogue said that her cancer had originally been misdiagnosed. She commented, "Because someone is in a white coat and using big medical instruments doesn't necessarily mean they're right",<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie says 'I was misdiagnosed'|work=BBC News|date=8 April 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7336164.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> but later spoke of her respect for the medical profession.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kylie has 'respect' for doctors|work=BBC News|date=9 April 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7338417.stm|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref>

Minogue was acknowledged for the impact she made by publicly discussing her cancer diagnosis and treatment. In May 2008, the French Cultural Minister [[Christine Albanel]] said, "Doctors now even go as far as saying there is a "Kylie effect" that encourages young women to have regular checks."<ref name="Frenchhonour">{{cite web|title=Kylie receives top French honour|publisher=ABC News|date=6 May 2008|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-05-06/kylie-receives-top-french-honour/2426438|accessdate=7 August 2009}}</ref> She has been cited as an example of cases where more women have undergone regular checks for cancer symptoms after publicity around famous people being diagnosed with cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Impact of news of celebrity illness on breast cancer screening: Kylie Minogue's breast cancer diagnosis|first1=Simon|last1=Chapman|first2=Simon|last2=Holding|first3=Kim|last3=McLeod|first4=Melanie|last4=Wakefield|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia|date=May 2005|volume=183|issue=5|pages=247–250|doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb07029.x}}</ref> Television host [[Giuliana Rancic]] cited Minogue's cancer story as "inspirational" when she too was diagnosed with cancer.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kaufman, Donna|date=27 June 2012|url=http://www.ivillage.com/kylie-minogue-giuliana-rancic-over-breast-cancer/1-a-468914|url-status=dead|work=[[iVillage UK|iVillage]]|title=Kylie Minogue: 'I Bonded with Giuliana Rancic Over Breast Cancer'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630043754/http://www.ivillage.com/kylie-minogue-giuliana-rancic-over-breast-cancer/1-a-468914|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>

===Philanthropy===
Minogue has helped fundraise on many occasions. In 1989, she participated in recording "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" under the name [[Band Aid II]] to help raise money. In early 2010, Minogue along with many other artists (under the name Helping Haiti) recorded a cover version of "[[Everybody Hurts]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/753376/haiti-aid-song-to-be-rems-everybody-hurts|title="X Factor Simon Cowell Earthquake Charity Single To Be REM's Everybody Hurts, Sky Sources Say".|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> The single was a fundraiser to help after the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]]. She also spent a week in Thailand after the 2005 tsunami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plan-international.org/tsunamirecovery/sri-lanka/children-of-the-sea.php|title=Children of the Sea – Child tsunami survivors spread strength and smiles through theatre|publisher=Plan-international.org|accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> During her 2011 [[Aphrodite World Tour]], the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] struck Japan, which was on her itinerary. She declared she would continue to tour there, stating, "I was here to do shows and I chose not to cancel, Why did I choose not to cancel? I thought long and hard about it and it wasn't an easy decision to make."<ref name="japanese">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/newstest2/archive-old-assets/kylie-minogue-and-julia-gillard-unite-for-tsunami-fundraiser-in-japan/story-e6frfkyi-1226043574739|title=Kylie Minogue and Julia Gillard unite for tsunami fundraiser in Japan|work=NewsComAu|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> While she was there, she and Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] were star guests at an Australian Embassy fundraiser for the disaster.<ref name="japanese" /> In January 2020, in response to the [[2019–20 Australian bushfire season|2019–20 Australian bushfires]], Minogue announced that she and her family were donating A$500,000 towards immediate firefighting efforts and ongoing support.<ref name="bushfires">{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/kylie-minogue-australia-bushfire-charity-a4327051.html|title=Kylie Minogue donates $500,000 to Australian firefighting efforts in the face of 'heartbreaking' bushfires|work=[[Evening Standard]]|first=Rachel|last=McGrath|date=6 January 2020|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref>

In 2008, Minogue pledged her support for a campaign to raise money for abused children, to be donated to the British charities ChildLine and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. According to the source, around $93 million was raised.<ref name="charity1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollyscoop.com/kylie-minogue/kylie-minogue-launches-charity-drive-for-children.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221114/http://www.hollyscoop.com/kylie-minogue/kylie-minogue-launches-charity-drive-for-children.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013|title=Kylie Minogue Launches Charity Drive For Children|work=Hollyscoop|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> She spoke out in relation to the cause, saying: "Finding the courage to tell someone about being abused is one of the most difficult decisions a child will ever have to make."<ref name="charity1" /> In 2010 and 2012, she was involved in supporting the [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] Support Gala, which was held by the American Foundation for Aids Research (Amfar).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18059332|title=Kylie Minogue supports Cannes Aids gal|work=BBC News|accessdate=28 September 2014|date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

Since Minogue's breast cancer diagnosis in 2005, she has been a sponsor and ambassador for the cause. In May 2010, she held a breast cancer campaign for the first time. She later spoke about the cause saying "It means so much to me to be part of this year's campaign for Fashion Targets Breast Cancer. I wholeheartedly support their efforts to raise funds for the vital work undertaken by Breakthrough Breast Cancer."<ref name="fundraiser">{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG7532553/Kylie-Minogue-leads-stars-in-breast-cancer-charity-campaign.html|title=Kylie Minogue leads stars in breast cancer charity campaign – Telegraph|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=18 December 2012|location=London|date=28 March 2010}}</ref> For the cause, she "posed in a silk sheet emblazoned with the distinctive target logo of Fashion Targets Breast Cancer" for photographer [[Mario Testino]].<ref name="fundraiser" /> In April 2014, Minogue had launched a new campaign entitled One Note Against Cancer, which is a charity organisation to help cancer research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onenoteagainstcancer.com/en|title=OneNoteAgainstCancer|work=One Note Against Cancer|date=15 April 2014|accessdate=15 April 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417135150/http://www.onenoteagainstcancer.com/en|archivedate=17 April 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Kylie Minogue albums discography|Kylie Minogue singles discography|List of songs recorded by Kylie Minogue}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* ''[[Kylie (album)|Kylie]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Enjoy Yourself (Kylie Minogue album)|Enjoy Yourself]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Rhythm of Love (Kylie Minogue album)|Rhythm of Love]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Let's Get to It]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Kylie Minogue (album)|Kylie Minogue]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Impossible Princess]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)|Light Years]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Fever (Kylie Minogue album)|Fever]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)|Body Language]]'' (2003)
* ''[[X (Kylie Minogue album)|X]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Aphrodite (album)|Aphrodite]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kiss Me Once]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kylie Christmas]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Golden (Kylie Minogue album)|Golden]]'' (2018)
* ''Kylie'' (TBA)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/culture/article/kylie-minogue-rose-interview | title=Kylie Minogue's birthday present to us: more disco | work=[[GQ]] | date=28 May 2020 | accessdate=28 May 2020 | author=Levesley, David}}</ref>
{{col-end}}

==Tours and concerts==
{{Main|List of Kylie Minogue concert tours}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[Disco in Dream]] (1989)
* [[Enjoy Yourself Tour]] (1990)
* [[Rhythm of Love Tour]] (1991)
* [[Let's Get to It Tour]] (1991)
* [[Intimate and Live (concert tour)|Intimate and Live]] (1998)
* [[On a Night Like This (concert tour)|On a Night Like This]] (2001)
* [[KylieFever2002]] (2002)
* [[Showgirl: The Greatest Hits Tour]] (2005)
* [[Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour]] (2006–2007)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
* [[KylieX2008]] (2008–2009)
* [[For You, for Me]] (2009)
* [[Aphrodite: Les Folies Tour]] (2011)
* [[Anti Tour]] (2012)
* [[Kiss Me Once Tour]] (2014–2015)
* [[Kylie Summer 2015]] (2015)
* [[A Kylie Christmas (concert series)|A Kylie Christmas]] (2015–2016)
* [[Kylie Presents Golden|Kylie Presents: Golden]] (2018)
* [[Golden Tour]] (2018–2019)
* [[Summer 2019 (Kylie Minogue)|Summer 2019]] (2019)
{{col-end}}

==Filmography==
{{Main|Kylie Minogue filmography|Kylie Minogue videography}}


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected films
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 1989
| ''[[The Delinquents (1989 film)|The Delinquents]]''
| Lola Lovell
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Street Fighter (1994 film)|Street Fighter]]''
| [[Cammy (Street Fighter)|Cammy]]
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Moulin Rouge!]]''
| The Green Fairy
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jack & Diane (film)|Jack & Diane]]''
| Tara
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Holy Motors]]''
| Eva Grace (Jean)
|-
| 2015
| ''[[San Andreas (film)|San Andreas]]''
| Susan Riddick
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Swinging Safari (film)|Swinging Safari]]''
| Kaye Hall<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/first-look-kylie-minogue-guy-pearce-ignite-flammable-children/5114683.article|title=First look: Kylie Minogue, Guy Pearce ignite 'Flammable Children'|accessdate=18 February 2017|work=screendaily.com}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1986–1988
| ''[[Neighbours]]''
| [[Charlene Robinson]]
| 362 episodes
1987 [[Logie Award]] for Most Popular Actress<ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-popular-and-jazz-biographies/kylie-minogue|title=Minogue, Kylie 1968–|website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Victorian Television<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> 1988 Logie Award for Most Popular Actress<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Nominated – 1987 Logie Award for Most Popular New Talent<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" /> Nominated – 1989 Logie Award for Most Popular Personality<ref name="Encyclopedia.com" />
|-
| 1994
| ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]''
| Herself
| Episode "Community Spirit"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/05/kylie-on-vicar-of-dibley.html|title=Kylie on Vicar of Dibley|last=Knox|first=David|date=4 May 2010|website=TV Tonight |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Doctor Who]]''
| [[Astrid Peth]]
| Episode "[[Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who)|Voyage of the Damned]]"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Young & Hungry]]''
| Shauna
| Episodes "Young & Moving" and "Young & Ferris Wheel"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2066229/kylie-minogue-young-and-hungry/|title=Exclusive: 'Young & Hungry' Casts Kylie Minogue As Charming New Love Interest|last=Bell|first=Crystal|date=2 February 2015|publisher=MTV News |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Galavant]]''
| Queen of The Enchanted Forest
| Episode "A New Season aka Suck It Cancellation Bear"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etonline.com/tv/178950_kylie_minogue_strips_joshua_sasse_down_galavant|title=FIRST LOOK: Kylie Minogue Strips Joshua Sasse Down in Sexy, New 'Galavant' Number|last=Lambe|first=Stacy|date=30 December 2015|website=Entertainment Tonight |access-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books|Kylie Minogue}}
* [[Honorific nicknames in popular music]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart]]
* [[List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue]]
* [[List of best-selling singles worldwide]]
* [[List of songs recorded by Kylie Minogue]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Print sources===
{{Refbegin|25em}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baker|first1=William|last2=Minogue|first2=Kylie|title=Kylie: La La La|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-340-73440-7|title-link=Kylie: La La La|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Tony|author2=Kutner, Jon|author3=Warwick, Neil|title=The Complete Book of the British Charts Singles and Albums|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7119-9075-3|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Copley|first=Paul|title=Marketing Communications Management: Concepts and Theories, Cases and Practices|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5294-0|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shuker|first=Roy|title=Understanding Popular Music|publisher=Routledge, Second Edition|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-23509-9|ref=harv|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingpop0000shuk}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Sean|title=Kylie|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2014|isbn=978-1471135804|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Sean|title=Kylie Confidential|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books Limited|year=2002|isbn=978-1-85479-415-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sutherland|first=Byrony|author2=Ellis, Lucy|title=Kylie: Showgirl|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7119-9294-8|ref=harv}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==

* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Kylie Minogue}}
{{Kylie Minogue songs}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Stock Aitken Waterman}}
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{{ARIA Award for Single of the Year 2000s}}
{{ARIA Award for Best Female Artist 2000s}}
{{Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television}}
{{JC Williamson Award}}
{{Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress on Australian Television}}
{{Glamour Awards Woman of the Year}}
}}

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[[Category:Warner Records artists]]
[[Category:Australian women in electronic music]]

Mini (marque)

2020-02-15T12:33:21Z

Githek: /* Development and production */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive marque founded in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]]<ref name=chrisreed/>. Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000.

In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings, the longbrigde plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Mini (marque)

2020-02-15T12:32:44Z

Githek: /* Development and production */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive marque founded in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]]<ref name=chrisreed/>. Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000. In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings the longbrigde plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Mini (marque)

2020-02-15T12:32:05Z

Githek: /* Development and production */

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive marque founded in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]]<ref name=chrisreed/>. Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[England]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been at the [[Longbridge Plant]] located next to the headquarters of Rover until the sale of the company by BMW in March 2000. In the selling of Rover by BMW to Phoenix Venture Holdings the longbrigde plant was included in the sales contract.

In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Mini (marque)

2020-01-17T11:34:10Z

Githek: Category:English brands

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| related = [[John Cooper Works]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive marque founded in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. This merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]]<ref name=chrisreed/>. Mini models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original Mini continued in production until 2000.

In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW, being broken up in 2000 with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>
Development of a modern successor to the Mini began in 1995 and an entirely new Mini model was launched in 2001 by BMW. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{in lang|fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{in lang|fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==
===BMC/BL/Rover models (1959 to 2000)===
====Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)====
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

====Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)====
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

====Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)====
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===BMW models (2001 to date)===
====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

====Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)====
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

====Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)====
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

====Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)====
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

====Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)====
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

====Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)====
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

====Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)====
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

====Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)====
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

====Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)====
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been made at both [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Longbridge]], [[Birmingham]]. In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.{{cn|date=December 2019}}

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:English brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Mini (marque)

2019-10-06T13:31:08Z

Githek:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Automobiles
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive brand founded in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1192022/The-Mini-Cooper-S-Convertible-BMW-know-British-like--just-hour.html|title=The Mini Cooper S Convertible: BMW know what the British like...the top down, even just for an hour|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=Daily Mail|date=8 July 2009|location=London|first=James|last=Martin}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]], and its successors. Their models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original two-door Mini continued in production until 2000. Development of a successor began in 1995 and the new generation car was launched in 2001. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini was originally a product of the British Motor Corporation, which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. British Motor Holdings merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]].<ref name=chrisreed/>
In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW. In 2000, Rover Group was broken up by BMW, with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==

===Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)===
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

===Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)===
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

===Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)===
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

===Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)===
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

===Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)===
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

===Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)===
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

===Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)===
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

===Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)===
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

===Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)===
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

===Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)===
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been made at both [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Longbridge]], [[Birmingham]]. In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3043609/British-car-sales-up-20-in-a-year.html |title=British car sales up 20% in a year |work=The Sun |date=6 July 2010 |accessdate=5 August 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
During the production of the post-2000 Mini, as a part of Mini's [[viral marketing]] approach, purchasers of the Mini convertible were asked to sign a "contract" promising that they would drive the car with the roof open at least 90% of the time. Mini also set up a telephone hotline (in the USA: 1-888-DO NOT CLOSE) which one may call to report convertible owners who are driving with the roof up inappropriately. The automated system offers such helpful advice as how to administer a [[wedgie]] to the offender. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:English brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Mini (marque)

2019-10-06T13:29:38Z

Githek:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|British automotive marque}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Other uses of|mini}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Mini
| logo = File:MINI logo.svg
| producttype = Automobiles
| currentowner = [[BMW]]
| producedby = BMW
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1969 (used since 1959 in model names)
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = {{ubl
|{{nowrap|[[British Motor Corporation]] (1959–1968)}}
|{{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1986)}}
|{{nowrap|[[Rover Group]] (1986–2000)}}
}}
| website = {{URL|mini.com}}
}}

'''Mini''' (stylised as MINI)<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/> is a British automotive brand founed in 1969, owned by German automotive company [[BMW]] since 2000, and used by them for a range of [[Supermini|small cars]]. The word Mini has been used in car model names since 1959, and in 1969 it became a marque in its own right when the name "Mini" replaced the separate "Austin Mini" and "Morris Mini" car model names.<ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref><ref name="aro-story2">{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Keith|title=Mini development story Pt.2|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|work=AROnline|author2=Ian Nicholls|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003054039/http://www.aronline.co.uk/ado15story2f.htm|archivedate=3 October 2011}}</ref> BMW acquired the marque in 1994 when it bought [[Rover Group]] (formerly [[British Leyland]]), which owned Mini, among other brands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/motorsport/8102802/MINI-joins-the-World-Rally-Championship.html|title=MINI joins the World Rally Championship|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2010|location=London|first=Dan|last=Prosser}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1192022/The-Mini-Cooper-S-Convertible-BMW-know-British-like--just-hour.html|title=The Mini Cooper S Convertible: BMW know what the British like...the top down, even just for an hour|accessdate=7 September 2011|work=Daily Mail|date=8 July 2009|location=London|first=James|last=Martin}}</ref>

The original [[Mini]] was a line of British small cars manufactured by the [[British Motor Corporation]], and its successors. Their models included the [[Mini|Morris Mini-Minor]] and the Austin Seven, the [[Mini#Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1961–1969)|Countryman]], [[Mini Moke|Moke]], 1275GT and [[Mini#Mini Clubman and 1275GT: 1969–1980|Clubman]].<ref name=chrisreed>{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title=Complete Mini: 35 Years of Production History, Model Changes, Performance Data | isbn=0-947981-88-8 | year=1994 | publisher=MRP | location=Croydon }}</ref> Performance versions of these models used the name [[Mini#Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–2000|Cooper]], due to a partnership with racing legend [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]]. The original two-door Mini continued in production until 2000. Development of a successor began in 1995 and the new generation car was launched in 2001. The current Mini range includes the [[Mini Hatch|Hardtop/Hatch/Convertible]] (three-door hatchback), [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Clubman]] ([[Station wagon|estate]]), [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (five-door [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]), [[Mini Coupé and Roadster|Coupe/Roadster]] and [[Mini Paceman|Paceman]] (three-door crossover based on the Countryman).

The Mini was originally a product of the British Motor Corporation, which in 1966 became part of [[British Motor Holdings]]. British Motor Holdings merged with [[Leyland Motors]] in 1968 to form [[British Leyland]].<ref name=chrisreed/> In the 1980s, British Leyland was broken-up and in 1988 Rover Group, including Mini, was acquired by [[British Aerospace]].<ref name=chrisreed/>
In 1994, Rover Group was acquired by BMW. In 2000, Rover Group was broken up by BMW, with BMW retaining the Mini brand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60911FC385C0C768DDDA00894D8404482|title=New Mini: Retro in a Smaller Role|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=The New York Times|date=15 September 2000|first=James G.|last=Cobb}}</ref>

The Mini Hatch/Hardtop, Clubman, Coupe and Roadster are assembled at BMW's [[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6525601.stm|title=Millionth Mini produced in Oxford|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=4 April 2007}}</ref>. The Mini Convertible and [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] are assembled at [[VDL Nedcar]] in [[Born (Netherlands)]], the Mini Hatch/Hardtop is also assembled here besides the Oxford plant.<ref>http://www.vdlgroep.com/en/news/archief/2016/vdl-nedcar-to-produce-the-new-mini-countryman</ref> The Paceman was till 2016 assembled by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine">{{cite web | url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Mini-Countryman-2010-first-official-pictures/ | title=Mini Countryman (2010): first official pictures|accessdate=2 February 2011 |publisher=Car Magazine}}</ref> A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales>{{cite web|url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html;jsessionid=NZQnSnSZTpXnnH1vZg8ZMQDnf8vs8mPZtcDn8q9jZRRtRrhjvjLQ!-1795014553?title=bmw-group-posts-highest-sales-ever-in-2012&outputChannelId=6&id=T0135988EN&left_menu_item=node__2201#|title=BMW Group posts highest sales ever in 2012|accessdate=15 December 2013|publisher=BMW Group}}</ref> Mini vehicles have been active in rallying and the Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally on three occasions, in 1964, 1965 and 1967. Mini has participated in the [[World Rally Championship]] since 2011 through the [[Prodrive WRC Team]].

In April 2013, [[Peter Schwarzenbauer]] became new Mini's managing director, succeeding Jochen Goller<ref>[http://europe.autonews.com/article/20130314/ANE/130319953/bmw-names-ex-audi-sales-chief-schwarzenbauer-boss-of-mini-rolls BMW names ex-Audi sales chief Schwarzenbauer boss of Mini, europe.autonews.com]</ref>.

On 1 April 2019, BMW named Bernd Körber as director of the Mini brand and replaced Peter Schwarzenbauer<ref>{{fr}}[https://pro.largus.fr/actualites/bernd-korber-a-la-tete-de-mini-9723392.html Bernd Körber à la tête de Mini, pro.largus.fr, 1 de abril de 2019, pro.largus.fr]{{fr}}</ref>.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==

===1959 to 1990===
{{Main|Mini}}
[[File:Morris Mini-Minor 1959 (621 AOK).jpg|thumb|right|1959 Morris Mini-Minor]]

The original two-door Mini was a small car produced by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000. It is considered an icon of the 1960s,<ref name="chrisreed"/><ref name="reed1">{{cite book | author=Reed, Chris | title= Complete Classic Mini 1959–2000 | isbn=1-899870-60-1 | year=2003 | publisher=Motor Racing | location=Orpington }}</ref><ref name="clausager">{{cite book | author= Clausager, Anders | title=Essential Mini Cooper | isbn=1-870979-86-9 | year= 1997 | publisher= Bay View Books | location= Bideford, Devon }}</ref> and its space-saving front-wheel-drive layout (which allowed 80% of the area of the car's [[floorpan]] to be used for passengers and luggage) influenced a generation of car-makers.<ref>{{cite book|author=Martin Buckley & Chris Rees|title=Cars: An encyclopedia of the world's most fabulous automobiles|year=2006|publisher=Hermes House|isbn=1-84309-266-2|quote=The BMC Mini, launched in 1959, is Britain's most influential car ever. It defined a new genre. Other cars used [[front-wheel drive]] and transverse engines before but none in such a small space.}}</ref> The vehicle is in some ways considered the British equivalent to its German contemporary, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which enjoyed similar popularity in North America. In 1999 the Mini was voted the second most influential [[Car of the Century|car of the 20th Century]], behind the [[Ford Model T]].<ref name="nytimes">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260 "This Just In: Model T Gets Award"], James G. Cobb, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 24 December 1999</ref><ref name="auto.howstuffworks.com">{{cite web|last=Strickland |first=Jonathan |url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/mini-cooper.htm |title=HowStuffWorks "How the MINI Cooper Works" |publisher=Auto.howstuffworks.com |accessdate=20 July 2010}}</ref>

This distinctive two-door car was designed for BMC by [[Sir Alec Issigonis]].<ref name="issigbio">{{cite book | author=Wood, Jonathan | title=Alec Issigonis: The Man Who Made the Mini | publisher=Breedon Books Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=1-85983-449-3}}</ref><ref name="Nahum, Andrew 2004">{{cite book | author=Nahum, Andrew | title=Issigonis and the Mini | publisher=Icon Books | year=2004 | isbn=1-84046-640-5}}</ref> It was manufactured at the [[Longbridge plant|Longbridge]] and [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]] plants in England, the Victoria Park / Zetland [[British Motor Corporation (Australia)]] factory in [[Sydney]], Australia, and later also in Spain ([[Authi]]), Belgium, Chile, Italy ([[Innocenti]]), Portugal, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia. The Mini [[Mark I Mini|Mark I]] had three major UK updates: the Mark II, the Clubman and the Mark III. Within these was a series of variations including an [[estate car]], a [[pickup truck]], a [[van]] and the [[Mini Moke]]—a [[jeep]]-like buggy. The Mini Cooper and Cooper "S" were sportier versions that were successful as [[rally car]]s, winning the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] four times from 1964 through to 1967, although in 1966 the Mini was disqualified after the finish, along with six other British entrants, which included the first four cars to finish, under a questionable ruling that the cars had used an illegal combination of headlamps and spotlights.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Future of Monte Carlo rally in doubt
|date=21 January 1961
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/21/newsid_2506000/2506863.stm
|publisher=BBC
}}</ref>
Initially Minis were marketed under the Austin and Morris names, as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor, until Mini became a [[marque]] in its own right in 1969.<ref name="aro-story2"/><ref>Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945–1970, 1986</ref> The Mini was again marketed under the Austin name in the 1980s.

