Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Barbara Pravi

2024-05-12T19:05:02Z

Guillom: /* 2021–present: Post-Eurovision ventures */ fix accent

{{short description|French singer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Barbara Pravi
| image = LGM2022BarbaraPravi 5.jpg
| caption = Pravi in 2022
| birth_name = Barbara Piévic
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| origin =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Chanson]]|[[French pop]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}}
| instrument = Primary vocals
| years_active = 2014–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Capitol Music Group|Capitol Music France]]|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]|[[Universal Music Group|UMG]]}}
| past_member_of =
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Calum Scott]]|[[Jaden Smith]]|[[Quentin Mosimann]]|[[Sheldon Riley]]|[[Carla Lazzari]]|[[Valentina Tronel]]|[[Fatoumata Diawara]]}}
| partner = Antoine Molkhou (2021–present)
}}

'''Barbara Piévic''' (born 10 April 1993), known professionally as '''Barbara Pravi''', is a French singer and songwriter. After signing with [[Capitol Music Group|Capitol Music France]] in 2015, she released five [[extended play]]s with the label. She [[France in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021|represented France]] in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021]] with the song "{{lang|fr|[[Voilà (Barbara Pravi song)|Voilà]]|i=unset}}", securing second place, the best result for France since 1991.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=23 May 2021 |title=Eurovision, Celebrating the Sounds of a Postpandemic Continent |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/arts/music/eurovision-results.html |access-date=31 May 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712111016/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/23/arts/music/eurovision-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her debut album ''[[On n'enferme pas les oiseaux]]'' was released on 27 August 2021.

As a songwriter, Pravi has written songs for a number of artists, including [[Yannick Noah]], [[Julie Zenatti]], [[Chimène Badi]] and [[Jaden Smith]].

She additionally composed for [[Valentina (French singer)|Valentina]] and [[Lissandro]], winners of the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]].

== Early life ==
Barbara Piévic<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=France: Barbara Pravi to fly the flag in Rotterdam singing "Voila" |url=https://www.eurofansradio.com/eurovision-news/eurovision-news-2019/france-barbara-pravi-to-fly-the-flag-in-rotterdam-singing |work=Eurofans Radio |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521151431/https://www.eurofansradio.com/eurovision-news/eurovision-news-2019/france-barbara-pravi-to-fly-the-flag-in-rotterdam-singing |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Пјевић|Pjević}}) was born in [[Paris]] on 10 April 1993.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|title=Eurovision-fr.net – Informations -Eurovision FRANCE 2021 : Entrevue exclusive avec Barbara Pravi|url=http://www.eurovision-fr.net/news/lire.php?id=6560|access-date=16 January 2021|website=Eurovision-fr.net|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130235647/http://www.eurovision-fr.net/news/lire.php?id=6560|url-status=live}}</ref> Her family primarily consists of artists and musicians. Pravi's father is of [[Serbs in France|Serbian]] and [[Algerian Jews|Algerian Jewish]] descent, while her mother is of [[Polish Jews|Polish Jewish]] and [[Iranians in France|Iranian]] origin.<ref>[https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/il-y-a-trois-ans-jetais-a-bout-comment-barbara-pravi-est-devenue-la-favorite-de-leurovision-16-05-2021-XGRHPPJMBNFDBK7C4R3VLM63WQ.php «Il y a trois ans, j’étais à bout» : comment Barbara Pravi est devenue la favorite de l’Eurovision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524171944/https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/musique/il-y-a-trois-ans-jetais-a-bout-comment-barbara-pravi-est-devenue-la-favorite-de-leurovision-16-05-2021-XGRHPPJMBNFDBK7C4R3VLM63WQ.php |date=24 May 2021 }}, ''Le Parisien''</ref> Pravi's maternal grandfather is the Iranian painter [[Hossein Zenderoudi]].<ref name="bio"/><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== 2014–2018: Early career ===
Pravi began her music career in 2014, after meeting French musician Jules Jaconelli. With Jaconelli, she began composing songs. The following year, she released an original song titled "{{lang|fr|Amour Impoli|i=unset}}",<ref>{{Citation|title=Amour Impoli|url=https://soundcloud.com/barbarapravimusic/amour-impoli|language=en|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513095746/https://soundcloud.com/barbarapravimusic/amour-impoli|url-status=live}}</ref> which led to her signing a contract with [[Capitol Music Group|Capitol Music France]]. She adopted the stage name Barbara Pravi from the [[Serbian language|Serbian]] word {{lang|sr-Latn|pravi}} ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|прави|lit=real', 'authentic}}, in the [[grammatical gender|masculine]]), as a homage to her Serbian grandfather.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.enroute-eurovision.fr/actualites/eurovision-france-2021-cest-vous-qui-decidez-barbara-pravi-voila/|title=Eurovision France 2021, c'est vous qui décidez : Barbara Pravi – Voilà|language=French|date=18 January 2021|work=En Route: Eurovision|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130235651/https://www.enroute-eurovision.fr/actualites/eurovision-france-2021-cest-vous-qui-decidez-barbara-pravi-voila/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pravi has cited her musical influences as [[Barbara (singer)|Barbara]], [[Jacques Brel]], [[Georges Brassens]], [[Françoise Hardy]], and [[Louis Aragon|Aragon]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2017|title=Interview Barbara PRAVI : " je rêve de faire une voix Disney "|url=https://www.mamusicale.fr/interview-artistes/interview-barbara-pravi-je-reve-de-faire-une-voix-disney/|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Mamusicale|language=fr-FR|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815012925/https://www.mamusicale.fr/interview-artistes/interview-barbara-pravi-je-reve-de-faire-une-voix-disney/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Upon beginning her professional recording career, Pravi performed on the soundtrack of the French version of the Swiss film ''[[Heidi (2015 film)|Heidi]]'' with the song "{{lang|fr|On m'appelle Heidi|i=unset}}" and afterwards was cast as Solange Duhamel in the musical show Un été 44 in November 2016, performing songs written by [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]], [[Charles Aznavour]] and [[Maxime Le Forestier]].<ref>{{lang|fr|On m'appelle Heidi}}, {{BNF | 450757102}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Télématin On encadre – Barbara Pavi|date=23 January 2018 |url=https://www.france.tv/france-2/telematin/398655-on-encadre-barbara-pavi.html|language=fr|access-date=18 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193626/https://www.france.tv/france-2/telematin/398655-on-encadre-barbara-pavi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Pravi released her first official single "{{lang|fr|Pas grandir|i=unset}}".<ref>{{Cite web|title="Pas grandir" : Barbara Pravi fait le grand saut avec un titre pétillant et féministe|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Barbara-Pravi/news-104722.html|access-date=19 January 2021|website=chartsinfrance.net|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128004437/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Barbara-Pravi/news-104722.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The single was later included on her self-titled debut [[extended play]], which was released the following year. Also in 2017, Pravi starred in the television film {{lang|fr|La Sainte famille}}, as the role of Marion,<ref>{{Citation |last=AlloCine |title=Tout le casting du film La Sainte Famille (2017) |url=https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm-253305/casting/ |language=fr |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513095745/https://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm-253305/casting/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was later broadcast on [[France 2]] in December 2019.<ref name="BARBARA PRAVI">{{Cite web|title=BARBARA PRAVI|url=https://www.animae-talents.com/barbara-pravi|access-date=19 January 2021|website=Animae|language=fr|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003715/https://www.animae-talents.com/barbara-pravi|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2017 until 2018, Pravi performed on the 55 Tour, supporting French singer [[Florent Pagny]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Un dernier verre avec Barbara Pravi|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/sortir-paris/2018/02/26/30004-20180226ARTFIG00190-un-dernier-verre-avec-barbara-pravi.php|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Le Figaro|date=26 February 2018 |language=fr|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109011826/https://www.lefigaro.fr/sortir-paris/2018/02/26/30004-20180226ARTFIG00190-un-dernier-verre-avec-barbara-pravi.php|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2018, Pravi decided to alter her musical style by adopting a more traditional French {{lang|fr|[[chanson]]}} style, rather than the pop style that had dominated her early releases.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Février|date=6 February 2020|title=Barbara Pravi en interview: "J'ai compris que j'avais besoin d'amour, de personnes bienveillantes"|url=https://www.aficia.info/interview/barbara-pravi-3/186435|access-date=13 January 2021|website=aficia|language=fr-FR|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306012039/https://www.aficia.info/interview/barbara-pravi-3/186435|url-status=live}}</ref>

Along with writing and composing her own songs, Pravi has written for several other artists including [[Yannick Noah]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eurovision : Barbara Pravi impressionne avec "Voilà", une chanson bouleversante|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Barbara-Pravi/news-116010.html|access-date=19 January 2021|website=chartsinfrance.net|archive-date=12 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212123420/http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Barbara-Pravi/news-116010.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Julie Zenatti]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2020|title=Julie Zenatti bientôt de retour dans les bacs|url=https://www.aficia.info/actualite-musique/julie-zenatti-5/213594|access-date=19 January 2021|website=aficia.info|language=fr-FR|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128012735/https://www.aficia.info/actualite-musique/julie-zenatti-5/213594|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chimène Badi]],<ref>{{Citation|title=Eurovision France Barbara Pravi, 27 ans – "Voilà"|date=9 December 2020 |url=https://www.france.tv/france-2/eurovision-france/2156285-barbara-pravi-27-ans-voila.html|language=fr|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209134033/https://www.france.tv/france-2/eurovision-france/2156285-barbara-pravi-27-ans-voila.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jaden Smith]],<ref name="BARBARA PRAVI"/> [[Louane (singer)|Louane]] and [[Florent Pagny]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=Eurovision: Barbara Pravi, une néo-Piaf pour représenter la France|url=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/928207/article/2021-01-31/eurovision-barbara-pravi-une-neo-piaf-pour-representer-la-france|access-date=11 February 2021|website=LA VDN|language=fr|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212194508/https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/928207/article/2021-01-31/eurovision-barbara-pravi-une-neo-piaf-pour-representer-la-france|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2019–2022: [[Eurovision Song Contest]] / [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]] ===

==== Participations ====
*In the year 2019 she wrote the song “[[Bim Bam toi]]” <ref name="Carla - Bim Bam toi">{{Citation |title=Carla - Bim Bam toi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjJ2w1FX_Wg |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Carla (France 🇫🇷) - Bim Bam toi (JESC 2019)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYQFqHGAdto |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> with Igit, with which [[Carla Lazzari]] represented [[France]] at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] in [[Gliwice]] and finally took 5th place; the sixth in jury vote and the third in televoting. “[[Bim bam toi|Bim Bam Toi]]”, reposted millions of times on [[TikTok]], won them their first [[TikTok]] gold in history.
*In the year 2020, she wrote the song “[[J'imagine|J’imagine]]” <ref name="Valentina - J’imagine">{{Citation |title=Valentina - J’imagine |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UDirQG7VRI |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Valentina (France 🇫🇷) - J’imagine (JESC 2020) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iIMGA0aUZE |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> with Igit, with which [[Valentina (French singer)|Valentina Tronel]] represented [[France]] at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020]] in [[Warsaw]] and finally won (1st). This entrant gave [[France]] the first [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest|JESC]] victory in history.
*On 30 January 2021 she had won “Eurovision France, c’est vous qui décidez ! 2021”, the French preliminary decision, for the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|ESC 2021]]. In the year 2021 she had wrote the lyrics with Igit and Lili Poe and composed the music with Igit for the song “[[Voilà (Barbara Pravi song)|Voilà]]”,<ref name="Barbara Pravi - Voilà">{{Citation |title=Barbara Pravi - Voilà |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJuD7AnV-uw |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Barbara Pravi (France 🇫🇷) - Voilà (ESC 2021) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unj9WbeLzRU |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> with which she represented [[France]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021]] in [[Rotterdam]] and finally took 2nd place; but only reached third place in the televoting. ([[Måneskin]] won [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|ESC 2021]] by a margin of 25 points.) This year's french entry achieved the best placement (2nd place) since [[Eurovision Song Contest 1991|ESC 1991]]. Pravi was often asked to represent [[France]] at [[Eurovision Song Contest|ESC]] in 2020 with Reviens pour l'hiver but she was turned it down because she ‘didn't feel ready’. As a break act at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021|JESC 2021]], she sang her song “[[Voilà (Barbara Pravi song)|Voilà]]” from the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|ESC 2021]] again.
*In the year 2022, she wrote the song “[[Oh Maman !]]” <ref name="Lissando - Oh Maman !">{{Citation |title=Lissando - Oh Maman ! |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7RiOk-JTq8 |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Lissandro (France 🇫🇷) - Oh Maman ! (JESC 2022) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dgVbV1rRxs |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> with Frédéric Château, with which Lissandro Formica represented France at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022]] in [[Yerevan]] and finally won (1st), but only third place achieved in the televoting. This entrant gave [[France]] the second [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest|JESC]] victory in history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lissandro |url=https://junioreurovision.tv/participant/lissandro-22 |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=junioreurovision.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-11 |title=Lissandro wins Junior Eurovision 2022 for France! |url=https://junioreurovision.tv/story/Lissandro-wins-junior-eurovision-2022-France |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=junioreurovision.tv |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Contest
!rowspan="2" |year
!rowspan="2" |host country /
Host city
!rowspan="2" |place
!rowspan="2" |running order
!rowspan="2" |artist
!colspan="2" |song
!rowspan="2" |songwriter(s) [L] /
composer(s) [M])
!colspan="3" |points
|-
!original
!english translation
!jury vote score
!televoting score
!total score
|-
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |17th
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019|2019]]
|{{flag|Poland}}, [[Gliwice]]
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |05
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |2
|[[Carla Lazzari]]
|[[Bim Bam toi]]<ref name="Carla - Bim Bam toi"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Carla (France 🇫🇷) - Bim Bam toi (JESC 2019)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYQFqHGAdto |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref>
|Bim Bam you
|L/M: Barbara Pravi, Igit
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |85
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |84
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |169

|- style="background-color:#FFD700;"
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |18th
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020|2020]]
|{{flag|Poland}}, [[Warsaw]]
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |01
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |12.
|[[Valentina Tronel]]
|[[J'imagine|J’imagine]]<ref name="Valentina - J’imagine"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Valentina (France 🇫🇷) - J’imagine (JESC 2020) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iIMGA0aUZE |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref>
|I imagine
|L/M: Barbara Pravi, Igit
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |88
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |112
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |200

|- style="background-color:#CCC;"
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |65th
|[[Eurovision Song Contest]]
|[[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|2021]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}, [[Rotterdam]]
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |02
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |20
|Barbara Pravi
|[[Voilà (Barbara Pravi song)|Voilà]]<ref name="Barbara Pravi - Voilà"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Barbara Pravi (France 🇫🇷) - Voilà (ESC 2021) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Unj9WbeLzRU |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref>
|See (here)
|L: Barbara Pravi, Igit, Lili Poe
M: Barbara Pravi, Igit
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |248
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |251
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |499

|- style="background-color:#FFD700;"
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |20th
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]
|[[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022|2020]]
|{{flag|Armenia}}, [[Yerevan]]
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |01
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |6.
|[[Lissandro Formica]]
|[[Oh Maman !]]<ref name="Lissando - Oh Maman !"/><ref>{{Citation |title=Lissandro (France 🇫🇷) - Oh Maman ! (JESC 2022) |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dgVbV1rRxs |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en}}</ref>
|Oh Mom!
|L/M: Barbara Pravi, Frédéric Château
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |132
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |71
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |203
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ Table key
|-
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#FFD700;" | 1
| First place
|-
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#CCC;" | 2
| Second place
|-
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#C96;" | 3
| Third place
|-
| style="text-align:center; background-color:#DDF;" | '''†'''
| Upcoming event
|}

=== 2021–present: Post-Eurovision ventures ===
In July 2021, Pravi announced her first international tour for her debut studio album, {{lang|fr|[[On n'enferme pas les oiseaux]]}} ({{lang-en|We don't lock up the birds}}), which came out on 27 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Pravi Full Tour Schedule 2022 & 2023, Tour Dates & Concerts – Songkick |url=https://www.songkick.com/artists/10148416-barbara-pravi/calendar |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=Songkick |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160505/https://www.songkick.com/artists/10148416-barbara-pravi/calendar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Yorkshire Times">{{Cite web|url=https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Album-Review-Barbara-Pravi---On-nenferme-pas-les-oiseaux|title=Album Review: Barbara Pravi - ''On n'enferme pas les oiseaux''|last=Williams-Chalmers|first=Jeremy|work=[[The Yorkshire Times]]|date=16 October 2021|access-date=24 May 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172803/https://yorkshiretimes.co.uk/article/Album-Review-Barbara-Pravi---On-nenferme-pas-les-oiseaux|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pravi performed "{{lang|fr|Voilà|i=unset}}" as an interval act at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021]], which took place on 19 December in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2021 |title=Valentina, Ofenbach and Barbara Pravi meet the press 🇫🇷 |url=https://junioreurovision.tv/story/ofenbach-valentina-barbara-pravi |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=Junioreurovision.tv |language=en-gb |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514160505/https://junioreurovision.tv/story/ofenbach-valentina-barbara-pravi |url-status=live }}</ref> Pravi also performed the song "{{lang|fr|L'homme et l'oiseau|i=unset}}" ({{lang-en|The man and the bird}}) at the 37th edition of the {{lang|fr|[[Victoires de la Musique]]|i=unset}}, where she went on to win the Female Revelation of the Year award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Découvrez le palmarès des Victoires de la Musique 2022 |url=https://www.francetelevisions.fr/et-vous/notre-tele/on-en-parle/palmares-de-victoires-de-la-musique-2022-10173 |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=France Télévisions |language=fr |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817204347/https://www.francetelevisions.fr/et-vous/notre-tele/on-en-parle/palmares-de-victoires-de-la-musique-2022-10173 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoires de la Musique 2022: Les nominés sont... |url=https://www.evous.fr/Victoires-de-la-Musique-nominations-artistes-nomines,1172692.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=.evous |language=fr |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215030637/https://www.evous.fr/Victoires-de-la-Musique-nominations-artistes-nomines,1172692.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:LGM2022BarbaraPravi 3.jpg|thumb|right|Pravi performing at a concert in July 2022.]]
In 2022, Pravi continued releasing songs, including "{{lang|fr|Prière pour soi|i=}}" ({{lang-en|Prayer for yourself}}) for [[International Women's Day]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fubiz.net/en/tv/barbara-pravi-priere-pour-soi-2/|title=Barbara Pravi – Prière pour soi|work=Fubiz TV|date=23 July 2021 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> and "365", which is dedicated to her fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://escxtra.com/2022/07/18/barbara-pravi-releases-new-single-365/|title=Barbara Pravi releases new single "365"|author=Kyliann|work=ESXCTRA|date=18 July 2022|access-date=18 July 2022|archive-date=18 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718083041/https://escxtra.com/2022/07/18/barbara-pravi-releases-new-single-365/|url-status=live}}</ref> Pravi also wrote the song "{{lang|fr|Oh maman!|i=unset}}" with Frédéric Château, with which [[Lissandro|Lissandro Formica]] represented France at the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2022]] in [[Yerevan]] and ultimately won, bringing France its second Junior Eurovision win.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lissandro |url=https://junioreurovision.tv/participant/lissandro-22 |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=junioreurovision.tv |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408000304/https://junioreurovision.tv/participant/lissandro-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2022 |title=Lissandro wins Junior Eurovision 2022 for France! |url=https://junioreurovision.tv/story/Lissandro-wins-junior-eurovision-2022-France |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=junioreurovision.tv |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212011204/https://junioreurovision.tv/story/Lissandro-wins-junior-eurovision-2022-France |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 21 December, Pravi was announced as Florence in the TV film {{lang|fr|Adieu vinyle}}, set to be shown on [[France 2]] on 18 September 2023, after being premiered at the Angoulême Festival on 26 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhombres |first=Isabelle |date=21 December 2022 |title=Barbara Pravi obtient son premier rôle en tant qu'actrice aux côtés d'Isabelle Adjani ! |url=https://www.programme-tv.net/news/series-tv/316457-barbara-pravi-obtient-son-premier-role-en-tant-quactrice-aux-cotes-disabelle-adjani/ |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=www.programme-tv.net |language=fr |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221164046/https://www.programme-tv.net/news/series-tv/316457-barbara-pravi-obtient-son-premier-role-en-tant-quactrice-aux-cotes-disabelle-adjani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pravi announced on 6 January 2023 that she had signed to [[Virgin Records|Virgin Records France]] after eight years at [[Capitol Music Group|Capitol Music France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Pravi on Instagram: "Les prières {{!}}{{!}}{{!}} sont sorties ! Merci pour vos mots, merci d'être toujours au rendez vous. Cet été, je n'allais pas très bien depuis quelques temps et j'ai fait un rêve étrange. J'étais perdue sur une bouée jaune, en plein milieu de l'Ocean, rien autour, juste de l'eau, et le ciel à perte de vue. Je me suis mise à paniquer, a battre des pieds des mains pour avancer, aller quelque part mais il ne se passait rien alors j'ai arrêté et je me suis laissée porter par le bleu en me disant : " a quoi ça sert de te débattre ? ". Un jour, un rivage se dessinera au loin, tu poseras le pied dessus, et peu importe la langue de ce pays, tu seras de retour sur terre. 🌊🌦️🌤️☀️ Ce rêve est un peu la ligne directrice de ce disque. Comment guérir ? Prendre du recul, s'ouvrir aux autres, faire entrer la lumière, regarder l'espoir dans les petites choses et dans l'effondrement, ne pas avoir peur de l'horizon, se laisser dériver pour reprendre vie et enfin, doucement, guérir. J'ai appris qu'un rivage nous attends toujours au bout du voyage Merci mes merveilleux ami.es pour ces rencontres humaines et intérieures très fortes @yael_naim_ , @victor_solf , @imfredrikastahl , @vianneymusique Vous avez été des anges sur ce chemin Merci @baptiste_leroy et @studio48l pour le mix. Merci Pieter de Wagter pour le master, et @remimedi_ pour le graphisme 🎨🌕 Merci @elodie_papillon_filleul, always. J'en profite pour vous dire qu'après 8ans de chemin chez Capitol, je change de route et je m'en vais fièrement dessiner la suite chez @virginrecordsfr. Alors merci à toutes les équipes de Virgin pour le soin que vous avez mis à écouter et sortir les prières 3, j'ai hâte de tout ce qui arrive bientôt bientôt, et surtout, merci de chérir déjà mon deuxième album ♥️" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CnEdKPAqPgM/ |access-date=6 January 2023 |via=[[Instagram]] |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106123311/https://www.instagram.com/p/CnEdKPAqPgM/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She revealed two days later that she was in the process of writing and recording her second studio album.

On 13 January 2023, Pravi was announced as a temporary host on the [[BBC Sounds]] podcast show ''Music Life''. The first episode she hosted included November Ultra, Pi Ja Ma, Yaël Naïm and Melissa Lauveux as guests, and the second episode described Pravi's tour playlist, "{{lang|fr|Sur la route|italic=no}}" ({{lang-en|On the road}}). This appearance followed her French radio debut on [[RTL2 (France)|RTL2]]'s ''Foudre with Waxx'', during which she co-hosted an episode with Waxx.

In late February 2023, Pravi announced her first book, {{lang|fr|Lève-toi}}, alongside a single of the same name. A collaboration with Editions Julliard, author Huriya Asmahan, translator Aref Al-Haidari, singer-songwriter Emel and manager Élodie Filleul, ''{{lang|fr|Lève-toi}}'' was written in French and Arabic. The song was released on 8 March, while the book was released the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Pravi on Instagram: "Lève toi foule Montre que dans ton sang Ce qui coule Sont des fleuves de temps De batailles 🩸🌪️ حرية 8.03.23" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CpFTxkeI1YF/ |access-date=27 February 2023 |via=[[Instagram]] |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227204229/https://www.instagram.com/p/CpFTxkeI1YF/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In late May, Pravi was announced to star in ''Finalement'', a film directed by [[Claude Lelouch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keslassy |first=Elsa |date=21 May 2023 |title=Claude Lelouch to Shoot New Movie ‘Finalement…’ With Cast Including Kad Merad, Elsa Zylberstein, Metropolitan FilmExport On Board (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/claude-lelouch-finalement-kad-merad-elsa-zylberstein-metropolitan-filmexport-1235619954/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 28 July, Pravi was announced as the opening act of the 9th edition of the [[Jeux de la Francophonie|Francophonie Games.]] which took place in [[Kinshasa]], the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the same night. She sang the song "Lève toi" at the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=28 July 2023 |title=Des artistes de renom pour l'ouverture des IXes Jeux de la Francophonie à Kinshasa |url=https://www.strong2kinmoov.com/2023/07/28/des-artistes-de-renom-pour-louverture-des-ixes-jeux-de-la-francophonie-a-kinshasa/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Strong2kin Moov |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The following day (29 July), [[Ferre Gola]] announced an "upcoming collaboration" with Pravi, no other details have been given thus far. Pravi was seen at his house in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the same day as it was reported.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=29 July 2023 |title=Culture {{!}} Ferre Gola annonce une collaboration avec Barbara Pravi ! |url=https://www.honorables.info/culture-ferre-gola-annonce-une-collaboration-avec-barbara-pravi/ |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=Honorables.info |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

On 27 August, Pravi announced a collaboration with [[Salvador Sobral]] for his new song "les eaux qui me gardent" which was released on 29 August.<ref>{{Citation |title=SALVADOR SOBRAL - les eaux qui me gardent (feat. Barbara Pravi) - audio oficial |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSw4tQjLnys |access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 January 2024 she released her new single "Bravo"<ref>{{Citation |title=Barbara Pravi - Bravo (Clip Officiel) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdoChbEz-V8 |access-date=2024-01-20 |language=en}}</ref> talking about self-confidence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barbara Pravi - Bravo lyrics |url=https://lyricstranslate.com/en/barbara-pravi-bravo-lyrics |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=lyricstranslate.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 March Pravi released "Marianne" with Persian singer Golfshifteh Farahani. Soon later, she was announced as part of the cast for the France Televisions TV-series " Rebelle : les aventures de la jeune George Sand".

==Personal life==
Pravi has a deep connection with [[Persian literature]], as her maternal grandfather is of Iranian descent. As a survivor of [[domestic violence]], Pravi is active in the fight to end [[violence against women]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taratata N°523|url=https://mytaratata.com/taratata/523/interview-calum-scott-barbara-pravi-hommage-a-france-gall-2018|access-date=13 January 2021|website=mytaratata.com|language=fr|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806182611/https://mytaratata.com/taratata/523/interview-calum-scott-barbara-pravi-hommage-a-france-gall-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> She has frequently contributed to music initiatives intended to promote causes involved with [[women's rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'hymne féministe du MLF, "Debout les femmes", repris par 39 musiciennes|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20181123.OBS5944/l-hymne-feministe-du-mlf-debout-les-femmes-repris-par-39-musiciennes.html|access-date=13 January 2021|website=L'Obs|date=23 November 2018 |language=fr|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012223/https://www.nouvelobs.com/societe/20181123.OBS5944/l-hymne-feministe-du-mlf-debout-les-femmes-repris-par-39-musiciennes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Pravi, la chanteuse qui ne voulait pas être une lolita|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/barbara-pravi-la-chanteuse-qui-ne-voulait-pas-etre-une-lolita-7793680033|access-date=13 January 2021|website=RTL.fr|date=11 June 2018 |language=fr-FR|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524070212/https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/barbara-pravi-la-chanteuse-qui-ne-voulait-pas-etre-une-lolita-7793680033|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Pravi dévoile une chanson puissante et féministe pour la Journée pour les droits des femmes|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/people/musique/barbara-pravi-devoile-une-chanson-puissante-et-feministe-pour-la-journee-pour-les-droits-des-femmes_AN-201903080045.html|access-date=13 January 2021|publisher=BFMTV|language=fr|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108203935/https://www.bfmtv.com/people/musique/barbara-pravi-devoile-une-chanson-puissante-et-feministe-pour-la-journee-pour-les-droits-des-femmes_AN-201903080045.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2020|title=[Itw]: Barbara Pravi " Chair est ma vérité "|url=https://phenixwebtv.com/2020/03/23/itw-barbara-pravi-chair-est-ma-verite/|access-date=13 January 2021|website=PhenixWebZine|language=fr-FR|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029031014/https://phenixwebtv.com/2020/03/23/itw-barbara-pravi-chair-est-ma-verite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Pervers narcissique (Avec la participation de Barbara Pravi)|url=https://soundcloud.com/black-m-official/pervers-narcissique|language=en|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130235649/https://soundcloud.com/black-m-official/pervers-narcissique|url-status=live}}</ref> Pravi was also invited to perform "Notes pour trop tard" and speak at [[Emlyon Business School]] through [[TED conference|TEDx]] to speak about her career and how she found [[self-confidence]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2020|title=Barbara Pravi en interview : "C'est à nous de faire en sorte que le 8 mars soit tous les jours"|url=https://www.aficia.info/interview/barbara-pravi-5/186759|access-date=13 January 2021|website=aficia.|language=fr-FR|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128155615/https://www.aficia.info/interview/barbara-pravi-5/186759|url-status=live}}</ref>

In her young adult years (ages 17, 20 and 24) she was forced to experience 3 abortions in terrible conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Média |first=Prisma |title=Barbara Pravi contrainte d'avorter trois fois : la révélation d'un médecin sur sa " maladie " - Voici |url=https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/barbara-pravi-contrainte-davorter-trois-fois-la-revelation-dun-medecin-sur-sa-maladie-701854 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Voici.fr |date=16 April 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404073912/https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/barbara-pravi-contrainte-davorter-trois-fois-la-revelation-dun-medecin-sur-sa-maladie-701854 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 April 2022, Pravi celebrated the 37th birthday of her partner Antoine Molkhou.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pravi |first=Barbara |date=9 April 2022 |title=Antoine's 36th Birthday |url=https://www.picuki.com/media/2812500935613114708 |access-date=3 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085447/https://www.picuki.com/media/2812500935613114708 |url-status=live }}</ref> Molkhou is a French DJ and podcast host, best known for being the artistic director of Rex Club<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molkhou |first=Antoine |title=Rex Club |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/antoine-molkhou-a6183a28}}</ref> and a host of Arte Radio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoine Molkhou {{!}} ARTE Radio |url=https://www.arteradio.com/auteurs/antoine_molkhou |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=www.arteradio.com |language=fr |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085458/https://www.arteradio.com/auteurs/antoine_molkhou |url-status=live }}</ref> He also released his own music under the stage name Siler.<ref>{{Citation |title=Siler -Still A Kid EP |url=https://soundcloud.com/popcornrecords/siler-still-a-kid-ep-out-by-september-2017 |access-date=3 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085450/https://soundcloud.com/popcornrecords/siler-still-a-kid-ep-out-by-september-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 2 April 2023, Pravi opened up to her battles with domestic violence in her teenage years, exclusively with Konbini, she commented upon her near-death experiences with her violent exes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=M. |date=3 April 2023 |title=M Radio |url=https://mradio.fr/news/people/49636/barbara-pravi-jetee-par-terre-et-frappee-par-son-ex-ce-jour-ou-elle-a-failli-mourir |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=M Radio |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Details
! scope="col" colspan="5" | Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(FL)]]<br /><ref name="FL">{{cite web|url=https://ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discografie Barbara Pravi|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215538/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(WA)]]<br /><ref name="WA">{{cite web|url=https://ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discographie Barbara Pravi|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=fr|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220048/https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NLD]]<br/><ref name="NLD">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discografie Barbara Pravi|website=dutchcharts.nl|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227103333/https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name=swi>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discographie Barbara Pravi|website=hitparade.ch|language=de|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214819/https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|fr|[[On n'enferme pas les oiseaux]]}}
|
* Released: 27 August 2021
* Label: [[Capitol Music Group|Capitol Music France]]
* Format: Digital download, CD, [[LP record|LP]], [[Streaming media|streaming]]
| 6 || 52 || 8 || 35 || 32
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Details
|-
! scope="row"| ''Barbara Pravi''<ref>{{Citation |title=Barbara Pravi by Barbara Pravi |date=15 June 2018 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/barbara-pravi/1397894338 |language=en-US |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209205347/https://music.apple.com/us/album/barbara-pravi/1397894338 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
* Released: 15 June 2018
* Label: Capitol Music France
* Format: Digital download, CD, streaming
|-
! scope="row"| {{lang|fr|Reviens pour l'hiver}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Reviens pour l'hiver - EP by Barbara Pravi |date=7 February 2020 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/reviens-pour-lhiver-ep/1496277716 |language=en-US |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209205346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/reviens-pour-lhiver-ep/1496277716 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
* Released: 7 February 2020
* Label: Capitol Music France
* Format: Digital download, CD, streaming
|-
! scope="row"| {{lang|fr|Les prières}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Les prières - EP by Barbara Pravi |date=8 March 2021 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-ep/1557198679 |language=en-US |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209205347/https://music.apple.com/us/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-ep/1557198679 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
* Released: 8 March 2021
* Label: Capitol Music France
* Format: Digital download, [[LP record|LP]], streaming
|-
! scope="row"| {{lang|fr|Les prières - racines}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Les prières - racines - EP by Barbara Pravi |date=26 November 2021 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-racines-ep/1594979156 |language=en-US |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209205346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-racines-ep/1594979156 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
* Released: 26 November 2021
* Label: Capitol Music France
* Format: Digital download, LP, streaming
|-
! scope="row"| {{lang|fr|Les prières - guérir}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Les prières - guérir - EP par Barbara Pravi |date=6 January 2023 |url=https://music.apple.com/fr/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-gu%C3%A9rir-ep/1656234972 |language=fr-FR |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209205349/https://music.apple.com/fr/album/les-pri%C3%A8res-gu%C3%A9rir-ep/1656234972 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
* Released: 6 January 2023
* Label: Virgin Records (Universal Music Division)
* Format: Digital download, LP, Streaming
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discographie Barbara Pravi|publisher=French Charts Portal. Hung Medien|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130235653/https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(FL)]]<br/><ref name="FL"/>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(WA)]]<br/><ref name="WA"/>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Barbara+Pravi&do_search=do|title=Discographie Barbara Pravi|website=offiziellecharts.de|language=de|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174415/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Barbara+Pravi&do_search=do|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|title=Discography Barbara Pravi|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421021316/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Barbara+Pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]<br/><ref name="NLD"/>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2021-w21/|title=VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2021-21|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529005454/https://topplista.no/charts/singles/2021-w21/|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2021&dspp=21|title=Veckolista Singlar, vecka 21|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529005617/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2021&dspp=21|url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name=swi/>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/60255/barbara-pravi/|title=Barbara Pravi {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213930/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/60255/barbara-pravi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|On m'appelle Heidi|i=unset}}"
| 2016
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| ''[[Heidi (2015 film)|Heidi]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Pas grandir|i=unset}}"
| 2017
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Barbara Pravi''
|-
! scope="row"| {{nowrap|"[[You Are the Reason (Calum Scott song)#Other duets|You Are the Reason (French Duet Version)]]"<br><small>([[Calum Scott]] and Barbara Pravi)</small>}}
| 2018
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Le Malamour|i=unset}}"
| 2019
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Reviens pour l'hiver|i=unset}}"
| rowspan="3"| 2020
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| ''Reviens pour l'hiver''
|-
! scope="row"| "Chair"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|[[Voilà (Barbara Pravi song)|Voilà]]|i=unset}}"
| 24 || 36 || 34 || 62 || 40<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20210528/ie7501|title=Official Irish Singles Chart Top 50|publisher=Official Charts Company|date=28 May 2021|access-date=29 May 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529002018/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/irish-singles-chart/20210528/ie7501|url-status=live}}</ref> || 3 || 19 || 18 || 24 || 62
| rowspan="4"| {{lang|fr|On n'enferme pas les oiseaux}}
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Le jour se lève|i=unset}}"
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|L'homme et l'oiseau|i=unset}}"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Saute|i=unset}}"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|—
|-
! scope="row" | "{{lang|fr|Priére pour soi|i=unset}}"
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="5" {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
!scope="row" | "{{lang|fr|365|i=unset}}"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "{{lang|fr|Lève-toi|i=unset}}"
| 2023
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "{{lang|fr|Bravo|i=unset}}"
| 2024
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "{{Lang|fr|Marianne|i=unset}}"
| 2024
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
| colspan="15" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2016
| Un été 44
| Solange Duhamel
| Musical role
|-
| 2017
| La Sainte Famille
| Marion
| TV movie
|-
| 2021
| Révélations
| Self
| Amazon Music Documentary
|-
| 2023
| Adieu Vinyle
| Florence
| TV movie
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2024
| Goodbye Vinyle
| Florence
| English dub of "Adieu Vinyle"
|-
| Nan, Me & Barbara Pravi
| Self
| Comedy role
|-
| Finalement... Ou la folie des sentiments
| Barbara
| Cinema role
|-
| 2024–present
| On fait quoi maintenant?
| Self
| Web series
|-
| rowspan="2" | Unknown
| Rebelle: les aventures de la jeune George Sand
| Marie Dorval
| TV series
|-
| Un été 44 No2
| Solange Duhamel
| Rumoured, not confirmed, musical role
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Grands Prix Sacem]]
| 2021
| "{{lang|fr|Voilà|i=unset}}"
| Rolf Marbot Award
| {{Win}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Pravi et L'Impératrice sacrés aux Grands Prix Sacem|url=https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6585546/barbara-pravi-et-limperatrice-sacres-aux-grands-prix-sacem.html|language=fr|date=6 December 2021|work=[[La Provence]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207184429/https://www.laprovence.com/actu/en-direct/6585546/barbara-pravi-et-limperatrice-sacres-aux-grands-prix-sacem.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|fr|W9 D'or Award}}
| 2021
| "{{lang|fr|Voilà|i=unset}}"
| Female Revelation of the Year
| {{Win}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feminactu.com/2021/12/w9-dor-2021-gagnants-et-palmares|title=« W9 d'or 2021 » : gagnants et palmarès !|language=fr|work=Fémin Actu|date=17 December 2021|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222072449/https://www.feminactu.com/2021/12/w9-dor-2021-gagnants-et-palmares/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|fr|Victoires de la Musique}}
| 2022
| Herself
| Female Revelation of the Year
| {{Win}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoires de la Musique 2022 : Gagnants et résultats|url=https://www.evous.fr/Victoires-de-la-Musique-gagnants-resultats,1174622.html|language=fr|work=eVous|date=10 February 2023|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207184437/https://www.evous.fr/Victoires-de-la-Musique-gagnants-resultats,1174622.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{lang|fr|Prix Inter'val d'automne}}
| 2022
| Herself
| 2022 Favourite
| {{Win|place=1st}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite news|title=Brindas. Prix Inter'Val d'Automne : leur coup de cœur 2022, c'est Barbara Pravi|language=fr|url=https://www.leprogres.fr/culture-loisirs/2022/11/11/prix-inter-val-d-automne-leur-coup-de-coeur-2022-c-est-barbara-pravi|work=[[Le Progrès]]|date=11 November 2022|access-date=7 December 2022|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207184431/https://www.leprogres.fr/culture-loisirs/2022/11/11/prix-inter-val-d-automne-leur-coup-de-coeur-2022-c-est-barbara-pravi|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Music|France}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Instagram|babpravi}}
*{{Twitter|babpravi}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Tom Leeb]]<br> with "[[Mon alliée (The Best in Me)]]"
| title=[[France in the Eurovision Song Contest]]
| years=[[Eurovision Song Contest 2021|2021]]
| after=[[Alvan (musician)|Alvan]] and [[Ahez]]<br> with "[[Fulenn]]"
}}
{{s-end}}
{{List of Junior Eurovision Song Contest winners}}
{{France in the Eurovision Song Contest|state=collapsed}}
{{Eurovision Song Contest 2021|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pravi, Barbara}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:21st-century French singers]]
[[Category:21st-century French women singers]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France]]
[[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2021]]
[[Category:Musicians from Paris]]
[[Category:French women singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:French singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:French people of Algerian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:French people of Polish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:French people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:French people of Serbian descent]]
[[Category:French pop singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People of Montmartre]]
[[Category:Jewish Eurovision Song Contest entrants]]

Hot in Cleveland

2024-04-28T14:28:17Z

Guillom: /* Comparisons with The Golden Girls */ typo

{{short description|American sitcom}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hot in Cleveland title.JPG
| genre = [[Sitcom]]
| runtime = approx. 22 minutes<br />{{small|(without commercials)}}<br />approx. 46 minutes<br />{{small|(hour-long final episode)}}
| cinematography = Donald A. Morgan (Pilot)<br>Gary Baum<br>Gary Palmer
| editor = Ron Volk
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| creator = [[Suzanne Martin]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Valerie Bertinelli]]
*[[Jane Leeves]]
*[[Wendie Malick]]
*[[Betty White]]
}}
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
*Suzanne Martin
*[[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]
*Todd Milliner
*[[Lynda Obst]]
*Larry W. Jones
*Keith Cox
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Bob Heath
*[[Liz Feldman]] <small>(season 1)</small>
}}
| theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ron Wasserman]]
*[[Emerson Swinford]]
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ron Wasserman]]
*[[Emerson Swinford]]
}}
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 128
| list_episodes = List of Hot in Cleveland episodes
| company = {{Plainlist|
*[[Hazy Mills Productions]]
*SamJen Productions
*TV Land Original Productions
}}
| channel = [[TV Land]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|6|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|6|3}}
}}
'''''Hot in Cleveland''''' is an American television [[sitcom]] on [[TV Land]] starring [[Valerie Bertinelli]], [[Jane Leeves]], [[Wendie Malick]], and [[Betty White]].

The series, which was TV Land's first original series, premiered on June 16, 2010, and was TV Land's highest rated telecast in the cable network's 14-year history. The series was picked up for 10 episodes.<ref name="THR" /> On May 1, 2014, TV Land renewed ''Hot in Cleveland'' for a sixth season<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/05/01/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-for-season-six-by-tv-land/259673/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000329/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/05/01/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-for-season-six-by-tv-land/259673/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-05-02 |title='Hot In Cleveland' Renewed for Season Six by TV Land – Ratings |publisher=TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com |date=2014-05-01 |access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref> and confirmed the following November that it would be the show's last.<ref name="finalseason">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/hot-in-cleveland-cancelled-six-seasons-tv-land-1201287034/|title='Hot In Cleveland' To End Run After Six Seasons On TV Land|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=November 17, 2014|access-date=November 17, 2014}}</ref> The series ran for 128 episodes, with the hour-long final episode airing on June 3, 2015.

The series was created by [[Suzanne Martin]] and executive produced by Martin, [[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]] and Todd Milliner, through their production companies SamJen Productions and [[Hazy Mills Productions]], and is produced in association with TV Land. The concept behind the show was based on an original idea by [[Lynda Obst]], who serves as executive producer. The series was recorded in front of a live [[studio audience]] at [[CBS Studio Center|CBS's Studio Center]] in Studio City, California.

== Synopsis ==
The series centers on three best friends from Los Angeles: Melanie ([[Valerie Bertinelli]]), Joy ([[Jane Leeves]]), and Victoria ([[Wendie Malick]]). The three women find a more welcoming and less shallow, less youth-obsessed community in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], where, as seen in the pilot episode, their [[Paris]]-bound plane makes an emergency landing. They decide to stay and lease a home where sassy caretaker Elka ([[Betty White]]) resides in the guest house.

== Cast and characters {{anchor|Cast and characters}} ==
[[File:HotInClevelandCastHWOFAug2012.jpg|thumb|right|Valerie Bertinelli, Wendie Malick, Jane Leeves, and Betty White at the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] in August 2012]]

=== Main cast ===
* [[Valerie Bertinelli]] as Melanie Hope Moretti, a writer and mother of college-age kids Will and Jenna. Depressed by her divorce, she boards a plane to Paris in the pilot episode with her best friends. However, when the plane makes an emergency landing in Cleveland, Melanie loves the city and its people so much that she decides to stay. In season 4, she finds work at a PR firm where she develops a relationship with her boss Alec. They briefly move in together, but break up so Alec can pursue a chance at fatherhood. Melanie discovers she is pregnant at the end of season 4 with Alec's baby; however, it turns out that she has a brain tumor, which caused symptoms that affected her pregnancy test. After getting the tumor removed, she is given her own talk show at a Cleveland radio station which she uses to give out advice to listeners.<ref name=Pilot /><ref name="NYtimes" />
* [[Jane Leeves]] as Rejoyla "Joy" Scroggs, an English beautician, known as the "Eyebrow Queen of Beverly Hills", who counts among her clients stars such as [[Oprah Winfrey]] and [[Ryan Seacrest]].<ref name=Pilot /> Joy has never married, and her mother, who still lives in England, is highly critical of her.<ref name=Pilot>{{cite episode |title=Pilot |series=Hot in Cleveland|credits=Suzanne Martin |network=[[TV Land]] |airdate=June 16, 2010 |season=1 |number=1}}</ref><ref name="NYtimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html|title=Stay. Eat. Make Yourself at Home. Maybe Find a Man.|last=Stanley|first=Alessandra|work=[[New York Times]]|date=June 15, 2010|access-date=June 17, 2010}}</ref> Joy had a son, Owen, when she was 15, but put him up for adoption. In the first season finale, Joy receives a message from her son, but a tornado prevents her from contacting him.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Tornado |series=Hot in Cleveland |credits=Suzanne Martin |network=TV Land |airdate=August 18, 2010 |season=1 |number=10}}</ref> Owen finally comes to visit her in season 2, with disastrous results. At the end of season 3, a baby is left on the women's doorstep. This baby is revealed in season 4 as Joy's grandson Wilbur. At the end of season 4, Simon, Joy's ex-fiance and father of Owen, shows up and wants to get back together. Joy eventually marries her quirky boss, Bob, in the series finale and they adopt a baby girl they name Elizabeth or Betty for short.
* [[Wendie Malick]] as Victoria Chase, a five-time-divorced, Daytime Emmy Award-winning<ref>[http://tv.blogdig.net/archives/articles/August2010/19/Susan_Lucci_Throws_Victoria_Under_the_Bus_on__Hot_in_Cleveland___VIDEO_.html "Susan Lucci Throws Victoria Under the Bus on 'Hot in Cleveland' (VIDEO)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025725/http://tv.blogdig.net/archives/articles/August2010/19/Susan_Lucci_Throws_Victoria_Under_the_Bus_on__Hot_in_Cleveland___VIDEO_.html |date=2011-07-23 }} from tv.blogdig (August 19, 2010)</ref> actress who is famous for playing the lead role of Honor St. Raven for 27 years in the long-running daytime soap opera, "Edge of Tomorrow". With the show recently canceled, Victoria laments that her only career opportunities are playing [[Megan Fox]]'s grandmother<ref name=Pilot /><ref name="NYtimes" /> and [[Melanie Griffith]]'s mother<ref name="melaniegriffith">{{cite web|url=http://www.aoltv.com/2011/02/10/melanie-griffith-hot-in-cleveland-video/|title=Melanie Griffith Is Cast as Victoria Chase's Daughter on 'Hot in Cleveland' (VIDEO)|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=2011-10-30|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191921/http://www.aoltv.com/2011/02/10/melanie-griffith-hot-in-cleveland-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref> (in separate projects), and promoting adult incontinence underwear in Japan.<ref>[http://www.tvland.com/video-clips/hot-in-cleveland/victoria-s-japanese--lady-pants--commercial Victoria's Japanese Lady Pants Commercial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716220350/http://www.tvland.com/video-clips/hot-in-cleveland/victoria-s-japanese--lady-pants--commercial |date=2010-07-16 }} from TV Land (July 14, 2010)</ref> She has also appeared in numerous trashy [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] movies, the titles of which she brings up throughout the series. Her jobs in Cleveland have included high school drama teacher and reporter for ''Oh Hi, Ohio'', a local news magazine program. At the end of season 2, she and Joy accidentally marry each other in Canada while they are drunk. In season 4, she stars in a fictional [[Woody Allen]] movie, which wins her an Oscar, and also marries her co-star Emmett Lawson while he is in prison. Also in season 4, someone reveals her real age, but it is censored onscreen. She has two daughters, Emmy (an actress) and Oscar (a journalist), and one son named Tony (a software developer whom she often forgets). She is sworn enemies with real-life soap star [[Susan Lucci]], and their rivalry is depicted throughout the series.
* [[Betty White]] as Elka Ostrovsky, an elderly [[Polish Americans|Polish]] [[property caretaker|caretaker]] whose judgmental retorts to the other women in the pilot reveal an astringent demeanor and allude to a storied life, including escaping from the [[Nazi]]s, an [[promiscuity|active sex life]], heavy drinking, and possible marijuana use.<ref name="NYtimes" /> It is revealed in the first season finale that her late husband had mob connections, and that the smell of marijuana came from the polish of his stolen goods. In the season 2 finale her "dead" husband surprisingly shows up at her wedding to Fred. White was only expected to have a guest role in the pilot episode, but her performance was so well-received that the producers decided to make her a regular.<ref name="variety">{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118016539.html?categoryid=14&cs=1|title=Betty White gets regular gig on sitcom|last=Littleton|first=Cynthia|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 16, 2010|access-date=March 16, 2010}}</ref> Elka is 88 at the start of the series (White's real-life age in 2010). During season 3, she celebrates her 90th birthday, and she later remarks her age in several episodes. A [[running joke]] on the series is Elka's ability to attract men better than Joy does. Elka is elected to a Cleveland City Council seat in season 5. She becomes mayor in season 6, after the previous mayor passed away.

=== Recurring cast ===
* [[Wayne Knight]] as Rick (seasons 1–2), the women's neighbor and a reporter for the ''[[Cleveland Plain Dealer]]''. Rick has slept with Joy, but professes in Season 2 that he is more attracted to Melanie.
* [[Carl Reiner]] as Maxwell Sidney "Max" Miller (seasons 1–3; 5), Elka's on-again/off-again (mostly off) boyfriend
* [[Susan Lucci]] (seasons 1–3; 5), as a fictionalized version of herself. A rival of Victoria's from their soap opera days, who is constantly competing with her. In season 6, she is revealed by Victoria's mother Penny to be Victoria's half-sister from an affair her father Alex had during their marriage.
* [[Huey Lewis]] as Johnny Revere (seasons 1–3, 6), a famous musician who has an on/off sexual relationship with Victoria that dates back many years. Though the two have genuine affection for each other, career pursuits always got in the way of a lasting relationship. In the series finale, the two finally decide to settle down, and they get engaged.
* [[Joe Jonas]] as Will Moretti (seasons 1; 3), Melanie's son, who is in college
* [[Juliet Mills]] as Philippa Scroggs (seasons 1; 4–6), Joy's uptight and critical mother
* [[Michael McMillian]] as Owen Berr (seasons 2–6), Joy's son from a teenage pregnancy, whom she gave up for adoption. He has his own son, Wilbur, in the fourth season.
* [[Jennifer Love Hewitt]] as Emmy Chase (seasons 2–3; 5), Victoria's actress daughter. In the fifth season, it is revealed she is married and eight months pregnant with a daughter, named Melon, to whom she gives birth in the same episode. She played a cop named Cole in the TV series ''Cole's Law''.
* [[John Mahoney]] as Roy Miller (seasons 2–3; 5), a waiter who flirts with Elka in season two. In season three, he fakes a murder investigation to get closer to Elka. The two start dating, and go on many adventures, including skydiving. They break up after Roy's mother disapproves of Elka, but get back together in season 5, albeit briefly.
* [[Buck Henry]] as Fred (seasons 2–3), Elka's fiancé in season 2. Their wedding is halted before they say their vows after Elka's "dead" husband shockingly shows up.
* [[James Patrick Stuart]] as Colin Cooper (seasons 2–3), Victoria's co-anchor on ''Oh Hi, Ohio'', whom she finds annoying. He has an off/on relationship with Joy throughout the second and third seasons.
* [[Jon Lovitz]] as Artie Firestone (seasons 2–3), a mentally unstable billionaire who is heir to the [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone]] family fortune. In season two, while disowned by his family and homeless, he became engaged to Joy so she could get her [[Permanent residence (United States)|green card]]. In season three, he began taking medication for his mental illness and was welcomed back into the Firestone family. The character's name and personal fortune is a reference to another character played by Lovitz, [[Artie Ziff]], on ''[[The Simpsons]]''.
* [[Georgia Engel]] as Mamie-Sue Johnson (seasons 3–6), a naïve friend of Elka's. She and Elka run an illegal pharmacy in the fourth season.
* [[Dave Foley]] as Bob (seasons 4–6). Joy's strange and sleazy employer at a private detective agency where she works as a college intern. He quickly becomes infatuated with Joy. By Season 6, Joy finally reciprocates the feelings and the two get engaged. They get married and adopt a baby girl named Betty in the series finale. (Actor Dave Foley first appeared in a season 1 episode in which he played Dr. Robert Moore, the head of a Cleveland medical foundation who checks on Victoria when she fakes a deadly disease in order to gain sympathy for her Emmy nomination.)
* [[Craig Ferguson]] as Simon (seasons 4–6), Joy's former lover, Owen's father, and Wilbur's grandfather, who comes back into her life unexpectedly
* [[Jay Harrington]] as Alec Jones (seasons 4–5), Melanie's boss and love interest in the fourth season. He and Melanie break up amicably, so that he can have the chance to be a father.
* [[Heather Locklear]] as Chloe Powell (season 4), Alec's ex-wife who is still his business partner
* [[Alan Dale]] as Emmett Lawson (season 4), Victoria's on-screen and off-screen love interest during the fourth season. He proposes to Victoria, but is soon arrested for tax fraud. He and Victoria marry in prison in the season finale, but he escapes from prison disguised as her. He faked his death and is presumably still alive in a remote area of the world, but Victoria decides to move on without him.
* [[Eddie Cibrian]] as Sean (season 4), Joy's fireman love interest
* [[Tim Daly]] as Mitch Turner (season 5), Joy's new boss after he takes over the detective agency from Bob. He later becomes Joy's boyfriend.
* [[Bill Bellamy]] as Councilman Jim Powell (season 5), a former Ohio State University football star who holds a city council seat that Elka seeks

=== Guest stars ===
==== Season 1 ====
Guest stars during the first season included [[Shirley Knight]] as Melanie's overprotective mother, Loretta;<ref name=futon>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2010/06/11/celebrated-actors-wayne-knight-huey-lewis-susan-lucci-carl-reiner-john-schneider-among-others-to-guest-star-in-tv-land-original-series-hot-in-cleveland/20100611tvland01/|title=Celebrated Actors Wayne Knight, Huey Lewis, Susan Lucci, Carl Reiner, John Schneider, Among Others to Guest Star in TV Land Original Series "Hot in Cleveland"|work=The Futon Critic|date=June 11, 2010|access-date=June 18, 2010}}</ref> [[Hal Linden]] as Victoria's womanizing actor father, Alex; singer [[Joe Jonas]] as Melanie's son, Will;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/07/12/joe-jonas-gets-hot-in-cleveland/|title=Exclusive: Joe Jonas Gets 'Hot in Cleveland'|last=Patrick|first=Andy|work=The Ausiello Files|publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=July 12, 2010|access-date=July 12, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715054614/http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/07/12/joe-jonas-gets-hot-in-cleveland/|archive-date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> [[Carl Reiner]] as Max, Elka's boyfriend;<ref name=futon /> [[Bil Dwyer]] as Melanie's ex-husband Anders; and [[Juliet Mills]] as Joy's critical mother, Philippa. Other first season guest stars include [[John Schneider (screen actor)|John Schneider]], [[Wayne Knight]], [[Robert Gant]], [[Huey Lewis]],<ref name=futon /> [[Amy Yasbeck]], [[Tim Conway]], [[Mark Indelicato]], [[David Starzyk]], [[Gary Anthony Williams]], [[Dave Foley]] and [[Susan Lucci]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.aoltv.com/2010/07/20/soap-casting-news-susan-luccis-heading-to-hot-in-cleveland/ |title= Soap Casting News: Susan Lucci's Heading to 'Hot in Cleveland' ... and More |last=Waldman |first=Allison |work=HuffPost TV|date=July 20, 2010 |access-date=July 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723111506/http://www.tvsquad.com/2010/07/20/soap-casting-news-susan-luccis-heading-to-hot-in-cleveland/ |archive-date=July 23, 2010 }}</ref>

==== Season 2 ====
For the second season, [[Mary Tyler Moore]] guest starred in the season premiere as Elka's jail cellmate, in the wake of the latter's arrest in the first season finale. This marked the first time since 1977, when ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' ended, that White and Moore had worked together.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cleveland.com/tv/2010/11/mary_tyler_moore_to_guest_star.html|title=Mary Tyler Moore to guest star on 'Hot in Cleveland'|work=[[The Plain Dealer (newspaper)|Cleveland.com]]|date=November 1, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> [[Sherri Shepherd]] appeared in two episodes as the judge in Elka's [[Adjudicative competence|competency case]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.tvguide.com/amp/news/kecks-exclusives-views-1025365/|title=Keck's Exclusives: The View's Sherri Shepherd to Declare Betty White Incompetent?|last=Keck|first=William|work=[[TVGuide]]|publisher=[[Lionsgate]]|date=November 10, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> David Starzyk, John Schneider, Huey Lewis, Wayne Knight and Carl Reiner all reprised their roles from season 1. [[Bonnie Franklin]] also guest starred as Melanie's ex-boyfriend's mother, Franklin reuniting with ''[[One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)|One Day at a Time]]'' co-star [[Valerie Bertinelli]]. On July 20, 2011, [[Doris Roberts]] appeared as Lydia Dombrosky, Elka's nemesis. [[Jennifer Love Hewitt]] guest starred as Victoria's daughter Emmy, while [[Michael McMillian]] appeared as Joy's son, Owen. [[Buck Henry]] appeared in multiple episodes as Elka's love interest and eventual fiancé. [[Jimmy Kimmel]], [[Susan Lucci]], and [[Melanie Griffith]] made guest appearances as themselves. [[Michael E. Knight]], [[Jon Lovitz]], [[Isaiah Mustafa]], [[Monica Horan]], [[Max Greenfield]], [[Mindy Cohn]], [[Amy Sedaris]], [[Frank Caliendo]], [[Cedric the Entertainer]], [[Darnell Williams]] and [[Jane Leeves]]' ''[[Frasier]]'' co-stars [[Peri Gilpin]] and [[John Mahoney]] also appeared on the show as guest stars. [[Don Rickles]] made a surprise appearance as Elka's dead husband in the Season 2 finale, "Elka's Wedding".

==== Season 3 ====
Season three features guest stars such as series producer [[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]] as a hand model boyfriend of Victoria's, [[Gilles Marini]] as Captain Lebeau, [[Kathie Lee Gifford]], [[Sandra Bernhard]], [[Don Rickles]] as Elka's late husband Bob, who faked his death, [[John Mahoney]] (Leeves' former ''[[Frasier]]'' costar) as Roy, Elka's boyfriend, and [[Laura San Giacomo]] as Melanie's estranged sister, and [[Baron Davis]] and [[Josh Cribbs]] as themselves. In addition to Mary Tyler Moore guest starring in the second season premiere, the third season saw Betty White reunite with [[Ed Asner]] and [[Georgia Engel]] in two separate episodes. The season includes the return of guests Jennifer Love Hewitt, Susan Lucci, Huey Lewis, Joe Jonas and Jon Lovitz.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.tvland.com/prime/guest-stars-announced-as-tv-land-begins-production-on-season-three-on-the-emmy%C2%AE-award-winning-hot-in-cleveland/ |title=Guest Stars Announced As Tv Land Begins Production On Season Three On The Emmy® Award-Winning Hot In Cleveland|publisher=TV Land |date=September 12, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206082848/http://blogs.tvland.com/prime/guest-stars-announced-as-tv-land-begins-production-on-season-three-on-the-emmy%C2%AE-award-winning-hot-in-cleveland/ |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cybill Shepherd]], [[Curtis Armstrong]], [[Andy Richter]], [[Roger Bart]], [[Paul Dooley]], [[Jonathan Silverman]], [[Doug Savant]], [[Rhea Perlman]], [[Kristin Chenoweth]], [[Barry Bostwick]], [[Alex Borstein]], [[Dan Cortese]], Lee Corso, [[Kevin Nealon]], [[Regis Philbin]], [[Joan Rivers]], and [[David Spade]]—who had co-starred with Malick in ''[[Just Shoot Me]]'', as had San Giacomo—also make guest appearances in the third season. [[Rick Springfield]] portrays an impersonator of himself who tricks Joy into sleeping with him in episode 16. [[Dan Dotson]] and [[Laura Dotson]] from ''[[Storage Wars]]'' appear as themselves in Episode 22.

==== Season 4 ====
Season four recurring guests include [[Heather Locklear]] as Chloe, [[Jay Harrington]] as Alec, and [[Alan Dale]] as Emmett. Other guest stars include [[Craig Ferguson]], who plays the ex-boyfriend that left Joy when she became pregnant, [[Eddie Cibrian]] as Sean, [[Fred Willard]] as Dr. Hill, and [[Gary Anthony Sturgis]] as Officer Davenport, while [[Ed Begley Jr.]], [[Nicholas Bishop]], [[Heather Dubrow]], [[Dave Foley]], [[Jesse Tyler Ferguson]] and [[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]] also make guest appearances. [[Georgia Engel]] and [[Regis Philbin]] reprise their roles from the previous season, while [[Michael McMillian]] returns as Owen, Joy's son and [[Juliet Mills]] returns for one episode as Joy's mother.<ref>{{cite web|title="Breaking News!" Heather Locklear, Regis Philbin, Jay Harrington, Georgia Engel and Michael McMillian to Appear on Season Four of TV Land's "Hot in Cleveland"|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2012/08/10/heather-locklear-regis-philbin-jay-harrington-georgia-engel-and-michael-mcmillian-to-appear-on-season-four-of-tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-489203/20120810tvland01/}}</ref>
In the live episode for the mid-season premiere, [[Academy Award]] winner [[Shirley Jones]] makes a guest appearance, as does [[William Shatner]] as "Sally from Cincinnati". [[Carol Burnett]] guest-starred as Victoria's mother and [[Jean Smart]] guest-starred as Victoria's sister in the second episode of the summer season. [[Tim Conway]] also reprised his role as Elka's ex-boyfriend, Nick.

''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' cast reunited on screen for the first time in 36 years, in [[Hot in Cleveland season 4#ep79|an episode]] where [[Mary Tyler Moore]], [[Valerie Harper]], [[Cloris Leachman]], Betty White and Georgia Engel were all members of a 1960s bowling team reuniting for the first time in 50 years.

In the season finale, Melanie announces she is pregnant, Joy rekindles her love for her son's father, and Victoria's husband, Emmett, who is in jail, has escaped on the night of their jailhouse honeymoon.

==== Season 5 ====
Season 5 premiered with ''[[The Soul Man]]'' with two back-to-back live episodes on March 26, 2014 (10:00PM EDT and 10:30PM EDT).<ref>[https://www.deadline.com/2014/01/hot-in-cleveland-live-episode-the-soul-man-animated/#more-670375 TV Land’s ‘Hot In Cleveland’ & ‘The Soul Man’ Starting New Seasons With Live Episodes] Deadline Hollywood. January 23, 2014.</ref> Guest stars in the premiere episode included [[Dave Foley]] and [[Georgia Engel]] reprising their roles from the previous seasons, as well as [[Ken Jeong]] and [[Albert Tsai]] making a guest appearances with [[Alex Trebek]] appearing as himself. [[Cedric the Entertainer]] made a special guest appearance reprising his role from the ''Hot in Cleveland'' spin-off ''The Soul Man'', while Betty White reprised her role as Elka on ''The Soul Man''. [[Jennifer Love Hewitt]], [[Jay Harrington]], [[Craig Ferguson]], [[Michael McMillian]], [[Susan Lucci]] and [[Juliet Mills]] reprised their roles from the previous seasons. [[Tim Daly]] was added as recurring character Mitch, Joy's new boss and love interest. Additional guest appearances were made by [[Thomas Lennon]], [[Jaime Pressly]], [[Angela Kinsey]], [[Chris Elliott]], [[Jason Priestley]], [[Sarah Hyland]], [[Max Greenfield]], [[Cheri Oteri]], [[Chevy Chase]], [[Rob Schneider]], [[Nora Dunn]], [[Morgan Fairchild]], [[Coby Bell]], [[Chris Colfer]], [[Will Sasso]], [[Steven Tyler]] (in the special animated episode), [[Queen Latifah]], [[Perez Hilton]] and [[Debra Monk]].

==== Season 6 ====
The sixth season was announced by TV Land as the final season for the series.<ref name="finalseason" /> Guest stars for this season include: [[Ernie Hudson]] as one of Victoria's ex-husbands who helps her come to terms with their once embarrassing legacy, [[Lesley Nicol (actress)|Lesley Nicol]] who appeared in the Christmas episode; [[Andrew J. West]] as a man who hits on Melanie, [[Timm Sharp]] as the producer of Victoria's new TV show, and [[Robert Wagner]] as Jim, a new man in Elka's life. [[Mario Lopez]] appears as himself, with newly appointed Councilwoman Elka trying to lure him into taping his TV show in Cleveland. [[Gladys Knight]] and [[Ben Vereen]] appear in the "One Wedding and One Funeral" episode. [[Will Sasso]] reprises his role as Franky, Melanie's co-host on the "He Said/She Said" radio program. [[Bob Newhart]], [[Thomas Gibson]] and [[Huey Lewis]] all appear in the season and series finale. [[Stacy Keach]] plays Victoria's father Alex in two episodes.

== Episodes ==
{{Main|List of Hot in Cleveland episodes}}
{{:List of Hot in Cleveland episodes}}


== Development and production ==
''Hot in Cleveland'' was TV Land's first attempt at a first-run scripted comedy (the channel has [[rerun]] other sitcoms since its debut) and was produced by [[Sean Hayes (actor)|Sean Hayes]]'s Hazy Mills Productions and written by [[Suzanne Martin]], who also served as the [[showrunner]].<ref name="THR">{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tv-land-picks-hot-cleveland-21192 |title=TV Land picks up 'Hot in Cleveland'|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 1, 2010|access-date=June 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="production">{{cite web|url=http://www.inbaseline.com/project.aspx?project_id=206727|title=Hot in Cleveland TV Pilot|work=[[InBaseline]]|publisher=The New York Times Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115232626/http://inbaseline.com/index.aspx|archive-date=November 15, 2011 |access-date=June 18, 2010}}</ref> It was shot with a [[multicamera setup]] in front of a live [[studio audience]] at the [[CBS Studio Center]] production studios.<ref name="EW">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619005240/http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2010/06/17/hot-in-cleveland-attracts-record-ratings-for-tv-land/|archive-date=June 19, 2010 |title='Hot in Cleveland' attracts record ratings for TV Land |last=Rice |first=Lynette |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/tv/2010/06/hot_in_cleveland_embraces_our.html|title='Hot in Cleveland' embraces our fair city instead of bashing it, Valerie Bertinelli says|last=Dawidziak|first=Mark|work=The Plain Dealer|date=June 13, 2010|access-date=June 18, 2010}}</ref>

Martin initially got the idea from the period after [[Estelle Getty]] died, when clips of Getty's sitcom, ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', were being replayed on the news. This caused Martin "to think about women in their 50s and what the show meant for women now."<ref name="HReporterone">{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=Philiana|title=As the TV Land success hits 100 episodes, Suzanne Martin and the stars reveal the special ingredients to its quick success|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hot-cleveland-creator-show-secrets-726111|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=27 August 2014|access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> She then devised a scenario in which "women in that age group landed somewhere in America and they were 'hot again' there". Martin initially pitched the series to [[CBS]], who rejected it, which Martin believes was "because it involved women older than the demo they were looking at".<ref name="HReporterone"/> At the time of the pickup, Martin was unaware of TV Land's existence.<ref name="HReporterone"/>

TV Land announced that the show had been renewed for a second season on July 7, 2010. The 20-episode second season began production on November 1, 2010, and premiered January 19, 2011.<ref name=season2premiere>{{cite news |url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/02/tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-begins-production-on-20-new-episodes-returns-january-19-2011/70446 |title=TV Land's 'Hot In Cleveland," Begins Production on 20 New Episodes; Returns January 19, 2011 |last=Seidman |first=Robert |work=TV By the Numbers |date=November 2, 2010 |access-date=November 2, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105045148/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/11/02/tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-begins-production-on-20-new-episodes-returns-january-19-2011/70446 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.tvland.com/prime/the-betty-white-blitz-hot-in-cleveland-renewed-for-season-2/ "The Betty White Blitz: Hot in Cleveland Renewed for Season 2"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718090111/http://blogs.tvland.com/prime/the-betty-white-blitz-hot-in-cleveland-renewed-for-season-2/ |date=2010-07-18 }}. [[TV Land]]. July 7, 2010</ref> On February 28, 2011, TV Land renewed the show for a third season to consist of 22 episodes.<ref name=season3renewal>{{cite news |url=https://www.deadline.com/2011/02/tv-land-renews-comedy-hot-in-cleveland-for-third-season/|title=TV Land's 'Hot In Cleveland" Renewed for Third Season|website=Deadline Hollywood |date=February 28, 2011 |access-date=February 28, 2011}}</ref> On March 21, 2011, TV Land announced that the third season order had been increased to 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/21/tv-land-greenlights-two-new-sitcoms-renews-retired-at-35-expands-order-for-hot-in-cleveland/86490|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325193659/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/21/tv-land-greenlights-two-new-sitcoms-renews-retired-at-35-expands-order-for-hot-in-cleveland/86490|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-03-25|title=TV Land Greenlights Two New Sitcoms, Renews "Retired at 35," Expands Order for "Hot in Cleveland" - Ratings|work=TVbytheNumbers}}</ref> On January 12, 2012, TV Land renewed the series for a fourth season.<ref name="HIC season4">{{cite web|url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/01/tv-land-renews-hot-in-cleveland-picks-up-cedric-the-entertainer-spinoff-to-series/ |title=TV Land Renews 'Hot In Cleveland', Picks Up Cedric The Entertainer Spinoff To Series |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=January 12, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2012}}</ref>

Betty White was only meant to appear in the pilot of the show but was asked to stay on for the entire series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/betty-white-live-hot-cleveland-article-1.1375904 |title='Hot in Cleveland' to return with live episode |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |last=Hinckley |first=David |date=June 19, 2013 |access-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref>

=== Spin-off series and crossovers ===
On April 18, 2011, it was announced that [[Cedric the Entertainer]] would guest star in a season 2 episode as a minister who gets caught up in the girls' problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/showandtell/2011/04/cedrics-so-hot-in-cleveland-that-hes-got-a-spinoff-before-hes-on-the-show |title=Cedric's so hot in Cleveland that he's got a spinoff before he's on the show|last=Hinckley |first=David |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=April 18, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011}}</ref> The episode served as a [[backdoor pilot]] for a spin-off series to star Cedric. The episode entitled "Bridezelka"<ref name="Bridazelka MSN TV">{{cite web |url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/hot-in-cleveland/bridezelka/ |title=Hot in Cleveland: Episode Info – "Bridezelka" |publisher=MSN TV |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014043807/http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode/hot-in-cleveland/bridezelka/ |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was written by ''Hot in Cleveland'' creator [[Suzanne Martin]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2011/04/cedric-the-entertainer-to-join-tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-spin-off.html |title=Cedric the Entertainer to develop 'Hot in Cleveland' spinoff |last=Maerz |first=Melissa |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 18, 2011 |access-date=May 23, 2011}}</ref> and aired on August 24, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.sitcomsonline.com/2011/06/tv-land-july-2011-highlights-metv.html |title=TV Land July 2011 Highlights; MeTV Network Honors James Arnes |publisher=SitcomsOnline.com |date=June 6, 2011 |access-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref>

The spin-off series centers on Reverend Boyce (Cedric) as he moves from Cleveland to St. Louis and has to balance his wild past as an R&B singer with the expectations of his congregation and his family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deadline.com/2011/11/niecy-nash-to-star-in-tv-lands-cedric-pilot-summer-glau-joins-tnts-scent/ |title=Niecy Nash To Star In TV Land's Cedric Pilot, Summer Glau Joins TNT's 'Scent' |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 1, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref> On January 12, 2012, TV Land officially picked up the pilot to series, under the title ''Have Faith''; with the first season set to have 12 episodes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/14/official-tv-land-picks-up-have-faith-starring-cedric-the-entertainer-renews-hot-in-cleveland/116514/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119080200/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/14/official-tv-land-picks-up-have-faith-starring-cedric-the-entertainer-renews-hot-in-cleveland/116514/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |title=Official: TV Land Picks Up "Have Faith" Starring Cedric "The Entertainer"; Renews Hot in Cleveland – Ratings |publisher=Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com |access-date=January 15, 2012}}</ref> On March 11, 2012, it was announced that the series' title was changed from ''Have Faith'' to ''[[The Soul Man]]''. The series premiered on June 20, 2012. In the March 27, 2014 premiere of ''Hot in Cleveland'', Cedric the Entertainer reprises his role as Reverend Boyce; however, he doesn't appear to recognize the characters from his appearance in Season 2 of ''Hot in Cleveland''. Betty White also reprises her role as Elka on ''The Soul Man''.

In the second season of ''Hot in Cleveland'', the show crossed over with daytime soap opera ''[[All My Children]]'', in the two-part episode "I Love Lucci". Wendie Malick appeared on ''All My Children'', where she was credited as Victoria Chase, while Susan Lucci appears as herself on ''Hot in Cleveland''.

The fifth season of ''Hot in Cleveland'' featured a crossover with the television series ''[[Kirstie (TV series)|Kirstie]]'', which also aired on TV Land in 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvland.com/episodes/vdwzuv/hot-in-cleveland-bucket--we-re-going-to-new-york-ep-508 |title=Bucket: We're Going to New York |date=12 June 2014 |publisher=TVLand.com |access-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The show received positive reviews from critics, with Wendie Malick received a number of praise for her performance. Furthermore, the first season scored a 66 out of 100 based on 28 reviews on [[Metacritic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/hot-in-cleveland|title=Hot in Cleveland|work=Metacritic}}</ref>

=== Comparisons with ''The Golden Girls'' ===
''Hot in Cleveland'' has been referred to as a modern spin on the classic 1980s television series ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', which also featured actress Betty White in a starring role. Craig Berman of ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]'' stated that the show is "as close as we're likely to get to a repeat of White's 1980s ensemble comedy hit, ''The Golden Girls'' ... [TV Land] the network known as the refuge for people looking to fall asleep to reruns of shows from their childhood has made its first scripted program a modern version of the classic sitcom premise."<ref>{{cite news|author=Craig Berman|title='Cleveland' puts modern twist on 'Golden Girls'|work=[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]|date=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Alessandra Stanley of ''[[The New York Times]]'' commented: "This is the first original scripted comedy on TV Land, a network that was founded on reruns. So not surprisingly, ''Hot in Cleveland'' is a pastiche of classics – a little bit ''[[Cheers]]'' and ''[[Frasier]]'', a little bit ''The Golden Girls''."<ref>{{cite news|author=Alessandra Stanley|title=Hot in Cleveland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/16/arts/television/16hot.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 15, 2010|access-date=April 2, 2011}}</ref> [[Michael Musto]] of ''[[The Village Voice]]'' wrote: "Tart-tongued Wendie Malick is basically the modern-day Bea Arthur. Sweet-faced Valerie Bertinelli is the new Betty White. Been-around Jane Leeves is the nouveau Rue McClanahan. And witheringly sarcastic Golden Girl Betty White has turned into Estelle Getty."<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Musto|title=Hot in Cleveland Is the New Golden Girls|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/06/hot_in_clevelan.php|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=June 24, 2010|access-date=June 2, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516205837/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/06/hot_in_clevelan.php|archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
Betty White received a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]] nomination for her role as Elka Ostrovsky, and went on to win the award. The cast received a nomination for [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]].

On May 17, 2011, TV Land entered the show in the race for the [[63rd Primetime Emmy Awards]]. The show submitted for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series|Outstanding Comedy Series]] and [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series]] for all four leading women, to reinforce the idea of an ensemble cast. The show also submitted in technical categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldderby.com/emmys/news/1495/hot-in-cleveland-no-golden-girls-all-four-ladies-go-supporting.html |title='Hot in Cleveland' no 'Golden Girls': All four ladies go supporting |publisher=Goldderby.com |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>

On July 14, 2011, the show received two Primetime Emmy nominations, including Betty White getting nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Comedy Series.<ref name="Emmys">{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/emmys.com/files/PressReleaseNoms2011emmys.pdf |title=Emmys |access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>

In December 2011, Betty White received her second consecutive SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. She went on to win it.<ref name="Sagawards.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/17th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 17th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=Sagawards.org |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>

''Hot in Cleveland'' was also nominated for five other Emmys.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Awards
! Year
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| [[The Comedy Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| [[The Comedy Awards|Best Actress in a TV Comedy]]
| [[Betty White]]
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecomedyawards.com/categories/ |title=The Comedy Awards 2011 Nominees |publisher=Thecomedyawards.com |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Emmy Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[63rd Primetime Emmy Awards|2011]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series]]
| [[Betty White]]
| {{nom}}<ref name="Emmys" />
|-
| Outstanding Art Direction for a Multi-Camera Series
| Michael Andrew Hynes and Maralee Zediker<br /><small>(for "Sisterhood of the Traveling SPANX©", "I Love Lucci: Part Two", and "LeBron is Le Gone")</small>
| {{won}}<ref name="Emmys" />
|-
| [[Gracie Allen Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gracie Allen Awards|2011]]
| Best Actress in a Comedy Series
| Betty White
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/white-wins-another-honour-for-hot-in-cleveland_1204015 |title=Betty White | White Wins Another Honour For Hot In Cleveland |magazine=Contactmusic |date=February 25, 2011 |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[17th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2011]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series]]
| Betty White
| {{won}}<ref name="Sagawards.org" />
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| [[Valerie Bertinelli]], [[Jane Leeves]], [[Wendie Malick]] and Betty White
| {{nom}}<ref name="Sagawards.org" />
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[38th People's Choice Awards|2012]]
| Favorite Cable TV Comedy
| ''Hot in Cleveland''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ |title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Nominees |publisher=People’s Choice Awards |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[18th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2012]]
| Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
| Betty White
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagawards.org//awards/nominees-and-recipients/18th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=Sagawards.org |access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[GLAAD Media Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[23rd GLAAD Media Awards|2012]]
| Outstanding Individual Episode (in a series without a regular LGBT character)
| ''Hot in Cleveland'' episode "Beards"
| {{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/glaad-media-awards-2012-chaz-bono-modern-family-314665 |title=TGLAAD Media Awards 2012 Winners Include 'Modern Family,' 'Becoming Chaz' (Video) |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=April 21, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[39th People's Choice Awards|2013]]
| Favorite Cable TV Comedy
| ''Hot in Cleveland''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.pg.com/press-release/pg-corporate-announcements/nominees-announced-peoples-choice-awards-2013 |title=Nominees Announced for PEOPLE'S CHOICE AWARDS 2013 |publisher=P&G.com |date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=December 17, 2013 |archive-date=July 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711235657/http://news.pg.com/press-release/pg-corporate-announcements/nominees-announced-peoples-choice-awards-2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[19th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2013]]
| Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
| Betty White
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/19th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |title=The 19th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards | Screen Actors Guild Awards |publisher=Sagawards.org |access-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[40th People's Choice Awards|2014]]
| Favorite Cable TV Comedy
| ''Hot in Cleveland''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/ |title=People's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees |publisher=PeoplesChoice.com |access-date=December 17, 2013}}</ref>
|}

== Ratings ==
The series premiere of ''Hot in Cleveland'' was a ratings success for TV Land. It earned a 1.9 rating, averaged 2 million viewers among the network's target audience of adults 25–54, and averaged 1.3 million among women 25–54. It drew a total of 4.75 million viewers, making it the most watched show in TV Land history.<ref name="EW" />

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Season
!Timeslot<br />([[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|ET]]/[[Pacific Time Zone|PT]])
!# Ep.
!Premiere date
!Premiere<br />viewers<br />(millions)
!18-49<br />rating
!Finale date
!Finale<br />viewers<br />(millions)
!18-49<br />rating
!TV season
!colspan="2"|Viewers<br />(millions)
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 1|1]]'''
|rowspan="6"|Wednesday<br />10:00 pm
|10
|June 16, 2010
|4.75<ref name="premiere1">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/06/17/betty-white-lightening-strikes-again-tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-draws-nearly-5-million-breaks-tv-land-records/54461/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112342/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/06/17/betty-white-lightening-strikes-again-tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-draws-nearly-5-million-breaks-tv-land-records/54461/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2012|title=Betty White Lightning Strikes!"Hot In Cleveland" Draws Nearly 5 Million; Breaks Records – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers|publisher=Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com|date=June 17, 2010|access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>
|1.5<ref name="premiere1" />
|August 18, 2010
|3.40<ref name="finale1">{{cite news|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/08/19/wednesday-cable-psych-hot-in-cleveland-dark-blue-tosh-0-rise-much-more/60505|title=Wednesday Cable: Psych, Hot in Cleveland, Dark Blue, Tosh.0 Rise + Much More|last=Seidman|first=Robert|publisher=The Nielsen Company|work=TV by the Numbers|date=August 19, 2010|access-date=August 19, 2010|archive-date=August 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823040509/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/08/19/wednesday-cable-psych-hot-in-cleveland-dark-blue-tosh-0-rise-much-more/60505|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|0.9<ref name="finale1" />
|2010
|4.2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/08/26/tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-starring-betty-white-is-a-global-sensation/61157|title=TV Land's 'Hot in Cleveland' (Starring Betty White) Is a Global Sensation – Ratings|work=TVbytheNumbers|access-date=February 23, 2012|archive-date=August 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829125600/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/08/26/tv-lands-hot-in-cleveland-starring-betty-white-is-a-global-sensation/61157|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|rowspan="4"|2.8<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/20/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-by-tv-land-for-season-5/174282/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324004203/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/20/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-by-tv-land-for-season-5/174282/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 24, 2013|title='Hot in Cleveland' Renewed by TV Land for Season 5|work=TVbytheNumbers|date= March 20, 2013|access-date=July 20, 2013}}</ref>
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 2|2]]'''
|22
|January 19, 2011
|2.95<ref name="premiere2">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/20/wednesday-cable-ratings-hot-in-cleveland-storage-wars-lead-night-mythbusters-top-chef-toddlers-tiaras-and-more/79550|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124174847/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/20/wednesday-cable-ratings-hot-in-cleveland-storage-wars-lead-night-mythbusters-top-chef-toddlers-tiaras-and-more/79550|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 24, 2011|title=Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Hot In Cleveland,' 'Storage Wars' Lead Night + 'Mythbusters', 'Top Chef,' 'Toddlers & Tiaras' and More|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=January 20, 2011|access-date=January 21, 2011}}</ref>
|0.7<ref name="premiere2" />
|August 31, 2011
|2.44<ref name="finale2">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/09/01/wednesday-cable-storage-wars-rules-royal-pains-finale-necessary-roughness-sons-of-guns-more/102140/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516185051/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/09/01/wednesday-cable-storage-wars-rules-royal-pains-finale-necessary-roughness-sons-of-guns-more/102140/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 16, 2012|title=Wednesday Cable: 'Storage Wars' Rules; 'Royal Pains' Finale, 'Necessary Roughness,' 'Sons Of Guns' & More|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=September 1, 2011|access-date=September 2, 2011}}</ref>
|0.5<ref name="finale2" />
|2011
|2.08
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 3|3]]'''
|24
|November 30, 2011
|1.94<ref name="premiere3">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/12/01/wednesday-cable-ratings-american-horror-story-captain-kirk-boosts-psych-hot-in-cleveland-full-throttle-saloon-more/112396/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203085404/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/12/01/wednesday-cable-ratings-american-horror-story-captain-kirk-boosts-psych-hot-in-cleveland-full-throttle-saloon-more/112396/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2011|title=Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'American Horror Story' Tops Night + Captain Kirk Boosts 'Psych'; 'Hot In Cleveland,' 'Full Throttle Saloon' & More – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers|publisher=Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com|date=December 1, 2011|access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>
|0.4<ref name="premiere3" />
|June 6, 2012
|1.95<ref name="finale3">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/06/07/wednesday-cable-ratings-spursthunder-leads-cmt-music-awards-nhl-stanley-cup-royal-pains-necessary-roughness-more/137142/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610003041/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/06/07/wednesday-cable-ratings-spursthunder-leads-cmt-music-awards-nhl-stanley-cup-royal-pains-necessary-roughness-more/137142/|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 10, 2012|title=Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Spurs/Thunder' Leads 'CMT Music Awards' + NHL Stanley Cup, 'Royal Pains', 'Necessary Roughness' & More – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers|publisher=Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com|date=June 7, 2012|access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>
|0.5<ref name="finale3" />
|[[2011–2012 United States network television schedule|2011–2012]]
|1.52
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 4|4]]'''
|24
|November 28, 2012
|1.70<ref name="premiere4">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/11/29/wednesday-cable-ratingsduck-dynasty-wins-night-american-horror-story-moonshiners-the-challenge-hot-in-cleveland-south-beach-tow-more/159537/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202062534/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/11/29/wednesday-cable-ratingsduck-dynasty-wins-night-american-horror-story-moonshiners-the-challenge-hot-in-cleveland-south-beach-tow-more/159537/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2012|title=Wednesday Cable Ratings:'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'American Horror Story', 'Moonshiners', 'The Challenge', 'Hot in Cleveland', 'South Beach Tow' & More|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Bibel|first=Sara|date=November 29, 2012|access-date=November 30, 2012}}</ref>
|0.4<ref name="premiere4" />
|September 4, 2013
|1.90<ref name="finale4">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/05/wednesday-cable-ratings-duck-dynasty-wins-night-modern-dads-futurama-royal-pains-the-bridge-more/201036/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908003651/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/05/wednesday-cable-ratings-duck-dynasty-wins-night-modern-dads-futurama-royal-pains-the-bridge-more/201036/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 8, 2013|title= Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Modern Dads', 'Futurama', 'Royal Pains', 'The Bridge' & More|work=TV by the Numbers|date=September 5, 2013|access-date=September 5, 2013}}</ref>
|0.5<ref name="finale4" />
|[[2012–2013 United States network television schedule|2012–2013]]
|1.34
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 5|5]]'''
|24
|March 26, 2014
|1.35<ref name="premiere5">{{cite web|url=http://thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2014/03/27/wednesdays-cable-ratings-and-broadcast-finals-modern-family-claims-top-spot-in-viewers-demos-954213/cable_20140326/|title= Wednesday's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals: "Modern Family" Claims Top Spot in Viewers, Demos|work=The Futon Critic|date=March 27, 2014|access-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref>
|0.3<ref name="premiere5" />
|September 10, 2014
|0.91<ref name="finale5">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvmediainsights.com/forum/topic/wednesday-91014-4/page/3/|title=Wednesday 9/10/14 – TV Media Insights – TV Ratings & News – Network TV Show Reviews and Daily Ratings|work=TV Media Insights|date=September 11, 2014|access-date=September 12, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912141404/http://www.tvmediainsights.com/forum/topic/wednesday-91014-4/page/3/|archive-date=September 12, 2014}}</ref>
|0.2<ref name="finale5" />
|[[2013–14 United States network television schedule|2014]]
|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
|-
!'''[[Hot in Cleveland season 6|6]]'''
|24
|November 5, 2014
|0.66<ref name="premiere6">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-wednesday-cable-originals-11-5-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107023134/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-25-wednesday-cable-originals-11-5-2014.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2014|title= Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals (& Network Update): 11.5.2014|work=ShowBuzzDaily|date=November 5, 2014|access-date=November 7, 2014}}</ref>
|0.2<ref name="premiere6" />
|June 3, 2015
|1.02<ref name="finale6">{{cite web|url=http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-wednesday-cable-originals-6-3-2015.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605014437/http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-100-wednesday-cable-originals-6-3-2015.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 5, 2015|title=Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals: 6.3.2015|work=Showbuzz Daily|date=June 4, 2015|last=Metcalf|first=Mitch|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
|0.2<ref name="finale6" />
|[[2014–15 United States network television schedule|2014–2015]]
|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
|}

==Home media==
Paramount Home Media Distribution has released all six seasons on DVD in Region 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-1-Box-Art-Extras/14667|title=Hot in Cleveland DVD news: Box Art and Extras for Hot in Cleveland – Season 1|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|date=May 25, 2007|access-date=February 23, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114061930/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-1-Box-Art-Extras/14667|archive-date=November 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-2/15921|title=Hot in Cleveland DVD news: Announcement for Hot in Cleveland – Season 2|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|access-date=February 23, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220015933/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-2/15921|archive-date=December 20, 2011}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="width:10%;"|DVD Name
!style="width:15%;"|Region 1<br />Release date
!style="width:15%;"|Region 2<br />Release date
!style="width:15%;"|Region 4<br />Release date
!style="width: 5%;"|# Ep.
!style="width: 5%;"|Discs
!style="width:35%;"|Special features
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 1|Season 1]]
|January 11, 2011
|April 25, 2011
|February 17, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/817367|title=Hot in Cleveland – Season 1|publisher=Ezydvd.com.au|date=February 17, 2011|access-date=February 23, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415062421/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/817367|archive-date=April 15, 2011}}</ref>
|10
|2
|style="text-align:left;"|Original full-length pilot, bloopers, wardrobe featurette, "We Love Our Age" featurette, set tour, Victoria's full-length Japanese "lady pants" commercial, episode of "[[Retired at 35]]"
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 2|Season 2]]
|November 29, 2011 (USA)<br />January 31, 2012 (Canada)
|August 29, 2011 (Part 1)<br />February 25, 2013 (Part 2)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hot-Cleveland-Series-Vol-DVD/dp/B007PCLRGM/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1340826975&sr=8-5|title=Hot in Cleveland – Series 2 Vol 2 [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Film & TV|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref><br />February 25, 2013 (Complete Season 2) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hot-Cleveland-The-Complete-Series/dp/B007PCLRBM/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1340826975&sr=8-4|title=Hot in Cleveland – The Complete Series 2 [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Film & TV|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>
|January 19, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/hot-in-cleveland-season-2/dp/6108678 |title=Hot in Cleveland: Season 2|publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725113150/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/hot-in-cleveland-season-2/dp/6108678 |archive-date=July 25, 2013}}</ref>
|22
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|Interviews, ''The Cast Visits Cleveland'', ''On the Set of Hot in Cleveland'', The First Episode of TV Land's Newest Sitcom, ''[[The Exes]]''
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 3|Season 3]]
|November 27, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-3/17444|title=Hot in Cleveland DVD news: Announcement for Hot in Cleveland – Season 3|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|access-date=November 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109003343/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-3/17444|archive-date=November 9, 2012}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|24
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 4|Season 4]]
|December 3, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-4/18926|title=Hot in Cleveland – 'Season 4' DVDs Announced: Date, Bonus, Packaging|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|date=September 3, 2013|access-date=September 10, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906053251/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-4/18926|archive-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|24
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|''Look Who's Hot Now'' clip episode
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 5|Season 5]]
|November 4, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-5/20136|title=Hot in Cleveland – 'Season 5' DVD Set Announced for this Hot Sitcom|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|date=August 4, 2014|access-date=August 7, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806072904/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-5/20136|archive-date=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|24
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|[[Hot in Cleveland season 6|Season 6]]
|April 26, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-6-and-Complete-Series/22016|title=Hot in Cleveland - Studio Announces DVDs for 'Season 6' and 'The Complete Series'|publisher=TVShowsOnDVD.com|date=February 22, 2016|access-date=February 23, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225210954/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Hot-Cleveland-Season-6-and-Complete-Series/22016|archive-date=February 25, 2016}}</ref>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|24
|3
|style="text-align:left;"|
|-
|The Complete Series
|July 27, 2021
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|128
|{{n/a}}
|style="text-align:left;"|
|}

== Broadcast ==
=== Syndication ===
On March 20, 2013, TV Land announced that ''Hot in Cleveland'' had been renewed for a 24-episode fifth season, to begin in late fall of 2013. With the fifth season bringing the total episodes in the series to 104, TV Land also announced it had made deals in 92% of the U.S. television markets for a syndication package, which premiered in the fall of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/20/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-by-tv-land-for-season-5/174282/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324004203/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/20/hot-in-cleveland-renewed-by-tv-land-for-season-5/174282/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-03-24|title='Hot in Cleveland' Renewed by TV Land for Season 5 – Ratings – TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com|work=TVbytheNumbers}}</ref> The show also aired on the [[Nick Jr. Channel]]'s short-lived [[NickMom]] block from May 23 to September 27, 2015, and on [[GetTV]] since 2019.