===1990 to 2000===
[[File:2000MiniCooperS-LastEdition.jpg|thumb|left|Mini Cooper S, 2000]]
In the 1990s, [[BMW]] was seeking to broaden its model range through the addition of compact cars and SUVs. This sparked a series of compact car concept vehicles from the company during the early 1990s. The first were the E1 and Z13, powered by an electric motor and a rear-mounted 1100 cc BMW motorcycle engine, respectively.<ref name="Mini, modern icon">{{cite book|last=Laban|first=Brian|title=The mini : the making of a modern icon|year=2003|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0-00-715275-2|edition=Updated }}</ref>

In early 1994, BMW acquired the Rover Group from British Aerospace, which owned Mini, among other brands. BMW insisted that even a compact model must feature traditional BMW characteristics (such as [[rear wheel drive]]) to uphold the company's standards and image. The "MINI" brand, however, did not share these standards and BMW saw this as an opportunity to create a competitively priced, yet premium, compact car. This formed BMW's plan to launch the premium [[BMW 1 Series]] and the mid-range Mini.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

It was at around this time that Rover, too, was working on a successor to the original Mini. Its first concept was the '''ACV30''' which was unveiled at the 1997 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]. The name was partially an acronym of ''Anniversary Concept Vehicle'', whilst the '30' represented the 30 years that had passed since a Mini first won the Monte Carlo Rally. The vehicle itself was a two-door coupe powered by a rear-mounted [[MG F]] engine.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

Just months later, Rover released another concept, this time, a pair of vehicles called '''Spiritual''' and '''Spiritual Too'''. These vehicles were a more realistic attempt to create a modern Mini, and coincided with BMW's official creation of the Mini project. Although the two-door and four-door pair wore Mini badges, both vehicles remained purely concepts.<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

In 1998, BMW set out on creating the production Mini. The first aspect that was considered was the design, which was chosen from 15 full-sized design studies. Five of these designs came from BMW Germany, another five from BMW Designworks in California, four from Rover and one from an outside studio in Italy. The chosen design was from BMW Designworks and was designed by American designer, [[Frank Stephenson]]. Stephenson penned the new Mini One R50 and Mini Cooper leading the team which developed the E50 car in Munich (parallel development in England by the team at Rover having been dropped in 1995).<ref name="bmwism.com">{{cite web|author=BMWism com automotive design information |url=http://www.bmwism.com/bmws_designers.htm |title=BMW Car Designers |publisher=Bmwism.com |accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> This design, being a [[city car]], also fitted into BMW's plan of two compact cars, leaving the [[supermini]] class for the BMW 1 Series. After the launch of the new Mini, Stephenson told automotive magazine [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]:<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>

{{cquote|We wanted the first impression when you walk up to the car to be "it could only be a Mini"|||Frank Stephenson<ref name="Mini, modern icon"/>}}

===2000 to present===
The last Mark VII Mini, and the 5,387,862nd and final original two-door Mini to be produced, a red Cooper Sport, was built at the Longbridge plant in October 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/end-of-an-era-as-mini-production-is-halted-634417.html|title=End of an era as Mini production is halted|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Independent|date=4 October 2000|location=London|first=Sally|last=Ledward}}</ref><ref name=tele51000>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368961/Longbridge-says-goodbye-to-its-little-wonder.html|title=Longbridge says goodbye to its little wonder|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=5 October 2000|location=London}}</ref> The car was driven off the production line by the pop singer [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], and was subsequently housed at the [[Heritage Motor Centre]] in Gaydon, alongside the first Mini Mark I ever made.<ref name=tele51000/> The new generation Mini Hatch/Hardtop went on sale in July 2001 and was an immediate sales success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1333218/Kings-Road-hails-return-of-the-Mini.html|title=King's Road hails return of the Mini|accessdate=12 January 2012|work=The Telegraph|date=8 July 2001|location=London|first=Charlotte|last=Edwardes}}</ref>

In February 2005, BMW announced an investment of £100 million in the Mini plant in Oxford, United Kingdom, creating 200 new jobs and enabling production output to be increased by 20%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4246215.stm|title=BMW cash to fuel Mini production|accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=15 February 2005|first=Jorn|last=Madslien}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/bmw_s_163_100m_boost_for_mini_as_sales_accelerate_1_736399|title=BMW's £100m boost for Mini as sales accelerate |accessdate=12 January 2012|publisher=The Scotsman|date=17 February 2005}}</ref>

At the [[North American International Auto Show#2011|North American International Auto Show]] in January 2011, BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the [[Mini (marque)#Mini Paceman (2011)|Mini Paceman]] concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110110/BUSINESS03/110110061/Mini-build-2-door-sporty-crossover|title=Mini to build 2-door sporty crossover|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Detroit Free Press|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/01/12/2013072/mini-paceman-concept-confirmed.html|title=Mini Paceman Concept Confirmed for Production|accessdate=24 November 2011|work=The Miami Herald|date=12 January 2011}}</ref>
In June 2011, BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-09/bmw-plans-to-invest-500-million-pounds-for-mini-assembly-1-.html|title=BMW Plans to Invest 500 Million Pounds for Mini Assembly|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Bloomberg|date=9 June 2011|first=Chris|last=Reiter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/09/uk-bmw-britain-idUKTRE75818420110609|title=BMW to invest £500 million in UK on new Mini|accessdate=24 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In July 2017, BMW has announced that an electric Mini model will be built at the Cowley plant, in Oxford, that will start production in 2019.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40718892</ref> It will also be produced in China.<ref>https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2018/07/10/bmw-electric-mini-cooper-china-great-wall-motors/772302002/</ref>

==Production models==

===Mini Mark I (1959 to 1967)===
[[File:1963 MkI Mini.jpg|thumb|right|A 1963 Austin Mini Super-Deluxe]]
{{main|Mini (Mark I)}}
Launched in August 1959, the Mark 1 Mini (code name ADO 15) was initially marketed as the Austin Seven and Morris Mini-Minor.

Mark I Minis can be identified by exterior door hinges, sliding door glass, tail lights smaller than later cars and a "mustache" grille.
The A-series engine came in a wide range of capacities, initially as an 848 cc, but later the 997, 998, 1071 and 1275 cc engines were added.
The non-Cooper cars had gearboxes with the "magic wand" selector, with 4-speeds (no synchromesh on 1st) while the Coopers has a remote shift selector.
An automatic, 4-speed transmission was introduced in 1965.
In 1960, a 2-seater van was launched, along with an estate, both sharing a longer wheelbase
In 1961 the pickup was introduced, also based on the longer wheelbase

===Mini Mark II (1967 to 1970)===
{{main|Mini#Mark_II_Mini:_1967.E2.80.931970|l1=Mini (Mark II)}}
The Mini received some minor modifications in 1967 as sold as the Austin or Morris Mini in most markets.

===Mini Marks III–VII (1969 to 2000)===
[[File:Mini Cooper, 1991.jpg|thumb|left|A Mark VI Mini, in production from 1990 to 1995.]]

The Mark III Mini was launched in 1969, which was an updated version of Mark II with a modified bodyshell. The most visible changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. The boot lid lost the original hinged number plate and its recess shape and a large rear colour-coded lamp was fitted in its place, along with larger rear side windows. Sliding windows were replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from [[Hydrolastic]] to rubber cones.<ref name="Autocar1976">{{cite journal |authorlink=Unsigned |title=Buying secondhand: Minis|journal=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] |volume=145 |issue=4172 |pages=74–77 |date=23 October 1976}}</ref> as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="mrtb5">{{cite book |title=Mini Gold Portfolio 1981–1997 |isbn=1-85520-385-5 }}</ref> Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name "Mini" completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gearheads.org/the-history-of-mini/|title=The History of Mini|date=19 May 2012|publisher=GearHeads|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>

The Mark IV, launched in 1976, introduced a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and larger bushes in the rear frame. In addition twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals, and from 1977 onwards the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them.

The Mark V, launched in 1984, introduced {{convert|8.4|in|mm|sing=on}} brake discs and plastic wheel arches (mini special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape.

For the Mark VI, launched in 1990, the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1,275 cc power units, and includes the HIF carburettor version, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. Internal bonnet release were fitted from 1992.

The Mark VII, launched in 1996, was the final version of the original two-door Mini. For this model twin point injection with front-mounted radiator was introduced, along with a full-width dashboard and driver's side airbag.

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2001 to 2006)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2004 Mini Cooper 1.6.jpg|thumb|right|A 2004 Mini One Hatch (pre-facelift model)]]
All Mini models since 2001 have different variants, including '''One''' (entry-level), '''Cooper''', '''Cooper S''' (sporty), and '''John Cooper Works (JCW)''' (high-end).

The hatchback/hardtop Mini was the first model of the new generation Mini, introduced in 2001, and was back then known as simply ''Mini''. It was available in Cooper, Cooper S and One variations at launch. In many European markets, the Mini One was powered by a 1.4-litre [[Straight-4|I4]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/210841/mini_one.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2007 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=6 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> version of the [[Tritec engine]] but all other [[petrol]] powered Minis used the 1.6-litre I4 version. The Cooper S and JCW models included a [[supercharger]] intake system. This generation of minis was the only production model to have one, replaced by a [[turbocharger]] from the second generation onwards.<ref name="haynes">{{cite book|title=MINI Owners Workshop Manual July 2001 to 2005 (Y to 05 reg) Petrol|author=Martynn Randall.|year=2005|publisher=Haynes|location=Sparkford}}</ref><ref name="bentley">{{cite book | title=Mini Cooper: service manual, Mini Cooper, Mini Cooper S, 2002, 2003, 2004. | isbn=0-8376-1068-0 | year=2004 | publisher=BentleyPublishers.com | location=Cambridge, MA }}</ref>

The names ''Cooper'' and ''Cooper S'' followed the names used for the sportier version of the classic Mini, which in turn come from the involvement of [[John Cooper (car maker)|John Cooper]] and the Cooper Car Company. The Cooper heritage was further emphasised with the ''John Cooper Works'' (JCW) range of tuning options that are available with the Mini. John Cooper also created a one-off racing model of the Mini Cooper S named the Mini Cooper S Works. This car featured many extras which help to improve performance, such as a racing exhaust and air filter as well as uprated suspension. The car also had one-of-a-kind {{convert|17|in|mm|adj=on}} racing wheels.<ref name="anderson">{{cite book | title=Motoring: Getting the Maximum from Your New MINI | author=Gary Anderson; Don Racine | isbn=0-9765780-0-X | year=1982 | publisher=Enthusiast Publications | location=Los Altos, Calif. }}</ref>

The Mk I Mini One, Cooper and Cooper S used some version of the reliable, Brazilian-built [[Tritec engine]], co-developed by [[Chrysler]] & BMW; the Mini One D used a [[Toyota]]-built [[Toyota ND engine|1ND-TV]] diesel engine. In August 2006, BMW announced that future engines would be built in the UK, making the car essentially British-built again; final assembly took place at [[Oxford]], and the body pressings were made in nearby [[Swindon]] at BMW's Swindon Pressings Ltd subsidiary.

The last Mk I variant was the Mini Cooper S with [[John Cooper Works]] GP Kit: a light-weight, quasi-race-prepped [[John Cooper Works]] model. Hand-finished by [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]] in Italy, it was offered as a limited-production run of 2,000 cars during the 2006 model year, with 444 of those originally intended for the UK market (although ultimately, 459 were sold).

===Mini Convertible/Cabrio (2005 to 2008)===
[[File:Mini Cooper S Cabriolet (R52) – Frontansicht, 25. September 2011, Mettmann.jpg|thumb|left|A 2006 Mini Cooper S Convertible]]

At the 2004 [[Salon International de l'Auto]], Mini introduced a [[convertible (car)|convertible]] model which was released in the 2005 model year and available in One, Cooper and Cooper S trim versions.

The convertible roof is fully automatic—an unusual feature in such a small car—and can be opened partially to act as a [[sunroof]] whilst the car is driving at speed. The convertible model forsakes the rear hatchback of the Hardtop Mini, replacing it with a drop down 'tailgate' that is reminiscent of the classic Mini—it incorporates similarly prominent external hinges, and with the roof in the closed position, the rear roof section and luggage shelf can be raised with two handles, semi-tailgate style, to access the luggage space easier. The convertible also adds two small power windows for the rear seat passengers which are lowered automatically when the roof opens. The roof is made from a heavy cloth, with many layers of insulation; the rear window is glass with an integral heater/defroster, but no washer or wiper.

At the 2007 [[North American International Auto Show]], Mini introduced the limited edition Mini Cooper S Sidewalk Convertible. It had a top speed of {{convert|215|km/h|abbr=on}} and accelerates from {{convert|0|to|100|km/h}} in 7.9 seconds. The engine provides {{convert|168|hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|N.m|abbr=on}} of torque.
{{-}}

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2007 to 2014)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2009 Mini Hatch (R56) Cooper hatchback (26610582445).jpg|thumb|right|A 2009 Mini Cooper Hatch.]]
Mini introduced an all-new second generation of the Hardtop/Hatch model in November 2006, on a re-engineered [[automobile platform|platform]] incorporating many stylistic and engineering changes. It utilises the [[Prince engine]], the architecture of which is shared with [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] and is designed to be more cost-effective and fuel-efficient, and is manufactured at the BMW Hams Hall engine plant in Warwickshire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.evo.co.uk/carreviews/evocarreviews/204244/mini_cooper.html |title=Evo Magazine December 2006 |publisher=Evo.co.uk |date=8 December 2006 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> The development and engineering was done in Munich, Germany at BMW Group headquarters, and by external third parties.<ref name="bmwism.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/menschen_netzwerke/innovationsnetzwerk/forschung_innovation.html|title=BMW Group Research and Innovation Center|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/forschung_entwicklung/netzwerk/forschung_technik.html|title=BMW Group Research and Technology|publisher=BMW Group|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> Although the new model looks very similar to its predecessor, every panel was different and new safety requirements resulted in the overall length increasing by {{convert|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.

The second generation Mini was introduced in the Cooper and Cooper S trim levels; the range was added to in 2007 with the Mini One. For the first time, there was a diesel-powered Cooper, available from April 2007, and badged as the Cooper D, which was supplemented in January 2011 with a new 2.0 L diesel for the automatic Cooper and high performance Cooper SD. The Convertible and Clubman versions followed later. In 2009, the Mini First trim level was launched in the UK, which is a low-end, petrol-only version, with less power and a lower speed. The Mini John Cooper Works Challenge is a purpose-built race car, based on the Mini Hatch, and manufactured in the [[BMW Motorsport]] factory located in Munich. It was unveiled in 2007 at the IAA Motor Show.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/08/14/frankfurt-preview-minis-track-prepped-john-cooper-works-challe/ |title=Frankfurt Preview: Mini's track-prepped John Cooper Works Challenge |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=14 August 2007 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> In 2009 a John Cooper Works World Championship 50 special edition was unveiled in 2009 Mini United Festival in Silverstone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paukert |first=Chris |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/06/10/officially-official-mini-cooper-jcw-world-championship-50-detai/ |title=Officially Official: Mini Cooper JCW World Championship 50 details and photos released |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=6 October 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

===Mini Clubman (2008 to 2014)===
{{Main|Mini Clubman (2007)}}
[[File:Mini Cooper S Clubman Facelift front 20100508.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Cooper S Clubman]]

The Mini Clubman is an [[Station wagon|estate]] Mini, introduced for the 2008 model year and available in One, Cooper, Cooper S, and Cooper D variations. While identical to the Hatch/Hardtop from the B-pillars forward, the Clubman is {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} longer overall, with a correspondingly stretched wheelbase that is {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} longer; this provides more rear-seat leg room and substantially increased cargo space when compared to the Hardtop—{{convert|160|mm|abbr=on}} longer, giving 260 litres (9.2 cubic feet) of space. It has twin "barn doors," alternately referred to as "the Splitdoor," enclosing the boot instead of a pull-up hatch, and also features a "Clubdoor" on the right-hand side regardless of the intended market. This means that in right-hand drive markets, the rear door is on the road side of the car, requiring rear passengers to exit into the road. Engine and transmission selections are identical to those used in the Hatch/Hardtop model, except the {{convert|66|kW|PS hp|0|abbr=on}} One Diesel; and the rear suspension set-up shares many of the same designs features including the rear trailing arms and the anti-roll bars.

The use of the name "Clubman" for the Mini estate van was a break with classic Mini tradition. "Clubman" was originally the name given to the 1970s face-lift of the classic Mini, which mostly resulted in a squared-off front end, whereas the classic Mini estates had traditionally been named "Traveller" or "Countryman". However, BMW did not initially purchase the rights to use those names.

===Mini Convertible (2009 to 2015)===
[[File:Mo Farah Doha 2015c.jpg|thumb|Athlete [[Mo Farah]] in a Mini Convertible at the [[Doha Diamond League]]]]

The second generation Mini Convertible was unveiled at the 2009 [[North American International Auto Show|Detroit Auto Show]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nunez |first=Alex |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/11/detroit-2009-mini-cooper-convertible-chills-out/ |title=Detroit 2009: Mini Cooper Convertible chills out |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=11 January 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> and the 2009 Geneva International Motor Show<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Noah |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/02/10/geneva-preview-mini-drops-the-top-on-the-jcw-cabrio/ |title=Geneva Preview: Mini drops the top on the JCW cabrio |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=10 February 2009 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> as a 2009 model-year vehicle (first available for sale on 28 March 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wot.motortrend.com/6369523/auto-news/2009-mini-convertible-photos-and-specs-released/index.html |title=2009 Mini Convertible Photos and Specs Released |publisher=Wot.motortrend.com |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>). A device, marketed as the "Openometer", records the number of minutes the vehicle has operated with its roof retracted. Available variants and corresponding powertrain selections are the same as in the Mini Hatch range, including the diesel engine in some markets.
{{-}}

===Mini Countryman (2011 to 2016)===
{{Main|Mini Countryman}}
[[File:2012 Mini Countryman -- 03-24-2012 2.JPG|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman]]

The Mini Countryman was announced in January 2010, and formally launched at the 2010 [[Geneva Motor Show]]. It is the first Mini [[crossover SUV]], and the first five-door model to be launched in the BMW-era. It is offered with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive (known as ALL4), and with 1.6 L petrol or diesel and 2.0 L diesel [[Inline-four engine|four-cylinder engines]] in various states of tune.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/247405/mini_countryman_official.html |title=MINI Countryman – official!|work=Auto Express |date=20 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> Sales started in September 2010 as a 2011 model-year vehicle.

The Countryman has a longer wheelbase, more interior room, and higher ground clearance than the Clubman. It uses the same engines as the Hatch/Clubman range, but with an optional [[all-wheel-drive]] powertrain (dubbed "ALL4") to allow minimal off-road and rugged terrain driving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/01/21/the-mini-countryman-fun-has-no-limits/|title=The MINI Countryman, Fun has no Limits|publisher=Automoblog.net}}</ref> A six-speed [[manual transmission]] is standard on all models, with [[automatic transmission]] available on all petrol and diesel models except the 90 bhp One D.
{{-}}

===Mini Coupé (2012 to 2015)===
{{main|Mini Coupé}}
[[File:2012 Mini John Cooper Works Coupe -- 11-26-2011 front.jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works Coupé]]
Mini revealed the Coupé in June 2011. It is the first two-seat Mini and the first to have a three-box design; the engine compartment, the passenger compartment and the luggage compartments are all separated. It will also be the fastest production Mini ever: in [[John Cooper Works]] trim, it does {{convert|0|to|62|mph|abbr=on}} in 6.4 seconds and goes on to a top speed of {{Convert|149|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} as it is powered by a turbocharged {{Convert|208|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} 1,598 cc four-cylinder.
{{-}}

===Mini Roadster (2012 to 2015)===
The Mini Roadster was first shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2009<ref>{{cite web|author=Noah Joseph |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/09/15/frankfurt-2009-mini-coupe-and-roadster-concepts/ |title=Frankfurt 2009: Mini Coupe & Roadster Concepts |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=15 September 2009 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref> and is the convertible version of the Mini Coupe. The Roadster is available in three trim levels: Cooper, Cooper S, and [[John Cooper Works]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Zach Bowman |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/01/27/2012-mini-roadster-priced-from-24-350/ |title=2012 Mini Roadster priced from $24,350* |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

===Mini Paceman (2013 to 2016)===
{{main|Mini Paceman}}
[[File:2015 Mini Paceman Cooper D Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|A Mini Paceman Cooper]]
The '''Mini Paceman''' three-door crossover version of the [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] debuted as a [[concept car]] at the 2011 Detroit Auto Show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/motorshows/detroit-motor-show-2011/261874/mini_paceman_gets_green_light.html |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Rix |first2=Jack |work=AutoExpress |publisher=Dennis Publishing |title=Detroit Motor Show: MINI Paceman gets green light |date=January 2011 }}</ref> On 5 July 2012, senior vice president of Mini brand management, Dr. Kay Segler, announced that, "the Mini Paceman is the official name of the brand's seventh model, which will be launched next year (2013) in the U.S."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/07/05/mini-paceman-arrives-next-year/ |publisher=AOL Autos |title=Mini Paceman arrives next year |date=July 2012 }}</ref> The production version was launched at the 2012 [[Paris Motor Show]], with sales starting in most international markets by the second quarter of 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Matt|title=Paris motor show: Mini Paceman|url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/paris-motor-show-2012/paris-motor-show-mini-paceman|work=Autocar|accessdate=10 June 2013|date=27 September 2012}}</ref>

{{clear left}}

===Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014 to present)===
{{Main|Mini Hatch}}
[[File:2015 MINI Cooper Hardtop 2 door -- NHTSA test 9062 - front.jpg|thumbnail|right|3rd generation Mini hatchback]]
The third generation Mini was unveiled by BMW in November 2013, with sales starting in the first half of 2014. The new car is 98 mm longer, 44 mm wider, and 7 mm taller than the outgoing model, with a 28 mm longer wheelbase and an increase in track width (+42 mm front and +34 mm rear). The increase in size results in a larger interior and a boot volume increase to 211 litres.<ref>{{cite web|last=Berkowitz |first=Justin |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-mini-cooper-cooper-s-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Mini Cooper and Cooper S: Envelope Pushed, Again |publisher=caranddriver.com |date=1 November 2013 |accessdate=22 December 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Technical information==

===Engine summary===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Model!!Years!!Type!!Power, torque @ rpm
|-
!Colspan=4|Petrol engines
|-
|First||2009–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,500, {{convert|120|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,500
|-
|One||2007–2010||{{convert|1397|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|95|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,000
|-
|First||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|75|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|140|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,250
|-
|One||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|98|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|153|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 3,000
|-
|Cooper Hardtop Cooper Clubman Cooper Convertible||2007–2010 2008–2010 2009–2010||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|120|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4||{{convert|122|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|160|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 4,250
|-
|Cooper S Hardtop Cooper S Clubman Cooper S Convertible||2007— 2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|175|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|Cooper S (all body styles)||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|184|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 5,500, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,600–5,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,700–4,500
|-
|John Cooper Works CHALLENGE John Cooper Works (all body styles)||2008— 2009— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|211|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000, {{convert|261|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,850–5,600
Overboost: {{convert|279|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 2,000
|-
!Colspan=4|Diesel engines
|-
|One D||2007–2009||{{convert|1364|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|88|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|190|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750
|-
|One D||2009–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000,88 hp
|-
|Cooper D||2008–2010||{{convert|1560|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|110|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|240|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,000
Overboost: {{convert|260|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}
|-
|One D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|90|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|215|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,500
|-
|Cooper D||2010— ||{{convert|1598|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|112|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|270|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,250
|-
|Cooper SD||2011— ||{{convert|1995|cc|L cuin|abbr=on}} I4 turbo||{{convert|143|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 4,000, {{convert|305|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 1,750–2,700
|-
!Colspan=4|Electric motors
|-
|E||2009— ||[[AC Propulsion]] 13000 rpm motor, 100A @ 13.5 V power supply||{{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} @ 6,000–12,000, {{convert|225|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 0–5,000
Regeneration: {{convert|115|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} 
Continuous: {{convert|68|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}}
|}

===Internal designations===
The original Mini was designated ADO 15,<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC ADO 15|url=http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|work=Automobile Engineer |accessdate=25 March 2012|date=April 1961|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510150924/http://savetheminis.com/Automobile%20Engineer%20-%20BMC%20ADO15%20Part%201.pdf|archivedate=10 May 2015}}</ref> the 15th model developed by the Austin Drawing Office. ADO 20 is the code name to the Mini Mark III.<ref>{{cite book |first1=John|last1=Parnell |first2=Anders Ditlev|last2=Clausager |others=photography by Paul Debois|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Hughes |title=Original Mini Cooper and Cooper S: The Restorer's Guide|year=2002|publisher=Bay View Books|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=0-7603-1228-1}}</ref> The 1961 Cooper was referred to code ADO 50.<ref>{{cite web|title=Development codes|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/06/25/development-codes/|work=AR Online|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

Until 2013, all Rover and BMW era Mini models have R-series model numbers assigned to them, a legacy of the Mini's original development within Rover Group. Future models will have an F-series model number. The following designations are known:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motoringfile.com/2006/10/03/mini-product-numbering-system-explained/ |title=Mini Product Numbering System Explained |work=MotoringFile |accessdate=29 January 2007}}</ref>
*'''R50''': "Mk I" [[Mini Hatch (2001–2006)|Mini One]] & Cooper (2001–2006)
*'''R52''': "Mk I" Mini Convertible (2004–2008)
*'''R53''': "Mk I" Mini Cooper S (2001–2006)
*'''R55''': "Mk II" Mini Clubman (2007–2014)
*'''R56''': "Mk II" Mini Hatch/Hardtop range (2006–2013)
*'''R57''': "Mk II" Mini Convertible (2009–)
*'''R58''': Coupé (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R59''': Roadster (2012–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mini-coupe-and-roadster-will-be-discontinued-after-2015-ar166391.html |title=MINI Coupe and Roadster will be discontinued after 2015}}</ref>
*'''R60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2010–2016)
*'''R61''': Paceman (2013–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bimmertoday.de/2011/01/26/mini-paceman-lauft-ab-2012-in-graz-vom-band-marktstart-2013/ |title=MINI Paceman läuft ab 2012 in Graz vom Band, Marktstart 2013|language=de|trans-title=MINI Paceman production runs from 2012 in Graz, market launch 2013|author=Benny |work=Bimmer Today |date=10 January 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>
*'''F54''': [[Mini Clubman (2007)|Mini Clubman]] (2015–)
*'''F56''': Mini Hatch/Hardtop (2014–)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/Secret-new-cars/Search-Results/Spyshots/Mini-F56-2013-BMWs-plan-to-replace-whole-Mini-range/ |first=Georg |last=Kacher |title=BMW's plan to replace whole Mini range |website=carmagazine.co.uk|date=27 January 2012|accessdate=19 June 2013}}</ref>
*'''F55''': 5-door Hatch (2015–)
*'''F60''': [[Mini Countryman|Countryman]] (2017–)

===Body type summary in UK===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chassis codes !!R55!!R56!!R57!!R60!!R61
|-
|Body styles||Clubman||Hardtop||Convertible||Countryman||Paceman
|-
!Trim level!!colspan=5|Years
|-
|First||–||2009— ||–||–||–
|-
|One||–||2007— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|Cooper S||2008— ||2007— ||2009— ||2011— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works||2009— ||2009— ||2009— ||2013— ||2013–
|-
|John Cooper Works Challenge||–||2008— ||–||–||–
|-
|Cooper D||2008— ||2008— ||2010— ||2013— ||–
|-
|E||–||2009||–||–||–
|}

==Development and production==
[[File:BMW MINI pressings plant Swindon.jpg|right|thumb|Plant Swindon, the main production site for Mini body pressings and sub-assemblies]]
[[File:Cowley Motor Works - geograph.org.uk - 325438.jpg|right|thumb|[[Plant Oxford]] in [[Cowley, Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]], the main assembly plant for the Mini range.]]

Before BMW's ownership, the traditional Mini had been made at both [[Cowley, Oxfordshire|Cowley]], [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Longbridge]], [[Birmingham]]. In time, production was rationalised to just Longbridge and so this was where the last of the cars were made, making Longbridge the "natural home" for the new Mini prior to BMW splitting up the company. However, as a result of the change of ownership, BMW redeveloped the entire Cowley plant, demolishing much of the factory, to create a new factory and renamed this "[[Plant Oxford]]", on the site of what was historically the [[Pressed Steel Company]]'s Cowley Body Plant and next door to what was historically the Morris factory.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Making Cars at Cowley
|author=Gillian Bardsley, Stephen King
|publisher=Tempus Publishing
|year=2006
|isbn=0-7524-3902-2
}}</ref>

Since 2006, Plant Hams Hall produces the new Mini petrol engines, Plant Oxford is responsible for the body shell production, paint and assembly, and Plant Swindon produces body pressings and sub-assemblies, creating the "Mini Production Triangle".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mini-production-triangle.com |title=Mini Production Triangle official website |publisher=Mini-production-triangle.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> Mini claim that 60% of components of the Mini Mk II come from suppliers based in the UK compared to 40% for the 2001 model. The Countryman is the first modern Mini assembled outside the UK, with the contract won by [[Magna Steyr]] in Austria.<ref name="Car Magazine"/>

At [[Plant Oxford]] 4,000 employees, referred to as "associates", produce up to 800 cars each day (approximately 240,000 per year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11310040|title=Agency posts axed at Oxford's Mini plant|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=15 September 2010}}</ref> The bodyshop at Cowley holds 429 robots, assembling 425 body panels; the bodyshells are then moved to the neighbouring paint shop where [[paint robot]]s apply the 14 exterior colour options and optional contrasting roof colours. Final assembly is performed at Cowley, which involves the fitting of 2,400 components to produce the numerous variants that may be ordered.<ref>"The Mini Production Triangle in the UK" – BMW Mini publicity leaflet</ref><ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2006/10/16/mini-production-triangle-and-oxford-plant-tour/ "Mini Production Triangle and Oxford Plant Tour"], Paultan.org, 16 October 2006</ref>

All Prince four-cylinder petrol engines for Mini and BMW are produced at the [[Hams Hall]] Plant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group |publisher=BMW Group |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref> near Birmingham, United Kingdom, which has around 800 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/birmingham-business/birmingham-business-news/automotive-business/2009/11/13/german-ambassador-visits-hams-hall-engine-plant-65233-25156164/|title=German Ambassador visits Hams Hall engine plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Birmingham Post|date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Diesel engines are manufactured by BMW's Plant Steyr in Austria, having previously been manufactured in France and England by PSA.