=== International ===
On June 22, 2010, it was announced that [[Endemol]] would distribute ''Hot in Cleveland'' internationally,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deadline.com/2010/06/endemol-to-distribute-hot-in-cleveland/|title=Endemol to distribute "Hot in Cleveland"|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 22, 2010|access-date=June 22, 2010}}</ref> while [[CBS Television Distribution]] would own the US rights, with syndication to start in 2013.<ref>[http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/477921-Exclusive_CTD_Hot_for_TV_Land_s_Hot_in_Cleveland_.php "Exclusive: CTD Hot for TV Land's 'Hot in Cleveland'"] from Broadcasting & Cable (December 14, 2011)</ref> The show began broadcasting on July 5, 2010, in Canada on [[CTV Television Network|CTV]], and on July 9 on [[The Comedy Network]]. Only Season 1 and Part 1 of Season 2 have aired.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hot-cleveland-going-canada-24954|title='Hot in Cleveland' going to Canada|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=June 24, 2010|access-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref> It currently airs in strip on [[M3 (Canadian TV channel)|M3]].

It began broadcasting on July 26, 2010, in Australia on the [[Nine Network]]. Since 2020, all six seasons have been available for streaming on [[Network 10#10 Play|10 Play]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://10play.com.au/hot-in-cleveland|title=Hot in Cleveland |access-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref>

In the UK and Ireland, the series began airing on [[Living (UK TV channel)|Sky Living]] on February 15, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyprogrammeinformation.co.uk/download.asp?file=February%20Sky%20Living.pdf |title=Hot in Cleveland |access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref> For season 3, the show switched to [[Sony Entertainment Television (UK & Ireland)]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Munn |first=Patrick |url=http://www.tvwise.co.uk/2012/08/sony-entertainment-television-acquires-uk-rights-to-hot-in-cleveland-season-three/ |title=Sony Entertainment Television Acquires UK Rights To Hot In Cleveland Season Three |publisher=Tvwise.co.uk |date=August 2, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012}}</ref>

In South Africa, it began broadcasting on [[M-Net]] on July 8, 2011. In [[India]], ''Hot in Cleveland'' started airing from June 2012 on [[Comedy Central (India)|Comedy Central]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Official website}}
*{{IMDb title|1583607}}
*[https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/hot-cleveland/episodes/304735 Episode guide] at [[TVGuide.com]]

{{TV Land original sitcoms}}
{{GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Individual Episode}}

[[Category:Hot in Cleveland| ]]
[[Category:2010s American multi-camera sitcoms]]
[[Category:2010 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2015 American television series endings]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Endemol]]
[[Category:Television series by Hazy Mills Productions]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Cleveland]]
[[Category:TV Land original programming]]
[[Category:Television series about old age]]

Lola Tung

2024-03-17T15:21:41Z

Guillom: /* Career */ fix internal link

{{Short description|American actress (born 2002)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lola Tung
| image = Lola Tung.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| education = [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School]]<br />[[Carnegie Mellon University]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actress
*model}}
| years_active = 2021–present
}}
'''Lola Tung''' (born October 28, 2002) is an American actress, singer and model. She is known for her performance as Isabel "Belly" Conklin in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] series ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]'', based on the [[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|novel of the same name]] by [[Jenny Han]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Radloff |first=Jessica |date=2022-06-17 |title=Meet Lola Tung, Star of Your New Favorite Series, 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/who-is-lola-tung-the-summer-i-turned-pretty |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Glamour |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Lola Tung was born and raised in [[New York City]] to a mother of mixed Chinese and Swedish ancestry and a father of Eastern European heritage.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2023-07-12 |title=It's Not Summer Without Lola Tung |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a44506791/lola-tung-summer-i-turned-pretty-season-2-interview/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |magazine=Harper's BAZAAR |language=en-US}}</ref> Her maternal grandmother is from Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marine |first=Brooke |date=2023-06-27 |title=Lola Tung Was Meant to Play a Jenny Han Heroine |url=https://www.thecut.com/2023/06/lola-tung-summer-i-turned-pretty-nantucket-film-festival-interview.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=The Cut |language=en-us}}</ref>

During her middle school, she participated in a production of ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical)|Little Shop of Horrors]]''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Lola Tung Is Never Looking Back |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/theater/a46664851/lola-tung-hadestown-interview/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=ELLE |language=en-US}}</ref> and ''[[The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)|The Wizard of Oz]],'' which made her fall in love with acting and musical theater. She then attended [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts]], from which she graduated in 2020 with a major in drama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2022 |title=Alumni and Friends of LaGuardia High School: "Premiering today, June 17 – watch LaG '20 Drama classmates Lola Tung and David Iacono and LaG '18 alumnus Sean Kaufman in the new Amazon Prime series "The Summer I Turned Pretty!" |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F132498680093587%2Fposts%2F8012753702068006 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Summer Belongs to Lola Tung |url=https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/lola-tung-summer-i-turned-pretty-interview-2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=InStyle |language=en}}</ref> Tung also participated in a production of ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'' with her extracurricular theater group during high school.<ref name=":6" />

In fall 2020, she began studying acting<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intended Major of Lola Tung |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B_7pjpyFkGb/?igsh=MXU2MjV0Y2FrcGgzbg== }}</ref> at [[Carnegie Mellon School of Drama|Carnegie Mellon University School of Drama]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Liebman |first=Lisa |date=2022-06-16 |title=Lola Tung Is Ready for Her Close-Up in 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/06/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-lola-tung-interview |access-date=2022-06-26 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> where she participated in school plays.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Summer I Turned Pretty': Lola Tung on Growing Up Alongside Belly |work=The New York Times |date=13 July 2023 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/13/arts/television/lola-tung-the-summer-i-turned-pretty.html |access-date=2023-08-17 |last1=Kuo |first1=Christopher }}</ref> She completed her first year of college and then took a year off to film ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Rob |date=2022-06-17 |title=TV Talk: CMU student stars in 'Summer I Turned Pretty' on Amazon Prime |url=https://triblive.com/aande/movies-tv/tv-talk-cmu-student-stars-in-the-summer-i-turned-pretty-on-amazon-prime-video/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=TribLIVE.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In her senior year of high school, Tung acted in [[Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School|LaGuardia]]'s virtual senior acting showcase, where her current manager saw her first perform. Months later, during the second semester of Tung's first year at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], the manager reached out to her to begin working together and with an audition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nemiroff |first=Perri |date=2022-06-19 |title=Everything You Need to Know About 'The Summer I Turned Pretty's Breakout Star Lola Tung |url=https://collider.com/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-lola-tung-interview/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref> The audition was for the main role of Isabel "Belly" Conklin in ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]],'' [[Amazon Prime]]'s television adaptation of [[Jenny Han]]'s [[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|bestselling trilogy]].<ref name=":3" /> While taking remote college classes, Tung auditioned for the series on [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]]. She later landed the job, which is her first credited acting role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title=The Summer I Turned Pretty's Lola Tung: 5 Things to Know About the Actress |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/pictures/summer-i-turned-prettys-lola-tung-5-things-to-know-about-the-lead/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Penn |first=Farrah |title=13 Behind-The-Scenes "The Summer I Turned Pretty" Tidbits Straight From Jenny Han And Lola Tung |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/farrahpenn/jenny-han-and-lola-tung-the-summer-i-turned-pretty-interview |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=BuzzFeed |date=22 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Who Is Lola Tung? Everything We Know About 'The Summer I Turned Pretty' Star |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/who-is-lola-tung-actress-plays-belly-in-the-summer-i-turned-pretty/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=J-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Summer Lola Tung Turned Famous |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/entertainment/lola-tung-the-summer-i-turned-pretty-jenny-han-interview |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Elite Daily |date=16 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, shortly after landing the leading role in ''The Summer I Turned Pretty'', Tung signed with American talent agency, [[Creative Artists Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2021-09-28 |title='The Summer I Turned Pretty' Star Lola Tung Inks With CAA |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-lola-tung-caa-1234845962/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Before the first season's release, [[Amazon Prime]] renewed the series for a second season, which was filmed in summer 2022.<ref name=":2" /> In August 2023, the series was renewed for a third season. However, the production was delayed due to the SAG-AFTRA strike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title="TSITP" Season 3 Expected to Start Filming This Spring |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-everything-you-need-to-know |last1=McNab |first1=Kaitlyn |last2=Delgado |first2=Sara |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2023, Tung had the opportunity to work with [[Cameron Crowe]] and [[Tom Kitt (musician)|Tom Kitt]] as Penny Lane in their developmental residency of ''[[Almost Famous (musical)|Almost Famous]]'' at the [[Eugene O'Neill Theater Center]]. Public readings of the workshop took place on November 11, 15, and 18, 2023.<ref name=":5" />

In February 2024, Tung made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut as [[Eurydice]] in the Tony-winning musical, ''[[Hadestown]]''.<ref name=hadestown /> She replaced [[Solea Pfeiffer]] for a limited run (scheduled for February 9 through March 17), starring opposite [[Jordan Fisher]] as [[Orpheus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lola Tung Is Never Looking Back |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/theater/a46664851/lola-tung-hadestown-interview/ |last=Maude |first=Samuel |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |language=en-US |date=2024-02-15 |access-date=2024-02-15 }}</ref>

== Fashion ==
After the premiere of the first season of ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]'' in 2022, Tung became an [[American Eagle Outfitters|American Eagle]] partner, along with her co-stars, [[Christopher Briney]] and [[Gavin Casalegno]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=BRB, Buying Everything From The 'Summer I Turned Pretty' x American Eagle Collab |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/a44389272/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-lola-tung-cast-american-eagle-collaboration/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2023, Tung became the face of ''Coachtopia'', a new sub-brand from [[Coach New York|Coach]] with a mission to pioneer a more circular future for fashion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Lola Tung Wanted To Keep This One Dress From "The Summer I Turned Pretty" |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/the-summer-i-turned-pretty-star-lola-tung-coachtopia-interview |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> She also starred in "Have a Wasty Holiday", ''Coachtopia''<nowiki/>'s 2023 holiday campaign, which aimed to spread awareness about the waste produced during the holiday season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lola Tung on Holiday Shopping, Sustainability, and the Best Gift She's Ever Received |url=https://www.instyle.com/lola-tung-coachtopia-holiday-campaign-2023-interview-8385323 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=InStyle |language=en}}</ref>

== Acting credits ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2022–present
| ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (TV series)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]''
| Isabel "Belly" Conklin
| Lead role; Amazon Prime Video
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Otterson |first1=Joe |title='Summer I Turned Pretty' Series at Amazon From Jenny Han Sets Four Lead Roles |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/summer-i-turned-pretty-series-amazon-jenny-han-cast-1234962591/ |website=Variety |date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
|}

=== Theater ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Venue
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Almost Famous (musical)|Almost Famous]]''
|Penny Lane
|[[Eugene O'Neill Theater Center|Eugene O'Neill Theater Center]]
|Workshop readings
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Dorsey |first=Kristina |title=A new 'Almost Famous': Cameron Crowe and Tom Kitt bring musical to O'Neill in Waterford |url=https://www.theday.com/stage/20231114/a-new-almost-famous-tom-kitt-talks-about-developing-the-musical-at-the-oneill-in-waterford/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.theday.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Hadestown]]''
| [[Eurydice]]
|[[Walter Kerr Theatre]]
| [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]
|<ref name=hadestown>{{cite magazine |last1=Lenker |first1=Maureen Lee |title='The Summer I Turned Pretty' star Lola Tung joins Hadestown on Broadway |url= https://ew.com/summer-i-turned-pretty-star-lola-tung-joins-hadestown-broadway-8423922 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Audiobooks ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Voice role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|The Summer I Turned Pretty]]''
| rowspan="3" | Isabel "Belly" Conklin
| rowspan="3" | Re-recorded audiobooks
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":4" />
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|It's Not Summer Without You]]''
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Summer I Turned Pretty (trilogy)|We'll Always Have Summer]]''
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tung, Lola}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American actresses]]
[[Category:American web series actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:Actresses from New York City]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]
[[Category:Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:American people of Swedish descent]]

& Juliet

2024-03-10T14:49:48Z

Guillom: /* Cast and characters */ add two replacements

{{Short description|2019 jukebox musical}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox musical
| name = & Juliet
| subtitle = The most famous love story of all time. Remixed.
| image = &JulietTheatrePoster.jpeg
| caption = Poster for the West End production
| music = [[Max Martin]] and others<br />'''Arranged by:''' [[Bill Sherman]]
| lyrics = Max Martin and others
| book = [[David West Read]]
| basis = {{Based on|''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}
| premiere_date = 2019
| premiere_location = [[Manchester Opera House]]
| productions = 2019 Manchester<br />2019 [[West End theatre|West End]]<br />2022 Toronto<br />2022 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<br />2023 Melbourne
| image_size =
}}

'''''& Juliet''''' is a 2019 [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[jukebox musical]] featuring the music of Swedish [[pop (music)|pop]] songwriter [[Max Martin]], with a book by [[David West Read]]. The story focuses on a "what if" scenario, where [[Juliet]] does not die at the end of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]''.

''& Juliet'' premiered at the Manchester Opera House in September 2019, before transferring to the [[West End theatre|West End]] in November 2019. At the [[2020 Laurence Olivier Awards]], ''& Juliet'' received 9 nominations and won 3 awards, including [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]] for Miriam-Teak Lee in the title role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brett |title='& Juliet,' 'Fiddler on the Roof' Lead Olivier Awards Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2020/legit/news/olivier-awards-juliet-fiddler-on-the-roof-phoebe-waller-bridge-nominations-1203522306/ |website=Variety |date=3 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Meyer |first1=Dan |title=Dear Evan Hansen, & Juliet, More Win Big at the 2020 Olivier Awards |url=https://playbill.com/article/dear-evan-hansen-juliet-more-win-big-at-the-2020-olivier-awards |website=Playbill |date=25 October 2020}}</ref> The West End production also received a record-breaking 13 nominations at the [[2020 WhatsOnStage Awards]], ultimately winning 6 awards.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wild |first1=Stephi |title=& JULIET Leads WhatsOnStage Award Wins; Full List Announced! |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/-JULIET-Leads-WhatsOnStage-Award-Wins-Full-List-Announced-20200301 |website=BroadwayWorld |access-date=23 June 2022 |date=1 March 2020}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
===Act One===
[[William Shakespeare]] is introduced by the cast at his first production of ''Romeo and Juliet'', and welcomes the audience to his newest play ("Larger than Life"). Shakespeare then also introduces his wife, [[Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)|Anne Hathaway]], who is visiting from [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] to see the play. She suggests he change the ending, wondering what would have happened if Juliet did not kill herself, much to Shakespeare's displeasure ("I Want It That Way"). Nevertheless, Shakespeare allows his wife to explain her idea for the play, which begins with Juliet waking up to find Romeo dead ("...Baby One More Time").

At [[Romeo]]'s funeral, Juliet finds out that Romeo had many other relationships, [[Bisexuality|with both men and women]] ("Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely") and, upon learning of their forbidden relationship, Juliet's parents decide they will send her to a convent. May, Juliet's [[non-binary gender|non-binary]] friend, and Angelique, [[Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)|her nurse]], come to her rescue, while Anne writes herself into the play as 'April', another of Juliet's friends. The four of them decide to take a road trip to [[Paris]] ("Domino"). Anne writes Shakespeare into her story as well, as a carriage driver, as the trip to Paris begins ("Show Me Love").

Once in France, a party is set up for Francois, a new character. His father, Lance, tells him he must either marry or join the army, even though Francois does not wish to pursue either option. Meanwhile, Juliet, Angelique, May, and April sneak into the party ("Blow"). Francois notices their arrival, but does not mind that them crashing his party. May tells Juliet about their struggles as a non-binary person in a binary world ("I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"). Francois and Juliet begin to bond about their stifled lives and shared experiences ("Overprotected"). Francois finds himself attracted to Juliet, and they dance together ("Confident").

Angelique and Lance spend the night together, and it is revealed that she was formerly the nurse to his children. Lance asks her to stay, while Angelique wants to continue to look after Juliet ("Teenage Dream/Break Free"). Juliet wakes up next to Francois, who proposes, causing Juliet to agonise about her previous relationship with Romeo ("Oops!... I Did It Again"). When her parents arrive to take her to the convent, she quickly accepts Francois' proposal, before discovering Angelique and Lance's previous relationship. Anne challenges Shakespeare for forcing Juliet to marry again, and complains that he never writes about happy marriages.

Deciding that he needs to introduce a conflict or a plot twist to Anne's version of the play, Shakespeare has Francois and May meet again. After the two share a sudden kiss, they both feel conflicted ("I Kissed a Girl"). Making things even more complicated, Shakespeare intends to bring Romeo back from the dead, despite Anne's protests. Romeo arrives and declares his return, saying that he has come back for his wife ("It's My Life").

===Act Two===
Romeo finds Juliet, forgives her for not killing herself, and wants to go back to being married to her ("Love Me Like You Do"). Juliet reveals to Romeo she's now engaged to Francois ("Since U Been Gone"). Shakespeare is frustrated with Anne because Juliet did not listen to Romeo's side of events. Anne counters that this is important to her and that she feels Shakespeare cares more about his plays than his family. Angered, Anne breaks Shakespeare's quill, meaning that neither of them can make any further changes to the story.

May grows angry at Francois for ignoring their feelings and for still planning on marrying Juliet ("Whataya Want From Me"), while Juliet complains to May that Romeo lied to her. Francois grows worried, as he hasn't told Juliet about his feelings for May.

Romeo and Juliet meet up again, where Romeo reflects that he only ever felt valued for his looks and that Juliet made him want to be a better person ("One More Try"). Despite their recent bonding, Juliet remains unsure of her feelings towards Romeo ("Problem/Can't Feel My Face"). Francois' brother (in fact Shakespeare in disguise) invites Romeo to join the family band, who will play at Juliet and Francois' wedding. Angelique, in the meantime, proposes to Lance.

Anne discovers that Juliet is still in love with Romeo and recounts her own romance with Shakespeare ("That's the Way It Is"). At the wedding, Shakespeare, May, Francois, Lance and Romeo perform ("Everybody"). Francois begins to read his vows to Juliet ("As Long as You Love Me"). However, both Juliet and Francois change their minds about getting married, with Francois confessing his feelings for May ("It's Gonna Be Me"). This prompts Romeo to again confess his love to Juliet while her parents insist she returns to Verona with them, stating that they know what's best for her, which Juliet refutes ("Stronger").

Lance apologizes to Francois and accepts his and May's relationship ("Shape of My Heart"). Angelique reassures Juliet that she will never leave her ("Fuckin' Perfect"), but Juliet insists Angelique goes with Lance, before deciding to be confident and take charge of her own destiny ("Roar").

Shakespeare complains that Anne ruined his play, and that he only brought back Romeo to give Juliet the happy ending he thought Anne wanted. Anne refutes this, saying she wants Juliet to be able to make her own choices. Realizing he has hurt Anne, Shakespeare apologizes ("I Want It That Way – Reprise").

Shakespeare and Anne agree there does not need to be a conclusive ending, rather a new beginning. Romeo apologizes to Juliet and they decide to go on a first date, Angelique and Lance get married, and Francois and May begin a relationship.

Shakespeare and the company perform ("Can't Stop the Feeling!").

==Cast and characters==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Character
!Manchester<ref name="londontheatre.co.uk">{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Sophie |title=Further casting announced for & Juliet at the Shaftesbury Theatre |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/further-casting-announced-for-juliet-at-the-shaftesbury-theatre |website=London Theatre |date=8 February 2019}}</ref>
![[West End theatre|West End]]
!Toronto
![[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wild |first=Stephi |date=28 October 2022 |title=Meet the Cast of & JULIET, Beginning Previews on Broadway Tonight! |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Meet-the-Cast-of-JULIET-Beginning-Previews-on-Broadway-Tonight-20221028 |access-date=25 December 2022 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
!Melbourne<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Bloom |first=Heather |url=https://www.australianstage.com.au/202205109368/news/industry-news/juliet-to-premiere-at-melbourne%E2%80%99s-regent-theatre-in-2023.html |title=& Juliet, to premiere at Melbourne's Regent Theatre in 2023 |website=Australian Stage |date=10 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |<small>2019</small>
! colspan="2" |<small>2022</small>
!<small>2023</small>
|-
![[Juliet Capulet]]
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Miriam-Teak Lee]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Lorna Courtney]]
| align="center" | Lorinda May Merrypor
|-
![[Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)|Anne Hathaway]]/April
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Cassidy Janson]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Betsy Wolfe]]
| align="center" | [[Amy Lehpamer]]
|-
![[William Shakespeare]]
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Oliver Tompsett]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Stark Sands]]
| align="center" | [[Rob Mills]]
|-
!Lance Du Bois
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[David Bedella]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |[[Paulo Szot]]
| align="center" | [[Hayden Tee]]
|-
!May
| colspan="2" align="center" | Arun Blair-Mangat
| colspan="2" align="center" |Justin David Sullivan
| align="center" | Jesse Dutlow
|-
![[Romeo Montague]]
| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Jordan Luke Gage]]
| colspan="2" align="center" |Ben Jackson Walker
| align="center" | Blake Appelqvist
|-
![[Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)|Angélique the Nurse]]
| colspan="4" align="center" | [[Melanie La Barrie]]
| align="center" | [[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]]
|-
! François Du Bois
| colspan="2" align="center" | Tim Mahendran
| colspan="2" align="center" |Philippe Arroyo
| align="center" | Yashith Fernando
|}

===Notable Cast Replacements===
'''West End (2019–2023)'''
*Angelique/Nurse: [[Keala Settle]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Sophie|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/keala-settle-to-make-west-end-debut-in-and-juliet|title=Keala Settle to make West End debut in '& Juliet'|website=London Theatre|date=18 January 2022 }}</ref>

'''Broadway (2022–)'''
*Lance Du Bois: [[David Bedella]]<ref>[https://playbill.com/article/olivier-award-winner-david-bedella-to-join-juliet-on-broadway Olivier Award Winner David Bedella to Join & Juliet on Broadway]</ref>
*William Shakespeare: Austin Scott<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gans |first=Andrew |last2=Putnam |first2=Leah |date=2023-08-22 |title=Get a 1st Look at Austin Scott in Broadway's ''& Juliet'' |url=https://playbill.com/article/get-a-1st-look-at-austin-scott-in-broadways-juliet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310144707/https://playbill.com/article/get-a-1st-look-at-austin-scott-in-broadways-juliet |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Playbill}}</ref>
*Angélique the Nurse: Charity Angél Dawson<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masseron |first=Meg |date=2024-02-02 |title=Get a 1st Look at Charity Angél Dawson in Broadway's ''& Juliet'' |url=https://playbill.com/article/get-a-1st-look-at-charity-angel-dawson-in-broadways-juliet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310143853/https://playbill.com/article/get-a-1st-look-at-charity-angel-dawson-in-broadways-juliet |archive-date=2024-03-10 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Playbill}}</ref>

==Musical numbers==
''& Juliet'' is a [[jukebox musical]] and featured existing music co-written by [[Max Martin]], except for the new original song "One More Try", performed on the cast recording by [[Jessie J]].

A number of songs were cut or replaced in the show's [[workshop production|workshops]], including "[[Send My Love (To Your New Lover)]]" by [[Adele]], "[[22 (Taylor Swift song)|22]]" by [[Taylor Swift]] and "[[I Don't Believe You]]" by [[Pink (singer)|P!nk]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mark|first=Lois Alter|url=https://www.forbes.com/2023/05/30/with-the-tony-nominated--juliet-this-canadian-schitts-creek-writer-has-created-a-broadway-musical-well-worth-a-flight-to-new-york/?sh=132c339cacf4|title=With the Tony-Nominated '& Juliet,' This Canadian 'Schitt's Creek' Writer Has Created a Broadway Musical Well Worth a Flight To New York|date=30 May 2023|website=Forbes|access-date=23 November 2023|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Performer(s)
!Song
!Original Artist
|-
!colspan="3"|Act 1
|-
|Shakespeare and Company
|"[[Larger than Life (song)|Larger than Life]]"
|rowspan="2"|[[Backstreet Boys]]
|-
|Anne, Shakespeare and Company
|"[[I Want It That Way]]"
|-
|Juliet
|"[[...Baby One More Time (song)|...Baby One More Time]]"
|[[Britney Spears]]
|-
|Rosaline, Anne, Shakespeare, Lord Capulet, Lady Capulet, Juliet and Company
|"[[Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely]]"
|Backstreet Boys
|-
|Juliet, Anne, Angelique and May
|"[[Domino (Jessie J song)|Domino]]"
|[[Jessie J]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|Juliet, Anne, Angelique, May and Company
|"[[Show Me Love (Robyn song)|Show Me Love]]"
|[[Robyn]]
|-
|"[[Blow (Kesha song)|Blow]]"
|[[Kesha]]
|-
|May and Juliet
|"[[I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman]]"
|rowspan="2"|Britney Spears
|-
|Francois and Juliet
|"[[Overprotected]]"
|-
|Juliet, Francois, Angelique and Company
|"[[Confident (Demi Lovato song)|Confident]]"
|[[Demi Lovato]]
|-
|Angelique and Lance
|"[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]" / "[[Break Free (song)|Break Free]]"
|[[Katy Perry]] / [[Ariana Grande]] feat. [[Zedd]]
|-
|Juliet and Angelique
|"[[Oops!... I Did It Again (song)|Oops!...I Did It Again]]"
|Britney Spears
|-
|May, Francois and Company
|"[[I Kissed a Girl]]"
|Katy Perry
|-
|Romeo, Shakespeare, Juliet, Anne and Company
|"[[It's My Life (Bon Jovi song)|It's My Life]]"
|[[Bon Jovi]]
|-
!colspan="3"|Act 2
|-
|Romeo
|"[[Love Me like You Do]]"
|[[Ellie Goulding]]
|-
|Juliet and Female Company
|"[[Since U Been Gone]]"
|[[Kelly Clarkson]]
|-
|May and Francois
|"[[Whataya Want from Me]]"
|[[Adam Lambert]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|Juliet, Romeo, and Company
|"One More Try"
|Original song
|-
|"[[Problem (Ariana Grande song)|Problem]]" / "[[Can't Feel My Face]]"
|[[Ariana Grande]] and [[Iggy Azalea]] / [[The Weeknd]]
|-
|Anne and Juliet
|"[[That's the Way It Is (Celine Dion song)|That's the Way It Is]]"
|[[Celine Dion|Céline Dion]]
|-
|Shakespeare, Romeo, May, Francois, Lance and Company
|"[[Everybody (Backstreet's Back)]]"
|rowspan="2"|Backstreet Boys
|-
|Francois, Shakespeare, Romeo and May
|"[[As Long as You Love Me (Backstreet Boys song)|As Long as You Love Me]]"
|-
|Francois and May
|"[[It's Gonna Be Me]]"
|[[NSYNC|*NSYNC]]
|-
|Juliet
|"[[Stronger (Britney Spears song)|Stronger]]"
|Britney Spears
|-
|Lance, Francois and May
|"[[Shape of My Heart (Backstreet Boys song)|Shape of My Heart]]"
|Backstreet Boys
|-
|Angelique and Company
|"[[Fuckin' Perfect]]"
|[[Pink (singer)|P!nk]]
|-
|Juliet and Company
|"[[Roar (song)|Roar]]"
|Katy Perry
|-
|Shakespeare, Anne, Juliet, Romeo and Company
|"I Want It That Way" (Reprise)
|Backstreet Boys
|-
|Shakespeare, Anne and Company
|"[[Can't Stop the Feeling!]]"
|[[Justin Timberlake]]
|}

==Productions==

===Manchester (2019)===
''& Juliet'' premiered at the [[Manchester Opera House]], running from 10 September to 12 October 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/theatre-news/what-juliet-didnt-die-end-15729111|title=What if Juliet didn't die at the end of Romeo & Juliet?|last=Jackson|first=Daisy|date=25 January 2019|website=Manchester Evening News|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> The cast starred Miriam-Teak Lee as Juliet. The rest of the cast included [[Oliver Tompsett]] as Shakespeare, [[Cassidy Janson]] as Anne/April, [[Melanie La Barrie]] as Angelique the Nurse, [[David Bedella]] as Lance, [[Jordan Luke Gage]] as Romeo, Arun Blair-Mangat as May and Tim Mahendran as Francois.<ref name="londontheatre.co.uk"/>

===West End (2019–2023)===
[[File:& Juliet, Shaftesbury Theatre West End, May 2022.png|thumb|right|Branding as seen at the [[Shaftesbury Theatre]], May 2022]]
The show premiered in the [[West End theatre|West End]] at the [[Shaftesbury Theatre]] on 2 November 2019, in previews, ahead of an official opening on 20 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowie-Sell|first=Daisy|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/miriam-teak-lee-and-juliet-west-end-musical_48389.html|title=Miriam-Teak Lee to star as Juliet in new West End musical about Shakespeare's character|website=WhatsOnStage|date=26 January 2019|access-date=26 January 2019}}</ref> All of the cast from the Manchester run of the show transferred for the West End engagement, directed by Luke Sheppard.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Daisy |title=What if Juliet didn't die at the end of Romeo & Juliet? This new musical has the answers |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/theatre-news/what-juliet-didnt-die-end-15729111 |website=Manchester Evening News |date=25 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2020, the show was nominated for 9 [[Laurence Olivier Awards|Olivier Awards]], winning 3 awards. Miriam-Teak Lee won [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]] for her role as Juliet, Cassidy Janson won [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for her role as Anne / April, and David Bedella won [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]] for his role as Lance.

On 16 March 2020, the show suspended production due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beech |first1=Mark |title=London West End Theaters Close Because Of Coronavirus, Sparking Anger |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markbeech/2020/03/16/london-west-end-theaters-close-because-of-coronavirus-following-broadway/?sh=21c2d9bc7987 |website=Forbes |access-date=19 June 2022 |date=16 March 2020}}</ref> ''& Juliet'' resumed performances on 24 September 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Sophie |title='& Juliet' moves West End reopening to September 2021 |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/juliet-moves-west-end-reopening-to-september-2021 |website=London Theatre |date=25 May 2022}}</ref> All of the main cast returned to the show, with the exception of Blair-Mangat, whose role as May was taken over by Alex Thomas-Smith.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Greg |title=Alex Thomas-Smith Joins The Cast of & Juliet for Reopening |url=https://theatreweekly.com/alex-thomas-smith-joins-the-cast-of-juliet-for-reopening/ |website=Theatre Weekly |access-date=7 June 2022 |date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

On 26 March 2022, La Barrie, Bedella, and Gage departed ''& Juliet''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Jessica |title=Keala Settle to join cast of & Juliet musical in London's West End |url=https://stagechat.co.uk/news/west-end/32853-keala-settle-to-join-cast-of-juliet-musical-in-londons-west-end.html |website=StageChat |date=18 January 2022}}</ref> The role of Nurse/Angelique was played by [[Keala Settle]], in her West End debut, from 29 March until 18 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rabinovitz |first1=Chloe |title=Keala Settle ⁩to Make West End Debut as Nurse in & JULIET |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Keala-Settle-to-Make-West-End-Debut-as-Nurse-in-JULIET-20220117 |website=BroadwayWorld |access-date=19 June 2022 |date=17 January 2022}}</ref> In February 2022, it was announced that Julius D'Silva was cast as Lance and Tom Francis was cast as Romeo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Alex |title=& Juliet announces new West End company members |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/and-juliet-announces-new-west-end-company-members_55959.html |website=WhatsOnStage |date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

The West End production closed on 25 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mayo |first1=Douglas |title=Juliet Musical sets West End closing date |url=https://britishtheatre.com/juliet-musical-sets-west-end-closing-date-for-25-march-2023/ |website=BritishTheatre.com |access-date=15 January 2023 |date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

===Toronto (2022)===
''& Juliet'' had a pre-Broadway engagement at the [[Princess of Wales Theatre]] in Toronto, Canada.<ref name="whatsonstage.com">{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Alex |title=& Juliet reveals Broadway plans as Leopoldstadt announces North American premiere |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/and-juliet-reveals-broadway-plans-leopoldstadt_54752.html |website=WhatsOnStage |access-date=23 June 2022 |date=23 August 2021}}</ref> The North American premiere was originally scheduled to open in February 2021, but was postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It opened on 22 June 2022, and ran through 14 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wild |first1=Stephi |title=Mirvish Announces Revised Scheduled, Including & JULIET, ROOM, and More |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Mirvish-Announces-Revised-Scheduled-Including-JULIET-ROOM-and-More-20220222 |website=BroadwayWorld |access-date=31 May 2022 |date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

On 6 May 2022, the cast was announced. It starred [[Lorna Courtney]] as Juliet, with [[Stark Sands]] as Shakespeare, [[Betsy Wolfe]] as Anne/April, [[Melanie La Barrie]] reprising her role as Angelique the Nurse, [[Paulo Szot]] as Lance, Ben Jackson Walker as Romeo, Justin David Sullivan as May, and Philippe Arroyo as Francois.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Putnam |first1=Leah |title=Broadway-Aimed & Juliet Announces Cast for North American Premiere |url=https://playbill.com/article/broadway-aimed-juliet-announces-cast-for-north-american-premiere |website=Playbill |access-date=7 June 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

===Broadway (2022)===
[[File:& Juliet set on Broadway in Manhattan in July 2023.jpg|alt=& Juliet set on Broadway in Manhattan in July 2023|thumb|234x234px|& Juliet set on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in [[Manhattan]] in July 2023]]
In August 2021, it was announced that ''& Juliet'' will transfer to Broadway following a pre-Broadway engagement in Toronto.<ref name="whatsonstage.com"/> All of the cast from the pre-Broadway engagement transferred to Broadway production.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Margaret |title=& Juliet Announces Complete Broadway Cast |url=https://playbill.com/article/juliet-announces-complete-broadway-cast |website=Playbill |access-date=15 January 2023 |date=11 October 2022}}</ref> ''& Juliet'' opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[Stephen Sondheim Theatre]], with previews on 28 October 2022 ahead of an official opening on 17 November 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Evans |first1=Greg |title='& Juliet' Musical Heading To Broadway This Fall, With Book By 'Schitt's Creek' Writer David West Read & Music By Max Martin |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/and-juliet-musical-broadway-fall-david-west-read-max-martin-1235059059/ |website=Deadline |access-date=10 July 2022 |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> The producers on Broadway are Max Martin, Tim Headington, Theresa Steele Page, Jenny Petersson, Martin Dodd, Eva Price, Lukasz Gottwald, 42nd.club (Phil Kenny, Tom McGrath and Marc Hershberg), Independent Presenters Network, Jack Lane, Library Company, Shellback, Shivhans Pictures, Sing Out, Louise!, Kim Szarzynski, Taylor/Riegler, Tenenbaum/Keyes, Barry Weiss and John Gore Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=& Juliet – Broadway Musical – Original {{!}} IBDB |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/-juliet-534962 |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=www.ibdb.com}}</ref> On 2 May 2023, the production received 9 Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |last2=Lang |first2=Brent |date=2 May 2023 |title=Tony Award Nominations 2023: 'Some Like It Hot' Dominates, Followed by '& Juliet,' 'Shucked,' 'New York, New York' |url=https://variety.com/2023/legit/news/tony-nominations-2023-full-list-1235600841/ |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Melbourne (2023)===
In May 2022, it was announced that ''& Juliet'' would make its Australian premiere at the [[Regent Theatre, Melbourne|Regent Theatre]] in February 2023.<ref name="auto"/>

On 29 November 2022, the Australian cast was announced. It stars Lorinda May Merrypor as Juliet, with [[Rob Mills]] as Shakespeare, [[Amy Lehpamer]] as Anne/April, [[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]] as Angelique the Nurse, [[Hayden Tee]] as Lance, Blake Appelqvist as Romeo, Jesse Dutlow as May, and Yashith Fernando as Francois.<ref name="AusCast">{{cite web |last1=Rabinovitz |first1=Chloe |title=Full Cast Announced for Australian Production of & JULIET at the Regent Theatre |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/australia-melbourne/article/Full-Cast-Announced-for-Australian-Production-of-JULIET-at-the-Regent-Theatre-20221129 |website=BroadwayWorld |access-date=15 January 2023 |date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

The show opened with previews on 26 February 2023, ahead of an official opening on 9 March 2023,<ref name="AusCast" /> before closing on 29 July 2023,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aussietheatre.com.au/news/one-last-chance-for-melbourne-to-roar-as-juliet-must-leave-29-july |title=One last chance for Melbourne to roar as &Juliet must leave 29 July |website=AussieTheatre.com |date=12 July 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807030604/https://www.aussietheatre.com.au/news/one-last-chance-for-melbourne-to-roar-as-juliet-must-leave-29-july |archive-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> with the show having been set to reopen for a run at Singapore's Sands Theatre in [[Marina Bay, Singapore|Marina Bay]] in September.<ref name="SG">{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/theatre/why-sydney-keeps-missing-out-on-some-of-the-world-s-most-popular-performances-20230421-p5d2d7.html |title=Why Sydney keeps missing out on some of the world's most popular performances |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=23 April 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807030345/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/theatre/why-sydney-keeps-missing-out-on-some-of-the-world-s-most-popular-performances-20230421-p5d2d7.html |archive-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>

===Singaporean and Australian Tour (2023–2024)===
In April 2023 it was announced that following the closure of the Melbourne production, the Australian cast would tour to Singapore in September 2023, for the show's Asian premiere.<ref name="SG" /> The show premiered on 21 September, at the Sands Theatre in [[Marina Bay, Singapore|Marina Bay]], and closed on 15 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ang|first=Benson|url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/others/juliet-musical-features-modern-day-take-romeo-and-juliet-gender-relations|title=& Juliet musical features modern-day take on Romeo And Juliet, gender relations|date=9 September 2023|website=[[The Straits Times]]|publisher=[[SPH Media]]|access-date=20 September 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920013359/https://tnp.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/others/juliet-musical-features-modern-day-take-romeo-and-juliet-gender-relations|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

On 17 August 2023, it was announced that the show would tour to the [[Crown Perth|Crown Theatre]] in Perth and premiered on 30 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shearn|first=Rohan|url=https://artsreview.com.au/juliet-heads-to-perth-this-summer|title=& Juliet heads to Perth this Summer|date=19 August 2023|website=Australian Arts Review|access-date=20 September 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920015747/https://artsreview.com.au/juliet-heads-to-perth-this-summer|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

On 23 August 2023, ''& Juliet'' announced that Sydney would be the second city on the Australian tour and that the show would have its previews from 27 February to 6 March 2024, before its official premiere on 8 March at the [[Sydney Lyric]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ward|first=Sarah|url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/arts-entertainment/and-juliet-sydney-2024|title='& Juliet' Is Taking Its Olivier Award-Winning Shakespeare-Meets-Pop Spectacle to Sydney in 2024|date=23 August 2023|website=Concrete Playground|access-date=20 September 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920020845/https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/arts-entertainment/and-juliet-sydney-2024|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Le Cross|first=Alannah|url=https://www.timeout.com/sydney/theatre/juliet|title=& Juliet|date=22 August 2023|website=[[Time Out Sydney]]|publisher=[[Time Out Group]]|access-date=20 September 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920021725/https://www.timeout.com/sydney/theatre/juliet|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

===Planned UK tour (2024–)===
Following its closure in the West End, it was announced that the show will tour the UK in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Darvill|first=Josh|title=& Juliet musical announces UK tour for 2024|url=https://stagechat.co.uk/news/west-end/51090-juliet-musical-announces-uk-tour-for-2024.html|date=29 January 2023|website=Stage Chat|access-date=29 April 2023|language=en}}</ref> In October 2023, the tour was announced to begin in the original production's location at the [[Manchester Opera House]] on 8 July 2024, before touring across the UK and Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mayo|first=Douglas|url=https://britishtheatre.com/and-juliet-uk-tour/|title=Award-winning musical & Juliet UK Tour announced to commence on 8 July 2024 at Manchester Opera House|date=31 October 2023|website=British Theatre|publisher=Opening Night Media|access-date=9 November 2023}}</ref> Casting is still to be announced.

===Planned North American tour (2024)===
In April 2023, it was announced that the show will launch a North American national tour in Fall 2024. The tour is scheduled to begin in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] and will have engagements in Los Angeles, Washington, DC, Charlotte, and San Francisco, with more cities, casting and dates to be announced at a later date.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Putnam|first=Leah|title=& Juliet Plans National Tour|url=https://playbill.com/article/juliet-plans-national-tour-see-the-cast-perform-since-u-been-gone|date=26 April 2023|website=Playbill|access-date=29 April 2023|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Planned German production (2024)===
In October 2023, the show announced that it would be launching a German production, to be titled as ''& Julia'', which is scheduled to premiere at the [[Operettenhaus]] in [[Hamburg]] on 30 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goodmann|first=A.J.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/theater/hamilton-hamburg-closing.html|title=In Germany, 'Hamilton' Hangs Up Its Musket|date=12 October 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abourizk|first=Michael|url=https://www.broadwaynews.com/broadways-juliet-will-make-german-bow/|title=Broadway's '& Juliet' will make German bow|date=20 November 2023|website=Broadway News|publisher=Broadway Brands|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref>

===Planned Japan production (TBA)===
In November 2023, the show's music supervisor, orchestrator and arranger [[Bill Sherman]] revealed in an interview that a Japanese production had been planned.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QsYtZaTk2Os&t=3309s|title=Broadway's & Juliet {{!}} Cast and Creatives|date=1 November 2023|type=Videotape|interviewer=Suzette Bishop|language=en|website=YouTube|publisher=[[Talks at Google]]|access-date=9 November 2023|time=55:09|quote=There's a UK tour, there's a national tour that starts in Baltimore and ... there's a tour in Germany, ... and Japan, and the rest of Australia|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Reception==
''& Juliet'''s [[West End theatre|West End]] run, which began officially on 20 November 2019, opened with generally mixed reviews. This was due to its lack of themes and its general shallowness. However, there was a lot of praise put upon the cast and crew. The music, utilizing the full [[discography]] of [[Max Martin]], was identified as the show's "saving grace." It was also praised for its representation of a [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] character.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Benedict |first1=David |title=West End Review: '& Juliet' |url=https://variety.com/2019/legit/reviews/juliet-review-musical-max-martin-1203411861/ |website=Variety |date=21 November 2019 |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

''& Juliet'' had mixed reviews upon its [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] release 17 November 2022. Some praised its high energy and its easy and fun tone, calling it a "breath of fresh air" for the general populace during the tumultuous time which it was released in. It was also praised for the diverse [[Casting (performing arts)|casting]] and its sense of humour.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Christian |title='& Juliet' Review: Shakespearean Jukebox Musical is Like a Shot of Pure Gold |url=https://variety.com/2022/legit/reviews/amp-juliet-review-musical-broadway-1235435481/ |website=Variety |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> However, others critiqued the immaturity of the [[Feminist theory|politics]] and the lack of clear foundation, as well as critiquing the spectacle as feeling like it was "overcompensating."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Jesse |title=Review: On Broadway, '& Juliet' (& Britney & Katy & Pink) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/17/theater/and-juliet-review.html |work=New York Times |date=18 November 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>

''& Juliet'' opened to good reviews in [[Melbourne]], citing the excellent performances and the music as the show's strengths, while claiming that the script was a bit lacking in its writing, as it was mostly used for jokes in between the songs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lambert |first1=Catherine |title='& Juliet': Theatre Review |url=https://au.variety.com/2023/more/reviews/and-juliet-theatre-review-9037/ |website=Variety |date=15 March 2023 |access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

==Awards==
===Original West End production===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
! style="width: 5%;" |Year
! style="width: 20%;" |Award
! style="width: 40%;" |Category
! style="width: 25%;" |Nominee
! style="width: 10%;" |Result
|-
| rowspan="14" |2020
| rowspan="9" |[[2020 Laurence Olivier Awards|Laurence Olivier Awards]]
| colspan="2" |Best New Musical
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Musical
|[[Miriam-Teak Lee]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical
|[[David Bedella]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical
|[[Cassidy Janson]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Theatre Choreographer
|Jennifer Weber
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Set Design
|[[Soutra Gilmour]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design
|[[Paloma Young]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Lighting Design
|Howard Hudson
| {{nom}}
|-
|Original Score or New Orchestrations
|Dominic Fallacaro and [[Bill Sherman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Black British Theatre Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackbritishtheatreawards.com/2020-winners|title=2020 Winners|website=BlackBritishTheatreAwards.com|access-date=23 January 2022}}</ref>
| Best Female Actor in a Musical
| Miriam-Teak Lee
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |Mousetrap Awards
| colspan="2" |Best Musical
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|colspan="2" |Spectacular Set
| {{Won}}
|-
|Best Female Performer
|Miriam-Teak Lee
| {{Nominated}}
|-
|Saved The Day
|[[Grace Mouat]]
| {{Nominated}}
|}

===2022 Broadway production===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
! style="width: 5%;" |Year
! style="width: 20%;" |Award
! style="width: 40%;" |Category
! style="width: 25%;" |Nominee
! style="width: 10%;" |Result
|-
| rowspan="19" |2023
| rowspan="9" | [[Tony Awards]]<ref name=":1" />
| colspan="2" | Best Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Book of a Musical
|David West Read
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical
|[[Lorna Courtney]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical
|Betsy Wolfe
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design of a Musical
|Paloma Young
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Lighting Design of a Musical
|Howard Hudson
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Sound Design of a Musical
|[[Gareth Owen (sound designer)|Gareth Owen]]
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|Jennifer Weber
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Orchestrations
|Bill Sherman and Dominic Fallacaro
|{{nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Drama Desk Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=2022-2023 Drama Desk Awards nominations announced |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/arts/2023/04/27/2023-drama-desk-award-nominations |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=www.ny1.com |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Musical
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Book of a Musical
|[[David West Read]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Deb |date=26 April 2023 |title=Outer Critics Circle announces nominations for its 2023 Awards for Broadway and Off-Broadway |url=https://dctheaterarts.org/2023/04/26/outer-critics-circle-announces-nominations-for-its-2023-awards-for-broadway-and-off-broadway/ |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=DC Theater Arts |language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding New Broadway Musical
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Featured Performer in a Broadway Musical
|[[Betsy Wolfe]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Book of a Musical
|David West Read
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Costume Design (Play or Musical)
|Paloma Young
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Orchestrations
|Bill Sherman
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Choreography
|Jennifer Weber
|{{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography|Chita Rivera Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Culwell-Block |first=Logan |date=23 May 2023 |title=Dancers From A Beautiful Noise, Bob Fosse's Dancin', More Win 2023 Chita Rivera Awards |url=https://playbill.com/article/dancers-from-a-beautiful-noise-bob-fosses-dancin-more-win-2023-chita-rivera-awards |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Playbill |language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show
|Jennifer Weber
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==See also==
* ''[[Once Upon a One More Time]]'' – a similar jukebox musical that modernizes fairy tales to the songs of [[Britney Spears]].
* ''[[Bat Out of Hell: The Musical]]'' – [[rock musical]] based on the songs of [[Jim Steinman]], with music, lyrics, and book by Steinman himself.
* ''[[In Dreams (musical)|In Dreams]]'' – a jukebox musical based on the songs of [[Roy Orbison]], with a book by [[David West Read]] and directed by Luke Sheppard.
* ''[[I Should Be So Lucky (musical)|I Should Be So Lucky]]'' – a jukebox musical based on the songs of [[Stock Aitken Waterman]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://andjulietthemusical.com}}

{{Romeo and Juliet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juliet}}
[[Category:2019 musicals]]
[[Category:West End musicals]]
[[Category:Jukebox musicals]]
[[Category:Plays and musicals based on Romeo and Juliet]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of William Shakespeare]]
[[Category:LGBT-related musicals]]
[[Category:Works suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Musicals impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic]]

The Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green

2023-09-25T00:06:29Z

Guillom: fix broken link, convert to citation template

{{Short description|American comic strip and 2005 film}}
{{redirect|Ethan Green|the photographer|Ethan James Green}}
'''''The Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green''''' is a syndicated [[comic strip]] drawn by [[Eric Orner]]. Appearing in [[LGBT|lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender]] publications, the strip's title character is Ethan Green, a young [[gay]] man trying to balance his professional career as a personal assistant with his search for love. It was started in 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/10/AR2006081000507.html |title=Eric Orner: Bringing 'Ethan Green' to Life |work=Washingtonpost.com |date=2006-08-11 |accessdate=2021-06-12}}</ref> and ran for 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ryan Kost |url=http://www.sfgate.com/art/article/25-years-later-an-Unfabulous-comic-strip-holds-up-6163671.php |title=25 years later, an Unfabulous comic strip holds up |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=2015-03-27 |accessdate=2021-06-12}}</ref>

In 2015, several years after retiring the strip, Orner published the compilation book ''The Completely Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-26 |title=Rekindling the Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green {{!}} Xtra Magazine |url=https://xtramagazine.com/culture/rekindling-the-mostly-unfabulous-social-life-of-ethan-green-68004 |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=[[Xtra Magazine]] |language=en-CA}}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
{{Infobox film
| name = The Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green
| image = Ethanxv.jpg
| caption =
| director = George Bamber
| producer =
| writer = David Vernon
| starring = {{ubl|[[Daniel Letterle]]|[[Meredith Baxter]]|[[David Monahan]]|Dean Shelton|[[Diego Serrano]]|[[Shanola Hampton]]|[[Joel Brooks]]|[[Richard Riehle]]}}
| music = Roy Firestone
| cinematography = John Ealer
| editing = [[Paul Coyne]]<br>Matt Deitrich
| distributor = [[Regent Releasing]] (theatrical)<br>[[Here! (TV network)|here! Films]] (international)
| released = {{Film date|2005|04|29|[[Tribeca Film Festival]]}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
}}
In 2005, George Bamber directed a film based on the comic strip, starring [[Daniel Letterle]] as Ethan Green, [[Meredith Baxter]] as his mother, [[Diego Serrano]] as his boyfriend Kyle, [[Shanola Hampton]] as his roommate Charlotte, [[Scott Atkinson]] as Chester Baer, and [[Joel Brooks]] and [[Richard Riehle]] as the Hat Sisters, an older gay couple in Ethan's circle of friends who are known for wearing outrageous hats. Roy Firestone wrote music for the film, including the title song "Don't Walk Away".

The film premiered on the [[film festival]] circuit in 2005 and enjoyed a limited theatrical release beginning June 16, 2006.

===Plot===
Twenty-six-year-old Ethan lives with roommate Charlotte in a house owned by his ex-boyfriend Leo in [[West Hollywood]]. Ethan has been dating former pro [[baseball]] player-turned-autobiographer Kyle Underhill for several months, so when Leo announces he plans to sell the house, Ethan starts dropping hints to Kyle that they should live together. Inexplicably, when Kyle actually asks him to move in, Ethan breaks up with him.

Ethan hooks up with a younger man, Punch, who works in a real estate office. Together they conspire to delay the sale of Leo's house by convincing him to sign with the world's worst realtor, the terminally depressed Sunny Deal. However, Charlotte ends up sleeping with Sunny which knocks her out of her depression and motivates her to make the sale.

Meanwhile, after a nostalgic one-night stand, Ethan has decided he wants to get back together with Leo. Unfortunately, Leo has gotten engaged to a controlling and even emotionally abusive [[gay]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Chester Baer and Ethan's event planner mother has agreed to plan their commitment ceremony.

In an odd moment, Leo, Punch and Kyle end up in a torrid threesome in Ethan's bedroom. Punch decides that Ethan isn't mature enough for him and dumps him. Kyle, who'd been considering taking Ethan back, abruptly changes his mind. Chester forgives Leo and they go ahead with their plans. The house sells, Charlotte and Sunny move in together and Ethan signs a lease at a local [[retirement community]].

Ethan crashes the commitment ceremony but only to give Leo his silent blessing. However, at the altar, Leo has an [[panic attack|anxiety attack]] and has to be taken away in an ambulance. A few days later Ethan settles in at the retirement community and the screen fades to black with the words "The End".

The screen then fades back up on Leo talking with a lady retiree. As Ethan stands nearby, Leo tells her that he gave Chester his ring back and broke up with him. Leo has realized that he still loves Ethan. He and Ethan reconcile and the film ends as they kiss.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0424287}}

{{Here Media Inc.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mostly Unfabulous Social Life of Ethan Green, The}}
[[Category:American comic strips]]
[[Category:1989 comics debuts]]
[[Category:2004 comics endings]]
[[Category:LGBT-related comic strips]]
[[Category:Humor comics]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:2005 comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:American comics adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films based on American comics]]
[[Category:Here TV original programming]]
[[Category:LGBT-related comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:1980s LGBT literature]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:2000s American films]]

User talk:DGG

2023-04-10T18:07:04Z

Guillom: /* Passing of David Goodman */ +

== I'm sure I've seen you reference this essay ==

[[WP:TALKINGSOFASTNOBODYCANHEARYOU.]] Is my memory that faulty? I can't find it, and it's possible the syntax isn't precise. Did you use this a sort of irony? I seem to remember you used the link to represent bullying behaviors. I'm seeing one such user who seems to be wanting to turn the entire AfD process on its head by using such a technique. [[User:BusterD|BusterD]] ([[User talk:BusterD|talk]]) 11:48, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

::I have sometimes used pseudo-links like these as a statement for their own sake, without writing an actual essay. I remember saying something like this, but I can't find it. I think this one was TALKINGSOMUCH... -- but I can't find it either. As for the problem, I've commented extensively at AN/I: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents&diff=prev&oldid=451861608], and will comment at the RfC also, But don't confuse the reasonable message, with which I am in agreement -- that Deletion Policy is overbalanced towards deletion, and one step towards rebalancing it would be to require some version of WP:BEFORE -- with the unreasonable way it is being over-expressed. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 23:23, 24 September 2011 (UTC)
:::Thanks, David. I was a debater in school before "talking so fast" became the current style. I feel anything which games the system deserves appropriate response in order to keep the system sound. I appreciate your valid concern about deletion procedures being over-weighted toward one outcome. Thanks for your valuable comments in those forums. Be well. [[User:BusterD|BusterD]] ([[User talk:BusterD|talk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

::::Ah yes, I had forgotten that context. And so was I, in college--a very valuable experience, especially in facilitating the sort of intercampus experiences only the athletic teams otherwise gave occasion for. But the stimulus is interesting: if I take a turn at NPP, the amount of junk turns me for a while into a deletionist before I catch myself and stop being so unfriendly to all the newcomers. If I take a look at AfD, the number of unwarranted nominations makes me inclined to give a similarly snappy and unjust response to all of them, with the less than rational thought that if I argue against all of them, maybe there's a chance the good ones will make it. Several good inclusionists have run into trouble here falling into such temptation. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 23:58, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

== Your talk at 16 Years of Wikipedia ==

Heard your [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia_Day_2017#Lightning_talks |lightning talk]] just now. I support both the "Radical solutions to promotional paid editing" proposals you announced on notability and restrictions on anon editors around companies newer than 1999 foundation. Are there some written proposals to refer to? - [[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] ([[User talk:Brianhe|talk]]) 20:43, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
:::there will be--one of the reasons I gave the talk was to get some feedback about just what to propose, and I am already getting some. Watch this space tomorrow. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 20:55, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
::::Sounds good. I will evangelize to the communities I'm part of, as soon as there's something to show them. - [[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] ([[User talk:Brianhe|talk]]) 20:57, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
:::::{{tpw}}Hi, DGG! I'd like to hear that too. Link? [[User:Justlettersandnumbers|Justlettersandnumbers]] ([[User talk:Justlettersandnumbers|talk]]) 22:07, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
[[File:Wikipedia Day NYC Jan 15 2017 - 09 Lightning Talks I.ogv]]
:::Video from the lightning talks is now available via Commons. DGG's lightning talk is the first one, proposal #1 is detailed at 2:15 and #2 at 3:00. - [[User:Brianhe|Brianhe]] ([[User talk:Brianhe|talk]]) 06:31, 24 January 2017 (UTC)

== Combative deletion rebuttals ==

:In the past, most paid or other promotional editors, when their articles have been deleted, have simply gone away and tried again, generally under another username. For a while now, an increasing number of them have been adopting the practice of arguing. Many admins ignore them; my response unless they are ridiculous altogether is to explain why, sometimes in detail. If they are a good faith but promotional editor who simply has not realized, they usually understand, though it sometimes take a second round of explanation. . If they are professional paid editor with any sense, they realise they;re not going to get anywhere, and go away--and try again usually under another name. Zealots with a unpaid COI have very often continued to argue, sometimes indefinitely. The best thing for us to do here is the traditional remedy, to ignore them. Some paid editors are now doing the same, hoping to wear people down. The best technique here is to block them. If they show up for the same purpose again, they can and should be summarily blocked as behavioral meatpuppets--though we usually run a checkuser for possibly helpful additional information. The danger, as has become clear, is catching a good faith but imitative editor. There are only 3 solutions: accept promotionalism , be able to investigate who people actually are, or accept there will be occasional injustice. I will oppose the first as long as I work here, I will continue trying to change consensus to permit the second, and , alas, be forced to accept the third. .. . '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 03:56, 13 February 2017 (UTC)


== Books & Bytes – Issue 51 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">
[[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] '''The Wikipedia Library'''
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<div style = "line-height: 1.2">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''''Books & Bytes'''''</span><br />
Issue 51, May – June 2022
</div>
<div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em">
* New library partners
** SAGE Journals
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* Feedback requested on this newsletter
* 1Lib1Ref May 2022

<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/May-June_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
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<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:45, 1 August 2022 (UTC)</small>


== Books & Bytes – Issue 52 ==

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<div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 4em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">
[[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|80px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] '''The Wikipedia Library'''
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<div style = "line-height: 1.2">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''''Books & Bytes'''''</span><br />
Issue 52, July – August 2022
</div>
<div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em">
* New instant-access collections:
** SpringerLink and Springer Nature
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* Feedback requested on this newsletter

<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/July-August_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
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<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:20, 30 September 2022 (UTC)</small>


== [[Draft:WebID Solutions]] ==

Hello DGG, [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&oldid=1095353054#08:09:30,_21_June_2022_review_of_submission_by_Cyan2021 back in June] you said that you'd take a look at [[Draft:WebID Solutions]]; as far as I can tell, nothing has happened since then. I guess that you may have forgotten about this or that you just haven't had the time to have a look. Frankly, I don't like pushing, but please, could you have another look? As you might remember, the draft cites German-language sources that previous reviewers have had difficulties with, which is possibly why these reviewers commented on issues the draft doesn't have and which I thus can't fix. Kind regards, [[User:Cyan2021|Cyan2021]] ([[User talk:Cyan2021|talk]]) 13:40, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
:::I will take another look. The key question for notability is whether the many references are truly independent in the sense of WP:NCORP. I can read enough German to tell. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 09:24, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
== Changes to the functionary team ==

At his request, the Oversight permissions of [[User:DGG|DGG]] are removed. Also at his request, the Checkuser permissions of [[User:Joe Roe|Joe Roe]] are removed. The Arbitration Committee sincerely thanks both DGG and Joe Roe for their service as an oversighter and a checkuser, respectively.

For the Arbitration Committee, '''[[User talk:Maxim|<span style="font-family:Arial"><span style="color:#FF7133">Maxim</span><sub><small style="color:blue;">(talk)</small></sub></span>]]''' 16:31, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
: Discuss this at: '''{{slink|Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard|Changes to the functionary team}}'''

== Advert ==

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_experiential_dynamic_psychotherapy

I have tried to clean it up a bit but this needs more work. Thank you [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 00:04, 16 October 2022 (UTC)

== New Page Patrol newsletter October 2022 ==

Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}},
[[File:New page reviewer of the year cup.svg|thumb|right|120px]]
Much has happened since the last newsletter over two months ago. The [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Coordination/2022 WMF letter|open letter]] finished with 444 signatures. The letter was sent to several dozen people at the WMF, and we have heard that it is being discussed but there has been no official reply. A related article appears in the [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2022-09-30/In focus|current issue of ''The Signpost'']]. If you haven't seen it, you should, including the readers' comment section.

'''Awards''': Barnstars were given for the past several years (thanks to {{Noping|MPGuy2824}}), and we are now all caught up. The 2021 cup went to {{no ping|John B123}} for leading with 26,525 article reviews during 2021. To encourage moderate activity, a new "Iron" level barnstar is awarded annually for reviewing 360 articles ("one-a-day"), and 100 reviews earns the "Standard" NPP barnstar. About 90 reviewers received barnstars for each of the years 2018 to 2021 (including the new awards that were given retroactively). All awards issued for every year are listed on the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards|Awards page]]. Check out the new [[Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Awards#NPP_Hall_of_Fame|Hall of Fame]] also.

'''Software news''': {{Noping|Novem Linguae}} and {{Noping|MPGuy2824}} have connected with WMF developers who can review and approve patches, so they have been able to fix some bugs, and make other improvements to the Page Curation software. You can see everything that has been fixed recently [[Wikipedia:Page_Curation/Suggested_improvements/Phab_tickets#Closed_tickets|here]]. The [[Wikipedia:Database_reports/Top_new_article_reviewers|reviewer report]] has also been improved.
[[File:2022-10-16 NPP backlog chart.jpg|thumb|450px|right|NPP backlog May – October 15, 2022]]
'''Suggestions''':
*There is much enthusiasm over the low backlog, but remember that the "quality and depth of patrolling are more important than speed".
*Reminder: ''an article should not be tagged for any kind of deletion for a minimum of 15 minutes after creation and it is often appropriate to wait an hour or more.'' (from the [[Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol#Care|NPP tutorial]])
*Reviewers should focus their effort where it can do the most good, reviewing articles. Other clean-up tasks that don't require advanced permissions can be left to other editors that routinely improve articles in these ways (creating Talk Pages, specifying projects and ratings, adding categories, etc.) Let's rely on others when it makes the most sense. On the other hand, if you enjoy doing these tasks while reviewing and it keeps you engaged with NPP (or are guiding a newcomer), then by all means continue.
*This [[User:Lourdes/PageCuration|user script]] puts a link to the feed in your top toolbar.

'''Backlog''':[[File:Everlasting Fireworks looped.gif|80px|left]] Saving the best for last: From a July low of 8,500, the backlog climbed back to 11,000 in August and then reversed in September dropping to below 6,000 and continued falling with the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Backlog drives/October 2022|October backlog drive]] to under 1,000, a level not seen in over four years. Keep in mind that there are 2,000 new articles every week, so the number of reviews is far higher than the backlog reduction. To keep the backlog under a thousand, we have to keep reviewing at about half the recent rate!
{{-}}
{{refbegin}}
;Reminders
*Newsletter feedback - please take this [[Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Newsletter|short poll]] about the newsletter.
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*Please add [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers|the project discussion page]] to your watchlist.
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== I'd appreciate your help, please ==
{{atop
| status =
| result = I will help, but it may takr a few days. If its too late I will see what I can do.
}}

I've been struggling, mainly because the GDP seems to prevent my seeing relevant US sites, to find references that prove whether [[:Draft:Ann Wead Kimbrough]] might pass [[WP:NPROF]]. She was a Dean of a faculty at a Florida Black oriented university, so I suspect [[WP:NPROF]] is likely to be satisfied, but I can't prove it to my satisfaction. If you would add your considerable research abilities to get it over the line, I'd appreciate the help. 🇺🇦 [[User:Timtrent|<span style="color:#800">Fiddle</span><sup><small>Timtrent</small></sup>]] [[User talk:Timtrent|<span style="color:#070">Faddle</span><sup><small>Talk to me</small></sup>]] 🇺🇦 08:59, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== COI/UPE question ==

Hi. Long time no speak. Hate to bug you, but would you mind taking a look at this discussion on my talkpage: [[User talk:Onel5969#Jan Mikulka]]? I'd like to hear your thoughts. Thanks. [[User:onel5969|'''<span style="color:#536895;">Onel</span><span style="color:#ffb300;">5969</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Onel5969|<i style="color:blue">TT me</i>]]</sup> 13:45, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

== note re ideas ==

thnaks for your helpful input today at the nyc meetup. we can look into the ideas discussed, re documenting current legislation being discussed in the U.S. congress. [[User:Sm8900|Sm8900]] ([[User talk:Sm8900|talk]]) 23:57, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

==Greetings==
I haven't seem you around recently. I hope all is well
with you and your family. Thanks for all your help and good efforts here. Take care. [[User:FloridaArmy|FloridaArmy]] ([[User talk:FloridaArmy|talk]]) 20:56, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
:Just saw your note up top. Take care and please let us know if you meed anything.

== Administrators' newsletter – November 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (October 2022).

<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap">
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">
[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Isabelle Belato|Isabelle Belato]]
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Whpq|Whpq]]
}}
*[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]]
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermaLink/1115544322#Voluntarily Resigning Administrative Privileges (Atama)|Atama]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1113343436#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#October 2022|Astronautics~enwiki]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1115697111#Level II desysop of Athaenara|Athaenara]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1118722802#Desysop request (Eddie891)|Eddie891]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1113343436#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#October 2022|GraemeL]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1113835751#Removal of administrative permissions (Marianocecowski)|Marianocecowski]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1113343436#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#October 2022|Natalya]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1116966713#Resignation due to unsupportive community and universally unpleasant interactions|Pratyeka]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1113343436#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#October 2022|SB Johnny]]
}}

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:PermaLink/1114811091#Request for interface administrator (TheresNoTime)|TheresNoTime]]
*[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1116877456#Request for IADMIN rights: Ragesoss|Ragesoss]]

</div>
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">
[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]
[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermaLink/1115611023#2022 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Blablubbs]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1115611023#2022 CheckUser and Oversight appointments: candidates appointed|Firefly]]
}}
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1115674046#Changes to the functionary team|Joe Roe]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversight changes'''
*[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1115674046#Changes to the functionary team|DGG]]

</div>
</div>

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
* The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Requests for comment/Article creation at scale|article creation at scale]] RfC opened on 3 October and will be open until at least 2 November.
* An [[Wikipedia_talk:Requests_for_adminship#RfC:_should_RfAs_be_put_on_hold_automatically?|RfC is open]] to discuss having open [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship|requests for adminship]] automatically placed on hold after the seven-day period has elapsed, pending closure or other action by a [[WP:CRAT|bureaucrat]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* Eligible editors are invited to self-nominate themselves from 13 November 2022 until 22 November 2022 to stand [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022|in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections]].
* The [[WP:ARBCOM|arbitration]] case request titled ''Athaenara'' has been resolved by [[Special:Permalink/1116499056#Motion: Athaenara|motion]].
* The [[WP:ARBCOM|arbitration]] case ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Reversal and reinstatement of Athaenara's block|Reversal and reinstatement of Athaenara's block]]'' has entered the proposed decision stage.
* {{noping|AmandaNP}}, {{noping|Mz7}} and {{noping|Cyberpower678}} have been appointed to the [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022/Electoral Commission|Electoral Commission]] for the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022|2022 Arbitration Committee Elections]]. {{noping|Xaosflux}} and {{noping|Dr vulpes}} are reserve commissioners.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
* The [[WP:CUOS2022|2022 CheckUser and Oversight appointments process]] has concluded with the appointment of two new CheckUsers.
* You can add yourself to [[Wikipedia:List of administrators/Timezones|the centralised page listing time zones of administrators]].
* '''Tech tip''': Wikimarkup in a block summary is parsed in the notice that the blockee sees. You can use templates with custom options to specify situations like {{tlx|rangeblock|2=create=yes}} or {{tlx|uw-ublock|2=contains profanity}}.

----
{{center|{{flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:22, 1 November 2022 (UTC)</small>}}


==Slowing down==
Hi DGG, I hope its nothing serious. '''<span style="text-shadow:7px 7px 8px black; font-family:Papyrus">[[User:scope_creep|<span style="color:#3399ff">scope_creep</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:scope_creep#top|Talk]]</sup></span>''' 17:44, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
::I'm OK, at least for now, but my need to cope with family medical problems is going to continue indefinitely. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 06:55, 3 November 2022 (UTC)
:::Sorry to hear that DGG. I guess it will catch us all in the end. '''<span style="text-shadow:7px 7px 8px black; font-family:Papyrus">[[User:scope_creep|<span style="color:#3399ff">scope_creep</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:scope_creep#top|Talk]]</sup></span>''' 23:53, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

== Sat Nov 12: WikiConference North America in NYC ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|Sat Nov 12: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/WCNA|WikiConference North America in NYC]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Brooklyn Public Library (48291925691).jpg|thumb|Like [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikidata Day|Wikidata Day]] last month, this event will be at [[Brooklyn Public Library]] by Grand Army Plaza.]]
[[File:WikiConference North America 2022 logo.png|thumb|[[wikiconference:2022|WikiConference North America 2022]].]]
You are invited to join the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia NYC]] community for '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/WCNA|WikiConference North America in NYC]]''', as a local satellite event and celebration of the primarily online [[wikiconference:2022|WikiConference 2022 (Nov 11-13)]]. The Saturday in-person event will feature beginner workshops, keynote presentations, breakout group discussions, and [[lightning talk]]s.

It is inspired by such past events as the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2019|Wikipedia Day tradition in New York City]].

In keeping with the online conference's partnership this year with Mapping USA and theme of "open knowledge allies", we are highlighting [[OpenStreetMap]] NYC efforts and other local organizing around various [[community of practice|communities of practice]].

All attendees are subject to Wikimedia NYC's [[meta:Wikimedia New York City/Code of Conduct|Code of Conduct]]. In addition, to participate in person you should be vaccinated and also be sure to respect others' personal space, and we may limit overall attendance size if appropriate. Brooklyn Public Library encourages the wearing of masks when indoors, and especially be mindful of those in your proximity.

*Saturday November 12 '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/WCNA|WikiConference North America in NYC]] ([[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/WCNA#Sign up|RSVP on-wiki]])'''.
::''9:30 am - 5:30 pm ''
:: ([[Brooklyn Public Library]], Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn)
|}
<small>(You can subscribe/unsubscribe from future notifications for NYC-area events by adding or removing your name from [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Invite list|this list]].)</small>

--[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:19, 3 November 2022 (UTC)


== Discretionary sanctions review: proposed decision and community review ==

You are receiving this message because you are [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Update list|subscribed to updates]] on the Arbitration Committee's [[WP:DS2022|discretionary sanctions review process]]. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Proposed decision|Proposed Decision phase]] of the [[WP:DS2022|discretionary sanctions review process]] has now opened. A five-day public review period for the proposed decision, before arbitrators cast votes on the proposed decision, is open through November 18. Any interested editors are invited to comment on the [[Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Proposed decision|proposed decision talk page]]. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:56, 13 November 2022 (UTC)


== Books & Bytes – Issue 53 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px">
[[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div>
<div style = "line-height: 1.2">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br />
Issue 53, September – October 2022
</div>
<div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em">
* New collections:
** Edward Elgar
** E-Yearbook
** Corriere della Serra
** Wikilala
* Collections moved to Library Bundle:
** Ancestry
* New feature: Outage notification
* Spotlight: Collections indexed in EDS

<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/September-October_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
</div>
</div>
<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:19, 17 November 2022 (UTC)</small>


== Nov 30: WikiWednesday Salon in Brooklyn + online ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|Nov 30: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/November 2022|WikiWednesday @ BPL + on Zoom]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Brooklyn Public Library (48291925691).jpg|thumb|WikiWednesday is back in-person, pizza included!]]
You are invited to join the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia NYC]] community for our '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/November 2022|WikiWednesday Salon]]''', with in-person at [[Brooklyn Public Library]] by Grand Army Plaza, in the Central Library's Info Commons Lab, as well as an online-based participation option. No experience of anything at all is required. All are welcome!

We are proud to announce that monthly PIZZA has returned!

All attendees are subject to Wikimedia NYC's [[meta:Wikimedia New York City/Code of Conduct|Code of Conduct]]. In addition, to participate in person you should be vaccinated and also be sure to respect others' personal space, and we may limit overall attendance size if appropriate. Brooklyn Public Library encourages the wearing of masks when indoors, and especially be mindful of those in your proximity.

*Wednesday November 30 '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/November 2022|WikiWednesday @ BPL]] ([[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/November 2022#Sign up|RSVP on-wiki]])'''.
::''6:30 pm - 8:00 pm '' (note modified time)
:: ([[Brooklyn Public Library]], Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn)
:: Also online via [https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85212519478 Zoom]
|}
<small>(You can subscribe/unsubscribe from future notifications for NYC-area events by adding or removing your name from [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Invite list|this list]].)</small>

--[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:38, 25 November 2022 (UTC)


== Administrators' newsletter – December 2022 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (November 2022).

<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap">
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">
[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124088089#Resysop request (Eddie891)|Eddie891]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1120868356#Resysop request (Euryalus)|Euryalus]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1123295255#+admin|TheresNoTime]]
}}
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124569540#Suspension of admin permissions (Alex.muller)|Alex.muller]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1119325581#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#November 2022|Excirial]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1121051071#Desysop request (RedWordSmith)|RedWordSmith]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1119325581#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#November 2022|Ron Ritzman]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1119408173#Desysop request (TheresNoTime)|TheresNoTime]]
|[[Special:PermaLink/1121893243#Level II desysop of Stephen|Stephen]]
}}

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1123295255#++intadmin|TheresNoTime]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermaLink/1119408173#Desysop request (TheresNoTime)|TheresNoTime]]

</div>
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">
[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]
[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[meta:Special:PermaLink/24002955#TheresNoTime@en.wikipedia (CheckUser)|TheresNoTime]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversight changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[meta:Special:PermaLink/24002956#TheresNoTime@en.wikipedia (Oversight)|TheresNoTime]]

</div>
</div>

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
* [[Special:Permalink/1120243306#RfC:_should_RfAs_be_put_on_hold_automatically?|Consensus has been found in an RfC]] to automatically place RfAs on hold after one week.
* The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Requests for comment/Article creation at scale|article creation at scale]] RfC has [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Requests for comment/Article creation at scale/Closing statement|been closed]].
* [[Special:Permalink/1123894088#RfC on the banners for the December 2022 fundraising campaign|An RfC]] on the banners for the December 2022 fundraising campaign has been closed.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* A new preference named "Enable limited width mode" has been added to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|Vector 2022 skin]]. The preference is also shown as a toggle on every page if your monitor is 1600 pixels or wider. When disabled it removes the whitespace added by Vector 2022 on the left and right of the page content. Disabling this preference has the same effect as enabling the [[MediaWiki:Gadget-wide-vector-2022.css|wide-vector-2022]] gadget. ({{phab|T319449}})

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022#Election%20timeline|Eligible users]] are invited to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/804|vote on candidates]] for the Arbitration Committee until 23:59 December 12, 2022 (UTC). Candidate statements can be seen [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022/Candidates|here]].
* [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Proposed decision|The proposed decision]] for the [[WP:DS2022|2021-22 review of the discretionary sanctions system]] is open.
* The arbitration case ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Reversal and reinstatement of Athaenara's block|Reversal and reinstatement of Athaenara's block]]'' has been closed.
* The arbitration case ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Stephen|Stephen]]'' has been opened and the proposed decision is expected 1 December 2022.
* A [[Special:Permalink/1122681777#Level 2 contacting admins|motion]] has modified the procedures for contacting an admin facing [[WP:LEVEL2|Level 2 desysop]].

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
* '''Tech tip''': A single IPv6 connection usually has access to a "subnet" of 18 quintillion IPs. Add <code>/64</code> to the end of an IP in [[Special:Contributions]] to see all of a subnet's edits, and [[WP:/64|consider blocking the whole subnet]] rather than an IP that may change within a minute.
----
{{center|{{flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:43, 1 December 2022 (UTC)</small>}}


== Feedback request: Media, the arts, and architecture request for comment ==

[[File:Internet-group-chat.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]Your feedback is requested  at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical music#rfc_34FD818|'''Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Classical music'''  on a "Media, the arts, and architecture" request for comment]]. Thank you for helping out!<br/><small>You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of [[WP:FRS|Feedback Request Service]] subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by [[WP:FRS|removing your name]].</small> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Message delivered to you with love by [[User:Yapperbot|Yapperbot]] :) | Is this wrong? Contact [[User talk:Naypta|my bot operator]]. | Sent at 22:30, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
==Concern regarding [[Draft:Jay Rosenzweig]]==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, DGG. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that [[Draft:Jay Rosenzweig]], a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months [[WP:G13|may be deleted]], so if you wish to retain the page, please [[Special:EditPage/Draft:Jay Rosenzweig|edit it]] again or [[WP:USERFY|request]] that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/G13|request it be undeleted]] so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. [[User:FireflyBot|FireflyBot]] ([[User talk:FireflyBot|talk]]) 08:01, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

== Your opinion ==

I see you closed [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 312#RFC: New York Post (nypost.com)|this RFC]]. I read the ''New York Post'' every day, and find it more factual than ''The New York Times'', which I read often. And the Post certainly look likes a champion in this Hunter Biden laptop affair, which most of the reliable sources called "Russian disinformation". What's your opinion on the possibility of pulling the Post from the forbidden zone through another RFC? Thanks. [[User:Magnolia677|Magnolia677]] ([[User talk:Magnolia677|talk]]) 19:54, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

== [[Lustrum (journal)]] ==

Dear David, I saw the note on top of this page. Sorry to hear it, hope that things will get better soon. It looks like you won't have time and in that case just ignore this message, but if you find a moment, perhaps you could have a look at this journal article? It suffers from some serious reference bombing. I sampled some sources and they were just in passing mentions, if even that. I'm starting to doubt that this is even notable, as [https://miar.ub.edu/issn/0024-7421 MIAR] does not indicate any selective index including this journal. Your expertise would be very valuable here. Bets wishes, [[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 18:07, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
:My own vview is thta in the more esoteric branches of the humanities like this we should keeep every journal. However, it does need editing to remove the inappropriate cpntent--I'll try to remember to do it. . And, {{U|Randykity}}, I appreciate your good wishes. Some things will get better, but not everything. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 07:00, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

== Contentious topics procedure adopted ==

''You are receiving this message because you are [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Discretionary_sanctions/2021-22_review/Update_list|subscribed to updates]] on the Arbitration Committee's [[WP:DS2022|discretionary sanctions review process]].''

The Arbitration Committee has concluded the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review|2021-22 review]] of the contentious topics system (formerly known as [[WP:AC/DS|discretionary sanctions]]), and its final decision is viewable at the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review|revision process page]]. As part of the review process, the Arbitration Committee has resolved by [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Discretionary_sanctions/2021-22_review/Proposed_decision#Motion_to_close|motion]] that:

{{ivmbox|1=The above proposals that are supported by an absolute majority of unrecused active arbitrators are hereby enacted. The drafting arbitrators (CaptainEek, L235, and Wugapodes) are directed to take the actions necessary to bring the proposals enacted by this motion into effect, including by amending the procedures at [[WP:AC/P]] and [[WP:AC/DS]]. The authority granted to the drafting arbitrators by this motion expires one month after enactment.

The Arbitration Committee thanks all those who have participated in the [[WP:DS2022|2021-22 discretionary sanctions review process]] and all who have helped bring it to a successful conclusion. This motion concludes the 2021-22 discretionary sanctions review process.
}}
This motion initiates a one-month implementation period for the updates to the contentious topics system. The Arbitration Committee will announce when the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Implementation|initial implementation]] of the Committee's decision has concluded and the amendments made by the drafting arbitrators in accordance with the Committee's decision take effect. Any editors interested in the implementation process are invited to assist at [[Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Implementation|the implementation talk page]], and editors interested in updates may subscribe to the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee/Discretionary sanctions/2021-22 review/Update list|update list]].

For the Arbitration Committee, [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:47, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
: Discuss this at: '''{{slink|Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard|Contentious topics procedure adopted}}'''


== Context ==

Hello,
Context have been added ! On my draft.
Thanks, [[User:Mike Coppolano|Mike Coppolano]] ([[User talk:Mike Coppolano|talk]]) 10:35, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

== Seeking feedback on a suggested edit ==

Hello @[[User:DGG|DGG]] and I hope all is well. I'm reaching out to you because I respect your work here and I've found you to be incredibly fair in the past. I'm current working to clean up inaccurate information in the article on the [[United States Medical Licensing Examination]] (through suggesting edits). I have a suggestion on the talk page there ([[talk:United States Medical Licensing Examination|USMLE:talk]]) that points out a strong mischaracterization of what a source actually says. It has been ignored for quite some time now, so I was wondering if you had a minute to take a look and provide some guidance. Any feedback would be appreciated and thank you for your time. [[User:SBCornelius|SBCornelius]] ([[User talk:SBCornelius|talk]]) 20:47, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
== Merry Christmas! ==

{| style="background-color: #46CB18; border: 4px solid #009600;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Rockefeller Center christmas tree cropped.jpg|150px]]
|style="padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em; text-align: center;" |'''{{font|size=25px|color=red|Merry Christmas, {{BASEPAGENAME}}}}'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px; text-align: center;" |
{{font|size=17px|color=red|Or Season's Greetings or Happy Winter Solstice!}}<br />
{{font|size=17px|color=red|As the year winds to a close, I would like to take a moment to}}<br />
{{font|size=17px|color=red|recognize your hard work and offer heartfelt gratitude for all you do for Wikipedia.}}<br />
{{font|size=17px|color=red|May this Holiday Season bring you and yours nothing but joy, health and prosperity.}}<br />
{{font|size=17px|color=red|[[User:onel5969|'''<span style="color:#536895;">Onel</span><span style="color:#ffb300;">5969</span>''']] <sup>[[User talk:Onel5969|<i style="color:blue">TT me</i>]]</sup> 20:07, 20 December 2022 (UTC)}}
|}
{{clear}}
== Dec 28: WikiWed Salon (+ Wikipedia Day on Jan 15) ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|Dec 28: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/December 2022|WikiWednesday @ BPL + on Zoom]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Brooklyn Public Library (48291925691).jpg|thumb|WikiWednesday is back in-person, pizza included!]]

<big>P.S. Next big event January 15 will be '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023|Wikipedia Day NYC 2023]], and you can [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia_Day_2023#Lightning_talks|sign up now for your lightning talk]]'''!</big>
|}

== New Pages Patrol newsletter January 2023 ==

<div style="border:2px solid #90C0FF; background:#F0F0FF; width:99%; padding:4px">
{| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #BBB; background: #FFFFFF;
|}
Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}},
{| style="float: right;
|- style="font-size: 86%;"
|}
[[File:Npp backlog 2022-Dec.jpg|thumb|400px|New Page Review queue December 2022]]
;Backlog
The October drive reduced the backlog from 9,700 to an amazing 0! Congratulations to {{noping|WaddlesJP13}} who led with 2084 points. See [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Backlog drives/October 2022|this page]] for further details. The queue is steadily rising again and is approaching 2,000. It would be great if <2,000 were the “new normal”. Please continue to help out even if it's only for a few or even one patrol a day.
;2022 Awards
[[File:New page reviewer of the year cup.svg|74px|left]]
{{no ping|Onel5969}} won the 2022 cup for 28,302 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 80/day. There was one Gold Award (5000+ reviews), 11 Silver (2000+), 28 Iron (360+) and 39 more for the 100+ barnstar. {{no ping|Rosguill}} led again for the 4th year by clearing 49,294 redirects. For the full details see the [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Awards|Awards page]] and the [[Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol/Awards#NPP_Hall_of_Fame|Hall of Fame]]. Congratulations everyone!

'''Minimum deletion time''': The previous [[WP:NPP]] guideline was to wait 15 minutes before tagging for deletion (including draftification and [[WP:BLAR]]). Due to complaints, a consensus decided to raise the time to 1 hour. To illustrate this, very new pages in the [[Special:NewPagesFeed|feed]] are now highlighted in red. (As always, this is not applicable to attack pages, copyvios, vandalism, etc.)

'''New draftify script''': In response to feedback from AFC, the The Move to Draft script now provides a choice of set messages that also link the creator to a new, friendly [[Help:Unreviewed new page|explanation page]]. The script also warns reviewers if the creator is probably still developing the article. The former script is no longer maintained. Please edit your edit your [[Special:MyPage/common.js|common.js]] or vector.js file from <code>User:Evad37/MoveToDraft.js</code> to <code>User:MPGuy2824/MoveToDraft.js</code>'''

'''Redirects''': Some of our redirect reviewers have reduced their activity and the backlog is up to 9,000+ (two months deep). If you are interested in this distinctly different task and need any help, see [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Redirects|this guide]], [[Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol#Redirect_checklist|this checklist]], and spend some time at [[WP:RFD]].

'''Discussions with the WMF''' The [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Coordination/2022 WMF letter|PageTriage open letter]] signed by 444 users is bearing fruit. The Growth Team has assigned some software engineers to work on PageTriage, the software that powers the NewPagesFeed and the Page Curation toolbar. WMF has submitted [[gerrit:q/repo:mediawiki/extensions/PageTriage+is:merged+NOT+author:Libraryupgrader+NOT+author:L10n-bot+before:2022-12-31|dozens of patches]] in the last few weeks to modernize PageTriage's code, which will make it easier to write patches in the future. This work is helpful but is not very visible to the end user. For patches visible to the end user, volunteers such as {{noping|Novem Linguae}} and {{noping|MPGuy2824}} have been writing patches for bug reports and feature requests. The Growth Team also [[Wikipedia talk:Growth Team features#Meeting details|had a video conference]] with the NPP coordinators to discuss [[User:Novem Linguae/Drafts/New landing page proposal|revamping the landing pages]] that new users see.

{{refbegin}}
;Reminders
*Newsletter feedback - please take this [[Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Newsletter|short poll]] about the newsletter.
*There is live chat with patrollers on the [https://discordapp.com/invite/heF3xPu New Page Patrol Discord].
*Please add [[Wikipedia talk:New pages patrol/Reviewers|the project discussion page]] to your watchlist.
*If you no longer wish to be a reviewer, please ask any admin to remove you from the group. If you want the tools back again, just ask at [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions|PERM]].
*To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself [[Wikipedia:New pages patrol/Reviewers/Newsletter list|here]].
{{refend}}


</div>

== Thank you for attending Wiki World's Fair - Your complimentary shirt ==
{| style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
! colspan="2" style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;" |Thank you for attending! [[Wikipedia:Wiki World's Fair|Wiki World's Fair]] - Your complimentary shirt!
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:12302022_WMNYC_Wiki_Worlds_Fair_T_Shirt.jpg|left|236x236px]]
[[File:Wikimedia_New_York_City_logo.svg|right|103x103px]]
[[File:Wiki_World's_Fair_(00064c).jpg|right|100x100px]]''Thank you'' [[User:DGG]] for attending the Wiki World's Fair at the [[Queens Museum]] in August! A round of applause to all who attended, socialized, gave lightning talks, edited, listened, and toured the [[Panorama of the City of New York]]. Thank you to Xavier Robles-Armas and the Queens Museum for having us. For the first time in [[Wikimania]] history, we held a [[:File:Wiki Worlds Fair 2022 in musem 3 jeh.jpg|T-shirt design]] [[:File:08132022 WMNYC Wiki Worlds Fair Wikimania Queens Museum.jpg|contest during the event]] to generate a shirt for the conference. We are excited to announce we have produced a shirt with the winning design by [[User:Bagelpigeon]]. As previously announced, the shirts will be given, free of charge, to those that attended the conference. You are a confirmed attendee and now is your chance to claim your free shirt! If you want a shirt, we need your size!

What size are you? Please fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfg-7V0xEUx9lRnl48oO5i2aSQD5wPhTs59Rr8x5dyS_q6KIQ/viewform this Google form] or email: Wil@Wikimedianyc.org (One "L") Once we have everyone's size and we will order them and distribute them at local meet-ups or via mail. If you are out of town, please include your mailing address. The shirts will be available Feb or later.

([[User:Pharos]], seen here wearing a size large)

Please let us know by January 15 or come to [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023|Wikipedia Day 2023]] at the [[Jefferson Market Library]] and let us know in person!
|}
-- [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] {{date|2=MDY}}

== Administrators' newsletter – January 2023 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (December 2022).

<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap">
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/ComplexRational|ComplexRational]]
|[[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Extraordinary Writ|Extraordinary Writ]]
}}
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1126174243#Resysop request (Stephen)|Stephen]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124879890#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#December 2022|Andrew Yong]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124879890#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#December 2022|Dbenbenn]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124879890#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#December 2022|DESiegel]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124965336#Removal of admin permissions (GlassCobra)|GlassCobra]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1126715472#Resignation of administrative privs|Joe Decker]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124925762#Suspension of admin privs - Nancy|Nancy]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124894056#Removal of admin permissions (Pathoschild)|Pathoschild]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1125435591#Request removal of Admin permissions for StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130368896#Please remove my admin rights (William Pietri)|William Pietri]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128518473#Resigning adminship (Wwwwolf)|Wwwwolf]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1124879890#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#December 2022|Xdamr]]
}}

[[File:Wikipedia Interface administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Interface administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:Permalink/1130211469#Inactive interface administrators 2022-12-28|Nihiltres]]
</div>
<div style="flex: 1 0 20em">

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|Moneytrees]]

:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1129340349#Change to the Checkuser team|Ivanvector]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|SilkTork]]
}}

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|GeneralNotability]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|Moneytrees]]
}}
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|Guerillero]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1128960189#2023 Arbitration Committee|SilkTork]]
}}

</div>
</div>

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
*[[WP:CSD|Speedy deletion criterion]] [[WP:A5|A5]] (transwikied articles) has been repealed following an [[Special:Permalink/1130280550#A5. Transwikied articles - Wiktionary|unopposed proposal]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* Following the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2022#Results|2022 Arbitration Committee elections]], the following editors have been appointed to the Arbitration Committee: {{Noping|Barkeep49}}, {{Noping|CaptainEek}}, {{Noping|GeneralNotability}}, {{Noping|Guerillero}}, {{Noping|L235}}, {{Noping|Moneytrees}}, {{Noping|Primefac}}, {{Noping|SilkTork}}.
* The [[WP:CT2022|2021-22 Discretionary Sanctions Review]] has [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Noticeboard#Contentious_topics_procedure_adopted|concluded]] with many changes to the [[WP:AC/DS|discretionary sanctions]] procedure including a change of the name to "contentious topics". The changes are being implemented over the coming month.
* The arbitration case ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Stephen|Stephen]]'' has been closed.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
* Voting for the [[:commons:Commons:Sound Logo Vote|Sound Logo]] has closed and the winner is expected to be announced February to April 2023.
* '''Tech tip''': You can view information about IP addresses in a centralised location using [https://bullseye.toolforge.org/ bullseye] which won the Newcomer award in the recent [[:m:Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Awards]].
----
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:08, 6 January 2023 (UTC)</small>}}


== Sun Jan 15: Wikipedia Day returns to NYC! ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|Sunday January 15: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023|Wikipedia Day 2023 NYC]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Jefferson market crop.jpg|thumb|Wikipedia Day NYC is back in-person at [[Jefferson Market Library]], cake included!]]
You are invited to join the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia NYC]] community for our '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023|Wikipedia Day 2023]]''' at [[Jefferson Market Library]] in Greenwich Village, a Wikipedia and [[Public Domain Day]] celebration and mini-conference as part of birthday festivities marking the project's founding in 2001. In addition to the party, the event features presentations by Jason Scott of the [[Internet Archive]] and Anne Hunnell Chen of the [https://duraeuroposarchive.org/ International (Digital) Dura-Europos Archive], panels, and, of course, lightning talks. Newcomers are very welcome! Bring your friends and colleagues!

''And there will be WIKICAKE.''

*Sunday January 15 '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023|Wikipedia Day 2023]] ([[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2023#Sign up to attend|RSVP on-wiki]])'''.
::''1 - 5PM at [[Jefferson Market Library]], 425 Sixth Avenue in Manhattan''
::''After 5PM, migration to afterparty at [[Ace Hotel]], 20 West 29th St''
::''Livestreaming is likely, watch the wiki meetup page''

All attendees are subject to Wikimedia NYC's [[meta:Wikimedia New York City/Code of Conduct|Code of Conduct]]. In addition, to participate in person you should be vaccinated and also be sure to respect others' personal space, and we may limit overall attendance size if appropriate. New York Public Library encourages the wearing of masks when indoors, and especially be mindful of those in your proximity.
[[File:16th Wikipedia Day - Sofia - 20170115-8.jpg|center|200px]]
{{-}}
P.S. Next regular event February 15 will be '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/February 2023|Feb WikiWednesday]].
|}
<small>(You can subscribe/unsubscribe from future notifications for NYC-area events by adding or removing your name from [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Invite list|this list]].)</small>

--[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:48, 7 January 2023 (UTC)


== Sandra Jayat article ==

Hi [[User:DGG]], I note that you added a [[Template:Peacock|Peacock]] tag to my recently created page [[Sandra Jayat]]. My intention was to be neutral, relying on external sources for opinions rather than my own (of course one can in principle be biased in selection of external opinions, but that is bias, not peacockery I think), but I may have slipped up... if you can point to examples of "promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information" I will do my best to fix it or them (maybe could have come in with auto-translated text from French Wikipedia, which I did consult/re-use as a template when I started the article...). Regards - Tony Rees, Australia. [[User:Tony 1212|Tony 1212]] ([[User talk:Tony 1212|talk]]) 18:07, 8 January 2023 (UTC)
:reply forthcoming '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 09:28, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

== Contentious topics procedure now in effect ==

''You are receiving this message because you are [[Wikipedia:Contentious topics/2021-22 review/Update list |subscribed to updates]] on the Arbitration Committee's [[WP:CT2022|contentious topics procedure revision process]].''

In December, the Arbitration Committee [[WP:CT2022|adopted]] the [[WP:CTOP|contentious topics procedure]], which replaces the [[WP:OLDDS|former discretionary sanctions system]]. The contentious topics procedure is now in effect following an initial [[WP:CT2022/I|implementation period]].
* For a detailed summary of the changes from the discretionary sanctions system, see [[WP:DSVSCT]].
* A brief guide for administrators may be found at [[Wikipedia:Contentious topics/Administrator instructions]].
* Updated templates may be found at [[Template:Contentious topics]].
* Suggestions and concerns may be directed to the arbitration clerk team at [[WT:AC/C]].
The drafting arbitrators warmly thank all those who have worked to implement the new procedure during this implementation period and beyond. '''[[User:L235|KevinL]]''' (<small>aka</small> [[User:L235|L235]] '''·''' [[User talk:L235#top|t]] '''·''' [[Special:Contribs/L235|c]]) 19:44, 17 January 2023 (UTC)
: Discuss this at: '''{{slink|Wikipedia talk:Arbitration Committee/Noticeboard|Contentious topics procedure now in effect}}'''


== Books & Bytes – Issue 54 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px">
[[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div>
<div style = "line-height: 1.2">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br />
Issue 54, November – December 2022
</div>
<div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em">
* New collections:
** British Newspaper Archive
** Findmypast
** University of Michigan Press
** ACLS
** Duke University Press
* 1Lib1Ref 2023
* Spotlight: EDS Refine Results

<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/November-December_2022|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
</div>
</div>
<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:14, 23 January 2023 (UTC)</small>


== Nomination of [[:Residence halls at the University of San Francisco]] for deletion ==
<div class="afd-notice">
<div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=|link=]]</div>A discussion is taking place as to whether the article '''[[:Residence halls at the University of San Francisco]]''' is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to [[Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]] or whether it should be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deleted]].

The article will be discussed at [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Residence halls at the University of San Francisco]] until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.
</div> [[User:ElKevbo|ElKevbo]] ([[User talk:ElKevbo|talk]]) 22:44, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

== Administrators' newsletter – February 2023 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (January 2023).

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1135563899#Resysop request Gimmetrow|Gimmetrow]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1135232320#Desysopping Bjelleklang|Bjelleklang]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130801209#Voluntary desysop request (Bob the Wikipedian)|Bob the Wikipedian]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1134250050#Removal of Admin status (Leithp)|Leithp]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1134994151#Request desysop (WhisperToMe)|WhisperToMe]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130829197#January 2023|100 inactive admins]]
}}

{{Col-2}}

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|BDD]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Bradv]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Donald Albury]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Maxim]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1135292840#Change to the CheckUser team|MusikAnimal]]
}}

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|BDD]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Bradv]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Donald Albury]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1130563660#Outgoing members of the 2022 Arbitration Committee|Maxim]]
}}

{{Col-end}}

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
*Following [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_178#Removing_blocks_made_with_the_summary_"Appeal_is_only_to_the_Arbitration_Committee"_from_the_Admin_Policy|an RfC]], the [[Wikipedia:Administrators#Special situations|administrator policy]] now requires that prior written consent be gained from the [[WP:AC|Arbitration Committee]] to mark a block as only appealable to the committee.
*Following [[Special:Permalink/1131222469#Massive_off-wiki_campaign_aimed_at_disrupting_Wikipedia|a community discussion]], consensus has been found to impose the [[WP:ARBECR|extended-confirmed restriction]] over the topic areas of [[Wikipedia:General sanctions/Armenia and Azerbaijan|Armenia and Azerbaijan]] and [[Wikipedia:General sanctions/Kurds and Kurdistan|Kurds and Kurdistan]].

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* The Vector 2022 skin has become the default for desktop users of the English Wikipedia.

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
*The arbitration case ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Armenia-Azerbaijan 3|Armenia-Azerbaijan 3]]'' has been opened and the proposed decision is expected 24 February 2023.
*In December, the [[WP:CTOP|contentious topics procedure]] was adopted which replaces the [[WP:OLDDS|former discretionary sanctions system]]. The contentious topics procedure is now in effect following an initial [[WP:CT2022/I|implementation period]]. There is [[WP:DSVSCT|a detailed summary]] of the changes and [[Wikipedia:Contentious topics/Administrator instructions|administrator instructions]] for the new procedure. The arbitration clerk team are taking suggestions, concerns, and unresolved questions about this new system at [[WT:AC/C|their noticeboard]].
[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
*Voting in the [[:meta:Stewards/Elections 2023|2023 Steward elections]] will begin on 05 February 2023, 21:00 (UTC) and end on 26 February 2023, 21:00 (UTC). The [[:meta:Stewards/Confirm/2023|confirmation process]] of current stewards is being held in parallel. You can automatically [https://meta.toolforge.org/accounteligibility/67 check your eligibility] to vote.
* Voting in the [[:meta:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]] will begin on 10 February 2023 and end on 24 February 2023. You can submit, discuss and revise proposals until 6 February 2023.
*'''Tech tip''': [[m:Community Tech/Wikitext editor syntax highlighting|Syntax highlighting]] is available in both the 2011 and 2017 Wikitext editors. It can help make editing paragraphs with many references or complicated templates easier.

----
{{center|{{flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:37, 2 February 2023 (UTC)</small>}}


==Concern regarding [[Draft:Ronald Aarts]]==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, DGG. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that [[Draft:Ronald Aarts]], a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months [[WP:G13|may be deleted]], so if you wish to retain the page, please [[Special:EditPage/Draft:Ronald Aarts|edit it]] again or [[WP:USERFY|request]] that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/G13|request it be undeleted]] so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. [[User:FireflyBot|FireflyBot]] ([[User talk:FireflyBot|talk]]) 22:01, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

== Editing news 2023 #1 ==

<i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this newsletter]]</i>

This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work:

# The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it.
# They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]].

'''Talk pages project'''
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]]

The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]].

It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]].

[[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]]

An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site.

'''New Project: Edit Check'''

The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click "{{int:publishchanges}}". The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3 March 2023]] to learn more.

–[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 22 February 2023 (UTC)


== [[Zenni Optical]] ==

Hi DGG. I am planning to create a new article for [[Zenni Optical]], which you fully protected from creation on 14 February 2017. Would you lower the protection to extended-confirmed users or autoconfirmed users? Thank you, [[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 00:35, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

:{{tps}} Hi @[[User:Cunard|Cunard]]. DGG isn't around much these days, but I'll drop it to extended confirmed so you can create it. I'm sure he'd have no issue with this since you're a well established editor. <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-weight:bold;">[[User:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#a117f2;">Star</span>]] [[User talk:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#df00fe;">Mississippi</span>]]</span> 02:06, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
::Thank you so much, {{user|Star Mississippi}}! [[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 02:16, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

((User|Star Mississippi|}. I'm back to a certain extent. It is sometimes helpful to be concerned with about problems in WP rather than those in RL. No objection to a try at re-creation '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 02:26, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

:@[[User:DGG|DGG]], oops apologies for stepping in unnecessarily then, but glad you agree with the course of action. Been thinking of you and your family. Hope all is going as well as possible. If I run the Brookyn Half in April, I'll wave.
:@[[User:Cunard|Cunard]] I had a quick look at the deleted histories in mainspace and draft, anything you'd create is much better than what was there, but let me know if you want me to drop the sources somewhere. <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-weight:bold;">[[User:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#a117f2;">Star</span>]] [[User talk:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#df00fe;">Mississippi</span>]]</span> 02:31, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
::DGG, I am glad you are back and hope you and your family are doing as well as possible. Star Mississippi, If there are any reliable sources in the mainspace histories or draft, I think it'd be useful to have them. Please drop them here or on my talk page. Thank you so much for offering to share them! [[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 02:41, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
:::It turned out there were some RS including SF Chronicle, NYT among the forbes et al, so easier to just draftify it at [[Draft:Zenni Optical]] vs grab the links around the prose. Obviously you don't need to take it through AfC but eyelids weren't up for nowiking that all out. Happy editing @[[User:Cunard|Cunard]] <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-weight:bold;">[[User:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#a117f2;">Star</span>]] [[User talk:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#df00fe;">Mississippi</span>]]</span> 03:04, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
::::Being able to consult the sources and the other parts of the draft is useful. Thank you for draftifying it. [[User:Cunard|Cunard]] ([[User talk:Cunard|talk]]) 03:06, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
:::::any time. Standing offer if an admin who deleted/protected an article you want to create isn't around, just ping me. Have a great day. <span style="font-family:Calibri; font-weight:bold;">[[User:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#a117f2;">Star</span>]] [[User talk:Star Mississippi|<span style="color:#df00fe;">Mississippi</span>]]</span> 14:26, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

== Feedback request: Wikipedia policies and guidelines request for comment ==

[[File:Internet-group-chat.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]Your feedback is requested  at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)#rfc_471AEF3|'''Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)'''  on a "Wikipedia policies and guidelines" request for comment]]. Thank you for helping out!<br/><small>You were randomly selected to receive this invitation from the list of [[WP:FRS|Feedback Request Service]] subscribers. If you'd like not to receive these messages any more, you can opt out at any time by [[WP:FRS|removing your name]].</small> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Message delivered to you with love by [[User:Yapperbot|Yapperbot]] :) | Is this wrong? Contact [[User talk:Naypta|my bot operator]]. | Sent at 23:30, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

== Mar 8: WikiWednesday Salon by Grand Central ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
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!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|Mar 8: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/March 2023|WikiWednesday Salon by Grand Central]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg|thumb|The gathering is in the vicinity of [[Grand Central Terminal]].]]
You are invited to join the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia NYC]] community and visitors from the global [[Wikimedia Foundation]] for our '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/March 2023|WikiWednesday Salon by Grand Central]]''', in-person at [https://convene.com/locations/new-york-city/101-park-avenue/ Convene 101 Park Avenue] in the vicinity of Manhattan's [[Grand Central Terminal]]. No experience of anything at all is required. All are welcome!

This is somewhat of a sequel to last year's [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Brunch]] in terms of the participants, though this time it is an evening event in a different borough.

We may leaven the event with a few impromptu [[lightning talk]]s, a Wiki-fashion show (yes, really!), and likely an afterparty tour.

All attendees are subject to Wikimedia NYC's [[meta:Wikimedia New York City/Code of Conduct|Code of Conduct]]. In addition, to participate in person you should be vaccinated and also be sure to respect others' personal space, and we may limit overall attendance size if appropriate.

*Wednesday March 8 '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/March 2023|WikiWednesday Salon by Grand Central]] ([https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikiwednesday-salon-by-grand-central-tickets-562556099437 RSVP off-wiki at Eventbrite] to attend in-person)'''.
::''5:30 pm - 7:00 pm ''
:: ([https://convene.com/locations/new-york-city/101-park-avenue/ Convene 101 Park Avenue], near Manhattan's [[Grand Central Terminal]])
|}
<small>(You can subscribe/unsubscribe from future notifications for NYC-area events by adding or removing your name from [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Invite list|this list]].)</small>

--[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:41, 28 February 2023 (UTC)


== Administrators' newsletter – March 2023 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (February 2023).

{{Col-begin}}
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[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1141310223#Resysop Request (The Wordsmith)|The Wordsmith]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] {{hlist|class=inline
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1136764727#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2022#February 2023|Fuhghettaboutit]]
|[[Special:PermanentLink/1141026145#Spinningspark|Spinningspark]] ([[Wikipedia:Deceased_Wikipedians/2023#Spinningspark|deceased]])
}}

{{Col-2}}

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1141950210#Change to the Functionaries team|Callanecc]]

[[File:Oversight logo.png|20px|alt=]] '''Oversighter changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-view-refresh.svg|20px|alt=readded|Readded]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1141950210#Change to the Functionaries team|Callanecc]]

{{Col-end}}

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
*Following a [[Special:Permalink/1138889978#RfC: Removing F10. Useless non-media files|request for comment]], [[WP:CSD#F10|F10]] (useless non-media files) has been deprecated.
*Following a [[Special:Permalink/1140739661#RfC: Should P1 and P2 be repealed as CSDs?|request for comment]], the Portal CSD criteria ([[WP:CSD#P1|P1]] (portal subject to CSD as an article) and [[WP:CSD#P2|P2]] (underpopulated portal)) have been deprecated.
*A [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)#Make_Wikipedia:Requested_moves/Closing_instructions_a_guideline|request for comment]] is open to discuss making the [[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions|closing instructions]] for the [[WP:RM|requested moves]] process a guideline.

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* The results of the [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]] have been [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|posted]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Conduct_in_deletion-related_editing#Request_for_Comment|Remedy 11 ("Request for Comment")]] of the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Conduct in deletion-related editing|Conduct in deletion-related editing case]] has [[Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee/Noticeboard#Arbitration_motion_regarding_Conduct_in_deletion-related_editing|been rescinded]].
* The proposed decision for the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Armenia-Azerbaijan 3|Armenia-Azerbaijan 3]] case is expected 7 March 2023.
* A case related to the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case#Holocaust_in_Poland|Holocaust in Poland]] is expected to be opened soon.

[[File:Info Simple bw.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Miscellaneous'''
* The 2023 appointees for the [[:m:Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission]] are [[m:User:AGK|AGK]], [[m:User:Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]], [[m:User:Bennylin|Bennylin]], [[m:User:Daniuu|Daniuu]], [[m:User:Emufarmers|Emufarmers]], [[m:User:Faendalimas|Faendalimas]], [[m:User:JJMC89|JJMC89]], [[m:User:MdsShakil|MdsShakil]], [[m:User:Minorax|Minorax]] and [[m:User:Renvoy|Renvoy]] as regular members and [[m:User:Zabe|Zabe]] as advisory members.
* Following the [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2023|2023 Steward Elections]], the following editors have been appointed as stewards: [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2023/Statements/Mykola7|Mykola7]], [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2023/Statements/Superpes15|Superpes15]], and [[meta:Stewards/Elections 2023/Statements/Xaosflux|Xaosflux]].
* The [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates|Terms of Use update cycle]] has started, which [[:m:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/2023 ToU updates/Office hours/Announcement|includes]] a {{tq|[p]roposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing}}. Feedback is being accepted until 24 April 2023.

----
{{center|{{flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:18, 1 March 2023 (UTC)</small>}}


== St Giles Centre ==

Hello, I'm writing to you as you deleted the [[St Giles Centre]] page as it was proposed for deletion back in 2007. I think there is enough on the centre and the adjoining bus station to warrant an article. Sources include:
*[https://insidemoray.com/2016/10/elgin-shopping-mall-celebrates-25-years-in-pictures/ Elgin shopping mall celebrates 25 years in pictures]
*[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000578/19920522/584/0048 Bus move boosts shop hopes]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20230310200121/https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/moray/725217/makeover-lined-up-for-elgin-bus-station/ Makeover lined up for Elgin bus station]
*[https://www.northern-scot.co.uk/news/concerns-elgin-bus-station-becoming-a-no-go-area-c-278521/ Concerns Elgin bus station becoming a no-go area]
*[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000445/19921010/772/0080 Shutting up shop!]
*[https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000578/19910416/747/0035 St Giles Centre problems worry business community]
Could you please restore it so I can work on improving it? Thanks for your consideration [[User:Garuda3|Garuda3]] ([[User talk:Garuda3|talk]]) 20:16, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

:Hello, just to let you know I ended up going to [[WP:REFUND]] and the page has now been restored. [[User:Garuda3|Garuda3]] ([[User talk:Garuda3|talk]]) 17:58, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[:Jean-Marcel Goger]] ==
[[File:Ambox warning yellow.svg|left|link=|alt=Notice|48px|]]

The article [[:Jean-Marcel Goger]] has been [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed for deletion]] because of the following concern:
<blockquote>'''Only partially translated for well over a year and clearly copy and pasted with no regard to proper formatting. If an article is wanted for this subject, it would be better started from scratch than trying to fix this'''</blockquote>

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be [[WP:DEL#REASON|deleted for any of several reasons]].

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your [[Help:edit summary|edit summary]] or on [[Talk:Jean-Marcel Goger|the article's talk page]].

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{Tlc|proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|proposed deletion process]], but other [[Wikipedia:deletion process|deletion process]]es exist. In particular, the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]] process can result in deletion without discussion, and [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|articles for deletion]] allows discussion to reach [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for deletion.

'''<span style="color: red;">This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the [[Help:Introduction to navigating Wikipedia/4|history]] of each individual page for details.</span>''' Thanks, [[User:FastilyBot|FastilyBot]] ([[User talk:FastilyBot|talk]]) 10:00, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

==Concern regarding [[Draft:Air Thanlwin]]==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, DGG. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that [[Draft:Air Thanlwin]], a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months [[WP:G13|may be deleted]], so if you wish to retain the page, please [[Special:EditPage/Draft:Air Thanlwin|edit it]] again or [[WP:USERFY|request]] that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion/G13|request it be undeleted]] so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. [[User:FireflyBot|FireflyBot]] ([[User talk:FireflyBot|talk]]) 07:01, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

== Books & Bytes – Issue 55 ==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<div style = "font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px">
[[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]</div>
<div style = "line-height: 1.2">
<span style="font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif">'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books & Bytes''</span><br />
Issue 55, January – February 2023
</div>
<div style = "margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em">
* New bundle partners:
** Newspapers.com
** Fold3
* 1Lib1Ref January report
* Spotlight: EDS SmartText Searching

<big>'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/January-February_2023|Read the full newsletter]]'''</big>
</div>
</div>
<small>Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:45, 16 March 2023 (UTC)</small>


== "[[:History of the the Jews in San Francisco]]" listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px]]
The redirect <span class="plainlinks">[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_the_Jews_in_San_Francisco&redirect=no History of the the Jews in San Francisco]</span> has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|redirects for discussion]] to determine whether its use and function meets the [[Wikipedia:Redirect|redirect guidelines]]. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at {{slink|Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 March 20#History of the the Jews in San Francisco}} until a consensus is reached.  [[User:Randi Moth|Randi Moth]] ([[User talk:Randi Moth|talk]]) 19:21, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

== Looking for talk page stalkers ==

Hello, DGG, it's been good to see your name again recently. I hope things are okay.

I'm here with an invitation to you and your talk page stalkers. The [[mw:Editing team]] is working on a new (pre-publication) reminder system. The first version will remind editors to add citations to their content. I'm hoping to find some folks who would put this page on their watchlists: [[Wikipedia:Edit check]] and then help them out. They're going to have some questions in the coming weeks/months, and I think they would benefit from hearing from people who are reviewing the edits afterwards, in addition to the people who are making the edits. (Folks who are really interested might also put [[mw:Edit check]] on their watchlists, too.)

Thanks, [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 06:00, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

== Apr 12 WikiWednesday + Earth Week (Apr 15-23) ==

{|style="background:#00000; border:1px solid #6881b9; margin:0.5em; padding:0.5em;border-radius: 8px;"
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|April 12: [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/April 2023|WikiWednesday @ BPL + on Zoom]]
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
[[File:Brooklyn Public Library (48291925691).jpg|thumb|WikiWednesday is back in-person, pizza included!]]
You are invited to join the [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia NYC]] community for our '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/April 2023|WikiWednesday Salon]]''', with in-person at [[Brooklyn Public Library]] by Grand Army Plaza, in the Central Library's Info Commons Lab, as well as an online-based participation option. No experience of anything at all is required. All are welcome!

We are proud to announce that monthly PIZZA has returned!

All attendees are subject to Wikimedia NYC's [[meta:Wikimedia New York City/Code of Conduct|Code of Conduct]]. In addition, to participate in person you should be vaccinated and also be sure to respect others' personal space, and we may limit overall attendance size if appropriate. Brooklyn Public Library encourages the wearing of masks when indoors, and especially be mindful of those in your proximity.

*Wednesday April 12 '''[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/April 2023|WikiWednesday @ BPL]] ([[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/April 2023#Sign up|RSVP on-wiki]])'''.
::''5:30 pm -6:30 pm'' (Open Hour)
::''6:30 pm - 8:00 pm'' (Wiki Salon)
:: ([[Brooklyn Public Library]], Grand Army Plaza, Brooklyn)
:: Also online via [https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85212519478 Zoom] starting at ~6:30 pm
|-
!colspan=2 style="font-size:150%; padding: .4em;"|April 15-23: [[Earth Week]]!
|-
| style="padding-left: .6em;" |
Please RSVP on-wiki to any of the Earth Day/Week activities you will be joining, all are open:
* [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth Day Beacon, NY 2023|Earth Day and the Digital Environment - Beacon, NY]]
: ''When:'' Saturday, April 15, 11pm - 3pm
: ''Where:'' Howland Public Library, 313 Main Street, Beacon NY

* [[meta:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|Earth Day 2023 Translat-a-thon at LaGuardia Community College]]
: ''When:'' Wednesday, April 19, 2pm-5pm
: ''Where:'' LaGuardia CC - Room MB10B, 31-10 Thomson Avenue, Queens, NY 11101

* [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth Day 2023 Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn with Sure We Can]]
: ''When:'' Saturday April 22, 11am-2pm
: ''Where:'' Spectrum Learning Lab - DeKalb branch [[Brooklyn Public Library]] and [[Sure We Can]] & Hybrid

* [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth Day Wiknic|Earth Day Wiki-Picnic NYC]]
: ''When:'' Sunday, April 23, 12-5pm
: ''Where:'' [[Concert Grove Pavilion]], Prospect Park
|}
<small>(You can subscribe/unsubscribe from future notifications for NYC-area events by adding or removing your name from [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Invite list|this list]].)</small>

--[[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC|Wikimedia New York City Team]] via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:09, 4 April 2023 (UTC)


== Administrators' newsletter – April 2023 ==

[[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter|News and updates for administrators]] from the past month (March 2023).

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

[[File:Wikipedia Administrator.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Administrator changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-add.svg|20px|alt=added|Added]] [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Aoidh|Aoidh]]
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1142190725#Wikipedia:Inactive administrators/2023#March 2023|KillerChihuahua]]

{{Col-2}}

[[File:ANEWSicon.png|right|150px]]

[[File:Checkuser Logo.svg|20px|alt=]] '''CheckUser changes'''
:[[File:Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg|20px|alt=removed|Removed]] [[Special:PermanentLink/1145821747#Changes to the functionaries team|Ferret]]

{{Col-end}}

[[File:Green check.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Guideline and policy news'''
* A [[Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard#Moving_forward:_Deferring_GENSEX_cases_to_AE|community RfC]] is open to discuss whether reports primarily involving [[WP:GENSEX|gender-related disputes or controversies]] should be referred to the [[WP:AE|Arbitration enforcement noticeboard]].

[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Technical news'''
* Some older [[web browser]]s will not be able to use [[JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis starting this week. This mainly affects users of [[Internet Explorer 11]]. ({{phab|T178356}})
* The [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Rollback of Vector 2022|rollback of Vector 2022 RfC]] has found no consensus to rollback to Vector legacy, but has found rough consensus to disable "limited width" mode by default.
* A link to the user's [[{{#special:CentralAuth}}]] page will now appear in the subtitle links shown on [[{{#special:Contributions}}]]. This was voted #17 in the [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|Community Wishlist Survey 2023]].

[[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|20px|alt=]] '''Arbitration'''
* The ''[[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Armenia-Azerbaijan 3|Armenia-Azerbaijan 3]]'' case has been closed.
* A case about [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/World War II and the history of Jews in Poland|World War II and the history of Jews in Poland]] has been opened, with the first evidence phase closing 6 April 2023.

----
{{center|{{flatlist|
* [[Wikipedia talk:Administrators' newsletter|Discuss this newsletter]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Subscribe|Subscribe]]
* [[Wikipedia:Administrators' newsletter/Archive|Archive]]
}}}}
{{center|1=<small>Sent by [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:10, 4 April 2023 (UTC)</small>}}


== Passing of David Goodman ==

David Goodman, [[user:DGG]], [https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/david-goodman-obituary?id=51598596 passed away Thursday April 6, 2023]. David was active in many parts of Wikipedia and had hundreds of collaborators, including in-person outreach with Wikimedia New York City. I am coordinating an obituary for him with Wikimedia NYC and ''The Signpost''. Anyone who would like to coordinate in developing this may directly edit [[Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/DGG obituary|DGG obituary]], but please bring discussion to [[Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/Newsroom|''The Signpost'' newsroom]]. I will later replace this development message with the link to the obituary. [[User:Bluerasberry|<span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">''' Bluerasberry '''</span>]][[User talk:Bluerasberry|<span style="background:#cedff2;color:#11e">(talk)</span>]] 16:54, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* Another great gone. This is devastating. [[User:BD2412|<span style="background:gold">'''''BD2412'''''</span>]] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 16:57, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Heartbreaking news. He was a great editor, administrator and former ArbCom member. And a very nice person. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] ([[User talk:Cullen328|talk]]) 17:01, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Terrible news. [[User:Vaticidalprophet|<b style="color:black">Vaticidal</b>]][[User talk:Vaticidalprophet|<b style="color:#66023C">prophet</b>]] 17:04, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Undoubtedly one of the most important and prolific editors in the history of the site. As BD says, another great one gone-- rest in peace. [[User:Moneytrees|Moneytrees🏝️]][[User talk:Moneytrees|(Talk)]] 17:06, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Horrible news - a huge editor so many of us interacted with over so many years. <3 [[User:Nosebagbear|Nosebagbear]] ([[User talk:Nosebagbear|talk]]) 17:09, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Very sad news, may David rest in peace. -- '''[[User:LuK3|<span style="color:#DC143C"><span style="font-family:Verdana">LuK3</span></span>]] [[User_talk:LuK3|<span style="color:#000080"><span style="font-family:Verdana">(Talk)</span></span>]]''' 17:10, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Truly one of our finest editors. He will be much missed. [[User:Edwardx|Edwardx]] ([[User talk:Edwardx|talk]]) 17:12, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*This is extremely sad to hear. I've always respected David as a member of Wikimedia NYC. Even though I only met him in person once, he was very knowledgeable, humble, and just a great person to be around. His passing is a great loss to all of us. – [[User:Epicgenius|Epicgenius]] ([[User talk:Epicgenius|talk]]) 17:13, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*DGG was a fount of institutional knowledge on this project. This is such a huge loss.-- [[User:Ponyo|<span style="color: Navy;">'''Ponyo'''</span>]]<sup>[[User talk:Ponyo|<span style="color: Navy;">''bons mots''</span>]]</sup> 17:14, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

:That's... I have no words. DGG was the best of us. He will be missed. <sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">[[User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]]|[[User talk:Piotrus|<span style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here</span>]]</sub> 17:15, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Rest easy David :( — [[User:TheresNoTime|TheresNoTime]] ([[User talk:TheresNoTime|talk]] • they/them) 17:16, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Rest in peace, David. A great contributor to the project, he will be missed. :( [[User:Tails Wx|<span style="background:#FFDF00;color:#0000FF">'''Tails'''</span>]] [[User talk:Tails Wx|<span style="color: orange">'''Wx'''</span>]] 17:20, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*A fine editor and fellow Wikimedia NYC member has left us. His hard work will be greatly missed; my sincere condolences to his friends and family. <sup>[[User:ComplexRational|'''<span style="color:#0039a6">Complex</span>''']]</sup>/<sub>[[User talk:ComplexRational|'''<span style="color:#000000">Rational</span>''']]</sub> 17:22, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*I'm devastated. Ever since my early steps on WP, David was there to guide and counsel me. I learned so much from him, I feel orphaned. Rest now, my friend. --[[User:Randykitty|Randykitty]] ([[User talk:Randykitty|talk]]) 17:22, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*A huge loss to Wikipedia. We met in person once, over a decade ago now. We didn't always share the same opinions but I always respected your calm and considered contributions to discussions. You will be missed. [[User:HJ Mitchell|<b style="color: teal; font-family: Tahoma">HJ Mitchell</b>]] | [[User talk:HJ Mitchell|<span style="color: navy; font-family: Times New Roman" title="(Talk page)">Penny for your thoughts?</span>]] 17:25, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*This is quite sad to hear, and a major loss for the community. Condolences to his family. [[User:DMacks|DMacks]] ([[User talk:DMacks|talk]]) 17:26, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Rest in peace, David. The English Wikipedia and Wikimedia NYC won't be the same without you. You will be missed! <span style="font-family:sans-serif">— <span style="font-weight:bold">[[User:MusikAnimal|<span style="color:black; font-style:italic">MusikAnimal</span>]] <sup>[[User talk:MusikAnimal|<span style="color:green">talk</span>]]</sup></span></span> 17:26, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* Rest in peace. I remember you being a good presence throughout the Wikis. You will be missed. [[User:Soni|Soni]] ([[User talk:Soni|talk]]) 17:37, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
*Very sad news. He was a trove of knowledge from whom I learned so very much. His enthusiasm in rescuing old and abandoned drafts from being lost to G13 was unmatched. – [[User:SD0001|<span style="font-weight: bold; color: #C30">SD0001</span>]] ([[User talk:SD0001|talk]]) 17:39, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* Very sad to see this. Rest in peace, David. [[User:Mackensen|Mackensen]] [[User_talk:Mackensen|(talk)]] 17:42, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

:This is very sad news. Condolences to the family. [[User:Dreamy Jazz|Dreamy <i style="color:#d00">'''Jazz'''</i>]] <sup>''[[User talk:Dreamy Jazz|talk to me]]'' | ''[[Special:Contribs/Dreamy Jazz|my contributions]]''</sup> 17:45, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* I was fortunate enough to serve with him on the Arbitration Committee in 2015, and while we did not always share the same opinions his views were always well argued and originated from a deep desire to do what was best for the project and its editors. This news has come as somewhat of a shock so I'm still processing it, but it is definitely clear that he will be sincerely missed by many people here including me. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] ([[User talk:Thryduulf|talk]]) 17:46, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* So sorry to hear about this. A great and knowledgeable editor who will be sorely missed. --[[User:David Tornheim|David Tornheim]] ([[User talk:David Tornheim|talk]]) 17:56, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* A great loss. David was erudite, kind, driven, and nurturing. It was always a pleasure to speak with him in person. He will be missed. [[User:Ijon|Ijon]] ([[User talk:Ijon|talk]]) 17:56, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* David was one of the Wikipedia editors and admins I respected the most. Even when I disagreed with them, his insightful comments always made me stop and think and wonder if he was actually right after all, and his knowledge about academic subjects might well be one of the best Wikipedia has ever had. I know he worked closely with {{u|Kudpung}} on trying to bring out the best in the NPP / AfC procedures, and that's another thing he'll be missed for. I never met him but I got a chance to meet face to face and chat briefly at one of the NY meet-ups when they were online - I wanted to talk about NPP / AfC a bit but I was distracted by other things, so never got the chance. A sad loss :-( [[User:Ritchie333|<b style="color:#7F007F">Ritchie333</b>]] [[User talk:Ritchie333|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(talk)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Ritchie333|<sup style="color:#7F007F">(cont)</sup>]] 17:58, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* One of the very best in our community. I feel this loss personally as David was incredibly helpful to me in my early days as a novice editor. My deepest condolences to his family, friends and loves ones. May his [[Memory eternal|memory be eternal]]. -[[User:Ad Orientem|Ad Orientem]] ([[User talk:Ad Orientem|talk]]) 18:05, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* Rest well, DGG, you've lived a great life and your memory surely will be a blessing! [[User:Kingoflettuce|<span style="color:black; font-family: copperplate gothic bold; font-variant: small-caps">'''KINGofLETTUCE 👑'''</span>]] [[User talk:Kingoflettuce|🥬]] 18:06, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
* This is tragic news. I had the privilege of meeting David ten years ago at Wikimania, where we shared a session. I appreciated his vast knowledge of the movement and his keen insights into Wikipedia culture. His wisdom will be greatly missed. [[user:guillom|guillom]] 18:07, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Circus (French band)

2023-01-15T20:55:26Z

Guillom: extra word

{{short description|French musical band}}{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Circus
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin = France
| genre = Pop
| years_active = 2012–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members = {{plainlist|
*[[Calogero (singer)|Calogero]]
*[[Stanislas (singer)|Stanislas]]
*Philippe Uminski
*Elsa Fourlon
*Karen Brunon
}}
| past_members =
}}
'''Circus''' is a French band established in 2012 by [[Calogero (singer)|Calogero]], [[Stanislas (singer)|Stanislas]], Philippe Uminski, Elsa Fourlon and Karen Brunon. All are already established artists.

Their debut self-titled album ''Circus'' was released on 5 November 2012. The songs, mostly about the [[circus]] are written by [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]], [[Dominique A]], [[Marc Lavoine]] and [[Marie Bastide]]. The pre-released single from the album is "Sur un fil"<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Circus/news-80576.html ChartsinFrance.com: Découvrez le premier clip de Circus (Calogero, Stanislas, Uminski) – "Sur un fil"] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> that was released on 18 June 2012, on radio and downloads. A big concert was also organized in [[Théâtre Marigny]] in Paris in 2013.

==Band members==
All five members contribute vocals and play at least one instrument each in the band:
*Calogero – vocals, bass guitar and harmonica
*Stanislas – vocals, piano and keyboard
*Philippe Uminski – vocals, guitar
*Elsa Fourlon – vocals and guitar
*Karen Brunon – vocals and violin

==Discography==

===Album===
2012: ''Circus''
Track list
#"C'est quoi ce cirque?" (Lyrics: Marie Bastide – [[Jean-Jacques Goldman]] / Music: [[Calogero (singer)|Calogero]] – Philippe Uminski) – (3:29)
#"Sur un fil" (Lyrics: Jean-Jacques Goldman / Music: Calogero – Gioacchino – Stanislas) (4:13)
#"Moi je joue" (Lyrics: [[Marc Lavoine]] – Philippe Uminski / Music: Calogero – Stanislas) (3:18)
#"Chagrin d'ami" (Lyrics: Marc Lavoine / Music: Calogero) (3:17)
#"Ce soir et demain" (Lyrics: Marc Lavoine / Music: Calogero) (4:16)
#"L'Amour suicide" (Lyrics: Marc Lavoine / Music: Calogero) (3:22)
#"Le Numéro" (Lyrics: Philippe Uminski / Music: Calogero – Stanislas) (3:28)
#"Les Nuits romaines" (Lyrics: Dominique A / Music: Calogero – Stanislas) (5:30)
#"La Prière de Rosa" (Lyrics: Marie Bastide / Music: Stanislas) (1:14)
#"Je tombe" (Lyrics: Marie Bastide / Music: Calogero) (3:26)
#"Stella monte" (Lyrics: Marie Bastide / Music: Gioacchino – Stanislas) (2:21)
#"Souvenir" (Lyrics: Marc Lavoine / Music: Calogero – Gioacchino – Stanislas) (3:22)
#"L'Origine" (Lyrics: Marc Lavoine / Music: Calogero) (3:35)

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="140"|Album
!align="center" colspan="1"|Peak positions
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="100"|Album
|-
!width="20"|<small>[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FR]]</small><br /><ref name="lescharts">[http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Circus+%5BFR%5D LesCharts.com: Circus [FR] page]</ref>
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2012
|''Sur un fil''
|align="center"|102
|align="center"|''Circus''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:French musical groups]]

Talk:Miles Morales

2023-01-14T13:48:38Z

Guillom: Undid revision 1133570975 by 223.224.28.199 (talk)

{{Talk header}}
{{ArticleHistory
|action1=GAN
|action1date=21:10, 9 June 2012
|action1link=Talk:Miles Morales/GA1
|action1result=listed
|action1oldid=496785947
|currentstatus=GA
|topic=Language and literature
}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Comics|class=GA|importance=low|Marvel=yes|Spidey=yes}}
{{WikiProject Fictional Characters|class=GA}}
}}
{{notaforum}}
== Scorn Regarding Race ==
I feel it's inaccurate to say the new Miles Morales character causes controversy solely on race alone. I saw the entry and added an edit about how he wasn't an established character that mostly led to people's disdain, and someone quickly changed it back to racism. I bolded it for discussion and someone unbolded it. I'm abiding by the rules, so i only ask that others do the same. If you read through the IGN Comic Boards and other forums on the internet, there are scores of black and latino people (myself included) that echo the same sentiment as I. [[User:Niyemortal|Niyemortal]] ([[User talk:Niyemortal|talk]]) 04:44, 11 August 2011 (UTC)Niyemortal
:I'm the one who un-bolded it, not because I don't think we should discuss it, but because there didn't appear to be a reason for the bolding within the article itself. The talk page is the right place for discussions like this. So kudos on bringing it here. :) ... Moving on to the subject, I do think we can say that the primary source of the controversy was the character's race, and the perceived political motivations for doing so. Spider-Man and numerous other characters have been "killed" (temporarily) and replaced before, by people of the same race, and in the primary Marvel Universe no less, with little or no public controversy. That being said, if you can find a way to word it effectively, and source it properly, [[WP:Bold|be bold]]! <span style="color:green;">Evanh2008,</span> <span style="color:purple;">Super Genius</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;"> [[User:Evanh2008|Who am I?]] [[User talk:Evanh2008|You can talk to me...]]</span> 23:31, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
::That's a lie. The only time Spider-Man was truly replaced was in the 90's during the Clone Saga storyline, and the outrage back then was even worse than it is now. While race is a element fueling the controversy, this would still exist regardless of whether the new Spider-Man was black or not. - [[User:ESE150|ESE150]] ([[User talk:ESE150|talk]]) 15:39, 1 September 2011 (UTC)w

== Gay or no? ==
Will the new character be gay? I am hearing that he will. Could someone elaborate who knows more about it? I think he is a wonderfully diverse character either way, but it would certainly be historic for such a mainstream character to be homosexual. <small><span class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Glendale1|Glendale1]] ([[User talk:Glendale1|talk]] •
[[Special:Contributions/Glendale1|contribs]]) 11:54, 4 August 2011 (UTC)</span></small> 
:Him being gay was a "joke" started by Glenn Beck. It has absolutley no basis in reality. [[User:Notthegoatseguy|Notthegoatseguy]] ([[User talk:Notthegoatseguy|talk]]) 01:12, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
::I haven't heard of Beck having anything to do with it. To my understanding, it comes from something the artist said in an interview, that one day multiracial characters and characters of other backgrounds (gay, minority, whatever) will be commonplace. That's what Newsarama tells me, anyway. <span style="color:green;">Evanh2008,</span> <span style="color:purple;">Super Genius</span> <span style="font-size:x-small;"> [[User:Evanh2008|Who am I?]] [[User talk:Evanh2008|You can talk to me...]]</span> 01:18, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
:::Sarah Pachelli, the artist, said "Maybe sooner or later a black or gay — or both — hero will be considered something absolutely normal." Some news sources, such as The Daily Mail, took this to mean (I'll just quote their article...) "But another surprise could be in the pipeline after his creators said that in the future they would not rule out making him gay." with the headline of "Marvel Comics reveals the new Spider Man is black - and he could be gay in the future". [[Special:Contributions/66.168.67.155|66.168.67.155]] ([[User talk:66.168.67.155|talk]]) 21:32, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

No
he will not be [[User:Kohcohf|Kohcohf]] ([[User talk:Kohcohf|talk]]) 08:53, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

== Miguel O'Hara ==

While Miguel was half Latino, he was not Half Irish. His real father was Tyler Stone, not the man whose last name he took. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/189.203.69.29|189.203.69.29]] ([[User talk:189.203.69.29|talk]]) 19:35, 12 October 2011 (UTC)</span> 

== Subject/verb ==
"Miles Morales is a fictional comic book superhero published by Marvel Comics."

How about "a fictional superhero in a comic book published by Marvel Comics?" It's the book that's published, not the superhero. <span style="font-size: smaller;" class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/98.252.8.102|98.252.8.102]] ([[User talk:98.252.8.102|talk]]) 23:12, 9 March 2012 (UTC)</span> 
:I think you have a good point. I looked at the articles for [[Spider-Man]] and [[Batman]] and will change the header to match those.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 01:47, 10 March 2012 (UTC)
::Okay, is the current version better? It's not exactly what you described but it flows better IMO than the previous version.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 01:50, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

== Andrew Garfield reference ==

Andrew Garfield made a reference how he would like to see the next Spider-Man actor be a Black/Hispanic actor. Would this be notable/reliable (being that he didn't mention Miles by name) enough to mention in the article?--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 01:26, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

::I do seem to remember that a while back...it is true but I am not sure I remember that's a reference of him or not. Where is the source that you saw it from? [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 19:54, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
:::Here are two sources [http://www.bleedingcool.com/2012/02/06/andrew-garfield-wants-next-spiderman-be-half-black-half-hispanic-miles-morales/]. [http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/02/06/amazing-spider-man-miles-morales-andrew-garfield-emma-stone/] He didn't mention Miles by name so I guess it might fall under [[WP:OR]] but at the same time the connection has been brought up by other sources, so maybe we could say "leading some reporters to believe that he was referring to Miles Morales" or something similar.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 20:23, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

:::That last suggestion could possible work. It's at leat a try. I am also curious have you thought of nominating this as a good article? Because it is holding up pretty nicely when compared to other fictional character articles. [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 20:30, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

::::: I'll take a look and see if it fits the requirements. Thanks.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 20:46, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

::::If neither Garfield nor a secondary source reference Miles Morales in relation to Garfield's quote, then this article is not the place to add it. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 20:43, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

:::::A few secondary sources, including the ones linked, have referenced MIles in conjunction with Garfield's comments.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 20:46, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

::::::The closest thing that seems to come close as to not fitting that requirements for GA is that Morales behind his mask image might not be acceptable for a fair use rational. Personally I don't have a problem with it but you might want to know a real reviewer's opinion on that. Even still you could always try to find a good commentary for a image to make it acceptable. [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 23:34, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

:::::::..and also the lead might need summarizing per [[WP:lead]] but that is always the easiest part.[[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 23:37, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

== Miles Morales and the USM cartoon ==

The show really has nothing in common with the Ultimate comics and the connection is really in name only. It's basically just Spider-Man teaming up with other heroes and there's nothing based off anything Bendis wrote. It doesn't even take place in the Ultimate Universe as the various characters are based on their 616 counterparts (except for Nick Fury who is the Samuel L Jackson version). Knowing that, is the bit about Miles Morales not being in the cartoon really relevant to the article? It would be like saying "He's not the lead in The Amazing Spider-Man movie despite the movie drawing inspiration from the Ultimate comics".--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 18:12, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

:If it's not in the body of the article, it should not be mentioned in the lead of the article. It also does seem a little irrelevant. [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 19:06, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

::I'd think the passage clarifies to readers that the topic of the Morales article has nothing to do with the topic of the cartoon article, as they both have the same name. This way the uninitiated who may come across the article(s) will understand that the two have little to do with one another. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 15:47, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

:::Still doesn't belong in the lead if the body of the article doesn't state it. It may need to move per [[WP:Lead]] whether it stays or goes. [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 16:16, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

:::At the very least I don't think "despite appearing in the comics, he's not..." as that implies that he should be in the show.--[[User:CyberGhostface|CyberGhostface]] ([[User talk:CyberGhostface|talk]]) 17:54, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

::::Of course the difference between the Miles Morales in the comics and the Miles Morales in ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'' is that it's his father Jefferson Davis that is dead and not Rio Morales. Plus, Miles Morales operated as Kid Arachnid when he crossed over into Spider-Man's reality unlike in the comics where Miles Morales still operated as Spider-Man even when the real Spider-Man was away. --[[User:Rtkat3|Rtkat3]] ([[User talk:Rtkat3|talk]]) 15:12, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

== Citation needed for "Lou Dobbs expressed outrage" ==
The statement "Radio host and conservative pundit Lou Dobbs expressed outrage over the original Spider-Man being replaced by the new biracial hero." basically implies that Lou Dobbs is a racist who objected only to Miles Morales' race. That's a very serious accusation. Either a citation with quotes should be added that backs this up or this line should be removed from the article entirely. [[User:Burnsbert|Burnsbert]] ([[User talk:Burnsbert|talk]]) 14:51, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

: No, it just relates what he said. It doesn't "imply" anything. Quotes are certainly not a bad idea, but they are not required, and wholesale removal of both that passage and the citation that supported it, simply because it did not contain an exact quote, as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_Morales&type=revision&diff=647884421&oldid=647385190 you indicated when you blanked that passage], was not justified. I have restored it. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 01:47, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

== Lede needs edit. ==
The sentence:"The character possesses powers similar to those of the original Spider-Man, which were derived from the bite of a spider genetically engineered by Spider-Man's nemesis Norman Osborn in an attempt to duplicate those abilities." is vague and irrelevant. It is about Peter Parker's power's origin, and needs to be about Morales'. There is no reason I should have to dig into the article to find out that Morales was bitten by a genetically modifed spider conferring powers similar to Parker's, augmented by camoulage and "stun" capabilities. Needs to be rewritten and kept on subject (which is the Morales character). I also note there seems to be a huge argument about his race, but he has two (if one wants to be PC and claim "Latino" is a race). It would be helpful to learn what the racial breakdown of '''readers''' of this Comic Book character is; I don't suppose Marvel is willing to say? A fairly good estimate is probably the demographics of the relevant age group, which IS available. Why not include it? As a WASP, I find the kerfluffle silly. Africa should surpass Asia in population in the next 50 years or so, whether you just start using a different ink composition on Peter (there's no reason, afaics, that Peter must be "white" or European) or introduce a "new and improved version", as done here, a profit-oriented interprize has to keep its characters in tune with the readers it is courting. (Which isn't the 35 year old living in Mom's basement). Speaking of the race issue, its hard for me to believe no one has commented on his camouflage ability in terms of black's invisibility in mainstream America...I'll also note that this article claims the stun takes 2-4 seconds and equates it to a kick in the balls. LOL. Really? 2 seconds? Written by someone who is female or castrated (or clueless). It doesn't take 2 seconds for a 'fetal response' to such an injury. I bring it up because it is silly, and inaccurate and of doubtful use as an explanation,unless his stun immobilizes via pain? In which case, anyone on adrenaline will be pretty much immune...Spiders are too small, in general, to generate a significant electrical charge, but whatever...none of this stuff is based on anything like real physics.[[Special:Contributions/173.189.72.165|173.189.72.165]] ([[User talk:173.189.72.165|talk]]) 16:02, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

: The passage on the powers is neither vague nor irrelevant. Since Miles' version of Spider-Man is a derivative of Peter Parker's, and since his powers were derived from an attempt by Norman Osborn to duplicate Parker's powers, mentioning the original is entirely relevant to Miles' origin story, and does not mitigate the fact that the article is about Miles, any more than an article on [[Aristotle]] fails to restrict itself to that subject by mentioning that he was taught by [[Plato]].

: Nor is not "vague", since the passage is perfectly clear in meaning. Since the Lead section is a summary of the article's most salient information, and per [[WP:MOSLEAD]], it is written in more '''general''' terms than the article body. Greater detail on the powers is given in the Infobox and the section on Powers. The level of detail in those sections is not appropriate for the Lead.

: As for most of the rest of your suggestions, we are limited by the information that we can find in [[WP:IRS|reliable]], published, [[WP:PSTS|secondary sources]]. I hadn't come across any sources on the racial breakdown of readers of Miles' stories, or interpretations of his camouflage ability, but if you or anyone else knows of any, I'm all for adding that material.

: The article does not claim that the stun takes a few seconds to take effect or equate it to a kick in the testicles. It cites Brian Michael Bendis, who co-created the character, as saying this. I've met Bendis on a couple of occasions, and photographed him for this and other articles, and while he appeared to be male, I admit I did not inspect him closely enough to determine if he had been castrated.

: The article does not say that it takes that long to respond to being kicked in the testicles. It says that it takes that long for the effects of the venom strike to fully manifest themselves, and that it ''feels'' like being so kicked, per what Bendis said. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 01:47, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

== External links modified ==
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 13 external links on [[Spider-Man (Miles Morales)]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=773195934 my edit]. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit [[User:Cyberpower678/FaQs#InternetArchiveBot|this simple FaQ]] for additional information. I made the following changes:
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.usatoday.com/life/comics/2011-08-01-black-spider-man_n.htm
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/compost/post/sorry-peter-parker-the-response-to-the-black-spiderman-shows-why-we-need-one/2011/08/03/gIQAViObsI_blog.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.latinrapper.com/axel-alonso-interview.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.usatoday.com/life/comics/2011-08-02-new-spider-man-inside_n.htm
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/lifestyle/2011/08/16/remembering-first-and-forgotten-latino-spider-man/
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/miles-morales-check-out-sara-pichelli-inking-the-new-ultimate-spider-man/2011/08/16/gIQA90qUJJ_blog.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.newsarama.com/comics/new-ultimate-spider-man-revealed-110802.html
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194010/http://comicsalliance.com/ultimate-spider-man-miles-morales-marvel-universe-crossover-cataclysm/ to http://comicsalliance.com/ultimate-spider-man-miles-morales-marvel-universe-crossover-cataclysm/
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*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140111164535/http://comicsalliance.com/ultimate-marvel-now-miles-morales-spider-man-ff-bendis-fialkov-fiffe-marquez/ to http://comicsalliance.com/ultimate-marvel-now-miles-morales-spider-man-ff-bendis-fialkov-fiffe-marquez/
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://comics.ign.com/articles/118/1186020p1.html
*Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nowsaltlake.com/articles/view/1580
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120319053302/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/08/04/drudge-report-thinks-new-spider-man-could-be-gay-glenn-beck-a/ to http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/08/04/drudge-report-thinks-new-spider-man-could-be-gay-glenn-beck-a/

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==Miles Morales in Spider-Man (2017 TV series)==
If you ask me, I think [[Kevin Shinick]] and those involved with the 2017 ''[[Spider-Man (2017 TV series)|Spider-Man]]'' cartoon are doing a good job with their depiction of Miles Morales so far. As of the "Ultimate Spider-Man" episode, the spider that bit Miles Morales was identified to be the Electrolis Arachnatis which was one of the eight spiders that [[Raymond Warren (comics)|Raymond Warren]] had experimented on before the spiders were confiscated by [[Norman Osborn]]. This spider specimen got out when Miles Morales bumped into [[Spencer Smythe]]. What do you people think of this rendition of Miles Morales so far? --[[User:Rtkat3|Rtkat3]] ([[User talk:Rtkat3|talk]]) 15:12, 27 September 2017 (UTC)

== External links modified (January 2018) ==

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== Proposed move ==
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
:''The following is a closed discussion of a [[WP:requested moves|requested move]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section. ''

The result of the move request was: '''moved'''<small>([[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover|closed by non-admin page mover]])</small> '''<span style="font-family: Arial">[[User:StraussInTheHouse|<span style="color: red">SITH</span>]] [[User talk:StraussInTheHouse|<span style="color: blue">(talk)</span>]]</span>''' 21:03, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
----

Per [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics#Characters]], if characters are more [[WP:COMMON|commonly]] known by their civilian names (like Miles), then those should be used for the article of the character. This will also remove the need for disambiguation ([[WP:NATURALDIS]]). [[User:TheJoebro64|<small style="color:red">JOE</small>]][[User talk:TheJoebro64|<small>BRO</small>]][[Special:Contributions/TheJoebro64|<span style="color:#D18719">64</span>]] 17:51, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

'''Change to Miles Morales''', per above. This is the common procedure for multiple characters that have at one time or another born the mantle of a particular superhero: [[Hal Jordan]], [[Carol Danvers]], [[Hank Pym]]. etc. It's also consistent with the practice of naming the article after the name by which the character is more commonly known, as Miles Morales is usually referred to in [[WP:OUTUNIVERSE|out-universe]] contexts as such, and not "Spider-Man." <small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nightscream|contribs]]) 05:28, 9 December 2018 (UTC)</small>
*'''Support'''' per nom. Comic characters are much easier to handle when titled based on their civilian name (if known) and only disambiguated further if there is a conflict. The correct way to handle these is that the articles named for the character summarize their fictional story and abilities (before, during, and after any aliases), whereas the article titled for an alias encompasses the use of that alias in various media and assumed by various characters. -- [[User:Netoholic|Netoholic]] [[User talk:Netoholic|@]] 09:47, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
*'''Support''': Most merchandise of his does just refer to Miles Morales. Plus that’s what most people refer to him as anyways. [[User:Pinky Rhino|Pinky Rhino]] ([[User talk:Pinky Rhino|talk]]) 04:17, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
** Of course he does have an Earth-616 counterpart who is an older man and a criminal that had connections with [[Kingpin (character)|Kingpin]] as seen during the "Spider-Men II" storyline and the version of Miles that appears in ''[[Spider-Man (2018 video game)|Spider-Man]]'' hasn't become the second Spider-Man yet. Perhaps this merge might work. --[[User:Rtkat3|Rtkat3]] ([[User talk:Rtkat3|talk]]) 16:45, 10 December 2018 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 07:23, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
----
:''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this [[Help:Using talk pages|talk page]] or in a [[Wikipedia:Move review|move review]]. No further edits should be made to this section.''</div>

==navbox update==
Remember to fix all the links in navboxes.[[User:*Treker|★Trekker]] ([[User talk:*Treker|talk]]) 22:01, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

:{{Done}} [[User:Jhenderson777|<span style="border:1px solid blue;padding:1px:color:blue">Jhenderson</span>]]<sup>'''[[User talk:Jhenderson777| <span style="color:red;">7</span><span style="color:blue;">7</span><span style="color:aqua;">7</span>]]'''</sup> 22:19, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

==Accusation of publicity stunt==
I removed "with some { {Who?|date=December 2018} } decrying it as a publicity stunt motivated by [ [political correctness] ], a charge Alonso denied "
from the page, because it has no reference, ''and'' it contains the [[Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported attributions|canonical weasel-words]] "with some". Replace it only if you can find a ''reliable'' reference. Thanks, [[User:Nwbeeson|Nick Beeson]] ([[User talk:Nwbeeson|talk]]) 04:14, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

: The passage indeed has references. In fact, it has four. The guideline on weasel words pertains to [[WP:WEASEL|'''unsupported attributions''']]. Since the passage is indeed attributed to the cited sources, this does not apply. The word "some" is not a policy violation simply because it appears in Wikipedia article, unless the citations do not support it. That phrase indeed appears in the cited sources.

: Perhaps you meant that the citations were not in the ''Lead section.'' Since the Lead is a summary of the article's most salient information, this means it necessary repeats material in the article body, and per [[MOS:LEADCITE]], that material does not necessarily need citations if there are citations for it in the body, '''unless''' it is controversial or likely to be challenged. I didn't think the material would be challenged when I wrote it, but I now added cites to the Lead that match the ones in the body. I apologize for taking so long to address your post, as I was unaware of it until now. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 01:47, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

== Homeworld and comic citation ==
I want to know if [[Ultimate Marvel]] (Earth-1610) should be added to the homeworld section on the character Infobox. Also I think that the citation of ''Spider-Man City at War'' #2 should be added on the video game section of the article. I don't know about this so I'm asking for opinions about this. [[User:Penguin7812|Penguin7812]] ([[User talk:Penguin7812|talk]]) 09:48, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

: Well, the Batman and Superman articles both have the planet/city of origin, so it seems reasonable to include the city and borough, so I added it to both the Miles and the Peter Parker articles, per your suggestion. However, I don't think that parameter is for which "universe" a character is from, I'm guessing because the uninitiated reader wouldn't understand that.

: As for ''City at War'', can you clarify? I don't see such a citation. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 19:12, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Oh yeah, sorry. The comic series ''Spider-Man: City At War'' is comic book adaptation of the game ''Marvel's Spider-Man PS4''. And Miles Morales appears in issue #2 of this series and I think that it should be mentioned in the video game second as a citation. [[User:Penguin7812|Penguin7812]] ([[User talk:Penguin7812|talk]]) 05:31, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

:I would add mention of it to the video game passage. You could also add a brief mention of it to the Other versions section. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 18:16, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

==Image deletion nomination(s)==

One or more images currently used in this article have been nominated for deletion as violations of the non-free content criteria (NFCC).

You can read more about what this means and why these files are being nominated for deletion at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics#Image deletion nominations for NFCC 8 and 3a]].

You can participate at the deletion discussion(s) at [[Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2020 April 26]]. If you are not familiar with NFCC-related deletion discussions, I recommend reading the post linked above first.

Sincerely, [[User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] ([[User talk:The Squirrel Conspiracy|talk]]) 03:53, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

== Update "Other Versions" section with info on Ultimatum? ==

Miles appears in the prime universe (Earth-616) as a villian basically. He eventually becomes part of Mile's group of villians. With Giant Man's suit and Captain America's shield as weapons. His goal is to send Miles back to the Ultimate Universe so that he can be Earth-616's only Miles Morales. I think we should update Prime Mile's section to include information on him as the villian called "Ultimatum". Basically we have the section "Other versions" and the first subsection being "Ultimatum" since that depiction of Miles is signifigant enough, the second being a list of every other version.

Here's an exerpt from the Marvel Database [https://marvel.fandom.com/wiki/Miles_Morales_(Earth-616) (Source)] that we can work off of. This contains plot information from ''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' issues 10, 14, 16, and 19.

::''After Spending an unknown amount of time in the Ultimate Universe, Mile began to call himself '''Ultimatum''' and decided to travel back to the Prime Marvel Universe. For unknown reasons, he brought the Green Goblin with him. After reencountering his younger counterpart he visited Wilson Fisk, now the mayor of New York, to talk about running the streets with him again. He then proceeded to sell a drug, culled from Green Goblin's blood, throughout Brooklyn in order to have the people turned into his syndicate of Goblinoids.''

::''After Prowler came to Ultimatum to deliver him a chemical, Ultimatum explained to Aaron about the nature of the Multiverse and his plan regarding the young Spider-Man, while knocking Davis out. Then Assessor and Spider-Man's clone, Asset 42, recaptured Spider-Man. Ultimatum confronted his younger counterpart and revealed that he was the Miles Morales of the 616 universe. He then explained to Spider-Man that after sending Miles and his entire family back to their original native universe, he would proceed to take over Brooklyn. However, after finding out that his henchmen failed to capture Spider-Man's parents, Prowler knocked him out after freeing himself and Miles.''

The Ultimatum storyline is concluded in issue 21 but it hasn't been released or transcribed anywhere yet. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:3591:C2F7:17BA:F268|2604:2000:1107:8A76:3591:C2F7:17BA:F268]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:3591:C2F7:17BA:F268|talk]]) 03:04, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

: Other wikis like Fandom cannot be used as sources, per [[WP:USERG]]. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 14:27, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

::There are other news articles reporting on the Ultimatum storyline. I meant to use the Wikia article as a “Draft” that would’ve been heavily edited. I’m busy right now but after your next reply I can link to some other news articles [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:1989:70C8:B19:7232|2604:2000:1107:8A76:1989:70C8:B19:7232]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:1989:70C8:B19:7232|talk]]) 18:00, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

:::{{reply to|Nightscream}} Took a while but here are like 7 different articles reporting on the Miles Morales Ultimatum plotline. Again, Fandom was meant to act as a template to be edited. The described portion doesn't even cover the whole story. The final issue of the Ultimatum plotline releases around December 2nd 2020 so by then we should have something set up.
:::For all of the lurkers who might want to edit, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MOnRrvSxHs Comicstorian] does a good summary of the entire Spider-Ma: Miles Morales comic so if you cant find a copy or any good summaries try him. The video linked only cover issues 18-20, but the earlier issues are in the description. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:55D9:5A7D:4F64:F919|2604:2000:1107:8A76:55D9:5A7D:4F64:F919]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:55D9:5A7D:4F64:F919|talk]]) 02:33, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

:::[https://www.gamesradar.com/natacha-bustos-takes-over-miles-morales-spider-man-22/ "Natacha Bustos takes over Miles Morales: Spider-Man #22"] (November 9th 2020)
:::[https://www.cbr.com/captain-america-miles-morales-allies-outlawed-civil-war/ "Captain America Takes a Side in Miles Morales' Civil War"] (November 5th 2020)
:::[https://www.cbr.com/spider-man-miles-morales-ultimatum/ "Spider-Man: Miles Morales Just Came Face to Face With His Twisted Reflection"] (October 9th 2020)
:::[https://www.cbr.com/miles-morales-spider-man-20/ "Miles Morales: Spider-Man #20"] (November 1st 2020)
:::[https://www.cbr.com/miles-morales-spider-man-21-solicit-ultimatum-saga-conclusion/ "Miles Morales Has a BIG Problem in the Ultimatum Saga's Conclusion"] (September 18th 2020)
:::[https://screenrant.com/miles-morales-spiderman-captain-america-comic/ "Miles Morales is Teaming Up With Captain America"] (August 24th 2020)
:::[https://www.cbr.com/miles-morales-ultimatum-earth-616/ "Ultimatum's Identity Is Revealed - And It Spells Bad News For Miles Morales"] (September 14th 2019)

I think Ultimatum should get his own article if he's become that significant a character.

In teenaged Miles' article however, I think it should be restricted to summary mentions of him in perhaps two places: In the fictional character biography section, which summarizes the major plot appearances of the villain, and an even more summarized addendum to the first paragraph of the Other versions section, which merely reiterates/redirects to the passage I just described. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 02:44, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

:{{reply to|Nightscream}} Which passage did you describe? Anyway people are a bit iffy on the Ultimatum storyline so unless he gets a major appearance in a cartoon or movie (Like Spider-Verse?) I'd just make an "Ultimatum" section in this page, abridge his existing description and make a short summary of his activity as a villian, and redirect "Ultimatum (Marvel Comics Character)" to that section. If we need a picture then [https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/5/5d/Miles_Morales_%28Earth-616%29_from_Miles_Morales_Spider-Man_Vol_1_10_001.png/revision/latest?cb=20190915051718 this one of him donning Ultimate Captain America's shield and Giant Man's suit] should work. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:F450:35B2:4F04:2B5F|2604:2000:1107:8A76:F450:35B2:4F04:2B5F]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:F450:35B2:4F04:2B5F|talk]]) 20:32, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

::There already is an entire paragraph devoted to him in the Other versions section. I thought you were indicating that he has made subsequent appearances. If he has, and appears in significant coverage in [[WP:PSTS|secondary sources]], then he could qualify for his own article. If he hasn't, then I see no need to expand the material on him in this article. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 00:38, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

:::{{reply to|Nightscream}} That's exactly what I'm saying. The other versions portion should be updated because currently, he is not on Earth-1610 but Earth-616. Even if not the way I'm saying, his current exploits as a villian should be elaborated on in both Miles's biography section and Ultimatum's section. If my first sentence confused you then sorry about that, he's made appearences from September 2019 until now as the villian Ultimatum.

I'm saying he should not have his own page (Like you suggested) until he becomes notable enough, and until then his section on this article should be updated and any attempt to search up "Miles Morales Earth 616" or "Ultimatum (Marvel Comics Character)" should redirect to the "Other versions" portion here. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C|2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C|talk]]) 03:53, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

: So what updates do you recommend? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 23:31, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

::I already said.: ''"I think we should update [Ultimatum's] section to include information on him. Basically we have the "Other versions" section and the first subsection being "Ultimatum" since that depiction of Miles is signifigant enough [to be distinguised], the second being a list of every other version."''
::You also suggested to include most of the major plot developments involving Ultimatum in Miles's biography section, with an "even more summarized" description of him in his own section. It's a bit funny given that were describing two versions of the same character with on of them not even qualifying for his own page. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C|2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:F47F:ABCB:FB47:4A0C|talk]]) 02:56, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

::: I understand that you said that, but I'm not clear on what it is, more precisely, that you want to change. What I was getting at --- and I'm sorry I didn't come out and say it more explicitly --- was to suggest that you present your suggested edit here, so we can then discuss it. :-) [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 22:01, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

::::{{reply to|Nightscream}}Thank you for clearing that up. Sorry I didn't get to it sooner, I'm just honestly bad at editing Wikipedia pages. I was hoping some other people would jump in and help me based on the information and sources I've laid out. Anyway let me just propose an extention of Ultimatum's existing section here. Not expecting us to put this all in until around January since it's only two of us:

:::::''"After spending some time in the Ultimate Universe, Miles began to call himself "Ultimatum" and traveled back to his home universe with [[Hank Pym#Ultimate Marvel|Giant Man's]] suit, [[Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)|Captain America's]] shield, and the native [[Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)|Green Goblin]] as his henchman. He created and sold drugs from Goblin's blood in order to mutate people in Brooklyn into Goblinoids. After discovering his teenaged counterpart, Ultimatum has Miles kidnapped by the Assesor and a clone of Spider-Man. He reveals to a restrained Aaron Davis and Miles the nature of the Multiverse and his plan to send Miles and his entire family back to their home universe."''

::::Here's a summary of similar events on Ultimate Green Goblin's page which I feel should be incorporated into the edit. The first portion is more important than the second:

:::::''"<nowiki>When Empire State University's engineering facility comes under attack, Miles Morales as Spider-Man encounters the Goblin. When fighting him, Miles remembered this version of Goblin. During the fight with the Goblin, Miles is ambushed by a villain called Ultimatum who subdues with size-shifting powers. After somehow remembering Miles, Ultimatum grabs the Goblin and uses his rocket boots to make off with him.<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #10. Marvel Comics.</ref>"''

:::::''"After he managed to obtain a sample of the drug that Ultimatum was producing, Spider-Man II was attacked again by the Goblin. Miles managed to defeat the Goblin and hand him over to the police.<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #14. Marvel Comics.</ref> The Goblin managed to escape and use his drug to turn people into smaller versions of himself called Goblinoids. With his Goblinoids, the Goblin led them in attacking Brooklyn Visions Academy. Though he was defeated by Spider-Man II again, the Goblin got away.<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #15. Marvel Comics.</ref></nowiki>"''

::::[[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:A915:A2A8:DE23:FDE2|2604:2000:1107:8A76:A915:A2A8:DE23:FDE2]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:A915:A2A8:DE23:FDE2|talk]]) 22:40, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Okay, I'm a bit lost, because I thought "Ultimatum" was the name of the adult Miles, but now I read above that it's someone with size-shifting powers.

In any event, how would you incorporate the info you think is relevant into this article? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 06:15, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

: {{reply to|Nightscream}} You are confused. Ultimatum is adult Miles. From Prime Marvel. One that was never bitten by a spider because the events that led Miles to being bit never happened in the Prime Marvel Universe. He stole technology that enables size shifting powers. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:71EC:237D:7D30:EAEC|2604:2000:1107:8A76:71EC:237D:7D30:EAEC]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:71EC:237D:7D30:EAEC|talk]]) 17:46, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

:: I know that up until the size-shifting bit. (I read the ''Spider-Men'' miniseries, and am the one who added the current info on him in the article.) I just haven't read past that.

:: Why don't you take the passage(s) in the article to which you wish to add updated info and present your proposed additions to them here? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 02:01, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

{{reply to|Nightscream}} A bit late but here's my draft, with no citations since that got hard to manage in source. [[Special:Contributions/2604:2000:1107:8A76:2941:189D:61C4:1996|2604:2000:1107:8A76:2941:189D:61C4:1996]] ([[User talk:2604:2000:1107:8A76:2941:189D:61C4:1996|talk]]) 03:01, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

=== Ultimatum (Earth-616/Prime Universe) (Draft 1) ===

([https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/1/1b/Spider-Men_II_Vol_1_3_Textless.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/920?cb=20170718210959 This image] With a caption like: "A criminal Miles Morales from the Prime Universe (Spider-Men II #3, November 2017)"
[https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/5/5d/Miles_Morales_%28Earth-616%29_from_Miles_Morales_Spider-Man_Vol_1_10_001.png/revision/latest?cb=20190915051718 This image] of his Ultimatum persona. Caption like: "Ultimatum wearing Giant Man's suit (Miles Morales: Spider-Man #10 November 2019)")

:''In the 2012 miniseries Spider-Men, the mainstream Marvel Universe Peter Parker briefly visits the Ultimate Marvel universe and meets Miles Morales.[99] This was followed up in the 2017 sequel miniseries Spider-Men II, in which the Earth-616 version of Miles Morales makes his first appearance,[100] and is revealed to be a fully-grown adult with a scarred face.[67][101][102][103] The version of Miles became a close friend and confidant to the mob enforcer Wilson Fisk when he saved Fisk's life in prison, an event that resulted in the scars on Miles' face. Miles worked for Fisk following their time in prison, aiding him during Wilson's violent rise to crime boss in New York. Subsequent to this, after Miles fell in love with a woman named Barbara Sanchez, Fisk arranged to have all traces of Miles' existence erased from searchable records in order help Miles leave his criminal life behind him.[104][105] Years later, after Barbara died, Fisk informs a grief-stricken Miles that he has knowledge of a parallel universe in which Barbara might still be alive.[106] Miles hires the Taskmaster, who confirms not only that the Ultimate Universe still exists following the events of the "Secret Wars" storyline, but that its version of Barbara is still alive. The adult Miles journeys to the Ultimate Universe to reunite with his lost love, essentially switching places with his younger counterpart.[107]''

:<nowiki>''After spending some time in the Ultimate Universe, Miles began to call himself "Ultimatum" and traveled back to his home universe with Giant Man's suit, Captain America's shield, and the native Green Goblin as his henchman. He created and sold drugs from Goblin's blood in order to mutate people in Brooklyn into Goblinoids. After discovering his teenaged counterpart<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #10. Marvel Comics.</ref>'', Ultimatum has Miles kidnapped by the Assesor and a clone of Spider-Man. He reveals to a restrained Aaron Davis and Miles the nature of the Multiverse and his plan to send Miles and his entire family back to the Ultimate universe. However, after finding out that his henchmen failed to capture Spider-Man's parents, Prowler knocked him out after freeing himself and Miles.''<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #19. Marvel Comics.</ref>"''

:''They fight through a horde of Brooklyn residents mutated into Goblinoids with the help of Starling, Captain America, Jefferson Davis, and Bombshell. A supersized Ultimatum and Green Goblin catch up to them and begins battling the heroes. Ultimatum nearly succees in teleporting Miles and Aaron to their home universe, but Aaron sacrifices himself by overloading his Prowler suit and destroying the machine causing it, sending both Ultimatum and Green Goblin back to the Ultimate Universe.''<ref>''Miles Morales: Spider-Man'' #20. Marvel Comics.</ref></nowiki>"''

=== Alternate versions of Miles Morales ===
(Every other version gets listed here.)
::I think it's way too much detail for a simple storyline. I think just the essentials could be summarized thus:

:::''Miles eventually takes on the criminal identity of Ultimatum, and returns to the Marvel-616 universe with the Ultimate Universe's Green Goblin as his henchman, where he kidnaps the teenaged Miles and Aaron Davis, whom Ultimatum informs of the multiverse. After the two abductees free themselves, they and their allies battle Ultimatum's forces, during which Aaron sacrifices himself to destroy the machine (<< what machine? >>), sending the two villains back to the Ultimate Universe.''

::As I noted in my proposed tweak, what "machine" is being referred to here? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 03:17, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

::: {{reply to|Nightscream}}It was never named. But it was introduced while Ultimatum kidnapped Miles and Aaron. During the final fight he had apparently shrunk it beforehand and regrew it before activating it. I also left the existing portion unedited. So right now the body looks like this? [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:1F00:6B91:7448:6E4E:6E55:FBD9|2603:7000:1F00:6B91:7448:6E4E:6E55:FBD9]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:1F00:6B91:7448:6E4E:6E55:FBD9|talk]]) 22:50, 24 December 2020 (UTC)

:::: {{ping|2603:7000:1F00:6B91:7448:6E4E:6E55:FBD9}} Yes, but you have to establish it first. You can't just make a passing reference to "the machine" near the end of the paragraph, without establishing what it is, or what function it has in the story. The name of the main character in ''[[Tenet (film)|Tenet]]'' is never revealed, but the opening sentence of the plot section of that film's article establishes who and what he is. Hell, just the first five words of the sentence do this.

:::: Also, editors who intend to do more than just a one-off edit are expected to create a username account. This also makes it easier to address them. Could you consider doing so? Thanks. And btw, Happy Holidays! [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 00:28, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

::::: Can't. And yeah, in the second draft I did refer to the machine and its function at the start. I've already sent the image files I want in the Ultimatum section to Wikipedia:Files for upload but you can punch them in if you don't mind. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:1F00:6B91:B462:F9C1:651C:4096|2603:7000:1F00:6B91:B462:F9C1:651C:4096]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:1F00:6B91:B462:F9C1:651C:4096|talk]]) 01:07, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

::::::Okay, sorry I missed that. Reading it now, I see that it just says it's for "his goals", but nothing else. If it's not necessary for a reader's understanding of the passage, then we can leave it out. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 23:23, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

=== Ultimatum (Earth-616/Prime Universe) (Draft 2) ===

([https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/1/1b/Spider-Men_II_Vol_1_3_Textless.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/920?cb=20170718210959 This image], Caption: "A criminal Miles Morales from the Prime Universe (Spider-Men II #3, November 2017)"
[https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/5/5d/Miles_Morales_%28Earth-616%29_from_Miles_Morales_Spider-Man_Vol_1_10_001.png/revision/latest?cb=20190915051718 This image] of Ultimatum persona, Caption: "Miles as Ultimatum (Miles Morales: Spider-Man #10 November 2019)" either one or both is acceptable)

:''In the 2012 miniseries Spider-Men, the mainstream Marvel Universe Peter Parker briefly visits the Ultimate Marvel universe and meets Miles Morales.[99] This was followed up in the 2017 sequel miniseries Spider-Men II, in which the Earth-616 version of Miles Morales makes his first appearance,[100] and is revealed to be a fully-grown adult with a scarred face.[67][101][102][103] The version of Miles became a close friend and confidant to the mob enforcer Wilson Fisk when he saved Fisk's life in prison, an event that resulted in the scars on Miles' face. Miles worked for Fisk following their time in prison, aiding him during Wilson's violent rise to crime boss in New York. Subsequent to this, after Miles fell in love with a woman named Barbara Sanchez, Fisk arranged to have all traces of Miles' existence erased from searchable records in order help Miles leave his criminal life behind him.[104][105] Years later, after Barbara died, Fisk informs a grief-stricken Miles that he has knowledge of a parallel universe in which Barbara might still be alive.[106] Miles hires the Taskmaster, who confirms not only that the Ultimate Universe still exists following the events of the "Secret Wars" storyline, but that its version of Barbara is still alive. The adult Miles journeys to the Ultimate Universe to reunite with his lost love, essentially switching places with his younger counterpart.[107]''

:''Miles eventually took on the criminal identity of Ultimatum, and returns to the Marvel-616 universe with the Ultimate Universe's Green Goblin as his henchman. He kidnaps the teenaged Miles and Aaron Davis, whom Ultimatum informs of the multiverse and reveals a the machine he plans to use for his goals. After the two abductees free themselves, they and their allies battle Ultimatum's forces, during which Aaron sacrifices himself to destroy Ultimatum's machine, and sends the two villains back to the Ultimate Universe.''

=== Alternate versions of Miles Morales ===
(Every other version gets listed here.)

== Removed image file ==
Dunno who removed the image of Ultimatum Miles but it was approved for Wiki use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_upload#Miles_Morales_(Earth-616)_from_Miles_Morales_Spider-Man_Vol_1_10_001.png here. It gets deleted if it is not in an article for seven days. This image is just as cited as every other image in the article. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624|2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624|talk]]) 18:38, 7 January 2021 (UTC)
* From a look at it, Nightscream removed it other parts for uncited material per WP:V/WP:NOR. [[User:Pissedgreenlink|Pissedgreenlink]] ([[User talk:Pissedgreenlink|talk]]) 18:46, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

::I have not removed any photo. The Ultimatum image is still in the article. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 01:24, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

::: Because I put it back. You removed it in this version of the article and I undid it. Again, the image is just as well cited as every other image in the article and has been verified for use.

::: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_Morales&oldid=998725247#Ultimatum

::: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_Morales&type=revision&diff=998725247&oldid=998521446

::: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_Morales&type=revision&diff=998935749&oldid=998725247

::: [[Special:Contributions/2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624|2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624]] ([[User talk:2603:7000:1F00:6B91:2969:7C86:46D0:F624|talk]]) 01:44, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

:::: Sorry, I missed that. I was removing the uncited "protoge" passage, and didn't realize I was removing a photo too. Thanks for restoring it. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 05:02, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

== Miles’ powers ==
Why is Miles’ powers wording of his powers different than [[Spider-Man]] and [[Spider-Woman (Gwen Stacy)]]? He essentially has the same powers has them except the invisibility and venom powers. So shouldn’t his superhuman skills be the same? Strength-yes, speed-yes, agility-yes, durability?-I say yes. Also they both say accelerated healing, which is just better way of saying resistance to injury. Yes he can’t get hurt, because all the damage he takes will just heal itself up rapidly. Just my case. [[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 04:08, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

: The Spider-Man article makes no mention of durability. The [[Spider-Woman (Gwen Stacy)]] article did not include any citation for that claim, nor any mention of it in the Powers and abilities section, so I removed it per [[WP:V]]/[[WP:NOR]]/[[WP:CS]]/[[WP:PSTS]], et al.

: Even if they did, how their articles are composed would depend at least in part on how those powers were defined in those sources.

: And for that matter, why should his article be written the same as theirs? Why should theirs not be written the same as his? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 15:14, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

::So as I long as I find sources that support my case, you’re cool with keeping them? I noticed you didn’t remove their accelerated healing, which again is the same as resisting to injuries. [[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 17:06, 1 April 2021 (UTC)

:::No it isn't. Resistance to injury means just that: That you have a degree of invulnerability, which prevents you from ''getting'' injured. A healing factor enables you to recover ''after you've been'' injured.

::: I favor retaining information that is in keeping with the site's policies on [[WP:V]], [[WP:NOR]], [[WP:CS]], et al.

::: I didn't do an all-encompassing review of those other two articles, but since you brought it up, I did a closer examination of the Powers sections in them.

:::* There was no source for any "durability" or accelerated healing in the [[Spider-Woman (Gwen Stacy)]] article, nor any mention of it in the Powers section, so I removed it. However, there was also, strangely enough, no mention of her speed or agility in the article body. It's as if people add stuff to the Infobox, as if it's a "substitute" for the material in the article's body, when in reality, the Infobox, like the Lead section, is simply to display information that's already found in the body in summary form. I went and found a source for her speed/agility, and added it to the Powers section.
:::* There was also no mention of healing ability in the Powers section of the Peter Parker article either. Since I actually read a 1989 issue that explicitly indicated this (possibly the one in which writer [[David Michelenie]] himself established it), I added it to that section, and cited that issue as the source. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 20:34, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
:::::Didn't really answer my question. If <u>I</u> find sources that support my cases, will you be ok that?[[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 04:30, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
::::::Probably did not answer because that is not a fair question. I certainly would not blindly accept that unseen sources that you claim to have would be acceptable. You have made multiple attempts to add unsourced claims. Show us your supposed sources and let other editors decide if they are reliable sources, and if they are sufficient to support your claims. [[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 04:51, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
::::::And Nightscream is completely correct in saying that accelerated healing is different from invulnerability. If you don't understand that you probably should not be editing this. [[User:Meters|Meters]] ([[User talk:Meters|talk]]) 04:56, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

You know I don't really see why we are comparing Miles to Ghost Spider. Granted I have been putting King in black arc on hold for a while, but wouldn't the comparison make more sense with a person that doesn't have a symbiote? Unless I am wrong and him getting a symbiote in the arc is made permanent. <ref></ref> [[User:P.greenlink|P.greenlink]] ([[User P.greenlink|talk]]) 18:43, April 2, 2021 (UTC)
:Kinda off topic my friend. I’m not really making any comparisons, just pointing out some of the similarities between the characters. When I have the time I’ll look for sources.[[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 22:55, 2 April 2021 (UTC)
Ok, I don’t know how this thing turned into a roast of me. Calling me stupid and illiterate, is taking a bit too much. So everyone just calm the hell down, ok. Alright, I found some sources. There wasn’t a lot, but the few I found is here. I also included one for Spider-Gwen too. Do with this what you will. If you revert it, I’ll get the message. I’m too stupid to be on here and should piss off. But if not, I will gladly continue having this conversation. That being said:

* https://www.marvel.com/characters/spider-man-miles-morales/in-comics — from the official marvel website. Lists all his powers and also interestingly enough it says, ″resistance to injury″. So congrats on that.
* https://www.thegamer.com/spiderman-miles-morales-superpowers-unknown/ — not sure about the website, but since it’s owned by the same company that also runs ScreenRant, CBR, and Gamerant, I’ll leave it here. PS, I know it mainly talks about the video game but the powers listed are the same here.
* https://www.marvel.com/characters/spider-woman-gwen-stacy/in-comics — again, from the official marvel website.
[[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 05:42, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

:: You're not being roasted, and no one has called you stupid. But you've demonstrated an inability to distinguish between two different sets of terms, which worries me for an encyclopedia editor. But I'm not going to labor this point. I appreciate that you're willing to discuss things and look for sources, and even concede when one of them supports the POV of the person who disagree with. That takes honesty and class, which I often don't see in disagreements, so please understand that I genuinely appreciate it, and I apologize if I came across as unduly hurtful in my criticism above. Perhaps I should've found a way to admonish in a manner that came across more positive.

::Regarding the sourcing issue, this article is about the comics character, not the video game character. Since the Marvel source already said "resistant to injury," as you stated, I imagine that settles this. Regarding the Marvel page on Gwen, what precisely does it say? I looked for the words "heal", "injury", etc., and didn't find them. The only place "durability" appears is under that "meter" at the top, and I find the "3" rating to be vague.

::I'll add that Marvel source about Miles to the article.

::Also, I removed the ref tags around your sources, so that they don't show up at the bottom of this page. Let me know if you're not okay with this. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 03:44, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

:::Thank you, I accept your apology. It’s much better if we’re civilized and calm during these discussions, rather than getting heated. All that being said, what about the sections that said about the superhuman attributes—like strength, speed, stamina, etc.—with the official website listing these, do we include them or not? The same applies to the Spider-Gwen page as well. Thanks for this.<br>PS: Thank you for the sources situation, wasn’t sure how to do it myself. [[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 01:54, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

::::Don't they already do so now? [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 14:50, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

:::::I meant the ones that aren’t listed like Superhuman Reflexes and Superhuman Durability—that’s from the first Miles Morales source. Sorry, if I meant any confusion there. [[User:Kinsley Bottom|Kinsley Bottom]] ([[User talk:Kinsley Bottom|talk]]) 16:51, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

:::::: Okay, I just added superhuman reflexes to Miles' article. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 00:51, 7 April 2021 (UTC)

== Trivia worthy? ==
In 2004 in the first episode of "Boston Legal" while delivering a passionate speech on racial equality, Reverend Al Sharpton (playing himself) demands, among other things, "give us an African-American Spiderman". Quotable Source: http://tvmegasite.net/prime/shows/boston/transcripts/season1/bl-trans-0101.shtml [[Special:Contributions/2003:CA:3F21:5F99:2120:332B:1F8:CC43|2003:CA:3F21:5F99:2120:332B:1F8:CC43]] ([[User talk:2003:CA:3F21:5F99:2120:332B:1F8:CC43|talk]]) 12:23, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

: That has nothing to do with the subject of this article, which first appeared in 2011. [[User:Nightscream|Nightscream]] ([[User talk:Nightscream|talk]]) 14:11, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

Universal Edit Button

2023-01-08T18:49:02Z

Guillom: Undid revision 1131788146 by 170.185.249.88 (talk)

{{Short description|Browser extension indicating a web site is editable}}
{{Infobox software
| logo = UniversalEditButton3.svg
| caption =
| platform = [[Cross-platform]]
| released = June 19, 2008
| author = Travis Derouin
| genre = [[Browser extension]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''Universal Edit Button''' is a [[browser extension]] that provides a green [[pencil]] icon in the [[address bar]] of a [[web browser]] that indicates that a [[web page]] on the [[World Wide Web]] (most often a [[wiki]]) is editable. It is similar to the orange "broadcast" [[Feed icon|RSS icon]] ([[File:Feed-icon.svg|16px|link=Feed icon]]) that indicates that there is a [[web feed]] available. Clicking the [[Computer icon|icon]] opens the edit window. It was invented by a collaborative team of wiki enthusiasts, including [[Ward Cunningham]], [[Jack Herrick]], and many others.