Mini sub-assemblies and pressings such as doors are supplied by the plant at [[Swindon]], where 1,000 are employed and 280 pressed parts are produced using 135 [[industrial Robot|welding robots]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/8505541.stm|title=About 100 jobs to go at Swindon Mini plant|accessdate=21 November 2010|publisher=BBC News|date=9 February 2010}}</ref> The Swindon plant was originally Swindon Pressings Ltd, founded in 1955 by the [[Pressed Steel Company]] and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the BMW Group in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/nav/index.html?http://www.bmwgroup.com/e/0_0_www_bmwgroup_com/produktion/produktionsnetzwerk/produktionsstandorte/werk_swindon.html |title=BMW Group website |publisher=Bmwgroup.com |accessdate=25 June 2011}}</ref>

Minis are primarily developed in the United Kingdom by BMW's Development Division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miniusa.com/#/contactFaq/faq/top-i | title=Contact and FAQs|accessdate=20 December 2010 |publisher=Mini USA}}</ref>

In 2013, assembly of the Countryman was expanded to three international locations: from April 2013 at BMW's plant near Chennai, India, specifically for the Indian market<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bmw-to-make-mini-countryman-in-chennai-113041700222_1.html|title=BMW to make MINI Countryman in Chennai|author=BS|date=18 April 2013|work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CHOUDHURY|first=SANTANU|title=BMW Starts Production of Mini in India|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324493704578428321142471586|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=18 April 2013|date=18 April 2013}}</ref> from June 2013 at the BMW Group Malaysia Assembly Plant in Kulim, Kedah,<ref>{{cite web|title=Locally assembled MINI Countryman unveiled|url=http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|work=Star Motoring|accessdate=28 April 2014|date=14 June 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216042308/http://star-motoring.com/News/2013/Locally-assembled-MINI-Countryman-unveiled.aspx?feed=StarMotoringNewsFeed|archivedate=16 February 2014}}</ref> and at the BMW Manufacturing Thailand plant in Rayong from August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BMW Group Thailand begins local assembly of Mini Countryman|url=http://www.bangkokbusinessbrief.com/2013/08/14/bmw-group-thailand-begins-local-assembly-of-mini-countryman/|work=Bangkok Business Brief|accessdate=29 October 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Since 2014 cars have also been assembled under contract by [[VDL Nedcar]] near [[Maastricht]] in [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].<ref name=MinivolgensAutovisie>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/autovisie/autovisie_nieuws/mini/22378329/__Mini_voor_Amerika_ook_uit_Nederland__.html|title=Mini voor Amerika ook uit Nederland|date=12 March 2014 |publisher=TMG Landelijke Media B.V., Amsterdam (Autovisie)|accessdate=1 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=VDLCompRep201508>{{cite web|title=REPORT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD ... Products and production volume|page=8|publisher=VDL Nedcar B.V. (VDL Nedcar)|url=http://www.vdlnedcar.nl/data/uploads/VDL_Nedcar/VDL_Nedcar_JV-2015_UK_screen.pdf|work=ANNUAL REPORT 2015|accessdate=19 July 2015|date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

==Sales==
A total of around 5.3 million of the original two-door Minis were sold, making it by far the most popular British car of all time. Thousands of these are still on the road, with the remaining pre-1980s versions being firmly established as collectors' items.

Deliveries of Minis has ranged from 188,077 in 2006 to 232,425 in 2008. In 2009 216,538 cars were delivered,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-07/bmw-chief-plans-big-push-to-fend-off-audi-mercedes.html|title=BMW Chief Plans 'Big Push' to Fend Off Audi, Mercedes|accessdate=21 November 2010|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=7 September 2010}}</ref> with 69.3% being Mini Hatch/Hardtop, 13.1% Convertible models and 17.6% the Clubman variant. Over 53% were the Cooper version, with 26.2% Cooper S, and the basic One 20.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |title=BMW Group Annual Report 2009 | |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705011441/http://www.bmwgroup.com/annualreport2009/_downloads/BMW_Group_2009.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>

In 2009, the Mini was Britain's seventh best selling car—the first time that a BMW-era Mini had appeared among the nation's top 10 selling cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |title=Ford Fiesta is top in 09 |work=Car Dealer Magazine |date=8 January 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521090814/http://www.cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/ford-fiesta-is-2009-best-seller/28370 |archivedate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> It also was Britain's seventh best selling car in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3043609/British-car-sales-up-20-in-a-year.html |title=British car sales up 20% in a year |work=The Sun |date=6 July 2010 |accessdate=5 August 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

Mini sales worldwide were up 22% in 2011 over 2010, with 285,000 cars delivered across the globe. In the U.S., the brand's largest market, 57,000 were sold in 2011, a 26% increase over 2010. The next two largest markets, the United Kingdom and Germany, saw 13% and 28% sales increases over 2010, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |work=Detroit Free Press |url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120109/BUSINESS03/120109058/Mini-roadster-debuts-amid-monster-sales |title=Mini roadster debuts amid monster sales}}</ref>

A total of 301,526 Mini vehicles were sold worldwide in 2012.<ref name=2012sales /> The largest national market was the United States, with 66,123 units sold, followed by the United Kingdom with 50,367.<ref name=2012sales /> The Mini Countryman sold a total of 102,250 units in the year.<ref name=2012sales />

==Marketing==
[[File:Warschau Krucza, Mini DSC 1677.JPG|thumb|right|150px|A Mini advertising hoarding in Warsaw, Poland]]
During the production of the post-2000 Mini, as a part of Mini's [[viral marketing]] approach, purchasers of the Mini convertible were asked to sign a "contract" promising that they would drive the car with the roof open at least 90% of the time. Mini also set up a telephone hotline (in the USA: 1-888-DO NOT CLOSE) which one may call to report convertible owners who are driving with the roof up inappropriately. The automated system offers such helpful advice as how to administer a [[wedgie]] to the offender. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

[[Butler, Shine, Stern & Partners]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a video series in 2007 called [[Hammer & Coop]], directed by [[Todd Phillips]] as part of an ad campaign for the Mini.<ref>{{cite web|last=Filipponio |first=Frank |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2007/02/20/hammer-and-coop-episodes-1-and-2/ |title=Hammer & Coop: Episodes 1 & 2 |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=20 February 2007 |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

[[Crispin Porter + Bogusky]], Mini's advertising agency, produced a movie called ''Counterfeit Mini Coopers'' as part of the ad campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=463 |title=Video: Counter Counterfeit Mini Coopers |publisher=Theory.isthereason.com |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

To advertise Mini Clubman's 2008 introduction to the Chinese market, Beijing Mini offered a Mini [[Auto rickshaw|Rickshaw]], which uses the rear half of Mini Clubman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Korzeniewski |first=Jeremy |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/08/08/mini-clubman-rickshaws-running-around-beijing/ |title=Mini Clubman Rickshaws running around Beijing |publisher=Autoblog.com |date=8 August 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

In New Zealand, Mini sponsored ''[[Mad Men]]'', broadcast on [[Prime Television New Zealand|Prime]]. Special spots were created; for the first season, these took the form of a [[satirical]], sexist 60s-style television commercial. For the second season, the spot was a [[pastiche]] of ''Mad Men'''s opening credits, with a silhouette figure tumbling out of an office building, landing in the driver's seat of a Mini. {{CN|date=June 2018}}

==Controversy==
It is reported that BMW was ordered by U.S. regulators to reduce fuel economy ratings on four 2014 Mini Coopers as results from [[EPA]] testing did not match the automaker's submissions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Burden|first1=Melissa|title=GM halts large SUV sales due to fuel economy labels|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/05/13/gm-suvs/84340896/|accessdate=14 May 2016|work=The Detroit News|date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Films==
In 1969, the original British Mini was featured in the gold-heist film ''[[The Italian Job]]'' starring Michael Caine and Noël Coward.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064505/</ref> In 2003, the new MINI Cooper was shown in a remake of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]''. One Chilli Red MINI was a Cooper S Hatch R53, the Electric Blue MINI was a Cooper Hatch R53, and the Pepper White MINI was also a Cooper Hatch R53.

==Demonstration models==
{{Outdated as of | year = 2014 | month = 3 | day = 3 | type=Category | demospace=category }}

===Mini E (2009 to 2010)===
{{Main|Mini E}}
[[File:Mini E -- 2010 DC.jpg|thumb|Mini E [[electric car]]]]
The Mini E is a front-wheel drive [[electric car]] powered version of the Mini and was unveiled in 2008 at the [[Los Angeles Auto Show]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2008/11/18/la-2008-live-reveal-of-the-mini-e/ |title=LA 2008: Live reveal of the Mini E |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=18 November 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref> with an electric motor rated {{convert|204|PS|kW hp|abbr=on}} and {{convert|220|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}}, 380 V {{convert|35|kWh}} [[lithium-ion battery]] with distance of {{Convert|240|km}}. It has top speed of {{convert|152|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The [[vehicle glider]]s are built in the Mini factory in Oxford, while batteries, electric drive and power electronics are manufactured in Munich. The components are then shipped to a specially equipped manufacturing complex, situated on BMW plant premises where the electric motor, battery units, performance electronics and transmission can be integrated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Abuelsamid |first=Sam |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2008/10/18/la-preview-officially-official-the-mini-e-does-it-use-a-tesl/ |title=LA Preview: Officially, official: the Mini E! |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=18 October 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2010}}</ref>

The Mini E is a demonstration car part of BMW's "Project i", which will be followed in mid-2011 by a similar trial with the [[BMW ActiveE]] ([[all-electric vehicle]]), which will be built based on the lessons learned from the Mini E field testing. The last phase of "Project i" is the development of the [[BMW Mega City Vehicle|Mega City Vehicle]] (MCV) urban electric car, a new brand that will be sold separately from BMW or Mini, and is expected to go into [[mass production]] between 2013 and 2015.<ref name=Wards0510/><ref name=AutoMag2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/green/news/1005_rich_steinberg_interview/index.html|title=Green: Rich Steinberg Interview|publisher=[[Automobile Magazine]]|author=Joe Lorio|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=Edmunds0510/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/automobiles/04MEGACITY.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles|title=Envisioning a Small Electric BMW for the World’s Very Big Cities|author=Phil Patton|work=New York Times|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=3 July 2010}}</ref>
Field testing began in June 2009 and 450 Mini E were made available through leasing to private users in [[Los Angeles]] and the [[New York City|New York]]/[[New Jersey]] area.<ref name=GCC0809>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/bmw-ucdavis-20090814.html|title=BMW and UC Davis Partner on MINI E Study|date=14 August 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]}}</ref> In May 2010 BMW announced that leasing could be renewed for another year at a lower leasing price.<ref name=Edmunds0510>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |title=Mini Says Half of Last Year's Mini E Lessees Renewed for Another Year |publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518195036/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/05/mini-says-half-of-last-years-mini-e-lessees-renewed-for-another-year.html |archivedate=18 May 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AbG0510>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/14/half-of-mini-e-lessees-renew-for-another-year-price-dropped-to/|title=Half of Mini E lessees renew for another year, price dropped to $600/month|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]|date=14 May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref>
Another field test was launched in the UK in December 2009, where more than 40 Mini E cars were handed to private users for a two consecutive six-month field trial periods.<ref name=GCC1209>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/12/minie-20091214.html|title=BMW Delivers 40 Electric MINI E Cars for UK Trial|publisher=[[Green Car Congress]]|date=14 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>
Additional field testing is taking place in Germany and France.<ref name=Wards0510>{{cite web|url=http://wardsauto.com/ar/mini_bmw_ev_100519/|title=Mini E Only Beginning of BMW EV Strategy|author=Tom Murphy|publisher=Wards Auto|date=19 May 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=PlugIn0510>{{cite web|url=http://www.plugincars.com/upcoming-munich-mini-e-trial.html|title=Upcoming Munich MIni E Trial|author=Zaher Karp|publisher=PluginCars.com|date=May 2010|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=JustAuto0610>{{cite web|url=http://www.just-auto.com/news/harsh-winter-provides-valuable-mini-ev-feedback_id104628.aspx?lk=emf|title=UK: Harsh winter provides valuable Mini EV feedback|publisher=Just Auto|author=Chris Wright|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref name=NYT0510>{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/bmws-busy-hybrid-future/?scp=4&sq=Mini%20E&st=cse|title=BMW’s Hybrid Future May Include 3 Series|author=Jim Motavalli|work=New York Times|date=19 May 2010 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
This trial program allowed the [[BMW Group]] to become the world's first major car manufacturer to deploy a fleet of more than 500 all-electric vehicles for private use.<ref name=WP122409>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/23/AR2009122303463.html?sub=AR|title=Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream|author=Peter Whoriskey|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=24 December 2009|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

==Concept cars==
{{main|Mini concept cars}}
[[File:MINI Rocketman (5491913668).jpg|thumb|The Mini Rocketman on display at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show]]
There were several Mini concept cars produced to show future ideas and forthcoming models such as the '''ACV30''' in 1997 and the Crossover in 2008 which became the [[Mini Countryman]] in 2010.

The ACV30 featured several elements that influenced the eventual new Mini of 2001 such as the black a-pillars, chunky wheel arch detailing and white roof. The concept was attributed to the BMW designer [[Adrian van Hooydonk]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |title=Car Design News 3 February 2009 |publisher=Cardesignnews.com |accessdate=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120302/http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/display/store4/item149644/ |archivedate=8 July 2011 }}</ref> and [[Frank Stephenson]].
[[File:Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept, IAA 2017, Frankfurt (1Y7A3226).jpg|thumb|Mini John Cooper Works GP Concept]]
===Alternative fuel versions===
BMW demonstrated a [[hydrogen]]-powered internal combustion technology in some of their concept cars in 2000 and 2001, and Mini showcased a hydrogen-powered concept car in 2001 at the Frankfurt Auto Show. The car differs from [[hybrid vehicle|electric]]-motor hydrogen concepts, such as the [[Honda FCX]] in that it uses a cylinder-based [[internal combustion engine]].

An all-electric Mini is in use at the British Embassy in Mexico that uses around {{convert|200|kg}} of Lithium Ion batteries.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Three electric Minis were also made for use in some subway scenes in the 2003 movie ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'' to satisfy the subway authorities concerns over possible carbon monoxide poisoning.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

[[PML Flightlink]] developed a prototype series-hybrid conversion, called "Mini QED", replacing the drivetrain with an {{convert|160|bhp|abbr=on}} electric motor in each wheel and an efficient on-board petrol generator.<ref>[http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html Hybrid electric cars, electric cars UK, electric vehicle conversions, hybrid motor vehicles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830221958/http://www.pmlflightlink.com/archive/news_mini.html |date=30 August 2007 }}</ref>

==Motorsport==
[[File:Mini Cooper S 1964 (AJB 44B) - 2016.jpg|thumb|right|The 1964 Morris Mini Cooper S, winner of the 1965 [[Monte Carlo Rally]]]]

The Mini Cooper S won the [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]] in 1964, 1965 and 1967.<ref name="montecarlo">{{cite web|url=http://www.acm.mc |title=Monte Carlo Automobile Club |publisher=Acm.mc |accessdate=11 October 2010}}</ref> Minis were initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were controversially disqualified for the use of a variable resistance [[headlight|headlamp]] dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.<ref name="browning">{{cite book | author=Browning, Peter | title=The Works Minis | isbn=0-85429-128-8 | year=1971 | publisher=Foulis | location=Henley on Thames }}</ref>

An R56 Challenge vehicle was entered in the 2008 Mini Challenge.<ref>[http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 More Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023125824/http://www.minichallenge.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=106&Itemid=9 |date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> The Mini Challenge Motorsport Category runs globally, with the categories in Germany, Australia, England, [[Spain]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Saudi Arabia]] commencing in 2010.

RSR Motorsports has entered three Mini Coopers in the [[KONI Challenge Series]] Street Tuner class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |title=Event Information – Entry List |publisher=Grand-am.com |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711123223/http://www.grand-am.com/schedule/entrylist.cfm?series=k&eid=877 |archivedate=11 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Mini Countryman WRC===
{{Main|Mini Countryman WRC}}
[[File:11-09-04-iaa-by-RalfR-216.jpg|thumbnail|left|Mini Countryman WRC car]]
On 27 July 2010 Mini announced plans to enter the [[World Rally Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ausmotive.com/2010/07/27/mini-confirms-wrc-entry-from-2011.html|title=MINI confirms WRC entry from 2011|publisher=AUSmotive.com}}</ref> The Countryman is the chosen donor model and [[Prodrive]] have been selected to prepare the Mini Countryman WRC. The factory team competed in a reduced programme for the 2011 WRC season, before cutting funding. Prodrive will still produce all specs of the Countryman WRC cars, but will self fund a reduced programme for the 2012.
{{clear}}

==Awards and criticism==
[[File:MINI at premiere of the italian job.jpg|thumb|Mini owners were invited to bring their cars to the world premiere of ''[[The Italian Job (2003 film)|The Italian Job]]'']]

The original two-door Mini has won numerous awards, perhaps the most notable being: "Car of the Century" (''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'' magazine 1995), "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (''[[Classic & Sports Car]]'' magazine 1996) and "European Car of the Century" in a worldwide [[Internet]] poll run by the prestigious [[Global Automotive Elections Foundation]] in 1999. The original Mini achieved second place for "Global Car of the Century" in the same poll (behind the [[Model T Ford]]).

The Mini Cooper/Cooper S (2001–2006) won the [[North American Car of the Year]] award in 2003.<ref name="robson">{{cite book |title=New Mini |author=Graham Robson |isbn=1-85960-874-4 |year=2002 |publisher=Haynes North America |location=Newbury Park, Calif.}}</ref> The convertible model won the Most Spirited/Entry-Level category of the 2005 [[International Car of the Year]]. Following the launch of the Mk II Mini, Top Gear named the new Cooper S their ''Small Car of the Year 2006''.<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html Top Gear 10 December 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519200226/http://www.topgear.com/content/features/stories/2006/12/stories/09/1.html |date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The car was runner up in the 2007 [[World Car of the Year]]. In 2008 the green version of the Mini, the Mini Cooper D, was nominated for [http://www.whatgreencar.com WhatGreenCar.com] Car of the Year Awards. The judges commended the Cooper D for its EfficientDynamics stop-start and regenerative braking technology and were impressed by the car's driving experience. The Cooper D reached the shortlist for the ''Green Car Awards'', but lost to the [[Ford Focus (International)#Focus ECOnetic|Ford Focus ECOnetic]]. In April 2010 [[Kelley Blue Book]] included the Mini Cooper as one of its ''Top 10 Green Cars for 2010''.<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010 |publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]] |date=April 2010 |accessdate=2 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783 |archivedate=24 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|work=[[USA Today]]|date=20 April 2010|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Alex Moulton|Dr. Alex Moulton]], the designer of the suspension system for the original two-door Mini, spoke about the new Mini in an interview with ''MiniWorld'' magazine: "It's enormous—the original Mini was the best packaged car of all time—this is an example of how not to do it. It's huge on the outside and weighs the same as an Austin Maxi. The crash protection has been taken too far. I mean, what do you want, an armoured car? It is an irrelevance insofar as it has no part in the Mini story."<ref name="Moulton">{{cite web |url=http://www.mgfcar.de/hydragas/moulton.htm |title=Alex Moulton |publisher=MiniWorld |accessdate=24 April 2006}}</ref>

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning automotive journalist [[Dan Neil]] has suggested that, with the introduction of the Countryman, Mini had pushed the marque beyond relevance by making a car so long, wide and tall it forsook the inner logic of the brand: excellent handling in a tiny size.<ref name="nyt01">{{cite news |title=What Part of 'Mini' Did You Not Grasp, BMW? |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=Dan Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172832123217962?mod=WSJ_hpp_editorsPicks_2 |date=5 March 2011}}</ref> In the 2013 [[International Engine of the Year|International Engine of the Year Awards]] which took place on 5 June 2013, Mini won an award for its [[BMW N13#1.6-litre turbocharged|1.6 liter four-cylinder TwinPower Turbo]] from the Mini Cooper S for the third time in a row in the category of 1.4 to 1.8 liter engines. The engine has "twin-scroll turbocharging with an overboost function, direct petrol injection and valve control based on the Valvetronic system"<ref name="IEoY3">{{cite news |title=Two reasons for the BMW Group to celebrate in the 2013 Engine of the Year Awards. Class victories for the 2.0-litre engine with BMW TwinPower Turbo technology and the 1.6-litre unit in the MINI Cooper S. |publisher=BMW AG |url=https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/pressclub/p/pcgl/pressDetail.html?title=two-reasons-for-the-bmw-group-to-celebrate-in-the-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards-class-victories-for&outputChannelId=6&id=T0142568EN&left_menu_item=node__2216 |date=5 June 2013}}</ref> and has an output of 135 kW/184 hp and provides enough power for the Mini Cooper S to accelerate from 0–100 in 7.0 seconds and in 2013 is available for [[Mini Countryman|Mini Cooper S Countryman]] and [[Mini Paceman|Mini Cooper S Paceman]] and an ALL-4 transmission can also be added to the configuration.<ref name="IEoY1">{{cite news |title=BMW Group Receives Two "Engine of the Year Awards" 2013 |publisher=CARSPECWALL.COM |url=http://www.carspecwall.com/news/bmw-group-recieves-two-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="IEoY2">{{cite news |title=BMW Enjoys Two Class Wins at 2013 Engine of the Year Awards |publisher=AUTOSVENUE.COM |url=http://www.autosvenue.com/bmw-enjoys-two-class-wins-at-2013-engine-of-the-year-awards/ |date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mini Paceman]]
* [[Frank Stephenson]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mini.com Official international Mini website]
*{{Commons-inline|links=[[commons:Category:Mini|Mini]] and [[commons:Category:BMW Mini|BMW Mini]]}}

{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{Mini historic timeline}}
{{Mini modern timeline}}
{{BMW}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mini (marque)}}
[[Category:English brands]]
[[Category:BMW]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1969]]
[[Category:Cars of England]]
[[Category:City cars]]
[[Category:Convertibles]]
[[Category:Crossover sport utility vehicles]]
[[Category:Mini (marque)| ]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]

Jaguar Land Rover

2019-09-04T11:06:00Z

Githek: /* Operations */

{{short description|British multinational automotive company}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC
| logo = Jaguar Land Rover logo.png|logo_size=300px
| type = Subsidiary
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|2008|01|18|df=y}}
| founder =
| location_city = [[Whitley, Coventry]]
| key_people = [[Ralf Speth|Dr Ralf Speth]] (CEO) [[Ian Callum]] (Chief design officer of Jaguar)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguar.co.uk/about-jaguar/jaguar-business/leadership/ian-callum.html |title=Ian Callum | Leadership | About Jaguar |publisher=Jaguar.co.uk |date=2015-03-26 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref> [[Gerry McGovern]] (Chief design officer of Land Rover)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landrover.co.uk/explore-land-rover/unstoppable-spirit/gerry-mcgovern.html |title=Gerry McGovern – Unstoppable Spirit – Land Rover UK |publisher=Landrover.co.uk |date=2018-08-22 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref>
| products = [[Luxury car|Luxury vehicles]], [[sport utility vehicle]]s
| brands= {{ubl|[[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]]|[[Land Rover]]}}
| production = {{increase}} 439,749 (Land Rover) {{increase}} 174,560 (Jaguar)<ref name=annual17strategic>{{cite web|url=http://annualreport2018.jaguarlandrover.com/assets/files/jlr-ara-2017-18.pdf|title=Annual Report 2017-18|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|accessdate=16 September 2018}}</ref>
| production_year = 2017–18
| revenue = {{increase}} £25.8 billion<ref name=annual17financial>{{cite web|url=http://annualreport2018.jaguarlandrover.com/assets/files/jlr-ara-2017-18.pdf|title=Annual Report 2017-18|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|accessdate=16 September 2018}}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2017–18
| operating_income = {{decrease}} £1.5 billion<ref name=annual17financial />
| income_year = 2017–18
| net_income = {{decrease}} £1.1 billion<ref name=annual17financial />
| net_income_year = 2017–18
| assets = {{increase}} £26.8 billion<ref name=annual17financial />
| assets_year = 2017–18
| equity = {{increase}} £9.98 billion<ref name=annual17financial />
| equity_year = 2017–18
| num_employees = 43,224<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaguar Land Rober Automotive plc: Annual Report 2017/18 |url=https://www.tatamotors.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/27060927/jlr-annual-report-2017-18.pdf |website=Tata Motors |accessdate=30 July 2018 |page=3}}</ref>
| num_employees_year = 2018
| parent = [[Tata Motors]]
| subsid = Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited Jaguar Land Rover Limited [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]] (50%) Jaguar Land Rover India
| footnotes =
| location_country = United Kingdom<ref name=newglobalhq>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.jaguarlandrover.com/en-in/jlr-corp/news/2011/11/jlr_hq_opening_ceremony_021111/|title=Jaguar Land Rover Opens its new Global Headquarters Building|accessdate=2 July 2012|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|www.jaguarlandrover.com}}
}}
'''Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC''' is the holding company of '''Jaguar Land Rover Limited''', a British [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[Automotive industry|automotive company]] with its headquarters in [[Whitley, Coventry]], United Kingdom, and a subsidiary of Indian automotive company [[Tata Motors]]. The principal activity of Jaguar Land Rover Limited is the design, development, manufacture and sale of vehicles bearing the [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] marques.

Both marques have long and complex histories prior to their merger – Jaguar going back to the 1930s and Land Rover to the 1940s – first coming together in 1968 as part of the ill-fated [[British Leyland]] conglomerate, later again independent of each other, and then as subsidiaries of [[BMW]] (in the case of Land Rover), and [[Ford Motor Company]] (Jaguar). Ford acquired Land Rover from BMW in 2000 following the break-up of the former [[Rover Group]], which was effectively the remainder of the British Leyland car producing companies.

Jaguar Land Rover has been a subsidiary of Tata Motors since they founded it for the acquisition of Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover from Ford in 2008. On 1 January 2013 the operations of Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover were merged as Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the parent was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC.

== History ==
Both businesses having been part of [[British Leyland]] for parts of their histories until 1984, Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were eventually reunited into the same group again by the [[Ford Motor Company]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Superboss Dover takes over at Jaguar |date=9 November 2001 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-79902464 |newspaper=Coventry Evening Telegraph |accessdate=26 September 2011}}</ref> Ford had acquired Jaguar Cars in 1989 and Land Rover from BMW in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1986 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=19 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624005733/http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |archivedate=24 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/761794.stm | publisher=BBC | title=BMW, Ford seal Land Rover deal | date=24 May 2000 | accessdate=7 May 2010}}</ref> In 2006, Ford purchased the [[Rover (marque)|Rover brand name]] from BMW for around £6 million. This reunited the Rover and Land Rover brands for the first time since the Rover group was broken up by BMW in 2000.

On 18 January 2008, [[Tata Motors]], a part of the [[Tata Group]], established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered, wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition from Ford of the two businesses – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.<ref name=jlrar2010-2011>{{cite web|title=2010/2011 Annual Report|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover PLC|page=5|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126065823/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-26|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rutherford ponders Tata's takeover of Land Rover and Jaguar |author=Mike Rutherford |date=29 March 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrmoney129.xml |accessdate=30 July 2008 |location=London}}</ref> On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.<ref name=jlrar2012-2013>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012/2013|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|page=91|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070639/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-26|dead-url=no}}</ref>

In addition to the Jaguar and Land Rover marques, JLR also owns the rights to the dormant [[Daimler Company|Daimler]], [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]] marques. The latter was acquired by Land Rover, whilst still under Ford ownership, from BMW in the aftermath of the collapse of [[MG Rover Group]]; BMW had retained ownership of the marque when it broke up [[Rover Group]] in 2000, then licensed it to MG Rover.

== Investment and expansion ==
In March 2011, Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would hire an additional 1,500 staff at its [[Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood plant]], and signed over £2 billion of supply contracts with UK-based companies, to enable production of its new [[Range Rover Evoque]] model.<ref name=tele23apr2011>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar-plans-UK-expansion-set-to-create-1000-jobs.html|title=Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs|date=23 April 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=20 September 2011|location=London|first=Graham|last=Ruddick}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-12627680|title=Jaguar announces £2bn supply contracts for Evoque model|accessdate=20 September 2011|publisher=BBC News|date=2 March 2011}}</ref> In September 2011, the company confirmed that it would be investing £355 million in the construction of a new engine plant at the [[i54]] business park near [[Wolverhampton]], central England, to manufacture a family of four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/09/19/uk-autos-jlr-idUKTRE78I16A20110919|title=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant|date=19 September 2011|agency=Reuters|accessdate=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-confirm-new-UK-plant.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant|date=19 September 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=20 September 2011|location=London|first=Donna|last=Bowater}}</ref> In November 2011 Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be creating 1,000 new jobs at its [[Solihull plant]], a 25 per cent increase in the size of the workforce at the site.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8880695/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-create-1000-jobs-at-Solihull-factory.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Solihull factory|date=10 November 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdate=10 November 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-15670539|title=Jaguar Land Rover creates more than 1,000 Solihull jobs|date=10 November 2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref>

In March 2012, Jaguar Land Rover announced the creation of 1,000 new jobs at its Halewood plant, and a shift to 24-hour production at the plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/jaguar-land-rover-creates-1000-new-jobs-7565423.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover creates 1,000 new jobs|date=13 March 2012 |newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=21 March 2012|location=London|first=Alan|last=Jones}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17353024|title=Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Halewood|date=13 March 2012 |publisher=BBC|accessdate=21 March 2012}}</ref> In the same month, Jaguar Land Rover and the China-based carmaker [[Chery]] agreed to invest an initial US$2.78 billion in a new joint venture, the activities of which would include the manufacture of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and engines, the establishment of a research and development facility, the creation of a new automobile marque, and sales of vehicles produced by the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/21/us-jaguar-chery-idUSBRE82K0HV20120321|title=Jaguar Land Rover seals JV with China's Chery|date=21 March 2012|agency=Reuters|accessdate=21 March 2012|first=Henry|last=Foy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/mar/21/jaguar-land-rover-chery-automobile-china|title=Jaguar Land Rover and Chery Automobile agree deal to sell vehicles in China|date=21 March 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=21 March 2012|location=London}}</ref> Jaguar Land Rover planned to create 4,500 manufacturing and engineering jobs in the UK over the next five years.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaguarlr-to-generate-4-500-jobs-in-uk/968286/| title= JaguarLR to generate 4,500 jobs in UK |work=The Indian Express| date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

In late 2012, the company announced a [[joint venture]] for Jaguars and Land Rovers to be built in China, now the world's biggest car-market. The agreement was with [[Chery]], China's sixth largest auto manufacturer, and called for a new Chinese factory in [[Changshu]] to build vehicles starting in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2234642/Jaguar-Land-Rovers-built-time-China-milestone--1billion-deal-accelerate-global-sales.html |title=Jaguar and Land Rovers to be built for first time in China under 'milestone' £1billion deal to accelerate global sales |first=Ray |last=Massey |newspaper=The Daily Mail |date=19 November 2012 |accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> Trial production at the facility began in April 2014, with a potential capacity of 130,000 vehicles annually.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://europe.autonews.com/article/20140404/ANE/140409917/jaguar-land-rover-begins-production-trials-at-china-assembly-plant |title=Jaguar Land Rover begins production trials at China assembly plant |date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Automotive News |accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> The first production model by the [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]] venture was the Evoque, with other models planned that also include modifications, such as longer wheelbases, to satisfy Chinese market demand.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2014/10/22/jaguar-land-rover-china-factory-opens/ |title=Jaguar Land Rover opens first overseas factory in China |first=Noah |last=Joseph |date=22 October 2014 |publisher=autoblog |accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

In September 2013, Jaguar Land Rover announced an additional 1,700 jobs and £1.5 billion investment at its facility in Solihull. The money was to be spent on designing systems to allow the chassis of future models to be made out of aluminium; the first of these would be a new mid-sized sports saloon car to be introduced in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.solihullobserver.co.uk/2013/09/21/news-Jaguar-Land-Rover-announce-1,700-jobs-83540.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover announce 1,700 jobs|work=Solihull Observer|date=10 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230452/http://www.solihullobserver.co.uk/2013/09/21/news-Jaguar-Land-Rover-announce-1,700-jobs-83540.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The same month, the company announced plans to open a £100 million research and development centre called the [[National Automotive Innovation Campus]] at the [[University of Warwick]], Coventry to create a new generation of vehicle technologies. Jaguar Land Rover was to invest £50 million in the facility with additional funding from [[Tata Motors]], the University and the UK government.<ref name="naicannounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-24227662|title=NAIC Announcement|date=24 September 2013|accessdate=27 February 2014|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rueters|title=Jaguar Land Rover to open new £100 million R&D centre in UK in 2016|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/09/24/uk-jaguarlandrover-idUKBRE98N0SI20130924 | work=Reuters|date=24 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Online|first=AM|title=Jaguar Land Rover to build £100m Warwick research facility|url=http://www.am-online.com/news/2013/9/25/jaguar-land-rover-to-build-100m-warwick-research-facility/33654/}}</ref>

Under its chief executive, [[Ralf Speth|Dr Ralf Speth]], JLR has significantly increased its investment in research and development. In 2013, according to Speth, it invested £3 billion in "product creation" and claimed to be the "biggest R&D investor in the UK in the automotive business".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=965 |publisher=Ingenia |accessdate=14 May 2015 |title= R&D Investment Makes Good Business Sense}}</ref>

In 2017 a plant for [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] engine production was added to the Chery Jaguar Land Rover facility in China.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://automotivelogistics.media/news/jaguar-land-rovers-first-overseas-engine-plant-opens-china |title=Jaguar Land Rover’s first overseas engine plant opens in China |date=25 July 2017|publisher=Automotive Logistics|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref>

On 13 April 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be cutting 1,000 temporary contract jobs in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], citing a slump in sales due to uncertainty over changes to taxes on diesel cars and [[Brexit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43756202|title=Jaguar Land Rover to shed 1,000 contract staff|date=13 April 2018|website=BBC News|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Farrell|first1=Sean|title=Jaguar Land Rover to cut 1,000 jobs after 'slump due to Brexit'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/13/jaguar-land-rover-to-announce-1000-job-cuts-next-week|accessdate=13 April 2018|publisher=The Guardian|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==
Jaguar Land Rover Automotive is a [[public limited company]] incorporated under the laws of England and Wales (Company No. 06477691). The immediate parent of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC is TML Holdings Pte. Ltd., [[Singapore]] and the ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party is [[Tata Motors]] Limited of India.<ref name=201011annrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/2010-2011_annual_report.pdf|title=2010/11 Annual Report|accessdate=14 July 2012|page=31|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904082408/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/2010-2011_annual_report.pdf|archivedate=4 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Chairman of [[Tata Group]], [[Ratan Tata]], was the chairman and a director of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC from 2008 to December 2012.

Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC's principal active subsidiaries are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaguar Land Rovewr Annual Report 2012/2013|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Automotive_plc_Annual_Report_2012-2013.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021139/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Automotive_plc_Annual_Report_2012-2013.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited
* Jaguar Land Rover Limited (designs, manufactures and sells [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] vehicles)

=== Board of directors ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name<ref name=201011annrep />
! Position<ref name=201011annrep />
! Year appointed<ref name=201011annrep />
|-
| Andrew M. Robb
| Director
| 2009
|-
| [[Ralf Speth| Prof Dr. Ralf D. Speth]]
| Chief Executive Officer
| 2010
|}

=== Financial data ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year ending
! Turnover (£m)
! EBITDA (£m)
! Net income / (loss) before tax (£m)
|-
!23 MAY 2017
!24,300
!
!1600
|-
!
!
!
!
|-
| 31 March 2015<ref name="finres201115">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/investor-relations/news/2015/05/26/jaguar-land-rover-reports-full-year-results-for-fiscal-201415/|title=Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2015|accessdate=26 May 2015|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref>
| 21,866
| 4,132
| 2,614

|-
| 31 March 2014<ref name="finres201114">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/media/23101/q4-fy14-investor-presentation-v5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803034238/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/media/23101/q4-fy14-investor-presentation-v5.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 August 2014|title=Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2014|accessdate=21 February 2015|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref>
| 19,386
| 3,393
| 2,501

|-
| 31 March 2013<ref name="finres201113">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Q4_FY2013_Investor_Presentation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181531/https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Q4_FY2013_Investor_Presentation.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=6 August 2018|title=Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the year ended 31 March 2013|accessdate=1 June 2013|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref>
| 15,785
| 2,402
| 1,674
|-
| 31 March 2012<ref name="finres201112">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2011-2012.pdf|title=Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the period ended 31 March 2012|accessdate=13 July 2012|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617131828/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2011-2012.pdf|archivedate=17 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| 13,512
| 2,027
| 1,479
|-
| 31 March 2011<ref name="201011annrep" />
| 9,870.7
| 1,501.7
| 1,115
|-
| 31 March 2010<ref name="201011annrep" />
| 6,527.2
| 349.1
| 51.4
|-
| 31 March 2009<ref name="201011annrep" />
| 4,949.5
| (83.9)
| (375.7)
|}
{{clear}}

== Operations ==
[[File:Where rabbits once hopped... - geograph.org.uk - 119794.jpg|right|thumb|[[Halewood Body & Assembly]], Liverpool.]]
Jaguar Land Rover has six main facilities for research and development, manufacturing and vehicle assembly, of which five are in the UK and one in India. Jaguar Land Rover invested a total of £1,411 million in research and development in the year ended 31 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://annualreport2016.jaguarlandrover.com/assets/jlr_ar_2014-15.pdf |title=Annual Report 2014-15|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover|accessdate=21 September 2016}}</ref>

Jaguar Land Rover has three research and development facilities in the UK:
* [[Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre|Gaydon]], [[Warwickshire]] – an engineering and development facility which was formerly the Land Rover headquarters. Formerly an RAF bomber base before being acquired by [[British Leyland]] and redeveloped as a vehicle design, development and testing centre.

* [[Whitley plant|Whitley]], [[Coventry]] – an engineering and development site and headquarters of Jaguar Land Rover which was formerly the Jaguar Cars head office. This site was acquired from [[Peugeot]] in the 1980s, and was formerly a First World War airfield, an aircraft factory and then a missile factory before being sold to the [[Rootes Group]] (later [[Chrysler Europe]]).
* JLR is a partner in the [[National Automotive Innovation Centre]] at the [[University of Warwick]], Coventry.

Vehicle Assembly plants:<ref>{{cite web|url= http://automotivelogistics.media/interview/jlr-ensuring-logistics-not-victim-success |title=JLR part 1: Ensuring logistics is not a victim of success|work=Automotive Logistics |date=30 September 2016 |author=Christopher Ludwig|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://automotivelogistics.media/intelligence/jlr-part-2-big-cat-hunting-outbound-efficiencies |title=JLR part 2: The big cat is hunting for outbound efficiencies|work=Automotive Logistics|date=30 September 2016 |author=Christopher Ludwig|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref>
* [[Castle Bromwich Assembly]], [[Birmingham]]. Jaguar Land Rover's main Jaguar assembly plant, producing the XF, XJ and F-Type ranges. Originally an aircraft factory during World War Two – [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] were built here – it was later acquired by [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel Fisher]] and became a vehicle body assembly works. It came under the auspices of Jaguar through the merger with BMC in the 1960s.
** [[Jaguar XE]], [[Jaguar XF]], [[Jaguar XJ]], [[Jaguar F-Type]]
* [[Halewood Body & Assembly]], [[Halewood]], [[Merseyside]]. Used by Jaguar Land Rover for Land Rover production. Originally a Ford assembly plant (the [[Ford Escort (European)|Ford Escort]] being its most prolific model) it was given to Jaguar in 2000 for production of the X-Type. Ford still owns the transmission manufacturing operation at Halewood.
** [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]], [[Range Rover Evoque]]
* [[Solihull plant]], [[Solihull]], [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]. Jaguar Land Rover's principal Land Rover assembly plant. This was originally an aircraft engine plant during World War Two, being used for as a [[Rover Company|Rover]] plant after the war. In 2014 the Jaguar XE became the first Jaguar car to be assembled here, followed by the F-Pace in 2016.
** [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]], [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport]], [[Range Rover Velar]], [[Jaguar F-Pace]]
* [[Pune]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/land-rover-assembly-begins-in-india |title=Land Rover assembly begins in India – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |date= |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref>
** [[Jaguar XF]], [[Jaguar XJ]], [[Range Rover Evoque]] – assembly of [[Knock-down kit|complete knock-down kits]] only
* [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Changshu]], [[China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/evocative-logistics-at-chery-jlr |title=Chery JLR puts complex logistics plan into action – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |date= |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref>
** [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]], [[Jaguar XE]], [[Jaguar XF]]
* JLR Brazil, [[Itatiaia]], [[Brazil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/jaguar-land-rover-opens-plant-brazil-local-supply |title=Jaguar Land Rover opens plant in Brazil for local supply – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |date= |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref>
**[[Range Rover Evoque]], **[[Land Rover Discovery Sport]]
* JLR Slovakia, [[Nitra]], [[Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/jaguar-land-rover-settles-on-slovakia-for-new-plant-89342.html |title=Jaguar Land Rover settles on Slovakia for new plant |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=2015-08-11 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/jlr-considers-slovakia-for-plant-citing-supply-chain-and-logistics-benefits |title=JLR targets Slovakia for plant, citing supply chain and logistics benefits – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |date= |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref>
**[[Land Rover Discovery]]
SVO facility
* [[Ryton-on-Dunsmore]], [[Warwickshire]] – where the Special Vehicle Operations development centre was created in 2016. The site was previously used by Rootes for aircraft production plant for World War Two, and later became the Rootes/Chrysler/Peugeot [[Ryton plant|car plant]] which was closed in 2006 and has since been demolished.

Engine Assembly plants
* [[Engine Manufacturing Centre]], [[Wolverhampton]]. A £500 million facility located at the i54 site in Staffordshire close to Wolverhampton where the [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] family of modular diesel and petrol engines are built. The plant was officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on Thursday 30 October 2014.
* [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Changshu]], [[China]].<ref>https://www.ft.com/content/2bfdae04-6d5f-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa</ref>

Planned facilities<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25247483 | publisher=BBC News | title=Jaguar Land Rover confirms Brazil car factory plans | date=5 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303997604579240033481099004 |title=Jaguar Land Rover to Start Making Cars in Brazil| work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>
* Software engineering facility, [[Shannon, County Clare|Shannon]], [[Ireland]]
* Storage depot, [[Stone, Staffordshire]]

Co-operations
*The [[Magna Steyr]] company in [[Graz]], [[Austria]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/magna-will-assemble-vehicles-for-jaguar-land-rover-in-graz |title=Magna will assemble vehicles for Jaguar Land Rover in Graz – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |date= |accessdate=2018-08-28}}</ref> builds the [[E-Pace]] (from 2017) and the [[Jaguar I-Pace|I-Pace]] (from 2018).

== Products ==
Jaguar Land Rover currently sells vehicles under the Jaguar and Land Rover marques.

=== NOx emissions ratings ===
In March 2019, Jaguar Land Rover became the first European car producer to submit new cars from its marques to [[AIR Index]] to receive NOx emissions ratings.<ref name="PA_20190228">{{cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=JLR tests new cars with AIR index, new diesel engines among cleanest for NOx emissions |url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/jlr-tests-new-cars-with-air-index--new-diesel-engines-among-cleanest-for-nox-emissions-42329 |website=Professional Autocar |accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ AIR Index ratings for JLR cars (Euro 6 allows up to 80 mg/km NOx emission)
|-
!Model!!Year!!Fuel!!NOx measured (mg/km)!!AIR Index rating
|-
|[[Jaguar E-Pace|Jaguar E-Pace HSE 2.0I 180hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|14||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A
|-
|[[Range Rover Evoque#L551|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque TD4 2.0I 180hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|17||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A
|-
|[[Land Rover Discovery#L462|Land Rover Discovery 3.0 TD6 HSE]]||2018||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|33||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A
|-
|[[Land Rover Discovery Sport#L550|Land Rover Discovery Sport 2.0I 180hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|34||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A
|}

=== Future electrification ===
In September 2017, Jaguar Land Rover announced that all new Jaguar and Land Rover models launched from the 2020 model year will have an all-electric or hybrid powertrain option,<ref name="JLR_20170907">{{cite press release |title=Every Jaguar and Land Rover Launched from 2020 will be Electrified |url=http://media.jaguarlandrover.com/news/2017/09/every-jaguar-and-land-rover-launched-2020-will-be-electrified |access-date=22 December 2017|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover |date=7 September 2017}}</ref>

In October 2017, JLR announced that its electrification programme will start with the [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport P400e]] for the 2018 model year, a plug-in hybrid model due in the showrooms in late 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glon|first1=Ronan |title=Land Rover begins electrification push with plug-in Range Rover Sport P400e |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/land-rover-range-rover-sport-p400e-performance-specs-range/ |access-date=22 December 2017|work=Digital Trends|publisher=Designtechnica Corporation|date=4 October 2017}}</ref> and be followed by the launch of a plug-in hybrid [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]] due in 2018 for the 2019 model year,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edelstein |first1=Stephen |title=Land Rover continues its electrification push with a Range Rover plug-in hybrid |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/land-rover-range-rover-p400e-140424533.html |access-date=22 December 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=11 October 2017}}</ref>

Jaguar Land Rover paid $49.5 million in fines for missing its American [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy]] targets over the 2009–13 model years.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAFE PIC Civil Penalties |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/cafe_pic/CAFE_PIC_Fines_LIVE.html |website=one.nhtsa.gov |publisher=US Department of Transportation |accessdate=6 January 2019}}</ref>

At the beginning of June 2019, JLR and [[BMW]] announced that they will collaborate "to develop next generation electric drive units". <ref>{{cite press release|url=https://media.jaguarlandrover.com/news/2019/06/jaguar-land-rover-bmw-group-announce-collaboration-next-generation-electrification|title=Jaguar Land Rover & BMW Group Announce Collaboration For Next Generation Electrification Technology|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>

On 5 July 2019, JLR confirmed that they intend to build an [[Jaguar XJ (electric)|all-electric XJ]] luxury saloon car, at their [[Castle Bromwich Assembly|Castle Bromwich plant]].<ref name="Autocar_20190705">{{cite web |last1=Burgess |first1=Rachel |date=5 July 2019 |title=Electric Jaguar XJ confirmed, to be built at Castle Bromwich |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/electric-jaguar-xj-confirmed-be-built-castle-bromwich |website=Autocar |accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref> The car is expected to be launched in 2020.<ref name="BBC_20190705">{{cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Simon |date=5 July 2019 |title=Jaguar Land Rover announces electric car investment |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48875406 |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Current Jaguar products ===
* [[Jaguar XE]] ([[compact executive car]])
* [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]] ([[executive car]] & [[station wagon|estate]])
* [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] ([[full-size]] [[luxury car]])
* [[Jaguar F-Type]] ([[sports car]])
* [[Jaguar E-Pace]] (subcompact luxury SUV)
* [[Jaguar F-Pace]] (compact luxury SUV)
* [[Jaguar I-Pace]] (compact luxury electric SUV)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Jaguar XE]]
! [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]]
! [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]]
! [[Jaguar F-Type]]
! [[Jaguar E-Pace]]
! [[Jaguar F-Pace]]
! [[Jaguar I-Pace]]
|-
|[[File:2017 Jaguar XE Portfolio Diesel Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2017 Jaguar XF Portfolio D Automatic 2.0.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2018 Jaguar XJL Autobiography Diesel V6 Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2017 Jaguar F-Type Convertible V8 R AWD Automatic 5.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2018 Jaguar E-Pace R-Dynamic SE Diesel AWD 2.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2016 Jaguar F-Pace V6 S AWD Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2018 Jaguar I-Pace EV400 AWD Front.jpg|150px]]
|}

=== Current Land Rover products ===
* [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]] (high end subcompact luxury SUV)
* [[Land Rover Discovery#L462|Land Rover Discovery]] (mid-size luxury SUV)
* [[Range Rover Evoque#L551|Range Rover Evoque]] (subcompact luxury SUV)
* [[Range Rover Velar]] (high end compact luxury SUV)
* [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport]] (mid-size luxury SUV)
* [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]] (full-size luxury SUV)
{{gallery
||
||
||
||
||
||
|}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]]
! [[Land Rover Discovery#L462|Land Rover Discovery]]
! [[Range Rover Evoque#L551|Range Rover Evoque]]
! [[Range Rover Velar]]
! [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport]]
! [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]]
|-
|[[File:Land Rover Discovery Sport HSE Luxury TD4 2016.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2017 Land Rover Discovery HSE TD6 Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2017 Range Rover Evoque HSE 2.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:2017 Land Rover Range Rover Velar First Edition D3 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]
|[[File:ALL-NEW RANGE ROVER SPORT REVEALED (8594176684).jpg|150px]]
|[[File:Land Rover Range Rover Autobiography 2016.jpg|150px]]
|}

== Sales ==
In the year ended 31 March 2013, Jaguar Land Rover sold a total of 374,636 units, of which 316,043 were Land Rovers and 58,593 were Jaguars.<ref name=annrepy201213>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/media/14149/jaguar_land_rover_automotive_plc_annual_report_2012-2013.pdf|title=Jaguar Land Rover Annual Report 2012/2013|accessdate=4 February 2014|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover}}</ref> In that period 21.6% of sales were in Europe (excluding the United Kingdom and Russia), 20.6% in China, 19.3% in the United Kingdom, 16.8% in the United States, 4.8% in Asia Pacific (excluding China) and 16.9% in the rest of the world.<ref name=annrepy201213 /> In 2015, Jaguar Land Rover became the biggest car manufacturer in UK, producing 489,923 cars and overtaking [[Nissan]], the previous leader.<ref name=guardian20160121>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/21/jaguar-land-rover-biggest-uk-carmaker|title=Jaguar Land Rover races past Nissan to become UK's biggest carmaker|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>

In January 2014, the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that Jaguar Land Rover, sold a record 425,006 vehicles in 2013 as demand for its luxury vehicles increased in all major markets including in China, North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316370292236120?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303819704579316370292236120.html|work=The Wall Street Journel |date=12 January 2014|title=Jaguar Land Rover Posts Record Sales for 2013 }}</ref>

It sold a total of 604,009 vehicles during 2017, comprising 431,161 Land Rover vehicles and 172,848 Jaguar vehicles.<ref name="2014 Sales Data">{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/investor-relations/news/2015/01/12/jaguar-land-rover-december-1415-sales/ |title=JAGUAR LAND ROVER REPORTS STRONG FULL YEAR SALES FOR 2014 |publisher=Jaguar Land Rover |date=12 January 2015 |accessdate=14 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150315113344/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/investor-relations/news/2015/01/12/jaguar-land-rover-december-1415-sales/ |archivedate=15 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Jaguar Land Rover}}

*{{Official website}}

{{Jaguar Land Rover}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Tata Motors}}
{{Tata Group}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
}}

[[Category:Jaguar Land Rover| ]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Coventry motor companies]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in England]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tata Motors]]
[[Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre

2019-09-04T11:04:20Z

Githek:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=May 2011}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2011}}
}}

The '''Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre''', which is situated north-west of the village of [[Gaydon]], Warwickshire, [[England]], is one of the principal engineering centres of [[Jaguar Land Rover]] and was the location of the headquarters of [[Land Rover]]. The site houses a design, research and development centre and extensive test track facilities and is used for the design and development of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles. The site, along with the smaller [[Aston Martin]] facility adjacent, occupies the land that was once the RAF [[V bomber]] base of [[RAF Gaydon]]. The [[British Motor Museum]] is also located on the same site.

==History==
By the middle of the 1970s, the government had closed RAF Gaydon. In the late 1970s [[British Leyland]] purchased the site to convert it into a vehicle development facility, and proving ground and it became the headquarters of BL Technology (BLT). In 1980 BLT awarded a {{GBP|2 million}} contract for the construction of a wind tunnel there.<ref name=TheTimes>{{cite news |title=McAlpine Contract |date=11 November 1980 |work=The Times}}</ref>

The ownership of the site passed, along with what was by then called the Rover Group, to [[British Aerospace]] in 1988, and subsequently in 1994 to [[BMW]].

In 2000, the site was included in the sale by BMW of the [[Land Rover]] business to [[Ford]]. Ford, which at that time also owned [[Jaguar Cars]] and [[Aston Martin]], established the new Aston Martin headquarters and design, development and production facilities on the site, and started to use the Land Rover facilities for some Jaguar work. When Ford sold Aston Martin into private ownership in 2007, the Aston Martin facilities on the site were included in the deal, the remainder of the site continuing to be occupied by their, by then, integrated Jaguar Land Rover development operations.
[[Jaguar Land Rover]] is now owned by indian company [[Tata Motors]].