== History ==
[[File:UniversalEditButton.png|thumb|The first version of the button, created in 2007]]

The concept was first conceived during the 2007 [[RecentChangesCamp]] in [[Montreal, Quebec]]. After the next RecentChangesCamp, coding began by Travis Derouin, [[MediaWiki|Brion Vibber]] and other programmers, the button was officially launched on June 19, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikisym.org/2008/06/19/wiki-this-site-the-universal-edit-button-launches-today/|title=The Universal Edit button launches today|last=Cleaver|first=Martin|website=[[WikiSym]]|date=2008-06-19|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223231344/http://www.wikisym.org/2008/06/19/wiki-this-site-the-universal-edit-button-launches-today/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Conversations on this idea started at RoCoCo (a [[RecentChangesCamp]]) in [[Montreal]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rocococamp.info/|title=RoCoCo|website=RoCoCoCamp.info|date=2008-04-30|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315005959/http://rocococamp.info/|url-status=live}}</ref> and discussions continued on the [[AboutUs.org|AboutUs]] wiki.<ref>[http://www.aboutus.org/UniversalWikiEditButton Discussions on the AboutUs wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006115042/http://aboutus.org/UniversalWikiEditButton |date=2008-10-06 }} — [[AboutUs.org]]</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:UWEBinaction.png|thumb|upright|A screenshot from WikiIndex.org showing the Universal Edit Button in action]]

The Universal Editing Button (UEB) is intended to enable an internet user to quickly recognize when a [[website]]—such as a [[wiki]]—may be edited. According to the UEB's creators, "it is a convenience to web surfers who are already inclined to contribute, and an invitation to those who have yet to discover the thrill of building a common resource. As this kind of public editing becomes more commonplace, the button may become regarded as a badge of honor. It serves as an incentive to encourage companies and site developers to add {{Sic|hide=y|publicly|-}}editable components to their sites, in order to have the UEB displayed for their sites."

[[Tim Berners-Lee]]'s initial vision for the web was a read-write medium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/38|title=So I Have a Blog|author=[[Tim Berners-Lee]]|publisher=Decentralized Information Group (DIG)|date=2005-12-12|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308060244/http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/38|url-status=live}}</ref> However, as the web matured, very few web sites offered users the ability to write or edit. The web became primarily a "read only" medium. In the 2000s, [[wiki]]s spread the concept that the web could be editable. The success of [[Wikipedia]], and the increasing utility of wikis like [[wikiHow]], [[AboutUs.org]], [[Wikivoyage]] and [[Wikia]] demonstrated the possibility that open editing could create usable information resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universaleditbutton.org/About|title=About the Universal Edit Button|website=UniversalEditButton.org|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307201335/http://universaleditbutton.org/About|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
The plug-ins on the browser side recognize the specific form of the alternative link specification in HTML fragment:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://universaleditbutton.org/Add_The_Link |title=Documentation, how to implement the button on the server side |access-date=2011-04-18 |archive-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521095944/http://universaleditbutton.org/Add_The_Link |url-status=live }}</ref>

<syntaxhighlight lang="html4strict">
<link rel="alternate"
type="application/x-wiki"
title="Welcome to edit this page!"
href="wiki?edit=myEditLink"/>
</syntaxhighlight>

The ''href'' part tag species the edit page that corresponds with the page being viewed. Every server that is capable and willing to support the user editing can include this fragment and this way enable the button. Hence the button support can be relatively easily added to various web applications if the source code is available. The tag does not put any requirements on the details about the editing session itself and simply brings to the page where the user would also come by clicking on ''Edit'' tab (or similar). The button is normally used in the ''user editable'' pages, so no maintainer-only credentials should be asked to start a valid editing session. If only registered (logged in) users can edit, the button should bring to the register/login form.

Plug-ins are currently available for [[Firefox]], [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], [[Epiphany (web browser)|Epiphany]], and [[Google Chrome|Chrome]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/universal-edit-button/ |title=Firefox plug-in |access-date=2011-11-03 |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610202419/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/universal-edit-button/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://addons.opera.com/en/addons/extensions/details/universal-edit-button/ Opera plug-in]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://johannes.sipsolutions.net/Projects/epiphany-extensions |title=Epiphany plug-in page |access-date=2009-04-04 |archive-date=2008-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821081343/http://johannes.sipsolutions.net/Projects/epiphany-extensions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://code.google.com/p/umonkey-tools/wiki/ueb |title=Chrome plug-in page |access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-date=2010-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080405/http://code.google.com/p/umonkey-tools/wiki/ueb |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Supported websites ==
Websites supporting the Universal Edit Button include [[wikiHow]], [[AboutUs.org]], [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] (including [[Wikipedia]], [[Wiktionary]], [[Wikimedia Commons]] and all other Wikimedia projects<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/06/19/firefox-3-and-the-wiki-edit-button/|title=Wikimedia announcement|website=Blog.Wikimedia.org|date=20 June 2008|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307220358/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2008/06/19/firefox-3-and-the-wiki-edit-button/|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[MediaWiki]] software, [[DokuWiki]], [[MoinMoin]], [[PhpWiki]], [[Socialtext]], [[TWiki]], the [[Creative Commons]] wiki, [[Foodista.com|Foodista]], [[Wikia]], [[PBworks]], WikkaWiki, [[Memory Alpha]], [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'s How-To blog, [[WordPress]] (as a [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universaleditbutton.org/WordPress_plugin|title=WordPress plugin|website=UniversalEditButton.org|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327093720/http://universaleditbutton.org/WordPress_plugin|url-status=live}}</ref>), and many others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dokuwiki.org/plugin:ueb|title=plugin:ueb|last=Gohr|first=Andreas|date=2008-06-20|website=[[DokuWiki]]|access-date=2009-06-11|archive-date=2009-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308165517/http://www.dokuwiki.org/plugin:ueb|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 28, 2008|author=Niall Kennedy|url=http://www.socialtext.com/blog/2008/06/a-universal-edit-button-for-th/|title=Socialtext announcement|website=SocialText.com|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2010-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727030532/http://www.socialtext.com/blog/2008/06/a-universal-edit-button-for-th/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Blog/2008-06-20-universal-wiki-edit-button-for-twiki|title=TWiki announcement|website=TWiki.org|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2008-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234836/http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/Blog/2008-06-20-universal-wiki-edit-button-for-twiki|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8387|title=Creative Commons announcement|website=CreativeCommons.org|date=2008-06-22|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2008-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221213915/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8387|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pbworks.com/2008/06/20/the-universal-edit-button/|title=PBwiki announcement|website=Blog.PBWiki.com|date=20 June 2008|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430110601/http://blog.pbworks.com/2008/06/20/the-universal-edit-button/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.wikkawiki.org/WhatsNew1166|title=WikkaWiki announcement|website=Docs.WikkaWiki.org|access-date=2009-03-17|archive-date=2009-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314024929/http://docs.wikkawiki.org/WhatsNew1166|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.webmonkey.com/2008/06/wikis_rally_around_universal_edit_button/ Wikis Rally Around Universal Edit Button] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812051659/http://www.webmonkey.com/2008/06/wikis_rally_around_universal_edit_button/ |date=2011-08-12 }} — Webmonkey</ref> Currently,{{when|date=June 2013}} the project's website lists over 80 other websites that have implemented support for the button.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* [http://siliconflorist.com/2008/06/27/universal-edit-button-ward-cunningham-mark-dilley-and-peter-kaminski/ A podcast on the Universal Edit Button] by [[Ward Cunningham]] (inventor of the wiki), Mark Dilley ([[AboutUs.org]]), and Peter Kaminski ([[Socialtext]]).

{{Web browsers}}

[[Category:Free Firefox WebExtensions]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]
[[Category:Wikis]]

Wikipedia:Meetup/San Francisco/Invite

2022-08-13T13:07:33Z

Guillom: rm myself

'''OPT-IN''': Please '''add''' your username if you are interested in learning about San Francisco '''[[Bay Area]]''' meet-ups, edit-a-thons, wiknics and so forth!{{brk|2}}
'''OPT-OUT''': Please '''remove''' your username below.

== Invite list ==

Gathered from past meetups, campus ambassadors, direct sign ups and other San Francisco Bay Area folks:



#{{#target:User talk:Accedie}}
#{{#target:User talk:Adria.richards}}
#{{#target:User talk:Al83tito}}
#{{#target:User talk:Almonroth}}
#{{#target:User talk:Amashmallow888}}
#{{#target:User talk:ANDROMITUS}}
#{{#target:User talk:Andyvphil}}
#{{#target:User talk:Aprock}}
#{{#target:User talk:Az1568}}
#{{#target:User talk:Bagel7}}
#{{#target:User talk:Barte}}
#{{#target:User talk:Bastique}}
#{{#target:User talk:BazaNews}}
#{{#target:User talk:BenKovitz}}
#{{#target:User talk:BillyTFried}}
#{{#target:User talk:bitofdust}}
#{{#target:User talk:Canticle}}
#{{#target:User talk:CAPTAIN RAJU}}
#{{#target:User talk:Carolxu}}
#{{#target:User talk:Catavar}}
#{{#target:User talk:Ceremona}}
#{{#target:User talk:Checkingfax}}
#{{#target:User talk:ChesPal}}
#{{#target:User talk:Citeseer3000}}
#{{#target:User talk:Claisam}}
#{{#target:User talk:Coolcaesar}}
#{{#target:User talk:CristianoBoccolini}}
#{{#target:User talk:Cruthaitheoir}}
#{{#target:User talk:Cullen328}}
#{{#target:User talk:Cupcakemuffin}}
#{{#target:User talk:Cupoflizard}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dangtony}}
#{{#target:User talk:Daniel.inform}}
#{{#target:User talk:Daonguyen95}}
#{{#target:User talk:Davecampbell}}
#{{#target:User talk:Deeb}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dicklyon}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dmgultekin}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dogzoe}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dvortygirl}}
#{{#target:User talk:Dwalls}}
#{{#target:User talk:Eekiv}}
#{{#target:User talk:Effeietsanders}}
#{{#target:User talk:ElisaManheim}}
#{{#target:User talk:EncycloPetey}}
#{{#target:User talk:Fifthcoastbobcat}}
#{{#target:User talk:Firefox13}}
#{{#target:User talk:Freia Alona}}
#{{#target:User talk:Friarslantern}}
#{{#target:User talk:Garamond Lethe}}
#{{#target:User talk:GayleKaren}}
#{{#target:User talk:Grantbow}}
#{{#target:User talk:Greg G}}
#{{#target:User talk:Heatherawalls}}
#{{#target:User talk:I dream of horses}}
#{{#target:User talk:IFaqeer}}
#{{#target:User talk:Ijon}}
#{{#target:User talk:ImperfectlyInformed}}
#{{#target:User talk:JackHerrick}}
#{{#target:User talk:James Allison}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jdforrester}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jeff in CA}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jenschaffner}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jooojay}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jscarboro}}
#{{#target:User talk:Judytuna}}
#{{#target:User talk:Justinesherry}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jwild}}
#{{#target:User talk:Jxm}}
#{{#target:User talk:Kaldari}}
#{{#target:User talk:Keymoto159}}
#{{#target:User talk:KSRolph}}
#{{#target:User talk:L235}}
#{{#target:User talk:Leonard G.}}
#{{#target:User talk:Lilaroja}}
#{{#target:User talk:malpern}}
#{{#target:User talk:MarcMyWords}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mark viking}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mathglot}}
#{{#target:User talk:MatthewEHarbowy}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mattsenate}}
#{{#target:User talk:Maximilianklein}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mazarines}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mdz}}
#{{#target:User talk:Merrilee}}
#{{#target:User talk:Michelev}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mike Linksvayer}}
#{{#target:User talk:Mono}}
#{{#target:User talk:Msannakoval}}
#{{#target:User talk:Nafpaktitism}}
#{{#target:User talk:Neezil}}
#{{#target:User talk:nealmueller}}
#{{#target:User talk:Neil P. Quinn}}
#{{#target:User talk:Newell_Post}}
#{{#target:User talk:nihil novi}}
#{{#target:User talk:Ninasnanay}}
#{{#target:User talk:Orangutans}}
#{{#target:User talk:Otaviogood}}
#{{#target:User talk:Paul.h}}
#{{#target:User talk:Paulburnett}}
#{{#target:User talk:Paulproteus}}
#{{#target:User talk:Peteforsyth}}
#{{#target:User talk:Philinje}}
#{{#target:User talk:Philippe}}
#{{#target:User talk:Phoebe}}
#{{#target:User talk:Pi.1415926535}}
#{{#target:User talk:Picardin}}
#{{#target:User talk:ProveIt}}
#{{#target:User talk:Ptuziak}}
#{{#target:User talk:Quantumavik}}
#{{#target:User talk:Quirkify}}
#{{#target:User talk:Robynduby}}
#{{#target:User talk:Rook2pawn}}
#{{#target:User talk:Rosiestep}}
#{{#target:User talk:RosPost}}
#{{#target:User talk:Saehrimnir}}
#{{#target:User talk:Sam}}
#{{#target:User talk:Sanfranman59}}
#{{#target:User talk:SarahStierch}}
#{{#target:User talk:Sborsody}}
#{{#target:User talk:Scalasaig}}
#{{#target:User talk:Sebastianne13}}
#{{#target:User talk:ShakataGaNai}}
#{{#target:User talk:shri123}}
#{{#target:User talk:SPat}}
#{{#target:User talk:StevenEcht}}
#{{#target:User talk:StrayBolt}}
#{{#target:User talk:Stussll}}
#{{#target:User talk:Sue Gardner}}
#{{#target:User talk:Surjpanj}}
#{{#target:User talk:SystemBuilder}}
#{{#target:User talk:TalkAbout}}
#{{#target:User talk:tffnyy}}
#{{#target:User talk:Theweekintro}}
#{{#target:User talk:Thewellman}}
#{{#target:User talk:Tropical Storm Angela}}
#{{#target:User talk:Trosetty}}
#{{#target:User talk:Tvol}}
#{{#target:User talk:Voyager640}}
#{{#target:User talk:W Nowicki}}
#{{#target:User talk:Wataimi}}
#{{#target:User talk:WickerGuy}}
#{{#target:User talk:WikiLeon}}
#{{#target:User talk:ZTebaykina}}



[[Category:Wikipedia meetups in the San Francisco Bay Area| ]]
[[Category:MassMessage delivery lists]]

Template talk:Infobox diagnostic

2022-04-08T18:33:14Z

Guillom: /* MeSH URL */ new section

{{WikiProject Infoboxes}}
{{WikiProject Medicine}}

==Things that need fixing==
#Does someone know how to fix the documentation? Does not seem to displace the right info but displaces that from the disease infobox
#The ICD9 linker does not work properly. The code for CBC is for example G0306 [http://www.icd9data.com/HCPCS/2011/G/G0306.htm]
#The emedicine data is not displaying properly. Here is the emedicine page [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/complete_blood_count_cbc/article_em.htm#overview] for CBC.
#A line for "normal values" would be excellent
Thanks [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) 09:10, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
: Fixes to address the above four points have been made to both the sandbox (see [[Template:Diagnostic_infobox/testcases|testcases]]) and the live version. [[User:Boghog|Boghog]] ([[User talk:Boghog|talk]]) 08:51, 4 June 2011 (UTC)
::Wow Bog you do great work :-) [[User:Jmh649|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Jmh649|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Jmh649|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Jmh649|email]]) 09:17, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

:Apparently, after certain changes made today, this template is now broken (see [[Magnetoencephalography]] for example), though I'm not yet certain if the problem is due to changes in this template or to subtemplates it references. Does anybody know what we'd have to roll back to get this working again? --[[User:Arcadian|Arcadian]] ([[User talk:Arcadian|talk]]) 05:07, 5 July 2011 (UTC)
::I have restored this template to the June 6th version, and [[Magnetoencephalography]] is appearing fine again. Please do not undo this change without performing testing on affected pages. --[[User:Arcadian|Arcadian]] ([[User talk:Arcadian|talk]]) 19:14, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

::: Overly-complicated image code wasn't falling back gracefully. Sandbox code should be good to go again now. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 21:44, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

:::: Re-synced with sandbox. [[user:thumperward|Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward)]] - [[user talk:thumperward|talk]] 07:41, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

==Added "based on" and "test of"==
"Test of" would be what substance the test usually measures.

"Based on" meaning what other test does this one work on.

[[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 18:14, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

==LOINC linking ==
WHen you click the LOINC link now it produces terrible result. You must login to see the details. There is a better way to link.
Can someone please help me change the linking to LOINC from a search to this linking: example https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/24320-4.html?sections=Comprehensive (so template like https://s.details.loinc.org/LOINC/<CODE_HERE>.html?sections=Comprehensive from current link that requires LOINC login to see the code details. Where and how can I make this change. Current pattern is https://search.loinc.org/search.zul?query=CODE-HERE e.g. https://search.loinc.org/search.zul?query=24320-4 [[User:EncycloABC|EncycloABC]] ([[User talk:EncycloABC|talk]]) 15:57, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

{{Help me-helped}}
: I have made the change you suggest [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:LOINC&diff=884280756&oldid=827027436 here]. Cheers, [[User:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[User talk:Bovlb|talk]]) 17:46, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
::Thanks. Works much better. <small class="autosigned">— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:EncycloABC|EncycloABC]] ([[User talk:EncycloABC#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/EncycloABC|contribs]]) 19:52, 19 August 2019 (UTC)</small> 

== move LOINC and MESH and other links to medical resources - out of the infobox ==

as with other infoboxes, I propose to move links to medical resources - and to be handled similarly as in 'medical intervention (new)'.
[[User:EncycloABC|EncycloABC]] ([[User talk:EncycloABC|talk]]) 19:51, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

== MeSH URL ==

Hey folks; the URL structure of the NIH's MeSH Browser website seems to have changed. The infoboxes were leading to the search interface, and the ID wasn't taken into account. Because the template is only used on a thousand or so pages, I went ahead and updated the field to use the website's new URL structure, so that links now correctly lead to the topics. However, the MeshYear parameter is no longer taken into account (a way to include it in the new URL structure didn't come up after a cursory look). I'm leaving this message here in case people more familiar with the MeSH Browser know how to improve on my edit. [[user:guillom|guillom]] 18:33, 8 April 2022 (UTC)

Template:Infobox diagnostic

2022-04-08T18:28:47Z

Guillom: update MeSH URL structure per talk page

{{infobox
| abovestyle = background-color: {{{background|{{{Background|lightblue}}}}}}
| above = {{{Name|<includeonly>{{{name}}}</includeonly>}}}
| subheader2 = {{{subheader|{{{Subheader|}}}}}}
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{Image|}}}}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{Width|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1.3|alt={{{alt|{{{Alt|}}}}}}}}
| caption = {{{caption|{{{Caption|}}}}}}

| label1 = Pronunciation
| data1 = {{#if:{{{pronounce|{{{Pronounce|{{{Pronunciation|{{{pronunciation|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{{pronounce comment|}}} |{{{pronounce|{{{Pronounce|{{{Pronunciation|{{{pronunciation|}}}}}}}}}}}}{{{pronounce ref|}}} {{{pronounce comment|}}} }}{{#if:{{{pronounce 2|}}} |<br/>{{{pronounce 2|}}} }}

| label2 = [[Synonym]]s
| data2 = {{{Synonym|{{{synonym|{{{Synonyms|{{{synonyms|}}}}}}}}}}}}

| label3 = [[Reference range]]
| data3 = {{{reference_range|{{{Reference_range|}}}}}}

| label4 = Calculator
| data4 = {{{Calculator|{{{calculator|}}}}}}

| label5 = Purpose
| data5 = {{{Purpose|{{{purpose|{{{Purposes|{{{purposes|}}}}}}}}}}}}

| label6 = Test of
| data6 = {{{Test of|{{{test of|}}}}}}

| label7 = Based on
| data7 = {{{Based on|{{{based on|}}}}}}

| label8 = [[ICD-10 Procedure Coding System|ICD-10-PCS]]
| data8 = {{{ICD10|}}}

| label9 = [[ICD-9-CM Volume 3|ICD-9-CM]]
| data9 = {{{ICD9|}}}

| label10 = [[ICD-9-CM Volume 3|ICD-9]]
| data10 = {{{ICD9unlinked|}}}

| label11 = [[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]]
| data11 = {{#if:{{{MeshID|}}}|<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui={{{MeshID|}}} {{{MeshID}}}]</span>}}

| label12 = [[OPS-301|OPS-301 code]]
| data12 = {{{OPS301|}}}

| label13 = Other [[procedure codes|codes]]
| data13 = {{{OtherCodes|}}}

| label14 = [[MedlinePlus]]
| data14 = {{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.htm {{{MedlinePlus}}}]</span>}}

| label15 = [[eMedicine]]
| data15 = {{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/{{{eMedicine}}}-overview {{{eMedicine}}}]</span>}}

| label16 = [[LOINC]]
| data16 = {{{LOINC|}}}

| label17 = [[HCPCS Level 2|HCPCS-L2]]
| data17 = {{{HCPCSlevel2|}}}
}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>

List of Young Justice episodes

2022-04-01T19:13:08Z

Guillom: fix anchor link

{{Short description|None}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Young Justice'' episodes}}
''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'' is an American animated television series created by [[Greg Weisman]] and [[Brandon Vietti]] for [[Cartoon Network]]. The series follows the lives of teenaged heroes who are members of a [[covert operation]]s team that takes orders from the [[Justice League]]. The series debuted on January 7, 2011 with a two-week reairing of the first two episodes, which originally aired as an hour-long special on November 26, 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title =NYCC 2010: Young Justice Animated | publisher =Titanstower.com | date =October 11, 2010 | url =http://www.titanstower.com/monitor/?p=2315/ | access-date =November 3, 2010 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120515004857/http://www.titanstower.com/monitor/?p=2315%2F | archive-date =May 15, 2012 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref name="Details">{{cite web| last =Harvey | first = James | title =Details For Upcoming New "Young Justice" Episodes Debuting In January 2011 | work = News | publisher=The World's Finest | date = December 23, 2010| url =http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php/news.php?action=fullnews&id=931 | access-date = December 24, 2010}}</ref> [[Warner Bros. Animation]] announced the show's return in November 2016 after an extended hiatus since 2013; new episodes began releasing in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Warner Bros. Animation Begins Production on Season 3 of 'Young Justice' |url=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2016/11/07/warner-bros-animation-begins-production-on-season-3-of-young-justice |publisher=[[DC Comics]] |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711023534/http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2016/11/07/warner-bros-animation-begins-production-on-season-3-of-young-justice |archive-date=11 July 2017 |date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedersen |first1=Erik |title='Young Justice: Outsiders' Gets Season 3 Launch Date On DC Universe – Watch The Teaser |url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/young-justice-outsiders-season-3-premiere-date-dc-universe-teaser-video-1202503653/ |website=Deadline |access-date=16 November 2018 |date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

In July 2019, the series was renewed for a fourth season titled ''Young Justice: Phantoms'',<ref name="S4">{{cite AV media |date=July 23, 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMOCSQhr72A |title=Young Justice panel (SDCC19) - Q&A w/ Greg Weisman & Brandon Vietti |publisher=YJ Wiki |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909045158/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LMOCSQhr72A |archive-date=September 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBR-S4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/young-justice-title-logo-season-4/|title=Young Justice Debuts Title, Logo for Season 4|first=Tim|last=Adams|date=September 12, 2020|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref> which premiered on [[HBO Max]] on October 16, 2021.<ref name="SR-S4">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/young-justice-show-season-4-hbo-max-release/|title=Young Justice Season 4 Confirmed To Release On HBO Max|first=Rebecca|last=VanAcker|date=September 18, 2020|access-date=August 17, 2021|website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref><ref name="TVR-S4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thevulcanreporter.com/exclusives/young-justice-season-4-hbo-max-release-date/|title = 'Young Justice' Season 4 HBO Max Release Date Revealed}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=Nerdist |author-link=Nerdist |user=nerdist |number=1449463118598316036 |date=October 16, 2021 |title=The first episode of Young Justice Phantoms will be streaming later today on HBO Max #DCFanDome https://t.co/n9vmdkTMCw |language=en |access-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016195651/https://twitter.com/nerdist/status/1449463118598316036 |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Aired episodes|2021|12|30|showpage=Young Justice (TV series)|released=y|finished=4.5}} The second half of the fourth season is set to premiere on March 31, 2022.

==Series overview==
<onlyinclude>
{{Series overview
| released = y
| auxA = Subtitle

| color1 = #3198FF
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Young Justice episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (2010–12)
| auxA1 = ''Young Justice''
| episodes1 = 26
| start1 = {{Start date|2010|11|26}}
| end1 = {{End date|2012|4|21}}
| network1 = [[Cartoon Network]]

| color2 = #66FF00
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Young Justice episodes</includeonly>#Season 2: Invasion (2012–13)
| auxA2 = ''Invasion''
| episodes2 = 20
| start2 = {{Start date|2012|4|28}}
| end2 = {{End date|2013|3|16}}

| color3 = #2D0814
| link3 = <includeonly>List of Young Justice episodes</includeonly>#Season 3: Outsiders (2019)
| auxA3A = ''Outsiders''
| auxA3Aspan = 2
| episodes3 = 26
| episodes3A = 13
| start3A = {{Start date|2019|1|4}}
| end3A = {{End date|2019|1|25}}
| network3A = [[DC Universe (streaming service)|DC Universe]]
| episodes3B = 13
| start3B = {{Start date|2019|7|2}}
| end3B = {{End date|2019|8|27}}

| color4 = #A12F38
| link4 = <includeonly>List of Young Justice episodes</includeonly>#Season 4: Phantoms (2021–22)
| auxA4A = ''Phantoms''
| auxA4Aspan = 2
| episodes4 = 26<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Greg_Weisman |author=Greg Weisman |number=1330962059454947328 |title=All 26 scripts are done. 22 are fully recorded (minus a pick-up here or there). The last 4 are partially recorded. |date=November 24, 2020 |accessdate=November 5, 2021}}</ref>
| episodes4A = 13
| start4A = {{Start date|2021|10|16}}
| end4A = {{End date|2021|12|30}}
| network4A = [[HBO Max]]
| episodes4B = 13
| start4B = {{Start date|2022|3|31}}
| end4B =
}}</onlyinclude>

==Episode list==
===Season 1 (2010–12)===
{{Episode table |background=#3198FF |overall=5 |season=5 |title=21 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=21 |prodcode=8 |viewers=9 |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = [[Independence Day (Young Justice)|Independence Day]]
| DirectedBy = [[Jay Oliva]]
| WrittenBy = [[Greg Weisman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|26}}
| ProdCode = 101
| Viewers = 2.55<ref name=autogenerated2>[https://dcanimated.com/2010/12/young-justice-special-event-grabs-cartoon-network-over-2-5-million-viewers/ "Young Justice" Special Event Grabs Cartoon Network Over 2.5 Million Viewers - The World's Finest]</ref>
| ShortSummary = Robin, Aqualad, Kid Flash, and Speedy are finally ready to join the Justice League as full members. However, they soon discover that are to be treated as "junior members." An enraged Speedy leaves, while the other three strike out on their own to investigate a mysterious fire at Cadmus Laboratories. The trio soon discovers that Cadmus conceals a major conspiracy, and one of its goals is to create a clone of Superman for their own ends.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Fireworks
| DirectedBy = [[Sam Liu]]
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2010|11|26}}
| ProdCode = 102
| Viewers = 2.55<ref name=autogenerated2 />
| ShortSummary = Kid Flash, Robin, and Aqualad are captured by the Cadmus genomorph forces, which prepare to clone them and dispose of the originals. Their only hope is the Superman clone, "Superboy", who must choose between freedom and subservience to those who created him.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Welcome to Happy Harbor
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|21}}
| ProdCode = 103
| Viewers = 0.90<ref>[https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/01/25/ratings-notes-for-tbs-tnt-cartoon-network-including-are-we-there-yet-conan-southland-more/80116/ Private Site]</ref>
| ShortSummary = Under the false belief that [[Red Tornado]] is testing them, the group faces off against [[Mister Twister (comics)|Mister Twister]] who is attacking [[Happy Harbor]]. It turns out that the robot piloting the Mister Twister armor was controlled by Bromwell Stikk from an undisclosed location to test it out for [[T. O. Morrow]] who commented to Bromwell that he was lucky it wasn't him testing the armor.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Drop-Zone
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Andrew R. Robinson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|1|28}}
| ProdCode = 104
| Viewers = 1.02<ref>[https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/01/ratings-notes-for-tbs-tnt-cartoon-network-including-conan-southland-the-closer-live7-more/81089/ Private Site]</ref>
| ShortSummary = Despite lacking a clear leader, the Team is assigned its first mission by [[Batman]]. They later get caught in the middle of a war between Bane's gang and the Cult of the Kobra (who are assisted by Cadmus' operative [[Sportsmaster]]) over the production of the drug Venom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/article/coming-age-young-justice/page/2%2C1|title=Coming of Age with Young Justice|author=Bill Desowitz|publisher=Animation World Network}}</ref>
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Schooled
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = [[Nicole Dubuc]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|4}}
| ProdCode = 105
| Viewers = 2.5<ref>[https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/08/ratings-notes-for-tbs-tnt-cartoon-network-including-conan-southland-ben-10-more/81933/ Private Site]</ref>
| ShortSummary = [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]]'s nonexistent relationship with [[Superman]] takes its toll on him, as he ignores [[Black Canary]]'s training and becomes more angry and irrational. Things get worse when the team faces [[Professor Ivo]]'s [[Amazo]], a threat which even taxed the [[Justice League]].
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Infiltrator
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = [[Jon Weisman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|11}}
| ProdCode = 106
| Viewers = 2.12<ref>[https://dcanimated.com/2011/02/cartoon-networks-young-justice-animated-series-continues-high-ratings-run-2/ Cartoon Network's "Young Justice" Animated Series Continues High Ratings Run - The World's Finest]</ref>
| ShortSummary = Speedy (now [[Roy Harper (comics)|Red Arrow]]) rescues Dr. Serling Roquette from the [[League of Assassins|League of Shadows]] who had kidnapped her and forced her to make the FOG program for them. Newcomer heroine [[Tigress (DC Comics)|Artemis]] must prove herself to the team while protecting Dr. Roquette from the League of Shadows (a mission brought to them by Red Arrow) as she prepares to make a program to counter the F.O.G.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Denial
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Thomas Pugsley
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|18}}
| ProdCode = 107
| Viewers = 1.1<ref>[https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/23/ratings-notes-for-tbs-tnt-cartoon-network-trutv-including-nba-all-star-game-conan-southland-clone-wars-more/83538/ Private Site]</ref>
| ShortSummary = The Team is sent to the Tower of Fate by [[Red Tornado]] to find Kent Nelson and prevent the supremely powerful mystical helmet of [[Doctor Fate]] from falling into the hands of Abra Kadabra and [[Klarion the Witch Boy]].
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Downtime
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|4}}
| ProdCode = 108
| Viewers = 1.2<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/08/ratings-notes-for-tbs-tnt-cartoon-network-trutv-including-southland-conan-regular-show-more/85023/ Private Site]</ref>
| ShortSummary = After a team mission goes badly, Aqualad returns to Atlantis to reconsider his role as team leader, or whether he should pursue personal interests. However, he soon discovers that there is no escaping his destiny.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Bereft
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = [[Nicole Dubuc]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|11}}
| ProdCode = 109
| Viewers = 0.7<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| ShortSummary = The Team discover that they have forgotten the last six months of their lives, including each other and a final fateful mission in Bialya. The Team turns to [[Miss Martian]] to recover their memories, before it is too late for [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]].
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Targets
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Andrew R. Robinson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|9|16}}
| ProdCode = 110
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = While in Taipei, [[Roy Harper (comics)|Red Arrow]] requests the aid of [[Aqualad (Jackson Hyde)|Aqualad]] to help him to prevent [[Cheshire (comics)|Cheshire]] from assassinating [[Lex Luthor]] (who is assisting in a peace effort between General Singh Manh Li of Northern Rhelasia and Prime Minister Tseng of Southern Rhelasia). [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]] and [[Miss Martian]] (adopting the names Conner Kent and Megan Morse, respectively) begin their first day of school
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Terrors
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|9|23}}
| ProdCode = 111
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = After the fraternal Terror Twins are defeated and sent to Belle Reve, Batman has [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]] and [[Miss Martian]] disguise themselves as them in order to infiltrate Belle Reve. And more a [[Prison riot]] are caused by enemies.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Homefront
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Jon Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|9|30}}
| ProdCode = 112
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = Robin and Artemis find that Mount Justice itself has been attacked by two "relatives" of [[Red Tornado]] named Red Inferno and Red Torpedo.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Alpha Male
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Thomas Pugsley
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|10|7}}
| ProdCode = 113
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = [[Batman]] sends the Team (and their replacement "den-mother" [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]]) to [[India]] to investigate bizarre reports of armed animals attacking human beings, where they discover that [[Brain (comics)|Brain]] has been conducting experiments with the Venom drug on the fauna.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Revelation
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|10|14}}
| ProdCode = 114
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = When monster plants attack major cities around the world, Batman assigns the Team a dangerous task: taking out the plants' masters, the [[Injustice League]] (consisting of the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]], [[Atomic Skull]], [[Poison Ivy (comics)|Poison Ivy]], [[Ultra-Humanite]], [[Count Vertigo]], [[Black Adam]], and [[Wotan (comics)|Wotan]]). In the end, it is revealed that the Injustice League is a "[[fall guy]]" meant to prevent the heroes from discovering who is really behind recent events which turns out to be "the Light" itself (with its members revealed to be [[Vandal Savage]], [[Lex Luthor]], [[Ra's al Ghul]], [[Ocean Master]], [[Brain (comics)|Brain]], [[Klarion the Witch Boy]] and the Bialyan [[Queen Bee (comics)|Queen Bee]]).
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Humanity
| DirectedBy = Matt Youngberg
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|10|21}}
| ProdCode = 115
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = The Team and [[Zatanna]] are on the hunt for [[Red Tornado]], determined to find out once and for all whether the robot was the mole.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Failsafe
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Nicole Dubuc
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|11|4}}
| ProdCode = 116
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = During an alien invasion, the Team face the ultimate challenge when they are forced to replace the fallen [[Justice League]]. However, the Team later learns that the invasion was a mental training simulation containing [[Kobayashi Maru|an unwinnable scenario]] held by [[Martian Manhunter]], and [[Miss Martian]]'s vastly powerful psionic talents had caused them all to forget that the experience was a mere simulation. Martian Manhunter then reveals that his niece is probably the strongest psychic of all Martians; considerably stronger than he.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Disordered
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Andrew R. Robinson
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|11|11}}
| ProdCode = 117
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = Still traumatized by the training exercise that went wrong, the Team attempt to work through their feelings with [[Black Canary]]. Meanwhile, [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]]'s pet Sphere comes to the attention of the people who previously possessed it called the [[Forever People]],<ref name="November2011">{{cite web| last =Harvey | first = James | title =New "Young Justice", Animated "Batman" And "Green Lantern" For November 2011 | work = News | publisher=The World's Finest | date = October 28, 2011| url =http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1165 | access-date = October 28, 2011}}</ref> and he works with them to stop the ones who stole it in the first place.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Secrets
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = [[Peter David]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|11|18}}
| ProdCode = 118
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = [[Tigress (DC Comics)|Artemis]] and [[Zatanna]] go to [[Manhattan]] for a girls' night after learning that Superboy and Miss Martian are a couple. While out, they get chased by a dangerous psychopath named Harm,<ref name=tvsec>{{cite web|title=Secrets|url=http://www.tv.com/shows/young-justice/secrets-1558467/|work=Episode Guide|publisher=TV.com|access-date=November 22, 2011}}</ref> but receive unexpected help. Meanwhile, [[Wally West|Wally]], [[Miss Martian|Megan]], and [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Conner]] attend a Halloween party at Megan's and Conner's school.<ref name=November2011 />
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Misplaced
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|3}}
| ProdCode = 119
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = When every adult on the planet disappears because of a spell cast by [[Klarion the Witch Boy]], [[Wizard (DC Comics)|Wizard]], [[Wotan (comics)|Wotan]], [[Felix Faust]], and [[Blackbriar Thorn]], only the Team, [[Zatanna]], and [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Billy Batson]] are left to figure out what's going on.<ref name="March2012">{{cite web| last =Harvey | first = James | title =New "Young Justice", "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" Coming March 2012 | work = News | publisher=The World's Finest | date = January 27, 2012| url =http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1236 | access-date = January 27, 2012}}</ref>
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Coldhearted
| DirectedBy = [[Victor Cook]]
| WrittenBy = Jon Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|10}}
| ProdCode = 120
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = On his sixteenth birthday, [[Wally West|Kid Flash]] finally finds out about Superboy and Miss Martian being a couple, and is disappointed when he is tasked by [[Batman]] to deliver a heart transplant to ten-year-old Perdita, who happens to be next in line to inherit her country's throne. Meanwhile, the rest of the Team is sent to join the Justice League and destroy flying fortresses causing nationwide snowstorms. He later realizes that the mission was his best birthday gift.<ref name=WFMarch2012>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=James|title=''Young Justice'', ''Green Lantern: The Animated Series'' March 2012 Episode Schedule|url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1268|access-date=March 2, 2012|newspaper=The World's Finest|date=March 1, 2012}}</ref>
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| Title = Image
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Nicole Dubuc
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|17}}
| ProdCode = 121
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = When the team returns to the Middle East on a mission to Qurac, Miss Martian must face her secrets... but will doing so save the team or destroy them?
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| Title = Agendas
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|24}}
| ProdCode = 122
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = At the Watchtower, [[Superman]], [[Batman]], and [[Wonder Woman]] meet with the other members of the [[Justice League]] to discuss who they will recruit to expand its roster. [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]] returns to [[Project Cadmus]] to investigate a rumor by [[Lex Luthor]] that the top-secret genetics lab has created [[Match (DC Comics)|another Superman clone]].<ref name=WFMarch2012/>
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| Title = Insecurity
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva
| WrittenBy = Peter David
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|3|31}}
| ProdCode = 123
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = Red Arrow joins the Team and embarks on a mission with Kid Flash, Aqualad, and Artemis to track down Sportsmaster, which results in them battling Cheshire, too. Artemis discovers that Professor Ivo, the Brain and Klarion the Witch Boy all working together doing something to a [[Starro|starfish creature]].
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| Title = Performance
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang
| WrittenBy = Jon Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|7}}
| ProdCode = 124
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = The Team go undercover at the Haly International Traveling Circus to locate a thief stealing weapons technology across [[Europe]], with Agent [[King Faraday]] suspecting that Jack Haly's circus performers are responsible. As the circus moves location, the Team encounter the thief: [[Parasite (comics)|Parasite]]. Meanwhile, Robin is distracted as he reflects on his family's death and the possibility of Haly losing the circus if the thief isn't caught.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| Title = Usual Suspects
| DirectedBy = Jay Oliva & Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|14}}
| ProdCode = 125
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = [[Roy Harper (comics)|Red Arrow]], [[Icon (character)|Icon]], [[Plastic Man]], [[Atom (Ray Palmer)|The Atom]], and [[Doctor Fate]] are welcomed into the [[Justice League]] while Icon's protégée [[Rocket (DC Comics)|Rocket]] joins the Team. During the ceremony, the Team receives an alert about Cheshire boarding a plane. After finding the plane crashed, the group is attacked by the [[Riddler]], [[Cheshire (comics)|Cheshire]], [[Mammoth (comics)|Mammoth]], and [[Shimmer (comics)|Shimmer]]. After winning the battle, the Team recovers a suitcase containing heavily modified [[Starro]] [[bio-tech]]nology,<ref name=Auld>{{cite web|last=Collura|first=Scott|title=Young Justice: "Auld Acquaintance" Review All points have led here as Season 1 comes to a close.|url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/122/1223552p1.html|work=TV Reviews|publisher=IGN|access-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> but the day's events do not end there.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| EpisodeNumber2 = 26
| Title = Auld Acquaintance
| DirectedBy = Michael Chang & [[Lauren Montgomery]]
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|21}}
| ProdCode = 126
| Viewers =
| ShortSummary = The Team learn the Justice League is brainwashed after Red Tornado tries to infect them with [[Starro]] biotech. After a fierce battle in the Watchtower, they succeed in saving them, and Savage and Klarion (who was pulling the strings on the controlled League members) flee. Robin alerts some of the other heroes to the fact that six Justice League members ([[Justice League (TV series)|Batman, Hawkwoman, John Stewart, Martian Manhunter, Superman, and Wonder Woman]]) whereabouts for 16 hours while under Savage's control cannot be accounted for, leaving Batman asking the question of what they did during that time.
| LineColor = 3198FF
}}
}}

===Season 2: ''Invasion'' (2012–13)===
{{Episode table |background=#66FF00 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=21 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=21 |prodcode=8 |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 27
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Happy New Year
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = [[Greg Weisman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|4|28}}
| ProdCode = 201
| ShortSummary = Five years on from the events of the first season, the intergalactic bounty hunter [[Lobo (DC Comics)|Lobo]] arrives on Earth and is confronted by Team members Batgirl and Wonder Girl... but his arrival is only the prelude to a greater threat.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 28
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Earthlings
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = [[Nicole Dubuc]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|5}}
| ProdCode = 202
| ShortSummary = Superboy, Miss Martian, and [[Beast Boy]] arrive on Rann with Adam Strange to halt the Krolotean invasion at its source. Following a battle, Miss Martian incapacitates a [[Krolotean]] and uncovers the truth about what the six Justice League members did during their missing 16 hours.<ref name="worldsfinestonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/WF/youngjustice/guides/reviews/ |title=The World's Finest – Young Justice |publisher=Worldsfinestonline.com |access-date=2013-07-15}}</ref>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 29
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Alienated
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|12}}
| ProdCode = 203
| ShortSummary = Members of both the Team and League investigate a Krolotean island, but are discovered and a fight ensues, during which the enemy is revealed to be [[Aqualad (Jackson Hyde)|Aqualad]], who left the team in anger after they failed to save his sweetheart, [[Aquagirl|Tula]]. In addition, Aqualad came to the revelation that his biological father is none other than the villainous [[Black Manta]]. Aqualad eventually escapes, and a bomb planted by the enemy seemingly obliterates the island and most of the Kroloteans present. Meanwhile, the six Leaguers accused of viciously and violently attacking the distant world Rimbor ([[Superman (Clark Kent)|Superman]], [[Wonder Woman]], [[Martian Manhunter]], [[Batman]], [[Hawkwoman]] and [[Green Lantern (John Stewart)|the Green Lantern John Stewart]]) leave Earth to try and resolve the dispute peacefully, accompanied by Hawkman and Icon.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 30
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Salvage
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|19}}
| ProdCode = 204
| ShortSummary = Nightwing, Wally West, Jim Harper, Green Arrow, and Black Canary reach out to Red Arrow, who has fallen into despair over his failed quest to find the original Roy Harper. Meanwhile, Superboy and Blue Beetle go after [[Intergang]] leaders Bruno Mannheim and [[Whisper A'Daire]]. The criminals reanimate the four Appellaxians into one Appellaxian Golem, which then attacks a nuclear power plant. Red Arrow returns home where Cheshire is waiting for him. They used to be happily married before his obsession drove them appart, but now she returns after acquiring a lead to the location of the original Roy.<ref name="worldsfinestonline.com"/>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 31
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Beneath
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = [[Brandon Vietti]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|5|26}}
| ProdCode = 205
| ShortSummary = Blue Beetle tries to intercept his friend, Tye, before he boards a bus, but the boy is abducted before Jaime can reach him. Meanwhile, Batgirl, Wonder Girl, Miss Martian and Bumblebee are en route to Bialya. The girls arrive in Bialya and learn that [[Psimon]] is active again. They discover a shipment of runaways who are being transported by plane which is guarded by Psimon, [[Icicle (comics)|Icicle Jr.]], [[Mammoth (comics)|Mammoth]], [[Shimmer (comics)|Shimmer]], and Devastation. Alpha Team rescue the abducted teens, but [[Queen Bee (comics)|Queen Bee]] is content, since a second shipment, which includes Tye, has already been acquired.<ref name="worldsfinestonline.com"/>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 32
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Bloodlines
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = [[Peter David]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|6|2}}
| ProdCode = 206
| ShortSummary = A stranger appears in Mount Justice claiming to be the future grandson of the current [[Flash (Barry Allen)]]. The boy, [[Bart Allen]]/[[Impulse (DC Comics)|Impulse]], meets with the rest of the Flash family, but is interrupted when a villain called [[Neutron (DC Comics)|Neutron]] goes on a rampage. The Flash, Kid Flash, and Impulse defeat Neutron, and Impulse secretly administers a cure to his uncontrollable power. Impulse actually comes from a post-apocalyptic future, and his one-way trip to the past doesn't seem to have changed it. Meanwhile, Red Arrow and Cheshire travel to a League of Shadows base in [[Tibet]] and finally find the original Roy Harper.<ref name="June 2012 Schedule">{{cite web| last =Harvey | first = James | title ="Young Justice," "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" Episode Schedule For June 2012 | work = News | publisher=The World's Finest | date = June 1, 2012| url =http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/news.php?action=fullnews&id=1345 | access-date = June 1, 2012}}</ref>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 33
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Depths
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps & Paul Giacoppo
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|6|9}}
| ProdCode = 207
| ShortSummary = Artemis rejoins the Team while Black Manta sends Aqualad and his men to destroy a communication satellite that's guarded by the heroes. A fight ensues in which the satelite gets destroyed and the heroes fail to save Artemis, who seems to be killed by Aqualad's water sword. It later turns out that Artemis's "death", as well as Aqualad's defection from the Team, was debirately fabricated to ensure that the pair could go undercover to learn all about the Light and their "new" unknown partner. Artemis is given a mystic amulet made by Zatana that will disguise her looks to all but Nightwing, Aqualad and Wally.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 34
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Satisfaction
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|9|29}}
| ProdCode = 208
| ShortSummary = After recuperating in the hospital, [[Roy Harper (comics)|Roy Harper]] seeks vengeance against [[Lex Luthor]], who ruined his life the day when he was taken down during a stakeout on LexCorp. In exchange for his life, Luthor gives Roy a cybernetic arm to replace the one he lost. Green Arrow and Red Arrow arrive too late to avert the battle, and are informed by a satisfied Roy that he wants to go by the name Arsenal from now on. Elsewhere, [[Rocket (DC Comics)|Rocket]] hosts a bridal shower which is interrupted by [[Captain Cold]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2012/09/20/confirmed-logline-for-upcoming-new-episode-of-young-justice/ |title=Confirmed Logline For Upcoming New Episode Of "Young Justice: Invasion" |publisher=Worldsfinestonline.com |date=2012-09-20 |access-date=2013-07-15}}</ref>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 35
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Darkest
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = [[Jon Weisman]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|10|6}}
| ProdCode = 209
| ShortSummary = [[Aqualad (Jackson Hyde)|Aqualad]], [[Tigress (DC Comics)|Tigress]] (a disguised Artemis), [[Icicle (comics)|Icicle Jr.]], and the Terror Twins are sent by [[Black Manta]] to capture [[Blue Beetle (Jaime Reyes)|Blue Beetle]] for the Partner, but they are thwarted due to [[Bart Allen|Impulse]]'s interference. However, Kaldur's tracking device (stolen by Impulse during the fight) remotely deactivates all security at the Cave, and Aqualad's team launches another attack.<ref name="Oct Schedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2012/09/28/young-justice-green-lantern-the-animated-series-episode-schedule-for-october-2012/|title="Young Justice: Invasion," "Green Lantern: The Animated Series" Episodes For October 2012|work=World's Finest|date=September 28, 2012|access-date=September 30, 2012|last=Harvey|first=Jim}}</ref>
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 36
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Before the Dawn
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|1|5}}
| ProdCode = 210
| ShortSummary = [[Dick Grayson|Nightwing]] leads the Team on a mission to rescue its members from [[Secret Society of Super Villains|The Light]]'s Partner: an alien race known as the [[Reach (comics)|Reach]]. [[Aqualad (Jackson Hyde)|Aqualad]] (now officially affiliated with the Light) learns that teenagers have been abducted in order to test an ordinary human's ability to develop [[Superpower (ability)|metahuman]] abilities naturally. Instinctively, Miss Martian destroys Aqualad's mind and learns that he had never been a traitor and never harbored any genuine ill will towards the Team. She feels terrible, unable to help Kaldur.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 37
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Cornered
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = Nicole Dubuc
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|1|12}}
| ProdCode = 211
| ShortSummary = [[Despero]], on the advice of his majordomo, [[L-Ron]], sets his sights on Earth's champions. He attacks the Hall of Justice while the members of the Team who used to live at the Cave are at the Hall to remove their belongings. Mal becomes the new Guardian to help in the battle.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 38
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = True Colors
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = Paul Giacoppo
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|1|19}}
| ProdCode = 212
| ShortSummary = Bumblebee and the Atom try to remove the Scarab from Jaime's (Blue Beetle's) back but find that its defenses are too strong. Afterwards, Robin, Blue Beetle, Impulse, and Arsenal are sent undercover to investigate LexCorp's new partnership with the Reach, crop additives being tested in Smallville. However, Arsenal blows their cover and they end up fighting Black Beetle. They then meet Green Beetle, and take him back to the Justice League.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 39
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = The Fix
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|1|26}}
| ProdCode = 213
| ShortSummary = Tigress intervenes before Psimon can enter Kaldur's mind and discover their secret; she drugs him, but he discovers her true identity before passing out. She persuades Black Manta that she ought to kidnap Miss Martian in order to force her to fix the damage she has done, and Manta sends Deathstroke to accompany her. Elsewhere, Jaime convinces Green Beetle to modify his Scarab, and is ecstatic when he finds that the Scarab's voice has been silenced.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 40
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Runaways
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|2|2}}
| ProdCode = 214
| ShortSummary = Four of the super-powered former Reach abductees (consisting of [[Static (DC Comics)|Virgil Hawkins]], [[Apache Chief|Tye Longshadow]], [[Samurai (Super Friends)|Asami "Sam" Koizumi]], and [[El Dorado (Super Friends)|Eduardo "Ed" Dorado Jr.]]) escape from the League's Taos base after being put through endless metagene training exercises. Nightwing sends Blue Beetle to track them down, and Jaime reveals his secret identity to them in order to get them on his side.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 41
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = War
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = Jon Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|2|9}}
| ProdCode = 215
| ShortSummary = At the Justice League's trial on Rimbor, Vandal Savage manipulates [[Mongul]] into taking action against the Reach. The Justice League and Nightwing learn that something is fast approaching the Earth. As Green Beetle informs them that it is a weaponized, moon-sized satellite known as the [[List of DC Universe locations|Warworld]] which is captained by the former dictator Mongul, the Reach make contact with Mongul to persuade him to turn around{{spaced ndash}}only for him to state that he is there because of them.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 42
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Complications
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|2|16}}
| ProdCode = 216
| ShortSummary = Nightwing arrives on the War World to inquire about the Team's disappearance, but Blue Beetle covers his tracks by insisting that a boom tube opened which sucked in everyone except for himself. Meanwhile, Artemis, M'gann and Aqualad (who has been cured but is playing possum) are stalling for time to try to figure out how to save her life. [[Cheshire (comics)|Cheshire]] and [[Sportsmaster]] try to kill Aqualad and Black Manta, to avenge their youngest daughter and sister Artemis. Ultimately, M'gann psionically shows them the truth she herself had unearthed, and they escape.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 43
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = The Hunt
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = Brandon Vietti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|2|23}}
| ProdCode = 217
| ShortSummary = Black Beetle laments the setbacks that the Reach have suffered, such as the loss of most of their fleet, while on another part of the War World, Arsenal continues to flee from the Reach's forces. Lex Luthor encourages the runaways to rescue the Team from the Reach, and provides them with a [[Mother Box#Father Box|Father Box]] which transports them to the War World.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 44
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Intervention
| DirectedBy = Melchior Zwyer
| WrittenBy = Peter David
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|3|2}}
| ProdCode = 218
| ShortSummary = With the help of Green Beetle, Black Beetle is able to defeat Mongul and imprison him again. They discover that the War World key has been stolen, while in Bludhaven, the Team return to base and realize that they need to turn their attention to saving Blue Beetle.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 45
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Summit
| DirectedBy = Tim Divar
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|3|9}}
| ProdCode = 219
| ShortSummary = The Light call a summit with the Reach to discuss how their plans are advancing. As the tensions between the two groups begin to come to the fore, Ra's al Ghul notices the glamor charm on Tigress's neck and exposes her as Artemis, leading Deathstroke to execute both her and Kaldur. However, a hologram of Aqualad then plays which reveals to the Reach the extent of the Light's manipulations, leaving their alliance in pieces. Aqualad and Artemis then return to the team to celebrate.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 46
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = Endgame
| DirectedBy = Doug Murphy
| WrittenBy = Kevin Hopps
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|3|16}}
| ProdCode = 220
| ShortSummary = Superboy and Miss Martian arrive just in time to prove the Justice League's innocence before the council of Rimbor. Back on Earth, twenty Reach devices begin to damage the planet's magnetic field, causing various types of natural disasters. With the help of Luthor, the superheroes succeed in destroying them, but the surprise of a twenty-first machine in the Arctic, leads to the sacrifice of Kid Flash. Bart Allen/Impulse takes on Wally's role as Kid Flash and Artemis becomes Tigress full time. Meanwhile, Vandal Savage takes the War World to Apokolips where he meets Darkseid.
| LineColor = 66FF00
}}
}}

===Season 3: ''Outsiders'' (2019)===
{{main|Young Justice: Outsiders}}
{{:Young Justice: Outsiders}}


===Season 4: ''Phantoms'' (2021–22)===
{{Episode table |background=#A12F38 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=21 |director=20 |writer=29 |airdate=20 |released=y |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode table/part|p=1|c=#A12F38}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 73
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Inhospitable
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|16}}
| ProdCode = 401
| ShortSummary = One year after the events of season 3, M'gann, Conner, Garfield and J'onn Jones travel to Mars so M'gann and Conner can have a Martian wedding ceremony. Upon arrival, they find out the red Martian King has been murdered, with the green Martians and white Martians each blaming the other. Despite many Martians not trusting Earthlings, the Martian Queen orders the construction of a Zeta Tube that will connect them with Earth. As J'onn tests the Zeta Tube, it explodes. In a mid-credits scene, [[Halo (DC Comics)|Violet Harper]] talks with [[Dinah Lance]] about her feelings for Brion and her relationship with the [[Muslims|Muslim]] faith.
----
'''Note''': This episode is dedicated to the memory of [[W. Morgan Sheppard]], the voice of Sardath in the second season of the show, who died on January 6, 2019, at the age of 86.
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 74
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Needful
| DirectedBy = Vinton Heuck
| WrittenBy = Andrew Blanchette
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|16}}
| ProdCode = 402
| ShortSummary = J'onn confirms he made it to the Watchtower unharmed, when the Mars communication satellite explodes. Conner and M'gann spend the day with M'gann's family and S’yrra, a Yellow Martian priestess. The three Legion heroes secretly following them are [[Saturn Girl]], [[Phantom Girl]] and [[Chameleon Boy]]. They look for their enemy, the actual man behind the recent attacks. [[DeSaad]] of Apokolips meets with M'comm and gives him a virus bomb capable of killing every non-White Martian in Mars. In a mid-credits scene, Garfield listens to a voicemail from his girlfriend Queen Perdita. They seem to miss each other a lot.
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 75
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Volatile
| DirectedBy = Christina Sotta
| WrittenBy = Brandon Vietti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|21}}
| ProdCode = 403
| ShortSummary = M'gann's Bio-Ship has decided to retire on Mars and has an offspring named Baby to take care of the Team. Meanwhile, Garfield is haunted by visions of Brion, the Outsiders and all the people he's afraid of losing. Someone that appears to be M’gann saves Garfield’s mind and encourages him to seek help for his trauma. She's actually Saturn Girl, and her intervention was not part of the Legion’s mission. In a mid-credits scene, Superman helps [[Lois Lane|Lois]] with their baby [[Jon Kent (DC Comics)|Jon]].
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 76
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Involuntary
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Francisco Paredes
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|28}}
| ProdCode = 404
| ShortSummary = As Prince J'emm's birthday celebration approaches, M'Comm plants the virus bomb underneath the event arena, and the Legion's enemy secretly adds kryptonite to it. Meanwhile, M'gann, Conner and Garfield find out S'yrra is the King's murderer. She accidentally killed him after he forbade her to marry J'emm because of the color of her skin: her arrest saddens J'emm, who swears to help Mars change its racist system. The bomb is discovered and Conner submerges it in lava, saving everyone, but the added kryptonite ends up killing him. In a mid-credits scene, M'gann weeps at the ceremonial altar where their wedding was set to take place.
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 77
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Tale of Two Sisters
| DirectedBy = Vinton Heuck
| WrittenBy = Brian Hohlfeld
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|4}}
| ProdCode = 405
| ShortSummary = Artemis lives a happy, balanced life as a hero and a civilian, until she hears of Conner's death and a woman named Onyx Adams appears. Onyx claims she defected from the League of Shadows to warn them [[Scandal Savage|Cassandra Savage]] is going to come to her and lie about switching sides. Cassandra, now missing half an arm and blind in one eye, arrives and says Onyx is the one lying. Artemis doesn't know who to believe, and decides to ask for help from her sister [[Cheshire (comics)|Jade]]. In a mid-credits scene, Dick and Kaldur stand at Conner's memorial hologram while in narration, Artemis quotes ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]''.{{cn|date=November 2021}}
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 78
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Artemis Through the Looking Glass
| DirectedBy = Christina Sotta
| WrittenBy = Brandon Vietti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|11}}
| ProdCode = 406
| ShortSummary = Jade agrees to help after learning that the Shadows know where Lian lives. She starts interrogating Cassandra and Onyx, when the Shadows appear and capture [[Orphan (DC Comics)|Orphan]]. Lady Shiva threatens to kill her if Artemis doesn't turn over Cassandra in the following 24 hours. Orphan is actually Lady Shiva's daughter, and she used to be part of the Shadows before Batman took her in. Artemis, Onyx and Cassandra agree to team-up to rescue her, and Jade leaves. Meanwhile, a very distraught Garfield returns to Earth, where he learns news of Brion welcoming all metahumans to Markovia. In a mid-credits scene, a genomorph mourns Conner, while Artemis narrates quotes from ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''.<ref name="Kublawi">{{cite web |last1=Kublawi |first1=V. |title=REVIEW: Young Justice – Season 4: Phantoms Episode 6 “Artemis Through the Looking Glass” |url=https://www.geeksandgamers.com/review-young-justice-season-4-phantoms-episode-6-artemis-through-the-looking-glass/ |website=Geeks and Gamers |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref>{{cn|date=November 2021}}
| LineColor = A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 79
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Lady, or the Tigress?
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Nicole Dubuc
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|18}}
| ProdCode = 407
| ShortSummary = A voice-over from Artemis narrates ''[[The Lady or the Tiger?]]'' as she, Cassandra Savage and Onyx head to Santa Prisca. In flashbacks, Orphan goes on her first mission to kill the now-rogue Joker. She almost does it, but Batgirl stops her, not wanting a child to become a killer, unfortunately Barbara is slashed along the spine and paralyzed in the process. In the present, the team arrives in Santa Prisca, where Cassandra is revealed as the mole, her injures being of a magical illusion. Cheshire turns up to help Artemis and Onyx and they find Orphan, but are cornered by Lady Shiva and her fellow Shadows. Meanwhile, Em'ree decides to join M'gann and J'onn on their journey back to Earth. In a mid-credits scene as the three ride in silence, Artemis finishes her narration.{{cn|date=November 2021}}
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 80
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = I Know Why the Caged Cat Sings
| DirectedBy = Vinton Heuck
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|25}}
| ProdCode = 408
| ShortSummary = [[Shade (character)|Shade]] switches sides and helps the heroes escape to repay an old debt to Cheshire. Jade agrees to go back to her family but panics at the last moment, as she still feels she is too much like her abusive father, Sportsmaster. She goes to Sensei and Ra's al Ghul, who offer her a chance at rehabilitation. She and Onyx accept, and Artemis promises to check in on them from time to time. Meanwhile, at the Kent farm, Clark deals with his feelings of guilt over Conner's death. In a mid-credits scene, Artemis quotes ''[[I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings]]''{{cn|date=November 2021}} over photos of herself and Wally, and herself and Jade as kids.
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 81
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Odnu!
| DirectedBy = Christina Sotta
| WrittenBy = Jake Baumgart
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|2}}
| ProdCode = 409
| ShortSummary = Millennia ago, a village of metahumans founded by Vandal is slaughtered by Klarion. He is one of the Lords of Chaos, magical cosmic beings in constant conflict with the also magical Lords of Order. Vandal gets furious, but after hundreds of fights in which none of them die, they decide to call a truce. Another Lord of Chaos, the Child, arrives on Earth in the present day, triggering a large blackout, the birth of a diamond golem named Flaw, as her anchor, and the death of a security guard. Zatanna and her three students, [[Mary Marvel|Mary]], [[Doctor Fate (Khalid Nassour)|Khalid Nassour]], and [[Traci Thirteen|Traci]], decide to go after her. Meanwhile, [[Blue Devil (DC Comics)|Blue Devil]] tries to talk Garfield out of his depression, to no avail. In a mid-credits scene, Saturn Girl and Chameleon Boy watch an episode of Garfield's sci-fi show ''Space Trek 2036''.
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 82
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Nomed Esir!
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Kevin Grevioux
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|9}}
| ProdCode = 410
| ShortSummary = Vandal and his grandson [[Arion (character)|Arion]] rebuild Atlantis. The Lords of Order recruit Arion, giving him the power to create humans with magic, ''Homo Magi''. Vandal has Klarion sink Atlantis so it may conquer beneath the oceans; killing Arion and creating ''Homo Mermanus'' (modern Atlanteans) in the process. In the present, the Child reveals the Lords of Chaos sent her to replace Klarion. The two engage in a catastrophic fight that Zatanna and her team, even with assistance from [[Etrigan the Demon]], can't contain. Meanwhile, Em'ree helps M'gann have a small emotional catharsis, and Vandal talks to his son Nabu/Doctor Fate making him see no one can stop or control the Child. In a mid-credits scene, Vandal prepares to have The Light and everything of value to him evacuated from Earth to War World.
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 83
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Teg Ydaer!
| DirectedBy = Vinton Heuck
| WrittenBy = Nida Chowdhry
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|16}}
| ProdCode = 411
| ShortSummary = In Ancient Babylon, Vandal and Klarion summon [[Starro]] which kills Vandal's son Nabu. The Lords of Order make Nabu's spirit one of them, anchoring him to the helmet. In the present, Nabu chooses not to interfere in the battle between Chaos Lords. Zatanna and her students protest. Nabu tests each of the three students with their own insecurities, though all three pass and prove they are ready for the battle. Zatara points out Nabu working with his host's bodies and other heroes prove Order doesn't have to stand apart. Klarion comes to Doctor Fate for help, though his anchor cat Teekl is easily killed by Flaw untethering Klarion. Meanwhile, Garfield becomes addicted to sleeping pills. In a mid-credits scene, a school bus driver and children scream as they somehow fall through different dimensions.
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 84
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Og Htrof Dna Reuqnoc!
| DirectedBy = Christina Sotta
| WrittenBy = Brandon Vietti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|23}}
| ProdCode = 412
| ShortSummary = The Child destroys the Tower of Fate, cracking Fate's helmet, and proceeds to cause various disasters across the planet. While heroes and even villains team-up to contain the damage, Dr. Fate, Zatanna and her protégés follow and confront the Child at the North Pole. She easily dispatches them, and Klarion, having anchored himself to the school bus seen in the previous episode, finds them shortly after their defeat. In flashbacks, Zatara talks about his beginnings as a hero, his duty as Doctor Fate and his relationship with his daughter, his deceased wife and his mentor, Kent Nelson. He makes Nabu promise to tell Zatanna his story should his body die. Meanwhile, Garfield is replaced on ''Space Trek 3016''. In a mid-credits scene, Superman talks to [[Black Lightning]] about setting up reserve heroes for the Justice League.
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 85
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Kaerb Ym Traeh!
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|30}}
| ProdCode = 413
| ShortSummary = After finding Klarion a new anchor cat, he and the heroes confront Child again. Vandal and the Phantom Stranger convince the Lords of Order and Chaos that Earth is needed to stop the universal threat of Darkseid: the Lords remove the Child's power boost and Traci defeats her. Zatanna proposes she, her father, Traci and Khalid rotate weekly as Fate's host body. Mary gets excluded, as she is deemed too much like Nabu, and she quits the team. Khalid suspects that Zatanna took on students to get her father back, but seeing the rest willingly agree to Zatanna's plan, he volunteers as the first host. Sending the school bus back to its place in time, Zatanna has a vision of Conner pleading for help. Meanwhile, Garfield breaks up with Perdita. In a mid-credits scene, Zatara begins therapy with Dinah. In a post-credits scene, [[Granny Goodness]]' voice provokes a very distraught Mary into saying "Shazam".
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode table/part|p=2|c=#A12F38}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 86
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = Nautical Twilight
| DirectedBy = Vinton Heuck
| WrittenBy = Mae Catt
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| ProdCode = 414
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 87
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = Ebb Tide
| DirectedBy = Christina Sotta
| WrittenBy = Greg Weisman
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| ProdCode = 415
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 88
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = Emergency Dive
| DirectedBy = Christopher Berkeley
| WrittenBy = Brandon Vietti
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|31}}
| ShortSummary =
| ProdCode = 416
| LineColor = #A12F38
}}

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Young Justice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young Justice episodes, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of American children's animated television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of DC Nation television series episodes]]
[[Category:Young Justice (TV series)]]

Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay

2022-02-22T17:11:30Z

Guillom: tweaks, typos

{{Short description|Luxury hotel in Half Moon Bay California}}
{{Merge from|Legend of the Motorcycle|discuss=Talk:Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay#Proposed merge of Legend of the Motorcycle into Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Ritz Carlton HMB in the age of COVID (49812323307).jpg|thumb|243x243px|The Ritz Carlton from the beach access to the north of the hotel. The bluff in which the hotel is located was found to be vulnerable to [[sea level rise]] in a 2022 study by the local county.]]
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}The '''Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay''' is a luxury hotel and golf resort in [[Half Moon Bay]] northern California.<ref name="luxurytravelmagazine.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=The Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay Introduces Holiday Suite Package|url=https://www.luxurytravelmagazine.com/news-articles/the-ritz-carlton-half-moon-bay-introduces-holiday-suite-package|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Luxury Travel Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-10-15|title=Ritz Carlton Half Moon Bay Review: Is the Hotel as Good as the Views?|url=https://www.slightlypretentious.co/ritz-carlton-half-moon-bay/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Slightly Pretentious|language=en-US}}</ref> The hotel is a [[Forbes Travel Guide|Forbes Five Star]] hotel,<ref name="luxurytravelmagazine.com"/> and was featured on the travel channel series [[Great Hotels]]. The hotel has 261 rooms,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Rogers|first=Paul|date=2019-06-13|title=Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay hit with $1.6 million penalty for failing to provide public beach access|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/06/13/ritz-carlton-half-moon-bay-faces-1-6-million-penalty-for-failing-to-provide-public-beach-access/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref> that in 2019, started at US$920 a night.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Fimrite|first=Peter|date=2019-06-14|title=Half Moon Bay Ritz-Carlton ordered to quit impeding beach access|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/science/article/Half-Moon-Bay-Ritz-Carlton-ordered-to-quit-13991106.php|access-date=2022-01-19|website=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en-US}}</ref> The hotel began construction in 1998, and finished in 2001.<ref name=":2"/>

The hotel is the biggest employer for the town of [[Half Moon Bay, California]], with approximately 550 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-24|title=City of Half Moon Bay CAFR|url=https://www.half-moon-bay.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/3533/HMB-CAFR-FY20-Final-122220|url-status=live|access-date=Dec 12, 2021}}</ref> The hotel was purchased by [[Anbang Insurance Group]] in 2015, and after its bankruptcy has had repeated offers from other buyers, but as of September 2021 there were no buyers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Heschmeyer|first=Mark|date=2021-09-27|title=Former Anbang Properties Loan Hints Sale Could Be Possible for $2.8 Billion Hotel Portfolio|url=https://www.costar.com/article/1684271341/former-anbang-properties-loan-hints-sale-could-be-possible-for-28-billion-hotel-portfolio|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=CoStar}}</ref>

The hotel sits on a point in the bay, that allows for views along a long section of the coast; some reviews claim {{convert|50|miles|km|sigfig=1}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Fran|date=2021-05-07|title=A World Away at The Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay|url=https://www.upscalelivingmag.com/a-world-away-at-the-ritz-carlton-half-moon-bay/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Upscale Living Magazine}}</ref> Parts of the hotel services are themed around the [[Scottish Highlands]].<ref name=":3" /> One of the two golf courses was designed by [[Arnold Palmer]].<ref name=":3"/> The hotel services also include a {{convert|16000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2}} spa and three tennis courts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay|url=https://www.travelweekly.com/Readers-Choice/2020/Resort-Worldwide/Ritz-Carlton-Half-Moon-Bay|access-date=2022-01-19|website=www.travelweekly.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Issues ==
[[File:Edifice Wrecks (49812323577).jpg|left|thumb|Remnants of a foundation laid in the early construction of the hotel that was later revised out of the plans. Since then the foundations have been exposed by [[coastal erosion]].]]
The hotel contributes most of the tourism income for the local [[Half Moon Bay, California]] government, including both transient resident and property taxes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Howell|first=August|date=2022-01-05|title=Concerns aren’t eroding as city dives in to study sea level rise|url=https://www.hmbreview.com/news/concerns-aren-t-eroding-as-city-dives-in-to-study-sea-level-rise/article_d1fc081a-6e49-11ec-83a6-ab78866e2b3f.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Half Moon Bay Review|language=en}}</ref> A 2022 study published by the local government also found that the hotel and its infrastructure were vulnerable by sea level rise.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Driscoll|first=Curtis|date=2022-01-03|title=Half Moon Bay faces issues due to sea level rise|url=https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/half-moon-bay-faces-issues-due-to-sea-level-rise/article_1b0eee10-6c78-11ec-a96e-8bc4da3172dd.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=San Mateo Daily Journal|language=en}}</ref> A February 2017 storm eroded significant sections of the bluff, which the builders had previously intended to be included in the building.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woudenberg|first=Carina|date=2017-03-29|title=Council addresses erosion at Ritz-Carlton|url=https://www.hmbreview.com/news/council-addresses-erosion-at-ritz-carlton/article_ea74d9b8-149d-11e7-ab27-1b4b208896f0.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=Half Moon Bay Review|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Levitating the Parthenon (13837337384).jpg|thumb|Exposed foundations in the Sandstone Cliffs from a 2014 erosion event. ]]

In 2019, the hotel was fined 1.6 million dollars by the [[California Coastal Commission]] for impeding beach access for non-guests.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-14|title=Half Moon Bay Ritz-Carlton Fined $1.6M for Blocking Beach Access|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11754755/half-moon-bay-ritz-carlton-fined-1-6m-for-blocking-beach-access|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-19|website=KQED|language=en-us}}</ref> Some of the money from the fine was given to local conservation group [[Peninsula Open Space Trust]].<ref name=":2"/>

== In popular culture ==
The hotel was a filming location for the 2003 movie ''[[American Wedding]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filming Locations for American Wedding (American Pie 3) (2003)|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/a/American-Pie-3.php|access-date=2022-01-19|website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations}}</ref>

{{Commons category|Ritz-Carlton, Half Moon Bay, California}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|37|26|2|N|122|26|30|W|region:US-CA|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotels in California]]
[[Category:Luxury hotels]]

Anglo-Norman language

2021-07-28T22:46:34Z

Guillom: typo

{{short description|Extinct dialect of French}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Anglo-Norman
|nativename=''norman''
|region=Great Britain and Ireland
|era= unknown, but significantly contributed to [[Middle English]]; used in [[English law]] until {{c.}} 17th century
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam4=[[Western Romance languages|Western]]
|fam5=[[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
|fam6=[[Langues d'oïl|Oïl]]
|fam7=[[Norman language|Norman]]
|ancestor=[[Old Norman]]
|iso3=xno
|glotto=angl1258
|glottorefname=Anglo-Norman
|linglist=xno
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Anglo-Norman''', also known as '''Anglo-Norman French''' ({{lang-nrf|Anglo-Normaund}}) ([[Standard French|French]]: Anglo-Normand), was a [[dialect]] of [[Old Norman French]]<ref>Ian Short, ''A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World'', "Language and Literature", Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2007. (p. 193)</ref> that was used in [[Kingdom of England|England]] and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in Great Britain and Ireland during the [[Anglo-Normans|Anglo-Norman]] period.<ref>For a wide-ranging introduction to the language and its uses, see [https://archive.today/20120724052814/http://www.anglo-norman.net/sitedocs/main-intro.html Anglo-French and the AND] by [[William Rothwell]]</ref>

When [[William the Conqueror]] led the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from [[Normandy]], but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of [[langues d'oïl]] (northern varieties of [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]). One of these was [[Old Norman]], also known as "Old Northern French". Other followers spoke varieties of the [[Picard language]] or western [[register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] of general [[Old French]]. This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century. It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, but it is clear that Anglo-Norman was, to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England.

It was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards.

Although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern [[English language|English]], they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. Thus, many original [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] words, cognates of which can still be found in [[North Germanic languages|Nordic]], [[German language|German]], and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], have been lost or, as more often occurs, exist alongside synonyms of Anglo-Norman French origin. Anglo-Norman had little lasting impact on English grammar, as opposed to vocabulary, although it is still evident in official and legal terms where the ordinary sequence of noun and adjective [[Postpositive adjective|is reversed]], as seen in phrases such as ''attorney general, heir apparent, court martial, envoy extraordinary'' and ''body politic.''<ref>Amended version of: Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language''. Cambridge University Press, 1995.</ref>

The [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] still features in French the mottos of both the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British Monarch]], ''[[Dieu et mon droit]]'' ("God and my right"), and the [[Order of the Garter]], ''[[Honi soit qui mal y pense]]'' ("Shamed be he who thinks evil of it").

''Dieu et mon droit'' was first used by [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] (who spoke French but not English) in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]. The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms.

==Use and development==
Anglo-Norman was never the main administrative language of England: Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period. However, from the late 12th century to the early 15th century, Anglo-Norman French and Anglo-French were much used in law reports, charters, ordinances, official correspondence, and trade at all levels; they were the language of the King, his court and the upper class. There is evidence, too, that foreign words ([[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Arabic]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]) often entered English via Anglo-Norman.

The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics, so ''Anglo-French'' remained (in at least some respects and at least at some social levels) part of the dialect continuum of modern French, often with distinctive spellings. Over time, the use of Anglo-French expanded into the fields of law, administration, commerce, and science, in all of which a rich documentary legacy survives, indicative of the vitality and importance of the language.

By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see [[Law French]]. It continued to be known as "Norman French" until the end of the 19th century even though, philologically, there was nothing Norman about it.<ref>Pollock and Maitland, p. 87 note 3.</ref>

One notable survival of influence on the political system is the use of certain Anglo-French set phrases in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] for some endorsements to bills and the granting of [[Royal Assent]] to legislation.<ref>Bennion, Francis. "[http://www.francisbennion.com/word/fb/1981/1981-011-royal-assent-procedure.doc Modern Royal Assent Procedure at Westminister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316103344/http://www.francisbennion.com/word/fb/1981/1981-011-royal-assent-procedure.doc |date=2007-03-16 }}" (Word document). ''New Law Journal''. Retrieved on 18 November 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/ldctso56.htm|title=Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords|access-date=2007-11-18|publisher=United Kingdom Parliament| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071121221657/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldcomp/ldctso56.htm| archive-date= 21 November 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> These set phrases include:
*''Soit baille aux Communes'' ("Let it be sent to the Commons", on a bill sent by the House of Lords to the House of Commons)
*''A ceste Bille (avecque une amendement/avecque des amendemens) les Communes sont assentus'' ("To this Bill (with an amendment/with amendments) the Commons have assented", on a bill passed by the House of Commons and returned to the House of Lords)
*''A cette amendement/ces amendemens les Seigneurs sont assentus'' ("To this amendment/these amendments the Lords have assented", on an amended bill returned by the House of Commons to the House of Lords, where the amendments were accepted)
*''Ceste Bille est remise aux Communes avecque une Raison/des Raisons'' ("This Bill is returned to the Commons with a reason/with reasons", when the House of Lords disagrees with amendments made by the House of Commons)
*''Le Roy/[[La Reyne le veult]]'' ("The King/Queen wills it", Royal Assent for a public bill)
*''Le Roy/La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le veult'' ("The King/Queen thanks his/her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so", Royal Assent for a supply bill)
*''Soit fait comme il est désiré'' ("Let it be done as it is desired", Royal Assent for a private bill)
*''Le Roy/La Reyne s'avisera'' ("The King/Queen will consider it", if Royal Assent is withheld)

The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years; for example, ''s'avisera'' has been spelled as ''s'uvisera'' and ''s'advisera'', and ''Reyne'' as ''Raine''.

Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is [[Marie de France]].

The languages and literature of the [[Channel Islands]] are sometimes referred to as Anglo-Norman, but that usage is derived from the French name for the islands: ''îles anglo-normandes''. The variety of French spoken in the islands is Norman and not the Anglo-Norman of medieval England.

==Trilingualism in Medieval England==

Much of the earliest recorded [[French language|French]] is in fact Anglo-Norman French. In Northern [[France]] at that time,{{when|date=February 2018}} almost nothing was being recorded in the [[vernacular]] because [[Medieval Latin|Latin]] was the language of the [[Roman Catholic Church#Medieval and Renaissance periods|Church]] and consequently of [[Medieval university|education]] and [[historiography]], and was thus used for the purpose of records. Latin also remained in use in medieval England by the Church, the royal government and much local administration, as it had been before 1066, in parallel with [[Middle English]]. The early {{when|date=February 2018}} adoption of Anglo-Norman as a written and literary language probably owes something to this history of [[bilingualism]] in writing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Around the same time, as a shift took place in France towards using French as a language of record in the mid-13th century, Anglo-Norman French also became a language of record in England though Latin retained its pre-eminence for matters of permanent record (as in written [[chronicle]]s). From around this point onwards, considerable variation begins to be apparent in Anglo-French, which ranges from the very local (and most [[anglicize]]d) to a level of language which approximates to and is sometimes indistinguishable from varieties of continental French. Thus, typically, local records are rather different from continental French, with diplomatic and international trade documents closest to the emerging continental norm.<ref>See Lusignan, 2005; Trotter, 2009.</ref> English remained the vernacular of the common people throughout this period. The resulting virtual [[multilingualism|trilinguism]] in spoken and written language was one of medieval Latin, French and Middle English.

=== Language of the king and his court ===
From the time of the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] (1066) until the end of the 14th century, French was the language of the king and his court. During this period, marriages with French princesses reinforced the royal family's ties to French culture. Nevertheless, during the 13th century, intermarriages with [[English nobility]] became more frequent. French became progressively a second language among the upper classes. Moreover, with the [[Hundred Years' War]] and the growing spirit of English and French nationalism, the status of French diminished.

French was the mother tongue of every [[English king]] from [[William the Conqueror]] (1066–1087) until [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] (1399–1413). Henry IV was the first to take the oath in English, and his son, [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] (1413–1422), was the first to write in English. By the end of the 15th century, French became the second language of a cultivated elite.<ref name="Lusignan">Lusignan, Serge. ''La langue des rois au Moyen Âge: Le français en France et en Angleterre''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.</ref>

=== Language of the royal charters and legislation ===
Until the end of the 13th century, [[Latin]] was the language of all official written documents. Nevertheless, some important documents had their official Norman translation, such as the [[Magna Carta]] signed in 1215. The first official document written in Anglo-Norman was a statute promulgated by the king in 1275. Thus, from the 13th century, Anglo-Norman became used in official documents, such as those that were marked by the [[Lord Privy Seal|private seal]] of the king whereas the documents sealed by the [[Lord Chancellor]] were written in Latin until the end of the Middle Ages. English became the language of [[Parliament]] and of legislation in the 15th century, half a century after it had become the language of the king and of most of the English nobility.<ref name="Lusignan" />

=== Language of administration and justice ===
During the 12th century, development of the administrative and judicial institutions took place. Because the king and the lawyers at the time normally used French, it also became the language of these institutions.<ref name="Lusignan" /> From the 12th century until the 15th century, the courts used three languages: Latin for writing, French as the main oral language during trials, and English in less formal exchanges between the judge, the lawyer, the complainant or the witnesses. The judge gave his sentence orally in Norman, which was then written in Latin. Only in the lowest level of the manorial courts were trials entirely in English.

During the 15th century, English became the main spoken language, but Latin and French continued to be exclusively used in official legal documents until the beginning of the 18th century. Nevertheless, the French language used in England changed from the end of the 15th century into [[Law French]]. This variety of French was a technical language, with a specific vocabulary, where English words were used to describe everyday experience, and French grammatical rules and morphology gradually declined, with confusion of genders and the adding of ''-s'' to form all plurals. Law French was banished from the courts of the [[common law]] in 1731, almost three centuries after the king ceased speaking primarily French.

=== Language of the people ===
Though the great mass of ordinary people spoke Middle English, French, because of its prestigious status, spread as a second language, encouraged by its long-standing use in the school system as a medium of instruction through which Latin was taught. In the courts, the members of the [[jury]], who represented the population, had to know French in order to understand the plea of the lawyer. French was used by the merchant middle class as a language of business communication, especially when it traded with the continent, and several churches used French to communicate with lay people.<ref name="Lusignan" /> A small but important number of documents survive associated with the Jews of medieval England, some featuring Anglo-French written in [[Hebrew]] script, typically in the form of [[gloss (annotation)|gloss]]es to the Hebrew scriptures.<ref name="Fuderman" >Fuderman</ref>

==Characteristics==
As a ''[[langue d'oïl]]'', Anglo-Norman developed collaterally to the central [[Gallo-Romance]] dialects which would eventually become [[Paris]]ian French in terms of [[grammar]], [[pronunciation]] and [[vocabulary]]. Before the signature of the ''[[Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts]]'' in 1539 and long afterward in practice, French was not standardised as an official administrative language of the kingdom of France.

[[Middle English]] was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. W. Rothwell has called Anglo-French 'the [[Transitional fossil#Missing links|missing link]]' because many etymological [[dictionary|dictionaries]] seem to ignore the contribution of that language in English and because Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French can explain the transmission of words from French into English and fill the void left by the absence of documentary records of English (in the main) between 1066 and c. 1380.<ref>Rothwell, W. (1991), "The missing link in English etymology: Anglo-French", ''Medium Aevum'', 60, 173–96.</ref>

Modern French has changed dramatically compared to the Anglo-Norman period. For example, Anglo-Norman legal documents use the phrase "del Rey" (''of the king''). This is identical to modern Spanish but different from the modern French "du Roi".<ref>j{{cite book | title=Textbook on Legal Language and Legal Writing
| author=Bhatia, K. L. | publisher=Universal Law Publishers | year=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wg1dvc2lfcEC | page=260 | isbn=978-8175348943}}</ref>

Anglo-Norman [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[phonology]] can be deduced from its heritage in English. Mostly, it is done in comparison with continental Central French. English has many [[doublet (linguistics)|doublet]]s as a result of this contrast:
* ''warranty – guarantee''
* ''warden – guardian''
* ''catch – chase'' (see below)

Compare also:
* ''wage'' (Anglo-Norman) – ''gage'' (French)
* ''wait'' – ''guetter'' (French, Old French ''guaitier'')
* ''war'' (from Anglo-Norman ''werre'') – ''guerre'' (French)
* ''wicket'' (Anglo-Norman) – ''guichet'' (French, from Norman)

The [[palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of [[velar consonant]]s before the front vowel produced different results in Norman to the central ''langue d'oïl'' dialects that developed into French. English therefore, for example, has ''fashion'' from Norman ''féchoun'' as opposed to Modern French ''façon'' (both developing from Latin ''factio, factiōnem''). In contrast, the palatalization of velar consonants before {{IPA|/a/}} that affected the development of French did not occur in Norman dialects north of the [[Joret line]]. English has therefore inherited words that retain a velar [[plosive]] where French has a [[fricative]]:

{| border="0"
!English!!< Norman!!= French
|-
|''cabbage''||< ''caboche''||= ''chou, caboche''
|-
|''candle''||< ''caundèle''||= ''chandelle''
|-
|''castle''||< ''caste(-l)''||= ''château''
|-
|''cauldron''||< ''caudron''||= ''chaudron''
|-
|''causeway''||< ''cauchie''||= ''chaussée''
|-
|''catch''||< ''cachi''||= ''chasser''
|-
|''cattle''||< ''*cate(-l)''||= ''cheptel'' (Old French ''chetel'')
|-
|''fork''||< ''fouorque''||= ''fourche''
|-
|''garden''||< ''gardin''||= ''jardin''
|-
|''kennel''||< ''kenil''||= ''chenil'' (Vulgar Latin ''*canile'')
|-
|''wicket''||< ''viquet''||= ''guichet''
|-
|''plank''||< ''planque''||= ''planche, planque''
|-
|''pocket''||< ''pouquette''||= ''poche''
|}

Some loans were palatalized later in English, as in the case of ''challenge'' (< Old Norman {{lang|xno|calonge}}, Middle English {{lang|enm|kalange, kalenge}}, later {{lang|enm|chalange}}; Old French {{lang|fro|challenge, chalonge}}).

There were also vowel differences: Compare Anglo-Norman ''profound'' with Parisian French ''profond'', ''soun'' sound with ''son'', ''round'' with ''rond''. The former words were originally pronounced something like 'profoond', 'soon', 'roond' respectively (compare the similarly [[nasal stop|denasalised]] vowels of modern Norman), but later developed their modern pronunciation in English. The word ''veil'' retains the {{IPA|/ei/}} (as does modern Norman in ''vaile'' and ''laîsi'') that in French has been replaced by {{IPA|/wa/}} ''voile'', ''loisir''.

Since many words established in Anglo-Norman from French via the intermediary of Norman were not subject to the processes of sound change that continued in parts of the continent, English sometimes preserves earlier pronunciations. For example, ''ch'' used to be {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in Medieval French, where Modern French has {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, but English has preserved the older sound (in words like ''chamber, chain, chase'' and ''exchequer''). Similarly, ''j'' had an older {{IPA|/dʒ/}} sound, which it still has in English and some dialects of modern Norman, but it has developed into {{IPA|/ʒ/}} in Modern French.

The word ''mushroom'' preserves a hush [[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]] not recorded in French ''mousseron'', as does ''cushion'' for ''coussin''. Conversely, the pronunciation of the word ''sugar'' resembles Norman ''chucre'' even if the spelling is closer to French ''sucre''. It is possible that the original sound was an [[apical consonant|apical]] sibilant, like the [[Basque language|Basque]] ''s'', which is halfway between a hissing sibilant and a hushing sibilant.

The doublets ''[[wikt:catch|catch]]'' and ''[[wiktionary:Chase|chase]]'' are both derived from Low Latin ''*captiare''. ''Catch'' demonstrates a Norman development while ''chase'' is the French equivalent imported with a different meaning.

Distinctions in meaning between Anglo-Norman and French have led to many ''[[False friends|faux ami]]s'' (words having similar form but different meanings) in Modern English and Modern French.

Although it is a Romance language, Norman contains a significant amount of lexical material from [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]. Because of this, some of the words introduced to England as part of Anglo-Norman were of Germanic origin. Indeed, sometimes one can identify cognates such as ''flock'' (Germanic in English existing prior to the Conquest) and ''floquet'' (Germanic in Norman). The case of the word ''mug'' demonstrates that in instances, Anglo-Norman may have reinforced certain Scandinavian elements already present in English. ''Mug'' had been introduced into northern English dialects by [[Viking]] settlement. The same word had been established in Normandy by the Normans (Norsemen) and was then brought over after the Conquest and established firstly in southern English dialects. It is, therefore, argued that the word ''mug'' in English shows some of the complicated Germanic heritage of Anglo-Norman.