The car park has 166 [[Charging station|chargers for electric vehicles]], at 7 kW AC each.<ref name="insideevs.com">{{cite web | url=https://insideevs.com/jaguar-land-rover-largest-work-charging-station/ | title=Jaguar Land Rover Installs UK's Largest Work Charging Station |date=2019-03-20 |access-date=2019-03-21 |author= |quote= }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Whitley plant]]

==References==
* {{cite news |title=Car firm to create 600 new jobs |work=BBC News |date=18 June 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/coventry_warwickshire/7460602.stm}}
{{reflist}}

{{Jaguar Land Rover}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Jaguar Land Rover]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Warwickshire]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in the United Kingdom]]

Jaguar Cars

2019-09-04T11:02:24Z

Githek:

{{short description|Car marque and former British car company}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Jaguar (marque)
| logo = Jaguar 2012 logo.png
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = {{nowrap|[[Jaguar Land Rover]] (since 2013)}}<ref name="tm_reg">{{cite web |url=https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/4/EU000026625|title=Trade mark number EU000026625|website=Intellectual Property Office|publisher=Crown (UK Government)|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
| producedby = [[Jaguar Land Rover]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1935 
| discontinued =
| related = [[Land Rover]]
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = Jaguar Cars (1935–2012)
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline = "The Art of Performance"
| website = {{URL|jaguar.com}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Jaguar Cars Limited
| logo = Jaguar 2012 logo.png
| image =
| image_caption =
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| fate = Merged with [[Land Rover]]
| predecessor = [[Swallow Sidecar Company|Swallow Coachbuilding Company Limited]]
| successor = [[Jaguar Land Rover]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1933|10|26}}
| founder = [[William Lyons]]
| defunct = {{End date|df=y|2012|12|31}} 
| hq_location_city = [[Coventry]], [[West Midlands]]
| hq_location_country = [[England]]
| owners = {{ubl|(1933–1945) S. S. Cars Limited, a public listed company [[London Stock Exchange|LSE]]|(1945–1966) renamed Jaguar Cars Limited LSE}}
| parent = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|[[British Motor Holdings]] (1966–1968)}}
| {{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1984)}}
| {{nowrap|[[Ford Motor Company]] (1990–2008)}}
| {{nowrap|[[Tata Motors]] (2008–2012)}}
}}
}}

'''Jaguar''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ɡ|j|u|ər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ɡ|w|ɑɹ}}) is the [[luxury vehicle]] brand of [[Jaguar Land Rover]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaguar Land Rover 2012 Overview|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2012_Overview.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover|date=14 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202202350/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2012_Overview.pdf|archivedate=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="tm_reg"/> a British  [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[automaker|car manufacturer]] with its headquarters in [[Whitley, Coventry]], [[England]]. '''Jaguar Cars''' was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those of [[Land Rover]] to form [[Jaguar Land Rover]] on 1 January 2013.

Jaguar's business was founded as the [[Swallow Sidecar Company]] in 1922, originally making motorcycle [[sidecar]]s before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of S. S. Cars Limited the business extended to complete cars made in association with [[Standard Motor Company|Standard Motor Co]], many bearing ''Jaguar'' as a model name. The company's name was changed from S. S. Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with the [[British Motor Corporation]] followed in 1966,<ref>"Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited." Official statement released at press conference at the Great Eastern Hotel, London, 1966.</ref> the resulting enlarged company now being renamed as [[British Motor Holdings]] (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became [[British Leyland]], itself to be [[nationalised]] in 1975.

Jaguar was [[corporate spin-off|spun off]] from British Leyland and was listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1984, becoming a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]] until it was acquired by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1986 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=19 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624005733/http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |archivedate=24 June 2009 }}</ref> Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], the [[Prime Ministerial Car (United Kingdom)|most recent delivery]] being an [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|XJ]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.autoblog.com/2010/05/13/cameron-gets-a-new-jag-to-go-with-the-new-job/ |title=Cameron gets a new Jag to go with the new job – Autoblog UK |publisher=Uk.autoblog.com |date=13 May 2010 |accessdate=30 November 2010}}</ref> The company also holds [[Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrants]] from Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwarrant.org/DirectorySQL.asp |title=The Royal Warrant Holders ' Association – Directory of Royal Warrant Holders |accessdate=24 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212175255/http://www.royalwarrant.org/DirectorySQL.asp |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

In 1990 [[Ford Motors|Ford]] acquired Jaguar Cars and it remained in their ownership, joined in 2000 by [[Land Rover]], till 2008. Ford then sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to [[Tata Motors]]. Tata created [[Jaguar Land Rover]] as a subsidiary holding company. At operating company level, in 2013 Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited as the single design, manufacture, sales company and brand owner for both Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.

Since the Ford ownership era, Jaguar and Land Rover have used joint design facilities in engineering centres at [[Whitley plant|Whitley]] in Coventry and [[Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre|Gaydon]] in Warwickshire and Jaguar cars have been assembled in plants at [[Castle Bromwich Assembly|Castle Bromwich]] and [[Solihull plant|Solihull]].

==History==

===Founding===
The [[Swallow Sidecar Company]] was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, [[William Lyons]] and [[William Walmsley]]. In 1934 Walmsley elected to sell-out and in order to buy the Swallow business (but not the company which was liquidated) Lyons formed [[SS Cars|S.S. Cars Limited]], finding new capital by issuing shares to the public.

[[File:Mr Wyatt's New Jaguar (3408151811).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar 2½ Litre|SS Jaguar 2½-litre sports saloon]]]]
[[File:Jaguar SS100 - 1937 publicity photo.jpg|thumb|[[SS Jaguar 100]] open 2-seater]]
Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as a model name on an SS 2½-litre [[saloon (car)|sports saloon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Design Evolution: 80 Years of Jaguar – Part 1 |url=https://www.jaguar.com/about-jaguar/80-years-of-jaguar/80-years-of-jaguar-part-1.html |website=Jaguar |publisher=Jaguar Land Rover |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1932_1935.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601055210/http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1932_1935.htm|archive-date=10 June 2009|title=The Years 1932 to 1935 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=26 December 2008 }}</ref> A matching open two seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named [[SS Jaguar 100]].

On 23 March 1945 the S. S. Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the company's name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said chairman William Lyons ''"Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive and cannot be connected or confused with any similar foreign name."''<ref name=TT50108>S.S. Cars Limited. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 4 April 1945; pg. 10; Issue 50108</ref>

Though five years of pent-up demand ensured plenty of buyers production was hampered by shortage of materials, particularly steel, issued to manufacturers until the 1950s by a central planning authority under strict government control. Jaguar sold [[Motor Panels]], a pressed steel body manufacturing company bought in the late 1930s, to steel and components manufacturer [[Rubery Owen]],<ref name=Motor197202>{{cite journal| authorlink = Phillip Turner| title =The Lyons share – interview with WL| journal = Motor| pages = 18–21|date = 19 February 1972}}</ref> and Jaguar bought from [[John Black (businessman)|John Black]]'s [[Standard Motor Company]] the plant where Standard built Jaguar's six-cylinder engines.<ref name=Motor197202/> From this time Jaguar was entirely dependent for their bodies on external suppliers, in particular then independent [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel]] and in 1966 that carried them into BMC, BMH and British Leyland.

[[File:S S Jaguar drophead coupe 1940 (8679189922).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar Mark IV|SS Jaguar]] 3½-litre, 125 hp drophead coupé 1940]]

Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the [[Jaguar XK120]] (1948–54), [[Jaguar XK140]] (1954–57), [[Jaguar XK150]] (1957–61), and [[Jaguar E-Type]] (1961–75), all embodying Lyons' mantra of "value for money".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silkcat.ca/articles/jaguar/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109021252/http://silkcat.ca/articles/jaguar/ |archivedate=9 January 2014 }}</ref> The sports cars were successful in international motorsport, a path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the company's products.

Jaguar's sales slogan for years was "Grace, Space, Pace",<ref name="Grace, Space, Pace">"The classic has to be "Grace... Space... Pace," which was used throughout the 1950s and 1960s". {{cite web|url=http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1156667&page=0 |publisher=MSN |year=2010 |title=Jaguar: A History of Grace and Pace |last=Clausager |first=Anders Ditlev |accessdate=2 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327205555/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1156667&page=0 |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> a mantra epitomised by the record sales achieved by the MK VII, IX, Mks I and II saloons and later the XJ6.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} During the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied.<ref name="C4Wauto-3368553">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguar-world.com/blogs/editors-blog/773-january-issue-of-jaguar-world-editors-welcome |title=Grace… Space… Pace |work=jaguar-world.com |date=13 December 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |first=Paul |last=Walton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327205958/http://www.jaguar-world.com/blogs/editors-blog/773-january-issue-of-jaguar-world-editors-welcome |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-9442418">{{cite web |url=http://www.themomentmagazine.com/motoring/jaguar-75-years-of-grace-space-and-pace/ |title=Jaguar: 75 Years of Grace, Space and Pace |work=''themomentmagazine.com'' |date=19 November 2010 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |first=Brave Creative |last=Peterborough}}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-4937047">{{cite web |url=http://typophile.com/files/1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg |title=1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg (JPEG Image, 374 × 500 pixels) |work=''typophile.com'' |date=28 August 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327210823/http://typophile.com/files/1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-4268228">{{cite web|url=http://31.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg |title=tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg (JPEG Image, 1280 × 1256 pixels) |work=31.media.tumblr.com |date=24 December 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327210910/http://31.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

The core of Bill Lyons' success following WWII was the [[Jaguar XK6 engine|twin-cam straight six]] engine, conceived pre-war and realised while engineers at the Coventry plant were dividing their time between fire-watching and designing the new power plant. It had a hemispherical cross-flow cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical; originally at 30 degrees (inlet) and 45 degrees (exhaust) and later standardised to 45 degrees for both inlet and exhaust.

[[File:Jaguar XK6 engine 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK engine]] in an [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]]]

As fuel [[octane]] ratings were relatively low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered: domed (high octane), flat (medium octane), and dished (low octane).

The main designer, [[William Heynes|William "Bill" Heynes]], assisted by [[Walter Hassan|Walter "Wally" Hassan]], was determined to develop the Twin [[Overhead camshaft|OHC]] unit. Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously been considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling and apply it to reasonable volume production saloon cars.

The subsequent engine (in various versions) was the mainstay powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK 120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons and XK 140 and 150. It was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the race winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS, a road-legal D-Type.

Few engine types have demonstrated such ubiquity and longevity: Jaguar used the Twin OHC ''XK Engine'', as it came to be known, in the Jaguar XJ6 saloon from 1969 through 1992, and employed in a J60 variant as the power plant in such diverse vehicles as the British Army's [[Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)]] family of vehicles, as well as the [[Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle]], the [[Ferret armoured car|Ferret Scout Car]], and the Stonefield four-wheel-drive all-terrain lorry. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life.

Two of the proudest moments in Jaguar's long history in motor sport involved winning the [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans 24 hours race]], firstly in 1951 and again in 1953. Victory at the 1955 Le Mans was overshadowed by it being the occasion of [[1955 Le Mans disaster|the worst motorsport accident in history]]. Later in the hands of the Scottish racing team Ecurie Ecosse two more wins were added in 1956 and 1957.

In spite of such a performance orientation, it was always Lyons' intention to build the business by producing world-class sporting saloons in larger numbers than the sports car market could support. Jaguar secured financial stability and a reputation for excellence with a series of elegantly styled luxury saloons that included the 3-litre and 3½ litre cars, the Mark VII, VIII, and IX, the compact Mark I and 2, and the XJ6 and XJ12. All were deemed very good values, with comfortable rides, good handling, high performance, and great style.

Combined with the trend-setting XK 120, XK 140, and XK 150 series of sports car, and nonpareil E-Type,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Jaguar's elan as a prestige motorcar manufacturer had few rivals. The company's post-War achievements are remarkable, considering both the shortages that drove Britain (the [[Ministry of Supply]] still allocated raw materials) and the state of metallurgical development of the era.

In 1950, Jaguar agreed to lease from the Ministry of Supply the Daimler Shadow 2 factory in [[Browns Lane plant|Browns Lane]], Allesley, Coventry, which at the time was being used by [[Daimler Company|The Daimler Company Limited]] and moved to the new site from Foleshill over the next 12 months.<ref name=LyonsBio>'Sir William Lyons – The Official Biography', Philip Porter & Paul Skilleter, page 120 onwards</ref> Jaguar purchased Daimler – not to be confused with [[Daimler-Benz]] or [[Daimler AG]]—in 1960 from [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]]. From the late 1960s, Jaguar used the Daimler marque as a brand name for their most luxurious saloons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1968_1979.htm |title=The Years 1968 to 1979 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=26 December 2008}}</ref>

===Ownership===
====An end to independence====
[[Pressed Steel Company]] Limited made all Jaguar's ([[monocoque]]) bodies leaving provision and installation of the mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), the [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]]-[[Morris Motors|Morris]] combine, bought Pressed Steel.<ref>{{cite book |last= Utton|first= M. A.|year= 2003|title= Market Dominance and Antitrust Policy|url= {{Google books|5c_SAgAAQBAJ|Market Dominance and Antitrust Policy|page=226|plainurl=yes}}|location= Cheltenham, Glos, UK|publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing|page= 226|isbn= 1 84064 728 0|lccn= 2002029832|accessdate= 6 November 2014|chapter= 9 – Vertical integration and vertical mergers}}</ref> Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, and partly because of his age and lack of an heir. He therefore accepted BMC's offer to merge with Jaguar to form British Motor (Holdings) Limited.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Douglas-Scott-Montagu|first1= Edward John Barrington|author-link1= Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|last2= Burgess-Wise|first2= David|author-link2= David Burgess-Wise |lastauthoramp= yes |year= 1995|title= Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker |location= Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK|publisher= Patrick Stephens|isbn= 1 85260 494 8|ref= harv|chapter= Chapter 9 – Under New Management|page= 283|quote= ...Sir George Harriman of the British Motor Corporation (whose Pressed Steel subsidiary supplied Jaguar bodyshells) offered Lyons a 'logical and beneficial' merger deal, which would leave Jaguar operating under Lyons's chairmanship as 'a separate entitiy and with the greatest practical degree of autonomy' within a new organization called British Motor (Holdings) Limited.}}</ref> At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at the Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, "Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited". In due course BMC changed its name to [[British Motor Holdings]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename= British Motor Takes That New Label|section= |day_of_week= Thursday|date= 15 December 1966|page_number= 17|issue= 56815|column= }}</ref> at the end of 1966.

BMH was pushed by the Government to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, manufacturer of [[Leyland Motors#Post war|Leyland bus and truck]], [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] and, since 1967, [[Rover Company|Rover]] vehicles. The result was [[British Leyland Motor Corporation]], a new holding company which appeared in 1968, but the combination was not a success. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the [[Ryder Report (British Leyland)|Ryder Report]] and to effective nationalisation in 1975.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

====Temporary return to independence====
Over the next few years it became clear that because of the low regard for many of the group's products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, including Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group.<ref>page 49, Andrew M. McLaughlin, William A. Maloney, ''The European Automobile Industry: Multi-Level Governance, Policy and Politics'' Taylor & Francis e-Library 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vfyLSybp0ncC&pg=RA1-PA49&dq=jaguar+independence&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QRAKUabfF4avkgX99oDACg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=jaguar%20independence&f=false accessed 31 Jan 2013]</ref>
[[File:Jaguar_XJ6.jpg|thumb|[[Jaguar XJ (X300)]] a luxury sedan manufactured by Jaguar Cars between 1994 and 1997]]

In July 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the stock market – one of the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government's many [[privatisation]]s<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/nov/22/thatcher.politics1 |title=A whole world sold on sell-offs |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=26 December 2008 | location=London | first=Larry | last=Elliott | date=22 November 2000}}</ref>– to create its own track record.<ref>page 50, Andrew M. McLaughlin, William A. Maloney, ''The European Automobile Industry: Multi-Level Governance, Policy and Politics'' Taylor & Francis e-Library 2005.</ref>

Installed as chairman in 1980, [[John Egan (industrialist)|Sir John Egan]] is credited for Jaguar's unprecedented prosperity immediately after privatisation. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the main problems that were holding Jaguar back from selling more cars: quality control, lagging delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company's roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs.<ref>Zetlin, M. (1986). John Egan: Tough leadership turns Jaguar around. ''Management Review'', 75(5), (May 1986) 20–20.</ref> Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He also intensified the effort to improve Jaguar's quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favourable exchange rate.<ref>The Badge on the Bonnet. ''The Times'' Friday, 3 November 1989; pg. 13; Issue 63542.</ref>

====Ford Motor Company era====
[[File:2001 Jaguar S-Type.JPG|thumb|[[Jaguar S-Type]] based on the [[Ford DEW98 platform]]]]

[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] made offers to Jaguar's US and UK shareholders to buy their shares in November 1989; Jaguar's listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] was removed on 28 February 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1996 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=10 May 2007}}</ref> In 1999 it became part of Ford's new [[Premier Automotive Group]] along with [[Aston Martin]], [[Volvo Cars]] and, from 2000, [[Land Rover]]. Under Ford's ownership, Jaguar never made a profit.<ref>"Although Land Rover remains profitable, Ford has never managed to make money from its investment in Jaguar." {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7313380.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=26 March 2008|accessdate=3 September 2013|title=Tata buys Jaguar in £1.15bn deal}}</ref>

Under Ford's ownership Jaguar expanded its range of products with the launch of the [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]] in 1999 and [[Jaguar X-Type|X-type]] in 2001. After PAG acquired Land Rover in May 2000 purchase by Ford, the brand became closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they shared a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models shared components, although the only shared production facility was [[Halewood Body & Assembly]] – which manufactured the technically related X-Type and the Freelander 2. Operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford's PAG.

On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[HSBC]] to advise it on the deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as [[Alchemy Partners]] of the UK, [[TPG Capital]], [[Ripplewood Holdings]] (which hired former Ford Europe executive [[Nick Scheele|Sir Nick Scheele]] to head its bid), [[Cerberus Capital Management]] and [[One Equity Partners]] (owned by [[JP Morgan Chase]] and managed by former Ford executive [[Jacques Nasser]]) of the US, [[Tata Motors]] of India and a consortium comprising [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] (an automobile manufacturer from India) and [[Apollo Management]] all initially expressed interest in purchasing the [[marque]]s from the Ford Motor Company.<ref name="From Archive.org-6375467">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/08/24/afx4052453.html |title=India's Tata confirms interest in Land Rover, Jaguar |work=Forbes |date=24 August 2007 |accessdate=18 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208072836/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/08/24/afx4052453.html |archivedate=8 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |author= |agency=AFX News Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article3307647.ece |title=Tata in pole position to buy Jaguar and Land Rover marques from Ford |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=4 January 2008 |last=Clark |first=Nick |work=The Independent |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105014035/http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article3307647.ece |archivedate=5 January 2008 }}</ref>

Before the sale was announced, [[Anthony Bamford]], chairman of British excavator manufacturer [[J. C. Bamford|JCB]] had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2006/08/24/51974/jcbs-sir-anthony-bamford-eyes-jaguar.html |title=JCB's Sir Anthony Bamford eyes Jaguar |date=24 August 2006 |work=Contract Journal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531235919/http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2006/08/24/51974/jcbs-sir-anthony-bamford-eyes-jaguar.html |archivedate=31 May 2009 |df= }}</ref> but backed out upon learning that the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/MM_out_of_Jaguar_Land_Rover_race/articleshow/2646028.cms |title=M&M out of Jaguar, Land Rover race |accessdate=24 December 2007 |date=24 December 2007 |publisher=Times News Network |last=Doval |first=Pankaj}}</ref>

====Tata Motors era====
On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1699920,00.html |title=Indian Company Top Bidder for Jaguar |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |agency=Associated Press |last=Krisher |first=Tom |work=Time |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106094214/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1699920,00.html |archivedate=6 January 2008 }}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker's Union (TGWU)-[[Amicus (trade union)|Amicus]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tata_set_to_clinch_Jaguar-Land_Rover_deal_Report/articleshow/2637533.cms |title=Tata set to clinch Jaguar-Land Rover deal: Report |accessdate=20 December 2007 |date=20 December 2007 |agency=Press Trust of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223113125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tata_set_to_clinch_Jaguar-Land_Rover_deal_Report/articleshow/2637533.cms |archivedate=23 December 2007 }}</ref> [[unite (trade union)|combine]] as well as from Ford.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/12/17/businesspro-ford-tata-dc-idUKL1657837520071217 |title=Ford set to pick Jaguar frontrunner in days: source |accessdate=16 February 2011 |date=17 December 2007 |agency=Reuters |first=Mathieu |last=Robbins}}</ref> According to the rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of [[Unite (trade union)|Unite]]) would now be able to enter into detailed discussions with Tata concerning issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=287b0b39-fab7-4219-923a-d1fb409d8f25&ParentID=6c3b0942-84e5-4997-b350-794d54521614&MatchID1=4626&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&MatchID2=4618&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4626&Headline=Super+car+technology+headed+for+Tata+stable |title=Super car technology headed for Tata stable |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |last=Ghosh |first=Suprotip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105072608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=287b0b39-fab7-4219-923a-d1fb409d8f25&ParentID=6c3b0942-84e5-4997-b350-794d54521614&MatchID1=4626&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&MatchID2=4618&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4626&Headline=Super%2Bcar%2Btechnology%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2BTata%2Bstable |archive-date=5 January 2008 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> as well as the final sale price.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9f884a00-ba68-11dc-abcb-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Tata falls for the attraction of opposites |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=4 January 2008 |work=Financial Times |last=Leahy |first=Joe |first2=Bernard |last2=Simon|first3= Amy |last3=Yee}}</ref> Ford would also open its books for a more comprehensive [[due diligence]] by Tata.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/news/business/ball-nowtata-motors%E2%80%99-court-to-tie-up-deal-unite/22/39/319697 |title=Ball now in Tata Motors' court to tie-up deal: Unite |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |publisher=CNBC TV-18}}</ref> On 18 March 2008, [[Reuters]] reported that American bankers [[Citigroup]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan]] would finance the deal with a US$3 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] loan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c0fba677-1cca-4a72-b13d-13e0a02747cc&&Headline=Tata+gets+%243+bln+loan+from+Citi%2c+JPMorgan%3a+source |title=Tata gets $3 billion loan from Citi, JPMorgan: source |agency=Reuters |date=18 March 2008 |accessdate=18 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207165822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c0fba677-1cca-4a72-b13d-13e0a02747cc&&Headline=Tata+gets+%243+bln+loan+from+Citi%2C+JPMorgan%3A+source |archive-date=7 December 2008 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors of India, and that they expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.<ref name="ford_20080326">{{cite press release |title=FORD MOTOR COMPANY ANNOUNCES AGREEMENT TO SELL JAGUAR LAND ROVER TO TATA MOTORS |publisher=Ford Motor Company |date=26 March 2008 |url=http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=27953 |accessdate=27 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612192629/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=27953 |archivedate=12 June 2008 }}</ref> Included in the deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar's own [[Daimler Company|Daimler]], as well as two dormant brands [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leftlanenews.com/5-for-2-special-tata-acquires-3-other-british-marques-in-jaguar-land-rover-deal.html#more-6922 | title = 5 for 2 special: Tata acquires 3 other British marques in Jaguar, Land Rover deal | publisher = Leftlane News | date = 28 March 2008 | accessdate = 28 March 2008}}</ref> On 2 June 2008, the sale to Tata was completed at a cost of £1.7 billion.<ref name="r_20080602">{{cite news |title=Tata Motors completes acquisition of Jag, Land Rover |date=2 June 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSBMA00084220080602 |accessdate=2 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080630/FREE/940478590/1528/newsletter01 |title=On U.S. tour, Mr. Tata gives Jaguar and Rover dealers a hug: AutoWeek Magazine |publisher=Autoweek.com |accessdate=4 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBCJagJobs">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8121056.stm|work=BBC News|title=Jobs warning at Jaguar Land Rover|date=26 June 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref>

On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the [[Tata Group]], established [[Jaguar Land Rover]] Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.<ref name=jlrar2010-2011>{{cite web|title=2010/2011 Annual Report|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover PLC|pages=5|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126065823/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.<ref name=jlrar2012-2013>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012/2013|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|pages=91|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070639/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

===Plants===
From 1922 the Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was located in [[Blackpool]]. The company moved to Holbrook Lane, [[Coventry]] in 1928 when demand for the [[Austin 7|Austin Swallow]] became too great for the factory's capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar-enthusiasts.org.uk/jaguar-history.html |title=Jaguar History |publisher=The Surrey Region Jaguar Enthusiasts Club |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630051433/http://www.jaguar-enthusiasts.org.uk/jaguar-history.html |archivedate=30 June 2007 }}</ref> The company started using the ''Jaguar'' name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane.

In 1951, having outgrown the original Coventry site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime "shadow factory" run by [[Daimler Company|The Daimler Company]]. The [[Browns Lane plant]] ceased trim and final operations in 2005, the X350 [[Jaguar XJ (X350)|XJ]] having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the [[Jaguar XK|XK]] and [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]] following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage centre until it moved to the [[British Motor Museum]] site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped.

Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering centre from [[Peugeot]] in 1986; which had originally been part of [[Chrysler Europe]] which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the [[Talbot]] brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Rootes site in [[Ryton-on-Dunsmore]] which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover's classic restoration operation.

Jaguar's [[Radford, Coventry|Radford plant]], originally a Daimler bus plant but later a Jaguar engine and axle plant, was closed by Ford in 1997 when it moved all Jaguar engine production to its [[Ford Bridgend Engine Plant|Bridgend]] facility.

In 2000, Ford turned its [[Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood]] plant over to Jaguar following the discontinuation of its long running [[Ford Escort (European)|Escort]] that year for Jaguar's new [[Jaguar X-Type|X-Type]] model. It was later joined by the second-generation Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007. Jaguars ceased being produced at Halewood in 2009 following the discontinuation of the X-Type; Halewood now becoming a Land Rover-only plant.

Since [[Jaguar Land Rover]] was formed following the merger of Jaguar Cars with Land Rover, facilities have been shared across several JLR sites, most of which are used for work on both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands.

==Current cars==
===E-Pace===
[[File:2018 Jaguar E-Pace R-Dynamic SE Diesel AWD 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar E-Pace]] 2017–present]]
The [[Jaguar E-Pace]] is a [[compact sport utility vehicle|compact SUV]], officially revealed on 13 July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tisshaw|first1=Mark|title=2018 Jaguar E-Pace officially revealed: release date, price and interior|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/jaguar-e-pace|accessdate=3 March 2018|work=Autocar|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===F-Pace===
[[File:2016 Jaguar F-Pace V6 S AWD Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar F-Pace]] 2016–present]]
The [[Jaguar F-Pace|F-Pace]] is a [[Compact executive car|compact luxury]] [[crossover SUV]] – the first SUV from Jaguar. It was unveiled at the [[International Motor Show Germany]] in Frankfurt in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ingram|first1=Richard|title=New Jaguar F-Pace SUV: Frankfurt debut, prices, engines and specs|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/jaguar/f-pace/65883/new-jaguar-f-pace-suv-frankfurt-debut-prices-engines-and-specs|accessdate=3 March 2018|work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing|date=21 October 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===F-Type===
[[File:2017 Jaguar F-Type Convertible V8 R AWD Automatic 5.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar F-Type]] 2013–present]]

The [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]] convertible was launched at the [[2012 Paris Motor Show]], following its display at the [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]] in June 2012,<ref>{{cite news|last=Healey|first=James|title=Disguised Jaguar F-type sports car runs at Goodwood|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/07/jaguar-f-type-goodwood-speed-sports-car-development/1|accessdate=1 August 2012|work=USA Today|date=2 July 2012}}</ref> and is billed as a successor to the legendary [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]. In fact, the Series III E-Type already had a successor, in the form of the [[Jaguar XJS|XJS]], which was in turn replaced by the XK8 and XKR. The F-Type nevertheless returns to the 2-seat plan that was lost with the introduction of the Series III E-Type, which was available only in a 2+2-seat configuration. It was developed following the positive reaction to Jaguar's C-X16 concept car at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Sales will begin in 2013 with three engine choices; two variants of the AJ126 V6 petrol engine and the AJ133 V8 petrol engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Jaguar-F-Type-2013-first-official-pictures-/|title=CAR Magazine: Jaguar F-type (2013) first official pictures|accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===I-Pace===
[[File:2018 Jaguar I-Pace EV400 AWD Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar I-Pace]] 2018–present]]
The [[Jaguar I-Pace]] is an [[Electric car|electric]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]], officially revealed on 1 March 2018. It's Jaguar's first electric car.
{{clear}}

===XE===
[[File:2017 Jaguar XE Portfolio Diesel Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Jaguar XE]] 2015–present]]

The [[Jaguar XE|XE]] is the first compact executive Jaguar since the 2009 model year X-Type and is the first of several Jaguar models to be built using Jaguar's new modular aluminium architecture,{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} moving the company away from the Ford derived platforms that were used in the past for the X-Type and XF. The use of Jaguar's own platform allows the XE to feature either rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configurations, and it is the first car in its segment with an aluminium monocoque structure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.jaguarlandrover.com/en-in/jaguar/news/2014/03/jag_xe_naming_release_040314/ |title=Jaguar XE Launch Press Release}}</ref> Originally announced at the 2014 [[Geneva Motor Show]] with sales scheduled for 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Jaguar saloon to be called XE|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/jaguar/86011/new-jaguar-saloon-be-called-xe|work=Auto Express|accessdate=4 March 2014|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===XF===
[[File:2018 Jaguar XF V6 S Diesel Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar XF (X260)]] 2015–present]]

The [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]] is a [[Mid-size car|mid-size]] [[executive car]] introduced in 2008 to replace the [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]]. In January 2008, the XF was awarded the ''[[What Car?]]'' 'Car of the Year' and 'Executive Car of the Year' awards. The XF was also awarded Car of the Year 2008 from ''What Diesel?'' magazine. Engines available in the XF are 2.2-litre [[Inline-four engine|I4]] and 3.0-litre [[V6 engine|V6]] diesel engines, or 3.0 litre V6 and 5.0-litre [[V8 engine|V8]] petrol engines. The 5.0 Litre engine is available in supercharged form in the XFR. From 2011, the 2.2-litre diesel engine from the Land Rover Freelander was added to the range as part of a facelift.<ref name="www.jaguar.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguar.com/gb/en/#/xf/models/xf_pricing|title=Jaguar Cars UK Web Site|accessdate=24 May 2010|work=''jaguar.co.uk''}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===XJ===
[[File:2018 Jaguar XJL Autobiography Diesel V6 Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] 2009–present]]

The [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] is a [[Full-size car|full-size]] luxury saloon. The model has been in production since 1968 with the first generation being the last Jaguar car to have creative input by the company's founder, [[William Lyons|Sir William Lyons]], although this is disputed as some Jaguar historians claim that the second generation XJ – the [[Jaguar XJ40|XJ40]] series – was the last car which Lyons had influenced. The XJ40 originally launched in 1986 and went through two major revamps in 1994 ([[Jaguar X300|X300]]) and 1997 ([[Jaguar X308|X308]]) for a total production run of 17 years. In early 2003, the third generation XJ – the [[Jaguar X350|X350]] – arrived in showrooms and while the car's exterior and interior styling were traditional in appearance, the car was completely re-engineered. Its styling attracted much criticism from many motoring journalists who claimed that the car looked old-fashioned and barely more modern than its predecessor, many even citing that the 'Lyons line' had been lost in the translation from XJ40 into X350 XJ, even though beneath the shell lay a highly advanced aluminium construction that put the XJ very near the top of its class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/jaguar/xj-series/ |title=Jaguar XJ Series |publisher=Autocars.co.uk |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

Jaguar responded to the criticism with the introduction of the fourth generation XJ, launched in 2009. Its exterior styling is a departure from previous XJs, with a more youthful, contemporary stance, following the design shift that came into effect previously with the company's [[Jaguar XF|XF]] and [[Jaguar XK|XK]] models.<ref name="bbc_20090709">{{cite news |title=Changing face of Jaguar |date=9 July 2009 |work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/8140482.stm |accessdate=15 July 2009 | first=Peter | last=Plisner}}</ref>

The 5-litre V8 engine in the XJ Supersport can accelerate the car from {{convert|0|to(-)|60|mph|abbr=on}} in 4.7 seconds, and has a UK {{CO2}} emission rating of 289 g/km. To cater to the limousine market, all XJ models are offered with a [[wheelbase|longer wheelbase]] (LWB) as an option, which increases the rear legroom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.co.uk/uk/en/xj/models_pricing/models/models.htm?route=_uk_en_xj_highlights_highlights_performance@__link__InfoBlockLink_3 |title=Jaguar XJ – models |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=19 June 2009 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==R models==
{{main|Jaguar R and SVR models}}

[[File:Jaguar XKR-S - Goodwood Festival of Speed.jpg|thumb|left|Jaguar XKR-S]]

Jaguar began producing R models in 1995 with the introduction of the first XJR, and the first XKR was introduced in 1997. Jaguar R, R-S and SVR models are designated to compete with the likes of [[Mercedes-AMG]], [[BMW M]] and [[Audi S and RS models|Audi S and RS]].

==Historic car models==
[[File:Jaguar Mk V Drophead Coupe.jpg|thumb|[[Jaguar Mark V|1948 Mark V drophead coupé cabriolet]]]]
The renamed Jaguar company started production with the pre-war 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5-litre models, which used engines designed by the [[Standard Motor Company]]. The 1.5-litre four-cylinder engine was still supplied by Standard but the two larger six-cylinder ones were made in house. These cars have become known unofficially as [[Jaguar Mark IV|Mark IVs]].

The first post-war model was the September 1948 [[Jaguar Mark V|Mark V]] available with either 2.5- or 3.5-litre engines. It had a slightly more streamlined appearance than pre-war models, but more important was the change to torsion bar independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} In the spring of 1948 Lyons had returned from USA reporting Jaguar's individuality and perceived quality attracted the admiration of American buyers accustomed to the virtual uniformity of their home-grown vehicles.<ref>British Cars for U.S. ''The Times'', Tuesday, 27 April 1948; pg. 2; Issue 51056.</ref>

[[File:1950 Jaguar XK120 34.jpg|thumb|left|The 1948 [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]] was a breakthrough both for Jaguar and post-WWII sports cars]]

The first big breakthrough was the launch in October 1948 of their new [[A. T. Goldie Gardner#Experimental Jaguar XK100|record-breaking]] engine design in their [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]] sportscar to replace the prewar [[SS Jaguar 100]]. It was powered by a new twin [[overhead camshaft]] (DOHC) 3.5-litre [[combustion chamber|hemi-head]] six-cylinder engine designed by [[William Heynes]], [[Walter Hassan]] and Claude Baily. The XK100 4-cylinder 2-Litre version had broken records in Belgium travelling at 177 mph. This XK engine had been designed at night during the war when they would be on fire watch in the factory. After several attempts a final design was achieved. That is until owner William Lyons said "make it quieter".

The sportscar bearing its prefix X had originally been intended as a short production model of about 200 vehicles. A test bed for the new engine until its intended home, the new [[Jaguar Mark VII|Mark VII]] saloon, was ready.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Jaguar Mark VII reg 1954 3442 cc grey amended.jpg|thumb|1950 ''"Grace . . . Space . . . Pace – Jaguar"'' Mark VII]]

The second big breakthrough was the large Mark VII saloon in 1950, a car especially conceived for the American market, Jaguar was overwhelmed with orders. The Mark VII and its successors gathered rave reviews from magazines such as ''[[Road & Track]]'' and [[The Motor (magazine)|''The Motor'']]. In 1956 a Mark VII won the prestigious [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]]. The XK120's exceptional reception was followed in 1954 by an improved [[Jaguar XK140|XK140]] then in May 1957 a fully revised [[Jaguar XK150|XK150]].
[[File:Jaguar 3.4 registered April 1964.jpg|thumb|left|1960s [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]] became one of the most recognisable Jaguar models ever produced]]
In 1955, the ''Two-point-four'' or 2.4-litre saloon (named by enthusiasts [[Jaguar Mark 1|2.4 Mark 1]]) was the first [[monocoque]] (unitary) car from Jaguar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Its 2.4-litre short-stroke version of the XK engine provided {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}} performance. In 1957, the 3.4-litre version with disk brakes, wire wheels and other options was introduced, with a top speed of {{convert|120|mph|abbr=on}}. In October 1959, an extensively revised version of the car with wider windows and 2.4, 3.4, and 3.8-litre engine options became the [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]]. The 3.8 Mark 2 was popular with British police forces for its small size and {{convert|125|mph|abbr=on}} performance.

The [[Jaguar Mark VIII|Mark VIII]] of 1956 and [[Jaguar Mark IX|Mark IX]] of 1958 were essentially updates of the Mark VII, but the oversize [[Jaguar Mark X|Mark X]] of 1961 was a completely new design of large saloon with all round independent suspension and unitary construction.

[[File:1963 Jaguar XK-E Roadster.jpg|right|thumb|1963 open two-seat [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]]]
Jaguar launched the [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]] in 1961.

The independent rear suspension from the Mark X was incorporated in the 1963 [[Jaguar S-Type (1963)|S-Type]], a Mark 2 lengthened to contain the complex rear suspension, and in 1967 the Mark 2 name was dropped when the small saloons became the 240/340 range. The [[Jaguar 420|420]] of 1966, also sold as the [[Daimler Sovereign]], put a new front onto the S-type, although both cars continued in parallel until the S-Type was dropped in 1968. The slow-selling Mark X became the 420G in 1966 and was dropped at the end of the decade. Jaguar was saved by its new equally capacious but very much trimmer new [[Jaguar XJ6|XJ6]].

[[File:1970 Jaguar XJ6 4.2 Series 1 - Flickr - The Car Spy (14).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Jaguar XJ|XJ6]], regarded by many as the definitive Jaguar saloon]]

Of the more recent saloons, the most significant is the [[Jaguar XJ#Series 1, 2 and 3 (1968–1992)|XJ]] (1968–1992). From 1968 on, the Series I XJ saw minor changes, first in 1973 (to Series II), 1979 (Series III), a complete redesign for 1986/1987 in XJ40, further modifications in 1995 (X300), in 1997 with V8-power (X308), and a major advance in 2003 with an industry-first aluminium monocoque-chassis (X350). The most luxurious XJ models carried either the [[Vanden Plas]] (US) or [[Daimler Company|Daimler]] (rest of world) nameplates. In 1972, the 12-cylinder engine was introduced in the XJ, while simultaneously being offered in the E Type.

[[File:JaguarXJ220.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]]—the world's fastest production car in 1992]]

1992 saw the introduction of the mid-engined, twin-turbo [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]], powered by a {{convert|542|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} V6 engine. The XJ220 was confirmed the fastest production car in the world at the time after [[Martin Brundle]] recorded a speed of {{convert|217|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} on the [[Nardò Ring|Nardo track]] in Italy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The monster and the myth – It is the story they've been waiting for with bated breath |date=22 August 1992 |work=The Guardian |quote=On the Nardo track of southern Italy, Martin Brundle, the Grand Prix driver, confirmed it as the fastest production car with 217mph, narrowly quicker than the Bugatti. The Ferrari 512 or earlier F40 does around 200mph. The F40 boasts 0-60mph in 4.1 seconds. The Lamborghini Diablo is 4.09 and Porsche 959, 3.9. The Jaguar rates 3.85.}}</ref>

Over the years many Jaguar models have sported the famous chrome plated Leaping Jaguar, traditionally forming part of the radiator cap. Known as "The Leaper" this iconic mascot has been the subject of controversy in recent times when banned for safety reasons from cars supplied to Europe whilst it continued to be fitted on cars destined for the United States, Middle East and Far East. It has now been dropped from all the latest Jaguar models, although some customers add it to their car as a customization.

[[File:2004 Jaguar X-Type V6 SE Automatic 2.1.jpg|thumb|Jaguar X-Type]]

The [[Jaguar S-Type]], first appeared in 1999 and stopped production in 2008. It has now been replaced by the Jaguar XF. Early S-Types suffered from reliability problems but those were mostly resolved by the 2004 model year.<ref>Consumer Reports, Buying Guide 2007, 211.</ref>

The [[Jaguar X-Type]] was a compact [[Executive car#Compact executive cars|executive car]] launched in 2001, while the company was under Ford ownership, sharing its platform with the [[Ford Mondeo]]. X-Type production ended in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=300 jobs lost at Jaguar's Halewood plant |date=15 July 2009 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jul/15/halewood-jaguar-300-jobs-cut |accessdate=15 July 2009 | location=London | first=Graeme | last=Wearden}}</ref>

The [[Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK]] is a luxury [[grand tourer]] introduced in 2006, where it replaced the [[Jaguar XK (X100)|XK8]]. The XK introduced an aluminium monocoque bodyshell, and was available both as a two-door coupé and two-door [[cabriolet]]/[[Convertible (car)|convertible]].<ref name="carpages.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/guide/jaguar/jaguar-xk-guide.asp|title=Jaguar XK Guide|accessdate=16 May 2010|work=''carpages.co.uk''|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607235746/http://www.carpages.co.uk/guide/jaguar/jaguar-xk-guide.asp|archivedate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Production ceased in 2014.
{{clear}}

===List===
<div style="float:left;width:50%;">

====Large executive====
* 1935–1955 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 2½ Litre|2½ Litre saloon]]
* 1937–1948 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 3½ Litre|3½ Litre saloon]]
* 1948–1951 [[Jaguar Mark V|Mark V]]
* 1951–1957 [[Jaguar Mark VII|Mark VII (& VIIM)]]
* 1957–1959 [[Jaguar Mark VIII|Mark VIII]]
* 1959–1961 [[Jaguar Mark IX|Mark IX]]
* 1961–1966 [[Jaguar Mark X|Mark X]]
* 1966–1970 [[Jaguar Mark X|420G]]
* 1968–1987 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ6]] Series 1, 2 & 3
* 1972–1992 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ12]]
* 1986–1994 [[Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|XJ6]] (XJ40)
* 1993–1994 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ12]] (XJ81)
* 1995–1997 [[Jaguar XJ (X300)|XJ6 & XJ12]] (X300 & X301)
* 1998–2003 [[Jaguar XJ (X308)|XJ8]] (X308)
* 2004–2007 [[Jaguar XJ (X350)|XJ]] (X350)
* 2008–2009 [[Jaguar XJ (X358)|XJ]] (X358)

====Compact executive====
* 1935–1949 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 1½ Litre|1½ Litre saloon]]
* 1955–1959 [[Jaguar Mark 1|Mark 1]]
* 1959–1967 [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]]
* 1963–1968 [[Jaguar S-Type (1963)|S-type]]
* 1966–1968 [[Jaguar 420 and Daimler Sovereign (1966–69)|420]]
* 1966–1968 [[Jaguar Mark 2|240 & 340]]
* 1999–2008 [[Jaguar S-Type|S-type]]
* 2001–2009 [[Jaguar X-Type|X-type]]
* 2007–2015 [[Jaguar XF (X250)|XF (X250)]]
</div><div style="float:right;width:50%;">

====Sports====
[[File:Jaguar-xk-120.jpg|thumb|{{unbulleted list|Jaguar XK120|fastest production car in the world in 1949<ref>{{cite book|year= 1969|origyear= |editor1-last= Manwaring|editor1-first= Leonard Albert|title= The Observer's Book of Automobiles|edition= Fifteenth|location= |publisher= F. Warne|page= 137|id= }}</ref>}}]]
* 1948–1954 [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]]
* 1954–1957 [[Jaguar XK140|XK140]]
* 1957–1961 [[Jaguar XK150|XK150]]
* 1961–1974 [[Jaguar E-type|E-Type]]
* 1975–1996 [[Jaguar XJS|XJ-S]]
* 1992–1994 [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]]
* 1997–2006 [[Jaguar XK8|XK8/XKR]] (X100)
* 2006–2014 [[Jaguar XK|XK]] (X150)

====Racing and competition====
* 1950s [[Jaguar C-Type|C-Type]]
* 1950s [[Jaguar D-type|D-Type]]
* 1960s [[Jaguar E-Type#Lightweight E-Type (1963-1964)|E-Type Lightweight]]
* 1985–1992 [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars|XJR-5 through XJR-17]]
* 2009 [[Jaguar XF|XFR]] Bonneville Salt Flats speed record
* 2010 [[Rocketsports Racing|Jaguar RSR XKR GT2]]
</div>{{Clear}}

==Concept cars==
* E1A – The 1950s E-Type concept vehicle
* E2 A – The second E-Type concept vehicle, which raced at LeMans and in the USA
* [[Bertone Pirana|Pirana]] (1967) – Designed by Bertone
* [[Jaguar XJ13|XJ13]] (1966) – Built to race at LeMans, never run
* [[Jaguar XK 180|XK 180]] (1998) – Roadster concept based on the XK8
* F-Type (2000) – Roadster, similar to the XK8 but smaller
* [[Jaguar R-Coupe|R-Coupé]] (2001) – Large four-seater coupé
* Fuore XF 10 (2003)
* R-D6 (2003) – Compact four-seat coupé
* XK-RR – A high-performance version of last generation [[Jaguar XK|XK]] coupé
* XK-RS – Another performance-spec version of last generation [[Jaguar XK|XK]] convertible
* Concept Eight (2004) – Super-luxury version of the long-wheelbase model of the [[Jaguar XJ|XJ]]
* [[Jaguar C-XF|C-XF]] (2007) – Precursor to the production model [[Jaguar XF|XF]] saloon
* [[Jaguar C-X75|C-X75]] (2010) – Hybrid-electric sports car, originally intended for production but cancelled in 2012
* [[Jaguar C-X16|C-X16]] (2011) – Precursor to the production model [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]]
* [[Jaguar C-X17|C-X17]] (2013) – First ever Jaguar [[SUV]] concept
* Project 7 – a 542 bhp V8-powered speedster based on the [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]] and inspired by the [[Jaguar D-Type|D-Type]] (2013)<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/jagaur-project-7-revealed-goodwood-festival-of-speed-2013-07-10 BBC Top Gear.]. Retrieved 10 July 2013.</ref>

==Engines==
Jaguar has designed in-house six generations of engines:
* Historic:
** [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK6]]— [[Inline-6]]
** [[Jaguar V12 engine|V12]]— 60° [[V12 engine|V12]]
** [[Jaguar AJ6 engine|AJ6/AJ16]]— 22° [[Straight-six engine|Inline-6]]
** [[Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|AJ-V6]]— 60° [[V6]] (Ford designed, Jaguar modified)
* Current:
** [[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|AJ-V8]]— 90° [[V8 engine|V8]]
** [[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ126|AJ126]]— 90° [[V6]]
** [[Jaguar AJD-V6 engine|AJD-V6]]— 60° V6 (Ford designed)
** [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] – [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]

==Motorsport==
{{see also|Jaguar Racing|Jaguar XJR Sportscars}}
[[File:Jaguar XJS TWR 1984.jpg| thumb| [[Jaguar XJ-S]] won the 1984 [[European Touring Car Championship]] ]]
[[File:Webber usgp 2004.jpg|thumb|The [[Jaguar R5]] being driven by [[Mark Webber]] in 2004—the team's last season in [[F1]]]]

Jaguar has had major success in [[sports car racing]], particularly in the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]]. Victories came in {{24hLM|1951}} and {{24hLM|1953}} with the [[Jaguar C-Type|C-Type]], then in {{24hLM|1955}}, {{24hLM|1956}} and {{24hLM|1957}} with the [[Jaguar D-Type|D-Type]]. The manager of the racing team during this period, [[Lofty England]], later became CEO of Jaguar in the early 1970s. Although the prototype [[Jaguar XJ13|XJ13]] was built in the mid-1960s it was never raced, and the famous race was then left for many years.

In 1982, a successful relationship with [[Tom Walkinshaw]]'s [[Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]] team commenced with the [[Jaguar XJ-S|XJ-S]] competing in the [[European Touring Car Championship]], which it won in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double loss for motor sport|url=http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/f1/double-loss-for-motor-sport/|work=Motor Sport|accessdate=21 April 2014|date=16 December 2010}}</ref> In 1985, the TWR XJ-S won the [[1985 James Hardie 1000|Bathurst 1000]] race. In the mid-1980s TWR started designing and preparing Jaguar V12-engined [[Group C]] cars for [[World Sports Prototype Championship]] races. The team started winning regularly from 1987, and won Le Mans in 1988 and 1990 with the [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars|XJR]] series sports cars. The [[Jaguar XJR-14]] was the last of the XJRs to win, taking the 1991 [[World Sportscar Championship]].

In the 1999, Ford decided that Jaguar would be the corporation's [[Formula One]] entry. Ford bought out the [[Milton Keynes]]-based [[Stewart Grand Prix]] team and rebranded it as [[Jaguar Racing]] for the 2000 season. The Jaguar F1 program was not a success however, achieving only two podium finishes in five seasons of competition between {{F1|2000}} and {{F1|2004}}. At the end of 2004, with costs mounting and Ford's profits dwindling, the F1 team was seen as an unneeded expense and was sold to [[Red Bull]] energy drinks owner [[Dietrich Mateschitz]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Red Bull snaps up Jaguar F1 team|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/4012381.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=21 April 2014|date=15 November 2004}}</ref> and it became [[Red Bull Racing]].

On 15 December 2015, it was announced that Jaguar would return to motorsport for the third season of [[Formula E]].

On 15 June 2018, Jaguar Vector Racing broke the world speed record for an electric battery powered boat. The Jaguar Vector V20E recorded an average speed of 88.61 mph across the two legs of the 1 km course on Coniston Water, England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jaguarvectorracing.com/2018/06/15/jaguar-vector-racing-break-maritime-electric-world-record/|title=Jaguar Vector Racing Break Maritime Electric World Record {{!}} Jaguar Vector Racing|date=15 June 2018|work=Jaguar Vector Racing|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

Notable sports racers:
* [[Jaguar C-Type]] (1951–1953)
* [[Jaguar D-Type]] (1954–1957)
* [[Jaguar E-Type|Jaguar Lightweight E-Type]]
* [[Jaguar XJ13]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xj13.eu/xj13blog/|title=Jaguar XJ13 – Building the Legend|date=14 June 2013|accessdate=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614033237/http://www.xj13.eu/xj13blog/|archivedate=14 June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars]]
* [[Jaguar XJR-9]] (1988)
* [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]] (1988)
* [[Jaguar XJR-15|XJR-15]] (1990)

==Jaguar and the arts==
[[File:JaguarSzczesnyShadowsculpture SaintTropez.jpg|thumb|upright|Jaguar Art Project "Shadows", Saint-Tropez 2011]]
For some time now Jaguar has been active in the international arts scene. In particular, the company has collaborated with the artist [[Stefan Szczesny]], implementing major art projects. In 2011, Jaguar presented the exhibition series "Shadows", which involved the installation of Szczesny's shadow sculptures in Sankt-Moritz, on Sylt and in Saint-Tropez. In 2012, a large number of sculptures, ceramics and paintings were shown in Frankfurt (and mainly in Frankfurt's Palmengarten).

As part of the collaboration with Szczesny, Jaguar has released the "Jaguar Art Collection".

==See also==
* [[List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jaguar Cars}}
* [http://www.jaguarheritage.org/ Official Jaguar Heritage web site]
* {{dmoz|/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Jaguar/}}

{{Jaguar vehicles timeline (classic)}}
{{Jaguar vehicles timeline (modern)}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Jaguar Land Rover}}
{{Tata Motors}}
{{British Leyland}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{British Car Industry}}
{{Ford Motor Company}}
{{British Royal Warrant holders}}
}}

[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Jaguar Cars| ]]
[[Category:Jaguar vehicles| ]]

Jaguar Cars

2019-09-04T11:01:43Z

Githek:

{{short description|Car marque and former British car company}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox brand
| name = Jaguar (marque)
| logo = Jaguar 2012 logo.png
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = Cars
| currentowner = {{nowrap|[[Jaguar Land Rover]] (since 2013)}}<ref name="tm_reg">{{cite web |url=https://trademarks.ipo.gov.uk/ipo-tmcase/page/Results/4/EU000026625|title=Trade mark number EU000026625|website=Intellectual Property Office|publisher=Crown (UK Government)|accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref>
| producedby = [[Jaguar Land Rover]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| introduced = 1935 
| discontinued =
| related = [[Land Rover]]
| markets = Worldwide
| previousowners = Jaguar Cars (1935–2012)
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline = "The Art of Performance"
| website = {{URL|jaguar.com}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Jaguar Cars Limited
| logo = Jaguar 2012 logo.png
| image =
| image_caption =
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| fate = Merged with [[Land Rover]]
| predecessor = [[Swallow Sidecar Company|Swallow Coachbuilding Company Limited]]
| successor = [[Jaguar Land Rover]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1933|10|26}}
| founder = [[William Lyons]]
| defunct = {{End date|df=y|2012|12|31}} 
| hq_location_city = [[Coventry]], [[West Midlands]]
| hq_location_country = England
| owners = {{ubl|(1933–1945) S. S. Cars Limited, a public listed company [[London Stock Exchange|LSE]]|(1945–1966) renamed Jaguar Cars Limited LSE}}
| parent = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|[[British Motor Holdings]] (1966–1968)}}
| {{nowrap|[[British Leyland]] (1968–1984)}}
| {{nowrap|[[Ford Motor Company]] (1990–2008)}}
| {{nowrap|[[Tata Motors]] (2008–2012)}}
}}
}}

'''Jaguar''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ɡ|j|u|ər}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ɡ|w|ɑɹ}}) is the [[luxury vehicle]] brand of [[Jaguar Land Rover]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaguar Land Rover 2012 Overview|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2012_Overview.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover|date=14 June 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202202350/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2012_Overview.pdf|archivedate=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="tm_reg"/> a British  [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[automaker|car manufacturer]] with its headquarters in [[Whitley, Coventry]], [[England]]. '''Jaguar Cars''' was the company that was responsible for the production of Jaguar cars until its operations were fully merged with those of [[Land Rover]] to form [[Jaguar Land Rover]] on 1 January 2013.

Jaguar's business was founded as the [[Swallow Sidecar Company]] in 1922, originally making motorcycle [[sidecar]]s before developing bodies for passenger cars. Under the ownership of S. S. Cars Limited the business extended to complete cars made in association with [[Standard Motor Company|Standard Motor Co]], many bearing ''Jaguar'' as a model name. The company's name was changed from S. S. Cars to Jaguar Cars in 1945. A merger with the [[British Motor Corporation]] followed in 1966,<ref>"Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited." Official statement released at press conference at the Great Eastern Hotel, London, 1966.</ref> the resulting enlarged company now being renamed as [[British Motor Holdings]] (BMH), which in 1968 merged with Leyland Motor Corporation and became [[British Leyland]], itself to be [[nationalised]] in 1975.