Many expressions used in English today have their origin in Anglo-Norman (such as the expression ''before-hand'', which derives from Anglo-Norman ''avaunt-main''), as do many modern words with interesting etymologies. ''[[Mortgage loan|Mortgage]]'', for example, literally meant ''death-wage'' in Anglo-Norman. ''[[Curfew]]'' (fr. ''[[couvre-feu]]'') meant ''cover-fire'', referring to the time in the evening when all fires had to be covered to prevent the spread of fire within communities with timber buildings.<ref>''Bailey's Dictionary'', fifth edition, 1731.</ref> The word ''glamour'' is derived from Anglo-Norman ''grammeire'', the same word which gives us modern ''grammar''; ''glamour'' meant first "book learning" and then the most glamorous form of book learning, "magic" or "magic spell" in Medieval times.

The influence of Anglo-Norman was very asymmetric: very little influence from English was carried over into the continental possessions of the Anglo-Norman kings. Some administrative terms survived in some parts of mainland Normandy: {{lang|xno|forlenc}} (from ''furrow'', compare ''[[furlong]]'') in the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] and [[Bessin]], and a general use of the word ''[[acre]]'' for [[land measurement]] in Normandy until [[metrication]] in the 19th century, but these words are probably linguistic traces of Saxon or [[Anglo-Scandinavian]] settlements between the 4th and the 10th centuries in Normandy. Otherwise the direct influence of English in mainland Norman (such as ''smogler'' "to smuggle") is from direct contact with English in later centuries, rather than Anglo-Norman.

== Literature ==
{{see also|Anglo-Norman literature}}
When the [[Normans]] invaded England, [[Anglo-Saxon literature]] had reached a very high level of development. The important [[Benedictine]] monasteries both wrote chronicles and guarded other works in [[Old English]]. However, with the arrival of the Norman, Anglo-Saxon literature came to an end and literature written in Britain was in Latin or Anglo-Norman. The [[Plantagenet]] kings encouraged this [[Anglo-Norman literature]]. Nevertheless, from the beginning of the 14th century, some authors chose to write in English, such as [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. The authors of that period were influenced by the works of contemporary French writers whose language was prestigious. Chaucer is considered to be the father of the English language and the creator of English as a literary language.<ref name="Lusignan" />

== Influence on English ==
[[File:Origins of English PieChart 2D.svg|thumb|250px|According to one study, about 28% of English [[vocabulary]] comes from French, including Anglo-French (green). Note that such percentages vary greatly depending on what amount of rare and technical words are included in the calculation.]]
The major Norman-French influence on English can still be seen in today's vocabulary. An enormous number of Norman-French and other medieval French [[loanwords]] came into the language, and about three-quarters of them are still used today. Very often, the Norman or French word supplanted the Anglo-Saxon term, or both words would co-exist but with slightly different nuances: for example, ''cow'' (describing the animal) and ''beef'' (describing the meat). In other cases, the Norman or French word was adopted to signify a new reality, such as ''judge'', ''castle'', ''warranty''.<ref name="Lusignan" />

In general, the Norman and French borrowings concerned the fields of culture, aristocratic life, politics and religion, and war whereas the English words were used to describe everyday experience. When the Normans arrived in England, their copyists wrote English as they heard it, without realising the peculiarities of the relationship between Anglo-Saxon pronunciation and spelling and so the spelling changed. There appeared different regional Modern-English written dialects, the one that the king chose in the 15th century becoming the standard variety.

In some remote areas, agricultural terms used by the rural workers may have been derived from Norman French. An example is the Cumbrian term ''sturdy'' for diseased sheep that walk in circles, derived from ''étourdi'' meaning dizzy.<ref>Rollinson, William ''Life and Tradition in the Lake District'' Dalesman 1987 p.82 {{ISBN|0852068859}}</ref>

== Influence in Ireland ==
The [[Norman invasion of Ireland]] took place in the late 12th century and led to Anglo-Norman control of much of the island. Norman-speaking administrators arrived to rule over the [[Angevin Empire]]'s new territory. Several Norman words became [[Irish language|Gaelic]] words, including household terms: {{lang|ga|garsún}} (from Norman {{lang|xno|garçun}}, "boy"); {{lang|ga|cóta}} ({{lang|xno|cote}}, "cloak"); {{lang|ga|hata}} ({{lang|xno|hatte}}, "hat"); {{lang|ga|gairdín}} ({{lang|xno|gardin}}, "garden"); and terms relating to justice (Irish {{lang|ga|giúistís}}, {{lang|ga|bardas}} (corporation), {{lang|ga|cúirt}} (court)). Place-names in Norman are few, but there is [[Buttevant]] (from the motto of the Barry family: {{lang|xno|Boutez en Avant}}, "Push to the Fore"), the village of [[Brittas, Dublin|Brittas]] (from the Norman {{lang|xno|bretesche}}, "boarding, planking") and the element ''Pallas'' (Irish {{lang|ga|pailís}}, from Norman {{lang|xno|paleis}}, "boundary fence": compare [[palisade]], [[The Pale]]).<ref>[http://www.logainm.ie/en/s?txt=Pallas&str=on 'Pallas' {{!}} Logainm.ie]</ref> Others exist with English or Irish roots, such as [[Castletownroche]], which combines the English ''Castletown'' and the Norman {{lang|xno|Roche}}, meaning rock.

Only a handful of Hiberno-Norman-French texts survive, most notably the {{lang|fr|[[chanson de geste]]}} ''[[The Song of Dermot and the Earl]]'' (early 13th century) and the [[Statutes of Kilkenny]] (1366).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/frpage.html |title=Medieval and early modern French Texts at CELT |website=www.ucc.ie }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Norman literature]]
*[[Anglo-Norman Text Society]]
*[[Law French]]
*[[Middle English creole hypothesis]]
*[[Guernésiais]]
*[[Jèrriais]]
*[[Auregnais]]
*[[Sercquiais]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* De Wilde, G. et al. (eds.), [http://www.anglo-norman.net/gate/ "Anglo-Norman Dictionary"] (= AND), on line. [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100511024514/http://www.anglo-norman.net/]
* Kelham, ''Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language'' (1779) (very outdated)
* [[F. W. Maitland|Pollock and Maitland]], ''History of English Law'', 2nd edition: Cambridge 1898, pp. 80–87.

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*Rothwell, William (2007) 'Synonymity and Semantic Variability in Medieval French and Middle English', Modern Language Review 102:2, 363–80.
*Rothwell, William (2008) 'Anglo-French in Rural England in the Later Thirteenth Century: Walter of Bibbesworth's Tretiz and the Agricultural Treatises', Vox Romanica 67, 100–132.
*Rothwell, William [2005a], 'Anglo-French and the AND', [https://web.archive.org/web/20060327223511/http://www.anglo-norman.net/sitedocs/main-intro.html#sec1].
*Ruelle, Pierre (1999), Recueil général des isopets. Tome quatrième: Les Fables d'Eude de Cheriton, Paris, Société des Anciens Textes Français.
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*Selig, Maria (2008), Koineisierung im Altfranzösischen? Dialektmischung, Verschriftlichung und Überdachung im französischen Mittelalter, in: Heinemann, Sabine/Videsott, Paul (edd.), Sprachwandel und (Dis) Kontinuität in der Romania, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 71–85.
*Sharpe, Richard (2012), Peoples and languages in eleventh- and twelfth-century Britain and Ireland: reading the charter evidence, in: Broun, Dauvid (ed.), The Reality behind Charter Diplomatic in Anglo-Norman Britain, disponible en ligne: http://paradox.poms.ac.uk/redist/pdf/chapter1.pdf.
*Short, Ian (1980), 'On Bilingualism in Anglo Norman England', Romance Philology, 33, 467 79.
*Short, Ian (1992), Patrons and Polyglots: French Literature in Twelfth-Century England, Anglo-Norman Studies 14, 327–349.
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*Short, Ian (2007), Manual of Anglo-Norman (ANTS, Occasional Publications Series, 7; London: Anglo-Norman Text Society).
*Stanovaïa, Lydia (2003), La standardisation en ancien français, in: Goyens/Verbeke (2003), 241–272.
* {{cite book|last=Studer|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Studer|title=The study of Anglo-Norman: Inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 6 February 1920|year=1920|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|title-link=s:The study of Anglo-Norman}}
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*Trotter, David (1998b), 'Les néologismes de l'anglo-français et le FEW', Le Moyen Français 39–41, 577–636.
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*Trotter, David (2006a) 'Language Contact, Multilingualism, and the Evidence Problem', in: Schaefer, U. (ed.), The Beginnings of Standardization: Language and Culture in Fourteenth-Century England (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2006), 73–90.
*Trotter, David (2006b) 'Si le français n'y peut aller: Villers Cotterêts and mixed language documents from the Pyrenees', in: COWLING, D.J. (ed.), Conceptions of Europe in Renaissance France: a Festschrift for Keith Cameron (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006), 77–97.
*Trotter, David (2008), L'Anglo-normand en France: les traces documentaires, Académie des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres: Comptes rendus des séances de l'année 2008, avril-juin, II, 893–904.
*Trotter, David (2009), 'English in Contact: Middle English creolization', in A. Bergs/L. Brinton (eds.), Historical Linguistics of English (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012), 2, 1781–1793.
*Trotter, David (2010): Bridging the Gap: The (Socio-)linguistic Evidence of Some Medieval English Bridge Accounts. In: Ingham (2010), 52–62.
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*Trotter, David (2011b), 'L'anglo-normand et le français, et les emprunts en anglais', Actes du colloque international 'Les emprunts lexicaux au français dans les langues européennes', Craiova, 10–12 novembre 2011 (Craiova: Editura Universitaria, 2011), 299–309.
*Trotter, David (2011c), 'Death, taxes and property: some code-switching evidence from Dover, Southampton, and York', in H. Schendl/L. Wright (eds.), Code-Switching in Early English (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2011), 155–189.
*Trotter, David (2011d), 'Intra-textual multilingualism and diaphasic/diastratic variation in Anglo-Norman', in Elizabeth Tyler (ed.), Conceptualizing Multilingualism in England, 800–1250, University of York, July 2006 (Amsterdam: Brepols, 2011), 357–368.
*Trotter, David (2011e), 'Italian merchants in London and Paris: evidence of language contact in the Gallerani accounts, 1305–08', in D. Lagorgette/T. Pooley (eds.), On linguistic change in French: socio-historical approaches. Le changement linguistique en français: aspects socio-historiques Studies in Honour of R. Anthony Lodge. Etudes en hommage au Professeur R. Anthony Lodge (Chambéry: Presses Universitaires de Savoie, 2011), 209–226.
*Trotter, David (2011f), 'Bytes, words, texts: the Anglo-Norman Dictionary and its text-base', in Christine McWebb/Helen Swift (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the "Third International Margot Conference, The Digital Middle Ages: Teaching and Research, special issue of Digital Medievalist, summer 2011, at https://web.archive.org/web/20140311153723/http://www.digitalmedievalist.org/journal/7/trotter/.
*Trotter, David (2012a): Saunz desbriser de hay ou de clos: clos(e) in Anglo-French and in English. In: Claudia Lange/Beatrix Weber/Göran Wolf (eds.), Communicative Spaces: Variation, Contact, and Change: Papers in Honour of Ursula Schaefer, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 197–214.
*Trotter, David (2012b): L'anglo-normand dans le Middle English Dictionary. In: Stephen Dörr/Thomas Städtler (eds.), Ki bien voldreit raisun entendre: Mélanges en l'honneur du 70e anniversaire de Frankwalt Möhren, Strasbourg: Éditions de Linguistique et de Philologie, 323–337.
*Trotter, David (2013a): Une rencontre germano-romane dans la Romania Britannica. In: Emili Casanova Herrero/Cesáro Calvo Rigual (edd.), Actas del XXVI Congreso Internacional de Lingüística y de Filología Románicas, Berlin: De Gruyter, I, 441–456.
*Trotter, David (2013b): L'anglo-normand à la campagne. In: Comptes-rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions 2012, II (avril-juin), 1113–1131.
*Trotter, David (à paraître a) 'Trové l'avum mis en tiste: comment réduire notre ignorance du lexique de l'anglo-normand', in Oreste Floquet/Gabriele Giannini (eds.), Anglo-Français: linguistique et philologie/Anglo-francese: filologia e linguistica (Paris: Garnier).
*Trotter, David (à paraître b): Tout feu tout flamme: le FEW et l'anglais few. Dans un volume de mélanges.
*Trotter, David (à paraître c): Noms de lieux, lieux des noms: l'influence Anglo-normande dans la toponymie anglaise. Dans un volume de mélanges.
*Trotter, David (à paraître d), Trop fidèle pour être belle: l'édition historique en Anglo-normand, dans un volume de mélanges.
*Ureland, P. Sture (ed.) (1991), Language Contact in the British Isles, Tübingen.
*Van Acker, Marieke (2010), La transition Latin / langues romanes et la notion de «diglossie», ZrP 126, 1–38.
*Videsott, Paul (2013), Les débuts du français à la Chancellerie royale: analyse scriptologique des chartes de Philippe III (1270–1285), RLiR 77, 3–50.
*Vising, Johan (1923), Anglo Norman Language and Literature, London.
*Völker, Harald (2000), Chartes luxembourgeoises du XIIIe siècle: Scripta régionale, locale ou «individuelle»?, in: Actes du XXIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philo¬logie Romanes, Bruxelles, 23–29 juillet 1998, Tübingen, Niemeyer, 2000, 5, 159–166.
*Weiner, Edmund S.C. (2000), 'Medieval multilingualism and the revision of the OED'. In TROTTER (2000a), 169–174.
*Woledge, Brian (1970), Un scribe champenois devant un texte normand: Guiot copiste de Wace, in: Mélanges de langue et de littérature du Moyen Âge et de la Renaissance offerts à Jean Frappier, Genève, Droz, 2, 1139–1154.
*Wright, Laura (1996), Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. Oxford.
*Wüest, Jakob (1979), La dialectalisation de la Gallo-Romania. Études phonologiques, Berne, Francke.
*Wüest, Jakob (2001), Sind Schreibdialekte phonologisch interpretierbar? in: Holtus/Rapp/Völker (2001), 37–51.
*Wüest, Jakob (2003), Le rapport entre la langue parlée et la langue écrite: les scriptae dans le domaine d'oïl et le domaine d'oc, in: Goyens/Verbeke (2003), 51–70.**

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.anglo-norman.net/ |title=The Anglo-Norman hub contains articles and corpus texts |access-date=2004-05-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130704150147/http://www.anglo-norman.net/ |archive-date=2013-07-04 |url-status=bot: unknown }}, and includes:
** [http://www.anglo-norman.net/gate/index.shtml The Revised Anglo-Norman Dictionary (A-Q), with the entries from the first edition, for R-Z] freely available online.
*[http://www.anglo-norman-texts.net/ The Anglo-Norman Text Society publishes a wide range of works written in Anglo-Norman]
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.bcu.ac.uk/pme/school-of-english/research/collections/anglo-norman-corpus |title=The Anglo-Norman Correspondence Corpus at Birmingham City University |access-date=2012-03-21 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121222212412/http://www.bcu.ac.uk/pme/school-of-english/research/collections/anglo-norman-corpus |archive-date=2012-12-22 |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web
| title = Psalterium (Psalter of Queen Isabella of England)
| work = [[World Digital Library]]
| language = en
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8957
| year = 1300
}}
{{History of English}}
{{Norman language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Norman Language}}
[[Category:Norman language]]
[[Category:England in the High Middle Ages|Language]]
[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Extinct Romance languages]]
[[Category:Languages of England]]
[[Category:Languages of Wales]]
[[Category:Medieval Wales]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 12th century]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 15th century]]
[[Category:15th-century disestablishments in Europe]]

Mike Manning (actor)

2021-07-19T21:36:20Z

Guillom: typo

{{short description|American actor and model}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox model
| image = Mike Manning.jpg
| caption = Manning in 2013
| name = Mike Manning
| birth_name = Michael Christopher Manning
| other_names = Mike C. Manning
| birth_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], United States
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|4|12}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/21/mtvs-the-real-world-d-c-premieres-on-wednesday-december-30-at-10p/36870/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224010258/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/21/mtvs-the-real-world-d-c-premieres-on-wednesday-december-30-at-10p/36870/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 24, 2015 |title = MTV's "The Real World: D.C." premieres on Wednesday, December 30 at 10p|date = December 21, 2009}}</ref><ref name=RWDCEp1>{{Cite episode| title =Looks Can Be D.C.-ving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =December 30, 2009| season = 23| number =1}}</ref>
| height = {{height|m=1.778}}<ref name=OfficialAbout>{{cite web|url=https://www.mikecmanning.net/about|title=Biography|publisher=mikecmanning.net|access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, producer, writer, television personality
| years_active = 2009-present
| website = [http://www.mikemanning.info www.mikemanning.info]
}}
'''Michael Christopher Manning''' (born April 12, 1987) is an American actor, producer, reality television personality and activist. Manning first gained fame as a cast member on the [[MTV]] series ''[[The Real World: D.C.]]'' Since then he has starred in a number of films and television programs, such as the 2014 Disney Channel original movie ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'', in which he played Nick Swift, ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'', ''[[Love Is All You Need?]]'', ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'', ''[[The Call (2020 American film)|The Call]]'', ''[[Son of the South (film)|Son of the South]]'' and ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gleberman|first1=Monica|title=Exclusive Interview with Love Is All You Need's Mike Manning|url=http://talknerdywithus.com/2016/03/03/exclusive-interview-with-love-is-all-you-needs-mike-manning/|website=Talk Nerdy With Us|access-date=22 March 2018|date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> and produced the documentary ''[[Kidnapped for Christ]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Richard|title=Disney Star Shines as Documentary Producer|url=http://pagesix.com/2014/02/03/disney-star-shines-as-documentary-producer/|website=Page Six|publisher=NY Post|access-date=16 June 2014|date=February 4, 2014}}</ref> He is a producer of ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'', which won the 2020 [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Greg|date=June 27, 2020|title=Daytime Emmys: ''The Young & The Restless'', Alex Trebek Take Top Prizes – Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/daytime-emmy-awards-winners-2020-list-1202971038/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> and won the 2021 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Performance By a Supporting Actor in a Daytime Fiction Program for his performance as Caleb McKinnon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2021 Daytime Nominees (Performer – Non-Drama) – The Emmys|url=https://theemmys.tv/daytime/48th-nominees-performer-non-drama/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=theemmys.tv|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Michael Christopher Manning is from [[Thornton, Colorado]].<ref>Zak, Dan (October 29, 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/28/AR2009102804828.html?hpid=topnews "A peek inside the 'Real World' house in Washington, D.C."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> His parents are Michael Sr.<ref name=RWDCEp14>{{Cite episode| title =From D.C., With Love| series =[[The Real World: DC]]| network =[[MTV]]| airdate =March 31, 2010| season = 23| number =14}}</ref> and Susan Manning. He is the oldest of three children; he has a younger brother named Jonathan and a younger sister named Alyssa.<ref name=RWDCEp8>{{Cite episode|title =Out of the Closet and Onto the Stage| series = The Real World: DC|network = MTV|airdate=February 17, 2008|season = 23|number =8}}</ref> He grew up in Colorado and Florida.<ref name=OfficialAbout/>

Manning was involved with children's theater.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giddens, Jamey|title=The Real World D.C.'s Mike C. Manning on Acting Gigs, Shooting Down Reichen on The A-List and ACME's Hollywood Dream Role|url=http://popconfidential.zap2it.com/2011/09/22/pc-exclusive-the-real-world-dcs-mike-c-manning-on-acting-gigs-shooting-down-reichen-on-th|publisher=[[Zap2It]]|date=September 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217024902/http://popconfidential.zap2it.com/2011/09/22/pc-exclusive-the-real-world-dcs-mike-c-manning-on-acting-gigs-shooting-down-reichen-on-th|archive-date=February 17, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He started acting in high school in productions of ''And They Dance Real Slow in Jackson'' and ''[[Oliver!]]'' based on the classic [[Charles Dickens]] story.<ref name=OfficialAbout/><ref>http://hhsdrama.com/home/seasons/2002-2003/</ref> He was described in his [[MTV]] biography as "the typical jock...a star athlete, prom king, popular with all the girls...an all around golden child from a Christian family."<ref name=MikeBio>[http://www.mtv.com/shows/real_world/Washingtondc/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=13190 "Real World: Washington D.C.: Cast: Mike"]. MTV. Retrieved December 22, 2012.</ref>

==''The Real World: DC''==
Manning's TV career started in 2009 at age 22<ref name=RWDCEp1>{{Cite episode| title =Looks Can Be D.C.-ving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =December 30, 2009| season = 23| number =1}}</ref> on ''[[The Real World: DC]]'', the twenty-third season of [[MTV]]'s reality television series ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'', for which Manning auditioned on a random lark with a friend.<ref name=TVGuide>Eng, Joyce (December 30, 2009). "[https://tvguide.com/news/real-world-dc-1013273.aspx The Real World: DC Will Be "a Little Less Party, a Little Bit More Engaged"]". ''[[TV Guide]]''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> Having had recently [[Coming out|come out]] as bisexual, the revelation caused conflict with some of his loved ones.<ref name=manningcover>{{cite news | url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=4765 | title=Coming Out ''Mike-sexual'': Real World's Mike Manning talks about God, government and going both ways | last=O'Bryan|first=Will|date=January 7, 2010|work=[[Metro Weekly]]|access-date=January 8, 2010}}</ref> In his pre-show interviews, Manning described himself as a "pile of contradictions," <ref name=MTVAudition>[http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/465690/mike.jhtml#id=1628413 Real World (Washington D.C.): Real World: Washington D.C.: Cast Profiles]. MTV. accessed August 26, 2011.</ref> and indicated that his time in D.C. would be a turning point for him and the question of whether his family would accept his sexuality.<ref name=MikeBio/> Manning explained in the season premiere that he attended church every Sunday, through which he hoped to bond with his castmate and fellow churchgoer, Ashley Lindley.<ref name=RWDCEp1/> His storyline also depicted his social life, in particular his newfound freedom to date <ref name=RWDCReunion>''The Real World: Washington D.C. Reunion''. MTV. March 31, 2010.</ref><ref name=RWDCEp2>{{Cite episode| title =Bipartisan Loving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =January 6, 2010| season = 23| number =2}}</ref><ref name=RWDCEp6>{{Cite episode| title =When Push Comes to Shove| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =February 3, 2010| season = 23| number =6}}</ref> and his concerns regarding family and religion.<ref>{{Cite episode| title =Sisterhood and Brotherly Love| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =March 24, 2010| season = 23| number =13}}</ref>

Manning joined the cast with the intention of working as an environmentalist, but unexpectedly became an activist for [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] as well,<ref name=MikeBio/> working for the [[Human Rights Campaign]] and the [[Energy Action Coalition]].<ref name="manningcover"/><ref name=MetroWeekly>(November 27, 2009). [http://www.metroweekly.com/news/last_word/2009/11/the-reel-world-dc-releases-fir.html "'The Real World DC' releases first look at new series and Mike, its bisexual / gay / questioning cast member] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426045849/http://www.metroweekly.com/news/last_word/2009/11/the-reel-world-dc-releases-fir.html |date=April 26, 2014 }}". ''Metro Weekly''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref><ref>O'Bryan, Will (January 7, 2010). "[http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=4765 Coming Out ''Mike-sexual'': Real World's Mike Manning talks about God, government and going both ways]", ''Metro Weekly''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref><ref>(December 31, 2009). "[http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/9108009 'The Real World: DC' features bisexual housemate]", [[ChicagoPride.com]]. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> During the course of his work for the Human Rights Campaign, Manning met with Congressman [[Jared Polis]] of Colorado<ref name=RWDCEp8/> and Congressman [[James P. Moran]] of Virginia, and attended the October 10, 2009 HRC dinner at which President [[Barack Obama]] spoke.<ref name=RWDCEp14/><ref>Katherine Skiba and Peter Nicholas. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-gay-rights-1010-1011oct11,0,2106304.story "Gay rights: Obama addresses Human rights Campaign dinner, pledges to end 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. October 11, 2009</ref>

During ''The Real World: Washington D.C. Reunion'', which premiered on March 31, 2010, following the season finale, Manning indicated he was attending Bible study, and had recently acquired a job as a host on a TV show. Since the show, Mike has stated that being on ''The Real World: DC'' helped him to realize the power of television to help influence public opinion and create social change, and was ultimately a large part in his decision to help found the production company Chhibber Mann Productions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Deevy|first1=Dan|title=Mike Manning Interview for Case 13|url=http://www.thecinemasource.com/blog/interviews/mike-c-manning-interview-case-13/|website=thecinemasource.com|publisher=The Cinema Source|access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>

==Acting career==
As an actor, Manning is best known for his role in the [[Disney Channel]] original movie ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'', centered around competitive snowboarding, with a premiere date of January 17, 2014. Manning played Nick Swift in the movie, and was trained by ex-members of the US Olympic Snowboarding Team for the role.<ref>{{cite web|last=Graser|first=Marc|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|publisher=Variety.com|access-date=October 30, 2013|date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perlman|first=Jake|title=New Disney Channel movie 'Cloud 9' hits the slopes in the world of competitive snowboarding|url=http://family-room.ew.com/2013/12/18/disney-movie-cloud-9/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

Manning appeared in ''eCupid'',<ref>Williams, Ken. [http://www.sdgln.com/news/2011/08/17/filmout-qa-jc-calciano-filmmaker-behind-ecupid-and-it-just-me "VIDEOS: FilmOut Q&A with JC Calciano, filmmaker behind "eCupid" and "Is It Just Me?""]. San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. August 17, 2011</ref> which premiered at the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref name=RadarOnline>Woulfe, Neil. [http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2011/06/meet-mike-manning-reality-tv-star-opens-about-coming-out "Meet Mike Manning – Reality TV Star Opens Up About Coming Out"]. [[RadarOnline]]. June 10, 2011</ref> He also appeared in the film ''[[I Do (2012 American film)|I Do]]'', which premiered worldwide on July 18, 2012. In June 2012 Manning starred alongside Dean Cain and Kristy Swanson in the Hallmark Channel film ''Operation Cupcake''. Manning has been in the films ''Black Hearts'', ''The Brothers Sinclair'', and ''Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/457f32aa1c/the-campsite-killer1|title=The Campsite Killer, by Mike C. Manning|publisher=[[Funny or Die]]|last=da Silva Villarrubia|first=Santiago Katriél|date=November 28, 2012|access-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mikegetsreal.com/Mike-Manning-In-Hollywood|title=Recent Projects: ''I Do, Operation Cupcake, Black Hearts and Kidnapped for Christ''|access-date=November 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022215756/http://mikegetsreal.com/Mike-Manning-In-Hollywood|archive-date=October 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kidnappedforchrist.com/#!about|title=The Creation of Kidnapped for Christ|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref>

Manning appeared in "Kapu", the January 14, 2013 episode of the CBS TV series ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'', in which he played a young college student. He also wrote, produced and starred in the short horror film ''Campsite Killer''. Manning appeared in "Party Crasher", November 5, 2012 episode of Disney XD's ''[[Crash & Bernstein]]'', playing the Australian boyfriend of the lead female Amanda.<ref name=TVGuide.com>{{cite web|title=Crash & Bernstein Episode: Party Crasher|url=https://tvguide.com/tvshows/crash-and-bernstein-2012/episode-5-season-1/party-crasher/382318|publisher=TV Guide|access-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> Manning performed opposite [[Rae Dawn Chong]] in Lisa Phillips Visca's play ''CLIMAX'', premiering at the [[Santa Monica Playhouse]] in Santa Monica, California.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michael|title=Mike C. Manning Shines in Santa Monica Playhouse's "CLIMAX"!|url=http://www.serialscoop.com/2015/09/santa-monica-playhouse-climax-manning-chong.html|work=[[Serial Scoop]]|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref>

Manning is in the final season of the MTV show ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]''. He appeared in the fifth and sixth seasons of the [[Amazon Prime]] drama series ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' (which he also produced), and would later appear in the first season of the spin-off series ''yA'', which featured the same characters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Papadados|first1=Markos|title=Mike C. Manning talks 'The Bay,' 'yA,' digital age, and success|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/mike-c-manning-talks-the-bay-ya-digital-age-and-success/article/567277#ixzz6OKdQEin0|work=Digital Journal|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> ''The Bay'' was nominated for seven 2020 [[Daytime Emmy Awards]], including "Outstanding Writing Team for a Digital Drama Series," and "Outstanding Directing Team for a Digital Drama Series," and won for "[[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series|Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Papadados|first1=Markos|title=The Bay earns seven 2020 Daytime Emmy nominations|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/the-bay-earns-seven-2020-daytime-emmy-nominations/article/572460|work=Digital Journal|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> That same year, it was announced Manning had joined the cast of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' as Charlie Dale.<ref>{{cite web |last=Silver |first=Carly |title=''The Bay''{{'}}s Mike C. Manning Joins ''Days of Our Lives'' |url=https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/09/29/the-bays-mike-c-manning-joins-days-of-our-lives |website=[[Daytime Confidential]] |publisher=[[SAY Media|Confidential Media, Inc.]] |access-date=September 29, 2020 |location=United States |date=September 29, 2020}}</ref>

In August 2019, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that Manning would produce and appear in ''[[Slapface]]'', a feature-length adaptation of Jeremiah Kipp's 2017 short horror film of the same name, in which he would play Tom, the older brother of the main protagonist, Lucas, played by [[August Maturo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/william-sadler-mike-c-manning-slap-face-jeremiah-kipp-august-maturo-1202705724/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Ramos, Dino-Ray |title=William Sadler and Mike C. Manning To Star In Horror Feature 'Slapface'|date=August 27, 2019|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=August 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828003455/https://deadline.com/2019/08/william-sadler-mike-c-manning-slap-face-jeremiah-kipp-august-maturo-1202705724/}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Cinequest Film Festival]] on March 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Markos|last=Papadatos|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/slapface-film-to-have-world-premiere-at-cinequest-film-festival/article/586807|title='Slapface' film to have world premiere at Cinequest Film Festival|work=Digital Journal|date=March 11, 2021|accessdate=March 12, 2021|archivedate=March 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312011934/http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/slapface-film-to-have-world-premiere-at-cinequest-film-festival/article/586807}}</ref>

In May 2021, Manning was cast as Shane Collins in the indie sports drama ''[[The Way Out (upcoming film)|The Way Out]]'', which is written and directed by Barry Jay, and scheduled for a 2022 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/sherri-shepherd-the-way-out-barry-jay-1234765423/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=N'Duka, Amanda |title=Sherri Shepherd, Mike Manning, Jonny Beauchamp & Ashleigh Murray To Star In 'The Way Out' From Barry Jay|date=May 27, 2021|access-date=May 29, 2021|archivedate=May 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529163447/https://deadline.com/2021/05/sherri-shepherd-the-way-out-barry-jay-1234765423/}}</ref>

==Producing career==
In 2014, Mike co-founded the production company Chhibber Mann Productions with actor/producer Vinny Chhibber. The production company was involved with producing the film [[Folk Hero & Funny Guy]], which was directed by [[Jeff Grace]]. The film stars actors [[Wyatt Russell]], [[Alex Karpovsky]] and [[Melanie Lynskey]], and centers around a story about two best friends, one being a struggling comedian and one being a successful singer-songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frederick|first1=Brittany|title=Chhibber Mann Productions signs up for Jeff Grace's 'Folk Hero & Funny Guy'|url=http://folkheroandfunnyguy.com/press/|website=Folk Hero & Funny Guy|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://folkheroandfunnyguy.com/press/|archive-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='22 Jump Street' Star Wyatt Russell on 'Folk Hero & Funny Guy' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/22-jump-street-star-wyatt-russell-on-funny-guy-and-folk-hero-exclusive-1201242237/|website=Variety.com|publisher=Variety|access-date=13 November 2014|date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> The Chhibber Mann Production company website says that its mission is to create content "to connect audiences with entertainment that matters," projects with an aspect of positive social change.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Company|url=http://www.chmannproductions.com/the-company.html|website=Chhibber Mann Productions|access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

Manning is an Executive Producer on the documentary film ''[[Kidnapped for Christ]]'' along with [['N Sync]] Alum [[Lance Bass]]. The film sheds light on controversial behavior modification methods used on children, sent there by their parents, at an Evangelical Christian reform school "Escuela Caribe" located in the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="Kidnapped For Christ, The Wrap">{{cite web|last=Nededog|first=Jethro|title='N Sync Alum Lance Bass Joins 'Kidnapped for Christ' Doc as Executive Producer|url=https://thewrap.com/movies/article/nsync-alum-lance-bass-joins-kidnapped-christ-doc-executive-producer-109556|publisher=The Wrap|access-date=August 8, 2013|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> ''Kidnapped for Christ'' premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, UT at the end of January 2014. [[Tom DeSanto]], executive producer of the [[X-Men]] and [[Transformers]] films is also involved with the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ring|first=Trudy|title=Kidnapped for Christ to Premiere at Slamdance|url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2013/12/10/kidnapped-christ-premiere-slamdance|publisher=TheAdvocate.com|access-date=December 10, 2013|date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> The film was sold to [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] and released on television July 10, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kondolojy|first1=Amanda|title=Showtime Presents Award-Winning Documentary 'Kidnapped for Christ'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/06/17/showtime-presents-award-winning-documentary-kidnapped-for-christ/274368/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622011221/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/06/17/showtime-presents-award-winning-documentary-kidnapped-for-christ/274368/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2014|publisher=[[Zap2it]]/[[TV By The Numbers]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Promotional materials for the film, including the website, contain a push for the passage of the U.S. Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Teens Act of 2013. The bill would take steps to regulate against neglect and abuse in residential programs like Escuela Caribe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schlanger|first1=Zoë|title=Where American Teens were Abused in the Name of God|url=http://www.newsweek.com/where-american-teens-abused-name-god-258182|website=Newsweek.com|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=2014-07-28}}</ref> Manning only became involved with the film because of his friendship with the main protagonist, and he is now working to produce another documentary with ''Kidnapped for Christ'' director Kate Logan entitled "An Act of Love," the story of Reverend [[Frank Schaefer]] being defrocked by the United Methodist Church.<ref name=HuffPost>{{cite web|author=Nichols, James Michael|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/an-act-of-love-tells-story-of-united-methodist-minister-frank-schaefer_56155a55e4b0fad1591a6912|title='An Act of Love' Tells Story Of United Methodist Minister Frank Schaefer|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=October 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Halterman|first1=Jim|title=Powerful And Frightening 'Kidnapped For Christ' Airs Tonight on Showtime|url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2014/07/10/powerful-and-frightening-kidnapped-for-christ-airs-tonight-on-showtime/|website=xfinity.comcast.net|publisher=Comcast|access-date=28 July 2014|date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> [[Pauley Perrette]], best known for her role as "Abby Sciuto" on the CBS show [[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]], is also an executive producer on the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|title=Pauley Perrette helps create documentary about Rev. Frank Schaefer|url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/pauley-perrette-helps-create-documentary-about-rev-frank-schaefer|website=glaad.com|publisher=GLAAD|access-date=18 September 2015|date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> ''An Act of Love'' had its World Premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 9, 2015, and won the Audience Favorite, Silver Award in the 2015 Valley of the Docs category.<ref name=HuffPost/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Saepoff|first1=Sonya|title='Room' Declared Audience Award Favorite at 38th Mill Valley Film Festival|url=https://indiewire.com/article/room-declared-audience-award-favorite-at-38th-mill-valley-film-festival-20151020|website=indiewire.com|publisher=IndieWire|access-date=20 October 2015|date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Manning also produced the short film ''Campsite Killer'' as well as the feature film ''Black Hearts''.<ref name="Official Website">{{cite web|title=Filmography|url=http://www.mikecmanning.com/filmography.html|publisher=Rachford Web Design|access-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728073439/http://www.mikecmanning.com/filmography.html|archive-date=July 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Black Hearts'' won the award for "Best Comedy" at the Laughlin International Film Festival in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Laughlin International Film Festival Winners|url=http://laughlinbuzz.blogspot.com/2013/10/2013-laughlin-international-film.html|publisher=Laughlin Buzz|access-date=December 10, 2013|date=October 27, 2013}}</ref>

Manning is a producer on the feature length documentary film "Lost in America," a film that follows director Rotimi Rainwater, a former homeless youth, around the United States to examine the issues surrounding youth homelessness. The film is executive produced by actress [[Rosario Dawson]] and singer Jewel, and features actors [[Halle Berry]], [[Tiffany Haddish]], and singer [[Jon Bon Jovi]]. The film was produced in association with Manning's company Chhibber Mann Productions. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramon|first1=Dino Ray|title=Indican Pictures Acquires Rosario Dawson and Jewel’s Youth Homelessness Docu Lost In America|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/indian-pictures-lost-in-america-rosario-dawson-homelessness-1202706578/|website=deadline.com|publisher=Deadline|access-date=3 June 2020|date=August 29, 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manning lives in Los Angeles. He enjoys outdoor activities, including skiing, wake-boarding and surfing. He is openly bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|title="Real World: DC" star Mike Manning talks to AfterElton about what it's like to be a bisexual Website|url=http://greginhollywood.com/real-world-dc-star-mike-manning-talks-to-afterelton-about-what-its-like-to-be-a-bisexual-21547|publisher=greginhollywood.com|access-date=Sep 24, 2016}}</ref>

==Awards==
On June 11, 2010, Manning was awarded the 2011 Courage Award by the Los Angeles-based organization LifeWorks, for his dedication to the youth development and mentoring program.<ref>{{cite web|title=My recap of the LifeWorks Live Out Loud event honoring Mike C. Manning and Zach Wahls|url=http://greginhollywood.com/my-recap-of-the-lifeworks-live-out-loud-event-honoring-mike-c-manning-and-zach-wahls-50783|publisher=Greg in Hollywood|author=Greg Hernandez|access-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> He was also awarded ''Weekender'' magazine's Rebel with a Cause Award. He is also the official [[youth ambassador]] for the anti-bullying organization Boo2Bullying.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boo2Bullying Website|url=http://www.boo2bullying.org/ambassadors.html|publisher=Boo2Bullying Organization|access-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040837/http://www.boo2bullying.org/ambassadors.html|archive-date=March 2, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In July 2018, Manning won a Diamond Award for Best Actor at the LA Shorts Awards for the film ''Words Left Unsaid''.<ref>{{cite web |title=LA Shorts Awards Winners July 2019 |url=http://www.lashortsawards.com/july2018.html|publisher=LA Shorts Awards |access-date=February 26, 2019|date=July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2020, Manning and the producing team of ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' won the [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]] at the [[47th Daytime Emmy Awards]].<ref name=":0" /> On July 18, 2021, Manning won his second Daytime Emmy for the series, this time for Outstanding Performance By a Supporting Actor in a Daytime Fiction Program, as Caleb McKinnon at the [[48th Daytime Emmy Awards]].<ref name=":1" />

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2020–2021|| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' || Charlie Dale || [[Soap opera]]; recurring role
|-
|2020|| ''[[The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)|The Haves and the Have Nots]]'' || Officer Morris || 3 episodes
|-
|2020|| ''yA'' || Caleb McKinnon || 8 episodes
|-
|2019 || ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' || Caleb McKinnon || Soap opera webseries / Season 5 and 6 recurring; also producer
|-
|2019 || ''Six Degrees of Separation'' || Ronald Fein || Mini-series
|-
|2018 || ''Tommy in La La Land'' || Himself || 3 episodes
|-
|2017 || ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'' || Deputy Farrell || 2 episodes
|-
|2016 || ''[[Major Crimes (TV series)|Major Crimes]]'' || Glen Cole || 1 episode
|-
|2014–2016 || ''[[Youthful Daze]]'' || Colin Morris || 42 episodes; also executive producer
|-
|2013 || ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' || Jonah Adkins || 1 episode
|-
|2012 || ''[[Crash & Bernstein]]'' || Trey || 1 episode
|-
|2012 || ''The Passion Project'' || Himself || 1 episode; also producer
|-
|2009–2010 || ''[[The Real World: D.C.]]'' || Himself || [[Reality show]] / 16 episodes
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[The Way Out (upcoming film)|The Way Out]]''
|Shane Collins
|Pre-production
|-
|2021
|''[[Slapface]]''
|Tom
|Also producer
|-
|2020
|''[[The Call (2020 American film)|The Call]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/09/movie-review-the-call-2020/|author=Moreno, Ed|title=Movie Review – The Call (2020)|publisher=Flickering Myth|date=September 28, 2020|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref>
|Zack
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Son of the South (film)|Son of the South]]''
|Townsend Ellis
|Also executive producer
|-
|2019 || ''Killer Date'' || Rory || Also producer
|-
|2019 || ''Intuitions'' || Mark || Alternative title ''Prescience''
|-
|2018 || ''[[Jinn (2018 film)|Jinn]]'' || Kevin || Also executive producer
|-
|2018 || ''[[Lost in America (2017 film)|Lost in America]]'' || Self || Documentary; Also producer
|-
|2018 || ''Dirt Merchants: Rebelistic'' || Spencer Corales ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness]]'' || Adam ||
|-
|2018 || ''Ice: The Movie'' || Jake Alden ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Delirium (2018 film)|Delirium]]'' || Chase ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[M.F.A. (film)|M.F.A.]]'' || Jeremiah || Also producer
|-
|2017 || ''Limelight'' || Trent ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Love Is All You Need?]]'' || Benson ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Folk Hero & Funny Guy]]'' || Cardie || Also executive producer
|-
|2015 || ''WWJD What Would Jesus Do? The Journey Continues'' || Nick ||
|-
|2015 || ''Showpony'' || Ben || Short film
|-
|2014 || ''Case #13'' || Chase ||
|-
|2014 || ''Jen Foster: She'' || Best Man || Short film
|-
|2014 || ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'' || Nick Swift || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Black Hearts'' || Greg || Also producer
|-
|2013 || ''Bike Cops Van Nuys'' || Ari || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Channing'' || Nina's Boyfriend || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Violence of the Mind'' || Brock ||
|-
|2012 || ''Campsite Killer'' || Chad || Short film
|-
|2012 || ''I Do'' || Craig ||
|-
|2012 || ''Operation Cupcake'' || Ray MacEwan || TV movie
|-
|2011 || ''Never Forget'' || Brendan || Short film
|-
|2011 || ''[[Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver]]'' || Adonis / Bugsby ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[eCupid]]'' || Myles ||
|-
|2011 || ''The Brothers Sinclair'' || Jeffrey Sinclair ||
|-
|2011 || ''Velcro Love Triangle'' || John ||Short film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mike Manning}}
*[http://www.mikemanning.info/ Official website]
*{{IMDb name|3374198|Mike Manning}}

{{RWRR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Mike}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:People from Thornton, Colorado]]
[[Category:Bisexual male actors]]
[[Category:Male models from Florida]]
[[Category:LGBT models]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Florida]]
[[Category:Male actors from Colorado]]
[[Category:The Real World (TV series) cast members]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States]]
[[Category:Bisexual men]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]

Mike Manning (actor)

2021-07-19T21:35:17Z

Guillom: restore content and add sources

{{short description|American actor and model}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox model
| image = Mike Manning.jpg
| caption = Manning in 2013
| name = Mike Manning
| birth_name = Michael Christopher Manning
| other_names = Mike C. Manning
| birth_place = [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], United States
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1987|4|12}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/21/mtvs-the-real-world-d-c-premieres-on-wednesday-december-30-at-10p/36870/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224010258/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/21/mtvs-the-real-world-d-c-premieres-on-wednesday-december-30-at-10p/36870/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 24, 2015 |title = MTV's "The Real World: D.C." premieres on Wednesday, December 30 at 10p|date = December 21, 2009}}</ref><ref name=RWDCEp1>{{Cite episode| title =Looks Can Be D.C.-ving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =December 30, 2009| season = 23| number =1}}</ref>
| height = {{height|m=1.778}}<ref name=OfficialAbout>{{cite web|url=https://www.mikecmanning.net/about|title=Biography|publisher=mikecmanning.net|access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, producer, writer, television personality
| years_active = 2009-present
| website = [http://www.mikemanning.info www.mikemanning.info]
}}
'''Michael Christopher Manning''' (born April 12, 1987) is an American actor, producer, reality television personality and activist. Manning first gained fame as a cast member on the [[MTV]] series ''[[The Real World: D.C.]]'' Since then he has starred in a number of films and television programs, such as the 2014 Disney Channel original movie ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'', in which he played Nick Swift, ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'', ''[[Love Is All You Need?]]'', ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'', ''[[The Call (2020 American film)|The Call]]'', ''[[Son of the South (film)|Son of the South]]'' and ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gleberman|first1=Monica|title=Exclusive Interview with Love Is All You Need's Mike Manning|url=http://talknerdywithus.com/2016/03/03/exclusive-interview-with-love-is-all-you-needs-mike-manning/|website=Talk Nerdy With Us|access-date=22 March 2018|date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> and produced the documentary ''[[Kidnapped for Christ]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Richard|title=Disney Star Shines as Documentary Producer|url=http://pagesix.com/2014/02/03/disney-star-shines-as-documentary-producer/|website=Page Six|publisher=NY Post|access-date=16 June 2014|date=February 4, 2014}}</ref> He is a producer of ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'', which won the 2020 [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Greg|date=June 27, 2020|title=Daytime Emmys: ''The Young & The Restless'', Alex Trebek Take Top Prizes – Winners List|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/daytime-emmy-awards-winners-2020-list-1202971038/|access-date=June 28, 2020|website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> and won the 202 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Performance By a Supporting Actor in a Daytime Fiction Program for his performance as Caleb McKinnon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2021 Daytime Nominees (Performer – Non-Drama) – The Emmys|url=https://theemmys.tv/daytime/48th-nominees-performer-non-drama/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=theemmys.tv|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Michael Christopher Manning is from [[Thornton, Colorado]].<ref>Zak, Dan (October 29, 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/28/AR2009102804828.html?hpid=topnews "A peek inside the 'Real World' house in Washington, D.C."] ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> His parents are Michael Sr.<ref name=RWDCEp14>{{Cite episode| title =From D.C., With Love| series =[[The Real World: DC]]| network =[[MTV]]| airdate =March 31, 2010| season = 23| number =14}}</ref> and Susan Manning. He is the oldest of three children; he has a younger brother named Jonathan and a younger sister named Alyssa.<ref name=RWDCEp8>{{Cite episode|title =Out of the Closet and Onto the Stage| series = The Real World: DC|network = MTV|airdate=February 17, 2008|season = 23|number =8}}</ref> He grew up in Colorado and Florida.<ref name=OfficialAbout/>

Manning was involved with children's theater.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giddens, Jamey|title=The Real World D.C.'s Mike C. Manning on Acting Gigs, Shooting Down Reichen on The A-List and ACME's Hollywood Dream Role|url=http://popconfidential.zap2it.com/2011/09/22/pc-exclusive-the-real-world-dcs-mike-c-manning-on-acting-gigs-shooting-down-reichen-on-th|publisher=[[Zap2It]]|date=September 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217024902/http://popconfidential.zap2it.com/2011/09/22/pc-exclusive-the-real-world-dcs-mike-c-manning-on-acting-gigs-shooting-down-reichen-on-th|archive-date=February 17, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He started acting in high school in productions of ''And They Dance Real Slow in Jackson'' and ''[[Oliver!]]'' based on the classic [[Charles Dickens]] story.<ref name=OfficialAbout/><ref>http://hhsdrama.com/home/seasons/2002-2003/</ref> He was described in his [[MTV]] biography as "the typical jock...a star athlete, prom king, popular with all the girls...an all around golden child from a Christian family."<ref name=MikeBio>[http://www.mtv.com/shows/real_world/Washingtondc/cast_member.jhtml?personalityId=13190 "Real World: Washington D.C.: Cast: Mike"]. MTV. Retrieved December 22, 2012.</ref>

==''The Real World: DC''==
Manning's TV career started in 2009 at age 22<ref name=RWDCEp1>{{Cite episode| title =Looks Can Be D.C.-ving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =December 30, 2009| season = 23| number =1}}</ref> on ''[[The Real World: DC]]'', the twenty-third season of [[MTV]]'s reality television series ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'', for which Manning auditioned on a random lark with a friend.<ref name=TVGuide>Eng, Joyce (December 30, 2009). "[https://tvguide.com/news/real-world-dc-1013273.aspx The Real World: DC Will Be "a Little Less Party, a Little Bit More Engaged"]". ''[[TV Guide]]''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> Having had recently [[Coming out|come out]] as bisexual, the revelation caused conflict with some of his loved ones.<ref name=manningcover>{{cite news | url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=4765 | title=Coming Out ''Mike-sexual'': Real World's Mike Manning talks about God, government and going both ways | last=O'Bryan|first=Will|date=January 7, 2010|work=[[Metro Weekly]]|access-date=January 8, 2010}}</ref> In his pre-show interviews, Manning described himself as a "pile of contradictions," <ref name=MTVAudition>[http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/465690/mike.jhtml#id=1628413 Real World (Washington D.C.): Real World: Washington D.C.: Cast Profiles]. MTV. accessed August 26, 2011.</ref> and indicated that his time in D.C. would be a turning point for him and the question of whether his family would accept his sexuality.<ref name=MikeBio/> Manning explained in the season premiere that he attended church every Sunday, through which he hoped to bond with his castmate and fellow churchgoer, Ashley Lindley.<ref name=RWDCEp1/> His storyline also depicted his social life, in particular his newfound freedom to date <ref name=RWDCReunion>''The Real World: Washington D.C. Reunion''. MTV. March 31, 2010.</ref><ref name=RWDCEp2>{{Cite episode| title =Bipartisan Loving| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =January 6, 2010| season = 23| number =2}}</ref><ref name=RWDCEp6>{{Cite episode| title =When Push Comes to Shove| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =February 3, 2010| season = 23| number =6}}</ref> and his concerns regarding family and religion.<ref>{{Cite episode| title =Sisterhood and Brotherly Love| series = The Real World: DC| network = MTV| airdate =March 24, 2010| season = 23| number =13}}</ref>

Manning joined the cast with the intention of working as an environmentalist, but unexpectedly became an activist for [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]] as well,<ref name=MikeBio/> working for the [[Human Rights Campaign]] and the [[Energy Action Coalition]].<ref name="manningcover"/><ref name=MetroWeekly>(November 27, 2009). [http://www.metroweekly.com/news/last_word/2009/11/the-reel-world-dc-releases-fir.html "'The Real World DC' releases first look at new series and Mike, its bisexual / gay / questioning cast member] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426045849/http://www.metroweekly.com/news/last_word/2009/11/the-reel-world-dc-releases-fir.html |date=April 26, 2014 }}". ''Metro Weekly''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref><ref>O'Bryan, Will (January 7, 2010). "[http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=4765 Coming Out ''Mike-sexual'': Real World's Mike Manning talks about God, government and going both ways]", ''Metro Weekly''. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref><ref>(December 31, 2009). "[http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/9108009 'The Real World: DC' features bisexual housemate]", [[ChicagoPride.com]]. Retrieved August 26, 2011.</ref> During the course of his work for the Human Rights Campaign, Manning met with Congressman [[Jared Polis]] of Colorado<ref name=RWDCEp8/> and Congressman [[James P. Moran]] of Virginia, and attended the October 10, 2009 HRC dinner at which President [[Barack Obama]] spoke.<ref name=RWDCEp14/><ref>Katherine Skiba and Peter Nicholas. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-gay-rights-1010-1011oct11,0,2106304.story "Gay rights: Obama addresses Human rights Campaign dinner, pledges to end 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. October 11, 2009</ref>

During ''The Real World: Washington D.C. Reunion'', which premiered on March 31, 2010, following the season finale, Manning indicated he was attending Bible study, and had recently acquired a job as a host on a TV show. Since the show, Mike has stated that being on ''The Real World: DC'' helped him to realize the power of television to help influence public opinion and create social change, and was ultimately a large part in his decision to help found the production company Chhibber Mann Productions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Deevy|first1=Dan|title=Mike Manning Interview for Case 13|url=http://www.thecinemasource.com/blog/interviews/mike-c-manning-interview-case-13/|website=thecinemasource.com|publisher=The Cinema Source|access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref>

==Acting career==
As an actor, Manning is best known for his role in the [[Disney Channel]] original movie ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'', centered around competitive snowboarding, with a premiere date of January 17, 2014. Manning played Nick Swift in the movie, and was trained by ex-members of the US Olympic Snowboarding Team for the role.<ref>{{cite web|last=Graser|first=Marc|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|publisher=Variety.com|access-date=October 30, 2013|date=March 8, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perlman|first=Jake|title=New Disney Channel movie 'Cloud 9' hits the slopes in the world of competitive snowboarding|url=http://family-room.ew.com/2013/12/18/disney-movie-cloud-9/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=December 19, 2013}}</ref>

Manning appeared in ''eCupid'',<ref>Williams, Ken. [http://www.sdgln.com/news/2011/08/17/filmout-qa-jc-calciano-filmmaker-behind-ecupid-and-it-just-me "VIDEOS: FilmOut Q&A with JC Calciano, filmmaker behind "eCupid" and "Is It Just Me?""]. San Diego Gay & Lesbian News. August 17, 2011</ref> which premiered at the Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival.<ref name=RadarOnline>Woulfe, Neil. [http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2011/06/meet-mike-manning-reality-tv-star-opens-about-coming-out "Meet Mike Manning – Reality TV Star Opens Up About Coming Out"]. [[RadarOnline]]. June 10, 2011</ref> He also appeared in the film ''[[I Do (2012 American film)|I Do]]'', which premiered worldwide on July 18, 2012. In June 2012 Manning starred alongside Dean Cain and Kristy Swanson in the Hallmark Channel film ''Operation Cupcake''. Manning has been in the films ''Black Hearts'', ''The Brothers Sinclair'', and ''Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/457f32aa1c/the-campsite-killer1|title=The Campsite Killer, by Mike C. Manning|publisher=[[Funny or Die]]|last=da Silva Villarrubia|first=Santiago Katriél|date=November 28, 2012|access-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mikegetsreal.com/Mike-Manning-In-Hollywood|title=Recent Projects: ''I Do, Operation Cupcake, Black Hearts and Kidnapped for Christ''|access-date=November 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022215756/http://mikegetsreal.com/Mike-Manning-In-Hollywood|archive-date=October 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kidnappedforchrist.com/#!about|title=The Creation of Kidnapped for Christ|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref>

Manning appeared in "Kapu", the January 14, 2013 episode of the CBS TV series ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'', in which he played a young college student. He also wrote, produced and starred in the short horror film ''Campsite Killer''. Manning appeared in "Party Crasher", November 5, 2012 episode of Disney XD's ''[[Crash & Bernstein]]'', playing the Australian boyfriend of the lead female Amanda.<ref name=TVGuide.com>{{cite web|title=Crash & Bernstein Episode: Party Crasher|url=https://tvguide.com/tvshows/crash-and-bernstein-2012/episode-5-season-1/party-crasher/382318|publisher=TV Guide|access-date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> Manning performed opposite [[Rae Dawn Chong]] in Lisa Phillips Visca's play ''CLIMAX'', premiering at the [[Santa Monica Playhouse]] in Santa Monica, California.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Michael|title=Mike C. Manning Shines in Santa Monica Playhouse's "CLIMAX"!|url=http://www.serialscoop.com/2015/09/santa-monica-playhouse-climax-manning-chong.html|work=[[Serial Scoop]]|access-date=April 27, 2018}}</ref>

Manning is in the final season of the MTV show ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]''. He appeared in the fifth and sixth seasons of the [[Amazon Prime]] drama series ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' (which he also produced), and would later appear in the first season of the spin-off series ''yA'', which featured the same characters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Papadados|first1=Markos|title=Mike C. Manning talks 'The Bay,' 'yA,' digital age, and success|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/mike-c-manning-talks-the-bay-ya-digital-age-and-success/article/567277#ixzz6OKdQEin0|work=Digital Journal|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> ''The Bay'' was nominated for seven 2020 [[Daytime Emmy Awards]], including "Outstanding Writing Team for a Digital Drama Series," and "Outstanding Directing Team for a Digital Drama Series," and won for "[[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series|Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]]."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Papadados|first1=Markos|title=The Bay earns seven 2020 Daytime Emmy nominations|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/the-bay-earns-seven-2020-daytime-emmy-nominations/article/572460|work=Digital Journal|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> That same year, it was announced Manning had joined the cast of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' as Charlie Dale.<ref>{{cite web |last=Silver |first=Carly |title=''The Bay''{{'}}s Mike C. Manning Joins ''Days of Our Lives'' |url=https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/09/29/the-bays-mike-c-manning-joins-days-of-our-lives |website=[[Daytime Confidential]] |publisher=[[SAY Media|Confidential Media, Inc.]] |access-date=September 29, 2020 |location=United States |date=September 29, 2020}}</ref>

In August 2019, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that Manning would produce and appear in ''[[Slapface]]'', a feature-length adaptation of Jeremiah Kipp's 2017 short horror film of the same name, in which he would play Tom, the older brother of the main protagonist, Lucas, played by [[August Maturo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/william-sadler-mike-c-manning-slap-face-jeremiah-kipp-august-maturo-1202705724/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=Ramos, Dino-Ray |title=William Sadler and Mike C. Manning To Star In Horror Feature 'Slapface'|date=August 27, 2019|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=August 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828003455/https://deadline.com/2019/08/william-sadler-mike-c-manning-slap-face-jeremiah-kipp-august-maturo-1202705724/}}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Cinequest Film Festival]] on March 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Markos|last=Papadatos|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/slapface-film-to-have-world-premiere-at-cinequest-film-festival/article/586807|title='Slapface' film to have world premiere at Cinequest Film Festival|work=Digital Journal|date=March 11, 2021|accessdate=March 12, 2021|archivedate=March 12, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312011934/http://www.digitaljournal.com/entertainment/entertainment/slapface-film-to-have-world-premiere-at-cinequest-film-festival/article/586807}}</ref>

In May 2021, Manning was cast as Shane Collins in the indie sports drama ''[[The Way Out (upcoming film)|The Way Out]]'', which is written and directed by Barry Jay, and scheduled for a 2022 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/sherri-shepherd-the-way-out-barry-jay-1234765423/|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|author=N'Duka, Amanda |title=Sherri Shepherd, Mike Manning, Jonny Beauchamp & Ashleigh Murray To Star In 'The Way Out' From Barry Jay|date=May 27, 2021|access-date=May 29, 2021|archivedate=May 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529163447/https://deadline.com/2021/05/sherri-shepherd-the-way-out-barry-jay-1234765423/}}</ref>

==Producing career==
In 2014, Mike co-founded the production company Chhibber Mann Productions with actor/producer Vinny Chhibber. The production company was involved with producing the film [[Folk Hero & Funny Guy]], which was directed by [[Jeff Grace]]. The film stars actors [[Wyatt Russell]], [[Alex Karpovsky]] and [[Melanie Lynskey]], and centers around a story about two best friends, one being a struggling comedian and one being a successful singer-songwriter.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frederick|first1=Brittany|title=Chhibber Mann Productions signs up for Jeff Grace's 'Folk Hero & Funny Guy'|url=http://folkheroandfunnyguy.com/press/|website=Folk Hero & Funny Guy|access-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://folkheroandfunnyguy.com/press/|archive-date=November 29, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='22 Jump Street' Star Wyatt Russell on 'Folk Hero & Funny Guy' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/22-jump-street-star-wyatt-russell-on-funny-guy-and-folk-hero-exclusive-1201242237/|website=Variety.com|publisher=Variety|access-date=13 November 2014|date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> The Chhibber Mann Production company website says that its mission is to create content "to connect audiences with entertainment that matters," projects with an aspect of positive social change.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Company|url=http://www.chmannproductions.com/the-company.html|website=Chhibber Mann Productions|access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref>

Manning is an Executive Producer on the documentary film ''[[Kidnapped for Christ]]'' along with [['N Sync]] Alum [[Lance Bass]]. The film sheds light on controversial behavior modification methods used on children, sent there by their parents, at an Evangelical Christian reform school "Escuela Caribe" located in the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="Kidnapped For Christ, The Wrap">{{cite web|last=Nededog|first=Jethro|title='N Sync Alum Lance Bass Joins 'Kidnapped for Christ' Doc as Executive Producer|url=https://thewrap.com/movies/article/nsync-alum-lance-bass-joins-kidnapped-christ-doc-executive-producer-109556|publisher=The Wrap|access-date=August 8, 2013|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> ''Kidnapped for Christ'' premiered at the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, UT at the end of January 2014. [[Tom DeSanto]], executive producer of the [[X-Men]] and [[Transformers]] films is also involved with the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ring|first=Trudy|title=Kidnapped for Christ to Premiere at Slamdance|url=http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/film/2013/12/10/kidnapped-christ-premiere-slamdance|publisher=TheAdvocate.com|access-date=December 10, 2013|date=December 10, 2013}}</ref> The film was sold to [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] and released on television July 10, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kondolojy|first1=Amanda|title=Showtime Presents Award-Winning Documentary 'Kidnapped for Christ'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/06/17/showtime-presents-award-winning-documentary-kidnapped-for-christ/274368/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622011221/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/06/17/showtime-presents-award-winning-documentary-kidnapped-for-christ/274368/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2014|publisher=[[Zap2it]]/[[TV By The Numbers]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Promotional materials for the film, including the website, contain a push for the passage of the U.S. Stop Child Abuse in Residential Programs for Teens Act of 2013. The bill would take steps to regulate against neglect and abuse in residential programs like Escuela Caribe.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schlanger|first1=Zoë|title=Where American Teens were Abused in the Name of God|url=http://www.newsweek.com/where-american-teens-abused-name-god-258182|website=Newsweek.com|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=2014-07-28}}</ref> Manning only became involved with the film because of his friendship with the main protagonist, and he is now working to produce another documentary with ''Kidnapped for Christ'' director Kate Logan entitled "An Act of Love," the story of Reverend [[Frank Schaefer]] being defrocked by the United Methodist Church.<ref name=HuffPost>{{cite web|author=Nichols, James Michael|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/an-act-of-love-tells-story-of-united-methodist-minister-frank-schaefer_56155a55e4b0fad1591a6912|title='An Act of Love' Tells Story Of United Methodist Minister Frank Schaefer|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=October 12, 2015|date=October 7, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Halterman|first1=Jim|title=Powerful And Frightening 'Kidnapped For Christ' Airs Tonight on Showtime|url=http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2014/07/10/powerful-and-frightening-kidnapped-for-christ-airs-tonight-on-showtime/|website=xfinity.comcast.net|publisher=Comcast|access-date=28 July 2014|date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> [[Pauley Perrette]], best known for her role as "Abby Sciuto" on the CBS show [[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]], is also an executive producer on the film.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murray|first1=Ross|title=Pauley Perrette helps create documentary about Rev. Frank Schaefer|url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/pauley-perrette-helps-create-documentary-about-rev-frank-schaefer|website=glaad.com|publisher=GLAAD|access-date=18 September 2015|date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> ''An Act of Love'' had its World Premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 9, 2015, and won the Audience Favorite, Silver Award in the 2015 Valley of the Docs category.<ref name=HuffPost/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Saepoff|first1=Sonya|title='Room' Declared Audience Award Favorite at 38th Mill Valley Film Festival|url=https://indiewire.com/article/room-declared-audience-award-favorite-at-38th-mill-valley-film-festival-20151020|website=indiewire.com|publisher=IndieWire|access-date=20 October 2015|date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> Manning also produced the short film ''Campsite Killer'' as well as the feature film ''Black Hearts''.<ref name="Official Website">{{cite web|title=Filmography|url=http://www.mikecmanning.com/filmography.html|publisher=Rachford Web Design|access-date=August 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728073439/http://www.mikecmanning.com/filmography.html|archive-date=July 28, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Black Hearts'' won the award for "Best Comedy" at the Laughlin International Film Festival in October 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013 Laughlin International Film Festival Winners|url=http://laughlinbuzz.blogspot.com/2013/10/2013-laughlin-international-film.html|publisher=Laughlin Buzz|access-date=December 10, 2013|date=October 27, 2013}}</ref>

Manning is a producer on the feature length documentary film "Lost in America," a film that follows director Rotimi Rainwater, a former homeless youth, around the United States to examine the issues surrounding youth homelessness. The film is executive produced by actress [[Rosario Dawson]] and singer Jewel, and features actors [[Halle Berry]], [[Tiffany Haddish]], and singer [[Jon Bon Jovi]]. The film was produced in association with Manning's company Chhibber Mann Productions. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramon|first1=Dino Ray|title=Indican Pictures Acquires Rosario Dawson and Jewel’s Youth Homelessness Docu Lost In America|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/indian-pictures-lost-in-america-rosario-dawson-homelessness-1202706578/|website=deadline.com|publisher=Deadline|access-date=3 June 2020|date=August 29, 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Manning lives in Los Angeles. He enjoys outdoor activities, including skiing, wake-boarding and surfing. He is openly bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|title="Real World: DC" star Mike Manning talks to AfterElton about what it's like to be a bisexual Website|url=http://greginhollywood.com/real-world-dc-star-mike-manning-talks-to-afterelton-about-what-its-like-to-be-a-bisexual-21547|publisher=greginhollywood.com|access-date=Sep 24, 2016}}</ref>

==Awards==
On June 11, 2010, Manning was awarded the 2011 Courage Award by the Los Angeles-based organization LifeWorks, for his dedication to the youth development and mentoring program.<ref>{{cite web|title=My recap of the LifeWorks Live Out Loud event honoring Mike C. Manning and Zach Wahls|url=http://greginhollywood.com/my-recap-of-the-lifeworks-live-out-loud-event-honoring-mike-c-manning-and-zach-wahls-50783|publisher=Greg in Hollywood|author=Greg Hernandez|access-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> He was also awarded ''Weekender'' magazine's Rebel with a Cause Award. He is also the official [[youth ambassador]] for the anti-bullying organization Boo2Bullying.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boo2Bullying Website|url=http://www.boo2bullying.org/ambassadors.html|publisher=Boo2Bullying Organization|access-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302040837/http://www.boo2bullying.org/ambassadors.html|archive-date=March 2, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In July 2018, Manning won a Diamond Award for Best Actor at the LA Shorts Awards for the film ''Words Left Unsaid''.<ref>{{cite web |title=LA Shorts Awards Winners July 2019 |url=http://www.lashortsawards.com/july2018.html|publisher=LA Shorts Awards |access-date=February 26, 2019|date=July 2018}}</ref>

In June 2020, Manning and the producing team of ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' won the [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series]] at the [[47th Daytime Emmy Awards]].<ref name=":0" /> On July 18, 2021, Manning won his second Daytime Emmy for the series, this time for Outstanding Performance By a Supporting Actor in a Daytime Fiction Program, as Caleb McKinnon at the [[48th Daytime Emmy Awards]].<ref name=":1" />

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2020–2021|| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' || Charlie Dale || [[Soap opera]]; recurring role
|-
|2020|| ''[[The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)|The Haves and the Have Nots]]'' || Officer Morris || 3 episodes
|-
|2020|| ''yA'' || Caleb McKinnon || 8 episodes
|-
|2019 || ''[[The Bay (web series)|The Bay]]'' || Caleb McKinnon || Soap opera webseries / Season 5 and 6 recurring; also producer
|-
|2019 || ''Six Degrees of Separation'' || Ronald Fein || Mini-series
|-
|2018 || ''Tommy in La La Land'' || Himself || 3 episodes
|-
|2017 || ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'' || Deputy Farrell || 2 episodes
|-
|2016 || ''[[Major Crimes (TV series)|Major Crimes]]'' || Glen Cole || 1 episode
|-
|2014–2016 || ''[[Youthful Daze]]'' || Colin Morris || 42 episodes; also executive producer
|-
|2013 || ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' || Jonah Adkins || 1 episode
|-
|2012 || ''[[Crash & Bernstein]]'' || Trey || 1 episode
|-
|2012 || ''The Passion Project'' || Himself || 1 episode; also producer
|-
|2009–2010 || ''[[The Real World: D.C.]]'' || Himself || [[Reality show]] / 16 episodes
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[The Way Out (upcoming film)|The Way Out]]''
|Shane Collins
|Pre-production
|-
|2021
|''[[Slapface]]''
|Tom
|Also producer
|-
|2020
|''[[The Call (2020 American film)|The Call]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2020/09/movie-review-the-call-2020/|author=Moreno, Ed|title=Movie Review – The Call (2020)|publisher=Flickering Myth|date=September 28, 2020|access-date=November 12, 2020}}</ref>
|Zack
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Son of the South (film)|Son of the South]]''
|Townsend Ellis
|Also executive producer
|-
|2019 || ''Killer Date'' || Rory || Also producer
|-
|2019 || ''Intuitions'' || Mark || Alternative title ''Prescience''
|-
|2018 || ''[[Jinn (2018 film)|Jinn]]'' || Kevin || Also executive producer
|-
|2018 || ''[[Lost in America (2017 film)|Lost in America]]'' || Self || Documentary; Also producer
|-
|2018 || ''Dirt Merchants: Rebelistic'' || Spencer Corales ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness]]'' || Adam ||
|-
|2018 || ''Ice: The Movie'' || Jake Alden ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Delirium (2018 film)|Delirium]]'' || Chase ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[M.F.A. (film)|M.F.A.]]'' || Jeremiah || Also producer
|-
|2017 || ''Limelight'' || Trent ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Love Is All You Need?]]'' || Benson ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Folk Hero & Funny Guy]]'' || Cardie || Also executive producer
|-
|2015 || ''WWJD What Would Jesus Do? The Journey Continues'' || Nick ||
|-
|2015 || ''Showpony'' || Ben || Short film
|-
|2014 || ''Case #13'' || Chase ||
|-
|2014 || ''Jen Foster: She'' || Best Man || Short film
|-
|2014 || ''[[Cloud 9 (2014 film)|Cloud 9]]'' || Nick Swift || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Black Hearts'' || Greg || Also producer
|-
|2013 || ''Bike Cops Van Nuys'' || Ari || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Channing'' || Nina's Boyfriend || TV movie
|-
|2013 || ''Violence of the Mind'' || Brock ||
|-
|2012 || ''Campsite Killer'' || Chad || Short film
|-
|2012 || ''I Do'' || Craig ||
|-
|2012 || ''Operation Cupcake'' || Ray MacEwan || TV movie
|-
|2011 || ''Never Forget'' || Brendan || Short film
|-
|2011 || ''[[Gingerdead Man 3: Saturday Night Cleaver]]'' || Adonis / Bugsby ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[eCupid]]'' || Myles ||
|-
|2011 || ''The Brothers Sinclair'' || Jeffrey Sinclair ||
|-
|2011 || ''Velcro Love Triangle'' || John ||Short film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mike Manning}}
*[http://www.mikemanning.info/ Official website]
*{{IMDb name|3374198|Mike Manning}}

{{RWRR}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Mike}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Fort Lauderdale, Florida]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:People from Thornton, Colorado]]
[[Category:Bisexual male actors]]
[[Category:Male models from Florida]]
[[Category:LGBT models]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Florida]]
[[Category:Male actors from Colorado]]
[[Category:The Real World (TV series) cast members]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States]]
[[Category:Bisexual men]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]

GFX100S

2021-05-15T21:09:25Z

Guillom: #REDIRECT Fujifilm GFX100S

#REDIRECT [[Fujifilm GFX100S]]

Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation²

2021-05-12T21:45:03Z

Guillom: fix external link

{{Infobox comic book title 
| title = Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation<sup>2</sup>
| image = Star Trek The Next Generation Doctor Who Assimilation2.jpg
| imagesize =
| noimage = yes
| caption =
| schedule = Monthly
| format = [[Limited series (comics)|Limited series]]
| publisher = [[IDW Publishing]]
| date = May 2012 - December 2012
| issues = 8
| main_char_team = [[Eleventh Doctor|The Doctor]]<br/>Captain [[Jean-Luc Picard]]<br/>[[Amy Pond]]<br/>Commander [[William Riker]]<br/>[[Rory Williams]]<br/>[[Data (Star Trek)|Data]]<br/>[[Worf]]<br/>The [[Cybermen]]<br/>The [[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]]
| writers = Scott Tipton<br />David Tipton<br />[[Tony Lee]]
| artists = [[J.K. Woodward]]
| pencillers =
| inkers =
| letterers =
| colorists =
| editors =
| creative_team_month =
| creative_team_year =
| creators =
| subcat =
| sort =
| nonUS =
}}

'''''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation<sup>2</sup>''''' is an eight-issue [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]] [[comic book]] written by Scott and David Tipton, assisted by [[Tony Lee]] on issues 1 to 4, with art by J.K. Woodward. The series is published by [[IDW Publishing]] with the first issue released in May 2012. These were collected in two graphic novels published on 9 October 2012 and 26 February 2013. It is a cross-over featuring the science-fiction series ''[[Doctor Who]]'' and ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idwpublishing.com/news/article/2224/|title=First Ever Star Trek®/Doctor Who Comic Book Crossover Coming in May|publisher=[[IDW Publishing]]|date=2012-02-13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410160116/http://www.idwpublishing.com/news/article/2224|archive-date=2013-04-10}}</ref>

''Assimilation<sup>2</sup>'' sees [[Eleventh Doctor|the Doctor]] and his companions, [[Amy Pond]] and [[Rory Williams]], encounter the crew of the [[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)|USS ''Enterprise''-D]], joining together to stop an alliance between the [[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]] and the [[Cyberman|Cybermen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/02/doctor-who-star-trek-comics/|title=Doctor Who and Star Trek Meet in Comics Crossover|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|first=Seb|last=Patrick|date=2012-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/14/star-trek-doctor-who_n_1276326.html|title='Star Trek' And 'Doctor Who' Come Together In Crossover Comic|publisher=[[The Huffington Post]]|first=Maureen|last=Ryan|date=2012-02-14}}</ref>

==Plot==

On [[stardate]] 45635.2 (falling between the stardates of ''The Next Generation'' episodes "[[The Outcast (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|The Outcast]]" and "[[Cause and Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Cause and Effect]]"), the [[United Federation of Planets|Federation]] planet Delta IV comes under attack from a combined force of [[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]] and the [[Cybermen]] who were first seen in "[[Rise of the Cybermen]]". This prompted a planetary evacuation.<ref name="issue1">''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #1</ref>

Meanwhile, the [[TARDIS]], with the [[Eleventh Doctor]], [[Amy Pond]], and [[Rory Williams]] inside, somehow crosses between universes and lands on the [[holodeck]] of the [[Enterprise-D|''Enterprise''-D]].<ref name="issue1" /><ref name="issue2">''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #2</ref> Though confused at having new memories from this universe, the Doctor meets with the ship's captain, [[Jean-Luc Picard]], and they soon discover the Borg/Cybermen alliance.<ref name="issue2" /> However, the Cybermen quickly turn on the Borg, prompting the Borg to ask Picard for assistance, to which he reluctantly agrees.<ref name="issue4">''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #4</ref><ref name="issue5">''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #5</ref> Among the new memories the Doctor recalls is how his [[Fourth Doctor|fourth incarnation]] encountered an earlier generation of Cybermen alongside [[James T. Kirk]] and his ''[[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|Enterprise]]''.<ref name="issue3">''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #3</ref>

The ''Enterprise'' crew begins work on adding [[gold]] to its weapons, since it is effective against Cybermen, while the TARDIS goes back in time to retrieve a vital piece of Borg technology that had been lost to the Cybermen.<ref>''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #6</ref><ref>''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #7</ref> A strike force led by the Doctor and Picard then infiltrates the Cybermen's main vessel and, with the help of the ''Enterprise''{{'}}s gold-enhanced weapons, defeats the Cybermen. The Doctor and his companions return to their own universe aboard the TARDIS; meanwhile the Borg, intrigued by the Doctor, decide to [[Star Trek: First Contact|investigate time travel]].<ref>''Star Trek: The Next Generation/Doctor Who: Assimilation2'' #8</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{TardisIndexFile|Assimilation² (comic story)}}

{{Doctor Who}}
{{Star Trek publications}}
{{Multi-Doctor stories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star Trek: The Next Generation Doctor Who: Assimilation2}}
[[Category:2012 comics debuts]]
[[Category:Comics based on television series]]
[[Category:Intercompany crossovers]]
[[Category:IDW Publishing titles]]
[[Category:Science fiction comics]]
[[Category:Eleventh Doctor stories]]
[[Category:Cybermen stories]]
[[Category:Comics based on Doctor Who]]
[[Category:Comics based on Star Trek]]
[[Category:Doctor Who crossovers]]
[[Category:Doctor Who multi-Doctor stories]]
[[Category:Fourth Doctor stories]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 24th century]]
[[Category:Comics about time travel]]
[[Category:Comics about parallel universes]]

Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (comics)

2021-05-12T21:35:50Z

Guillom: table formatting

{{italic title}}
'''''Star Trek: Starfleet Academy''''' was a [[comics|comic book]] series published by [[Marvel Comics]] in the [[United States]], running for 19 issues from December 1996 until June 1998. Along with ''[[Star Trek: Early Voyages]]'', the two were the most popular of Marvel's brief stint of ''Star Trek'' publishing. The series ends with several plot points unresolved and a glimpse into the future.

==Summary==
Following approximately six months behind the television continuity, the series follows the adventures of Omega Squad, a group of cadets formed at [[Starfleet Academy]] in [[San Francisco]]. The squad is formed by Commander Zund with the intention of training cadets to meet the new challenges of their time.

==Main characters==
*Commander Kyethn Zund
*Cadet [[Nog (Star Trek)|Nog]]
*Cadet Kamilah Goldstein
*Cadet Matthew Decker
*Cadet T'Priell
*Cadet Edam Astrun
*Cadet Pava Ek'noor Aqabaa

==Production crew==
*Based on ''[[Star Trek]]'' created by [[Gene Roddenberry]]
*Primary writers: [[Christian Cooper]]
*Primary pencil artist: [[Chris Renaud (animator)|Chris Renaud]] (alternately John Royle)
*Primary ink artist: [[Andy Lanning]] (alternately Tom Wegrzyn)

==Issues==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Issue
!Publication date!! Title !! Writers !! Pencils !! Inks !! Notes
|-
| #1
|December 1996|| "Prime Directives" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Omega Squad is formed. Nog's eagerness to fit in causes a series of simulated first contact [[holodeck]] scenarios to malfunction and put the squad at risk.
|-
| #2
|January 1997|| "Liberty" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || The females enjoy some downtime in an Australian bar, while Nog gets in trouble by finding Matt's comic collection.
|-
| #3
|February 1997|| "Loyalty Test" || Chris Cooper || John Royle || Tom Wegrzyn || Matt joins the infamous [[Red Squad]]. (This coincides with a story arc in ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' where Earth defenses are put to the test when Red Squad shut off major power generators.)
|-
| #4
|March 1997|| "War and Peace, Part I" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || While tensions are high with the [[Klingon]] Empire, Omega Squad and First Cadre of the Klingon Military Academy are stranded on an uninhabited planet.
|-
| #5
|April 1997|| "War and Peace, Part II: Love and Death" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Both teams meet and agree to a fight between two champions, the result of which is the death of Kamilah. Matt also loses his left eye in the altercation.
|-
| #6
|May 1997|| "Passages" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Kamilah's interment, the introduction of Edam Astrun who, despite being a recluse proves he can put his skills to good use as he is recruited by Starfleet Academy for his talents as a powerful telepath.
|-
| #7
|June 1997|| "Hide & Seek" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Nog is accused of attempted murder on Edam. The squad finds the attempt was in fact the work of a [[Changeling (Star Trek)#The Founders|Founder]], whom they chase and apprehend. Held captive, the Founder commits suicide.
|-
| #8
|July 1997|| "X2" || Chris Cooper || John Royle || Andy Lanning || Omega Squad are held captive by [[Charlie X]], a human child raised by aliens who gave him illusion powers, from an episode of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''.
|-
| #9
|August 1997|| "Return to the Forbidden Planet, Part 1 of 2" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Omega Squad is led to [[The Cage (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Talos IV]] where they help [[Christopher Pike (Star Trek)|Christopher Pike]] fight off the [[Jem'Hadar]] who have begun an invasion of [[Alpha Quadrant]] telepathic species.
|-
| #10
|September 1997|| "Return to the Forbidden Planet, Part 2" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Omega Squad emerges victorious in fighting off the Jem'Hadar by destroying their stockpile of ketracel white, with the help of Talosians and their illusions. Pike had also been an illusion created to give the cadets courage and focus. Returning to Starfleet Academy, the squad learns it is to stand trial for having been on Talos IV.
|-
| #11
|October 1997|| "Judgement" || Chris Cooper || John Royle || Tom Wegrzyn || Ambassador [[Spock]] offers to be legal counsel to Omega Squad and sways the judges by telling a story on how [[Jean-Luc Picard]] disobeyed the law to save the life of one of the judges. Omega Squad is nevertheless sentenced to death.
|-
| #12
|November 1997|| "Renegades" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Omega Squad escape their jail cell and head for [[Deep Space Nine (space station)|Deep Space Nine]] to find someone who will listen to their plea, and that the [[Dominion (Star Trek)|Dominion]] intends to invade all telepath worlds in the Alpha Quadrant. (The story is the first of six instalments spanning most of the ''Star Trek'' titles Marvel ran at the time. This is known as the Telepathy War, which continued in issues 12 and 13 of ''Star Trek: Deep Space Nine'', issue 6 of ''Star Trek: Unlimited'', issue 13 of ''Star Trek: Voyager'' (the least significant portion of the arc), and finally the special issue ''Star Trek: Telepathy War'' #1.)
|-
| #13
|December 1997|| "Parent's Day" || Chris Cooper || John Royle || Tom Wegrzyn || It's parent's day at the Academy, and the cadets try to come to terms with their respective parents.
|-
| #14
|January 1998|| "T'Priell Revealed, Part 1: Betrayal" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || A sinister side of T'Priell, who appears Romulan, takes over her and makes her kidnap the rest of the squad with Zund.
|-
| #15
|February 1998|| "T'Priell Revealed, Part 2: Origins" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || The squad learns the truth about T'Priell. She died a few years prior, but not before having passed her [[Katra (Star Trek)|katra]] to Selke, a Romulan she had befriended who looked remarkably like herself. With this, Selke was taken in by the Tal Shiar and brainwashed to believe she truly was T'Priell, so that she could infiltrate Starfleet Academy.
|-
| #16
|March 1998|| "T'Priell Revealed, Part 3: The Fall" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || The squad escapes with T'Priell/Selke.
|-
| #17
|April 1998|| "Culture Clash" || Chris Cooper || John Royle || Tom Wegrzyn || Selke is taken to Vulcan to have T'Priell's katra removed, only to find that the minds are fused and must learn to cohabitate the same being.
|-
| #18
|May 1998|| "mangHom qaD" or "Cadet Challenge" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || This issue is told from the point of view of First Cadre (see issues 4 and 5) as they try to find the Sword of [[Kahless]], which is only a ruse made up by Omega Squad to bring First Cadre to justice for the death of Kamilah. (This issue was published both in English and Klingon which made it at the time the first ''Star Trek'' comic book to be presented in this manner).
|-
| #19
|June 1998|| "Between Love and Hate" || Chris Cooper || Chris Renaud || Andy Lanning || Pava faces her ex-lover, Kovold of First Cadre, only to learn that he and a teammate have been mutated by some unknown force. The series ends on a curious note, that this last story was told by Captain Edam Astrun several years in the future to one Fatimah, who could possibly be Kamilah's daughter.

|-
|}

==External links==
*[http://startrek.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Trek:_Starfleet_Academy ''Star Trek: Starfleet Academy'' page at Non-Canon ''Star Trek'' Wiki]

{{Star Trek publications}}

[[Category:Comics based on Star Trek|Starfleet Academy]]
[[Category:Marvel Comics titles]]
[[Category:Comics based on television series]]
[[Category:1996 comics debuts]]
[[Category:1998 comics endings]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 24th century]]

Peptidic digestion

2021-04-24T19:02:21Z

Guillom: #REDIRECT Proteolysis

#REDIRECT [[Proteolysis]]

Deuteration

2021-04-20T23:27:46Z

Guillom: #REDIRECT Deuterium

#REDIRECT [[Deuterium]]

SMW

2021-04-20T14:31:41Z

Guillom: silicon-matched water

'''SMW''' may refer to:

* [[Semantic MediaWiki]], an extension to MediaWiki that allows for annotating semantic data within wiki pages
* [[Smoky Mountain Wrestling]], a professional wrestling promotion that held events in the Appalachian area
* [[Super Mario World]], a 1990 platformer by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
* [[Special marine warning]], a warning issued by the National Weather Service to warn of strong or severe storms over a marine area such as a lake or an ocean
* Silicon-matched water, a mixture of [[water]] and [[heavy water]] whose [[neutron scattering length]] density (SLD) matches that of a silicon substrate, used in [[neutron reflectometry]] to study solid-liquid interfaces.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rodriguez-Loureiro|first=Ignacio|last2=Scoppola|first2=Ernesto|last3=Bertinetti|first3=Luca|last4=Barbetta|first4=Aurelio|last5=Fragneto|first5=Giovanna|last6=Schneck|first6=Emanuel|date=2017-08-30|title=Neutron reflectometry yields distance-dependent structures of nanometric polymer brushes interacting across water|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/sm/c7sm01066d|journal=Soft Matter|language=en|volume=13|issue=34|pages=5767–5777|doi=10.1039/C7SM01066D|issn=1744-6848}}</ref>
{{disambiguation}}

Simulacra and Simulation

2021-03-14T13:30:33Z

Guillom: remove interwiki links pointing to the author's page

{{short description|1981 book by Jean Baudrillard}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Simulacra and Simulation
| title_orig = Simulacres et Simulation
| translators = Paul Foss, Paul Batton & Philip Beitchman
| image = File:Simulacres et Simulation.jpg
| caption = Cover of the first edition
| author = [[Jean Baudrillard]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = France
| language = French
| series =
| subject = Postmodern [[philosophy]]
| publisher = Éditions Galilée (French) & [[Semiotext(e)]] (English)
| pub_date = 1981
| english_pub_date = 1983
| media_type = Print ([[Paperback]])
| pages = 164 pp
| isbn = 2-7186-0210-4 |isbn_note= (French) & {{ISBN|0-472-06521-1}} (English)
| dewey= 194 19
| congress= BD236 .B38
| oclc= 7773126
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Simulacra and Simulation''''' ({{lang-fr|Simulacres et Simulation}}) is a 1981 [[Philosophy|philosophical]] [[treatise]] by the sociologist [[Jean Baudrillard]], in which the author seeks to examine the relationships between reality, symbols, and society, in particular the significations and symbolism of [[culture]] and [[media (communication)|media]] involved in [[Social constructivism|constructing]] an understanding of shared existence.

[[Simulacra]] are copies that depict things that either had no original, or that no longer have an original.<ref>{{cite web
| first1=Robert
| last1=Goldman
| first2=Stephen
| last2=Papson
| url=http://it.stlawu.edu/~global/glossary/simulacra.def.html
| title=Simulacra definition
| work=Information technology
| publisher=[[St. Lawrence University]]
| location=Canton, New York
| date=30 August 2003
| access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> [[Simulation]] is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time.<ref name="definition">{{cite book
| first1=Jerry
| last1=Banks
| first2=John S. II
| last2=Carson
| first3=Barry L.
| last3=Nelson
| first4=David M.
| last4=Nicol
| title=Discrete-Event System Simulation
| publisher=[[Pearson Education]]
| location=London, England
| date=2001
| page=3
| isbn=0-13-088702-1}}</ref>

==Summary==
===Definition===
{{quote|...The [[simulacrum]] is never that which conceals the truth—it is the truth which conceals that there is none. The simulacrum is true.<ref name="isbn0-7456-0586-9">{{Cite book
| title=Selected writings
|author1=Poster, Mark |author2=Baudrillard, Jean | publisher=Polity
| location=Cambridge, UK
| year=1988
| isbn=0-7456-0586-9}}</ref>
|The quote is credited to [[Ecclesiastes]], but the words do not occur there. It can be seen as an addition,<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.ctheory.net/articles.aspx?id=685
| title = Being -- Thinking -- Writing Jean Baudrillard
| first1 = Rachel K.
| last1 = Ward
| first2=Jeremy
| last2=Fernando
| publisher = [[Ctheory]]
| year = 1995
| access-date = 2015-08-04}}</ref> a paraphrase and an endorsement of Ecclesiastes' condemnation<ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ecclesiastes+1&version=NIV
| title = Ecclesiastes 1 (New International Version)
| publisher = [[BibleGateway]]
| access-date = 2015-08-04}}</ref> of the pursuit of wisdom as folly and a 'chasing after wind'—see for example Ecclesiastes 1.17.
}}

''Simulacra and Simulation'' is most known for its discussion of symbols, signs, and how they relate to contemporaneity (simultaneous existences).<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ross|last=Abbinnett|title=The Spectre and the Simulacrum: History after Baudrillard|journal=Theory, Culture & Society|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|volume=25|issue=6|date=1 November 2008|pages=69–87|doi=10.1177/0263276408095545}}</ref> Baudrillard claims that our current [[society]] has replaced all reality and meaning with [[symbol]]s and [[Sign (semiotics)|signs]], and that human experience is a simulation of reality.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Douglas|last=Kellner|title=Baudrillard, Semiurgy, and Death|journal=Theory, Culture & Society|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|location=Thousand Oaks, California|volume=4|issue=1|date=1 February 1987|pages=125–146|doi=10.1177/026327687004001007}}</ref> Moreover, these simulacra are not merely mediations of reality, nor even deceptive mediations of reality; they are not based in a reality nor do they hide a reality, they simply hide that nothing like reality is relevant to our current understanding of our lives.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The simulacra that Baudrillard refers to are the significations and symbolism of [[culture]] and [[media (communication)|media]] that [[Social constructivism|construct]] perceived reality, the acquired understanding by which our lives and shared existence are rendered legible. Baudrillard believed that society had become so saturated with these simulacra and our lives so saturated with the constructs of society that all meaning was becoming meaningless by being infinitely mutable; he called this phenomenon the "precession of simulacra".<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean|last=Baudrillard|author-link=Jean Baudrillard|title=Simulations|url=https://archive.org/details/simulations0000baud|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Semiotext(e)]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date=1983|isbn=978-0936756028|pages=[https://archive.org/details/simulations0000baud/page/1 1]–30}}</ref>

=== Stages ===
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
''Simulacra and Simulation'' delineates the sign-order into four stages:
# The first stage is a faithful image/copy, where we believe, and it may even be correct, that a sign is a "reflection of a profound reality" (pg 6), this is a good appearance, in what Baudrillard called "the sacramental order".
# The second stage is perversion of reality, this is where we come to believe the sign to be an unfaithful copy, which "masks and denatures" reality as an "evil appearance—it is of the order of maleficence". Here, signs and images do not faithfully reveal reality to us, but can hint at the existence of an obscure reality which the sign itself is incapable of encapsulating.
# The third stage masks the absence of a profound reality, where the sign ''pretends'' to be a faithful copy, but it is a copy with no original. Signs and images claim to represent something real, but no representation is taking place and arbitrary images are merely suggested as things which they have no relationship to. Baudrillard calls this the "order of sorcery", a regime of [[Semantics|semantic]] algebra where all human meaning is conjured artificially to appear as a reference to the (increasingly) hermetic truth.
# The fourth stage is pure simulacrum, in which the simulacrum has no relationship to any reality whatsoever. Here, signs merely reflect other signs and any claim to reality on the part of images or signs is only of the order of other such claims. This is a regime of total equivalency, where cultural products need no longer even pretend to be real in a naïve sense, because the experiences of consumers' lives are so predominantly artificial that even claims to reality are expected to be phrased in artificial, "[[Hyperreality|hyperreal]]" terms. Any naïve pretension to reality as such is perceived as bereft of critical self-awareness, and thus as oversentimental.