Jaguar was [[corporate spin-off|spun off]] from British Leyland and was listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in 1984, becoming a constituent of the [[FTSE 100 Index]] until it was acquired by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1986 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=19 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624005733/http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |archivedate=24 June 2009 }}</ref> Jaguar has, in recent years, manufactured cars for the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], the [[Prime Ministerial Car (United Kingdom)|most recent delivery]] being an [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|XJ]] in May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.autoblog.com/2010/05/13/cameron-gets-a-new-jag-to-go-with-the-new-job/ |title=Cameron gets a new Jag to go with the new job – Autoblog UK |publisher=Uk.autoblog.com |date=13 May 2010 |accessdate=30 November 2010}}</ref> The company also holds [[Royal Warrant of Appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrants]] from Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalwarrant.org/DirectorySQL.asp |title=The Royal Warrant Holders ' Association – Directory of Royal Warrant Holders |accessdate=24 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212175255/http://www.royalwarrant.org/DirectorySQL.asp |archivedate=12 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

In 1990 [[Ford Motors|Ford]] acquired Jaguar Cars and it remained in their ownership, joined in 2000 by [[Land Rover]], till 2008. Ford then sold both Jaguar and Land Rover to [[Tata Motors]]. Tata created [[Jaguar Land Rover]] as a subsidiary holding company. At operating company level, in 2013 Jaguar Cars was merged with Land Rover to form Jaguar Land Rover Limited as the single design, manufacture, sales company and brand owner for both Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles.

Since the Ford ownership era, Jaguar and Land Rover have used joint design facilities in engineering centres at [[Whitley plant|Whitley]] in Coventry and [[Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre|Gaydon]] in Warwickshire and Jaguar cars have been assembled in plants at [[Castle Bromwich Assembly|Castle Bromwich]] and [[Solihull plant|Solihull]].

==History==

===Founding===
The [[Swallow Sidecar Company]] was founded in 1922 by two motorcycle enthusiasts, [[William Lyons]] and [[William Walmsley]]. In 1934 Walmsley elected to sell-out and in order to buy the Swallow business (but not the company which was liquidated) Lyons formed [[SS Cars|S.S. Cars Limited]], finding new capital by issuing shares to the public.

[[File:Mr Wyatt's New Jaguar (3408151811).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar 2½ Litre|SS Jaguar 2½-litre sports saloon]]]]
[[File:Jaguar SS100 - 1937 publicity photo.jpg|thumb|[[SS Jaguar 100]] open 2-seater]]
Jaguar first appeared in September 1935 as a model name on an SS 2½-litre [[saloon (car)|sports saloon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Design Evolution: 80 Years of Jaguar – Part 1 |url=https://www.jaguar.com/about-jaguar/80-years-of-jaguar/80-years-of-jaguar-part-1.html |website=Jaguar |publisher=Jaguar Land Rover |accessdate=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1932_1935.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601055210/http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1932_1935.htm|archive-date=10 June 2009|title=The Years 1932 to 1935 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=26 December 2008 }}</ref> A matching open two seater sports model with a 3½-litre engine was named [[SS Jaguar 100]].

On 23 March 1945 the S. S. Cars shareholders in general meeting agreed to change the company's name to Jaguar Cars Limited. Said chairman William Lyons ''"Unlike S. S. the name Jaguar is distinctive and cannot be connected or confused with any similar foreign name."''<ref name=TT50108>S.S. Cars Limited. ''The Times'', Wednesday, 4 April 1945; pg. 10; Issue 50108</ref>

Though five years of pent-up demand ensured plenty of buyers production was hampered by shortage of materials, particularly steel, issued to manufacturers until the 1950s by a central planning authority under strict government control. Jaguar sold [[Motor Panels]], a pressed steel body manufacturing company bought in the late 1930s, to steel and components manufacturer [[Rubery Owen]],<ref name=Motor197202>{{cite journal| authorlink = Phillip Turner| title =The Lyons share – interview with WL| journal = Motor| pages = 18–21|date = 19 February 1972}}</ref> and Jaguar bought from [[John Black (businessman)|John Black]]'s [[Standard Motor Company]] the plant where Standard built Jaguar's six-cylinder engines.<ref name=Motor197202/> From this time Jaguar was entirely dependent for their bodies on external suppliers, in particular then independent [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel]] and in 1966 that carried them into BMC, BMH and British Leyland.

[[File:S S Jaguar drophead coupe 1940 (8679189922).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar Mark IV|SS Jaguar]] 3½-litre, 125 hp drophead coupé 1940]]

Jaguar made its name by producing a series of successful eye-catching sports cars, the [[Jaguar XK120]] (1948–54), [[Jaguar XK140]] (1954–57), [[Jaguar XK150]] (1957–61), and [[Jaguar E-Type]] (1961–75), all embodying Lyons' mantra of "value for money".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silkcat.ca/articles/jaguar/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=22 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109021252/http://silkcat.ca/articles/jaguar/ |archivedate=9 January 2014 }}</ref> The sports cars were successful in international motorsport, a path followed in the 1950s to prove the engineering integrity of the company's products.

Jaguar's sales slogan for years was "Grace, Space, Pace",<ref name="Grace, Space, Pace">"The classic has to be "Grace... Space... Pace," which was used throughout the 1950s and 1960s". {{cite web|url=http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1156667&page=0 |publisher=MSN |year=2010 |title=Jaguar: A History of Grace and Pace |last=Clausager |first=Anders Ditlev |accessdate=2 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327205555/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1156667&page=0 |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> a mantra epitomised by the record sales achieved by the MK VII, IX, Mks I and II saloons and later the XJ6.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} During the time this slogan was used, but the exact text varied.<ref name="C4Wauto-3368553">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguar-world.com/blogs/editors-blog/773-january-issue-of-jaguar-world-editors-welcome |title=Grace… Space… Pace |work=jaguar-world.com |date=13 December 2012 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |first=Paul |last=Walton |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327205958/http://www.jaguar-world.com/blogs/editors-blog/773-january-issue-of-jaguar-world-editors-welcome |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-9442418">{{cite web |url=http://www.themomentmagazine.com/motoring/jaguar-75-years-of-grace-space-and-pace/ |title=Jaguar: 75 Years of Grace, Space and Pace |work=''themomentmagazine.com'' |date=19 November 2010 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |first=Brave Creative |last=Peterborough}}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-4937047">{{cite web |url=http://typophile.com/files/1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg |title=1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg (JPEG Image, 374 × 500 pixels) |work=''typophile.com'' |date=28 August 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327210823/http://typophile.com/files/1306381302_a13c957db6_4840.jpg |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="C4Wauto-4268228">{{cite web|url=http://31.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg |title=tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg (JPEG Image, 1280 × 1256 pixels) |work=31.media.tumblr.com |date=24 December 2011 |accessdate=27 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327210910/http://31.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lwqh6th15q1qchs1zo1_1280.jpg |archivedate=27 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

The core of Bill Lyons' success following WWII was the [[Jaguar XK6 engine|twin-cam straight six]] engine, conceived pre-war and realised while engineers at the Coventry plant were dividing their time between fire-watching and designing the new power plant. It had a hemispherical cross-flow cylinder head with valves inclined from the vertical; originally at 30 degrees (inlet) and 45 degrees (exhaust) and later standardised to 45 degrees for both inlet and exhaust.

[[File:Jaguar XK6 engine 1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK engine]] in an [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]]]

As fuel [[octane]] ratings were relatively low from 1948 onwards, three piston configuration were offered: domed (high octane), flat (medium octane), and dished (low octane).

The main designer, [[William Heynes|William "Bill" Heynes]], assisted by [[Walter Hassan|Walter "Wally" Hassan]], was determined to develop the Twin [[Overhead camshaft|OHC]] unit. Bill Lyons agreed over misgivings from Hassan. It was risky to take what had previously been considered a racing or low-volume and cantankerous engine needing constant fettling and apply it to reasonable volume production saloon cars.

The subsequent engine (in various versions) was the mainstay powerplant of Jaguar, used in the XK 120, Mk VII Saloon, Mk I and II Saloons and XK 140 and 150. It was also employed in the E Type, itself a development from the race winning and Le Mans conquering C and D Type Sports Racing cars refined as the short-lived XKSS, a road-legal D-Type.

Few engine types have demonstrated such ubiquity and longevity: Jaguar used the Twin OHC ''XK Engine'', as it came to be known, in the Jaguar XJ6 saloon from 1969 through 1992, and employed in a J60 variant as the power plant in such diverse vehicles as the British Army's [[Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)]] family of vehicles, as well as the [[Fox armoured reconnaissance vehicle]], the [[Ferret armoured car|Ferret Scout Car]], and the Stonefield four-wheel-drive all-terrain lorry. Properly maintained, the standard production XK Engine would achieve 200,000 miles of useful life.

Two of the proudest moments in Jaguar's long history in motor sport involved winning the [[24 Hours of Le Mans|Le Mans 24 hours race]], firstly in 1951 and again in 1953. Victory at the 1955 Le Mans was overshadowed by it being the occasion of [[1955 Le Mans disaster|the worst motorsport accident in history]]. Later in the hands of the Scottish racing team Ecurie Ecosse two more wins were added in 1956 and 1957.

In spite of such a performance orientation, it was always Lyons' intention to build the business by producing world-class sporting saloons in larger numbers than the sports car market could support. Jaguar secured financial stability and a reputation for excellence with a series of elegantly styled luxury saloons that included the 3-litre and 3½ litre cars, the Mark VII, VIII, and IX, the compact Mark I and 2, and the XJ6 and XJ12. All were deemed very good values, with comfortable rides, good handling, high performance, and great style.

Combined with the trend-setting XK 120, XK 140, and XK 150 series of sports car, and nonpareil E-Type,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Jaguar's elan as a prestige motorcar manufacturer had few rivals. The company's post-War achievements are remarkable, considering both the shortages that drove Britain (the [[Ministry of Supply]] still allocated raw materials) and the state of metallurgical development of the era.

In 1950, Jaguar agreed to lease from the Ministry of Supply the Daimler Shadow 2 factory in [[Browns Lane plant|Browns Lane]], Allesley, Coventry, which at the time was being used by [[Daimler Company|The Daimler Company Limited]] and moved to the new site from Foleshill over the next 12 months.<ref name=LyonsBio>'Sir William Lyons – The Official Biography', Philip Porter & Paul Skilleter, page 120 onwards</ref> Jaguar purchased Daimler – not to be confused with [[Daimler-Benz]] or [[Daimler AG]]—in 1960 from [[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]]. From the late 1960s, Jaguar used the Daimler marque as a brand name for their most luxurious saloons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1968_1979.htm |title=The Years 1968 to 1979 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=26 December 2008}}</ref>

===Ownership===
====An end to independence====
[[Pressed Steel Company]] Limited made all Jaguar's ([[monocoque]]) bodies leaving provision and installation of the mechanicals to Jaguar. In mid-1965 [[British Motor Corporation]] (BMC), the [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]]-[[Morris Motors|Morris]] combine, bought Pressed Steel.<ref>{{cite book |last= Utton|first= M. A.|year= 2003|title= Market Dominance and Antitrust Policy|url= {{Google books|5c_SAgAAQBAJ|Market Dominance and Antitrust Policy|page=226|plainurl=yes}}|location= Cheltenham, Glos, UK|publisher= Edward Elgar Publishing|page= 226|isbn= 1 84064 728 0|lccn= 2002029832|accessdate= 6 November 2014|chapter= 9 – Vertical integration and vertical mergers}}</ref> Lyons became concerned about the future of Jaguar, partly because of the threat to ongoing supplies of bodies, and partly because of his age and lack of an heir. He therefore accepted BMC's offer to merge with Jaguar to form British Motor (Holdings) Limited.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Douglas-Scott-Montagu|first1= Edward John Barrington|author-link1= Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu|last2= Burgess-Wise|first2= David|author-link2= David Burgess-Wise |lastauthoramp= yes |year= 1995|title= Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker |location= Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK|publisher= Patrick Stephens|isbn= 1 85260 494 8|ref= harv|chapter= Chapter 9 – Under New Management|page= 283|quote= ...Sir George Harriman of the British Motor Corporation (whose Pressed Steel subsidiary supplied Jaguar bodyshells) offered Lyons a 'logical and beneficial' merger deal, which would leave Jaguar operating under Lyons's chairmanship as 'a separate entitiy and with the greatest practical degree of autonomy' within a new organization called British Motor (Holdings) Limited.}}</ref> At a press conference on 11 July 1965 at the Great Eastern Hotel in London, Lyons and BMC chairman George Harriman announced, "Jaguar Group of companies is to merge with The British Motor Corporation Ltd., as the first step towards the setting up of a joint holding company to be called British Motor (Holdings) Limited". In due course BMC changed its name to [[British Motor Holdings]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename= British Motor Takes That New Label|section= |day_of_week= Thursday|date= 15 December 1966|page_number= 17|issue= 56815|column= }}</ref> at the end of 1966.

BMH was pushed by the Government to merge with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, manufacturer of [[Leyland Motors#Post war|Leyland bus and truck]], [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] and, since 1967, [[Rover Company|Rover]] vehicles. The result was [[British Leyland Motor Corporation]], a new holding company which appeared in 1968, but the combination was not a success. A combination of poor decision making by the board along with the financial difficulties of, especially, the Austin-Morris division (previously BMC) led to the [[Ryder Report (British Leyland)|Ryder Report]] and to effective nationalisation in 1975.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}}

====Temporary return to independence====
Over the next few years it became clear that because of the low regard for many of the group's products insufficient capital could be provided to develop and begin manufacture of new models, including Jaguars, particularly if Jaguar were to remain a part of the group.<ref>page 49, Andrew M. McLaughlin, William A. Maloney, ''The European Automobile Industry: Multi-Level Governance, Policy and Politics'' Taylor & Francis e-Library 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vfyLSybp0ncC&pg=RA1-PA49&dq=jaguar+independence&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QRAKUabfF4avkgX99oDACg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=jaguar%20independence&f=false accessed 31 Jan 2013]</ref>
[[File:Jaguar_XJ6.jpg|thumb|[[Jaguar XJ (X300)]] a luxury sedan manufactured by Jaguar Cars between 1994 and 1997]]

In July 1984, Jaguar was floated off as a separate company on the stock market – one of the [[Margaret Thatcher|Thatcher]] government's many [[privatisation]]s<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2000/nov/22/thatcher.politics1 |title=A whole world sold on sell-offs |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=26 December 2008 | location=London | first=Larry | last=Elliott | date=22 November 2000}}</ref>– to create its own track record.<ref>page 50, Andrew M. McLaughlin, William A. Maloney, ''The European Automobile Industry: Multi-Level Governance, Policy and Politics'' Taylor & Francis e-Library 2005.</ref>

Installed as chairman in 1980, [[John Egan (industrialist)|Sir John Egan]] is credited for Jaguar's unprecedented prosperity immediately after privatisation. In early 1986 Egan reported he had tackled the main problems that were holding Jaguar back from selling more cars: quality control, lagging delivery schedules, poor productivity. He laid off about one third of the company's roughly 10,000 employees to cut costs.<ref>Zetlin, M. (1986). John Egan: Tough leadership turns Jaguar around. ''Management Review'', 75(5), (May 1986) 20–20.</ref> Commentators later pointed out he exploited an elderly model range (on which all development costs had been written off) and raised prices. He also intensified the effort to improve Jaguar's quality. In the US the price increases were masked by a favourable exchange rate.<ref>The Badge on the Bonnet. ''The Times'' Friday, 3 November 1989; pg. 13; Issue 63542.</ref>

====Ford Motor Company era====
[[File:2001 Jaguar S-Type.JPG|thumb|[[Jaguar S-Type]] based on the [[Ford DEW98 platform]]]]

[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] made offers to Jaguar's US and UK shareholders to buy their shares in November 1989; Jaguar's listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] was removed on 28 February 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/uk/en/company/overview/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1996 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=10 May 2007}}</ref> In 1999 it became part of Ford's new [[Premier Automotive Group]] along with [[Aston Martin]], [[Volvo Cars]] and, from 2000, [[Land Rover]]. Under Ford's ownership, Jaguar never made a profit.<ref>"Although Land Rover remains profitable, Ford has never managed to make money from its investment in Jaguar." {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7313380.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=26 March 2008|accessdate=3 September 2013|title=Tata buys Jaguar in £1.15bn deal}}</ref>

Under Ford's ownership Jaguar expanded its range of products with the launch of the [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]] in 1999 and [[Jaguar X-Type|X-type]] in 2001. After PAG acquired Land Rover in May 2000 purchase by Ford, the brand became closely associated with Jaguar. In many countries they shared a common sales and distribution network (including shared dealerships), and some models shared components, although the only shared production facility was [[Halewood Body & Assembly]] – which manufactured the technically related X-Type and the Freelander 2. Operationally the two companies were effectively integrated under a common management structure within Ford's PAG.

On 11 June 2007, Ford announced that it planned to sell Jaguar, along with Land Rover and retained the services of [[Goldman Sachs]], [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[HSBC]] to advise it on the deal. The sale was initially expected to be announced by September 2007, but was delayed until March 2008. Private equity firms such as [[Alchemy Partners]] of the UK, [[TPG Capital]], [[Ripplewood Holdings]] (which hired former Ford Europe executive [[Nick Scheele|Sir Nick Scheele]] to head its bid), [[Cerberus Capital Management]] and [[One Equity Partners]] (owned by [[JP Morgan Chase]] and managed by former Ford executive [[Jacques Nasser]]) of the US, [[Tata Motors]] of India and a consortium comprising [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] (an automobile manufacturer from India) and [[Apollo Management]] all initially expressed interest in purchasing the [[marque]]s from the Ford Motor Company.<ref name="From Archive.org-6375467">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/08/24/afx4052453.html |title=India's Tata confirms interest in Land Rover, Jaguar |work=Forbes |date=24 August 2007 |accessdate=18 December 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208072836/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2007/08/24/afx4052453.html |archivedate=8 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |author= |agency=AFX News Limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article3307647.ece |title=Tata in pole position to buy Jaguar and Land Rover marques from Ford |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=4 January 2008 |last=Clark |first=Nick |work=The Independent |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105014035/http://news.independent.co.uk/business/news/article3307647.ece |archivedate=5 January 2008 }}</ref>

Before the sale was announced, [[Anthony Bamford]], chairman of British excavator manufacturer [[J. C. Bamford|JCB]] had expressed interest in purchasing the company in August 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2006/08/24/51974/jcbs-sir-anthony-bamford-eyes-jaguar.html |title=JCB's Sir Anthony Bamford eyes Jaguar |date=24 August 2006 |work=Contract Journal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531235919/http://www.contractjournal.com/Articles/2006/08/24/51974/jcbs-sir-anthony-bamford-eyes-jaguar.html |archivedate=31 May 2009 |df= }}</ref> but backed out upon learning that the sale would also involve Land Rover, which he did not wish to buy. On Christmas Eve of 2007, Mahindra and Mahindra backed out of the race for both brands, citing complexities in the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/MM_out_of_Jaguar_Land_Rover_race/articleshow/2646028.cms |title=M&M out of Jaguar, Land Rover race |accessdate=24 December 2007 |date=24 December 2007 |publisher=Times News Network |last=Doval |first=Pankaj}}</ref>

====Tata Motors era====
On 1 January 2008, Ford formally declared that Tata was the preferred bidder.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1699920,00.html |title=Indian Company Top Bidder for Jaguar |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |agency=Associated Press |last=Krisher |first=Tom |work=Time |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106094214/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1699920,00.html |archivedate=6 January 2008 }}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] also received endorsements from the Transport And General Worker's Union (TGWU)-[[Amicus (trade union)|Amicus]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tata_set_to_clinch_Jaguar-Land_Rover_deal_Report/articleshow/2637533.cms |title=Tata set to clinch Jaguar-Land Rover deal: Report |accessdate=20 December 2007 |date=20 December 2007 |agency=Press Trust of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223113125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Tata_set_to_clinch_Jaguar-Land_Rover_deal_Report/articleshow/2637533.cms |archivedate=23 December 2007 }}</ref> [[unite (trade union)|combine]] as well as from Ford.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/12/17/businesspro-ford-tata-dc-idUKL1657837520071217 |title=Ford set to pick Jaguar frontrunner in days: source |accessdate=16 February 2011 |date=17 December 2007 |agency=Reuters |first=Mathieu |last=Robbins}}</ref> According to the rules of the auction process, this announcement would not automatically disqualify any other potential suitor. However, Ford (as well as representatives of [[Unite (trade union)|Unite]]) would now be able to enter into detailed discussions with Tata concerning issues ranging from labour concerns (job security and pensions), technology (IT systems and engine production) and intellectual property,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=287b0b39-fab7-4219-923a-d1fb409d8f25&ParentID=6c3b0942-84e5-4997-b350-794d54521614&MatchID1=4626&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&MatchID2=4618&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4626&Headline=Super+car+technology+headed+for+Tata+stable |title=Super car technology headed for Tata stable |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |last=Ghosh |first=Suprotip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105072608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=287b0b39-fab7-4219-923a-d1fb409d8f25&ParentID=6c3b0942-84e5-4997-b350-794d54521614&MatchID1=4626&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=6&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1165&MatchID2=4618&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=4&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1163&PrimaryID=4626&Headline=Super%2Bcar%2Btechnology%2Bheaded%2Bfor%2BTata%2Bstable |archive-date=5 January 2008 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> as well as the final sale price.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9f884a00-ba68-11dc-abcb-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Tata falls for the attraction of opposites |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=4 January 2008 |work=Financial Times |last=Leahy |first=Joe |first2=Bernard |last2=Simon|first3= Amy |last3=Yee}}</ref> Ford would also open its books for a more comprehensive [[due diligence]] by Tata.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/india/news/business/ball-nowtata-motors%E2%80%99-court-to-tie-up-deal-unite/22/39/319697 |title=Ball now in Tata Motors' court to tie-up deal: Unite |accessdate=4 January 2008 |date=3 January 2008 |publisher=CNBC TV-18}}</ref> On 18 March 2008, [[Reuters]] reported that American bankers [[Citigroup]] and [[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan]] would finance the deal with a US$3 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] loan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c0fba677-1cca-4a72-b13d-13e0a02747cc&&Headline=Tata+gets+%243+bln+loan+from+Citi%2c+JPMorgan%3a+source |title=Tata gets $3 billion loan from Citi, JPMorgan: source |agency=Reuters |date=18 March 2008 |accessdate=18 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207165822/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c0fba677-1cca-4a72-b13d-13e0a02747cc&&Headline=Tata+gets+%243+bln+loan+from+Citi%2C+JPMorgan%3A+source |archive-date=7 December 2008 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

On 26 March 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors of India, and that they expected to complete the sale by the end of the second quarter of 2008.<ref name="ford_20080326">{{cite press release |title=FORD MOTOR COMPANY ANNOUNCES AGREEMENT TO SELL JAGUAR LAND ROVER TO TATA MOTORS |publisher=Ford Motor Company |date=26 March 2008 |url=http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=27953 |accessdate=27 March 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612192629/http://media.ford.com/newsroom/release_display.cfm?release=27953 |archivedate=12 June 2008 }}</ref> Included in the deal were the rights to three other British brands, Jaguar's own [[Daimler Company|Daimler]], as well as two dormant brands [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leftlanenews.com/5-for-2-special-tata-acquires-3-other-british-marques-in-jaguar-land-rover-deal.html#more-6922 | title = 5 for 2 special: Tata acquires 3 other British marques in Jaguar, Land Rover deal | publisher = Leftlane News | date = 28 March 2008 | accessdate = 28 March 2008}}</ref> On 2 June 2008, the sale to Tata was completed at a cost of £1.7 billion.<ref name="r_20080602">{{cite news |title=Tata Motors completes acquisition of Jag, Land Rover |date=2 June 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSBMA00084220080602 |accessdate=2 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080630/FREE/940478590/1528/newsletter01 |title=On U.S. tour, Mr. Tata gives Jaguar and Rover dealers a hug: AutoWeek Magazine |publisher=Autoweek.com |accessdate=4 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBCJagJobs">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8121056.stm|work=BBC News|title=Jobs warning at Jaguar Land Rover|date=26 June 2009|accessdate=26 June 2009}}</ref>

On 18 January 2008, Tata Motors, a part of the [[Tata Group]], established [[Jaguar Land Rover]] Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition of the two businesses from Ford – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.<ref name=jlrar2010-2011>{{cite web|title=2010/2011 Annual Report|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover PLC|pages=5|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126065823/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.<ref name=jlrar2012-2013>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012/2013|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|pages=91|access-date=26 January 2018|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070639/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

===Plants===
From 1922 the Swallow Sidecar company (SSC) was located in [[Blackpool]]. The company moved to Holbrook Lane, [[Coventry]] in 1928 when demand for the [[Austin 7|Austin Swallow]] became too great for the factory's capacity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar-enthusiasts.org.uk/jaguar-history.html |title=Jaguar History |publisher=The Surrey Region Jaguar Enthusiasts Club |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630051433/http://www.jaguar-enthusiasts.org.uk/jaguar-history.html |archivedate=30 June 2007 }}</ref> The company started using the ''Jaguar'' name whilst based in Holbrooks Lane.

In 1951, having outgrown the original Coventry site they moved to Browns Lane, which had been a wartime "shadow factory" run by [[Daimler Company|The Daimler Company]]. The [[Browns Lane plant]] ceased trim and final operations in 2005, the X350 [[Jaguar XJ (X350)|XJ]] having already moved to Castle Bromwich two years prior, with the [[Jaguar XK|XK]] and [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]] following. The Browns Lane plant, which continued producing veneer trim for a while and housed the Jaguar Daimler Heritage centre until it moved to the [[British Motor Museum]] site, has now been demolished and is being redeveloped.

Jaguar acquired the Whitley engineering centre from [[Peugeot]] in 1986; which had originally been part of [[Chrysler Europe]] which the French firm had owned since the late 1970s. The decision to offload the site to Jaguar came as Peugeot discontinued the [[Talbot]] brand for passenger cars. In 2016, Jaguar also moved into part of the old Peugeot/Chrysler/Rootes site in [[Ryton-on-Dunsmore]] which closed a decade earlier – this now is the home of Jaguar Land Rover's classic restoration operation.

Jaguar's [[Radford, Coventry|Radford plant]], originally a Daimler bus plant but later a Jaguar engine and axle plant, was closed by Ford in 1997 when it moved all Jaguar engine production to its [[Ford Bridgend Engine Plant|Bridgend]] facility.

In 2000, Ford turned its [[Halewood Body & Assembly|Halewood]] plant over to Jaguar following the discontinuation of its long running [[Ford Escort (European)|Escort]] that year for Jaguar's new [[Jaguar X-Type|X-Type]] model. It was later joined by the second-generation Land Rover Freelander 2, from 2007. Jaguars ceased being produced at Halewood in 2009 following the discontinuation of the X-Type; Halewood now becoming a Land Rover-only plant.

Since [[Jaguar Land Rover]] was formed following the merger of Jaguar Cars with Land Rover, facilities have been shared across several JLR sites, most of which are used for work on both the Jaguar and Land Rover brands.

==Current cars==
===E-Pace===
[[File:2018 Jaguar E-Pace R-Dynamic SE Diesel AWD 2.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar E-Pace]] 2017–present]]
The [[Jaguar E-Pace]] is a [[compact sport utility vehicle|compact SUV]], officially revealed on 13 July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tisshaw|first1=Mark|title=2018 Jaguar E-Pace officially revealed: release date, price and interior|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/jaguar-e-pace|accessdate=3 March 2018|work=Autocar|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===F-Pace===
[[File:2016 Jaguar F-Pace V6 S AWD Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar F-Pace]] 2016–present]]
The [[Jaguar F-Pace|F-Pace]] is a [[Compact executive car|compact luxury]] [[crossover SUV]] – the first SUV from Jaguar. It was unveiled at the [[International Motor Show Germany]] in Frankfurt in September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ingram|first1=Richard|title=New Jaguar F-Pace SUV: Frankfurt debut, prices, engines and specs|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/jaguar/f-pace/65883/new-jaguar-f-pace-suv-frankfurt-debut-prices-engines-and-specs|accessdate=3 March 2018|work=Auto Express|publisher=Dennis Publishing|date=21 October 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===F-Type===
[[File:2017 Jaguar F-Type Convertible V8 R AWD Automatic 5.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar F-Type]] 2013–present]]

The [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]] convertible was launched at the [[2012 Paris Motor Show]], following its display at the [[Goodwood Festival of Speed]] in June 2012,<ref>{{cite news|last=Healey|first=James|title=Disguised Jaguar F-type sports car runs at Goodwood|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/07/jaguar-f-type-goodwood-speed-sports-car-development/1|accessdate=1 August 2012|work=USA Today|date=2 July 2012}}</ref> and is billed as a successor to the legendary [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]. In fact, the Series III E-Type already had a successor, in the form of the [[Jaguar XJS|XJS]], which was in turn replaced by the XK8 and XKR. The F-Type nevertheless returns to the 2-seat plan that was lost with the introduction of the Series III E-Type, which was available only in a 2+2-seat configuration. It was developed following the positive reaction to Jaguar's C-X16 concept car at the 2011 Frankfurt Auto Show. Sales will begin in 2013 with three engine choices; two variants of the AJ126 V6 petrol engine and the AJ133 V8 petrol engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/First-Official-Pictures/Jaguar-F-Type-2013-first-official-pictures-/|title=CAR Magazine: Jaguar F-type (2013) first official pictures|accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===I-Pace===
[[File:2018 Jaguar I-Pace EV400 AWD Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar I-Pace]] 2018–present]]
The [[Jaguar I-Pace]] is an [[Electric car|electric]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]], officially revealed on 1 March 2018. It's Jaguar's first electric car.
{{clear}}

===XE===
[[File:2017 Jaguar XE Portfolio Diesel Automatic 2.0 Front.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Jaguar XE]] 2015–present]]

The [[Jaguar XE|XE]] is the first compact executive Jaguar since the 2009 model year X-Type and is the first of several Jaguar models to be built using Jaguar's new modular aluminium architecture,{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} moving the company away from the Ford derived platforms that were used in the past for the X-Type and XF. The use of Jaguar's own platform allows the XE to feature either rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive configurations, and it is the first car in its segment with an aluminium monocoque structure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.jaguarlandrover.com/en-in/jaguar/news/2014/03/jag_xe_naming_release_040314/ |title=Jaguar XE Launch Press Release}}</ref> Originally announced at the 2014 [[Geneva Motor Show]] with sales scheduled for 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Jaguar saloon to be called XE|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/jaguar/86011/new-jaguar-saloon-be-called-xe|work=Auto Express|accessdate=4 March 2014|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>
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===XF===
[[File:2018 Jaguar XF V6 S Diesel Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar XF (X260)]] 2015–present]]

The [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]] is a [[Mid-size car|mid-size]] [[executive car]] introduced in 2008 to replace the [[Jaguar S-Type|S-Type]]. In January 2008, the XF was awarded the ''[[What Car?]]'' 'Car of the Year' and 'Executive Car of the Year' awards. The XF was also awarded Car of the Year 2008 from ''What Diesel?'' magazine. Engines available in the XF are 2.2-litre [[Inline-four engine|I4]] and 3.0-litre [[V6 engine|V6]] diesel engines, or 3.0 litre V6 and 5.0-litre [[V8 engine|V8]] petrol engines. The 5.0 Litre engine is available in supercharged form in the XFR. From 2011, the 2.2-litre diesel engine from the Land Rover Freelander was added to the range as part of a facelift.<ref name="www.jaguar.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguar.com/gb/en/#/xf/models/xf_pricing|title=Jaguar Cars UK Web Site|accessdate=24 May 2010|work=''jaguar.co.uk''}}</ref>
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===XJ===
[[File:2018 Jaguar XJL Autobiography Diesel V6 Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] 2009–present]]

The [[Jaguar XJ (X351)|Jaguar XJ]] is a [[Full-size car|full-size]] luxury saloon. The model has been in production since 1968 with the first generation being the last Jaguar car to have creative input by the company's founder, [[William Lyons|Sir William Lyons]], although this is disputed as some Jaguar historians claim that the second generation XJ – the [[Jaguar XJ40|XJ40]] series – was the last car which Lyons had influenced. The XJ40 originally launched in 1986 and went through two major revamps in 1994 ([[Jaguar X300|X300]]) and 1997 ([[Jaguar X308|X308]]) for a total production run of 17 years. In early 2003, the third generation XJ – the [[Jaguar X350|X350]] – arrived in showrooms and while the car's exterior and interior styling were traditional in appearance, the car was completely re-engineered. Its styling attracted much criticism from many motoring journalists who claimed that the car looked old-fashioned and barely more modern than its predecessor, many even citing that the 'Lyons line' had been lost in the translation from XJ40 into X350 XJ, even though beneath the shell lay a highly advanced aluminium construction that put the XJ very near the top of its class.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/jaguar/xj-series/ |title=Jaguar XJ Series |publisher=Autocars.co.uk |accessdate=19 June 2009}}</ref>

Jaguar responded to the criticism with the introduction of the fourth generation XJ, launched in 2009. Its exterior styling is a departure from previous XJs, with a more youthful, contemporary stance, following the design shift that came into effect previously with the company's [[Jaguar XF|XF]] and [[Jaguar XK|XK]] models.<ref name="bbc_20090709">{{cite news |title=Changing face of Jaguar |date=9 July 2009 |work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_midlands/8140482.stm |accessdate=15 July 2009 | first=Peter | last=Plisner}}</ref>

The 5-litre V8 engine in the XJ Supersport can accelerate the car from {{convert|0|to(-)|60|mph|abbr=on}} in 4.7 seconds, and has a UK {{CO2}} emission rating of 289 g/km. To cater to the limousine market, all XJ models are offered with a [[wheelbase|longer wheelbase]] (LWB) as an option, which increases the rear legroom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.co.uk/uk/en/xj/models_pricing/models/models.htm?route=_uk_en_xj_highlights_highlights_performance@__link__InfoBlockLink_3 |title=Jaguar XJ – models |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |accessdate=19 June 2009 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==R models==
{{main|Jaguar R and SVR models}}

[[File:Jaguar XKR-S - Goodwood Festival of Speed.jpg|thumb|left|Jaguar XKR-S]]

Jaguar began producing R models in 1995 with the introduction of the first XJR, and the first XKR was introduced in 1997. Jaguar R, R-S and SVR models are designated to compete with the likes of [[Mercedes-AMG]], [[BMW M]] and [[Audi S and RS models|Audi S and RS]].

==Historic car models==
[[File:Jaguar Mk V Drophead Coupe.jpg|thumb|[[Jaguar Mark V|1948 Mark V drophead coupé cabriolet]]]]
The renamed Jaguar company started production with the pre-war 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5-litre models, which used engines designed by the [[Standard Motor Company]]. The 1.5-litre four-cylinder engine was still supplied by Standard but the two larger six-cylinder ones were made in house. These cars have become known unofficially as [[Jaguar Mark IV|Mark IVs]].

The first post-war model was the September 1948 [[Jaguar Mark V|Mark V]] available with either 2.5- or 3.5-litre engines. It had a slightly more streamlined appearance than pre-war models, but more important was the change to torsion bar independent front suspension and hydraulic brakes.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} In the spring of 1948 Lyons had returned from USA reporting Jaguar's individuality and perceived quality attracted the admiration of American buyers accustomed to the virtual uniformity of their home-grown vehicles.<ref>British Cars for U.S. ''The Times'', Tuesday, 27 April 1948; pg. 2; Issue 51056.</ref>

[[File:1950 Jaguar XK120 34.jpg|thumb|left|The 1948 [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]] was a breakthrough both for Jaguar and post-WWII sports cars]]

The first big breakthrough was the launch in October 1948 of their new [[A. T. Goldie Gardner#Experimental Jaguar XK100|record-breaking]] engine design in their [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]] sportscar to replace the prewar [[SS Jaguar 100]]. It was powered by a new twin [[overhead camshaft]] (DOHC) 3.5-litre [[combustion chamber|hemi-head]] six-cylinder engine designed by [[William Heynes]], [[Walter Hassan]] and Claude Baily. The XK100 4-cylinder 2-Litre version had broken records in Belgium travelling at 177 mph. This XK engine had been designed at night during the war when they would be on fire watch in the factory. After several attempts a final design was achieved. That is until owner William Lyons said "make it quieter".

The sportscar bearing its prefix X had originally been intended as a short production model of about 200 vehicles. A test bed for the new engine until its intended home, the new [[Jaguar Mark VII|Mark VII]] saloon, was ready.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Jaguar Mark VII reg 1954 3442 cc grey amended.jpg|thumb|1950 ''"Grace . . . Space . . . Pace – Jaguar"'' Mark VII]]

The second big breakthrough was the large Mark VII saloon in 1950, a car especially conceived for the American market, Jaguar was overwhelmed with orders. The Mark VII and its successors gathered rave reviews from magazines such as ''[[Road & Track]]'' and [[The Motor (magazine)|''The Motor'']]. In 1956 a Mark VII won the prestigious [[Rallye Automobile Monte Carlo|Monte Carlo Rally]]. The XK120's exceptional reception was followed in 1954 by an improved [[Jaguar XK140|XK140]] then in May 1957 a fully revised [[Jaguar XK150|XK150]].
[[File:Jaguar 3.4 registered April 1964.jpg|thumb|left|1960s [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]] became one of the most recognisable Jaguar models ever produced]]
In 1955, the ''Two-point-four'' or 2.4-litre saloon (named by enthusiasts [[Jaguar Mark 1|2.4 Mark 1]]) was the first [[monocoque]] (unitary) car from Jaguar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Its 2.4-litre short-stroke version of the XK engine provided {{convert|100|mph|abbr=on}} performance. In 1957, the 3.4-litre version with disk brakes, wire wheels and other options was introduced, with a top speed of {{convert|120|mph|abbr=on}}. In October 1959, an extensively revised version of the car with wider windows and 2.4, 3.4, and 3.8-litre engine options became the [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]]. The 3.8 Mark 2 was popular with British police forces for its small size and {{convert|125|mph|abbr=on}} performance.

The [[Jaguar Mark VIII|Mark VIII]] of 1956 and [[Jaguar Mark IX|Mark IX]] of 1958 were essentially updates of the Mark VII, but the oversize [[Jaguar Mark X|Mark X]] of 1961 was a completely new design of large saloon with all round independent suspension and unitary construction.

[[File:1963 Jaguar XK-E Roadster.jpg|right|thumb|1963 open two-seat [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]]]]
Jaguar launched the [[Jaguar E-Type|E-Type]] in 1961.

The independent rear suspension from the Mark X was incorporated in the 1963 [[Jaguar S-Type (1963)|S-Type]], a Mark 2 lengthened to contain the complex rear suspension, and in 1967 the Mark 2 name was dropped when the small saloons became the 240/340 range. The [[Jaguar 420|420]] of 1966, also sold as the [[Daimler Sovereign]], put a new front onto the S-type, although both cars continued in parallel until the S-Type was dropped in 1968. The slow-selling Mark X became the 420G in 1966 and was dropped at the end of the decade. Jaguar was saved by its new equally capacious but very much trimmer new [[Jaguar XJ6|XJ6]].

[[File:1970 Jaguar XJ6 4.2 Series 1 - Flickr - The Car Spy (14).jpg|left|thumb|The [[Jaguar XJ|XJ6]], regarded by many as the definitive Jaguar saloon]]

Of the more recent saloons, the most significant is the [[Jaguar XJ#Series 1, 2 and 3 (1968–1992)|XJ]] (1968–1992). From 1968 on, the Series I XJ saw minor changes, first in 1973 (to Series II), 1979 (Series III), a complete redesign for 1986/1987 in XJ40, further modifications in 1995 (X300), in 1997 with V8-power (X308), and a major advance in 2003 with an industry-first aluminium monocoque-chassis (X350). The most luxurious XJ models carried either the [[Vanden Plas]] (US) or [[Daimler Company|Daimler]] (rest of world) nameplates. In 1972, the 12-cylinder engine was introduced in the XJ, while simultaneously being offered in the E Type.

[[File:JaguarXJ220.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]]—the world's fastest production car in 1992]]

1992 saw the introduction of the mid-engined, twin-turbo [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]], powered by a {{convert|542|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} V6 engine. The XJ220 was confirmed the fastest production car in the world at the time after [[Martin Brundle]] recorded a speed of {{convert|217|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} on the [[Nardò Ring|Nardo track]] in Italy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The monster and the myth – It is the story they've been waiting for with bated breath |date=22 August 1992 |work=The Guardian |quote=On the Nardo track of southern Italy, Martin Brundle, the Grand Prix driver, confirmed it as the fastest production car with 217mph, narrowly quicker than the Bugatti. The Ferrari 512 or earlier F40 does around 200mph. The F40 boasts 0-60mph in 4.1 seconds. The Lamborghini Diablo is 4.09 and Porsche 959, 3.9. The Jaguar rates 3.85.}}</ref>

Over the years many Jaguar models have sported the famous chrome plated Leaping Jaguar, traditionally forming part of the radiator cap. Known as "The Leaper" this iconic mascot has been the subject of controversy in recent times when banned for safety reasons from cars supplied to Europe whilst it continued to be fitted on cars destined for the United States, Middle East and Far East. It has now been dropped from all the latest Jaguar models, although some customers add it to their car as a customization.

[[File:2004 Jaguar X-Type V6 SE Automatic 2.1.jpg|thumb|Jaguar X-Type]]

The [[Jaguar S-Type]], first appeared in 1999 and stopped production in 2008. It has now been replaced by the Jaguar XF. Early S-Types suffered from reliability problems but those were mostly resolved by the 2004 model year.<ref>Consumer Reports, Buying Guide 2007, 211.</ref>

The [[Jaguar X-Type]] was a compact [[Executive car#Compact executive cars|executive car]] launched in 2001, while the company was under Ford ownership, sharing its platform with the [[Ford Mondeo]]. X-Type production ended in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=300 jobs lost at Jaguar's Halewood plant |date=15 July 2009 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jul/15/halewood-jaguar-300-jobs-cut |accessdate=15 July 2009 | location=London | first=Graeme | last=Wearden}}</ref>

The [[Jaguar XK (X150)|Jaguar XK]] is a luxury [[grand tourer]] introduced in 2006, where it replaced the [[Jaguar XK (X100)|XK8]]. The XK introduced an aluminium monocoque bodyshell, and was available both as a two-door coupé and two-door [[cabriolet]]/[[Convertible (car)|convertible]].<ref name="carpages.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/guide/jaguar/jaguar-xk-guide.asp|title=Jaguar XK Guide|accessdate=16 May 2010|work=''carpages.co.uk''|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607235746/http://www.carpages.co.uk/guide/jaguar/jaguar-xk-guide.asp|archivedate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Production ceased in 2014.
{{clear}}

===List===
<div style="float:left;width:50%;">

====Large executive====
* 1935–1955 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 2½ Litre|2½ Litre saloon]]
* 1937–1948 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 3½ Litre|3½ Litre saloon]]
* 1948–1951 [[Jaguar Mark V|Mark V]]
* 1951–1957 [[Jaguar Mark VII|Mark VII (& VIIM)]]
* 1957–1959 [[Jaguar Mark VIII|Mark VIII]]
* 1959–1961 [[Jaguar Mark IX|Mark IX]]
* 1961–1966 [[Jaguar Mark X|Mark X]]
* 1966–1970 [[Jaguar Mark X|420G]]
* 1968–1987 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ6]] Series 1, 2 & 3
* 1972–1992 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ12]]
* 1986–1994 [[Jaguar XJ (XJ40)|XJ6]] (XJ40)
* 1993–1994 [[Jaguar XJ|XJ12]] (XJ81)
* 1995–1997 [[Jaguar XJ (X300)|XJ6 & XJ12]] (X300 & X301)
* 1998–2003 [[Jaguar XJ (X308)|XJ8]] (X308)
* 2004–2007 [[Jaguar XJ (X350)|XJ]] (X350)
* 2008–2009 [[Jaguar XJ (X358)|XJ]] (X358)

====Compact executive====
* 1935–1949 [[Jaguar Mark IV#SS Jaguar and Jaguar Mk IV 1½ Litre|1½ Litre saloon]]
* 1955–1959 [[Jaguar Mark 1|Mark 1]]
* 1959–1967 [[Jaguar Mark 2|Mark 2]]
* 1963–1968 [[Jaguar S-Type (1963)|S-type]]
* 1966–1968 [[Jaguar 420 and Daimler Sovereign (1966–69)|420]]
* 1966–1968 [[Jaguar Mark 2|240 & 340]]
* 1999–2008 [[Jaguar S-Type|S-type]]
* 2001–2009 [[Jaguar X-Type|X-type]]
* 2007–2015 [[Jaguar XF (X250)|XF (X250)]]
</div><div style="float:right;width:50%;">

====Sports====
[[File:Jaguar-xk-120.jpg|thumb|{{unbulleted list|Jaguar XK120|fastest production car in the world in 1949<ref>{{cite book|year= 1969|origyear= |editor1-last= Manwaring|editor1-first= Leonard Albert|title= The Observer's Book of Automobiles|edition= Fifteenth|location= |publisher= F. Warne|page= 137|id= }}</ref>}}]]
* 1948–1954 [[Jaguar XK120|XK120]]
* 1954–1957 [[Jaguar XK140|XK140]]
* 1957–1961 [[Jaguar XK150|XK150]]
* 1961–1974 [[Jaguar E-type|E-Type]]
* 1975–1996 [[Jaguar XJS|XJ-S]]
* 1992–1994 [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]]
* 1997–2006 [[Jaguar XK8|XK8/XKR]] (X100)
* 2006–2014 [[Jaguar XK|XK]] (X150)

====Racing and competition====
* 1950s [[Jaguar C-Type|C-Type]]
* 1950s [[Jaguar D-type|D-Type]]
* 1960s [[Jaguar E-Type#Lightweight E-Type (1963-1964)|E-Type Lightweight]]
* 1985–1992 [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars|XJR-5 through XJR-17]]
* 2009 [[Jaguar XF|XFR]] Bonneville Salt Flats speed record
* 2010 [[Rocketsports Racing|Jaguar RSR XKR GT2]]
</div>{{Clear}}

==Concept cars==
* E1A – The 1950s E-Type concept vehicle
* E2 A – The second E-Type concept vehicle, which raced at LeMans and in the USA
* [[Bertone Pirana|Pirana]] (1967) – Designed by Bertone
* [[Jaguar XJ13|XJ13]] (1966) – Built to race at LeMans, never run
* [[Jaguar XK 180|XK 180]] (1998) – Roadster concept based on the XK8
* F-Type (2000) – Roadster, similar to the XK8 but smaller
* [[Jaguar R-Coupe|R-Coupé]] (2001) – Large four-seater coupé
* Fuore XF 10 (2003)
* R-D6 (2003) – Compact four-seat coupé
* XK-RR – A high-performance version of last generation [[Jaguar XK|XK]] coupé
* XK-RS – Another performance-spec version of last generation [[Jaguar XK|XK]] convertible
* Concept Eight (2004) – Super-luxury version of the long-wheelbase model of the [[Jaguar XJ|XJ]]
* [[Jaguar C-XF|C-XF]] (2007) – Precursor to the production model [[Jaguar XF|XF]] saloon
* [[Jaguar C-X75|C-X75]] (2010) – Hybrid-electric sports car, originally intended for production but cancelled in 2012
* [[Jaguar C-X16|C-X16]] (2011) – Precursor to the production model [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]]
* [[Jaguar C-X17|C-X17]] (2013) – First ever Jaguar [[SUV]] concept
* Project 7 – a 542 bhp V8-powered speedster based on the [[Jaguar F-Type|F-Type]] and inspired by the [[Jaguar D-Type|D-Type]] (2013)<ref>[http://www.topgear.com/uk/car-news/jagaur-project-7-revealed-goodwood-festival-of-speed-2013-07-10 BBC Top Gear.]. Retrieved 10 July 2013.</ref>

==Engines==
Jaguar has designed in-house six generations of engines:
* Historic:
** [[Jaguar XK6 engine|XK6]]— [[Inline-6]]
** [[Jaguar V12 engine|V12]]— 60° [[V12 engine|V12]]
** [[Jaguar AJ6 engine|AJ6/AJ16]]— 22° [[Straight-six engine|Inline-6]]
** [[Jaguar AJ-V6 engine|AJ-V6]]— 60° [[V6]] (Ford designed, Jaguar modified)
* Current:
** [[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine|AJ-V8]]— 90° [[V8 engine|V8]]
** [[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ126|AJ126]]— 90° [[V6]]
** [[Jaguar AJD-V6 engine|AJD-V6]]— 60° V6 (Ford designed)
** [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] – [[Inline-four engine|Inline-4]]

==Motorsport==
{{see also|Jaguar Racing|Jaguar XJR Sportscars}}
[[File:Jaguar XJS TWR 1984.jpg| thumb| [[Jaguar XJ-S]] won the 1984 [[European Touring Car Championship]] ]]
[[File:Webber usgp 2004.jpg|thumb|The [[Jaguar R5]] being driven by [[Mark Webber]] in 2004—the team's last season in [[F1]]]]

Jaguar has had major success in [[sports car racing]], particularly in the [[Le Mans 24 Hours]]. Victories came in {{24hLM|1951}} and {{24hLM|1953}} with the [[Jaguar C-Type|C-Type]], then in {{24hLM|1955}}, {{24hLM|1956}} and {{24hLM|1957}} with the [[Jaguar D-Type|D-Type]]. The manager of the racing team during this period, [[Lofty England]], later became CEO of Jaguar in the early 1970s. Although the prototype [[Jaguar XJ13|XJ13]] was built in the mid-1960s it was never raced, and the famous race was then left for many years.

In 1982, a successful relationship with [[Tom Walkinshaw]]'s [[Tom Walkinshaw Racing|TWR]] team commenced with the [[Jaguar XJ-S|XJ-S]] competing in the [[European Touring Car Championship]], which it won in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=Double loss for motor sport|url=http://www.motorsportmagazine.com/f1/double-loss-for-motor-sport/|work=Motor Sport|accessdate=21 April 2014|date=16 December 2010}}</ref> In 1985, the TWR XJ-S won the [[1985 James Hardie 1000|Bathurst 1000]] race. In the mid-1980s TWR started designing and preparing Jaguar V12-engined [[Group C]] cars for [[World Sports Prototype Championship]] races. The team started winning regularly from 1987, and won Le Mans in 1988 and 1990 with the [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars|XJR]] series sports cars. The [[Jaguar XJR-14]] was the last of the XJRs to win, taking the 1991 [[World Sportscar Championship]].

In the 1999, Ford decided that Jaguar would be the corporation's [[Formula One]] entry. Ford bought out the [[Milton Keynes]]-based [[Stewart Grand Prix]] team and rebranded it as [[Jaguar Racing]] for the 2000 season. The Jaguar F1 program was not a success however, achieving only two podium finishes in five seasons of competition between {{F1|2000}} and {{F1|2004}}. At the end of 2004, with costs mounting and Ford's profits dwindling, the F1 team was seen as an unneeded expense and was sold to [[Red Bull]] energy drinks owner [[Dietrich Mateschitz]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Red Bull snaps up Jaguar F1 team|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/4012381.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=21 April 2014|date=15 November 2004}}</ref> and it became [[Red Bull Racing]].

On 15 December 2015, it was announced that Jaguar would return to motorsport for the third season of [[Formula E]].

On 15 June 2018, Jaguar Vector Racing broke the world speed record for an electric battery powered boat. The Jaguar Vector V20E recorded an average speed of 88.61 mph across the two legs of the 1 km course on Coniston Water, England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://jaguarvectorracing.com/2018/06/15/jaguar-vector-racing-break-maritime-electric-world-record/|title=Jaguar Vector Racing Break Maritime Electric World Record {{!}} Jaguar Vector Racing|date=15 June 2018|work=Jaguar Vector Racing|access-date=16 June 2018}}</ref>

Notable sports racers:
* [[Jaguar C-Type]] (1951–1953)
* [[Jaguar D-Type]] (1954–1957)
* [[Jaguar E-Type|Jaguar Lightweight E-Type]]
* [[Jaguar XJ13]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xj13.eu/xj13blog/|title=Jaguar XJ13 – Building the Legend|date=14 June 2013|accessdate=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614033237/http://www.xj13.eu/xj13blog/|archivedate=14 June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Jaguar XJR Sportscars]]
* [[Jaguar XJR-9]] (1988)
* [[Jaguar XJ220|XJ220]] (1988)
* [[Jaguar XJR-15|XJR-15]] (1990)

==Jaguar and the arts==
[[File:JaguarSzczesnyShadowsculpture SaintTropez.jpg|thumb|upright|Jaguar Art Project "Shadows", Saint-Tropez 2011]]
For some time now Jaguar has been active in the international arts scene. In particular, the company has collaborated with the artist [[Stefan Szczesny]], implementing major art projects. In 2011, Jaguar presented the exhibition series "Shadows", which involved the installation of Szczesny's shadow sculptures in Sankt-Moritz, on Sylt and in Saint-Tropez. In 2012, a large number of sculptures, ceramics and paintings were shown in Frankfurt (and mainly in Frankfurt's Palmengarten).

As part of the collaboration with Szczesny, Jaguar has released the "Jaguar Art Collection".

==See also==
* [[List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jaguar Cars}}
* [http://www.jaguarheritage.org/ Official Jaguar Heritage web site]
* {{dmoz|/Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Jaguar/}}

{{Jaguar vehicles timeline (classic)}}
{{Jaguar vehicles timeline (modern)}}
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{{Jaguar Land Rover}}
{{Tata Motors}}
{{British Leyland}}
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}
{{British Car Industry}}
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[[Category:British brands]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Jaguar Cars| ]]
[[Category:Jaguar vehicles| ]]