=== Degrees ===
''Simulacra and Simulation'' identifies three types of simulacra and identifies each with a historical period:
# First order, associated with the premodern period, where representation is clearly an artificial placemarker for the real item. The uniqueness of objects and situations marks them as irreproducibly real and signification obviously gropes towards this reality.
# Second order, associated with the [[modernity]] of the [[Industrial Revolution]], where distinctions between representation and reality break down due to the proliferation of [[mass production|mass-reproducible]] copies of items, turning them into commodities. The commodity's ability to imitate reality threatens to replace the authority of the original version, because the copy is just as "real" as its [[prototype]].
# Third order, associated with the [[postmodernity]] of [[Late Capitalism]], where the simulacrum precedes the original and the distinction between reality and representation vanishes. There is only the simulation, and originality becomes a totally meaningless concept.<ref name="PH">{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Hagerty|title=Jean Baudrillard: Live Theory|chapter=Simulation and the Decay of the Real|publisher=Continuum|location=London, England|date=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jeanbaudrillardl0000hega/page/49 49–68]|isbn=0-8264-6283-9|url=https://archive.org/details/jeanbaudrillardl0000hega/page/49}}</ref>

=== Phenomena ===
Baudrillard theorizes that the lack of distinctions between reality and simulacra originates in several phenomena:<ref>{{cite web
| url=https://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/postmodernism/modules/baudrillardsimulation.html
| title=Modules on Baudrillard: On Simulation
| first=Dino
| last=Felluga
| work=Introductory Guide to Critical Theory
| date=2003-06-25
| access-date=2015-08-04}}</ref>
# Contemporary media including [[television]], [[film]], [[printing|print]], and the [[Internet]], which are responsible for blurring the line between products that are needed (in order to live a life) and products for which a need is created by commercial images.
# [[Exchange value]], in which the value of goods is based on money (literally [[denomination (money)|denominated]] [[fiat money|fiat currency]]) rather than usefulness, and moreover usefulness comes to be quantified and defined in monetary terms in order to assist exchange.
# Multinational [[capitalism]], which separates produced goods from the plants, minerals and other original materials and the processes (including the people and their cultural context) used to create them.
# [[Urbanization]], which separates humans from the [[Nature|nonhuman world]], and re-centres culture around productive [[throughput (business)|throughput]] systems so large they cause [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]].
# [[Language]] and [[ideology]], in which language increasingly becomes caught up in the production of power relations between social groups, especially when powerful groups institute themselves at least partly in monetary terms.

=== Analogies ===
A specific analogy that Baudrillard uses is a fable derived from "[[On Exactitude in Science]]" by [[Jorge Luis Borges]]. In it, a great Empire created a map that was so detailed it was as large as the Empire itself. The actual map was expanded and destroyed as the Empire itself conquered or lost territory. When the Empire crumbled, all that was left was the map. In Baudrillard's rendition, it is conversely the map that people live in, the simulation of reality where the people of Empire spend their lives ensuring their place in the representation is properly circumscribed and detailed by the map-makers; conversely, it is reality that is crumbling away from disuse.

{{quote|The transition from signs which dissimulate something to signs which dissimulate that there is nothing, marks the decisive turning point. The first implies a theology of truth and secrecy (to which the notion of ideology still belongs). The second inaugurates an age of simulacra and simulation, in which there is no longer any God to recognize his own, nor any last judgment to separate truth from false, the real from its artificial resurrection, since everything is already dead and risen in advance.<ref name="PH" />}}

When Baudrillard refers to the "precession of simulacra" in ''Simulacra and Simulation'', he is referring to the way simulacra have come to ''precede'' the real in the sense mentioned above, rather than to any ''succession'' of historical phases of the image. Referring to "On Exactitude in Science", he argued that just as for contemporary society the simulated copy had superseded the original object, so, too, the map had come to precede the geographic territory (c.f. [[Map–territory relation]]), e.g. the [[Gulf War|first Gulf War]] (which Baudrillard [[The Gulf War Did Not Take Place|later used as an object demonstration]]): the image of war preceded real war. War comes not when it is made by sovereign against sovereign (not when killing for attritive and strategic neutralisation purposes is authorised; nor even, properly spoken, when shots are fired); rather, war comes when society is generally convinced that it is coming.

{{quote|Henceforth, it is the map that precedes the territory—precession of simulacra—it is the map that engenders the territory and if we were to revive the fable today, it would be the territory whose shreds are slowly rotting across the map.<ref name="PH" />}}

==See also==
*[[Welcome to the Desert of the Real#Etymology|Desert of the real]]
*''[[The Matrix]]''
*[[Simulated reality]]
*[[Simulation hypothesis]]
*[[Semiotics]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simulacra And Simulation}}
[[Category:1981 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about hyperreality]]
[[Category:Books by Jean Baudrillard]]
[[Category:Dichotomies]]
[[Category:French non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Metaphysics literature]]
[[Category:Works about postmodernism]]

Handkerchief

2021-02-24T22:35:34Z

Guillom: * Handkerchief code

{{short description|Piece of cloth for personal use}}
{{mi|
{{original research|date=February 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2011}}
}}
[[Image:Handkerchief.jpg|right|thumb|[[Linen]] handkerchief]]

A '''handkerchief''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|ŋ|k|ər|tʃ|ɪ|f}}; also called a '''hankie''' or, historically, a '''handkercher''') is a form of a [[kerchief]] or bandanna, typically a hemmed square of thin [[fabric]] which can be carried in the [[pocket]] or [[handbag]], and which is intended for personal [[hygiene]] purposes such as wiping one's [[hand]]s or face, or [[nose-blowing|blowing one's nose]]. A handkerchief is also sometimes used as a purely decorative accessory in a suit pocket; it is then called a '''pocket square'''. It is also an important accessory in many folk-dances in many regions like the [[Balkans]] and the [[Middle East]]; an example of a folk-dance using handkerchiefs is [[Kalamatianos]].

==Modern usage==
The material of a handkerchief can be symbolic of the socio-economic class of the user, not only because some materials are more expensive, but because some materials are more absorbent and practical for those who use a handkerchief for more than style. Handkerchiefs can be made of [[cotton]], cotton-synthetic blend, synthetic fabric, [[silk]], or [[linen]].

Handkerchiefs are also used as an impromptu way to carry around small items when a bag or basket is unavailable. They could also serve as a substitute for a bandage over a small injury. In the [[United Kingdom]], the habit of wearing a handkerchief with tied corners on one's head at the beach has become a [[Seaside postcard#British seaside postcards|seaside postcard]] stereotype.

From the late 18th century white handkerchiefs were waved, generally by women (men usually waved their hats), to demonstrate approval at public events such as processions or political rallies.<ref>"Mr. PITT's carriage was nearly the last...he was received with very general applause; the ladies waving their white handkerchiefs from the windows as he passed." "The Procession To St. Paul's." Times [London, England], 20 December 1797, p.2</ref><ref>General Lafayette was greeted on a visit to Providence, R.I., by "nearly 200 Misses, arrayed in white," who strewed flowers in his path "at the same time waving their white handkerchiefs." "Lafayette In America." Times [London, England] 16 October 1824, p. 2</ref>

Using handkerchiefs to accentuate hand movements while dancing is a feature of both West African and African-American traditional dance, in the latter case especially in wedding celebrations.<ref>'Information About Dancing And Waving White Handkerchiefs In Ewe Cultures Of Ghana & Togo And The Igbo Culture Of Nigeria' Edited by Azizi Powell [http://pancocojams.blogspot.co.uk]</ref> Handkerchiefs are also traditional [[accoutrements]] in certain kinds of English folk dance, such as the [[Morris dance]].

Besides their intended use, they could be used for cleaning equipment, polishing shoes, cleaning hands and face, signalling for attention, as a sweat band, [[neckerchief]], as protection from dust inhalation, to repair footwear, cut out pieces to patch clothes, cut up as emergency firearms cleaning patches, [[Molotov cocktail]] wick (fire-bomb), hot cooking utensil holder, a makeshift bandage, [[tourniquet]], or arm sling.

==Origin==
Before people used the word handkerchief, the word kerchief alone was common. This term came from two French words: couvrir, which means “to cover,” and chef, which means “head.”

In the times of ancient Greece and Rome, handkerchiefs were often used the way they are today.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} But in the Middle Ages,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Middle Ages - Definition, Timeline & Facts - HISTORY|url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/middle-ages|access-date=2020-10-14|website=www.history.com}}</ref> kerchiefs were usually used to cover the head.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Then in the 16th century, people in Europe began to carry kerchiefs in their pockets to wipe their foreheads or their noses. To distinguish this kind of kerchief from the one used to cover the head, the word "hand" was added to "kerchief".{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

King [[Richard II of England]], who reigned from 1377 to 1399, is widely believed to have invented the cloth handkerchief, as surviving documents written by his courtiers describe his use of square pieces of cloth to wipe his nose.<ref>[[Barbara Tuchman|Tuchman, Barbara]]. ''[[A Distant Mirror]]'', 473.</ref> Certainly they were in existence by [[Shakespeare]]'s time, and a handkerchief is an important plot device in his play ''[[Othello]]''.

==Pocket square==
[[Image:Grey and navy suit on mannequin.jpg|thumb|[[Suit (clothing)|Suits]] with pocket handkerchief]]

In addition to carrying for practical purposes, handkerchiefs have long been displayed in the chest pocket of men's jackets. Used in this way, they are referred to as a '''pocket handkerchief''' or '''pocket square'''. A traditional pocket square will have the hem rolled, contrary to handkerchiefs.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

The trend of pocket squares as a fashion accessory really started during the 1920s, and continued until the 1960s. During that period, actors such as [[Cary Grant]], [[Fred Astaire]] and [[Gary Cooper]] wore them regularly. The pocket square subsequently fell into disuse until the late 2000s when it made a comeback thanks in part to popular television shows such as ''[[Mad Men]]''.

Pocket squares are usually made in fabrics such as silk, cotton, linen or wool.

As a visible fashion item there are a wide variety of ways to fold a pocket square, ranging from the austere to the flamboyant:
* The Presidential, or Flat Fold, perhaps the simplest, is folded at right angles to fit in the pocket.
* The Winged Puff, a simple and elegant fold.
* The Puff or the [[Gary Cooper|Cooper]] is simply shaped into a round puff.
* The Reverse Puff, or The Crown Fold, is like the Puff, except with the puff inside and the points out, like petals.
* The Westo Four Point fold, the quickest way to achieve a four-point fold effect.
* The TV Fold looks similar but is folded diagonally with the point inside the pocket.
* The One-point Fold is folded diagonally with the point showing.
* The Two-point Fold is folded off-center so the two points do not completely overlap.
* The Three-point Fold is first folded into a triangle, then the corners are folded up and across to make three points.
* The Four-point Fold is an off-center version of the Three-point Fold.
* The [[James Cagney|Cagney]] is basically a backwards version of the Four-point Fold.
* The [[Fred Astaire|Astaire]] is a puff with a point on either side.
* The Straight Shell is pleated and then folded over to give the appearance of nested shells.
* The Diagonal Shell is pleated diagonally and then folded.

==See also==
* [[Napkin]]
* [[Sachet (scented bag)|Sachet]]
* [[Facial tissue]]
* [[Antimacassar]]
* [[Dudou]], sometimes described as a handkerchief blouse
* [[Handkerchief code]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Handkerchiefs}}

[[Category:Personal hygiene products]]
[[Category:Fashion accessories]]

Nightwing

2021-02-23T19:39:37Z

Guillom: /* Volume 3 (The New 52) */ add Prince of Gotham omnibus

{{other uses}}
{{short description|DC Comics superhero}}
{{Infobox comics character 
|character_name = Nightwing
|image = Nightwing2.jpg
|caption = Cover of Nightwing #77. Art by Travis Moore
|publisher = [[DC Comics]]
|debut = '''Superman:'''<br>''[[Superman (comics)|Superman]]'' #158 (January 1963)<br>'''Dick Grayson:'''<br>''[[Tales of the Teen Titans]]'' #44 (July 1984)
|creators='''Superman:'''<br>[[Edmond Hamilton]]<br>[[Curt Swan]]<br>'''Dick Grayson:'''<br>[[Marv Wolfman]]<br>[[George Pérez]]
|characters = [[Superman|Kal-El/Clark Kent]]<br>[[Nightwing#Van-Zee|Van-Zee]]<br>'''[[Dick Grayson]]'''<br>[[Nite-Wing|Tad Ryerstad]]<br>[[Jason Todd]]<br>[[Power Girl|Kara Zor-L/Karen Starr]]<br>[[Cheyenne Freemont]]<br>[[Chris Kent (character)|Lor-Zod/Chris Kent]]
|seealso =
|alter_ego = [[Superman]] (Pre Crisis Era)<br>[[Dick Grayson|Richard John "Dick" Grayson]]<br>[[Power Girl]]<br>[[Chris Kent (character)|Chris Kent]]
|alliances = {{plainlist|
* [[Teen Titans]]
* [[Teen Titans|Titans]]
* [[Outsiders (comics)|Outsiders]]
* [[Justice League]]
* [[Batman Inc.]]
* [[Birds of Prey (team)|Birds of Prey]]
* [[Young Justice]]
* [[List of Batman supporting characters#Bat-Family|Batman Family]]
* Spyral<ref>''Grayson'' #1</ref>
}}
|aliases = [[Robin (character)|Robin]] <br> [[Batman]] <br> Red X <br> Agent 37 <br> Target <br> [[Talon (DC Comics)|Talon]] <br> Ric Grayson <br> Birdwatcher <br> Gray Son of Gotham
|powers = 
*Expert detective
*Skilled [[acrobatics|acrobat]] and [[aerialist]]
*Skilled [[martial arts|martial artist]] and hand-to-hand combatant
*Utilizing high-tech equipment and weapons

|cat = super
|subcat = DC Comics
|hero = y
|sortkey = Grayson, Dick
|General information|Significant others =
Koriand'r (Starfire)
Cheyenne Freemont (Batwoman)
Bridget Clancy
Lori Elton}}

'''Nightwing''' is a fictional [[superhero]] appearing in [[American comic book]]s published by [[DC Comics]]. The character has appeared in various incarnations; the identity was adopted by '''[[Dick Grayson]]''' when he left his role as [[Batman]]'s vigilante partner [[Robin (character)|Robin]].

Although Nightwing is commonly associated with Batman, the title and concept have origins in classic [[Superman]] stories. The original Nightwing in DC Comics was an identity assumed by alien superhero Superman when stranded on the [[Krypton (comics)|Kryptonian]] city of [[Kandor (comics)|Kandor]] with his friend [[Jimmy Olsen]]. Drawing inspiration from Batman and Robin, the two protect Kandor as the superheroes Nightwing and [[Flamebird]]. Following the ''[[Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' continuity reboot in 1985, Nightwing was re-imagined as a legendary vigilante from Krypton whose story inspires Dick Grayson's choice of name when he leaves behind his Robin identity.

Other stories set among the ''Batman'' family of characters have seen acquaintances and friends of Richard John "Dick" Grayson briefly assume the title, including his fellow Robin alumnus [[Jason Todd]]. Meanwhile, ''Superman'' stories have seen Superman's adopted son [[Chris Kent (comics)|Chris Kent]] and [[Power Girl]] take up the name for brief turns as Nightwing. Various other characters have taken the name in stories set outside DC's main continuity as well.

In 2013, Nightwing placed 5th on IGN's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics<ref>{{cite web|last=Schedeen |first=Jesse |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/19/the-top-25-heroes-of-dc-comics |title=The Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics |publisher=IGN |date=2013-11-19 |access-date=2014-05-13}}</ref> and Grayson as Nightwing was ranked the #1 Sexiest Male Character in Comics by [[ComicsAlliance]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wheeler |first=Andrew |url=http://comicsalliance.com/comics-sexiest-male-characters |title=ComicsAlliance Presents The 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics |publisher=[[ComicsAlliance]] |date=2013-02-14 |access-date=2015-07-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018024021/http://comicsalliance.com/comics-sexiest-male-characters |archive-date=2015-10-18 }}</ref>

==Fictional character biography==

===Pre-Crisis Era===

====Superman====
[[File:Superman v1 158.png|thumb|Superman and Jimmy as Nightwing and Flamebird respectively. From ''Superman''#158 (1963). Art by [[Curt Swan]].]]
Nightwing is first depicted in the story "Superman in Kandor" in ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]'' #158 (January 1963). It is an alias used by [[Superman]] in pre-[[Crisis on Infinite Earths|Crisis]] stories. The story is set in [[Kandor (comics)|Kandor]], a [[Krypton (comics)|Kryptonian]] city that was shrunken and preserved in a bottle by [[Brainiac (character)|Brainiac]]. In Kandor, Superman has no [[Superpower (ability)|superpowers]], and is branded an outlaw there due to a misunderstanding.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleisher |first1=Michael L. |title=The Original Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume Three: Superman |date=2007 |publisher=DC Comics |isbn=1-4012-1389-8 |page=250}}</ref>

To disguise themselves, Superman and [[Jimmy Olsen]] create vigilante identities inspired by [[Batman]] and [[Robin (comics)|Robin]]. Because neither bats nor robins lived on Krypton, Superman chooses the names of two birds owned by his Kandorian friend Nor-Kan: Nightwing for himself, and Flamebird for Jimmy. Nightwing and Flamebird rename Nor-Kan's underground laboratory as the "Nightcave", and use it as their secret headquarters. They also convert Nor-Kan's automobile into their "Nightmobile", and use "jet-belts" to fly into battle.

In ''Jimmy Olsen'' #69 (June 1963), "The Dynamic Duo of Kandor" introduces Nightwing's dog [[Nighthound]]. In "The Feud Between Batman and Superman" in ''[[World's Finest Comics|World's Finest]]'' #143 (August 1964), Batman and Robin themselves visit Kandor with Superman and Olsen and the two Dynamic Duos team up.

====Van-Zee====
In ''[[Superman Family]]'' #183 (May/June 1977), Superman's [[look-alike]] second cousin Van-Zee and his niece's husband Ak-Var take up the Nightwing and Flamebird identities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eury |first1=Michael |title=The Krypton Companion |date=2006 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=9781893905610 |page=31}}</ref> The vigilantes take on crime in their city as had Superman and Olsen before them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Greenberger |first1=Robert |last2=Pasko |first2=Martin |title=The Essential Superman Encyclopedia |date=2010 |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=978-0-345-50108-0 |page=459}}</ref>

====Dick Grayson====
[[File:Nightwing v1 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Cover of ''Nightwing'' #1 (September 1995). Art by Brian Stelfreeze.]]
Both Nightwing and Flamebird team up with Batman and Robin for an adventure in Kandor that proves important to the young [[Dick Grayson]]. When Dick later [[Fictional history of Dick Grayson#Nightwing|gives up his role as Robin]] in 1984, he recalls the Kandorian adventure and renames himself Nightwing, in homage to both Batman and Superman.<ref>''Tales of the Teen Titans'' #44 (July 1984)</ref> After the events of the ''Crisis on Infinite Earths'' re-boot of the [[DC Universe]], Superman no longer has knowledge of Kandor; instead, he remembers Nightwing as an urban legend of Krypton, which he shares with a young Dick Grayson.

===Post-Crisis===

====Kryptonian mythological figure====
Post-Crisis, there is a different originator of the Nightwing identity. Several hundred years before the birth of [[Kal-El]], there was a Kryptonian man who was cast out from his family and decided to take on crime as the vigilante Nightwing.<ref>''Secret Files and Origins'' #1 (October 1999)</ref> When Superman tells Dick Grayson of this story, Dick takes the name for himself.

====Dick Grayson====
{{Main|Dick Grayson}}

[[Fictional history of Dick Grayson#Post-Crisis|Dick Grayson became Nightwing]] after he was dismissed from the role of Robin as a teenager. Grayson's Flamebird was [[Bette Kane]]. He was featured in a ''Nightwing'' series from 1995 to 2009; after Wayne's [[comic book death|apparent death]], Grayson became the new Batman, subsequently retiring his Nightwing mantle temporarily.

Grayson's Nightwing costume was a high-tech suit specially designed for his high-flying [[acrobatics|acrobatic]] style. His gauntlets and boots each contained eight compartments in which he could store items. They had a self-destruct feature built into them, similar to the ones in [[Batman's utility belt]], and, as another security measure, the suit contained a one-use-only [[taser]] charge, which automatically emitted a high-voltage electrical shock when someone attempted to tamper with either the boots or gauntlets.

Each gauntlet's sections could contain a wide array of equipment, such as sonic or smoke pellets, modified [[batarang]]s ("Wing-Dings"), knockout gas capsules, throwable tracers, and a sedative-tipped dart launcher. The right gauntlet was also equipped with a 100,000-volt [[Electroshock weapon|stun gun]]. Like the gauntlets, his boot compartments could carry vital equipment such as [[flares]], a [[rebreather]] as protection against any airborne non-contact toxins, a mini-computer equipped with [[fax]], [[modem]], [[GPS]], and a minidisk re-writable drive. Other items were [[Lock picking|lock picks]], a [[first-aid kit]], a mini-[[cellphone]], flexi-cuffs, [[antitoxin]] assortment, wireless listening devices, and a small flashlight. After coming to New York, Dick added a black utility belt to his costume, eliminating the need for his boots and gauntlets.

Held in spring-loaded pouches in the back of his costume, Dick carried a pair of [[eskrima]] [[Club (weapon)|clubs]] made from an unbreakable polymer that were wielded as both offensive and defensive weapons. Some depictions display these tools with the mechanism to shoot a grappling hook attached to a swing line, while, in other instances, they can act as "line guns" similar to the ones Batman uses. The clubs could also be thrown with such skill by Grayson (and possibly due to their design) that they would ricochet off walls and objects to hit multiple targets, then return to his hands. These clubs also have the capability to be linked together as well as grow in size to make a staff, as depicted in many series, such as ''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]'' and ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]'' (Robin uses these weapons).

====Superman====
In 2001's ''[[Superman: The Man of Steel]]'' #111, Superman and [[Lois Lane]] travel to a [[Krypton (comics)#Revisiting Krypton|version of Krypton]] later revealed to have been created by the villainous [[Brainiac 13]] and based on Jor-El's favorite period in Kryptonian history.<ref name="action793">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Joe Kelly (comics)|Kelly, Joe]]
| penciller = [[Pasqual Ferry|Ferry, Pascual]]
| inker = [[Cam Smith|Smith, Cam]]
| story = Return to Krypton II, Part Four: Dream's End
| title = [[Action Comics]]
| issue = 793
| date = September 2002
| publisher = DC Comics
| location = New York
| page = 20
}}</ref> Labeled as criminals, Superman and Lois become fugitives, adopting the Nightwing and Flamebird identities to survive, just as had Superman and Olsen in ''Superman'' #158.<ref name="mos111">{{Cite comic
| writer = [[Mark Schultz (comics)|Schultz, Mark]]
| penciller = [[Doug Mahnke|Mahnke, Doug]]
| inker = Nguyen, Tom
| story = Return to Krypton Part Three: The Most Dangerous Kryptonian Game
| title = [[Superman: The Man of Steel]]
| issue = 111
| date = April 2001
| publisher = DC Comics
| location = New York
}}</ref>

====Tad Ryerstad====
In [[Blüdhaven]], a sociopath named [[Nite-Wing|Tad Ryerstad]] becomes a superhero, inspired by the retired hero [[Tarantula (DC Comics)|Tarantula]]. He takes his name, "Nite-Wing", from an all-night deli specializing in chicken wings. Unstable, Nite-Wing beats people for minor offenses. Nite-Wing is shot on his first night out and Dick Grayson, as Blüdhaven's protector Nightwing, defends him from [[Blockbuster (DC Comics)#Roland Desmond|Blockbuster]]'s gang, who think it is Nightwing who has been injured. After Nite-Wing is released from the hospital, he kills the gang who put him there. Not realizing how violent Ryerstad is, Grayson agrees to train him. The two attack Blockbuster's organization, but are captured and separated. After an undercover [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent frees Nite-Wing, Ryerstad beats him to death, and when Grayson realizes what he has done, Ryerstad flees.<ref>''[[Birds of Prey (comics)|Birds of Prey]]'' #20</ref> Nightwing subsequently tracks down and has Nite-Wing arrested by the police.<ref>''Nightwing'' (vol. 2) #47</ref> In prison, Ryerstad is cell-mates with [[Torque (DC Comics)|Torque]] (Dudley Soames), but the two escape by drugging the prison guard [[Amygdala (comics)|Amygdala]].

====Jason Todd====
{{Main|Jason Todd}}
''Nightwing'' #118-122<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dccomics.com/dcu/comics/?cm=6772 | title=Nightwing: Brothers in Blood | publisher=DC Comics | access-date=September 14, 2010}}</ref> run features [[Jason Todd]] prowling the streets of New York City under the guise of Nightwing, copying Grayson's costume.

====Cheyenne Freemont====
The "[[One Year Later]]" storyline features a [[metahuman]] fashion designer named '''Cheyenne Freemont''' donning a modified Nightwing costume to help Grayson.<ref>''Nightwing'' #118</ref>

Cheyenne first met Dick when they had a one-night stand together. They only exchanged first names the next morning, Cheyenne stating she's superstitious. The two had breakfast together and then he left. When he left another man walked into her apartment. He assaulted her for getting her "plumbing" fixed in her bath robe. She hit him with a telekinetic blast.

Dick found out Cheyenne was a fashion designer from a friend of his from [[Bludhaven]]. She ran into Dick again after he accidentally became a model for her. After seeing newspaper clippings of Nightwing (Jason Todd) she started creating superhero themed designs. Cheyenne wore a Nightwing costume to help Dick and Jason from a metahuman monster named Jakob. He ate her, but she used her powers to blow him up from the inside. Due to recent events she was left broke and soon left [[New York City]].<ref>''Nightwing'' #123</ref>


====Power Girl====
In ''[[Supergirl (comic book)|Supergirl]]'' #6, [[Power Girl]] and Supergirl assume the identities of Nightwing and Flamebird in a story set in Kandor, just as in the original pre-Crisis stories featuring Superman.

====Chris Kent====
{{Main|Chris Kent (comics)}}

Chris Kent, son of [[General Zod]], was Nightwing during ''[[Superman: New Krypton]]''. In that storyline, Superman was coming to terms with the death of his adoptive father; he was also dealing with 100,000 Kryptonians now living on Earth, which he had released from the bottled cities on [[Brainiac (character)|Brainiac]]'s ship (the same ship that contained the lost Kryptonian city of Kandor). At the end of the fourth issue of the arc, a new Nightwing and Flamebird appear in Superman's [[Fortress of Solitude]] to stop two of Zod's followers (who were living in Kandor) from releasing the Kryptonian General from his [[Phantom Zone]] imprisonment. While guarding the projector in order to prevent any Zod loyalists from freeing him from the Phantom Zone, both Flamebird and Nightwing exhibit powers that are not inherent to normal Kryptonians. Flamebird projects flames from her hands, and Nightwing uses "natural tactile [[telekinesis]]".

The pair seems to be stronger than normal Kryptonians: they knock out the two Zod loyalists with one blow apiece. In a later appearance, the duo is seen in [[Gotham City]]. Unlike previous portrayals, it seems Flamebird believes herself to be the dominant partner. When the Kryptonians led by Zod and Alura flee to a new Krypton orbiting the Sun, Nightwing and Flamebird stay in Gotham. In ''Action Comics'' #875, that Nightwing is revealed as the son of Zod and Ursa, [[Chris Kent (comics)|Chris Kent]]. The "Nightwing" identity is revealed to be based on a mythical Kryptonian creature, whose existence is intertwined with that of its partner beast, the Flamebird. Inside the [[Phantom Zone]] Chris' mind interfaced with a piece of [[Brainiac (character)|Brainiac]] technology, awakening a long-dormant connection to the Nightwing, and linking his mind to that of [[Thara Ak-Var]], who had a connection to the Flamebird.<ref>''Action Comics'' Annual #12</ref>

==Alternative versions==
* [[Batman (Terry McGinnis)|Terry McGinnis]] briefly moonlights as Nightwing in ''[[Batman Beyond (comics)|Batman Beyond]]'' #4, after Detective Ben Singleton claims to know Dick Grayson's past as Nightwing, which turns into a media fiasco.

==Other uses in DC comics==
* In the DC Comics [[Tangent Comics]] series, "Nightwing" is a secret government organization which appears throughout the series. Headed by Marcus Moore and Francis "[[Black Lightning]]" Powell, who act to protect the US and also conceal the true nature of [[The Atom]]'s involvement in the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]].

==Ongoing series==

===Story arcs===

Based on Nightwing's increasing popularity, DC Comics decided to test the character's possibilities with a one-shot book and then a miniseries.

First, in ''Nightwing: Alfred's Return'' #1 (1995), Grayson travels to [[England]] to find [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]], who resigns from Bruce Wayne's service following the events of ''KnightSaga''. Before returning to Gotham City together, they prevent a plot by British [[terrorist]]s to destroy the undersea "[[Channel Tunnel]]" in the [[English Channel]].

Later on, with the ''Nightwing'' miniseries (September 1995 to December 1995, written by [[Dennis O'Neil]] with [[Greg Land]] as artist), Dick briefly considers retiring from being Nightwing forever before family papers uncovered by Alfred reveal a possible link between the murder of the [[Flying Graysons]] and the Crown Prince of Kravia. Journeying to Kravia, Nightwing (in his third costume) helps to topple the murderous Kravian leader and prevent an ethnic cleansing, while learning his parents' true connection to the Prince.

====Blüdhaven====
In 1996, following the success of the miniseries, DC Comics launched a monthly solo series featuring Nightwing (written by [[Chuck Dixon]], with art by [[Scott McDaniel]]), in which he patrols Gotham's neighboring municipality of [[Blüdhaven]].

At Batman's request, Dick journeys to this former whaling town-turned-industrial center to investigate a number of murders linked to Gotham City gangster [[Black Mask (comics)|Black Mask]]. Instead, he finds a city racked by police corruption and in the grips of organized crime consolidated by Roland Desmond, the gargantuan genius [[Blockbuster (DC Comics)#Roland Desmond|Blockbuster]].

With a defenseless city to call his own, Nightwing decides to remain in Blüdhaven until Blockbuster's cartel is broken. This allows him to be close enough to Gotham to still be part of the [[Batman family]], and far enough as well to have his own city, adventures and enemies. He takes a job as a bartender to keep his ear to the ground and worked closely with Oracle (Barbara Gordon) in an effort to clean up the town. Blockbuster places a sizable contract on Nightwing's head shortly thereafter, while Grayson plies the unscrupulous Blüdhaven Police Inspector [[Torque (DC Comics)|Dudley Soames]] for information on the kingpin's dealings. Also during his time in Blüdhaven, Nightwing helps train a violent but enthusiastic street fighter called Nite-wing, who later kills an undercover FBI agent.

====''Last Laugh'' and killing the Joker====
When the Joker is told he is dying by his doctor, he unleashes Joker juice on the inmates at the Slab, causing a breakout. At the end of the arc, Nightwing is responsible for killing the Joker against the wishes of Batman and Oracle. Nightwing becomes depressed and Oracle tries to bring him out of it.<ref>''Birds of Prey'' #37</ref> Soon after, Batman manages to revive the Joker.

====Leader of the League====
Sometime after "No Man's Land" ends, the JLA disappears on a mission to locate [[Aquaman]] and Atlantis (The Obsidian Age). Before they vanish, Batman instigates a contingency plan, in which a handful of heroes would be assembled to create a new JLA, consisting of Nightwing, [[Green Arrow]], [[Ray Palmer (comics)|the Atom]], [[Kendra Saunders|Hawkgirl]], [[Major Disaster]], [[Faith (comics)|Faith]], [[Firestorm (comics)|Firestorm]] and [[Etrigan the Demon|Jason Blood]]. Nightwing is chosen to be leader until the original JLA are found, leading the group against the powerful Atlantean sorceress [[Gamemnae]] and helping to revive Aquaman to ask for his help in sinking Atlantis, but subsequently returns to the reserve list.

====''Graduation Day''====
For several years, Nightwing leads various incarnations of the Titans and becomes the most respected former sidekick in the DC Universe. However, in the ''[[Titans/Young Justice: Graduation Day]]'' [[fictional crossover|crossover]], a rogue [[Superman]] android kills [[Lilith (DC Comics)|Lilith]] and [[Donna Troy|Troia]], an event that tears apart both Young Justice and the Titans. At Troia's funeral, Dick declares he is tired of seeing friends die and disbands the team, officially ending the Titans. A few months later, Arsenal persuades Nightwing to join a new pro-active crime-fighting team: the [[Outsiders (comics)|Outsiders]], who would hunt villains, acting as co-workers rather than an extended family. He reluctantly accepts.

====Death of Blockbuster====
Dick plays a key role in exposing the corruption in the Blüdhaven Police Department. Despite reaching his original goals, Dick continues as a police officer during the day while spending nights as Nightwing, pushing himself to his limits and straining his relationships. The line between his police work and his [[vigilantism]] began to blur, and ultimately Amy Rohrbach (his friend and superior officer, who knew his secret identity) fires him rather than let him continue using questionable methods.

Wrongfully blaming Nightwing for the death of his mother, the mob boss Blockbuster bombs Dick Grayson's apartment complex and promises to kill anyone in Dick's life. When the vigilante [[Catalina Flores|Tarantula]] arrives, Nightwing chooses not to stop her when she shoots the villain dead.<ref>''Nightwing'' (vol. 2) #93</ref> He enters in a catatonic state after this action, and Tarantula takes advantage of his emotional trauma to rape him. At length, Nightwing shakes himself from his depression and takes responsibility for his inaction. He captures Tarantula and turns her and himself in to the police. Amy, however, feels the world needs Nightwing free and so prevents him from being charged.

Dick has destroyed the police corruption and removed the greater part of organized crime from this city, but his role in Blockbuster's death is still a source of tremendous guilt for him. He retires from crime fighting, with Tim Drake and [[Cassandra Cain]] as his replacements.

Grayson moves to New York, where he works closely with the Outsiders. After "insiders" threaten both the Outsiders and the newest incarnation of Teen Titans, however, Nightwing realizes that the team has gotten "too personal" and quits.

====''Infinite Crisis'' and ''52''====
Due to a crisis of conscience, Dick adopts the new villainous persona of [[Renegade (DC Comics)|Renegade]] in order to infiltrate [[Lex Luthor]]'s [[Secret Society of Super-Villains]]. This ruse includes Nightwing aligning himself with his long-time enemy [[Deathstroke]] in order to track the manufacturing and distribution of Bane's venom serum and to keep tabs on the Society's activities in Gotham and [[Blüdhaven]]. He also begins training (and subtly converting) Deathstroke's daughter, [[Rose Wilson|Ravager]].

Deathstroke takes revenge on Nightwing when Blüdhaven is destroyed by the Society. The Society drops the super villain [[Chemo (comics)|Chemo]] on the city, killing 100,000 people. Dick tries to rescue survivors but is overcome by radiation poisoning; only to be rescued himself by [[Batman]]. Nightwing confides that he let [[Blockbuster (DC Comics)|Blockbuster]] die and asks Batman to forgive him. Batman tells him that his forgiveness doesn't matter; Dick has to move beyond Blockbuster's death. Inspired by his mentor, he proposes to Barbara Gordon, who accepts his proposal with a kiss.

Batman then entrusts Nightwing to alert other heroes about the danger that the Crisis poses. Dick flies to [[Titans Tower]], but due to the chaos resulting from the Blüdhaven disaster, the [[OMAC (comics)|OMAC]] onslaught and other Crisis related events, the only hero who answers his call is [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Conner Kent]]. Together, they locate and attack [[Alexander Luthor, Jr.|Alexander Luthor]]'s tower, the center of the Crisis, only to be repelled by [[Superboy-Prime]]. Prime is ready to kill Nightwing when Conner intervenes, sacrificing himself to destroy the tower, ending the destruction of the Universe.

During the [[Battle of Metropolis]], Nightwing suffers a near-fatal injury from Alexander Luthor when he attempts to save Batman's life. Originally, the editors at DC intended to have Dick Grayson killed in ''Infinite Crisis'' as ''[[Newsarama]]'' revealed from the DC Panel at WizardWorld Philiadelphia:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsarama.com/WWPhilly06/DC/DCUPanel.html |title=WizardWorld Philadelphia: DCU panel |access-date=14 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623103614/http://www.newsarama.com/WWPhilly06/DC/DCUPanel.html |archive-date=June 23, 2007 }}</ref>

{{cquote|It was again explained that Nightwing was originally intended to die in ''Infinite Crisis'', and that you can see the arc that was supposed to end with his tragic death in the series. After long discussions, the death edict was finally reversed, but the decision was made that, if they were going to be keeping him, he would have to be changed. The next arc of the ongoing series will further explain the changes, it was said.}}

Saved by the Justice Society, Nightwing recovers with Barbara at his side. As soon as he's able to walk again, Batman asks him to join him and Robin in retracing Bruce's original journey in becoming the Dark Knight. While Nightwing is hesitant, due to his engagement with Barbara, she encourages him to go and returns his engagement ring so he can make an honest decision for himself. Barbara feels that it is important he rediscover himself, and until he does they're not yet ready to be married. They part on good terms, though before he departs Dick leaves her an envelope containing a photograph of them as Robin and Batgirl, along with the engagement ring on a chain and a note promising he'll come back to her one day.<ref>''Nightwing'' Annual #2</ref>

Soon after his journey with Batman and Robin ends, Nightwing returns to Gotham, following Intergang's trail. He works with the new [[Batwoman]] and [[Renee Montoya]] to stop Intergang from destroying Gotham, shutting off dozens of fire-spewing devices spread across the city.

===="One Year Later"====
{{Main|One Year Later}}
One year later, Dick Grayson returns to [[New York City]] (his previous home base with the Teen Titans) in order to find out who has been masquerading as Nightwing. The murderous impostor turns out to be the former [[Robin (comics)|Robin]], [[Jason Todd]]. Grayson leads the [[Outsiders (comics)|Outsiders]] once again, operating undercover and globally.

Nightwing follows an armored thief named Raptor, whom he suspects is responsible for series of murders. Later, Raptor himself is murdered in a manner similar to the other victims by an unseen contract killer, who proceeds to bury Grayson alive. Nightwing frees himself, wondering the relation between his experience and a [[Monitor (comics)|mysterious voice]] who tells him that he is "supposed to be dead". Nightwing is having trouble finding things to keep him busy during the day due to the cast on his right arm. Incapacitated from his injuries, he tries without luck to find jobs and continues to research into the mysterious assassin.

At one point, Dick agrees to attend a party for Bruce and their relationship seems to flourish. Bruce praises Dick for his success on the Raptor case, and also mentions to look into the Landman Building which hosted ex-Lexcorp scientists; most likely those who worked on the Raptor project. Dick also continues to keep a close brotherly relationship with Tim Drake, and helps Tim deal with his many losses during the last year.

After dealing with the Raptor issue, NYC is plagued by a villainous duo called Bride and Groom. Nightwing begins pursuit of these two after some grisly murders, including that of the Lorens family (close friends of his after the Raptor incident). Dick began to get obsessed with finding them, not knowing how far he was willing to go to take them down. Eventually, he formed a makeshift team with some "villains" to find them. They located them, and after killing some of his "team", Nightwing chased them to a cave, where Bride began a cave-in and the two are trapped there.

Nightwing, along with a group of former Titans, are summoned again by Raven to aid the current group of Teen Titans battle against Deathstroke, who was targeting the latest team in order to get at his children, Ravager and the resurrected [[Jericho (comics)|Jericho]]. Nightwing and the other former Titans continue to work with the current team soon after the battle with Deathstroke so as to investigate the recent murder of Duela Dent.

When the Outsiders were targeted by Checkmate, Nightwing agrees that his team will work with the organization, so long as their actions in Africa are not used against them in the future. The mission however does not go as well as intended, resulting in Nightwing, the Black Queen and Captain Boomerang being captured by [[Chang Tzu]]. Later, Batman is called in by Mister Terrific who then rescues Nightwing and the others. Afterwards, Nightwing admits to Batman, that while he accepts that he is an excellent leader, he is not suited to lead a team like the Outsiders, and offers the leadership position to Batman.

Batman accepts the position; however, he feels that the team needs to be remade, in order to accomplish the sorts of missions that he intends them to undertake. As such, he holds a series of tryouts for the team. The first audition involves Nightwing and Captain Boomerang who are sent to a space station under attack by [[Chemo (comics)|Chemo]]. During the mission, a confrontation erupts between Nightwing and Boomerang, who has grown tired of fighting for redemption from people like Batman and Nightwing. After taking a beating from Nightwing, he manages to throw him into a shuttle heading for Earth and quits the team. Afterwards, Nightwing furiously confronts Batman. Batman does not deny his actions, and states that this is the sort of thing that the new Outsiders will have to deal with. At this, Nightwing resigns completely from the Outsiders, which Batman feels is best, judging Nightwing too good for that sort of life.

In order to help himself regain a sense of purpose, Nightwing opted to stay in New York City again, and play the role of the city's protector. He takes on a job as a museum curator; and uses the museum as his new base of operations. During his short time there, Dick finds himself once again confronted with Two-Face, who years ago delivered Dick's greatest defeat. This time however, Dick soundly defeats Two-Face.

===="Titans Return"====
Nightwing joins a new team of Titans, with the same roster of the [[Teen Titans#New Teen Titans|New Teen Titans]], to stop an offspring of [[Trigon (comics)|Trigon]], which has not yet been named, from enacting his vengeance over [[Raven (DC Comics)|Raven]] and the Titans, of every generation. Nightwing yet again leads the team, and they manage to stop the sons of Trigon from accomplishing their first attempt at global destruction and again a few days later.

Following the defeat of Trigon's sons, the Titans are approached by Jericho who had been stuck inhabiting the body of Match, Superboy's clone. The Titans managed to free Jericho, but found themselves once again in trouble, due to the fact the Jericho's mind had become splintered due to all the bodies he had possessed in the past. Torn between evil and good, Jericho possesses Nightwing's body in order to keep from being captured. During this time, Jericho forces Nightwing to relive all of his greatest pains. Soon after, the JLA arrived, intent on taking Jericho in. Unfortunately they fail to apprehend him.

Following this, Nightwing decides to leave the team again, due to the events of the "[[Batman R.I.P.]]" storyline, and due to Batman's apparent death, Nightwing feels his attention should be better aimed at protecting Gotham City.

===="Batman R.I.P" and "Battle for the Cowl"====
As a precursor to "[[Batman R.I.P.]]", at the New York Comic Con 2008, DC Comics gave away pins featuring Nightwing, Jason Todd, and Hush with the words "I Am Batman" beneath them.
During the storyline, Nightwing is ambushed by the International [[Batmen of All Nations#Club of Villains|Club of Villains]]. He is later seen in Arkham Asylum, frothing at the mouth and presumably drugged, believed by the staff to be Pierrot Lunaire, a member of the Club. Scheduled for an experimental [[lobotomy]] by Arkham himself, he's spared by the ICoV taking hold of the Asylum, wanting to use him and Jezebel Jet, Bruce's fiancée at the time, as bait.

As Jezebel's capture is revealed to be a [[red herring (idiom)|red herring]], due to her being a part of the Black Glove, Nightwing's lobotomy is still pending, but he manages to escape by besting Le Bossu, and joining the fray between the Batman Family, the International Club of Heroes and the Black Glove itself. While he's forced to witness Batman's dragging down Simon Hurt's helicopter and seemingly die in a fiery explosion with his foe, he's shown holding Batman's cape, discarded during the fight.

Following the events of Batman's apparent death during ''[[Final Crisis]]'', Nightwing has closed down shop in New York so as to return to Gotham. He has opted to give up on having a normal job, and instead intends to put all his effort into protecting the city. After his returns he confronts Two-Face and Ra's al Ghul, proving two of his mentor's greatest enemies that he is an equal to Batman after he defeated them. He also finds himself being tasked to raise Bruce's biological son [[Damian Wayne|Damian]] with Alfred.

During the events of the ''Battle for the Cowl'', Nightwing is said to have become unapproachable and less emotional. He is seen by the Bat-Suit display cases, still mourning the loss of Batman. Nightwing is said to be resisting the idea that someone needs to take up the mantle of Batman, in spite of arguments from Robin and Alfred Pennyworth that it is necessary.<ref>''Batman: Battle for the Cowl'' #1</ref> It is later revealed he has no objections to becoming the new Batman, but was ordered not to in Bruce's prerecorded message for him, saying that Nightwing and Robin could carry the torch.

Robin later informs Grayson that someone is masquerading as Batman, using similar weaponry to their own. Nightwing is later forced to rescue Damian after he is ambushed by Killer Croc and Poison Ivy. However, Nightwing's glider is shot down, and the two are forced to crash land into a skyscraper. In order to give Damian time to escape, Nightwing offers himself up to the hit squad that is after them. He is about to be shot when he is rescued in a hail of gunfire by the Batman impersonator.

This eventually leads to Dick confronting [[Jason Todd]], who has been posing as Batman. After a long battle between the two, Jason refuses Dick's help, while hanging on to a protruding ledge over Gotham's bay, Jason lets himself fall into the water.<ref>''Batman: Battle for the Cowl'' #2</ref> After returning to the cave, Dick assumes the identity of Batman, with Damian as the new Robin.<ref>''Batman: Battle for the Cowl'' #3</ref>

====The New 52====
[[File:Nightwing-New52.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Nightwing in his New 52 costume. Cover of ''Nightwing'' vol. 3,#0 (November 2012). Art by Eddy Barrows.]]
In September 2011, [[The New 52]] rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Grayson's costume changed the color of the "Nightwing symbol" from blue to red, and the emblem rolled over the shoulders, rather than traveling down the arm onto the middle and ring fingers. The costume also shifted from a skin-tight unitard look to an armored, full body suit, with spiked gauntlets such as Batman's rather than simply long gloves.<ref>[http://insidepulse.com/2011/06/07/dc-comics-relaunch-nightwing-writer-kyle-higgins-all-a-twitter-about-dick-grayson-time-travel DC Comics Relaunch: Nightwing Writer Kyle Higgins All A-Twitter About Dick], ''Inside Pulse'', June 7, 2011</ref> Dick, along with all other members of the Batfamily, was a few years younger than previous incarnations. Despite being in his early twenties as opposed to his mid-late twenties, he was drawn a bit shorter than in his pre-relaunch frame. Starting with issue 19 there was a change in the suit.

After the events of ''Flashpoint'' as part of [[The New 52]], ''Nightwing'' was relaunched with issue #1. Grayson resumes the role of Nightwing following the return of Bruce Wayne. The new series, written by Kyle Higgins, opens with Grayson having returned to Gotham, when Haly's Circus comes to town. Through a series of events, Grayson inherits the circus and is working through internal struggles with his past as he investigates the secrets the circus has brought about.<ref>Nightwing #1-6 (September 2011-February2012)</ref>

During the events of ''Death of the Family'', a [[List of Batman supporting characters#Bat-Family|Batman Family]] crossover, Haly's circus is targeted by the Joker. As a result, the circus is burnt down and the circus members leave. Dick is left feeling depressed and lost as a result of this and the death of Damian Wayne, the new Robin, and is at a loss for what to do with his life. However, when Sonia Branch reveals to him that she believes her father, Tony Zucco, is alive and living in [[Chicago]], Dick makes the decision to take him down. Therefore, in 2013 Nightwing relocated to Chicago to hunt down Tony Zucco and also take down The Prankster, a new supervillain hacker in Chicago.

As part of the ''Forever Evil'' storyline, Nightwing's identity is revealed on every electronic device in the world when Superwoman takes his mask off. Nightwing was captured prior when bringing Zsasz to Arkham Asylum and mistakes Owlman for Batman, which leads to Owlman knocking Grayson out. Currently, Grayson is being held captive by the Crime Syndicate. Owlman plans to ask Grayson to join them to fill in the spot of Earth-3 Richard Grayson who was Owlman's sidekick Talon who died when the Earth-3 vigilante Joker killed him and put his body parts in boxes for Owlman to find.

During his captivity, Nightwing is imprisoned in a containment unit built to hold Doomsday, with his heart monitored to set off a bomb should he attempt to escape. The alliance of Batman, Lex Luthor, Catwoman, Captain Cold, Bizarro, Sinestro, Black Manta and Black Adam break into the fallen Watchtower in order to free him but also to sabotage the Syndicate. When they are detected, the bomb is triggered to detonate in minutes. Batman tries to free Nightwing, but Luthor, believing there is no time, incapacitates Batman and Catwoman before suffocating Grayson until his vitals drop and he appears dead. The bomb is deactivated. An enraged Batman begins to brutalize Luthor, while Luthor tries to tell him that there may still be time to revive Dick before he is gone for good – and so they do. However, with his secret identity compromised, he gives up the Nightwing persona and is persuaded by Batman to fake his death and infiltrate the Spyral organization.

On January 21, 2014, DC Comics announced that the series would end in April with issue 30. It was succeeded by ''[[Grayson (comic book)|Grayson]]'', a solo series focusing on Dick's exploits as an agent of Spyral. The series lasted until June 2016 and was succeeded by a new ''Nightwing'' series with [[DC Rebirth]].

====DC Rebirth====
{{main|DC Rebirth}}
Following the erasure of the knowledge regarding his secret identity from most of the world in the final issue of ''Grayson''
<ref>''Grayson'' (vol. 1) #20</ref> Dick went back to the Nightwing identity in the [[DC Rebirth]] era solo series, and the costume's colors were changed back to the traditional black and blue. At the start of the series (rebirth) Nightwing is still a member of the Court of Owls (after Robin War) and he goes on missions around the world for the Court. They give him a partner named "Raptor" and like Nightwing he wears a costume, but he is much more violent than Dick and multiple times Dick has to try to stop him from killing. Throughout the story arc, Dick must work as an undercover agent but also has to keep his morals and not kill even if the Court tells him to. Later on in the series, an event causes him to lose his memory, which leads him to the name change of Ric Grayson and temporary retirement of the Nightwing alias.

===Collected editions===

Most of the original ongoing ''Nightwing'' series was collected in several [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperbacks]] while the series was being published. Beginning in 2014 the series was then reprinted, with the new editions including material that had been omitted from the previous run of trade paperbacks. Both the ongoing series ''Nightwing Vol. 3'' and ''Nightwing Vol. 4'' have been collected in trade paperbacks as well, during their publication.

====Volume 1 and 2 (Post-Crisis)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Material collected
!Publication Date!! ISBN
|-
! colspan="4" | Original trade paperbacks
|-
| '''Nightwing: Ties That Bind'''
| ''Nightwing: Alfred's Return'' #1; ''Nightwing'' Vol. 1 #1-4 (mini-series)
|September 1997
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-328-5}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: A Knight in Blüdhaven'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #1-8
|August 1998
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-425-1}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Rough Justice'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #9-18
|September 1999
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-523-4}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Love and Bullets'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #1/2, #19, #21-22, #24-29
|April 2000
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-613-2}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: A Darker Shade of Justice'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #30-39; ''Nightwing: Secret Files and Origins'' (one-shot)
|December 2000
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-703-0}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: The Hunt for Oracle'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #41-46; ''[[Birds of Prey (comic)|Birds of Prey]]'' #20-21
|January 2003
| {{ISBNT|978-1-56389-940-9}}
|-
| '''Nightwing/Huntress'''
| ''Nightwing/[[Huntress (Helena Bertinelli)|Huntress]]'' #1-4 (mini-series)
|January 2004
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0127-2}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Big Guns'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #47-50; ''Nightwing: Secret Files and Origins'' (one-shot); ''Nightwing 80-Page Giant'' (one-shot)
|February 2004
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0186-9}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: On the Razor's Edge'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #52, #54-60
|June 2005
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0437-2}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Year One'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #101-106
|August 2005
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0435-8}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Mobbed Up'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #107-111
|March 2006
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0907-0}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Renegade'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #112-117
|November 2006
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-0908-7}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Brothers in Blood'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #118-124
|March 2007
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-1224-7}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Love and War'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #125-132
|October 2007
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-1463-0}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: The Lost Year'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #133-137, ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 Annual #2
|March 2008
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-1671-9}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: Freefall'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #140-146
|November 2008
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-1965-9}}
|-
| '''Nightwing: The Great Leap'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #147-153
|August 2009
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-2171-3}}
|-
! colspan="4" | New edition trade paperbacks
|-
| '''Nightwing: Old Friends, New Enemies'''
| Material from ''Secret Origins'' Vol. 2 #13; material from ''Action Comics Weekly'' #613-618, #627-634
|August 2013
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-4044-8}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 1: Blüdhaven'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 1 #1-4; ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #1-8
|December 2014
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-5144-4}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 2: Rough Justice'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #9-18, ''Nightwing Annual'' #1
|June 2015
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-5533-6}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 3: False Starts'''
| ''Nightwing/Huntress'' #1-4; ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #1/2, #19-25
|January 2016
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-5855-9}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 4: Love and Bullets'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #26-34, #1,000,000; ''Nightwing Secret Files and Origins'' #1
|April 2016
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-6087-3}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 5: The Hunt for Oracle'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #35-46; ''Birds of Prey'' #20-21
|November 2016
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-6502-1}}
|-
| '''Nightwing Vol. 6: To Serve And Protect'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #47-53; ''Nightwing 80-Page Giant'' #1
|July 2017
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-7081-0}}
|-
|'''Nightwing Vol. 7: Shrike'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #54-60; ''Nightwing: Our Worlds At War'' #1; ''Nightwing: Targets'' #1
|February 2018
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-7756-7}}
|-
|'''Nightwing Vol. 8: Lethal Force'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #61-70
|November 2018
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-8505-0}}
|-
|'''Nightwing: Supercop'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #71-83
|February 2021
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-9575-2}}
|-
|'''Nightwing by Peter Tomasi'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #140-153
| January 2020
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-9171-6}}
|}

====Volume 3 ([[The New 52]])====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
! Title !! Material collected
!Publication Date!! ISBN
|-
! colspan="5" |Paperback
|-
|1
| '''Traps and Trapezes'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #1-7
|October 2012
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-3705-9}}
|-
|2
| '''Night of the Owls'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #0, #8-12
|July 2013
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-4027-1}}
|-
|3
| '''Death of the Family'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #13-18; ''Batman'' (vol. 2) #17, and part of ''Young Romance'' #1
|December 2013
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-4413-2}}
|-
|4
| '''Second City'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #19-24
|July 2014
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-4630-3}}
|-
|5
| '''Setting Son'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #25-30, Annual #1
|December 2014
| {{ISBNT|978-1-4012-5011-9}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Hardback
|-
|
|'''Nightwing: The Prince of Gotham Omnibus'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #0-30, ''Batman'' #17, ''Young Romance: A New 52 St. Valentine's Day Special'' #1, ''Nightwing Annual'' #1, ''Secret Origins'' #1
|December 2020
|{{ISBNT|978-1-7795-0700-6}}
|-
|}

====Volume 4 (DC Rebirth and post-Rebirth)====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
! Title !! Material collected
!Publication Date!! ISBN
|-
! colspan="5" |Paperback
|-
|1
|'''Better Than Batman'''
| ''Nightwing: Rebirth'' #1 and ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #1-4, #7-8
|January 2017
|{{ISBNT|978-1401268039}}
|-
|2
| '''Back to Blüdhaven'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #9-15
|June 2017
|{{ISBNT|978-1401270858}}
|-
|3
|'''Nightwing Must Die'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #16-21
|September 2017
|{{ISBNT|978-1401273767}}
|-
|4
|'''Blockbuster'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #22-28
|January 2018
|{{ISBNT|978-1401275334}}
|-
|5
|'''Raptor's Revenge'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #30-34
|May 2018
|{{ISBNT|978-1401278816}}
|-
|6
|'''The Untouchable'''
| ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #35-43
|September 2018
|{{ISBNT|978-1401287573}}
|-
|1
|'''The Bleeding Edge'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #44-49, Annual #1
|January 2019
|{{ISBNT|978-1401285593}}
|-
|
|'''Knight Terrors'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #50-56
|June 2019
|{{ISBNT|978-1401291280}}
|-
|
|'''Burnback'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #57-62
|November 2019
|{{ISBNT|978-1401294588}}
|-
|
|'''The Gray Son Legacy'''
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #63-69, Annual #2
|May 2020
|{{ISBNT|978-1779500212}}
|-
! colspan="5" |Hardback
|-
| colspan="2" |1
|''Nightwing: Rebirth'' #1 and ''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #1-15
|October 2017
|{{ISBNT|978-1401273750}}
|-
| colspan="2" |2
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #16-29
|May 2018
|{{ISBNT|978-1401278922}}
|-
| colspan="2" |3
|''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #29-43
|January 2019
|{{ISBNT|978-1401285678}}
|-
|}

;Prestige one-shots

* ''Nightwing: The Target''
*''Batman/Nightwing: Bloodborne''

Most of issues #71-100 of ''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 have yet to be compiled into any collected edition.

In addition to the dedicated ''Nightwing'' collected editions, many issues of the ''Nightwing'' ongoing series have also been included in other collected editions as part of crossovers.

;Other collected editions

* ''Batman: Cataclysm'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #19-20)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: Cataclysm | publisher=DC Comics | date=June 1, 1999 | isbn=978-1-56389-527-2}}</ref>
* ''Batman: New Gotham, Vol. 2: Officer Down'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #53)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: Officer Down | publisher=DC Comics | date=August 1, 2001 | isbn=978-1-56389-787-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/batmanofficerdow00ruck }}</ref>
* ''Batman: Bruce Wayne: Murderer?'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #65-66)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: Bruce Wayne - Murderer? | publisher=DC Comics | date=August 1, 2002 | isbn=978-1-56389-913-3}}</ref>
* ''Batman: Bruce Wayne: Fugitive Vol. 1'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #68-69)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: Bruce Wayne - Fugitive, Vol. 1 | publisher=DC Comics | date=December 1, 2002 | isbn=978-1-56389-933-1}}</ref>
* ''Batman: Bruce Wayne: Murderer?'' (New Edition) (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #65-66, 68-69)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: Bruce Wayne - Murderer? (New Edition)| publisher=DC Comics | date=May 20, 2014 | isbn=978-1-40124-683-9}}</ref>
* ''Batman War Games Book 1'' (Modern Edition) (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #96)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: War Games Book 1 | publisher=DC Comics | date=November 3, 2015 | isbn=978-1-40125-813-9}}</ref>
* ''Batman War Games Book 2'' (Modern Edition) (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #97-98)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: War Games Book 2 | publisher=DC Comics | date=May 24, 2016 | isbn=978-1-40126-070-5}}</ref>
* ''Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 2 #138-139)<ref>{{Cite book | title=Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's Al Ghul | publisher=DC Comics | date=May 12, 2009 | isbn=978-1-4012-2032-7}} (TPB). {{ISBN|978-1-4012-1785-3}} (Hardcover. May 20, 2008).</ref>
* ''Batman: Night of the Owls'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #8-9)
* ''The Joker: Death of the Family'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 3 #15-16)
* ''Batman: Night of the Monster Men'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #5-6)
* ''Dark Nights: Metal: The Resistance'' (''Nightwing'' Vol. 4 #29)

== In other media ==
{{See also|Robin in other media|Dick Grayson#In other media}}

=== Television ===
* Nightwing appears many times in the [[DC Animated Universe]], voiced by [[Loren Lester]].
** Nightwing appears in ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]''. At the end of the episode "Sins of the Father", Dick Grayson debuts when he remarks that "no one can be a [[Robin (character)|boy wonder]] forever". In the episode "You Scratch My Back", Nightwing makes his full episode debut and finds an unlikely ally in [[Catwoman]] in trying to expose a South American gun smuggling operation into [[Gotham City]]. This episode highlights Nightwing, hints at his relationship with [[Barbara Gordon|Batgirl]] (Barbara Gordon) and illustrates his tense relationship with [[Batman]]. The episode also contains a sequence – showing Nightwing in his loft headquarters and charging into the night on his motorcycle as his theme music plays, culminating in a shot where he stands silhouetted against the moon. In the episode "Old Wounds", Nightwing explains to [[Tim Drake|Robin]] (Tim Drake) about his last day as Robin, that he fought with Batman over the latter's controlling nature and what the former saw as an unnecessarily harsh approach, causing Dick to leave Gotham as a result and returns years later as Nightwing. Eventually he partially reconciles with his former mentor and works with Batman several times during the course of the series. Nightwing also appears in the episodes "Joker's Millions", "Over the Edge", "Animal Act" and "Chemistry". A spin-off focused on the character and Catwoman was considered at one point.<ref name="abandoned">https://dcanimated.com//WF/sections/backstage/abandoned/</ref>
** In ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' (set many years in the future), Nightwing's uniform (or at least a copy) hangs in the [[Batcave]]. In the episode "Lost Soul", [[Batman (Terry McGinnis)]] borrows the Nightwing mask when his own personal Batsuit is reprogrammed with a dead businessman's personality. In the film ''[[Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker]]'', Batman asks if all of the original Batman's associates were bitter when they left to which Barbara Gordon replies "...look up Nightwing someday. Has ''he'' got stories". Barbara also mentions that Grayson had left Gotham following ''The New Batman Adventures'' prior to Robin's capture by [[Joker (character)|Joker]] and [[Harley Quinn]].
** Nightwing has a cameo appearance in the ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' episode "Grudge Match". As [[Black Canary]] enters [[Blüdhaven]], Nightwing can be seen on a rooftop next to two gargoyles.
* Nightwing appears in the ''[[Teen Titans (animated series)|Teen Titans]]'' episode "How Long is Forever?", voiced by [[Scott Menville]]. Nightwing is Robin's identity twenty years in the future.
* Nightwing has been featured in ''[[The Batman (TV series)|The Batman]]'', voiced by [[Jerry O'Connell]]. In the episode "[[Artifacts (The Batman)|Artifacts]]", the year 3027 have flashbacks to the year 2027 which features Nightwing. Although he has been active for a decade as Nightwing, he is still called 'Robin' by Batman and [[Barbara Gordon|Oracle]] much to his annoyance. In the episode "The Metal Face of Comedy", Nightwing (in his original costume) appears as Dick Grayson's video game character in an [[online role playing game]].
* In ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'', Dick Grayson (voiced by [[Crawford Wilson]]) makes his transcendence from Robin to Nightwing in the end of the episode "Sidekicks Assemble!" and appears as Nightwing in later episodes. His suit is based on his ''Tales of the Teen Titans'' #44 suit.
*A ''Nightwing'' animated series was in development before being shelved in favor of ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]''.<ref name="abandoned" />
* In ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice: Invasion]]'', 19-year old Dick Grayson (voiced by [[Jesse McCartney]]) is seen as Nightwing. Nightwing has become leader of the Team, assigning missions to his friends and sometimes fighting side by side with them. At the end of Invasion, he leaves the team. Later in the [[Young Justice: Outsiders|third season]], Dick Grayson is the leader of the Outsiders.
* [[Brenton Thwaites]] portrays Dick Grayson in ''[[Titans (2018 TV series)|Titans]]'' where Grayson is a leader of the team. In the first season episode "Asylum", Dick burns his Robin Suit, no longer wanting to be Robin, later creating the Nightwing identity in Season 2.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Megan|title=‘Titans’ Casts Brenton Thwaites As Its Live-Action Dick Grayson|url=http://comicbook.com/dc/2017/08/31/titans-dick-grayson-nightwing-brenton-thwaites-//}}</ref>
* A reference of Nightwing is made by [[Lucius Fox]] in the ''[[Gotham (TV series)|Gotham]]'' episode "They Did What?" when he mentions the "Nightwing Project" to [[Bruce Wayne (Gotham)|Bruce Wayne]]. It comes into play as Bruce and Selina put the device on Bane summoning bats to distract him as they escape.<ref>{{cite web|last1=WorkmanN|first1=Robert|title=New Gotham Preview Reveals a Nod To Nightwing|url=https://www.superherohype.com/tv/444807-new-gotham-preview-reveals-a-nod-to-nightwing}}</ref>

=== Film ===
==== Live action ====
===== ''Batman'' film series =====
{{Main|Batman in film #Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher}}
In the character's second appearance within the film series, ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]'', [[Dick Grayson]] pursues being a vigilante on his own and wears the Nightwing costume design. With [[Chris O'Donnell]] reprising the role from the previous film, the character continues to go by his [[Robin (comics)#Dick Grayson|Robin]] alias.

===== DC Extended Universe =====
{{Main|DC Extended Universe}}
[[Warner Bros. Pictures]] is developing a Nightwing live action movie centered on the character, set in the [[DC Extended Universe]], with [[Bill Dubuque]] writing the script and ''[[The LEGO Batman Movie]]'' director [[Chris McKay]] signed on to direct the movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/warner-bros-plotting-nightwing-movie-lego-batman-movie-director-978737|title=Warner Bros. Plotting Live-Action 'Nightwing' Movie With 'Lego Batman Movie' Director (Exclusive)|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en}}</ref>

Discussing why he likes the character and signed on for the project, McKay cited the character's showman personality and background as an entertainer and expressed his excitement for depicting that in the film. He later stated that he wants to introduce a complete adaptation of the character, something that hasn't been done in previous film interpretations of him before. McKay continued to state that the director-driven approach is why he loves [[Warner Bros.]], and how the franchise is differentiating itself from other popular shared universes. McKay also confirmed that the film would acknowledge the titular character's past from the source material, including his time as a part of [[Haly's Circus]], and also reaffirmed that the film will be a straightforward action movie with minimal use of CGI special effects and grounded realism.

==== Animation ====
* Dick Grayson appears as Nightwing in ''[[Batman: Under The Red Hood]]'', voiced by [[Neil Patrick Harris]]. He first appears to patrol Gotham alongside Batman, offering help when he found him fighting a group of smugglers. He was also present during one of the first battles with the [[Jason Todd|Red Hood]] (Jason Todd), where he obtained an injury to his leg causing him to sit out of the final battle between Batman and Red Hood.
* Nightwing appears in the [[DC Animated Movie Universe]], with [[Sean Maher]] voicing the character.
** In ''[[Son of Batman]]'', he first appears to stop [[Damian Wayne]] from killing the defeated and severely wounded Ubu. After a prolonged battle (which happens off-screen, although a few shots are later seen during the credits), Nightwing manages to subdue and tie up the boy, although he ends up with a number of sizable sword cuts. At the end of the movie, he pilots the Batwing to rescue Batman, Talia and Damian.
** In ''[[Batman vs. Robin]]'', Nightwing returns to help train Damian while Batman is busy investigating the Court of Owls. Dick is dating [[Starfire (Teen Titans)|Starfire]] in this film (as he called her "Kori", matching the redhead image on his phone), who phones him and tries to entice him to come over to her place.
** In ''[[Batman: Bad Blood]]'', Nightwing is forced to take Batman's place and don his spare costume during the time he's missing. He later helps Batman break free of the conditioning Tailia put him through. Given the call between him and Starfire, it would seem Bludhaven has had so much crime, they haven't had a chance to be intimate in some time.
** In ''[[Teen Titans: The Judas Contract]]'', Nightwing is the leader of the team, alongside Starfire. He assists the Titans in taking on the threats of [[Brother Blood]] and [[Deathstroke]].
** In ''[[Justice League Dark: Apokolips War]]'', it was revealed that Nightwing died in the battle against Darkseid's army of Paradooms, along with most members of the Teen Titans. Attempting to stop a Paradoom from killing Robin, he was pinned down and impaled in his chest. Robin managed to revive him using the Lazarus Pits, but the progress also rendered Nightwing insane and mentally ill. He was later seen in the end of the film in front of the destroyed Titans Tower, still mentally unstable, but with a roboticized Starfire comforting him as the Flash rebooted their ruined world's timeline.
* In ''[[The Lego Batman Movie|The LEGO Batman Movie]]'', Robin (Dick Grayson) temporarily dons a spare Batsuit in the Batcave, which is called the "Nightwing" suit (similar to Superman's Nightwing uniform as an [[easter egg]]), during the Joker's takeover of Wayne Manor, while Batman is trapped in the Phantom Zone.
* In ''[[Batman and Harley Quinn]]'', Nightwing is a main character in this film, alongside Batman and Harley Quinn. Nightwing helps Batman and Harley Quinn in attempting to stop the [[Floronic Man]] (the villain in the movie) in his plot to turn all humans and animals into plant people. Nightwing is voiced by [[Loren Lester]] (who reprises his role from the DC Animated Universe) and has a budding romance with Harley Quinn throughout the movie.
* A Feudal Japan version of Nightwing appears in ''[[Batman Ninja]]''.

=== Miscellaneous ===
'''[[Barbara Gordon]]''' appears as Nightwing alongside Batman in the ''[[Smallville]]'' "Detective" story arc of the ''[[Smallville#Other media|Smallville: Season 11]]'' series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Smallville-Season-11-1048845.aspx/|title=''Smallville'' Season 11 Comic Book Welcomes Batman -- and Nightwing!|author=Rich Sands|date=June 14, 2012|access-date=June 14, 2012|publisher=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> This role was originally to be filled by [[Stephanie Brown (comics)|Stephanie Brown]], but DC editorial withdrew permission to use the character after her appearance had already been announced and solicited, necessitating Gordon to replace her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2012/07/20/reading-between-the-lines-over-stephanie-brown-and-dc-comics/|title=Reading Between The Lines Over Stephanie Brown And DC Comics|last=Johnston|first=Rich|publisher=Bleeding Cool}}</ref> After Barbara is recruited by the [[Green Lantern Corps]] as a [[Blue Lantern Corps|Blue Lantern]], she asks her boyfriend, Dick Grayson, to be her successor as Nightwing and thus becoming Batman's replacement partner. Unlike previous depictions, Dick was never Bruce Wayne's ward and protégé as Robin, and was made reference that he was a former circus acrobat-turned-police officer who works for Gotham City Police Department.<ref>''Smallville Season Eleven: Continuity'' vol. 1 #4 (March 2015)</ref>

=== Video games ===
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) appears in ''[[LEGO Batman: The Video Game]]'' as a playable character, voiced by [[James Arnold Taylor]].<ref>{{Cite journal | title=''LEGO Batman'': Character Gallery | journal=[[Game Informer]] | issue=186 | date=October 2008 | page=92}} Features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph.</ref>
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) appears in ''[[Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu]]'' as a playable character, voiced again by Loren Lester.
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) appears in the [[MMORPG]] game ''[[DC Universe Online]]''. He will assist the player in a battle against [[Bane (comics)|Bane]] if the player is using a Hero character, or he will attack the player if using a Villain character. Nightwing is also one of the many characters than can be unlocked to use in [[PvP]] Legends matches.
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) is a downloadable character in ''[[Batman: Arkham City]]'', with vocal grunts provided by [[Quinton Flynn]]. Nightwing has no relation to the story as he remains behind to protect Wayne Manor while Bruce Wayne is locked up in Arkham City and Robin (Tim Drake) is dealing with the outbreak caused by the [[Joker (comics)|Joker]]'s poisoned blood.
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) is a playable [[downloadable content|DLC]] character in ''[[LEGO Batman 2: DC Super Heroes]]'', voiced by [[Cam Clarke]].
* Nightwing is a playable character in ''[[Infinite Crisis (video game)|Infinite Crisis]]''.
* Nightwing appears as a playable fighter in ''[[Injustice: Gods Among Us]]'', voiced by [[Troy Baker]] (mainstream version) and [[Neal McDonough]] (dark alternate counterpart). Dick Grayson is the mainstream version while Damian Wayne is the dark alternate counterpart. In the story mode's opening, Nightwing's mainstream version assists [[Cyborg (comics)|Cyborg]] and [[Raven (DC Comics)|Raven]] in defending [[Watchtower]] from an assault led by [[Lex Luthor]]. When Luthor talks about rebuilding [[Metropolis (comics)|Metropolis]], Dick knocks the villain out. In the alternate reality (where most of the game takes place), Nightwing's dark alternate counterpart is a part of [[Superman]]'s oppressive regime that's against Batman's insurgency. When Nightwing confronts Batman and [[Green Arrow]], Batman reveals that "Nightwing" killed Dick and is actually Damian. Batman hates Damian and states emotionally that Dick was his true son, but Damian on the other hand seems to view Superman as a father-figure and loyal to his cause. After father defeats son, Batman tells Damian he's dead to him. In his single-player Battle Mode, Damian defeats Superman and begins challenging anyone who crosses his path. Seeing his ability to inspire fear, Nightwing is chosen by a yellow power ring and recruited into the [[Sinestro Corps]].
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) appears as a playable character in ''[[LEGO Batman 3: Beyond Gotham]]'', voiced by [[Josh Keaton]].
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) is available as a playable character in ''[[Batman: Arkham Knight]]'', voiced by [[Scott Porter]], as part of the game's "dual play" feature. He also appears in the main story where he assists Batman in sabotaging the [[Penguin (character)|Penguin]]'s weapons smuggling operation in Gotham. Nightwing stars in his own DLC story pack entitled ''GCPD Lockdown'', set after the events of the main story, where he must prevent the Penguin from escaping the GCPD Detention Center. He is also featured in the ''Season of Infamy'' DLC mission revolving around [[Killer Croc]], where he helps Batman investigate a prison airship that crash-landed in Gotham and apprehend Croc.
* The ''Lego Batman Movie'' version of Nightwing is playable in ''[[Lego Dimensions]]''.
* The Damian Wayne version of Nightwing returns in ''[[Injustice 2]]'', also voiced by Scott Porter. Damian primarily uses his Robin identity in the game while his Nightwing persona appears as a non-playable enemy in story, although Robin can obtain and equip his Nightwing gear. Damian's murder of Dick Grayson is referenced by several characters such as Batman and Starfire, though Damian insists his role in Grayson's death was unintentional. In Damian's ending, Batman sacrifices himself to allow Damian to defeat Brainiac. Realizing how much the mantle means to him and the world, Damian decides to honor his father and becomes the new Batman.
* Nightwing "The Aerial Avenger" is also available as a playable character in ''DC Legends'' introduced during "Titans Month".
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) is a playable character in ''[[Lego DC Super-Villains]]'', voiced by [[Matthew Mercer]].
* Nightwing (Dick Grayson) will be one of the four main playable characters in the 2021 video game, ''[[Gotham Knights (video game)|Gotham Knights]]''.

=== Rides ===
A Nightwing ride is currently in operation at [[Six Flags New England]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Batman characters}}
{{Superman characters}}
{{Robin}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1963]]
[[Category:DC Comics aliens]]
[[Category:DC Comics martial artists]]
[[Category:Kryptonians]]
[[Category:2011 comics debuts]]
[[Category:Fictional acrobats]]
[[Category:Fictional vigilantes]]
[[Category:Superheroes who are adopted]]
[[Category:Characters created by George Pérez]]
[[Category:Characters created by Marv Wolfman]]
[[Category:Batman characters code names]]
[[Category:Superman characters code names]]

Lin-Manuel Miranda

2020-11-16T14:53:02Z

Guillom: seems notable enough to warrant an article at some point

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|American songwriter, actor and playwright}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lin-Manuel Miranda
| image = File:Lin-Manuel Miranda by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Miranda at the 2019 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|1|16}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*singer
*rapper
*composer
*producer
*playwright
}}
| years_active = 1999–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Vanessa Nadal|2010}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Residente|René "Residente" Pérez]] (cousin)
| notable_works = ''[[In the Heights]]'' (2008)<br />''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]'' (2015)<br /> [[Moana (soundtrack)|Songs]] for ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' (2016)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda|Full list]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.linmanuel.com}}
| alma mater = [[Wesleyan University]]
}}

'''Lin-Manuel Miranda''' (born January 16, 1980)<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web |url=https://www.biography.com/people/lin-manuel-miranda-041416 |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda: Theater Actor, Songwriter, Playwright (1980–) |work=[[Biography.com]] |publisher=[[FYI (U.S. TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]] |accessdate=November 8, 2017 |archivedate=November 8, 2017 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6upLbQkCr?url=https://www.biography.com/people/lin-manuel-miranda-041416 |url-status=live }}</ref> is an American actor, singer, rapper, composer, producer, and playwright. He created and starred in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musicals ''[[In the Heights]]'' and ''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]''. [[List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda|His awards]] include a [[Pulitzer Prize]], three [[Tony Award]]s, three [[Grammy Award]]s, an [[Emmy Award]], a [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]], and a [[Kennedy Center Honors|Kennedy Center Honor]] in 2018.

Miranda wrote the music and lyrics for the 2008 Broadway musical ''In the Heights''. The stage musical has been made into a film, also titled ''[[In the Heights (film)|In the Heights]]'', which is scheduled to be released in June 2021.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/the-first-trailer-for-lin-manuel-mirandas-in-the-heights-movie-starring-anthony-ramos-is-here# "The First Trailer for Lin-Manuel Miranda's ''In the Heights ''Movie, Starring Anthony Ramos, Is Here"] Playbill, December 12, 2019</ref> His work won the [[Tony Award for Best Original Score]],<ref name=HeightsTony>{{cite web |last1=Gans |first1=Andrew |last2=Hernandez |first2=Ernio |title=2007–2008 Tony Nominations Announced; ''In the Heights'' Earns 13 Noms |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/2007-2008-tony-nominations-announced-in-the-heights-earns-13-noms-150053?r=n |date=May 13, 2008 |work=[[Playbill]] |accessdate=October 1, 2015 }}</ref> the show's cast album won the [[Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album]],<ref name=HeightGrammy>{{cite web |title=2009 Grammy Awards – Complete Winners and Nominees |url=http://uproxx.com/hitfix/2009-grammy-awards-complete-winners-and-nominees/ |publisher=Uproxx.com |date=February 8, 2009 |accessdate=October 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014552/http://uproxx.com/hitfix/2009-grammy-awards-complete-winners-and-nominees/ |archive-date=August 22, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the show won the [[Tony Award for Best Musical]]. Miranda was also nominated for the [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical]] for his lead role.

He gained wider recognition for writing the script, music and lyrics for ''Hamilton'', which has been acclaimed as a [[pop culture]] phenomenon since its Broadway premiere in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boedeker |first1=Hal |title=''Hamilton'': PBS explores inspiring phenom |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/tv/tv-guy/os-hamilton-pbs-explores-inspiring-phenom-20161015-story.html |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=October 15, 2016 |accessdate=June 18, 2018 }}</ref> The show earned the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]], the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album, and was nominated for a record 16 [[Tony Awards]], of which it won 11, including Best Musical, Best Original Score and [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book]]. For portraying the [[Alexander Hamilton|titular role]], Miranda was nominated for another Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. The [[Hamilton (album)|''Hamilton'' cast recording]] spent ten weeks atop ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s [[Rap Albums|Top Rap Albums]] chart in 2015; Billboard subsequently listed it as the eleventh-biggest album of the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/decade-end/billboard-200|title=Billboard 200 : Page 1|website=Billboard|access-date=December 5, 2019}}</ref> ''[[The Hamilton Mixtape]]'', an album of covers of songs from the musical, developed by and featuring Miranda, reached number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].

Miranda's television work includes recurring roles on ''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009–2010) and ''[[Do No Harm (TV series)|Do No Harm]]'' (2013). He hosted ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' for the first time in 2016 and earned his first [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series|Emmy award nomination for acting]]. As a collaborator of [[The Walt Disney Company]], Miranda contributed music for a scene in ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' (2015) and ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019), wrote music and songs in the animated musical ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' (2016), which gained him nominations for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] and the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] for the song "[[How Far I'll Go]]", and starred as Jack in the musical fantasy ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' (2018), for which he was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]].

Miranda has been politically active, most notably on behalf of [[Puerto Rico]].<ref name=pbs11242017/> He met with politicians in 2016 to speak out in favor of [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis|debt relief for Puerto Rico]]<ref name=pbs11242017/> and raised funds for rescue efforts and disaster relief after [[Hurricane Maria]] struck the island in 2017.<ref name=wapo5312018/>

==Early life==
Lin-Manuel Miranda was born on January 16, 1980, in [[New York City]] to Dr. Luz Towns-Miranda, a clinical psychologist, and [[Luis A. Miranda Jr.]], a Democratic Party consultant.<ref name=biography.com/>{{refn|group=note|Luis Miranda advised New York City mayor [[Ed Koch]].<ref name="smithsonian"/>}} The name "Lin-Manuel" was inspired by a poem about the Vietnam War, ''Nana roja para mi hijo Lin Manuel'', by the Puerto Rican writer José Manuel Torres Santiago.<ref name="RebeccaMead">{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons|title=All About the Hamiltons|first=Rebecca|last=Mead|date= February 9, 2015 |work=The New Yorker |accessdate=June 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=lin_manuel |number=705401091714842624 |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Gmorning. The story of my name, w a dedication from Jose Manuel Torres Santiago, the poet who inspired it.}}</ref> They raised him in the neighborhood of [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]].<ref name=biography.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/19/fashion/tonys-lin-manuel-miranda-family.html|title=Behind the Scenes With Lin-Manuel Miranda and Family on Tonys Night|last=Rosman|first=Katherine|date=June 16, 2016|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=December 15, 2016}}</ref><ref name="GuardianAncestry">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/01/lin-manuel-miranda-ancestry-hamilton-mexico-texas|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's ancestry is as multifaceted as Hamilton|last=Smith|first=David|date= July 1, 2016|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=December 25, 2016| archivedate=October 7, 2017|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20171007022853/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jul/01/lin-manuel-miranda-ancestry-hamilton-mexico-texas| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ryzik|first=Melena|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/theater/14heig.html|title=Heights Before Broadway|date=March 14, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 7, 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He is of [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] descent and,<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Lin_Manuel |number=1057318178294886400 |title=I'm Puerto Rican AND Mexican, friend:<br>I have family<br>*stretches arms*<br>E V E R Y W H E R E |date=October 30, 2018 |access-date=2020-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.megansmolenyak.com/lin-manuel-mirandas-revolutionary-ancestors/ |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's Revolutionary Ancestors |author=Megan Smolenyak |date=June 27, 2016 }}</ref> during childhood and his teens, he spent at least one month each year with his grandparents in [[Vega Alta, Puerto Rico|Vega Alta]], Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-miranda-takes-in-the-heights-to-puerto-rico-com-173914|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Takes In the Heights to Puerto Rico|last=Jones|first=Kenneth|date=November 24, 2010|work=Playbill|access-date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name="conc">{{cite web|url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/6213/lin-manuel-miranda-scaling-the-heights|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda: Scaling the Heights|last=Miranda|first=Lin-Manuel|publisher=Broadway.com|date=January 9, 2007|accessdate=February 21, 2015}}</ref> Miranda has one older sister, Luz, who is the chief financial officer of the MirRam Group.<ref name=thenewyorker>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons|title=All About the Hamiltons|last=Mead|first=Rebecca|date=February 9, 2015|work=[[The New Yorker]]|issn=0028-792X|access-date=December 25, 2016|archivedate=September 30, 2017|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170930211838/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/02/09/hamiltons|url-status=live |quote=The composer of 'In the Heights' grew up not in Washington Heights but thirty blocks farther uptown, across from Inwood Hill Park...}}</ref>

Miranda attended [[Hunter College Elementary School]] and [[Hunter College High School]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hensley|first1=Nicole|title='Hamilton' star honors NYC teacher by singing MLK tribute with Hunter College Elementary School alumni|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/hamilton-star-honors-nyc-teacher-singing-mlk-tribute-article-1.2500092|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York City |date=January 18, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Among his classmates was journalist [[Chris Hayes]], who was Miranda's first director when Miranda starred in a school play described by Hayes as "a 20-minute musical that featured a maniacal fetal pig in a nightmare that [Miranda] had cut up in biology class".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/which-msnbc-host-directed-lin-manuel-miranda-in-his-first-musical |title=Which MSNBC Host Directed Lin-Manuel Miranda in His First Musical? |last=Gans |first=Andrew |date=September 21, 2017 |website=[[playbill.com]]|access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref> His classmates also included rapper [[Immortal Technique]], who bullied Miranda, although the two later became friends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/11/immortal-technique-lin-manuel-miranda-bullying-story/ |title=Immortal Technique Sends Love to Lin-Manuel Miranda After Bullying Story |last=Ivey |first=Justin |date=November 18, 2016 |website=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spin.com/2016/11/immortal-technique-threw-lin-manuel-miranda-in-the-garbage-when-they-were-in-high-school/ |title=Immortal Technique Threw Lin-Manuel Miranda in the Garbage When They Were in High School |last=Cush |first=Andy |date=November 15, 2016 |website=[[spin.com]] |access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref> Miranda began writing musicals at school.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.employeeofthemonthshow.com/lin-manuel|title=Lin Manuel|website=Employee Of The Month|language=en-US|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

As a student, Miranda wrote the earliest draft of what would become his first Broadway musical, ''In the Heights,'' in 1999, his sophomore year of college at [[Wesleyan University]].<ref name=":0" /> After the show was accepted by Wesleyan's student theater company, Second Stage, Miranda added freestyle rap and salsa numbers, and the show was premiered there in 1999.<ref name="conc"/> Miranda wrote and directed several other musicals at Wesleyan and acted in many other productions, ranging from musicals to [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]. He graduated from Wesleyan in 2002.<ref name="conc"/><ref name="NYE">{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2008/03/linmanuel_miranda_of_in_the_he.html |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda of ''In the Heights'' on No Longer Being in the Heights |last=Murphy |first=Tim |date= March 7, 2008 |work=Vulture |accessdate=August 26, 2008}}</ref>

==Career==
===2002–10: ''In the Heights''===
In 2002, Miranda and [[John Buffalo Mailer]] worked with director [[Thomas Kail]] to revise ''[[In the Heights]]''.<ref name="conc"/><ref name="smithsonian">{{cite web|last1=MacGregor|first1=Jeff|title=Meet Lin-Manuel Miranda, the Genius behind "Hamilton," Broadway's Newest Hit|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/lin-manuel-miranda-ingenuity-awards-180957234/?no-ist|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=November 12, 2015|accessdate=June 9, 2016|archivedate=November 8, 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20171108183551/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/lin-manuel-miranda-ingenuity-awards-180957234/|url-status=live|quote=Then and now the family lived in the Inwood neighborhood, just up from Washington Heights}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Playwright [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]] joined the team in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|last=Low|first= David|url= http://magazine.wesleyan.edu/2007/06/20/scaling-the-heights |title=Scaling the Heights|work=Wesleyan|publisher=[[Wesleyan University]]| date=June 20, 2007| accessdate=June 13, 2017|archivedate=November 8, 2017| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108033330/http://magazine.wesleyan.edu/2007/06/20/scaling-the-heights/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After success [[off-Broadway]], the musical went to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], opening in March 2008.<ref name="conc"/> It was nominated for 13 [[Tony Award]]s, winning four, including [[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]] and [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]].<ref name=HeightsTony/><ref name=":0" /> It also won the [[Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album]].<ref name=HeightGrammy/> Miranda's performance in the leading role of Usnavi earned him a nomination for the [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical]]. Miranda left the cast of the Broadway production on February 15, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-miranda-to-leave-in-the-heights-in-february-com-156845 |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda to Leave ''In the Heights'' in February|last=Jones|first=Kenneth|work=Playbill|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090114222900/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/125099.html|archivedate=January 14, 2009|url-status=live| date=January 12, 2009}}</ref>

Miranda reprised the role when the national tour of ''In the Heights'' played in Los Angeles from June 23 to July 25, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ng|first1=David|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda returning to 'In the Heights' at Pantages Theater|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/linmanuel-miranda-returning-to-in-the-heights-at-pantages-theater.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 10, 2010 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda and In the Heights Say Bye-Bye to Los Angeles|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/153104/lin-manuel-miranda-and-in-the-heights-say-bye-bye-to-los-angeles/|publisher=Broadway.com |date=July 26, 2010 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> He again joined the tour in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.playbill.com/article/no-me-diga-lin-manuel-miranda-stars-in-puerto-rico-leg-of-in-the-heights-tour-com-173989 | last=Jones | first=Kenneth | date=November 30, 2010 | title=No Me Diga! Lin-Manuel Miranda Stars in Puerto Rico Leg of ''In the Heights'' Tour | work=Playbill | access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> Miranda rejoined the Broadway cast as Usnavi from December 25, 2010, until the production closed on January 9, 2011, after 29 previews and 1,185 regular performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/in-the-heights-to-close-on-broadway-in-january-miranda-to-return-to-cast-com-173080 |title= In the Heights to Close on Broadway in January; Miranda to Return to Cast|last=Gans|first=Andrew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201060620/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/144382-In-the-Heights-to-Close-on-Broadway-in-January-Miranda-to-Return-to-Cast |archivedate=December 1, 2010|work= Playbill|date=October 27, 2010| accessdate=July 11, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Miranda created other work for the stage during this period. He wrote [[Spanish language]] dialogue and worked with [[Stephen Sondheim]] to translate into Spanish song lyrics for the 2009 Broadway revival of ''[[West Side Story]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Patricia|title=Same City, New Story|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/15/theater/15cohe.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/guides/fallpreview/2008/theater/49532| title=This Could Drive a Person Crazy |work=New York Magazine |first=Jeremy |last=McCarter |date=August 24, 2008 |access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> During this time, he also performed at bar and bat mitzvahs.<ref name=":0" /> In 2008, he was invited by composer-lyricist [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]] to contribute two new songs to a revised version of Schwartz and Nina Faso's 1978 musical ''[[Working (musical)|Working]]'', which opened in May 2008 at the [[Asolo Repertory Theatre]] in [[Sarasota, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first= Kenneth|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/working-with-two-new-songs-by-heights-writer-miranda-opens-in-fl-may-16-com-150117|title=Working, with Two New Songs by Heights Writer Miranda, Opens in FL row|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080519100022/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/117759.html|archivedate=May 19, 2008|url-status=live| date=May 16, 2008|work=Playbill}}</ref>

Miranda worked in film and television. In 2007, he made a guest appearance on the television series ''[[The Sopranos]]'' in the episode "[[Remember When (The Sopranos)|Remember When]]",<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile: Lin-Manuel Miranda|url=http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Star_File.aspx?ci=550920|publisher=Broadway.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730054558/http://www.broadway.com/gen/Buzz_Star_File.aspx?ci=550920|archivedate=July 30, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in 2009, he played Alvie, [[Gregory House]]'s roommate in a psychiatric hospital, in the two-hour [[Broken (House)|season six premiere episode]] of ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''; he returned to the role in May 2010. For ''[[Sesame Street]]'', he occasionally played roles and sang the theme song to the recurring segment [[List of Sesame Street recurring segments#Murray Has a Little Lamb|''Murray Has a Little Lamb'']].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Lee|title=Lin Manuel Miranda: "In the Heights" PBS Special filled with "Really Amazing Moments"|url=http://www.latina.com/blogs/vivo-por-tivo/lin-manuel-miranda-%C2%A0%E2%80%9C-heights%E2%80%9D-pbs-special-filled-%E2%80%9Creally-amazing-moments%E2%80%9D|publisher=Latina.com |date=May 27, 2009 |accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref> He was a composer and actor on the [[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|2009 revival of ''The Electric Company'']]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jody|title=Before 'Hamilton', Lin-Manuel Miranda Taught Our Kids Letter Sounds|url=http://www.pajiba.com/hamilton/before-hamilton-linmanuel-miranda-taught-our-kids-letter-sounds.php|work=Pajiba |date=March 1, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>Cameron, Scott, in {{cite web|title=Classic Children's TV Show Makes A Comeback|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99902583|publisher=[[NPR]] |date=January 27, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2018|quote=: Mm hmm, Lin-Manuel Miranda. And he wrote a lot of the music on 'The Electric Company.'}}</ref> and appeared in the [[CollegeHumor]] sketch "Hardly Working: Rap Battle", playing himself working as an intern and rapper.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hardly Working: Rap Battle|url=http://www.collegehumor.com/video/4060067/hardly-working-rap-battle|publisher=[[CollegeHumor]]|accessdate=July 11, 2015|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617064504/http://www.collegehumor.com/video%3A1914134|archivedate=June 17, 2009|date=June 15, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

During these years, Miranda worked as an English teacher at his former high school, wrote for the ''[[Manhattan Times]]'' as a columnist and [[restaurant critic]], and composed music for commercials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile: Lin-Manuel Miranda|url=http://bigsight.org/linmanuelmiranda|publisher=BigSight.org|accessdate=July 11, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025005509/http://bigsight.org/linmanuelmiranda|archivedate=October 25, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2003, Miranda co-founded [[Freestyle Love Supreme]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freestylelovesupreme.com |title=Freestyle Love Supreme |website=Freestylelovesupreme.com |date=January 12, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> a hip hop improv group that has toured the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, as well as the Aspen, Melbourne and Montreal Comedy Festivals. The group created a limited television series for Pivot in 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2014/10/17/lin-manuel-miranda-freestyle-love-supreme |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda on bringing Freestyle Love Supreme to TV |author=Esther Zuckerman |date=October 17, 2014 |website=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411080651/http://www.ew.com/article/2014/10/17/lin-manuel-miranda-freestyle-love-supreme |archive-date=2015-04-11 }}</ref> and made its Broadway debut<ref>{{cite web|last=Peikert |first=Mark |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-mirandas-freestyle-love-supreme-coming-to-broadway |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's Freestyle Love Supreme Coming to Broadway |website=Playbill.com |date=June 18, 2019 |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> on October 2, 2019, at the [[Booth Theatre]] in a self-titled show to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|author=Greg Evans |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/freestyle-love-supreme-broadway-review-lin-manuel-miranda-hip-hop-improv-1202750033/ |title='Freestyle Love Supreme' Broadway Review: Pre-'Hamilton' Show Opens |website=Deadline.com |date= |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref>

===2011–14: ''Bring It On'' and television work===
====''Bring It On''====
Miranda co-wrote the music and lyrics for ''[[Bring It On: The Musical]]'' with [[Tom Kitt (musician)|Tom Kitt]] and [[Amanda Green]]. ''Bring It On'' premiered at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia in January 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1= Kenneth |last2= Hetrick| first2=Adam|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/something-to-cheer-about-bring-it-on-the-musical-begins-atlanta-run-jan-16-after-ice-delay-com-175250# |title=Something to Cheer About:' Bring It On: The Musical' Begins Atlanta Run Jan 16 After Ice Delay|work= Playbill| date=January 16, 2011|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> The musical began a US national tour on October 30, 2011, in Los Angeles, California.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stage Tube: Highlights from 'Bring It On: The Musical' Day!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/STAGE-TUBE-Highlights-from-BRING-IT-ON-THE-MUSICAL-Day-20111028|publisher=BroadwayWorld.com |date=October 28, 2011 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bring It On: The Musical|url=http://www.centertheatregroup.org/tickets/productiondetail.aspx?id=15374|publisher=Center Theatre Group|accessdate=July 11, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113234349/http://www.centertheatregroup.org/tickets/productiondetail.aspx?id=15374|archivedate=November 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It played a limited engagement on Broadway at the [[St. James Theatre]], beginning previews on July 12, and officially opening on August 1, 2012. It closed on December 30, 2012. It was nominated for [[Tony Awards]] in the categories of Best Musical and Best Choreography.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tony Awards 2013 winners and nominees: Complete list|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-cm-tony-awards-2013-nomination-list-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 30, 2013 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>

====Other theatrical work====
In February 2012, Miranda appeared in ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]'', in the role of Charley, in an ''[[Encores!]]'' staged concert at [[New York City Center]].

His theatrical achievements in 2014 included an [[Emmy Award]] for the song "Bigger!", which he and Kitt co-wrote for the opening number at the [[67th Tony Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Creative Arts Emmy Award Winners|url=http://www.emmys.com/news/press-releases/2014-creative-arts-emmy-award-winners|publisher=The Television Academy |date=August 18, 2014 |accessdate=January 28, 2017}}</ref>

Miranda wrote music and lyrics for the one-act musical ''[[21 Chump Street]]'', and performed as narrator for the show's single performance at the [[Brooklyn Academy of Music]] on June 7, 2014, which was broadcast on [[National Public Radio]]'s ''[[This American Life]]'' on June 20, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=528: The Radio Drama Episode|url=https://www.thisamericanlife.org/528/the-radio-drama-episode|work=[[This American Life]] |date=June 20, 2014 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Later that month, he starred in the June 2014 ''Encores!'' revival of [[Jonathan Larson]]'s ''[[Tick, Tick... Boom!]]'', under the artistic direction of [[Jeanine Tesori]]. The show was directed by [[Oliver Butler]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Breaking News: Lin-Manuel Miranda & Karen Olivo to Star in tick, tick...BOOM! for Encores! Faust and Pump Boys Announced|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Breaking-News-Lin-Manuel-Miranda-Karen-Olivo-to-Star-in-tick-tickBOOM-for-Encores-FAUST-and-PUMP-BOYS-Announced-20140309|publisher=BroadwayWorld.com |date= March 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 11, 2015}}</ref>

Earlier in 2014, he guest starred in a show by comedy duo [[The Skivvies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/cabaret/article/The-Skivvies-with-Laura-Benanti-Lin-Manuel-Miranda-Fyvush-Finkel-and-More-Set-for-54-Below-this-Week-20140310-page2|title=The Skivvies with Lin-Manuel Miranda, Fyvush Finkel and More Set for 54 Below this Week|date=March 10, 2014|work=BroadwayWorld.com|access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref>

====Film and television appearances====
Miranda appeared in a small role in the [[Walt Disney Pictures]] live-action film ''[[The Odd Life of Timothy Green]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Debruge|first1=Peter|title=The Odd Life of Timothy Green|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/the-odd-life-of-timothy-green-1117948039/|work=Variety |date=August 13, 2012 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda On The Movie 'The Odd Life of Timothy Green': "It's Really a Beautiful Movie"|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/movies/lin-manuel-miranda-movie-odd-life-timothy-green?page=2|work=Latina |date=August 14, 2012 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>

He played several television roles during this period. He appeared on the TV series ''[[Modern Family]]'' in the 2011 episode "[[Good Cop Bad Dog]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20110425abc06/ |title=Modern Family: Good Cop Bad Dog|publisher= TheFutonCritic.com|accessdate=April 22, 2016}}</ref> In 2013, he played the recurring role of Ruben Marcado in the NBC drama ''[[Do No Harm (TV series)|Do No Harm]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andreeva|first1=Nellie|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda To Recur On NBC Drama Series 'Do No Harm'|url=https://deadline.com/2012/09/lin-manuel-miranda-to-recur-on-nbc-drama-series-do-no-harm-334870/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=September 12, 2012 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> He later appeared in the CBS sitcom ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'', in an all-verse episode titled [[Bedtime Stories (How I Met Your Mother)|"Bedtime Stories"]] that aired in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/11/26/the-7-best-rhymes-from-the-all-verse-episode-of-how-i-met-your-mother/|title=The 7 Best Rhymes From the All-Verse Episode of ''How I Met Your Mother''|last=Rothman|first=Lily|work=Time Magazine|date=November 26, 2013|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>

===''Hamilton: An American Musical'' (2015)===
[[File:Lin-Manuel Miranda in Hamilton.jpg|thumb|Miranda in ''Hamilton'', 2016]]
While on a vacation in 2008, Miranda read [[Ron Chernow]]'s [[Alexander Hamilton (book)|biography]] of [[Alexander Hamilton]] and, inspired by the book, wrote a rap about Hamilton that he performed for the White House Evening of Poetry, Music, and the Spoken Word on May 12, 2009, accompanied by [[Alex Lacamoire]]. Miranda later said he spent a year writing the ''Hamilton'' song "[[My Shot]]", revising it countless times for every verse to reflect Alexander Hamilton's intellect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Performs at the White House Poetry Jam: 8 of 8|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/lin-manuel-miranda-performs-white-house-poetry-jam-8-8|publisher=[[The White House]]|accessdate=July 11, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106160037/http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/lin-manuel-miranda-performs-white-house-poetry-jam-8-8|archivedate=November 6, 2009|date=May 12, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="RebeccaMead" /> By 2012, Miranda was performing an extended set of pieces based on the life of Hamilton, which he then referred to as the ''Hamilton Mixtape''; ''The New York Times'' called it "an obvious game changer".<ref>{{Cite news |first = Stephen |last = Holden |title = Putting the Hip-Hop in History as Founding Fathers Rap |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/13/arts/music/hamilton-mixtape-by-lin-manuel-miranda-at-allen-room.html |work = The New York Times |date = January 12, 2012 |access-date=September 25, 2015}}</ref>

''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton: An American Musical]]'' premiered off-Broadway at [[The Public Theater]] in January 2015, directed by Thomas Kail. Miranda wrote the book and score and starred as the title character.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Healy|first1=Patrick|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's ''Hamilton'' Heading to Public Theater|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/06/lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-heading-to-public-theater|work=The New York Times |date=March 6, 2014 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton Starts Previews Off-Broadway|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/179209/lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-starts-previews-off-broadway/|publisher=Broadway.com |date=January 20, 2015 |accessdate=January 22, 2015}}</ref> The show received highly positive reviews,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stasio|first1=Marilyn|title=Off Broadway Review: 'Hamilton' by Lin-Manuel Miranda|url=https://variety.com/2015/legit/reviews/review-hamilton-public-theater-lin-manuel-miranda-1201435257/ |work=Variety |date=February 17, 2015 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> and its engagement was sold out.<ref>{{cite news| last=Gioia|first= Michael|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/history-in-the-making-revolutionary-musical-hamilton-opens-on-broadway-tonight-356214# |title=History in the Making – Revolutionary Musical 'Hamilton' Opens on Broadway Tonight|work=Playbill|date= August 6, 2015|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Chernow and Miranda received the 2015 History Makers Award from the New York Historical Society for their work in creating the musical.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ron Chernow and Lin-Manuel Miranda to Be Honored by New-York Historical Society|url=http://www.theatermania.com/broadway/news/chernow-lin-manuel-miranda-history-makers-award_74765.html|last=Rickwald|first=Bethany|publisher=TheaterMania.com|date=October 29, 2015|accessdate=November 10, 2015}}</ref> The show began previews on Broadway in July 2015 at the [[Richard Rodgers Theatre]] and officially opened on August 6, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gioia|first1=Michael|title=Revolutionaries, Turn Up! Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'Hamilton' Will Head To Broadway This Summer|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/revolutionaries-turn-up-lin-manuel-mirandas-hamilton-will-head-to-broadway-this-summer-342465|work=Playbill |date=February 24, 2015 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> earning positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brantley|first1=Ben|title=Review: 'Hamilton,' Young Rebels Changing History and Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/theater/review-hamilton-young-rebels-changing-history-and-theater.html |work=The New York Times |date= August 6, 2015 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> On the first night of ''Hamilton'' previews, over 700 people lined up for lottery tickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/hundreds-mob-the-first-hamilton-lottery-see-which-broadway-star-won-353241 |title=Hundreds Mob the First 'Hamilton' Lottery|work=Playbill| first=Michael|last=Gioia|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=November 8, 2017}}</ref> The ''Hamilton'' ticket lottery evolved into [[Ham4Ham]], a series of outdoor mini-performances for lottery participants that was hosted daily by Miranda and cast members for over a year, until August 31, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamilton Hosts Final Live #Ham4Ham Concert Today |first=Robert |last=Viagas |date=August 31, 2016 |work=Playbill |url=http://www.playbill.com/article/hamilton-hosts-final-live-ham4ham-concert-today |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901152022/http://www.playbill.com/article/hamilton-hosts-final-live-ham4ham-concert-today |archivedate=September 1, 2016}}</ref> Miranda earned a 3% royalty on each performance of ''Hamilton'', earning him $12.7 million by July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadwayjournal.com/hamilton-pays-miranda-seller-tens-of-millions-a-year/|title='HAMILTON' PAYS MIRANDA & SELLER TENS OF MILLIONS A YEAR|last=Boroff|first=Philip|date=April 26, 2018|website=Broadway Journal|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/02/why-is-lin-manuel-miranda-throwing-away-his-shot/|title=Why Is Lin-Manuel Miranda Throwing Away His Shot?|last=Smith|first=Kyle|date=February 12, 2019|website=National Review|access-date=}}</ref>

[[File:Rose Garden Freestyle feat. Lin-Manuel Miranda.webm|250px|thumb|Miranda performs [[freestyle rap]] with President [[Barack Obama]].]]
On March 15, 2016, members of the cast of ''Hamilton'' performed at the [[White House]] and hosted workshops; Miranda performed [[freestyle rap]] from prompts held up by President Obama.<ref name="#Bam4Ham">{{cite web |last=Tsioulcas |first=Anastasia |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2016/03/15/470515719/hamilton-freestyles-at-the-white-house-mic-drop |title='Hamilton' Freestyles At The White House. Mic Drop. |publisher=NPR Music Radio |date=March 15, 2016 |accessdate=March 16, 2016}}</ref>

In April 2016, Miranda and Jeremy McCarter published ''Hamilton: The Revolution'', a book describing ''Hamilton''{{'}}s journey from conception to Broadway success and discussing the cultural revolution that permeates the show.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra |last=Alter |date= May 3, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/04/books/hamilton-the-revolution-races-out-of-bookstores-echoing-the-musicals-success.html |title= 'Hamilton: The Revolution' Races Out of Bookstores, Echoing the Musical's Success| work=The New York Times|accessdate=May 4, 2016}}</ref>

''Hamilton'' won the [[Tony Award for Best Musical]]; Miranda won the Tony Awards for [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] and [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]] and received a nomination for [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]. Miranda won the [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]] for the musical, and the ''Hamilton'' cast album won the [[Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album]]. In May 2016, for his work in the role of Alexander Hamilton, Miranda received the [[Drama League Award|Drama League]] Distinguished Performance Award.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gans|first1=Andrew|title=Winners of Drama League Awards Announced|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/winners-of-drama-league-awards-announced|work=Playbill |date=May 20, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Miranda gave his last performance in ''Hamilton'' on July 9, 2016,<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2016/06/16/lin-manuel-miranda-to-leave-hamilton-on-july-9/|title=Hurry up, 'Hamilton' fans: Lin-Manuel Miranda announces departure date from show|last=Marks| first=Peter|date=June 16, 2016|work=The Washington Post|access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> but vowed to return to the show.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://apnews.com/377ef8b2fbe34ea4ad54838223cf5230/lin-manuel-miranda-leave-hamilton-july-9|title='Lin-Manuel Miranda leaving 'Hamilton' July 9; vows to return|last=Kennedy|first=Mark|date=June 17, 2016|work=Associated Press|access-date=June 17, 2016}}</ref> Miranda reprised the role of Alexander Hamilton for a three-week run in Puerto Rico January 11–27, 2019, for which the engagement was sold out in three hours in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/cultura/nota/listalaescenografiadehamiltonenelcentrodebellasartes-2468720/#cxrecs_s |title="Lista" la escenografía de Hamilton en el Centro de Bellas Artes |website=Elnuevodia.com |date= |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> In a review, [[Chris Jones (drama critic)|Chris Jones]] praised "deeper on-stage emotions" in Miranda's reprisal, as well as improved vocal and dance technique than on Broadway.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-hamilton-puerto-rico-0113-story.html |title='Hamilton' opens in Puerto Rico with emotional performance by Lin-Manuel Miranda: 'I just love this island so much' |last=Jones |first=Chris |date=January 12, 2019 |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=January 13, 2019}}</ref>

A documentary about the creation of the show, ''Hamilton's America'', featuring Miranda, premiered at the [[New York Film Festival]] on October 1, 2016, and first aired on [[PBS]]' ''[[Great Performances]]'' series on October 21, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/blogs/news/pbs-became-the-place-where-it-happened-as-36-million-watched-hamiltons-america-on-pbs-stations-last-weekend |title=PBS Became 'The Place Where it Happened' as 3.6 Million Watched Hamilton's America on PBS Stations Last Weekend |date=October 26, 2016 |work=[[PBS]]|accessdate=November 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Huffington Post| last=Brooks|first=Katherine|title=Inside The History Documentary Every 'Hamilton' Fan Will Want To See |date= October 19, 2016 | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hamiltons-america-documentary_us_5806761be4b0dd54ce35d132 |access-date=April 9, 2017}}</ref> A taping of the [[Hamilton (2020 film)|OBT version of Hamilton]] was released on [[Disney+]] on July 3, 2020.

===2015–present: Disney and post-''Hamilton'' work===
====Disney projects====
Miranda interviewed with Disney in the winter of 2013, and submitted a six-song [[Demo (music)|demo]] package to [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]].<ref name="Buckley"/> This began a series of collaborations with the company:

*''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]'' – In spring 2014, the studio hired Miranda to help write and perform music for ''Moana'', its 2016 animated feature film.<ref name="Buckley">{{cite news|last=Buckley|first=Cara|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Was Talking to Meryl Streep the Other Day| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/17/movies/lin-manuel-miranda-meryl-streep.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 17, 2017 |accessdate=February 21, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Breznican">{{cite news|last1=Breznican|first1=Anthony|last2=Smith| first2=C. Molly| title=Moana at D23: The Rock gets emotional at Disney fan event|url=https://ew.com/article/2015/08/14/dwayne-rock-johnson-honors-his-heritage-disneys-moana/ |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=August 14, 2015 |accessdate=February 21, 2017}}</ref> From 2014 to 2016, Miranda collaborated with [[Opetaia Foa'i]] and [[Mark Mancina]] on the songs for ''Moana''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newman |first=Melinda |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda, Mark Mancina & Opetaia Foa'i on Creating Disney's ''Moana'' Music as ''Hamilton'' Exploded |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7588008/lin-manuel-miranda-mark-mancina-opetaia-foai-disney-moana-music |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=November 23, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> He later explained that because he was so busy with ''Moana'' and ''Hamilton'', he turned down other projects "that would have distracted" him, but this served as an "ego check" as ''Hamilton'' became a hit.<ref name="Buckley" /> ''Moana'' opened in November 2016 and was a box office hit, earning positive reviews and praise from critics for Miranda's songwriting.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Sara |title=''Moana'' has some of Disney's best music ever |url=https://nypost.com/2016/11/22/moana-has-some-of-disneys-best-music-ever/ |work=New York Post |date=November 22, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Michael |title=''Moana'' review: With songs from Lin-Manuel Miranda, Dwayne Johnson sails into another Disney hit |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-moana-mov-rev-1121-20161121-column.html |work=Chicago Tribune |date=November 22, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Travers |first=Peter |title=''Moana'' Review: Disney's Animated Polynesian Musical Is a Feminist Delight |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/peter-travers-moana-movie-review-w451909 |work=Rolling Stone |date=November 23, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Miranda also sang the song "We Know the Way" in the film, and recorded a duet with [[Jordan Fisher]] of the song "You're Welcome", which was played over the film's end credits.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Olivia |title=Alessia Cara and Jordan Fisher Will Be Featured in This Disney Movie Soundtrack |url= http://tigerbeat.com/2016/10/alessia-cara-jordan-fisher-moana-soundtrack/ |work=[[Tiger Beat]] |date=October 29, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> For the song "[[How Far I'll Go]]", Miranda received [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]], [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice]], [[Academy Awards|Oscar]], and [[Grammy Award]] nominations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Golden Globes 2017: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/golden-globes-2017-full-list-winners-960076 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=January 8, 2017 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Coggan |first=Devan |title=Critics' Choice Awards 2017 nominees announced |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/12/01/critics-choice-awards-movie-nominees-la-la-land-moonlight-arrival/ |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=December 1, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Oscar Nominations: Complete List |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/2017-oscar-nominations-academy-awards-nominees-1201968107/ |work=Variety |date=January 24, 2017 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Joe |title=Grammys 2018: See the Complete List of Nominees |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/grammys/8047027/grammys-2018-complete-nominees-list |work=Billboard |date=November 28, 2017 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' – While working on ''Hamilton'', Miranda contributed music for the Disney-distributed film ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' (2015), writing a song for the scene in [[Maz Kanata]]'s cantina, an homage to the classic [[Mos Eisley|Mos Eisley Cantina]] scene and song by [[Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Talks 'Joyous' 'Star Wars' Cantina Music|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/news/lin-manuel-miranda-talks-joyous-star-wars-cantina-music-20151207|work=Rolling Stone |date=December 7, 2015 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>
*[[DuckTales (2017 TV series)|''DuckTales'']] – Miranda debuted in May 2018 as the voice of Fenton "Gizmoduck" Crackshell-Cabrera in [[Disney Channel]]'s 2017 reboot of ''[[DuckTales]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda ''DuckTales'' Debut Sets Date, Highlights New 'Duck Week' |first=Greg |last=Evans |date=April 13, 2018 |work=Deadline: Hollywood |url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/lin-manuel-miranda-ducktales-debut-date-duck-week-promotion-1202363487/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720151000/https://deadline.com/2018/04/lin-manuel-miranda-ducktales-debut-date-duck-week-promotion-1202363487/ |archivedate=July 20, 2018 }}</ref>
*''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' – Miranda plays Jack, a lamplighter and former apprentice to Bert, the chimney sweep played by [[Dick Van Dyke]] in the original 1964 film [[Mary Poppins (film)|''Mary Poppins'']]. This is his first major role after leaving the Broadway cast of ''Hamilton''. Miranda traveled to London in 2017 for the film,<ref name="Buckley"/><ref name=EW-Der/> directed by [[Rob Marshall]], which was released in December 2018.<ref name=EW-Der>{{cite web |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/31/mary-poppins-returns-emily-blunt-lin-manuel-miranda-release-date |title=''Mary Poppins Returns'', with Emily Blunt & Lin-Manuel Miranda, gets release date |last=Derschowitz |first=Jessica |date=May 31, 2016 |work=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=June 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/indiana-jones-5-2021-release-date-mary-poppins-returns-dwayne-johnson-jungle-cruise-1202423959/|title='Indiana Jones 5' Shifts To 2021, 'Mary Poppins Returns' Moves Up A Week & More: Disney Release-Date Moves|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|work=Deadline|date=July 10, 2018|accessdate=July 10, 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' – Following his work on ''The Force Awakens'', Miranda contributed music for the Disney-distributed film ''Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker'' (2019), writing a song for the scene on the desert planet Pasaana, in addition to making a cameo appearance as a Resistance trooper.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mamo |first1=Heran |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Contributed to 'Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker' in More Ways than One |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/movies/8546916/lin-manuel-miranda-composed-secret-song-star-wars-the-rise-of-skywalker |website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=December 20, 2019 |accessdate=December 22, 2019}}</ref>

====Theatre and television appearances====
On January 24, 2016, Miranda performed the offstage cameo role of Loud Hailer in the Broadway production of ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'',<ref name="Ham4Ham">{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpUJYCTUIMg|title=Digital Ham4Ham 1.27.16 – You at the Barricade Listen to This|date=January 27, 2016|publisher=Hamilton the Musical|via=YouTube|access-date=April 17, 2016}}</ref> fulfilling his childhood dream of being in the show, as it was the first production he ever saw on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milzoff|first=Rebecca|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda on Jay Z, The West Wing, and 18 More Things That Influenced Hamilton|url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/07/lin-manuel-mirandas-20-hamilton-influences.html|work=Vulture|date=January 15, 2016|accessdate=March 13, 2016}}</ref>

On April 24, 2016, on the TV show ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]'', at the end of a segment about the debt crisis in Puerto Rico, Miranda performed an emotional rap about allowing the island to restructure its debt.<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tt-mpuR_QHQ|title=Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Puerto Rico (HBO)|date=April 24, 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

Miranda hosted ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on October 8, 2016, and played himself in two episodes of ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'' in 2017, receiving [[Emmy Award]] nominations for both appearances.<ref>{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |title=''Saturday Night Live'' Week 2 Telecast With Host Lin-Manuel Miranda Sets 12-Year Ratings High |url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/saturday-night-live-ratings-strong-lin-manuel-miranda-donald-trump-hot-mic-scandal-1201833603/ |website=Deadline: Hollywood |date=October 11, 2016 |accessdate=June 13, 2017 }}</ref>

He plays [[Lee Scoresby]] in the 2019 [[His Dark Materials (TV series)|television adaptation]] of ''[[His Dark Materials]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/the-kings-speech-director-tom-hooper-logan-star-sign-up-for-his-dark-materials-adaptation-1202319285/ |title='The King's Speech' Director Tom Hooper & 'Logan' Star Dafne Keen Sign Up For 'His Dark Materials' Adaptation |last1=White |first1=Peter |last2=Wiseman |first2=Andreas |date=March 8, 2018 |work=Deadline |accessdate=June 24, 2019}}</ref> He played the part of Amy's brother (David Santiago) in the episode "[[The Golden Child (Brooklyn Nine-Nine)|The Golden Child]]" in ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]''.

===Upcoming projects===
In August 2016, Miranda agreed to write songs with [[Alan Menken]] for Disney's forthcoming live-action remake of ''[[The Little Mermaid (upcoming film)|The Little Mermaid]]''.<ref name="FlemingMermaid" /> Miranda will co-produce the film with [[Marc Platt (producer)|Marc Platt]] and Rob Marshall, the latter of whom will direct.<ref name="FlemingMermaid">{{cite web|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming.|url=https://deadline.com/2016/08/the-little-mermaid-lin-manuel-miranda-alan-menken-hamilton-disney-live-action-film-1201803536/|title=''Hamilton''{{'}}s Lin-Manuel Miranda & Alan Menken Duet on Disney's Live Action ''The Little Mermaid''|date=August 16, 2016|website=Deadline|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Menken announced in July 2017 that he and Miranda had begun working on new songs for the project.<ref name="Buckley" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Gettell|first=Oliver|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/07/17/lin-manuel-miranda-little-mermaid-music-alan-menken/|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Working on New ''Little Mermaid'' Music With Alan Menken|date=July 17, 2017|work=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> Miranda and Menken wrote four new songs for ''The Little Mermaid'', which had been recorded by April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.connectradio.fm/2020/02/10/lin-manuel-miranda-spills-details-on-the-little-mermaid-remake-on-oscars-red-carpet/|title=Lin Manuel Miranda spills details on 'The Little Mermaid' remake on Oscar's red carpet|first=A. B. C.|last=News|date=February 10, 2020|website=Connect FM | Local News Radio | Dubois, PA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedisinsider.com/2020/03/23/alan-menken-confirms-all-the-music-for-the-live-action-adaptation-of-the-little-mermaid-have-been-recorded/|title=Alan Menken Confirms All The Music For The Live-Action Adaptation of 'The Little Mermaid' Have Been Recorded|date=March 23, 2020|website=The DisInsider}}</ref>

Miranda agreed in 2016 to serve as executive producer and composer of [[Lionsgate]]'s film adaptation of ''[[The Kingkiller Chronicle]]'' by [[Patrick Rothfuss]], as well as a tie-in television series.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chaim|last=Gartenberg|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/29/13779242/lin-manuel-miranda-lionsgate-kingkiller-chronicle-patrick-rothfuss|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda to produce film and TV adaptations of The Kingkiller Chronicle|date=November 29, 2016|work=[[The Verge]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224222104/https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/29/13779242/lin-manuel-miranda-lionsgate-kingkiller-chronicle-patrick-rothfuss|archivedate=December 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/kingkiller-chronicles-lin-manuel-miranda/|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda developing a Kingkiller Chronicle TV series|work=Entertainment Weekly|last=Hibberd|first=James|date=October 26, 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711060705/http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/kingkiller-chronicles-lin-manuel-miranda/|archivedate=July 11, 2018}}</ref>

Miranda will provide eleven songs for ''[[Vivo (film)|Vivo]]'', a [[Sony Pictures Animation]] film directed by [[Kirk DeMicco]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Gans|first=Andrew|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/sony-animation-fast-tracks-lin-manuel-mirandas-vivo|title=Sony Animation Fast Tracks Lin-Manuel Miranda's ''Vivo''|date=December 15, 2016|website=Playbill|accessdate=December 20, 2016}}</ref> set to be released on June 4, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title='Spider-Man: Homecoming' Sequel Pushes 'Doctor Strange 2' To 2022 As Disney & Sony Team On Release Date Changes |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/doctor-strange-2-heads-to-2022-thor-love-and-thunder-moves-up-a-week-1202917542/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=April 24, 2020 |accessdate=May 16, 2020}}</ref>

[[Imagine Entertainment]] announced in July 2018 that Miranda will make his debut as a film director with an [[Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)|adaptation]] of [[Jonathan Larson]]'s semi-autobiographical musical ''[[Tick, Tick... Boom!]]'', to be scripted by ''[[Dear Evan Hansen]]'' librettist [[Steven Levenson]].<ref name="McPhee2018">{{cite journal|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda to Direct Film Adaptation of ''Tick, Tick... BOOM!''|first=Ryan|last=McPhee|date=July 19, 2018|journal=Playbill|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-miranda-to-direct-film-adaptation-of-tick-tickboom|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719215537/http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-miranda-to-direct-film-adaptation-of-tick-tickboom|archivedate=July 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Fleming2018">{{cite journal|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming.|title=Imagine Sets Lin-Manuel Miranda's Helming Debut: ''Rent'' Creator Jonathan Larson's ''Tick, Tick... Boom!''; ''Evan Hansen''{{'}}s Steven Levenson Scripting|date=July 19, 2018|journal=Deadline|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/lin-manuel-miranda-directing-debut-tick-tick-boom-hamilton-jonathan-larson-steven-levenson-imagine-entertainment-musical-movie-1202429317/|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719193155/https://deadline.com/2018/07/lin-manuel-miranda-directing-debut-tick-tick-boom-hamilton-jonathan-larson-steven-levenson-imagine-entertainment-musical-movie-1202429317/|archivedate=July 19, 2018 }}</ref> Miranda will produce the film alongside [[Ron Howard]] and [[Brian Grazer]],<ref name="Fleming2018" /> and will be released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Justin|last=Kroll|title=Netflix Lands Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'Tick, Tick… Boom!' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/netflix-tick-tick-boom-lin-manuel-miranda-andrew-garfield-1203246569/|date=June 19, 2019|website=Variety|access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref>

A [[In the Heights (film)|film adaptation of ''In the Heights'']] has been in development since 2008 when [[Universal Pictures]] acquired the film rights, with [[Kenny Ortega]] set to direct, but the film was canceled in 2011, the year it was initially set to be released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123119.html|title=Playbill News: Universal Plans Silver-Screen Adaptation of In the Heights|date=November 10, 2008|access-date=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110060440/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123119.html|archive-date=November 10, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/in-the-heights-movie-gets-a-director-and-a-star-youve-heard-of-him/|title='In the Heights' Movie Gets a Director and a Star. (You've Heard of Him.)|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|date=December 15, 2009|website=ArtsBeat|language=en-US|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149275-Universal-Pictures-Will-Not-Produce-In-the-Heights-Film|title=Universal Pictures Will Not Produce In the Heights Film - Playbill.com|date=April 2, 2011|access-date=October 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402053238/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149275-Universal-Pictures-Will-Not-Produce-In-the-Heights-Film|archive-date=April 2, 2011}}</ref> The following year, however, Miranda suggested that the film was once again under discussion and in 2016 it was announced that [[The Weinstein Company]] would be producing the film, with [[Jon M. Chu]] set to direct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lin-manuel-mirandas-heights-gets-898351|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Gets New Life at The Weinstein Co. (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> The film hit another roadblock in 2017 following the [[Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations|scandal surrounding Harvey Weinstein's sexual misconduct]], when playwright [[Quiara Alegría Hudes]], who was set to serve as screenwriter, requested that Weinstein relinquish the film rights back to her and Miranda, which became official in April 2018.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=quiarahudes |number=918583132965744640 |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Quiara A Hudes on Twitter: "On #IntheHeights and #TheWeinsteinCompany… |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171012215705/https://twitter.com/quiarahudes/status/918583132965744640 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> The following month, [[Warner Bros.]] acquired the film rights and announced the film was back in development, once again with Chu attached to direct.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/in-the-heights-movie-warner-bros-lin-manuel-miranda-jon-m-chu-quiara-alegria-hudes-1202393731/|title='In The Heights': Warner Bros Closing $50M Deal For Movie Rights After Hot Auction|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=May 18, 2018|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> While Miranda has insisted since 2016 that he would not reprise his role as Usnavi in any potential film adaptation, it was announced in April 2019 that he would be in the film but playing the much smaller role of Piraguero, referred to as Piragua Guy in the musical. Miranda will serve as producer and star alongside [[Anthony Ramos (actor)|Anthony Ramos]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/anthony-ramos-in-the-heights-lin-manuel-miranda-1202975746/|title=Anthony Ramos to Star in Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=October 10, 2018|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> [[Corey Hawkins]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/in-the-heights-movie-corey-hawkins-as-benny-jon-m-chu-lin-manuel-miranda-1202545509/|title='In The Heights' Finds Its Benny In Corey Hawkins|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=January 30, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> [[Leslie Grace]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/in-the-heights-casting-leslie-grace-melissa-barrera-lin-manuel-miranda-1202593869/|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda & Jon M. Chu Find Their Nina & Vanessa For 'In The Heights' Movie|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=April 11, 2019|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> and [[Jimmy Smits]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/jimmy-smits-in-the-heights-movie/|title=Exclusive: Jimmy Smits Joins Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Movie|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|date=April 10, 2019|website=Collider|language=en-US|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> The film was set for release on June 26, 2020,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/warner-bros-lin-manuel-miranda-in-the-heights-2020-release-1202836105/|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'In the Heights' Sets Summer 2020 Release|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=June 7, 2018|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> but was pulled from the schedule due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]'s [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|impact on the film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |title=Warner Bros. Delays Release of 'In the Heights,' 'Scoob!' Due to Coronavirus |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/warner-bros-delays-release-heights-scoob-due-coronavirus-1285773 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=March 24, 2020 |language=en |accessdate=March 24, 2020}}</ref> It is scheduled to be released on June 18, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2020/04/in-the-heights-summer-2021-release-date-1202914093/|title= 'In The Heights' Dances Into Summer 2021|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=April 21, 2020|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref>

On July 29, 2019, it was announced that Miranda had teamed with TV producer [[Norman Lear]] to make an ''[[American Masters]]'' documentary about the life of Puerto Rican actress [[Rita Moreno]], tentatively titled ''Rita Moreno: The Girl Who Decided to Go For It''.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/29/entertainment/rita-moreno-doc-lin-manuel-miranda-norman-lear/index.html |title=Rita Moreno documentary in the works from Lin-Manuel Miranda and Norman Lear |website=Cnn.com |date=July 29, 2019 |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref>

Miranda is collaborating again with Walt Disney Animation Studios on an animated musical titled ''Encanto'' set in Colombia directed by [[Jared Bush]] and [[Byron Howard]], with Charise Castro Smith co-directing.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Greg|date=June 22, 2020|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Confirms New Disney Animated Movie Set In Colombia|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/lin-manuel-miranda-new-disney-animated-movie-colombia-good-morning-america-1202966143/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date= |website=Deadline |language=en |access-date=June 28, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Family===
Miranda married Vanessa Nadal, a high school friend, in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/fashion/weddings/12VOWS.html| title=Vows: Vanessa Nadal and Lin Miranda|last=Brady|first=Lois Smith|date=September 10, 2010|work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=March 3, 2016}}</ref> At the wedding reception, Miranda, along with the wedding party, performed the ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' song "[[To Life (song)|To Life]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sweetspeeches.com/s/931-lin-manuel-miranda-to-life-vanessa-s-wedding-surprise |publisher=SweetSpeeches.com |title=To Life: Vanessa's Wedding Surprise |date= September 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171846/http://www.sweetspeeches.com/s/931-lin-manuel-miranda-to-life-vanessa-s-wedding-surprise |archivedate=July 16, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Nadal was a lawyer at the law firm [[Jones Day]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vanessa Adriana Miranda Nadal|url=http://www.jonesday.com/vanadal/|publisher=[[Jones Day]]|accessdate=April 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418035313/http://www.jonesday.com/vanadal/|archivedate=April 18, 2016}}</ref> Miranda and Nadal's first son was born in November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/lin-manuel-miranda-and-vanessa-nadal-welcome-first-child-com-335131|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda and Vanessa Nadal Welcome First Child|work=Playbill|first=Michael|last=Gioia|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=February 11, 2019}}</ref> Their second son was born in February 2018.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=959503255729516544|date=February 2, 2018 |title=Int. Hospital Room. Night. [The screams reach a delirious crescendo. FRANCISCO MIRANDA enters. He is 7 pounds and 13 ounces.] Intermission.|user=Lin_Manuel|first=Lin-Manuel|last=Miranda}}</ref>

Miranda discovered that he is related to artists [[Residente]] and [[ILE (singer)|ILE]] of [[Calle 13 (band)|Calle 13]] during a 2009 concert by the group in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where Miranda was invited to perform. Backstage, the mother of Residente and ILE revealed their connection to [[Gilberto Concepción de Gracia]], founder of the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/lin-manuel-miranda-s-puerto-rican-town-crisis-worries-family-n565371|title=In Lin-Manuel Miranda's Puerto Rican Town, Economic Crisis Takes Toll|last=Polley|first=Leonor|work=NBC News|date= May 1, 2016|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://vimeo.com/4462482|title=Calle 13 & Lin Miranda - La Fucking Moda @ Calle 13 Concert In Puerto Rico|publisher=[[Vimeo]]|date= May 3, 2009|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vanesabaerga.wordpress.com/2013/06/27/lin-manuel-miranda-a-paso-firme-en-las-alturas/|title=A paso firme en las alturas|first=Vanessa|last=Baerga|date=June 27, 2013|publisher=|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> Miranda and Residente have since confirmed the relationship.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Lin_Manuel |first=Lin-Manuel |last=Miranda |number=595335614427463680 |date= May 4, 2015 |title=Sometimes you run into your famous rapper cousin in the street |accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=Lin_Manuel |first=Lin-Manuel |last=Miranda |number=695110152106725376||date=February 4, 2016 |title=The greatest rapper in the family came through tonight...@Residente aka mi primo René! |accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://instagram.com/p/BBXtVLVLaB4/|title=Instagram photo by Rene Perez Joglar|publisher=|date= February 4, 2016|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=Lin_Manuel |first=Lin-Manuel |last=Miranda |number=119507380508704768 |date=September 29, 2011 |title="@belisa78: @Lin_Manuel are u and Rene from Calle 13 really primos or did u mean it like brother or buddy?i MUST know!" 3rd cousins. |accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> In 2017, Miranda performed on the opening track of [[Residente (album)|Residente's self-titled debut album]].<ref name="Pareles">{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |authorlink1=Jon Pareles |title=Residente Chases His Muse, at the Genetic Level |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/arts/music/residente-calle-13-solo-album-interview.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 20, 2017 |accessdate=April 11, 2017}}</ref>

===Activism===
After a meeting with President Barack Obama in March 2016,<ref name=Victor2016>{{Cite news |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda, ''Hamilton'' Creator, Freestyles for Obama |last=Victor |first=Daniel |date=March 15, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/arts/lin-manuel-miranda-hamilton-creator-freestyles-for-obama.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318121603/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/arts/lin-manuel-miranda-hamilton-creator-freestyles-for-obama.html |archivedate=March 18, 2016 |access-date=February 25, 2017 }}</ref> Miranda joined U.S. Senators [[Kirsten Gillibrand]], [[Chuck Schumer]], [[Elizabeth Warren]], and other Democratic lawmakers to call for congressional action to back a Senate bill in Washington that would allow Puerto Rico to declare bankruptcy and significantly ease its $70 billion [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis|government-debt burden]].<ref name=Macht2016>{{cite web |title=''Hamilton''{{'}}s Lin-Manuel Miranda Calls for Action on Puerto Rico's Debt Crisis |last=Macht |first=Daniel |date=March 15, 2016 |website=[[WNBC]] News: U.S. & World |location=New York |publisher=NBCUniversal Media |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/Hamiltons-Lin-Manuel-Miranda-Talks-Puerto-Rico-Debt-Crisis-372110872.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154912/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/Hamiltons-Lin-Manuel-Miranda-Talks-Puerto-Rico-Debt-Crisis-372110872.html |archivedate=July 31, 2018 |access-date=March 16, 2016 }}</ref> Miranda was particularly active in the wake of [[Hurricane Maria]]'s devastation in Puerto Rico,<ref name=pbs11242017>{{cite news |title='Hamilton' creator Lin-Manuel Miranda takes on new role as activist for Puerto Rico |work=[[PBS NewsHour]] |date=November 24, 2017 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/hamilton-creator-lin-manuel-miranda-takes-on-new-role-as-activist-for-puerto-rico |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814142613/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/hamilton-creator-lin-manuel-miranda-takes-on-new-role-as-activist-for-puerto-rico |archivedate=August 14, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=wapo5312018>{{cite news |last1=Marks |first1=Peter |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda is both artist and activist. Just don't ask him to run for office |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=May 31, 2018 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/05/31/feature/lin-manuel-miranda-is-both-artist-and-activist-just-dont-ask-him-to-run-for-office/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808150001/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style/wp/2018/05/31/feature/lin-manuel-miranda-is-both-artist-and-activist-just-dont-ask-him-to-run-for-office/ |archivedate=August 8, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2018 }}</ref> and by December 2017, proceeds from his song "[[Almost Like Praying]]" had helped the [[Hispanic Federation]] to raise $22 million for rescue efforts and disaster relief.<ref name=NBCLatino>{{cite web |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's 'Almost Like Praying': Catchy Single Raises Funds for Puerto Rico |first1=Sandra |last1=Lilley |first2=Marissa |last2=Armas |date=October 6, 2017 |website=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/lin-manuel-miranda-s-almost-praying-catchy-single-raises-funds-n808376 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014150106/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/lin-manuel-miranda-s-almost-praying-catchy-single-raises-funds-n808376 |archivedate=October 14, 2017 |access-date=August 17, 2018 }}</ref><ref name=WaPoMiranda>{{cite news |title=This is what Puerto Ricans need from the government. Right now. |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Lin-Manuel |last=Miranda |date=December 13, 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-what-puerto-ricans-need-from-the-government-right-now/2017/12/13/fc03ccca-dfb3-11e7-8679-a9728984779c_story.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807132314/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-what-puerto-ricans-need-from-the-government-right-now/2017/12/13/fc03ccca-dfb3-11e7-8679-a9728984779c_story.html |archivedate=August 7, 2018 |access-date=August 17, 2018 }}</ref>

Miranda uses proceeds from ''Hamilton'' to support [[Graham Windham]], a nonprofit adoption agency founded by [[Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton|Eliza Schuyler Hamilton]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-30|title=How 'Hamilton' Reinvigorated a 210-Year-Old Children's Charity|url=https://observer.com/2016/03/how-hamilton-reinvigorated-a-210-year-old-childrens-charity/|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> Miranda performs at their fundraising gala benefits in New York City and helps to fundraise for children in foster care.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dominick|first=Nora|title=Graham Windham Gets a Surprise Visit from HAMILTON's Phillipa Soo|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Graham-Windham-Gets-a-Surprise-Visit-from-HAMILTONs-Phillipa-Soo-20150924|access-date=2020-10-23|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref>

He performed with [[Ben Platt (actor)|Ben Platt]] at the [[March for Our Lives]] anti-gun violence rally in Washington, D.C., on March 24, 2018.<ref>{{cite AV media |publisher=Atlantic Records |people=Miranda, Lin-Manuel; Platt, Ben |title="Found/Tonight" – March For Our Lives Performance |date=March 26, 2018 |id={{YouTube|wzE_HCK_gVo}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |title=See Lin-Manuel Miranda, Ben Platt Perform at March for Our Lives Rally |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lin-manuel-miranda-ben-platt-perform-at-march-for-our-lives-w518349 |work=Rolling Stone |date=March 24, 2018 |accessdate=March 28, 2018}}</ref>

In order to raise money for Puerto Rico's reconstruction after being struck by hurricanes [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] and [[Hurricane Maria (2017)|María]], including at least $15 million to be channeled through the Flamboyán Foundation, Lin-Manuel decided to take, and once again play the protagonist role of, ''Hamilton'' to his father's native Puerto Rico. The Miranda family donated approximately $1 million to bring the [[University of Puerto Rico]] theater up to par in order to use it as the venue for the musical's performance in January 2018. After tickets sold out in two hours for the three-week run, producers decided to move out of the university venue due to warnings of potential disruptions by a university workers' labor organization, and move the already-installed set to the [[Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center]] in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], where the performances ran from January 11 through 27th. The production donated additional hundreds of thousands of dollars worth in improvements to the Ferré Center.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/musica/nota/agradecenalaproducciondehamiltonmejorasalcentrodebellasartes-2469237/ |title=Agradecen a la producción de "Hamilton" mejoras al Centro de Bellas Artes |website=Elnuevodia.com |date= |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, Miranda advocated for the passing of the [[Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act]], a law setting out to restructure the debt of Puerto Rico following [[Hurricane Maria]].<ref name="Macht2016" /> The law led to budget cuts resulting in the closure of over 200 public schools, cuts to government labor benefits, and budget cuts at the [[University of Puerto Rico]] (UPR). It was met with protests, with UPR shutting down due to student strikes over the measures in 2017. Miranda became a target of criticism, especially when he came to perform ''Hamilton'' in Puerto Rico, given his lobbying on the bill, as well as the story matter consisting of the founding of Puerto Rico's [[History of Puerto Rico|colonizer, the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 10, 2019|title=A Breakdown of the Controversy Surrounding Lin Manuel-Miranda & 'Hamilton' in Puerto Rico|url=https://remezcla.com/features/culture/lin-manuel-miranda-hamilton-in-puerto-rico-controversy/ |website=Remezcla |language=en-US |access-date=July 8, 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda}}
{{external media | width = 210px | headerimage= | float = right | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r69-fohpJ3o Playwright, Composer, and Performer Lin-Manuel Miranda, 2015 MacArthur Fellow], [[MacArthur Foundation]]<ref name="MacArthurFoundation">{{cite web| title=Class of 2015: Lin-Manuel Miranda, Playwright, Composer, and Performer| publisher =[[MacArthur Foundation]] | date =September 28, 2015 | url =https://www.macfound.org/fellows/941/ | accessdate=September 29, 2015 }}</ref>}}
{{:List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda}}

In 2015, Miranda was the recipient of Smithsonian Magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the History category.<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 American Ingenuity Award Winners |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/ingenuity/ceremonies/2015-winners/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=Smithsonian |accessdate=October 12, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, [[Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery]] awarded Miranda the Portrait of a Nation prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Lin-Manuel-Miranda-Receives-the-Portrait-of-a-Nation-Prize-20191118|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Receives the Portrait of a Nation Prize|last=|first=|date=|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en|access-date=November 18, 2019}}</ref>

===Honorary degrees===
Miranda received an [[honorary degree]] in 2009 from [[Yeshiva University]] in [[Washington Heights, Manhattan]], becoming the youngest person to receive an honorary degree from that university.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commencement Speaker David Shatz Lauds YU Students for "Historic" Innovations|url=http://blogs.yu.edu/news/commencement-speaker-david-shatz-lauds-yu-students-for-historic-innovations/|work=YU News|publisher=[[Yeshiva University]] |date=May 14, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref> [[Ed Koch]], former [[mayor of New York City]], presented Miranda with the degree.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth|title=Tony Winner Miranda Will Get Honorary Degree From Yeshiva University|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/tony-winner-miranda-will-get-honorary-degree-from-yeshiva-university-com-160678|work=Playbill |date=May 7, 2009 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>

He received the honorary degree of [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] in 2015 from his alma mater, [[Wesleyan University]],<ref>{{Cite news |first=Kathleen |last=Megan |title=Broadway Composer Energizes Wesleyan Grads With Hip-Hop, Wit |url=http://www.courant.com/education/hc-wesleyan-graduation-2015-20150524-story.html |work=Hartford Courant |location=Connecticut |date=May 24, 2015 |accessdate=September 29, 2015}}</ref> and gave their commencement address.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZqqWC1QaN4|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda's Commencement Address|publisher=YouTube|author=Wesleyan|date=May 24, 2015|accessdate=July 7, 2017}}</ref> In May 2016, he received an honorary Doctorate of the Arts from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and gave the commencement speech.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gans|first1=Andrew|title=Watch Lin-Manuel Miranda Deliver Passionate Commencement Speech|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/watch-lin-manuel-miranda-deliver-passionate-commencement-speech#|work=Playbill|accessdate=January 12, 2018|date=May 16, 2016}}</ref>

==Theater credits==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Details
! Notes
|-
| 1999
| rowspan="5"|''[[In the Heights]]''
|rowspan="5"| Usnavi de la Vega
| [[Wesleyan University]], April 20–22
|rowspan="5"|Also composer and lyricist
|-
|2005
|[[Eugene O'Neill Theater Center]]
|-
|2007
|Off-Broadway, Feb 8 – July 15, 2007
|-
|2008–09
|Broadway, February 14, 2008 – February 15, 2009
|-
|2009–10
|US tour
|-
|2009
|''[[West Side Story]]''
|{{N/a}}
|Broadway revival
|Spanish translations
|-
|2010–11
|''In the Heights''
|Usnavi de la Vega
|Broadway, December 25, 2010 – January 9, 2011
|Also composer and lyricist
|-
|2011
|''[[Working (musical)|Working]]''
|{{N/a}}
|Chicago revival
|Wrote two new songs
|-
|2012
|''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
|Charley Kringas
|[[Encores!]], Feb 8–9, 2012
|
|-
| 2012
|''[[Bring It On: The Musical]]''
|{{N/a}}
|Broadway & tour
|Co-composer and lyricist
|-
|2014
|''[[21 Chump Street]]''
|Narrator
|[[Brooklyn Academy of Music]], June 7, 2014
|Book, music, and lyrics
|-
| 2014
|''[[Tick, Tick... Boom!]]''
|Jon
|[[Encores!]], June 25–28, 2014
|
|-
|2015
|rowspan="2"|''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Alexander Hamilton]]
|Off-Broadway, Jan 20 – May 3, 2015
|rowspan="2"| Book, music, and lyrics
|-
|2015–16
|Broadway, August 6, 2015 – July 9, 2016
|-
|2016
|''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]''
|Loud Hailer
|Broadway, January 24, 2016<ref name="Ham4Ham" />
|Voice only
|-
|2019
|''Hamilton''
|Alexander Hamilton
|[[Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center]], Jan 11–27, 2019
|Limited engagement; Book, music, and lyrics
|-
|2019–20
|''[[Freestyle Love Supreme]]''
|Himself
|[[Booth Theatre]], October 2, 2019 – Jan 12, 2020
|
|}

==Filmography==
===Film===

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''Clayton's Friends''
| Pete
| Also writer, producer, director and editor
|-
| rowspan=2|2012
| ''[[The Odd Life of Timothy Green]]''
| Reggie
|
|-
| ''[[The Polar Bears]]''
| Jak (voice)
| Short film
|-
| 2013
| ''[[200 Cartas]]''
| Raúl
| Released worldwide as ''Looking for María Sánchez''
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]''
| Shag Kava (voice)
| Cameo; also special featured composer
|-
| rowspan=2|2016
| ''Studio Heads''
| Himself
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Moana (2016 film)|Moana]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Composer and singer
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Speech & Debate]]''
| The Genie
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]''
| Jack
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]''
| Resistance Soldier
| Cameo; also special featured composer
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Hamilton (2020 film)|Hamilton]]''
| [[Alexander Hamilton]]
| Also writer, composer, and producer
|-
| ''[[Mucho Mucho Amor: The Legend of Walter Mercado]]''
| Himself
| [[Netflix]] documentary
|-
| ''Siempre, Luis''
| Himself
| [[HBO]] documentary
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Vivo (film)|Vivo]]''
| {{N/A}}
| ''In production''; composer
|-
| ''[[In the Heights (film)|In the Heights]]''
| Mr. Piragüero
| ''Post-production''; also composer and producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |TBA
| ''[[Tick, Tick... Boom! (film)|Tick, Tick... Boom!]]''
| {{N/A}}
| ''Filming''; director
|-
|''[[The Little Mermaid (upcoming film)|The Little Mermaid]]''
| {{N/A}}
|''Filming''; co-composer and co-producer
|-
| ''Encanto''<ref name="Miranda2016">{{cite web|last1=Buchanan|first1=Kyle|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda Reveals He's Making a Secret Disney Film|url=http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/lin-manuel-miranda-making-a-secret-disney-film.html|publisher=Vulture |date=November 15, 2016 |accessdate=November 16, 2016}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
| ''In production''; composer
|}

===Television===

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[The Sopranos]]''
| Bellman
| Episode: "[[Remember When (The Sopranos)|Remember When]]"
|-
| 2009, 2012
| ''[[Sesame Street]]''
| Freddy Flapman / Lamb-Manuel Miranda
| 2 episodes; also composer and lyricist
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009–2010
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Juan "Alvie" Alvarez
| 3 episodes
|-
| ''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]''
| Mario/himself
| 17 episodes; also composer
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Modern Family]]''
| Guillermo
| Episode: "[[Good Cop Bad Dog]]"
|-
| ''[[65th Tony Awards]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Awards show; writer of the closing rap number
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Submissions Only]]''
| Auditioner #1
| Episode: "Another Interruption"
|-
| ''Freestyle Love Supreme''
| Himself
| TV series; also lyricist
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Do No Harm (TV series)|Do No Harm]]''
| Ruben Marcado
| 11 episodes
|-
| ''[[Smash (U.S. TV series)|Smash]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[The Transfer (Smash)|The Transfer]]"<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motta|first1=Laura|last2=McKenna|first2=Aileen|title='Smash' Recap: Episode 15, 'The Transfer'|url=https://www.backstage.com/review/tv-recap/smash-recap-episode-15-transfer/|website=Backstage |date=May 13, 2013 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[67th Tony Awards]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Awards show; lyricist of the opening number "Bigger!"
|-
| ''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''
| Gus
| Episode: "[[Bedtime Stories (How I Met Your Mother)|Bedtime Stories]]"
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2016
| ''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "The World's Most Interesting Woman in the World"
|-
| ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Puerto Rico"
|-
| ''Hamilton's America''
| Himself
| Television documentary
|-
| ''[[Difficult People]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Carter"
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Himself (host)
| Episode: "Lin-Manuel Miranda/[[Twenty One Pilots]]"
|-
| ''[[Drunk History]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Hamilton"
|-
| 2017
| ''[[My Brother, My Brother and Me#TV show|My Brother, My Brother and Me]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "Candlenights & Vape Ape"
|-
| 2017, 2020
| ''[[BoJack Horseman]]''
| Crackerjack Sugarman
| Voice<br />2 episodes
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Magic School Bus Rides Again]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Theme song singer
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''
| Himself
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2018–present
| ''[[DuckTales (2017 TV series)|DuckTales]]''
| Gizmoduck/Fenton Crackshell-Cabrera, Marshall Cabrera
| Voice<br />9 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''[[Bartlett (series)|Bartlett]]''
| Jesus
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Nina's World]]''
| Paquito Fernando
| Voice<br />Episode: "Nina Live"
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019
| ''[[Brooklyn Nine-Nine]]''
| Lieutenant David Santiago
| Episode: "The Golden Child"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2019/02/11/brooklyn-nine-nine-lin-manuel-miranda-cast-amy-brother-season-6/|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda to Guest-Star On ''Brooklyn Nine-Nine'' as Amy's [Spoiler]|website=TVLine|first=Ryan|last=Schwartz|date=February 11, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fosse/Verdon]]''
| [[Roy Scheider]]<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Lin_Manuel |number=1133560802726879233 |date=May 28, 2019 |title=Saaaaay, who's playing Roy #FosseVerdonFX |accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref>
| Episode: "Providence"; also executive producer
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| [[Julian Castro]]
| Episode: "[[David Harbour]]/[[Camila Cabello]]"
|-
| ''[[His Dark Materials (TV series)|His Dark Materials]]''
| [[List of His Dark Materials characters#Lee Scoresby|Lee Scoresby]]
| 4 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]''
| Himself
| Television special
|-
| ''[[One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)|One Day at a Time]]''
| Tio Juanito<ref>{{Cite web|title='One Day At A Time' Animated Special Adds Lin-Manuel Miranda, Offers First Look And Sets Premiere Date|url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/one-day-at-a-time-animated-special-first-look-premiere-date-pop-tv-lin-manuel-miranda-gloria-calderon-kellett-mike-royce-1202933573/|last=Ramos|first=Dino-Ray|date=May 14, 2020|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=May 26, 2020}}</ref>
| Voice<br />Episode: "The Politics Episode"
|}

===Web series===

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Some Good News]]''
| Self
| Episode 2<ref name="Evans">{{cite news |last1=Evans |first1=Greg |title=Lin-Manuel Miranda & 'Hamilton' Cast Zoom-Bomb John Krasinski With Good News Performance |url=https://deadline.com/2020/04/lin-manuel-miranda-john-krasinski-hamilton-cast-zoom-bomb-some-good-news-1202901443/ |publisher=Deadline |date=April 6, 2020 |accessdate=April 14, 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''LUNCH DOODLES with [[Mo Willems]]!''
|Self
|Episode 10
|}

==Bibliography==
===Books===

*''Hamilton: The Revolution'' (2016) with Jeremy McCarter
*''Gmorning, Gnight!: Little Pep Talks for Me & You'' (2018) with [[Jonny Sun]]

===Articles===
*"Stop the Bots From Killing Broadway," ''[[The New York Times]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miranda|first1=Lin-Manuel|title=Stop the Bots From Killing Broadway|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/opinion/stop-the-bots-from-killing-broadway.html |work=The New York Times |date= June 7, 2016 |accessdate=January 12, 2018}}</ref>
*"Give Puerto Rico Its Chance to Thrive," ''The New York Times'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/opinion/lin-manuel-miranda-give-puerto-rico-its-chance-to-thrive.html|title=Lin-Manuel Miranda: Give Puerto Rico Its Chance to Thrive|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 28, 2016|first=Lin-Manuel|last=Miranda|accessdate=July 7, 2017}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Soundtracks and Original Cast Recordings===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of soundtracks/OCRs, with selected chart positions
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="13" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US Cast Albums]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US OST]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Rap Albums|US Rap]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|US R&B/HH]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL Flanders]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL Wallonia]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK OST]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[In the Heights|In the Heights (Original Broadway Cast Recording)]]''
|
*Released: June 3, 2008
*Label: Sh-K-Boom Records
*Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[LP record|LP]]
| 82 || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
*Composer/Lyricist
*Principal soloist as "Usnavi"
*Winner of the [[Grammy Award]] for Best Musical Theatre Album
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along: 2012 New York Cast Recording]]''
|
*Released: July 10, 2012
*Label: PS Classics
*Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| — || 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
*Principal soloist as "Charley"
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bring It On: The Musical|Bring It On: The Musical (Original Broadway Cast Recording)]]''
|
*Released: October 16, 2012
*Label: Sh-K-Boom Records
*Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Music download|digital download]]
| — || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
*Co-Composer/Lyricist
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[21 Chump Street|21 Chump Street: The Musical – EP]]''
|
*Released: June 19, 2014
*Label: 5000 Broadway Productions, Inc.
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]]
| — || 10 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
*Book, Music, Lyrics
*Principal soloist as "The Narrator"
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hamilton (album)|Hamilton (Original Broadway Cast Recording)]]''
|
*Released: September 25, 2015
*Label: [[Atlantic Records]]
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]]
| 2 || 1 || — || 1 || — || 42 || 181 || — || — || 52 || — || 58 || 2
|
*Book, Music, Lyrics
*Executive Producer
*Principal soloist as "Alexander Hamilton"
*Winner of the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album
*Certified 7x Platinum in the United States <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|website=RIAA}}</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel/status/1309508650227191808] {{dead link|date=October 2020}} </ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Moana (soundtrack)|Moana: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''
|
*Released: November 19, 2016
*Label: [[Walt Disney Records]]
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]]
| 2 || — || 1 || — || — || 8 || 49 || 48 || 4 || 9 || 1 || 7 || 1
|
*Co-Composer/Lyricist
*Producer
*Principal soloist on 2 songs on standard edition, and 7 demos on deluxe edition
*Certified 2x Platinum in the US; Platinum in Australia, Canada, & the UK
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[The Hamilton Mixtape]]''
|
*Released: December 6, 2016
*Label: [[Atlantic Records]]
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Cassette tape|Cassette]]
| 1 || — || — || — || 1 || 26 || 114 || — || 9 || — || 29 || — || —
|
*Songwriting credit on all songs
*Executive Producer
*Principal soloist on 3 songs
*Certified Gold in the US
|-
! scope="row"| ''The Hamilton Instrumentals''
|
*Released: June 30, 2017
*Label: [[Atlantic Records]]
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]]
| {{efn|group=upper-alpha|"The Hamilton Instrumentals" did not enter the US ''Billboard'' 200, but peaked at number 25 on the [[Digital Song Sales]] and number 71 on the [[Top Album Sales]] chart.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
*Composer
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Mary Poppins Returns (soundtrack)|Mary Poppins Returns (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
|
*Released: December 7, 2018
*Label: [[Walt Disney Records]]
*Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], [[Compact Disc|CD]]
| 34 || — || 5 || — || — || 15 || 85 || 79 || 73 || — || — || — || —
|
*Principal Soloist as "Jack"
|}
{{notelist-ua}}

===Singles===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
!style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%"|[[Billboard 200|US]]
!style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%"|[[Hot Latin Songs|US Latin]]
!style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%"|[[Hot Latin Songs|US Latin Digital]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Jabba Flow" <br /><small>(with [[John Williams]])</small>
| 2015
| — || — || —
| ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Love Make the World Go Round]]" <br /><small>(with [[Jennifer Lopez]])</small>
| rowspan="6"| 2016
| 72 || — || —
| rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "What the World Needs Now Is Love" <br /><small>(with Broadway for Orlando)</small>
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Crucible Cast Party" <br /><small>(with the Cast of [[Saturday Night Live]])</small>
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "We Know the Way" <br /><small>(with [[Opetaia Foa'i]])</small>
| 93 || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Moana (soundtrack)|Moana]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "You're Welcome (Jordan Fisher Version)" <br /><small>(with [[Jordan Fisher]])</small>
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Wrote My Way Out" <br /><small>(with [[Nas]], [[Dave East]], & [[Aloe Blacc]])</small>
| — || — || —
| ''[[The Hamilton Mixtape]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Almost Like Praying]]" <br /><small>(with Artists for Puerto Rico)</small>
| 2017
| 20 || 3 || 1
| rowspan="5" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Found/Tonight" <br /><small>(with [[Ben Platt (actor)|Ben Platt]])</small>
| rowspan="5"| 2018
| 49 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "[[A Forgotten Spot]]" <br /><small>(with [[Zion & Lennox]], [[De La Ghetto]], [[Ivy Queen]], PJ Sin Suela, & [[Lucecita Benitez]])</small>
| — || — || 13
|-
! scope="row" | "Rufio" <br /><small>(with [[Utkarsh Ambudkar]] & [[Dante Basco]])</small>
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Cheering For Me Now" <br /><small>(with [[John Kander]])</small>
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Trip a Little Light Fantastic" <br /><small>(with the cast of ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'')</small>
| — || — || —
| ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]''
|}

===Audiobook narration===

*2013: ''[[Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe]]'' by [[Benjamin Alire Saenz]]
*2016: ''Hamilton: The Revolution'' by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Jeremy McCarter, & [[Mariska Hargitay]]
*2016: ''[[The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao]]'' by [[Junot Díaz]]
*2018: ''Gmorning, Gnight!: Little Pep Talks for Me & You'' by Lin-Manuel Miranda

==See also==

*[[Nuyorican]]
*[[Nuyorican Movement]]
*[[Latino Theater in the United States]]
*[[Puerto Rican literature]]
*[[Latino literature]]
*[[Puerto Rican poetry]]
*[[Musical theatre]]
*[[Puerto Ricans in New York City]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Lin-Manuel Miranda}}
{{Wikiquote|Lin-Manuel Miranda}}
*{{Official website|http://www.linmanuel.com}}
*{{IBDB name}}
*{{iobdb name|34364|Lin-Manuel Miranda}}
*{{IMDb name|0592135}}
*{{C-SPAN|Lin Manuel Miranda}}
*{{LastFM music|Lin-Manuel+Miranda|Lin-Manuel Miranda}}
*{{Discogs artist|2062276-Lin-Manuel-Miranda}}
*{{MetroLyrics artist|lin-manuel-miranda}}

{{Navboxes
|title= [[List of awards and nominations received by Lin-Manuel Miranda|Awards for Lin-Manuel Miranda]]
|list=
{{DramaDesk Book}}
{{DramaDesk Lyrics 2001–2025}}
{{DramaDesk Music 2001–2025}}
{{Distinguished Performance Award}}
{{EmmyAward MusicLyrics}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 2010s}}
{{Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music}}
{{PulitzerPrize DramaAuthors 2001–2025}}
{{TonyAward MusicalBook 2001–2025}}
{{TonyAward MusicalScore 2001–2025}}
}}
{{Hamilton (musical)}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Music|Theatre|New York City|Puerto Rico}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miranda, Lin-Manuel}}
[[Category:Lin-Manuel Miranda| ]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
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The Thing About Harry

2020-11-02T03:08:03Z

Guillom: /* External links */ fix broken link

{{short description|2020 American romantic comedy television film}}
{{Infobox television
| name = The Thing About Harry
| image = The Thing About Harry.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| image_alt =
| caption = Film poster
| genre =
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer =
| screenplay = Peter Paige<br>[[Joshua Senter]]
| story =
| director = [[Peter Paige]]
| starring = [[Jake Borelli]]<br>Niko Terho<br>[[Britt Baron]]<br>[[Karamo Brown]]<br>Peter Paige
| narrated =
| music = Timo Chen<br>Mateo Messina
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_episodes =
| producer = Roger M. Bobb<br>F.J. Denny<br>Greg Gugliotta<br>Brett Hays<br>Trey McMenamin<br>Peter Paige
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 85 minutes
| company =
| distributor = [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]]
| budget =
| network =
| released = {{Film date|TV=y|2020|2|15}}
| website =
}}
'''''The Thing About Harry''''' is a 2020 American [[romantic comedy]] [[television film]].<ref>Erik Pedersen, [https://deadline.com/2020/01/the-thing-about-harry-freeform-casts-road-trip-valentines-day-movie-from-good-trouble-director-1202782846/ "'The Thing About Harry': Freeform Casts & Sets Premiere Date For Road-Trip Valentine's Day Movie From 'Good Trouble' Director"]. ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', January 6, 2020.</ref> Written by [[Peter Paige]] and [[Josh Senter]] and directed by Paige,<ref name="variety" /> the film follows Sam ([[Jake Borelli]]), a young gay man who is reunited with his former high school bully Harry (Niko Terho) in adulthood, only for the two men to become friends and fall in love after Harry reveals that he now identifies as [[pansexual]].<ref name="enews">{{cite web |first=Billy |last=Nilles |url=https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/1122885/why-the-thing-about-harry-matters |title=Why The Thing About Harry Matters |work=E! News |date=February 15, 2020 |access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref> The film also features [[Britt Baron]] and [[Karamo Brown]], as well as Paige himself, in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2020/scene/news/the-thing-about-harry-on-lgbtq-representation-on-tv-1203502987/ |title='The Thing About Harry' Team Talks LGBTQ Representation on TV for a New Generation |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=February 13, 2020 |first=Breanna |last=Bell}}</ref>

The film premiered on February 15, 2020, on [[Freeform (TV channel)|Freeform]] and [[Hulu]].<ref name="enews" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/watch-the-thing-about-harry/ |title=How to watch 'The Thing About Harry' |date=2020-02-15 |website=The Daily Dot |access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Plot ==
As a favor to a friend, Sam reluctantly begins a [[road trip]] to his hometown with his high school bully Harry. During the trip Harry casually reveals himself to be pansexual, shocking Sam that they share a connection. However, upon arrival Harry ditches Sam to make up with his ex-girlfriend.

A year later, Sam runs into Harry during a party, and he insults Harry by calling him a slut, despite his best friend Stasia pushing them together. Six months later, Sam is brought by his new boyfriend Paul to a bar trivia where he stumbles upon Harry and his roommate, Zach. Sam chooses Harry's answer to a trivia question over Paul's, causing Paul to leave and break up with him.

Over the next few months, Sam and Harry grow closer as friends. During the [[Chicago Pride Parade|Chicago Pride]] celebration at a bar, Harry asks Sam whether the latter will consider dating him. Sam reiterates his stance against dating friends, and thereafter stumbles upon Harry making out with Stasia, the two of which then become a couple. At a brunch three months later, a drunk Sam insults Stasia and Harry by predicting their relationship won't last, after which he loses contact with both.

With encouragement from his roommate Casey, Sam begins finding dates using apps, which does not go well. A year later, Stasia reconnects with Sam and asks him to be the man of honor in her wedding to Zach, revealing that she broke up with Harry sometime ago. At the wedding, Sam finally makes up with Harry after the latter confesses his love, and they spend the night together. In the morning after, Harry reveals he is moving away in a week, causing Sam to storm out due to feelings of mistrust and betrayal.

With Sam again ignoring him, Harry accidentally sees on TV that Sam is working at a political rally. Determined to face him, Harry sneaks into the rally. Onstage, he apologizes to Sam and states that nothing is more important than staying together with him. A few years later, Sam and Harry are married and raising a child together.

== Cast ==

* [[Jake Borelli]] as Sam Baselli
* Niko Terho as Harry Turpin
* [[Britt Baron]] as Anastasia "Stasia" Hooper
* Japhet Balaban as Zach
* [[Karamo Brown]] as Paul
* [[Peter Paige]] as Casey

== Production ==
The movie was first sold by executive producers Greg Gugliotta and F.J. Denny to Freeform.<ref name="enews" /> The script was finalized in July 2019 and the production commenced in November the same year.<ref name="variety">{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/features/thing-about-harry-peter-paige-directing-romcom-pansexual-gen-z-interview-1203487932/ |title=Peter Paige on Writing Titular ''The Thing About Harry'' Character as Pansexual |last=Turchiano |first=Danielle |date=February 14, 2020 |website=Variety |access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref> Paige has stated that one of his goals in writing the movie was to make it reflective of the fact that young [[LGBT]] people conceptualize and label their sexual identities in more diverse ways than past generations; for instance Harry is pansexual, rather than gay or bisexual, because "the odds that two young, queer men under 25 both identify as gay feels slim to me in this generation."<ref name="variety"/>

Paige did not originally plan to appear in the film as Casey, but decided to play the role after being convinced that because 2020 marks 20 years since the premiere of ''[[Queer as Folk (American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', there would be symbolic value in having the film contain a small tribute to his own performance as [[Emmett Honeycutt]] in that series.<ref name="variety"/>

The movie was shot in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://start.toshiba.com/news/read/category/news/article/deadline-the_thing_about_harry_freeform_casts_roadtrip_vale-rpenskemc |title='The Thing About Harry': Freeform Casts & Sets Premiere Date For Road-Trip Valentine's Day Movie From 'Good Trouble' Director |date=January 6, 2020 |website=Toshiba Start |access-date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews for its classic execution of the rom-com genre with gay romantic interests, bringing the much needed normalization of queer relationships while not robbing it of its uniqueness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2020/02/10/the-thing-about-harry-review-freeform-gay-movie-valentine/|title=The Thing About Harry Review: Freeform's Belated Gay Valentine Is Heartwarming, If Not Groundbreaking|last=Mason|first=Charlie|last2=Mason|first2=Charlie|date=2020-02-10|website=TVLine|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> Jasmine Blu of TV Fanatic praised that the film "stuck to the classic rom-com formula, while still being thoughtful and aware enough not to swap out a hetero couple for a queer one and leave the entire film devoid of the LGBTQ perspective and culture."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvfanatic.com/2020/02/the-thing-about-harry-review-a-quirky-cute-and-quietly-subversiv/|title=The Thing About Harry Review: A Quirky, Cute, and Quietly Subversive Queer Rom-Com We Needed!|last=Blu|first=Jasmine|date=2020-02-15|website=TV Fanatic|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> Alex Reif praised the film for the chemistry exhibited by the main characters and the relatable tertiary characters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/articles/2020/02/10/movie-review-the-thing-about-harry-freeform/|title=Movie Review: "The Thing About Harry" (Freeform)|date=2020-02-10|website=LaughingPlace.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> Amari Allah concludes that the film presents positive representation of pansexuality while avoiding the common trauma theme in LGBT films, but noted its lack of diversity in casting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wherever-i-look.com/movies/the-thing-about-harry-2020-review-summary-with-spoilers|title=The Thing About Harry (2020) - Review/ Summary (with Spoilers)|last=Allah|first=Amari|date=2020-02-16|website=Wherever I Look|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.freeform.com/movies-and-specials/the-thing-about-harry}} on Freeform
* {{IMDb title|11324534}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|the_thing_about_harry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thing About Harry, The}}
[[Category:2020 television films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related television films]]
[[Category:Freeform (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]

Taj Mahal (musician)

2020-08-15T15:10:50Z

Guillom: add sister to infobox

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taj Mahal
| image = Taj Mahal (musician).jpg
| caption = Taj Mahal in 2005
| birth_name = Henry Saint Clair Fredericks
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|5|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Harlem]], New York, U.S.
| children = 6
| relatives = [[Carole Fredericks]] (sister)
| spouse = Inshirah Geter 1976-Present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist 
| embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
*Guitar
*harmonica
*piano
}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Blues]]
*[[blues rock]]
*[[rhythm and blues|R&B]]
*[[reggae]]
*[[jazz]]
*[[country blues]]
*[[world music]]}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
*Musician
*songwriter}}
| years_active = 1964–present
| label = {{Flatlist|
*[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
*[[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
*[[Gramavision]]
*[[Hannibal Records|Hannibal]]
*[[Ruf Records|Ruf]]
*[[Private Music]]}}
| associated_acts = {{Flatlist|
*[[The Rising Sons]]
*[[Keb' Mo']]
*[[The Hula Blues Band]]}}
| website = [http://www.tajblues.com/ Tajblues.com]
}}
}}
'''Henry Saint Clair Fredericks''' (born May 17, 1942), who uses the stage name '''Taj Mahal''', is an American [[blues]] musician, a singer-songwriter and film composer who plays the guitar, piano, banjo, harmonica, and many other instruments.<ref name="evans">Evans, et al., xii.</ref> He often incorporates elements of [[world music]] into his works and has done much to reshape the definition and scope of blues music over the course of his more than 50-year career by fusing it with nontraditional forms, including sounds from the Caribbean, Africa, and the South Pacific.<ref name="komara">Komara, 951.</ref>

==Early life==
Born Henry Saint Clair Fredericks, Jr. on May 17, 1942, in [[Harlem]], New York, Mahal grew up in [[Springfield, Massachusetts]]. He was raised in a musical environment; his mother was a member of a local [[gospel choir]] and his father was an Afro-Caribbean [[jazz]] arranger and piano player. His family owned a [[shortwave radio]] which received music broadcasts from around the world, exposing him at an early age to [[world music]].<ref name="dicaire">DiCaire, 9</ref> Early in childhood he recognized the stark differences between the [[popular music]] of his day and the music that was played in his home. He also became interested in jazz, enjoying the works of musicians such as [[Charles Mingus]], [[Thelonious Monk]] and [[Milt Jackson]].<ref name="tipaldi">Tipaldi, 179–185</ref> His parents came of age during the [[Harlem Renaissance]], instilling in their son a sense of pride in his Caribbean and African ancestry through their stories.<ref name="montague">{{cite web|url=https://www.straight.com/article/deep-african-roots-help-shape-taj-mahals-blues |title=Deep African roots help shape Taj Mahal's blues | Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Straight.com |date=2006-04-13 |accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref>

[[File:Taj Mahal MQ2007-c.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Taj Mahal at the Museumsquartier in [[Vienna]] (Jazz-Fest Wien) in 2007]]
Because his father was a musician, his house was frequently the host of other musicians from the Caribbean, Africa, and the U.S. His father, Henry Saint Clair Fredericks Sr., was called "The Genius" by [[Ella Fitzgerald]] before starting his family.<ref name="white">White, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''</ref> Early on, Henry Jr. developed an interest in African music, which he studied assiduously as a young man. His parents also encouraged him to pursue music, starting him out with [[classical piano]] lessons. He also studied the clarinet, trombone and harmonica.<ref name="madsen">Madsen, 60–73</ref> When Mahal was eleven, his father was killed in an accident at his own construction company, crushed by a tractor when it flipped over. This was an extremely traumatic experience for the boy.<ref name="white"/>

Mahal's mother later remarried. His stepfather owned a guitar which Taj began using at age 13 or 14, receiving his first lessons from a new neighbor from North Carolina of his own age who played acoustic blues guitar.<ref name="madsen"/> His name was Lynwood Perry, the nephew of the famous bluesman [[Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup]]. In high school Mahal sang in a [[doo-wop]] group.<ref name="white"/>

For some time Mahal thought of pursuing farming over music. He had developed a passion for farming that nearly rivaled his love of music—coming to work on a farm first at age 16. It was a dairy farm in [[Palmer, Massachusetts]], not far from Springfield. By age nineteen he had become farm foreman, getting up a bit after 4:00 a.m. and running the place. "I milked anywhere between thirty-five and seventy cows a day. I clipped udders. I grew corn. I grew Tennessee redtop clover. Alfalfa."<ref name="farm aid">George-Warren, et al., 129</ref> Mahal believes in growing one's own food, saying, "You have a whole generation of kids who think everything comes out of a box and a can, and they don't know you can grow most of your food." Because of his personal support of the family farm, Mahal regularly performs at [[Farm Aid]] concerts.<ref name="farm aid"/>

[[Taj Mahal]], his stage name, came to him in dreams about [[Gandhi]], [[India]], and social tolerance. He started using it in 1959<ref name="strong">Strong, 493–494</ref> or 1961<ref name="white"/>—around the same time he began attending the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts]]. Despite having attended a vocational agriculture school, becoming a member of the [[National FFA Organization]], and majoring in [[animal husbandry]] and minoring in [[veterinary science]] and [[agronomy]], Mahal decided to take the route of music instead of farming. In college he led a [[rhythm and blues]] band called Taj Mahal & The Elektras and, before heading for the U.S. West Coast, he was also part of a duo with Jessie Lee Kincaid.<ref name="white"/>

Taj Mahal married Inshirah Geter on January 23, 1976 and together they have six children. His daughter [[Deva Mahal]] appeared on one episode of [[Dating Around]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Daughter of Grammy Winner Taj Mahal Appears on Season 2 of 'Dating Around'|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/taj-mahal-musician-dating-around|access-date=2020-06-19|website=Distractify|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
{{citations needed|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Taj Mahal 1971.JPG|thumb|Taj Mahal performing in 1971 (Millard Agency photo)]]
In 1964 he moved to Santa Monica, California, and formed [[Rising Sons]] with fellow [[blues rock]] musician [[Ry Cooder]] and Jessie Lee Kincaid, landing a record deal with [[Columbia Records]] soon after. The group was one of the first interracial bands of the period, which may have hampered their commercial viability.<ref>Weissman, 160</ref> However, Rising Sons bassist [[Gary Marker]] later recalled the band's members had come to a creative impasse and were unable to reconcile their musical and personal differences even with the guidance of veteran producer [[Terry Melcher]].<ref>See liner notes for Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder (recorded 1965–1966, CD released 1992, Columbia/Legacy CK-52828)</ref> They recorded enough songs for a full length album, but only released a single and the band soon broke up. [[Legacy Records]] did release ''The Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder'' in 1992 with material from that period. During this time Mahal was also working with other musicians like [[Howlin' Wolf]], [[Buddy Guy]], [[Lightnin' Hopkins]], and [[Muddy Waters]].<ref name="madsen"/>

Mahal stayed with Columbia for his solo career, releasing the self-titled ''Taj Mahal'' and ''The Natch'l Blues'' in 1968, and ''Giant Step/De Old Folks at Home'' with Kiowa session musician [[Jesse Ed Davis]] from Oklahoma, who played guitar and piano in 1969.<ref name="buckley"/> During this time he and Cooder worked with [[the Rolling Stones]], with whom he has performed at various times throughout his career.<ref name="vickers">Vickers, album insert</ref> In 1968, he performed in the film ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]''. He recorded a total of twelve albums for Columbia from the late 1960s into the 1970s. His work of the 1970s was especially important, in that his releases began incorporating West Indian and Caribbean music, jazz and [[reggae]] into the mix. In 1972, he acted in and wrote the film score for the movie ''[[Sounder (film)|Sounder]]'', which starred [[Cicely Tyson]].<ref name="vickers"/> He reprised his role and returned as composer in the sequel, ''[[Part 2, Sounder]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eder|first=Richard|title=Film: A Sequel:'Sounder Part 2' Is Gloomy and Full of Sentimentality|date=14 October 1976|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFD6143EE334BC4C52DFB667838D669EDE|accessdate=25 May 2017}}</ref>

In 1976 Mahal left Columbia and signed with [[Warner Bros. Records]], recording three albums for them. One of these was another film score for 1977's ''[[Brothers (1977 film)|Brothers]]''; the album shares the same name. After his time with Warner Bros., he struggled to find another record contract, this being the era of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[disco]] music.[[File:TAJ MAHAL Liri Blues 2005.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Taj Mahal at the [[Liri Blues Festival]], Italy, in 2005]]

Stalled in his career, he decided to move to [[Kauai, Hawaii]] in 1981 and soon formed the Hula Blues Band. Originally just a group of guys getting together for fishing and a good time, the band soon began performing regularly and touring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brudda.com/kilohana/taj.html |title=Taj Mahal and the Hula Blues Band |publisher=Brudda.com |accessdate=2011-12-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308045918/http://brudda.com/kilohana/taj.html |archivedate=March 8, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> He maintained a low public profile in Hawaii throughout most of the 1980s before recording ''Taj'' in 1988 for [[Gramavision]].<ref name="vickers"/> This started a comeback of sorts for him, recording both for Gramavision and [[Hannibal Records]] during this time.

In the 1990s Mahal became deeply involved in supporting the nonprofit [[Music Maker (label)|Music Maker Relief Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swampland.com/articles/view/title:tim_duffy_music_maker_relief_foundation |title=Tim Duffy: Music Maker Relief Foundation |publisher=Swampland |date= |accessdate=2012-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicmaker.org/comics/ |title=Comics - Music Maker Relief Foundation |date= |publisher=Music Maker Relief Foundation |accessdate=2019-11-15}}</ref> As of 2019, he was still on the Foundation's advisory board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musicmaker.org/board-members/ |title=Board Members |publisher=Music Maker Relief Foundation |date= |accessdate=2019-11-15}}</ref>

In the 1990s he was on the [[Private Music]] label, releasing albums full of [[blues]], pop, R&B and [[rock and roll|rock]]. He did collaborative works both with [[Eric Clapton]] and [[Etta James]].<ref name="vickers"/>

In 1998, in collaboration with renowned songwriter David Forman, producer Rick Chertoff and musicians [[Cyndi Lauper]], [[Willie Nile]], [[Joan Osborne]], [[Rob Hyman]], [[Garth Hudson]] and [[Levon Helm]] of [[the Band]], and [[the Chieftains]], he performed on the [[Americana (music)|Americana]] album ''[[Largo (Americana album)|Largo]]'' based on the music of [[Antonín Dvořák]].

In 1997 he won [[Best Contemporary Blues Album]] for ''[[Señor Blues (Taj Mahal album)|Señor Blues]]'' at the [[Grammy Awards]], followed by another Grammy for ''Shoutin' in Key'' in 2000.<ref name="grammy">[http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Taj%20Mahal%20&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1 ]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref> He performed the theme song to the children's television show ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]'', which began broadcast in 2004.

In 2002, Mahal appeared on the [[Red Hot Organization]]'s compilation album ''[[Red Hot and Riot]]'' in tribute to Nigerian [[afrobeat]] musician [[Fela Kuti]]. The [[Paul Heck]] produced album was widely acclaimed, and all proceeds from the record were donated to AIDS charities.

Taj Mahal contributed to [[Olmecha Supreme]]'s 2006 album 'hedfoneresonance'.<ref name="bandcamp">{{cite web |last1=Supreme |first1=Olmecha |title=hedfoneresonance |url=https://olmechasupreme.bandcamp.com/album/hedfoneresonance |website=Bandcamp.com |publisher=Bandcamp |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> The [[Wellington]]-based group led by Mahal's son Imon Starr ([[Rhombus (band)|Ahmen Mahal]]) also featured Deva Mahal on vocals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olmecha Supreme |url=https://www.muzic.net.nz/artists/2256/olmecha-supreme |website=MusicNet.co.nz |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref>

Mahal partnered up with [[Keb' Mo']] to release a joint album ''TajMo'' on May 5, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/tajmo-mw0003033262 |title=TajMo - Taj Mahal / Keb' Mo' |website=AllMusic |accessdate=May 8, 2017 |author=Erlewine, Stephen Thomas}}</ref> The album has some guest appearances by [[Bonnie Raitt]], [[Joe Walsh]], [[Sheila E.]], and [[Lizz Wright]], and has six original compositions and five covers, from artists and bands like [[John Mayer]] and [[The Who]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonmusicnews.com/tajmo-set-to-release-new-album |title=TajMo: Taj Mahal and Keb' Mo' team up for new album |work=Oregon Music News |date=March 15, 2017 |accessdate=May 8, 2017 |author=Cunningham, Scott}}</ref>

In 2013, Mahal appeared in the documentary film 'The Byrd Who Flew Alone', produced by Four Suns Productions. The film was about Gene Clark, one of the original Byrds, who was a friend of Mahal for many years.<ref>foursunsproductions.com</ref>

In June 2017, Mahal appeared in the award-winning documentary film ''[[The American Epic Sessions]],'' directed by [[Bernard MacMahon (filmmaker)|Bernard MacMahon]], recording [[Charley Patton|Charley Patton's]] "[[High Water Everywhere]]"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p055b03m|title=Taj Mahal - High Water Everywhere, The Sessions, American Epic, Arena - BBC Four|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref> on the first [[History of sound recording#The electrical era (1925 to 1945) (including sound on film)|electrical sound recording]] system from the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2017/06/05/performers-american-epic-sessions|title=The Performers in 'The American Epic Sessions'|date=2017-06-06|work=WTTW Chicago Public Media - Television and Interactive|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahal appeared throughout the accompanying documentary series ''[[American Epic (documentary)|American Epic]],'' commenting on the 1920s rural recording artists who had a profound influence on [[Music of the United States|American music]] and on him personally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p053wd11|title="The influence of Charley Patton can not be understated ...", Part 2: Blood and Soil, American Epic, Arena - BBC Four|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>

==Musical style==
[[File:Taj Mahal (musician) 2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Taj Mahal performing at the 1997 [[North Sea Jazz Festival]]]]
Mahal leads with his thumb and middle finger when [[fingerpicking]], rather than with his index finger as the majority of guitar players do. "I play with a [[guitar pick|flatpick]]," he says, "when I do a lot of blues leads."<ref name="madsen"/> Early in his musical career Mahal studied the various styles of his favorite blues singers, including musicians like [[Jimmy Reed]], [[Son House]], [[Sleepy John Estes]], [[Big Mama Thornton]], Howlin' Wolf, [[Mississippi John Hurt]], and [[Sonny Terry]]. He describes his hanging out at clubs like [[Club 47]] in Massachusetts and [[Ash Grove (music club)|Ash Grove]] in Los Angeles as "basic building blocks in the development of his music."<ref>Weissman, 117</ref> Considered to be a scholar of blues music, his studies of [[ethnomusicology]] at the University of Massachusetts Amherst would come to introduce him further to the folk music of the Caribbean and West Africa. Over time he incorporated more and more African [[World music|roots music]] into his musical palette, embracing elements of reggae, [[Calypso music|calypso]],<ref name="buckley"/> jazz, [[zydeco]], R&B, [[gospel music]], and the [[country blues]]—each of which having "served as the foundation of his unique sound."<ref name="dicaire"/> According to ''The Rough Guide to Rock'', "It has been said that Taj Mahal was one of the first major artists, if not the very first one, to pursue the possibilities of [[world music]]. Even the blues he was playing in the early 70s – ''[[Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff]]'' (1972), ''[[Mo' Roots (Taj Mahal album)|Mo' Roots]]'' (1974) – showed an aptitude for spicing the mix with flavours that always kept him a yard or so distant from being an out-and-out blues performer."<ref name="buckley">Buckley, et al., 1050</ref> Concerning his voice, author David Evans writes that Mahal has "an extraordinary voice that ranges from gruff and gritty to smooth and sultry."<ref name="evans"/>

[[File:Taj Mahal (Musiker).jpg|thumb|left|180px|Taj Mahal in [[Niederstetten]], Germany, June 2007]]
Taj Mahal believes that his 1999 album ''Kulanjan'', which features him playing with the [[kora (instrument)|kora]] master of [[Mali]]'s [[Griot]] tradition [[Toumani Diabate]], "embodies his musical and cultural spirit arriving full circle." To him it was an experience that allowed him to reconnect with his African heritage, striking him with a sense of coming home.<ref name="tipaldi"/> He even changed his name to Dadi Kouyate, the first [[Griot|jali]] name, to drive this point home.<ref>Elam & Jackson, 301–302</ref> Speaking of the experience and demonstrating the breadth of his eclecticism, he has said:

{{quote|The microphones are listening in on a conversation between a 350-year-old orphan and its long-lost birth parents. I've got so much other music to play. But the point is that after recording with these Africans, basically if I don't play guitar for the rest of my life, that's fine with me....With ''Kulanjan'', I think that Afro-Americans have the opportunity to not only see the instruments and the musicians, but they also see more about their culture and recognize the faces, the walks, the hands, the voices, and the sounds that are not the blues. Afro-American audiences had their eyes really opened for the first time. This was exciting for them to make this connection and pay a little more attention to this music than before.<ref name="tipaldi"/>}}

Taj Mahal has said he prefers to do outdoor performances, saying: "The music was designed for people to move, and it's a bit difficult after a while to have people sitting like they're watching television. That's why I like to play outdoor festivals-because people will just dance. Theatre audiences need to ask themselves: 'What the hell is going on? We're asking these musicians to come and perform and then we sit there and draw all the energy out of the air.' That's why after a while I need a rest. It's too much of a drain. Often I don't allow that. I just play to the goddess of music-and I know she's dancing."<ref name="montague"/>

Mahal has been quoted as saying, "Eighty-one percent of the kids listening to rap were not black kids. Once there was a tremendous amount of money involved in it ... they totally moved it over to a material side. It just went off to a terrible direction. ...You can listen to my music from front to back, and you don't ever hear me moaning and crying about how bad you done treated me. I think that style of blues and that type of tone was something that happened as a result of many white people feeling very, very guilty about what went down."<ref name="ReferenceA">Tianen, [[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]</ref>

==Awards==
Taj Mahal has received three [[Grammy Award]]s (ten nominations) over his career.<ref name="evans"/>
*1997 (Grammy Award) [[Best Contemporary Blues Album]] for ''[[Señor Blues (Taj Mahal album)|Señor Blues]]''<ref name="grammy"/>
*2000 (Grammy Award) [[Best Contemporary Blues Album]] for ''Shoutin' in Key''<ref name="grammy"/>
*2006 ([[Blues Music Award]]s) Historical Album of the Year for ''The Essential Taj Mahal''<ref>[http://www.blues.org/bluesmusicawards/pastyears.php4?YearId=29 ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101012/http://www.blues.org/bluesmusicawards/pastyears.php4?YearId=29 |date=February 11, 2009 }}</ref>
*2008 (Grammy Nomination) [[Best Contemporary Blues Album]] for ''[[Maestro (Taj Mahal Album)|Maestro]]''<ref name="grammy"/>
*2018 (Grammy Award) [[Best Contemporary Blues Album]] for ''TajMo''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/taj-mahal|title=Taj Mahal|date=November 28, 2017|website=Grammy.com|accessdate=January 29, 2018}}</ref>

On February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/seslaw06/sl060019.htm |title=Session Laws: Chapter 19 of the Acts of 2006 |website=Mass.gov |date=2006-02-08 |accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref>

In March 2006, Taj Mahal, along with his sister, the late [[Carole Fredericks]], received the Foreign Language Advocacy Award from the Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages in recognition of their commitment to shine a spotlight on the vast potential of music to foster genuine intercultural communication.<ref>{{cite web |title=The James W. Dodge Foreign Language Advocate Award |url=http://www.nectfl.org/awards-james-w-dodge-foreign-language-advocate-award |publisher=Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages |accessdate=August 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821193635/http://www.nectfl.org/awards-james-w-dodge-foreign-language-advocate-award |archivedate=August 21, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

On May 22, 2011, Taj Mahal received an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from [[Wofford College]] in [[Spartanburg, South Carolina]]. He also made brief remarks and performed three songs. A video of the performance can be found online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wofford.edu/commencement2011/ |title=Wofford College - Commencement 2011 |publisher=Wofford.edu |date=2007-10-22 |accessdate=2015-10-07}}</ref>

In 2014, Taj Mahal received the [[Americana Music Association|Americana Music Association's]] Lifetime Achievement award.

==Discography==
===Albums===
* 1968 – ''[[Taj Mahal (album)|Taj Mahal]]''
* 1968 – ''[[The Natch'l Blues]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Giant Step/De Ole Folks at Home]]''
* 1971 – ''[[Happy Just to Be Like I Am]]''
* 1971 - [[The Real Thing (Taj Mahal album)|The Real Thing]]
* 1972 – ''[[Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Sounder (soundtrack)|Sounder]]'' (original soundtrack)
* 1973 – ''[[Oooh So Good 'n Blues]]''
* 1974 – ''[[Mo' Roots (Taj Mahal album)|Mo' Roots]]''
* 1975 – ''[[Music Keeps Me Together]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Satisfied 'n Tickled Too]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Music Fuh Ya' (Musica Para Tu)|Music Fuh Ya']]''
* 1977 – ''[[Brothers (Soundtrack)|Brothers]]''
* 1977 – ''[[Evolution (The Most Recent)|Evolution]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Taj (Taj Mahal Album)|Taj]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Shake Sugaree]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Mule Bone (Taj Mahal Album)|Mule Bone]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Like Never Before]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Dancing the Blues]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Taj Mahal Album)|Mumtaz Mahal]]'' (with [[V.M. Bhatt]] and [[N. Ravikiran]])
* 1996 – ''[[Phantom Blues]]''
* 1997 – ''[[Señor Blues (Taj Mahal album)|Señor Blues]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Sacred Island]]'' AKA ''[[Hula Blues]]'' (with The Hula Blues Band)
* 1999 – ''[[Blue Light Boogie (album)|Blue Light Boogie]]''
* 1999 – ''[[Kulanjan]]'' (with [[Toumani Diabaté]])
* 2001 – ''[[Hanapepe Dream]]'' (with The Hula Blues Band)
* 2005 – ''[[Mkutano Meets the Culture Musical Club of Zanzibar]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Maestro (Taj Mahal Album)|Maestro]]''
* 2014 – ''Talkin' Christmas'' (with [[Blind Boys of Alabama]])
*2016 – Labor of Love
* 2017 – ''[[TajMo]]'' (with [[Keb' Mo']])

===Live albums===
* 1971 – ''[[The Real Thing (Taj Mahal album)|The Real Thing]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Recycling The Blues & Other Related Stuff]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Big Sur Festival - One Hand Clapping]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Live & Direct (Taj Mahal album)|Live & Direct]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Live at Ronnie Scott's (Taj Mahal album)|Live at Ronnie Scott's]]''
* 1996 – ''[[An Evening of Acoustic Music]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Shoutin' in Key]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Live Catch]]''
* 2015 – ''[[Taj Mahal & The Hula Blues Band: Live From Kauai]]''

===Compilation albums===
* 1980 – ''[[Going Home (Taj Mahal album)|Going Home]]''
* 1981 – ''[[The Best of Taj Mahal, Volume 1 (Taj Mahal album)|The Best of Taj Mahal, Volume 1]]'' ([[Columbia Records|Columbia]])
* 1992 – ''[[Taj's Blues]]''
* 1993 – ''[[World Music (Taj Mahal album)|World Music]]''
* 1998 – ''[[In Progress & In Motion: 1965-1998]]''
* 1999 – ''[[Blue Light Boogie (album)|Blue Light Boogie]]''
* 2000 – ''[[The Best of Taj Mahal]]''
* 2000 – ''[[The Best of the Private Years]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Sing a Happy Song: The Warner Bros. Recordings]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues – Taj Mahal]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Blues with a Feeling: The Very Best of Taj Mahal]]''
* 2005 – ''[[The Essential Taj Mahal]]''
* 2012 – ''[[Hidden Treasures of Taj Mahal]]''

===Various artists featuring Taj Mahal===
* 1968 – ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (album)|The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]''
* 1968 – ''[[The Rock Machine Turns You On]]''
* 1970 – ''Fill Your Head With Rock''
* 1985 – ''Conjure: Music for the Texts of [[Ishmael Reed]]''
* 1990 – ''[[The Hot Spot]]'' – original soundtrack
* 1991 – ''Vol Pour Sidney'' – one title only, other tracks by [[Charlie Watts]], [[Elvin Jones]], [[Pepsi (performer)|Pepsi]], [[The Lonely Bears]], [[Lee Konitz]] and others.
* 1992 – ''Rising Sons Featuring Taj Mahal and [[Ry Cooder]]''
* 1992 – ''Smilin' Island of Song'' by [[Cedella Marley Booker]] and Taj Mahal.
* 1993 – ''The Source'' by [[Ali Farka Touré]] (World Circuit WCD030; Hannibal 1375)
* 1993 – ''Peace Is the World Smiling''
* 1997 – ''Follow the Drinking Gourd''
* 1997 – ''Shakin' a Tailfeather''
* 1998 – ''Scrapple'' – original soundtrack
* 1998 – ''Largo''
* 1999 – ''Hippity Hop''
* 2001 – "Strut" – with [[Jimmy Smith (musician)|Jimmy Smith]] on his album ''Dot Com Blues''
* 2002 – ''Jools Holland's Big Band Rhythm & Blues'' ([[Rhino Records|Rhino]]) – contributing his version of "Outskirts of Town"<ref>{{cite web|author=Richie Unterberger |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/jools-hollands-big-band-rhythm-blues-mw0000657277 |title=Jools Holland's Big Band Rhythm & Blues - Jools Holland | Songs, Reviews, Credits |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |date=2002-01-08 |accessdate=2015-10-07|author-link=Richie Unterberger }}</ref>
* 2002 – ''Will The Circle Be Unbroken, Volume III'' – Lead vocals on Fishin' Blues, and lead in and first verse of the title track, with [[Nitty Gritty Dirt Band]], [[Alison Krauss]], [[Doc Watson]]
* 2004 – ''Musicmakers with Taj Mahal'' ([[Music Maker (label)|Music Maker]] 49)
* 2004 – ''[[Etta Baker]] with Taj Mahal'' ([[Music Maker (label)|Music Maker]] 50)
* 2007 – ''[[Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino]]'' ([[Vanguard Records|Vanguard]]) – contributing his version of "[[My Girl Josephine]]"
* 2007 – ''[[Le Cœur d'un homme]]'' by [[Johnny Hallyday]] – duet on "[[T'Aimer si mal]]", written by French best-selling novelist [[Marc Levy]]
* 2009 – ''American Horizon'' – with [[Los Cenzontles]], [[David Hidalgo]]
* 2011 – ''Play The Blues Live From Lincoln Jazz Center'' – with [[Wynton Marsalis]] and [[Eric Clapton]], playing on "Just a Closer Walk With Thee" and "[[Corrine, Corrina]]"
* 2013 – "Poye 2" – with [[Bassekou Kouyate]] and [[Ngoni Ba]] on their album ''[[Jama Ko]]''
* 2013 – "Winding Down" – with [[Sammy Hagar]], Dave Zirbel, John Cuniberti, Mona Gnader, Vic Johnson on the album ''[[Sammy Hagar & Friends]]''
* 2013 – [[Divided & United|Divided & United: The Songs of the Civil War]] – with a version of "[[Down by the Riverside]]"
* 2015 – "How Can a Poor Boy?" – with [[Van Morrison]] on his album ''[[Duets: Re-working the Catalogue|Re-working the Catalogue]]''
* 2017 – ''[[Music from The American Epic Sessions: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]'' – contributing his version of "[[High Water Everywhere]]"

==Filmography==
'''Live DVDs'''
* 2002 – ''Live at Ronnie Scott's 1988''
* 2006 – ''Taj Mahal/Phantom Blues Band Live at St. Lucia''
* 2011 – ''Play The Blues Live From Lincoln Jazz Center'' – with [[Wynton Marsalis]] and [[Eric Clapton]], playing on "Just a Closer Walk With Thee" and "Corrine, Corrina"

'''Movies'''
* 1972 – ''[[Sounder (film)|Sounder]]'' – as Ike
* 1977 – ''[[Brothers (1977 film)|Brothers]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey]]''
* 1996 – ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Outside Ozona]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Six Days, Seven Nights]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Blues Brothers 2000]]''
* 1998 – '' Scrapple''
* 2000 – ''[[Songcatcher]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (film)|Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood]]''
* 2017 – ''[[American Epic (documentary)|American Epic]]''
* 2017 – ''[[The American Epic Sessions]]''

'''TV Shows'''
* 1977 - Saturday Night Live: Episode 048 Performer: Musical Guest
* 1985 - Theme song from ''[[Star Wars: Ewoks]]''
* 1992 – [[New WKRP in Cincinnati]] – ''Moss Dies'' as himself
* 1999 – [[Party of Five]] – ''Fillmore Street'' as himself
* 2003 – [[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]] – ''Big Horns George'' as himself
* 2004 – Theme song from ''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book| last =Buckley| first =Peter| authorlink =| author2 =Buckley, Joanathan| title =The Rough Guide to Rock| publisher =Rough Guides| year =2003| edition =3rd| location =London, U.K.| pages =| url =https://archive.org/details/roughguidetorock0003unse| doi =| id =| isbn =1-84353-105-4| url-access =registration}}
*{{cite book| last =Dicaire| first =David| authorlink =| title =More Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Artists from the Later 20th Century| publisher =McFarland| year =2002| location =Jefferson, N.C.| pages =| url =https://archive.org/details/morebluessingers00davi| doi =| id =| isbn =0-7864-1035-3}}
*{{cite book| last =Elam| first =Harry Justin| authorlink =|author2=Jackson, Kennell| title =Black Cultural Traffic: Crossroads in Global Performance and Popular Culture| publisher =[[University of Michigan Press]]| year =2005| location =Ann Arbor, Michigan| pages =| url =http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Black+Cultural+Traffic%3A+Crossroads+in+Global+Performance+and+Popular+Culture&qt=search_items&search=Search| doi =| id = | isbn = 0-472-09840-3}}
*{{cite book| last =Evans| first =David| authorlink =| title =The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Blues| publisher =[[Berkley Publishing Group]]| year =2005| location =New York City| pages =| url =https://archive.org/details/nprcuriouslisten00evan| doi =| id =| isbn =0-399-53072-X}}
*{{cite book| last =George-Warren| first =Holly| authorlink =| author2 =Hoekstra, Dave| author3 =Natkin, Paul| author4 =Willie Nelson| title =Farm Aid: A Song for America| publisher =Rodale| year =2005| location =Emmaus, PA| pages =| url =https://archive.org/details/farmaidsongforam0000unse| doi =| id =| isbn =1-59486-285-0| display-authors =etal}}
*{{cite book| last =Komara| first =Edward M.| authorlink =| title =Encyclopedia of the Blues| publisher =Routledge| year =2006| location =New York City| pages =| doi =| id = | isbn = 0-415-92699-8| oclc =60590117}}
*{{Cite journal| last = Madsen| first = Pete| author-link = | title = Mojo master (interview with Taj Mahal)| journal = [[Acoustic Guitar (magazine)|Acoustic Guitar]]| volume = 17| issue = 6| pages = | date = December 8, 2006| url = | doi = | id =}}
*{{cite book| last =Strong| first =M.C.| authorlink =| title =The Great Rock Discography| publisher =Giunti| year =1998| location =| pages =| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6I4KfgJ1kC&vq=taj+mahal&dq=%22Taj+Mahal%22+%22bill+rich%22| doi =| id = | isbn = 88-09-21522-2}}
*{{cite news| last = Tianen| first = Dave| title = Taj Mahal a well-rounded blues scholar| newspaper = [[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]| date = January 12, 2003| url = http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=112836| accessdate = 2008-07-04}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
*{{cite book| last =Tipaldi| first =Art| authorlink =| title =Children of the Blues: 49 Musicians Shaping a New Blues Tradition| publisher =Backbeat Books| year =2002| location =San Francisco, CA| pages =| url =http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Children+of+the+Blues%3A+49+Musicians+Shaping+a+New+Blues+Tradition&=Search&qt=owc_search| doi =| id = | isbn = 0-87930-700-5}}
*{{cite book| last =Vickers| first =Tom| authorlink =| title =Blues With a Feeling/The Very Best of Taj Mahal (album insert)| publisher =[[Private Music]]/[[BMG Heritage]]| year =2003| location =| pages =| url ={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r658534|pure_url=yes}}| doi =| id = | isbn = }}
*{{cite book| last =Weissman| first =Dick| authorlink =| title =Which Side are You On?: An Inside History of the Folk Music Revival in America| publisher =[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]| year =2005| location =New York, NY| pages =| url =https://archive.org/details/whichsideareyouo00dick| doi =| id =| isbn =0-8264-1698-5}}
*{{Cite journal| last = White| first = Timothy| author-link = | title = Taj mahal: a giant step ahead of his time| journal = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| volume = 112| issue = | pages = | url = http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=4&topicID=179| doi = | id =}}
*{{cite web| title = Taj Mahal| url=http://www.acousticmagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=763&Itemid=48/ |publisher=Acoustic Magazine}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal}}
*{{IMDb name|0536737}}
* [http://www.tajblues.com/ Taj Mahal's official website]
*[https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/taj-mahal Taj Mahal Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)]
* [https://www.blogtalkradio.com/runt/2014/03/12/rr-with-special-guest-taj-mahal Taj Mahal Interview on Rundgren Radio 2014]

{{Taj Mahal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahal, Taj}}
[[Category:American blues guitarists]]
[[Category:American male guitarists]]
[[Category:American blues singers]]
[[Category:American blues pianists]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American blues harmonica players]]
[[Category:African-American guitarists]]
[[Category:African-American male singers]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:Contemporary blues musicians]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Slide guitarists]]
[[Category:Singers from New York City]]
[[Category:American people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:People from Harlem]]
[[Category:People from Topanga, California]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century American guitarists]]
[[Category:Private Music artists]]
[[Category:Guitarists from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:21st-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century male singers]]
[[Category:Ruf Records artists]]

Boys (2018 film)

2020-08-11T01:11:31Z

Guillom: #REDIRECT I Am Jonas

#REDIRECT [[I Am Jonas]]

Chineasy

2020-05-08T16:20:43Z

Guillom: remove unattributed opinion

{{Infobox website
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|industry = [[Online education]], [[Chinese Language]], [[Graphic Design]], [[Education]]
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'''Chineasy''' is an Internet startup created with the purpose of teaching [[Chinese characters|characters]], created by the entrepreneur [[Shaolan Hsueh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/13/how-chineasy-inventor-shaolan-hsueh-used-beautiful-design-to-decode-mandarin-and-cantonese-4544739/|title=Want to speak Chinese? It's Chineasy, says ShaoLan Hsueh|date=2014-03-13|work=Metro|access-date=2017-10-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> For [[Visual learning|visual learners]] the human brain is able to memorize information better if it is put into a visual context. The approach is to learn Chinese characters with the help of illustrations to help memorizing Chinese characters better. The 2014 book ''Chineasy: The New Way to Read Chinese'' contains about 400 characters.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chineasy: The New Way to Read Chinese|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-0062332097|edition=Flexibound|url=https://www.amazon.com/Chineasy-The-Easy-Learn-Chinese-ebook/dp/B00IMHU7KQ}}</ref> It was based on her 2013 [[TED talk]] <ref name="Learn to read Chinese...with ease">{{cite web|url= https://www.ted.com/talks/shaolan_learn_to_read_chinese_with_ease?language=en |title=Learn to read Chinese...with ease |publisher=TED.com |date=May 5, 2013}}</ref> and funded via a crowdfunding campaign through [[Kickstarter]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/shaolanchineasy/chineasy-begins-0 |title=Chineasy: The easiest way to learn Chinese |publisher=Kickstarter.com |date=July 23, 2013}}</ref>

While the book introduces common Chinese characters, it does not teach pronunciation or grammar, and thus does not teach how to read or use the language, although it does use voice recordings for the users to mimic.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chineasy? Not | url=http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=11109 | author=[[Victor Mair]] | work=[[Language Log]] |date=March 19, 2014 | accessdate=April 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Set of characters==

Chineasy teaches sometimes [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional]] and sometimes [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified forms]]. [[ShaoLan Hsueh|Hsueh]] argued that traditional and simplified forms of Chinese still share a great number of characters, and in real life – just as in the case of [[British English]] and [[American English]] – you will come across both forms. Where they differ, she shows the other version as well.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Siobhan |url= http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/13/how-chineasy-inventor-shaolan-hsueh-used-beautiful-design-to-decode-mandarin-and-cantonese-4544739/ |title= How Chineasy inventor ShaoLan Hsueh used beautiful design to decode Mandarin and Cantonese |publisher= Metro.co.uk |date= March 13, 2014}}</ref> Chineseasy Everyday teaches over 400 of the most used and useful Chinese characters, phrases and sentences. In addition to learning characters the learner will also experience many stories that explain Chinese customs and culture.

==Reception==

Chineasy has been widely featured in the press, including the Financial Times,<ref>{{cite news|last= Berwick |first=Isabel |url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/71f0838a-ffba-11e2-b990-00144feab7de.html |title=Learn Mandarin the Chineasy way |publisher=FT.com |date=August 9, 2013}}</ref> the Wall Street Journal,<ref>{{cite news|last=Wolfe |first=Alexandra |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304250204579433662242458326 |title=A New Way to Learn Chinese |publisher=WSJ.com |date=March 14, 2014}}</ref> Time magazine,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/22306/chineasy-a-new-way-to-learn-chinese-characters/|title=Chineasy: A New Way to Learn Chinese Characters|website=Time|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref> and National Public Radio.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/11/288986143/these-cute-images-make-reading-chinese-characters-chineasy|title=These Cute Images Make Reading Chinese Characters 'Chineasy'|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=2017-02-19|language=en}}</ref> It won ''[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper]]’s 2014 Design Award''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wallpaper* Design Awards |url=http://www.wallpaper.com/design-awards/2014#7883 |title=Wallpaper* Design Awards Life Enhancer of the Year – Wallpaper* |publisher=Wallpaper.com |date=January 15, 2014 }}</ref> [[ShaoLan Hsueh|Hsueh]]'s book uses illustrations and storytelling.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chineasy illustrated characters designed to make learning Chinese easy|url = http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/12/chineasy-illustrated-characters-learning-chinese-noma-bar/|website = Dezeen|accessdate = 2015-10-23}}</ref> Characters are illustrated by various illustrators including [[Noma Bar]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2014/mar/26/chineasy-learn-chinese-characters-book-design|title=Chineasy peasy: Noma Bar brings fun and colour to Chinese characters|last=Wainwright|first=Oliver|date=2014-03-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-05|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese language]]
[[Category:British educational websites]]

Tina (musical)

2020-03-08T03:09:13Z

Guillom: /* Awards and nominations */ fix rowspan

{{short description|2018 jukebox musical}}
{{Infobox Musical
|name= Tina
|subtitle = The Tina Turner Musical
|music= Various
|lyrics= Various
|book= [[Katori Hall]]<br>Frank Ketelaar<br>Kees Prins
|basis= life and songs of [[Tina Turner]]
| premiere_date ={{Start date|df=yes|2018|04|17}}
| premiere_location = [[Aldwych Theatre]], [[London]]
|productions= 2018 [[West End theatre|West End]]<br>2019 [[Hamburg|Hamburg]]<br>2019 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]<br>2020 [[Utrecht]]
}}

'''''Tina''''' is a [[jukebox musical]] featuring the music of [[Tina Turner]] and depicting her life from her humble beginnings in [[Nutbush, Tennessee]], to her transformation into a [[rock 'n roll]] star. Written by [[Katori Hall]], Victoria Chau and Kees Prins, and directed by [[Phyllida Lloyd]], the musical had its world premiere on 17 April 2018 at the [[Aldwych Theatre]] in [[London]], starring [[Adrienne Warren]] as Tina. The [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production opened on 7 November 2019.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Tina - The Tina Turner Musical | url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/show/tina-the-musical | publisher=LondonTheatre.co.uk | accessdate=2018-03-23 }}</ref>

''Tina'' is the second jukebox musical based on Tina Turner's life and songs, after the 2012 British musical ''[[Soul Sister (musical)|Soul Sister]]''.

==Development==
On 16 December 2016 a workshop presentation was held with Tina Turner in attendance, announcing that a biographical musical about Tina's life had been in development by [[Stage Entertainment]] for over a year.<ref>{{ cite web | title=TINA TURNER MUSICAL IN DEVELOPMENT | date=2016-12-16 | url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/news/tina-turner-musical-in-development-382343/ | publisher=OfficialLondonTheatre.com | accessdate=2018-03-23 }}</ref> The creative team of the musical consists of Katori Hall, with Frank Ketelaar and Kees Prins as writers of the book, [[Phyllida Lloyd]] as the director, Mark Thompson as set and costume designer, Anthony van Laast as choreographer and Nicholas Skilbeck as musical supervisor. Frank Ketelaar and Kees Prins wrote the early draft of the book, with Katori Hall taking over partway through development.<ref>{{ cite web | first=Mark | last=Brown | title=Katori Hall, writer of Tina Turner musical, on #MeToo, diversity and inclusion | date=2018-03-05 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/mar/04/katori-hall-writer-of-tina-turner-musical-on-metoo-diversity-and-inclusion | publisher=TheGuardian.com | accessdate=2018-03-23 }}</ref>

==Productions==
The show began previews on 21 March 2018 at the [[Aldwych Theatre]], officially opened on 17 April.<ref>{{ cite web | title=West End production of TINA extends bookings to February 2019 | date=2018-04-18 | url=https://www.bestoftheatre.co.uk/blog/post/tina-extends-booking | publisher=BestofTheatre.co.uk | accessdate=2018-04-18 }}</ref> The production was nominated for three [[Laurence Olivier Awards]], including Best Musical.

In March 2019, the show opened at the Stage Operettenhaus in [[Hamburg]], Germany.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/tinathe-tina-turner-musical-will-open-in-germany-in-2019-broadway-plans-also-underway " ''Tina—The Tina Turner Musica''l Will Open in Germany in 2019; Broadway Plans Also Underway"] Playbill, September 21, 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/germany/article/BWW-Review-TINA-THE-TINA-TURNER-MUSICAL-in-Hamburg-20190308 "BWW Review"] broadwayworld.com, March 8, 2019</ref>

The show began on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in previews at the [[Lunt-Fontanne Theatre]] on 12 October 2019 and officially opened on 7 November 2019. Adrienne Warren reprises the title role in the Broadway production, with direction by Phyllida Lloyd and choreography by Anthony van Laast.<ref>Fierberg, Ruthie. [http://www.playbill.com/article/tina-the-tina-turner-musical-will-arrive-on-broadway-in-fall-2019 "''Tina, the Tina Turner Musical'', Will Arrive on Broadway in Fall 2019"] Playbill, October 3, 2018</ref><ref>McPhee, Ryan. [http://www.playbill.com/article/watch-tina-the-tina-turner-musical-scribe-katori-hall-greet-the-cast-on-the-first-day-of-broadway-rehearsals# "Watch ''Tina: The Tina Turner Musical'' Scribe Katori Hall Greet the Cast on the First Day of Broadway Rehearsals"] Playbill, September 9, 2019</ref><ref>McPhee, Ryan. [http://www.playbill.com/article/tine-the-tina-turner-musical-begins-on-broadway-october-12# " ''Tina: The Tina Turner Musical'' Begins on Broadway October 12"] Playbill, October 12, 2019</ref>

On February 9th 2020, the show opened at the Beatrix theater in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Nyassa Alberta, who was an alternate at the German production, reprises the title role for the Dutch production, making her the first actress to play the role in two languages. Nurlaila Karim is the alternate for the role of Tina.

In November 2020, the German production will be transferred to Stuttgart.

==Synopsis==
===Act I===
The musical opens with Anna Mae Bullock's childhood in Nutbush Tennessee, where she sings exuberantly in the community church despite her mother Zelma's embarrassment at her loudness ("[[Nutbush City Limits]]"). Anna Mae's parents have a difficult relationship, which culminates in Zelma walking out with her eldest daughter Alline, leaving Anna Mae to be brought up by her grandmother, Gran Georgeanna.

Some years later, Anna Mae is invited to join Zelma and Alline in St Louis, and she goes with Gran Georgeanna's encouragement ("[[Don't Turn Around]]"). In St Louis, Alline introduces Anna Mae to the night life ("[[Shake a Tail Feather]]), eventually crossing paths with Ike Turner and his band, the Kings of Rhythm ("[[The Hunter (Albert King song)|The Hunter]]"). One night Anna Mae joins Ike on stage to sing ("Matchbox"), and the success of the performance leads Ike to ask Zelma for permission for Anna Mae to join his band ("[[It's Gonna Work Out Fine]]").

Ike gives Anna Mae the stage name "Tina Turner" despite her protests. Although Tina enjoys performing with him, she's aware of Ike's vicious temper ("[[A Fool in Love]]"), and has to hide her love affair with Raymond, a member of Ike's band ("[[Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)|Let's Stay Together]]"). After touring successfully for some time, Ike asks Tina to marry him, since people already think they are because of her stage name. Tina agrees, despite being pregnant with Raymond's child; in response, Raymond leaves her ("[[Better Be Good to Me]]"). Tina keeps performing with Ike and his band, through Ike's infidelities, violence, and demands of Tina's health despite her having another child ("[[I Want To Take You Higher]]"). Ike's road manager, Rhonda Graam, advises Tina to leave him, but she refuses.

Ike gets a recording deal with Phil Spector, but is angered when he wants to record Tina solo ("[[River Deep Mountain High]]"). Ike is dismissive of Tina's ability as a solo artist, and during an argument attempts to hit her son, Craig. Tina almost walks out, but Ike apologises and begs her forgiveness ("[[Be Tender with Me Baby]]"). Tina overdoses and is sent to hospital, but is forced to check out for a performance ("[[Proud Mary]]"). Backstage, Tina and Ike get into another violent fight, which is the final straw and causes Tina to run away. Bruised and bleeding, she asks a hotel clerk for a room to stay, using only her stage name as a promise to pay later since she doesn't have any money ("[[I Don't Wanna Fight]]").

===Act II===
Tina, free from Ike, has been performing in Las Vegas with the help of Rhonda, now her manager. They're struggling to make ends meet because no record label wants to sign a black woman who's nearing forty years old, and Ike has claimed copyright over all songs from the "Ike & Tina Revue", preventing her from singing the songs she's known for ("[[Private Dancer (Tina Turner song)|Private Dancer]]"). While dropping off a demo tape at Capitol Records, they meet Roger Davies, a young Australian music producer who's a fan of Tina. Roger goes to Vegas to watch Tina perform ("[[Disco Inferno]]") and afterward asks to be her manager. Rhonda is upset about being put aside, but Tina insists that she needs to try something new, and that she needs Rhonda more as a sister than a manager ("[[Open Arms (Tina Turner song)|Open Arms]]").

Tina travels to London for Roger's recording session. Among the people she meets is Erwin Bach, a German music executive. Tina wants to reinvent herself and transition to rock and roll, but she struggles with Roger's advice, and dreams of Ike watching her ("[[I Can't Stand the Rain (song)|I Can't Stand the Rain]]"). Erwin visits her hotel room to provide comfort, and the pair kiss.

While preparing a performance showcase for the record label, Tina rails against Roger's instructions, refusing to be anyone's puppet any longer. Tina asks everyone to leave, and performs her Buddhist mantra to calm herself. She has a vision of her younger self and Gran Georgeanna encouraging her ("[[Tonight (Iggy Pop song)|Tonight]]"). The showcase is a success, but the record label still refuses to sign her out of racism. Roger decides to promote her himself through touring performances back in the United States. Erwin asks her to stay in London and declares his love for her, but she rejects him. Tina's performance of the new material is a success ("[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do With It?]]"). Capitol Records begs her to sign with them, and she agrees only on her own terms.

Alline arrives with news Zelma is dying. Tina visits Zelma at the hospital, where Ike has been visiting Zelma as well. Zelma encourages them to reconcile; Tina demands that Ike apologise, but he can't and leaves. Zelma and Tina have an emotional confrontation, after which Zelma dies. Tina and Alline mourn their mother ("[[We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)]]").

Riding high, Tina prepares for a concert before 180,000 people in Brazil. Erwin arrives, having flown over to be with her. The pair reconcile, which leads into Tina's walking on stage for the concert ("[[The Best (song)|The Best]]"). For the finale and encore, Tina and her band perform reprises of "Nutbush City Limits" and "Proud Mary".

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:1000;"
|-
! Character
! [[West End theatre|West End]] (2018)
! [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] (2019)
! [[Hamburg]] (2019)
! [[Utrecht]] (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.stage-entertainment.nl/nl/shows/musical/tina-de-musical|title=TINA - De Musical|website=TINA de Tina Turner musical|language=nl|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>
|-
! [[Tina Turner]]
| colspan=2 align=center| [[Adrienne Warren]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Kristina Love
| colspan=1 align=center| Nyassa Alberta
|-
! [[Ike Turner]]
| colspan=1 align=center| [[Kobna Holdbrook-Smith]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Daniel J. Watts
| colspan=1 align=center| Mandela Wee Wee
| colspan=1 align=center| Juneoer Mers
|-
! Zelma Bullock
| colspan=1 align=center| Madeline Appiah
| colspan=1 align=center| Dawnn Lewis
| colspan=1 align=center| Adisat Semenitsch
| colspan=1 align=center| Aisa Winter
|-
! Erwin Bach
| colspan=1 align=center| [[Gerard McCarthy]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Ross Lekites
| colspan=1 align=center| Simon Mehlich
| colspan=1 align=center| Bart Mijnster
|-
! [[Roger Davies (manager)|Roger Davies]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Ryan O’Donnell
| colspan=1 align=center| Charlie Franklin
| colspan=1 align=center| Nikolas Heiber
| colspan=1 align=center| Terence van der Loo
|-
! Gran Georgeanna
| colspan=1 align=center| [[Lorna Gayle]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Myra Lucretia Taylor
| colspan=1 align=center| Adi Wolf
| colspan=1 align=center| Jeannine La Rose
|-
! [[Phil Spector]] / [[Terry Britten]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Tom Godwin
| colspan=1 align=center| Steven Booth
| colspan=1 align=center| Alex Bellinkx
| colspan=1 align=center| Jasper Kerkhof
|-
! Rhonda Graam
| colspan=1 align=center| [[Francesca Jackson]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Jessica Rush
| colspan=1 align=center| Sarah Schütz
| colspan=1 align=center| Marianne Kloeze
|-
! [[Alline Bullock]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Aisha Jawando
| colspan=1 align=center| Mars Rucker
| colspan=1 align=center| Denise Lucia Aquino
| colspan=1 align=center| Gaia Aikman
|-
! Richard Bullock
| colspan=1 rowspan=2 align=center| Natey Jones
| colspan=1 align=center| David Jennings
| colspan=1 align=center| Kristofer Weinstein-Storey
| colspan=1 align=center| Brandon Delagraentiss
|-
! [[Raymond Hill (musician)|Raymond Hill]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Gerald Caesar
| colspan=1 align=center| Anthony Curtis Kirby
| colspan=1 align=center| Owen Playfair
|-
! Craig Hill
| colspan=1 align=center| Kit Esuruoso
| colspan=1 align=center| Matthew Griffin
| colspan=1 align=center| Michael B. Sattler
| colspan=1 align=center| Maickel Leijenhorst
|-
! Carpenter / [[Martyn Ware]]
| colspan=1 align=center| Jason Langley
| colspan=1 align=center| Robert Lenzi
| colspan=1 align=center| Marlon Wehmeier
| colspan=1 align=center| Jeroen Robben
|-
! Ronnie Turner
| colspan=1 align=center| Baker Mukasa
| colspan=1 align=center| Jhardon Dishon Milton
| colspan=1 align=center| Dinipiri Etebu
| colspan=1 align=center| Lorenzo Kolf
|}

==Musical numbers==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Act I
*"[[Nutbush City Limits]]" <small>([[Tina Turner]])</small> - Richard, Young Tina and Company
*"[[Don't Turn Around]]" <small>([[Albert Hammond]], [[Diane Warren]])</small> - Tina, Gran Georgeanna and Company
*"[[Shake a Tail Feather]]" <small>(Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, [[Andre Williams]])</small> - Alline, Tina, Ikettes and Company
*"[[The Hunter (Albert King song)|The Hunter]]" <small>([[Booker T. Jones]], C. Wells, [[Al Jackson, Jr.]], [[Donald Dunn]], [[Steve Cropper]])</small> - Ike and Ronnie
*"Matchbox" <small>([[Ike Turner]])</small> - Ike, Tina and Company
*"[[It's Gonna Work Out Fine]]" <small>([[Rose Marie McCoy]], Sylvia McKinney)</small> - Zelma, Ike, Tina, Alline, Ikettes and Company
*"[[A Fool in Love]]" <small>(I. Turner)</small> - Tina and Ikettes
*"[[Let's Stay Together (Al Green song)|Let's Stay Together]]" <small>([[Al Green]], [[Willie Mitchell (musician)|Willie Mitchell]], Jackson)</small> - Raymond and Tina
*"[[Better Be Good to Me]]" <small>([[Nicky Chinn]], [[Mike Chapman]], [[Holly Knight]])</small> - Tina and Company
*"[[I Want To Take You Higher]]" <small>([[Sly Stone]])</small> - Tina, Alline and Ikettes
*"[[River Deep Mountain High]]" <small>([[Phil Spector]], [[Jeff Barry]], [[Ellie Greenwich]])</small> - Tina and Company
*"[[Be Tender with Me Baby]]" <small>(Hammond, Knight)</small> - Ike, Tina, Alline, Ikettes, Ronnie and Richard
*"[[Proud Mary]]" <small>([[John Fogerty]])</small> - Tina, Ike, Alline and Ikettes
*"[[I Don't Wanna Fight]]" <small>([[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]], Billy Lawrie, [[Steve DuBerry]])</small> - Tina and Company
{{col-2}}
;Act II
*"[[Private Dancer (Tina Turner song)|Private Dancer]]" <small>([[Mark Knopfler]])</small> - Tina
*"[[Disco Inferno]]" <small>(Leroy Green, [[Ron Kersey]])</small> - Tina and Company
*"[[Open Arms (Tina Turner song)|Open Arms]]" <small>([[Martin Brammer]], Colette van Sertima, Ben Barson)</small> - Rhonda, Tina and Company
*"[[I Can't Stand the Rain (song)|I Can't Stand the Rain]]" <small>(Ann Peebles, [[Don Bryant (songwriter)|Don Bryant]], Bernard Miller)</small> - Tina, Ike and Company
*"[[Tonight (Iggy Pop song)|Tonight]]" <small>([[David Bowie]], [[Iggy Pop]])</small> - Young Tina, Gran Georgeanna, Tina and Roger
*"[[What's Love Got to Do with It (song)|What's Love Got to Do With It?]]" <small>([[Terry Britten]], [[Graham Lyle]])</small> - Tina, Ikettes, Ronnie and Raymond
*"[[We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)]]" <small>(Britten, Lyle)</small> - Tina and Company
*"[[The Best (song)|The Best]]" <small>(Chapman, Knight)</small> - Tina and Company
*"Nutbush City Limits (Reprise)" <small>(T. Turner)</small> - Company
*"Proud Mary (Reprise)" <small>(Fogerty)</small> - Company
{{col-end}}

: ''Songwriters in parenthesis''

: ''In the Broadway production "[[Rocket 88]]" replaced "The Hunter" and "She Made My Blood Run Cold" was included after "Matchbox"''

==Critical reception==
The musical received generally positive reviews from the critics, with particular praise reserved for Adrienne Warren in the title role as Tina Turner. [[Michael Billington (critic)|Michael Billington]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the "whirlwind performance" of Warren as "astonishing", and concluded on the production: "As bio-musicals go, this is as good as it gets."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/apr/17/tina-review-turner-musical-aldwych-theatre-london |title=Tina review – whirlwind Turner tribute leaves you breathless |work=The Guardian |first=Michael|last= Billington|date=17 April 2018 }}</ref> Similarly Dominic Cavendish of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' described Warren's performance as a "tour de force" and considered the show "slickly choreographed, beautifully designed and roof-raisingly well-sung".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/tina-musical-aldwych-review-joyful-lungs-bursting-show-simply/ |title=Tina The Musical at Aldwych, review - this joyful, lungs-bursting show is simply the best |first=Dominic |last=Cavendish|date=18 April 2018|work=The Daily Telegraph }}</ref> [[Adam Mattera]] in ''[[Echoes (magazine)|Echoes]]'' noted "the production plays fast and loose with catalogue chronology... it's a crowd-pleasing decision meaning all the solo mega-hits aren't squeezed into the final act, but simultaneously it derails the dramatic reveal of Tina's 80s rock'n'roll reinvention," while concluding "it’s so resounding joyous you don’t care."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://echoesmagazine.co.uk/2018/04/20/tina-the-musical/ |title= Tina: The Musical |first=Adam |last=Mattera|date=20 April 2018|work=Echoes }}</ref>

[[Will Gompertz]] of the [[BBC]] criticised the script as "rather disappointingly two-dimensional", but thought the musical "elegantly staged" with Warren a "24-carat, all singing, all dancing, bona fide star".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-43826873 |title= Will Gompertz reviews Tina: The Musical at London's Aldwych Theatre |first=Will |last=Gompertz|date=21 April 2018|work=BBC }}</ref> Stephen Dalton of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' noted that while its grand finale contains "stilted, corny elements", "the production becomes a full-blooded rock show that is "roof-raising" and "life-affirming", with a climax that "swept the crowd to its feet. Pure button-pushing melodrama, maybe. But irresistibly uplifting entertainment, too."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/tina-theater-review-1103339 |title='Tina': Theater Review |date=17 April 2018 |first= Stephen |last=Dalton|work=The Hollywood Reporter
}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
=== Original West End production ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
! style="width: 5%;" |Year
! style="width: 20%;" |Award
! style="width: 40%;" |Category
! style="width: 25%;" |Nominee
! style="width: 10%;" |Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
| rowspan="3" |[[Laurence Olivier Award|Laurence Olivier Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/2019-olivier-award-nominations-londons-company-and-come-from-away-lead-the-pack|title=2019 Olivier Award Nominations: London's Company and Come From Away Lead the Pack|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|date=2019-03-05|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical|Best New Musical]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]]
|[[Adrienne Warren]]
| {{nominated}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]
|[[Kobna Holdbrook-Smith]]
| {{won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://tinathemusical.com}}
*[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/tina-522231 Internet Broadway database]
*[https://www.hamburgportal.de/news/tina-turner-musical-in-hamburg-praesentiert-hauptdarstellerin-1501.html Tina Turner Musical in Hamburg]

[[Category:Jukebox musicals]]
[[Category:2018 musicals]]
[[Category:Tina Turner]]
[[Category:West End musicals]]

The Inheritance (play)

2020-03-07T23:58:53Z

Guillom: /* Awards and nominations */ fix rowspan

{{italic title}}
'''''The Inheritance''''' is a play by [[Matthew Lopez (playwright)|Matthew Lopez]] that is inspired by the novel ''[[Howards End]]'' by [[E. M. Forster]]. The play premiered in London at the Young Vic in March 2018. Its success led to a production on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].

==Productions==

===Original London production===
The play was commissioned by Hartford Stage in [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Serratore |first1=Nicole |title="A Gay ‘Inheritance’ That’s Generations in the Making" |url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2018/06/01/a-gay-inheritance-thats-generations-in-the-making/ |website=www.americantheatre.org |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> The play was produced in London at the [[Young Vic Theatre]] under the direction of [[Stephen Daldry]] in March 2018. The play was staged in two parts of over three hours each, intended to be viewed sequentially. It examines love between gay men in contemporary New York a generation after the [[AIDS]] epidemic.<ref name=variety>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/legit/reviews/the-inheritance-review-play-1202739184/|title=London Theater Review: ‘The Inheritance’|last=Trueman|first=Matt|date=2018-03-29|work=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> It asks what the current generation owes to its forebears.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/theater/young-people-to-watch-in-theater-this-spring-hammaad-chaudry-rileigh-mcdonald-andrew-burnap.html|title=3 Young People to Watch in Theater This Spring|last=Collins-Hughes|first=Laura|date=2018-02-20|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-24|last2=Deb|first2=Sopan|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Trueman|first3=Matt}}</ref>

The production transferred to the [[Noel Coward Theatre]] in London's [[West End theatre|West End]] on 21 September 2018 and is produced by [[Tom Kirdahy]], [[Sonia Friedman]], and Hunter Arnold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youngvic.org/whats-on/the-inheritance-west-end|title=The Inheritance (West End)|website=Young Vic|access-date=July 16, 2018}}</ref>

''The Inheritance'' won [[Evening Standard Theatre Awards#Best Play|Best Play]] at the London [[Evening Standard Theatre Awards]] 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/evening-standard-theatre-awards-winners-2018-a3993041.html|title=Evening Standard Theatre Awards 2018 - The Winners|last=Thompson|first=Jessie|date=2018-11-19|website=Standard|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

''The Inheritance'' also won Best New Play, Best Director for Stephen Daldry and Best Actor for Kyle Soller at both the 2019 Critics' Circle Awards and the 2019 [[Laurence Olivier Awards]], also winning an Olivier for Best Lighting for Jon Clark.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/jan/29/uk-critics-circle-awards-the-inheritance-sophie-okonedo-company|title=The Inheritance wins best new play at UK Critics' Circle awards |last=Wiegand|first=Chris|date=2019-01-29|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-30|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Original Broadway production===
The play premiered on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]] on 27 September 2019 in previews, with the official opening on 17 November.<ref>McPhee, Ryan. [http://www.playbill.com/article/two-part-gay-themed-the-inheritance-will-play-broadway# "Two-Part, Gay-Themed 'The Inheritanc'e Will Play Broadway"] Playbill, June 6, 2019</ref> The production features [[Lois Smith]] as Margaret, with Kyle Soller and John Benjamin Hickey, among others, reprising their roles from the London production.<ref>Hetrick, Adam. [http://www.playbill.com/article/kyle-soller-and-john-benjamin-hickey-to-reprise-performances-in-the-inheritance-on-broadway-full-cast-set# "Kyle Soller and John Benjamin Hickey to Reprise Performances in ''The Inheritance'' on Broadway; Full Cast Set"] Playbill, August 15, 2019</ref> It will close on 15 March 2020, having played 46 previews and 138 regular performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/theater/2020/02/20/the-inheritance-broadway-closing-date/|title=Supersized play 'The Inheritance' sets Broadway closing date|website=EW.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

==Cast==

{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Role
|-
![[Young Vic]]<br>March 2018
![[Noel Coward Theatre]]<br>September 2018
![[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]]<br>November 2019
|-
|Eric Glass||align="center" colspan=3|[[Kyle Soller]]
|-
|Toby Darling||align="center" colspan=3|Andrew Burnap
|-
|Adam / Leo||align="center" colspan=3|Samuel H. Levine
|-
|Walter/ Morgan||align="center" colspan=3|[[Paul Hilton (British actor)|Paul Hilton]]
|-
|Henry Wilcox||align="center" colspan=3|[[John Benjamin Hickey]]
|-
|Jasper||align="center" colspan=2|Hugo Bolton||align="center"|[[Kyle Harris]]
|-
|Toby's Agent||align="center" colspan=2|Robert Boulter||align="center"|Jonathan Burke
|-
|Young Henry||align="center" colspan=2|Hubert Burton||align="center"|Carson McCalley
|-
|Tristan||align="center" colspan=2|Syrus Lowe||align="center"|Jordan Barbour
|-
|Jason 1||align="center" colspan=2|Michael Marcus||align="center"|Darryl Gene Daughtry Jr.
|-
|Young Walter||align="center"|Luke Thallon ||align="center"|Jack Riddiford||align="center"|Dylan Frederick
|-
|Jason 2||align="center" colspan=2|Michael Walters||align="center"|Arturo Luís Soria
|-
|Margaret||align="center" colspan=2|[[Vanessa Redgrave]]||align="center"|[[Lois Smith]]
|}

==Critical response==
The reviewer for ''The Telegraph'' called the play “perhaps the most important American play of this century.” <ref>Cavendish, Dominic. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/inheritance-young-vic-reviewperhaps-important-american-play/amp/ " 'The Inheritance', Young Vic review: perhaps the most important American play of the century so far"] ''The Telegraph'', 29 March 2018</ref>

The ''Variety'' reviewer wrote the play is a "...vast, imperfect and unwieldy masterpiece that unpicks queer politics and neoliberal economics anew. In addressing the debt gay men owe to their forebears, it dares to ask whether the past hasn’t also sold the present up short."<ref name=variety/>

''The Guardian'' reviewer wrote: "While Lopez’s play has a literary framework, it teems with life and incident...Lopez is also unafraid to periodically stop the plot and clear the stage for an impassioned debate: one of the most intense is about the status of gay culture which, having fought so long against oppression, now finds itself in danger of being co-opted."<ref>Billington, Michael.[https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/mar/29/the-inheritance-review-stephen-daldry " 'The Inheritance review' – Angels in America meets Howards End] ''The Guardiaan'', 28 March 2018</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"
! style="width: 5%;" |Year
! style="width: 20%;" |Award
! style="width: 40%;" |Category
! style="width: 25%;" |Nominee
! style="width: 10%;" |Result
|-
| rowspan="8" |<center>[[2019 Laurence Olivier Awards|2019]]</center>
| rowspan="8" |[[Laurence Olivier Award|Laurence Olivier Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/2019-olivier-award-nominations-londons-company-and-come-from-away-lead-the-pack|title=2019 Olivier Award Nominations: London's Company and Come From Away Lead the Pack|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|date=2019-03-05|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play|Best New Play]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Kyle Soller]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Vanessa Redgrave]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Stephen Daldry]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design|Best Set Design]]
|[[Bob Crowley]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Design|Best Lighting Design]]
|Jon Clark
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|[[Paul Arditti]] and Christopher Reid
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music|Outstanding Achievement in Music]]
|[[Paul Englishby]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/the-inheritance-522863 ''The Inheritance'' Internet Broadway database]

{{OlivierAward Play}}

[[Category:2018 plays]]
[[Category:LGBT-related plays]]
[[Category:Laurence Olivier Award-winning plays]]
[[Category:Plays set in New York City|Inheritance_(play)]]
[[Category:West End plays]]

Wiki Loves Monuments

2020-02-08T19:20:39Z

Guillom: remove image not that relevant to the article

{{for|the current contest|Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2019}}
{{short description|Annual international photography contest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Wiki Loves Monuments
| native_name =
| logo = [[File:LUSITANA WLM 2011 d.svg|150px]]
| logo_caption = Official logo of Wiki Loves Monuments
| image = Participating Countries WLM since 2010.svg
| imagesize =
| caption = All countries that participated at least once in a Wiki Loves Monuments competition in 2010-2017
| date =
| begins = 1 September <ref>most common starting date</ref>
| ends = 30 September <ref>most common ending date</ref>
| prev =
| frequency =
| location = Worldwide
| years_active = 7
| first = 2010
| last = 2019
| participants = [[Photographers]]
| attendance =
| genre = [[Photography]]
| budget =
| patron =
| organised = [[Wikipedia community]] members
| website = {{URL|http://www.wikilovesmonuments.org|WikiLovesMonuments.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Wiki Loves Monuments''' ('''WLM''') is an annual international photographic competition held during the month of September, organised worldwide by [[Wikipedia community]] members with the help of local Wikimedia affiliates across the globe. Participants take pictures of local historical monuments and [[historic site|heritage site]]s in their region, and upload them to [[Wikimedia Commons]]. The aim of event is to highlight the heritage sites of the participating countries with the goal to encourage people to capture pictures of these monuments, and to put them under a free licence which can then be re-used not only in Wikipedia but everywhere by everyone.

The first Wiki Loves Monuments competition was held in 2010 in the [[Netherlands]] as pilot project. The next year it spread to other countries in Europe and according to the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]], the 2011 edition of the Wiki Loves Monuments broke the world record for the largest photography competition.<ref name="Guinness">Guinness World Records, [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-6000/largest-photography-competition/ Largest photography competition], 2012.</ref> In 2012, the competition was extended beyond Europe, with a total of 35 participating countries.<ref name="Post">{{cite web |first = Ruth |last = Eglash |url = http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=282847 |title = Hundreds of cultural sites to be visually documented during "Wiki Loves Monuments event." |publisher = Jerusalem Post |date = 28 August 2012 |accessdate = 15 September 2012 }}</ref> During Wiki Loves Monuments 2012, more than 350,000 photographs of historic monuments were uploaded by more than 15,000 participants. In 2013, the Wiki Loves Monuments competition was held across six continents including Antarctica and had official participation from more than fifty countries around the world. The 2016 edition of WLM was supported by [[UNESCO]] and saw 10,700 contestants from 43 countries who submitted 277,000 photos.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Choudhry|first1=Saqib Qayyum|title=Wiki Loves Monuments: Top 10 pictures from Pakistan|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1289250/wiki-loves-monuments-top-10-pictures-from-pakistan|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Dawn|date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tools.wmflabs.org/wlm-stats/|title=Wiki Loves Monuments statistics|website=tools.wmflabs.org|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref>

== History ==

[[File:The secret flow of Wiki Loves Monuments infografic.svg|thumb|Infographic showing the actual behind-the-scenes workflow]]

WLM is the successor to Wiki Loves Art, which was held in the Netherlands in 2009. The original WLM contest for "[[Rijksmonument]]s" (Dutch for "national monuments") encouraged photographers to seek out Dutch National Heritage Sites. The Rijkmonuments include architecture and objects of general interest recognized for their beauty, scientific, and/or cultural importance. Such locations as the [[Drenthe]] archeological sites, the [[Noordeinde Palace|Noordeinde Royal Palace]] in [[The Hague]], and the houses along the [[Canals of Amsterdam|canals]] of [[Amsterdam]] were part of the more than 12,500 photographs submitted during the first event.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Virginie Malbos, [http://www.ecrans.fr/Le-monumental-concours-de,13180.html Le monumental concours de Wikimédia], dans [[Libération]], 9 September 2011, consulted 22 August 2012. "The operation had taken place last year in the Netherlands, and was concluded by the arrival of 12,500 new royalty-free photos."</ref>

This success generated interest in other [[Europe]]an countries, and through a collaboration with the [[European Heritage Days]], 18 states with the help of local Wikimedia chapters participated in the 2011 competition,<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/bologna/cronaca/2012/08/11/757217-wiki-loves-monuments.shtml Bologna su 'Wiki loves monuments' La raccolta delle foto più belle], dans [[Il Resto del Carlino]], 11 août 2012, consulté le 22 août 2012. "In 2011, the competition has also increased, with the participation of 18 European countries that helped with 170,000 images, and now has the support, among others, the Council of Europe and the European Commission."</ref><ref>{{cite web |first = Isabelle |last = Chenu |url = http://www.rfi.fr/france/20110921-wikipedia-aime-monuments |title = Le site Wikipédia aime les monuments |language = French |publisher = [[Radio France Internationale]] |date = 25 September 2011 |accessdate = 22 August 2012 |quote = So far, there are 18 European countries participating in the contest. }}</ref> uploading nearly 170,000 images by its conclusion. The [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]] recognizes the 2011 edition of Wiki Loves Monuments as the largest photography competition in the world with 168,208 pictures uploaded to [[Wikimedia Commons]] by more than 5,000 participants.<ref name="Guinness" /> In total, some 171,000 photographs were contributed from 18 participants countries of Europe. Germany, France and Spain contributed highest number of photographs. Photo from Romania won the first international prize, whereas Estonia secured second and Germany third position in WLM 2011.

In 2012, the Wiki Loves Monuments competition had official participation of more than thirty countries and regions around the world: [[Andorra]], [[Argentina]], [[Austria]], [[Belarus]], [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Catalonia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], the [[Czech Republic]], [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Ghana]], [[India]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Kenya]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Mexico]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Panama]], the [[Philippines]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ukraine]], and the [[United States]]. In total 363,000 photos were contributed from 35 participants countries. Germany, Spain and Poland contributed highest number of photographs.<ref name="Post" /> A picture of [[Tomb of Safdarjung]] from [[Delhi]], India, won the contest which saw more than 350,000 contributions.<ref>{{cite news |last = Phadnis |first = Renuka |title = Indians win in Wiki mega photo contest |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indians-win-in-wiki-mega-photo-contest/article4171695.ece |accessdate = 8 December 2012 |newspaper = [[The Hindu]] |date = 7 December 2012 |location = Bangalore, India }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Indian photo wins Wiki Loves Monuments online contest |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20637540 |accessdate = 8 December 2012 |newspaper = [[BBC]] |date = 7 December 2012 }}</ref> Spain secured second and Philippines third position in 2012 edition of annual WLM photo contest.

In 2013, the Wiki Loves Monuments competition had official participation of more than fifty countries from all six continents including Antarctica. Among the new participant nations were [[Algeria]], [[Chine]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Jordan]], [[Venezuela]], [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], [[Nepal]], [[Tunisia]], [[Egypt]], the [[United Kingdom]], war-torned [[Syria]] and many others. In total, some 370,000 photos were contributed from more than 52 participating countries. Germany, Ukraine and Poland contributed highest number of photographs. Switzerland won the first international prize, whereas Taiwan secured second and Hungary third position in the 2013 edition of WLM.

The 2014 version of the contests saw more than 8,750 contestants in 41 countries across the globe, who submitted more than 308,000 photographs. [[Pakistan]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Ireland]], [[Republic of Kosovo]], [[Albania]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Iraq]] made their debut in 2014. From Pakistan, more than 700 contestants from across the country submitted over 12,000 photographs.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = SAQIB |first1 = QAYYUM |title = Wiki Loves Monuments: Top 10 pictures from Pakistan |url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1140308/wiki-loves-monuments-top-10-pictures-from-pakistan |accessdate = 3 June 2015 |publisher = Dawn |date = 3 June 2015 }}</ref>

The 2015 edition saw more than 6,200 contestants participating from 33 countries, with over 220,000 photo submissions throughout the month of September.<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Choudhry |first1 = Saqib Qayyum |title = Wiki Loves Monuments 2015: Top 10 pictures from Pakistan |url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1210458/wiki-loves-monuments-2015-top-10-pictures-from-pakistan |accessdate = 25 August 2016 |publisher = Dawn |date = 3 October 2015 }}</ref>

The 2016 edition of WLM was supported by UNESCO and saw 10,700 contestants from 43 countries who submitted 277,000 photos.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wiki Loves Monuments: Top 10 pictures from Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1289250/wiki-loves-monuments-top-10-pictures-from-pakistan|accessdate=21 March 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=11 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Winners ==

The following is a list of international first prize winners of Wiki Loves Monuments:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"
|-
! Photo
! Year
! Photographer
! Country
! Description
|-
|[[File:Amsterdam - Vijzelstraat 27-35 (halsgevel).JPG|250px]]
|2010
|{{srlink|commons:User:Rudolphous|Rudolphous}}
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
|[[Vijzelstraat 31]] in Amsterdam
|-
|[[File:Mănăstirea Chiajna - Giulești.jpg|250px]]
|2011
|{{srlink|User:Stratoreaper|Mihai Petre}}
|{{flagicon|Romania}} Romania
|Winter picture of [[Chiajna Monastery]]. The monastery is situated on the outskirts of Bucharest.
|-
|[[File:Tomb of Safdarjung, New Delhi.jpg|250px]]
|2012
|{{srlink|User:Pranav7|Pranav Singh}}
|{{flagicon|India}} India
|[[Tomb of Safdarjung]], New Delhi, India
|-
|[[File:RhB Ge 4-4 II Wiesener Viadukt.jpg|250px]]
|2013
|{{srlink|commons:User:Kabelleger|David Gubler}}
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland
|A RhB Ge 4/4 II with a push–pull train crosses the [[Wiesen Viaduct]] between Wiesen and Filisur, Switzerland.
|-
|[[File:Svjatogorsk, Lavra 3.jpg|250px]]
|2014
|{{srlink|commons:User:Brizhnichenko|Konstantin Brizhnichenko}}
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
|[[Holy Mountains Lavra|Holy Mountains Monastery]], Sviatohirsk, Ukraine.
|-
|[[File:Leuchtturm in Westerheversand.jpg|250px]]
|2015
|{{srlink|commons:User:Phantom3Pix|Marco Leiter}}
|{{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
|[[Westerheversand Lighthouse]]
|-
|[[File:Landgericht Berlin, Littenstraße, Eingangshalle (2), 160906, ako.jpg|250px]]
|2016
|{{srlink|commons:User:Code|Ansgar Koreng}}
|{{flagicon|Germany}} Germany
| The entrance hall of the Regional court in Berlin, Germany
|-
|[[File:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg|250px]]
|2017
|{{srlink|commons:User:PKharote|Prashant Khatore}}
|{{flagicon|India}} India
|The Khandoba Temple in Pune
|-
|[[File:Sheikhlotfolah.jpg|250px]]
|2018
|{{srlink|commons:User:Ara9979|Alireza Akhaghi}}
|{{flagicon|Iran}} Iran
|[[Sheikh_Lotfollah_Mosque|Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque]]
|-
|[[File:Stawiszyn Nieczynny Kościół Tył kościoła.jpg|250px]]
|2019
|Marian Naworski
|{{flagicon|Poland}} Poland
|Abandoned Evangelical Church
|}

== Spin-offs ==

[[File:Auftakt WLM-Fototour 2014 in Erfurt 43.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Wikipedians attending Wiki Loves Monuments in [[Erfurt]]]]

Several spin-offs based on Wiki Loves Monuments are organised within the Wikimedia movement locally and internationally. They generally follow the basics of Wiki Loves Monuments and mostly differentiate in their scope and changes in some of the rules.
* In spring 2013, a photographic competition called [[Wiki Loves Earth]] ({{lang-uk|Вікі любить Землю}}) was organised in [[Ukraine]] with a main focus on taking photographs of the natural heritage sites in Ukraine and subsequently uploading them on Wikimedia Commons.<ref>[http://www.inau.org.ua/171.4890.0.0.1.0.phtml Нагороджено переможців конкурсу «Вікі любить Землю»], [[Ukrainian Internet Association]].</ref>
* A few months later, Wikimedia Sweden and [[Europeana]] initiated a photographic competition with the name Wiki Loves Public Art aiming to increase the number of photographs taken from [[public art]]works.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.creative-heritage.eu/4812.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=7567&cHash=510f43131166d73f652363eb6bd5ab97 |title = Wiki Loves Public Art, an international photographic contest |work = Creative Heritage |date = 20 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109205617/http://www.creative-heritage.eu/4812.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=7567&cHash=510f43131166d73f652363eb6bd5ab97 |archive-date = 9 January 2014 }}</ref> The project was organised in five countries and resulted in more than 9,250 photographs uploaded.<ref>[http://blog.europeana.eu/2013/07/international-winners-of-wiki-loves-public-art-2013/ International Winners of Wiki Loves Public Art 2013], [[Europeana]], 31 July 2013.</ref>
* In autumn 2013, the photographic competition Wiki Loves Cultural Heritage ({{lang-mk|Вики го сака културното наследство}}) was organised in [[North Macedonia|North Macedonia]], broadening the scope of Wiki Loves Monuments to include cultural heritage in any form, both tangible and intangible, including monuments, heritage sites, dishes, outfit, tapestries, crafts, dances and other elements of traditional culture.<ref>[http://www.utrinski.mk/default.asp?ItemID=B6F908A60179024A9B2C03DC8E40E86A Избор на најдобрите фотографии на натпреварот на Викимедија за Македонија], ''[[Utrinski vesnik]]'', 26 December 2013.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[:Commons:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments|Wiki Loves Monuments on Wikimedia Commons]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2010 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2010 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2011 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2012 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2012 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2013 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2013 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2014 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2014 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2015 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2015 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2016 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2016 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2017 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2017 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2018 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2018 winners]]
* [[:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2019 winners|Wiki Loves Monuments 2019 winners]]
{{clear}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Wiki Loves Monuments}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{F-Droid|org.wikilovesmonuments}}
* {{Google Play|org.wikilovesmonuments}}
* [http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-photography-competition/ Guinness World Record for Wiki Loves Monuments as the World's largest photography competition]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Free and open-source Android software]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2010]]
[[Category:Wiki communities]]

Futures studies

2020-01-19T22:03:14Z

Guillom: /* APF's list of most significant futures works */ fix red links

{{distinguish|Futurism}}
{{redirect|Futurology|Manic Street Preachers album|Futurology (album)}}
{{for|the study of the "futures" financial instrument|futures contract|futures exchange}}
{{short description|Study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures}}
{{Human history}}
[[File:PPTMooresLawai.jpg|thumb|280px|[[Moore's law]] is an example of futurology; it is a statistical collection of past and present trends with the goal of accurately [[extrapolating]] future trends.]]
'''Futures studies''', also called '''futurology''', is the study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable [[future]]s and the worldviews and myths that underlie them.<ref name="Sardar, Z. 2010 pp. 177">Sardar, Z. (2010) The Namesake: Futures; futures studies; futurology; futuristic; Foresight -- What’s in a name? Futures, 42 (3), pp. 177–184.</ref> In general, it can be considered as a branch of the [[social science]]s and parallel to the field of [[history]]. Futures studies (colloquially called "'''futures'''" by many of the field's practitioners) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends.<ref name=Wordnet>{{cite web|title=Futurology|url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=futurology&sub=Search+WordNet&o2=&o0=1&o8=1&o1=1&o7=&o5=&o9=&o6=&o3=&o4=&h=|work=Wordnet Search 3.1|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=16 March 2013}}</ref>

Unlike the physical sciences where a narrower, more specified system is studied, futurology concerns a much bigger and more complex world system. The methodology and knowledge are much less proven as compared to [[natural science]] or even [[social science]] like [[sociology]] and [[economics]]. There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science and it is sometimes described by scientists as [[pseudoscience]].<ref name="Oxford">{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095839389|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy|location=futurology|year=2008|quote=Mainly a pseudo-science, given the complexities of social, political, economic, technological, and natural factors.}}</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite encyclopedia|last=William|first=F. Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vH1EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT150|pages=122–123|quote=Many scientists reject the notion of futurology being a science, while others quibble at the use of the unscholarly word 'futurology'.|title=Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy|isbn=9781135955229|date=2013-12-02}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Futurology is an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary field]] that aggregates and analyzes trends, with both lay and professional methods, to compose possible futures. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in an attempt to develop foresight. Around the world the field is variously referred to as '''futures studies''', '''[[strategic foresight]]''', '''futuristics''', '''futures thinking''', '''futuring''', and '''futurology'''. Futures studies and strategic foresight are the academic field's most commonly used terms in the [[English language|English]]-speaking world.<ref name="Sardar, Z. 2010 pp. 177"/>

'''Foresight''' was the original term and was first used in this sense by [[H.G. Wells]] in 1932.<ref name="Wells, H.G. 1932 p. 89-91">Wells, H.G. (1932) 1987. Wanted: Professors of Foresight! ''Futures Research Quarterly'' V3N1 (Spring): p. 89-91.</ref> "Futurology" is a term common in encyclopedias, though it is used almost exclusively by nonpractitioners today, at least in the English-speaking world. "Futurology" is defined as the "study of the future."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nandankanan.tripod.com/scienceterms.htm|title=SCIENCE GLOSSARY|work=tripod.com|access-date=2007-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506011318/http://nandankanan.tripod.com/scienceterms.htm|archive-date=2007-05-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term was coined by [[German people|German]] professor [[Ossip K. Flechtheim]] in the mid-1940s, who proposed it as a new branch of knowledge that would include a new science of [[probability]]. This term has fallen from favor in recent decades because modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all of these disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines trends to compose possible, probable, and preferable futures along with the role "wild cards" can play on future scenarios. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a [[Holism|holistic]] or [[systemics|systemic]] view based on insights from a range of different disciplines, generally focusing on the STEEP<ref>{{cite web|title=What is STEEP Analysis?|url=http://pestleanalysis.com/what-is-steep-analysis/|website=PESTLE Analysis|accessdate=6 March 2017|date=2015-02-11}}</ref> categories of Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions. For example, many people expect the collapse of the Earth's ecosystem in the near future, while others believe the current ecosystem will survive indefinitely. A foresight approach would seek to analyze and highlight the assumptions underpinning such views.

As a field, futures studies expands on the research component, by emphasizing the communication of a strategy and the actionable steps needed to implement the plan or plans leading to the preferable future. It is in this regard, that futures studies evolves from an academic exercise to a more traditional business-like practice, looking to better prepare organizations for the future.

Futures studies does not generally focus on short term predictions such as [[interest rate]]s over the next [[business cycle]], or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops goals and objectives with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. Plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate possible future events are definitely part of the field. As a rule, futures studies is generally concerned with changes of transformative impact, rather than those of an incremental or narrow scope.

The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed [[supernatural]] means.

==History==

=== Origins ===
[[File:Hans Holbein, the Younger - Sir Thomas More - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|215x215px|[[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]], originator of the 'Utopian' ideal.]]
[[Johan Galtung]] and [[Sohail Inayatullah]]<ref>Galtung, Johan and Inayatullah, Sohail (1997). ''Macrohistory and Macrohistorians''. Westport, Ct: Praeger.</ref> argue in ''Macrohistory and Macrohistorians'' that the search for grand patterns of social change goes all the way back to [[Sima Qian|Ssu-Ma Chien]] (145-90BC) and his theory of the cycles of virtue, although the work of [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332–1406) such as ''The Muqaddimah''<ref>Khaldun, Ibn (1967), ''The Muqaddimah'', Trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N.J. Dawood. Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]</ref> would be an example that is perhaps more intelligible to modern sociology. Early western examples include [[Thomas More|Sir Thomas More]]’s “[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]],” published in 1516, and based upon Plato’s “Republic,” in which a future society has overcome poverty and misery to create a perfect model for living. This work was so powerful that utopias have come to represent positive and fulfilling futures in which everyone's needs are met.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elon.edu/docs/e-web/predictions/futures%20studies%20timeline.pdf|title=Futures Studies Timeline|last=Anderson|first=Janna|date=|website=www.elon.edu|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref>

Some intellectual foundations of futures studies appeared in the mid-19th century. Isadore [[Auguste Comte|Comte]], considered the father of scientific philosophy, was heavily influenced by the work of utopian socialist [[Henri de Saint-Simon|Henri Saint-Simon]], and his discussion of the metapatterns of [[social change]] presages futures studies as a scholarly [[dialogue]].<ref name="Bell 1997">{{cite book| last=Bell| first=Wendell| year=1997| title=Foundations of Futures Studies: Human Science for a New Era| publisher=Transaction Publishers| location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA | isbn=978-1-56000-271-0}}</ref>

The first works that attempt to make systematic predictions for the future were written in the 18th century. ''[[Memoirs of the Twentieth Century]]'' written by [[Samuel Madden]] in 1733, takes the form of a series of diplomatic letters written in 1997 and 1998 from British representatives in the foreign cities of [[Constantinople]], [[Rome]], [[Paris]], and [[Moscow]].<ref>"Samuel Madden's ''Memoirs of the Twentieth Century''" Paul Alkon. ''Science Fiction Studies'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jul., 1985), pp. 184-201 Published by: SF-TH Inc</ref> However, the technology of the 20th century is identical to that of Madden's own era - the focus is instead on the political and religious state of the world in the future. Madden went on to write ''The Reign of George VI, 1900 to 1925'', where (in the context of the [[History of the British canal system|boom in canal construction at the time]]) he envisioned a large network of waterways that would radically transform patterns of living - "Villages grew into towns and towns became cities".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/06/features11.g21|title=And now for the forecast|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2000-11-06|last1=Margolis|first1=Jonathan}}</ref>

In 1845, [[Scientific American]], the oldest continuously published magazine in the U.S., began publishing articles about scientific and technological research, with a focus upon the future implications of such research. It would be followed in 1872 by the magazine [[Popular Science]], which was aimed at a more general readership.<ref name=":0" />

The genre of [[science fiction]] became established towards the end of the 19th century, with notable writers, including [[Jules Verne]] and [[H. G. Wells]], setting their stories in an imagined future world.

===Early 20th Century===
[[File:H G Wells pre 1922.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[H. G. Wells]] first advocated for 'future studies' in a lecture delivered in 1902.]]
According to [[W. Warren Wagar]], the founder of future studies was [[H. G. Wells]]. His ''[[Anticipations|Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought: An Experiment in Prophecy]]'', was first serially published in ''[[The Fortnightly Review]]'' in 1901.<ref name="Wagar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnrf.org/cms/hgwells.shtml|title=H.G. Wells and the Genesis of Future Studies|author=W. Warren Wagar|year=1983}}</ref> Anticipating what the world would be like in the year 2000, the book is interesting both for its hits (trains and cars resulting in the dispersion of population from cities to suburbs; moral restrictions declining as men and women seek greater sexual freedom; the defeat of German [[militarism]], the existence of a European Union, and a world order maintained by "English-speaking peoples" based on the urban core between Chicago and New York<ref>''[[Anticipations]]'', p 100-101, 107.</ref>) and its misses (he did not expect successful [[aircraft]] before 1950, and averred that "my imagination refuses to see any sort of submarine doing anything but suffocate its crew and founder at sea").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanityplus.org/learn/about-us/wells |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520001844/http://humanityplus.org/learn/about-us/wells |archivedate=20 May 2009 |title=Annual HG Wells Award for Outstanding Contributions to Transhumanism |date=20 May 2009 |accessdate=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Frank Miller|title=Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37257-2|pages=219–20|chapter=Public Science in Britain 1880–1919}}</ref>

Moving from narrow technological predictions, Wells envisioned the eventual collapse of the [[capitalism|capitalist]] world system after a series of destructive [[total war]]s. From this havoc would ultimately emerge a world of peace and plenty, controlled by competent [[technocrat]]s.<ref name="Wagar"/>

The work was a [[bestseller]], and Wells was invited to deliver a lecture at the [[Royal Institution]] in 1902, entitled ''[[The Discovery of the Future]]''. The lecture was well-received and was soon republished in book form. He advocated for the establishment of a new academic study of the future that would be grounded in scientific methodology rather than just speculation. He argued that a scientifically ordered vision of the future "will be just as certain, just as strictly science, and perhaps just as detailed as the picture that has been built up within the last hundred years to make the geological past." Although conscious of the difficulty in arriving at entirely accurate predictions, he thought that it would still be possible to arrive at a "working knowledge of things in the future".<ref name="Wagar"/>

In his fictional works, Wells predicted the invention and use of the [[atomic bomb]] in ''[[The World Set Free]]'' (1914).<ref>{{cite book | author = Richard Rhodes | year = 1986 | title = The Making of the Atomic Bomb | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod | url-access = registration | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | page = [https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod/page/24 24] | isbn = 978-0-684-81378-3| author-link = Richard Rhodes }}</ref> In ''[[The Shape of Things to Come]]'' (1933) the impending [[World War II|World War]] and cities destroyed by aerial bombardment was depicted.<ref>Cowley, Malcolm. "Outline of Wells's History." ''[[The New Republic]]'' Vol. 81 Issue 1041, 14 November 1934 (p. 22–23).</ref> However, he didn't stop advocating for the establishment of a futures science. In a 1933 [[BBC]] broadcast he called for the establishment of "Departments and Professors of Foresight", foreshadowing the development of modern academic futures studies by approximately 40 years.<ref name="Wells, H.G. 1932 p. 89-91"/>

At the beginning of the 20th century future works were often shaped by political forces and turmoil. The [[World War I|WWI]] era led to adoption of futures thinking in institutions throughout Europe. The [[Russian Revolution]] led to the 1921 establishment of the Soviet Union's [[Gosplan]], or State Planning Committee, which was active until the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]]. Gosplan was responsible for economic planning and created plans in five year increments to govern the economy. One of the first Soviet dissidents, [[Yevgeny Zamyatin]], published the first [[dystopia]]n novel, ''[[We (novel)|We]]'', in 1921. The science fiction and political satire featured a future police state and was the first work censored by the Soviet censorship board, leading to Zamyatin's political exile.<ref name=":0" />

In the United States, President [[Presidency of Herbert Hoover|Hoover]] created the Research Committee on Social Trends, which produced a report in 1933. The head of the committee, [[William Fielding Ogburn|William F. Ogburn]], analyzed the past to chart trends and project those trends into the future, with a focus on technology. Similar technique was used during [[Great Depression|The Great Depression]], with the addition of alternative futures and a set of likely outcomes that resulted in the creation of [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] and the Tennessee Valley development project.<ref name=":0" />

The [[World War II|WWII]] era emphasized the growing need for foresight. The [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] used strategic plans to unify and mobilize their society with a focus on creating a fascist utopia. This planning and the subsequent war forced global leaders to create their own strategic plans in response. The post-war era saw the creation of numerous nation states with complex political alliances and was further complicated by the introduction of nuclear power.

[[RAND Corporation|Project RAND]] was created in 1946 as joint project between the [[United States Army Air Forces]] and the [[Douglas Aircraft Company]], and later incorporated as the non-profit [[RAND Corporation|RAND corporation]]. Their objective was the future of weapons, and long-range planning to meet future threats. Their work has formed the basis of US strategy and policy in regard to nuclear weapons, the [[Cold War]], and the space race.<ref name=":0" />

===Mid-Century Emergence===
Futures studies truly emerged as an academic discipline in the mid-1960s.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://wfs.org/five-decades-of-futuring/|title=World Future Society|author=|date=|website=World Future Society|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> First-generation futurists included [[Herman Kahn]], an American [[Cold War]] strategist for the [[RAND Corporation]] who wrote ''[[On Thermonuclear War]]'' (1960), ''Thinking about the unthinkable'' (1962) and ''The Year 2000: a framework for speculation on the next thirty-three years'' (1967); [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]], a French economist who founded [[Futuribles International]] in 1960; and [[Dennis Gabor]], a Hungarian-British scientist who wrote ''Inventing the Future'' (1963) and ''The Mature Society. A View of the Future'' (1972).<ref name="Bell 1997" />

Future studies had a parallel origin with the birth of [[systems science]] in [[academia]], and with the idea of national economic and political [[planning]], most notably in [[France]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Bell 1997"/><ref name="Masini 1993">{{cite book| last=Masini| first= Eleonora| year=1993| title=Why Futures Studies?| publisher=Grey Seal Books| location=London, UK}}</ref> In the 1950s, the people of France were continuing to reconstruct their war-torn country. In the process, French scholars, philosophers, writers, and artists searched for what could constitute a more positive future for humanity. The [[Soviet Union]] similarly participated in postwar rebuilding, but did so in the context of an established [[Planned economy|national economic planning process]], which also required a long-term, systemic statement of social goals. Future studies was therefore primarily engaged in national planning, and the construction of national symbols.
[[File:Rachel Carson w (cropped).jpg|thumb|216x216px|[[Rachel Carson]], author of [[Silent Spring|''The Silent Spring'']], which helped launch the environmental movement and a new direction for futures research.]]
By contrast, in the [[United States]], futures studies as a discipline emerged from the successful application of the tools and perspectives of [[systems analysis]], especially with regard to quartermastering the war-effort. The [[International Society for the Systems Sciences|Society for General Systems Research]], founded in 1955, sought to understand [[cybernetics]] and the practical application of systems sciences, greatly influencing the U.S. foresight community.<ref name=":0" /> These differing origins account for an initial schism between futures studies in America and “futurology” in Europe: U.S. practitioners focused on applied projects, quantitative tools and systems analysis, whereas [[Europe]]ans preferred to investigate the long-range future of humanity and the [[Earth]], what might constitute that future, what symbols and [[semantics]] might express it, and who might articulate these.<ref>{{cite book| last=Slaughter| first= Richard A.| year=1995| title=The Foresight Principle: Cultural Recovery in the 21st Century| publisher=Adamantine Press, Ltd.| location=London, England}}</ref><ref name="Sardar 1999">[[Ziauddin Sardar|Sardar, Ziauddin]], ed. (1999). ''Rescuing All Our Futures.'' Praeger Studies on the 21st Century, Westport, Connecticut, USA.</ref>

By the 1960s, academics, philosophers, writers and artists across the globe had begun to explore enough future scenarios so as to fashion a common dialogue. Several of the most notable writers to emerge during this era include: sociologist [[Fred Polak|Fred L. Polak]], whose work ''Images of the Future'' (1961) discusses the importance of images to society's creation of the future; [[Marshall McLuhan]], whose ''[[The Gutenberg Galaxy]]'' (1962) and ''[[Understanding Media|Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man]]'' (1964) put forth his theories on how technologies change our cognitive understanding; and [[Rachel Carson]]’s ''[[Silent Spring|The Silent Spring]]'' (1962) which was hugely influential not only to future studies but also the creation of the environmental movement.<ref name=":0" />

Inventors such as [[Buckminster Fuller]] also began highlighting the effect technology might have on global trends as time progressed.

By the 1970s there was an obvious shift in the use and development of futures studies; its focus was no longer exclusive to governments and militaries. Instead, it embraced a wide array of technologies, social issues, and concerns. This discussion on the intersection of population growth, resource availability and use, economic growth, quality of life, and environmental sustainability – referred to as the "global problematique" – came to wide public attention with the publication of ''[[Limits to Growth]]'', a study sponsored by the [[Club of Rome]] which detailed the results of a computer simulation of the future based on economic and population growth.[[Futures studies#cite note-Meadows 1972-22|<sup>[22]</sup>]] Public investment in the future was further enhanced by the publication of [[Alvin Toffler]]’s bestseller ''[[Future Shock]]'' (1970), and its exploration of how great amounts of change can overwhelm people and create a social paralysis due to “information overload.”<ref name=":0" />

===Further development===
International dialogue became institutionalized in the form of the [[World Futures Studies Federation]] (WFSF), founded in 1967, with the noted sociologist, [[Johan Galtung]], serving as its first president. In the United States, the publisher [[Edward Cornish]], concerned with these issues, started the [[World Future Society]], an organization focused more on interested laypeople. The [http://apf.org Association of Professional Futurists] was founded in 2002 and spans 33 countries with more than 400 members. Their mission is to promote the profession by “demonstrating the value of strategic foresight and futures studies.”

The first doctoral program on the Study of the Future, was founded in 1969 at the University Of Massachusetts by Christoper Dede and Billy Rojas.The next graduate program (Master's degree) was also founded by Christopher Dede in 1975 at the [[University of Houston–Clear Lake]],.<ref name="Markley 1998">Markley, Oliver (1998)"Visionary Futures: Guided Imagery in Teaching and Learning about the Future", in ''American Behavioral Scientist''. Sage Publications, New York.</ref> Oliver Markley of SRI (now [[SRI International]]) was hired in 1978 to move the program into a more applied and professional direction. The program moved to the [[University of Houston]] in 2007 and renamed the degree to Foresight.<ref>Peter Bishop & Andy Hines, Teaching about the Future, Houndsmill, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, p.xv.</ref> The program has remained focused on preparing professional futurists and providing high-quality foresight training for individuals and organizations in business, government, education, and non-profits.<ref>Andy Hines, "A training ground for professional futurists," The Futurist, Vol. 43, September/October 2014</ref> In 1976, the M.A. Program in Public Policy in Alternative Futures at the [[University of Hawaii at Manoa]] was established.<ref name="Jones 1992">{{cite journal| last=Jones| first= Christopher|date=Winter 1992| title=The Manoa School of Futures Studies| journal=Futures Research Quarterly| pages=19–25}}</ref> The Hawaii program locates futures studies within a pedagogical space defined by [[neo-Marxism]], critical political [[economic theory]], and [[literary criticism]]. In the years following the foundation of these two programs, single courses in Futures Studies at all levels of education have proliferated, but complete programs occur only rarely.

In 2010, the [[Free University of Berlin]] initiated a master's degree Programme in Futures Studies, which is the first one in Germany.<ref>[https://www.ewi-psy.fu-berlin.de/en/v/master-zukunftsforschung/index.html Master of Arts in Futures Studies] at [[Free University of Berlin]]</ref> In 2012, the Finland Futures Research Centre started a master's degree Programme in Futures Studies at [[Turku School of Economics]], a business school which is part of the [[University of Turku]] in [[Turku]], Finland.<ref>[http://www.utu.fi/en/units/ffrc/Pages/home.aspx Finland Futures Research Centre]</ref>

Foresight and futures work cover any domain a company considers important; therefore, a futurist must be able to cross domains and industries in their work. There is continued discussion by people in the profession on how to advance it, with some preferring to keep the field open to anyone interested in the future and others arguing to make the credentialing more rigorous. There are approximately [https://rossdawson.com/futurist/university-foresight-programs/ 23 graduate and PhD programs] in foresight globally, and many other certification courses.

The field currently faces the great challenge of creating a coherent conceptual framework, codified into a well-documented curriculum (or curricula) featuring widely accepted and consistent concepts and theoretical paradigms linked to quantitative and qualitative methods, exemplars of those research methods, and guidelines for their ethical and appropriate application within society. As an indication that previously disparate intellectual dialogues have in fact started converging into a recognizable discipline,<ref>Kuhn, Thomas (1975, c1970). ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions''. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</ref> at least six solidly-researched and well-accepted first attempts to synthesize a coherent framework for the field have appeared: {{interlanguage link|Eleonora Masini|sk}}'s ''Why Futures Studies?'',<ref>Masini, Eleonora (1993). Why Futures Studies?. London, UK: Grey Seal Books.</ref> [[James Dator]]'s ''Advancing Futures Studies'',<ref>Dator, James (2002), ''Advancing Futures'', Westport: Ct, Praeger, 2002</ref> [[Ziauddin Sardar]]'s ''Rescuing all of our Futures'',<ref>Sardar, Ziauddin, ed.,(1999) ''Rescuing all our futures: the futures of futures studies''. Westport, Ct: Praeger</ref> [[Sohail Inayatullah]]'s ''Questioning the future'',<ref>Inayatullah, Sohail (2007), ''Questioning the Future: methods and tools for organizational and societal change''. Tamsui: Tamkang University (third edition)</ref> [[Richard A. Slaughter]]'s ''The Knowledge Base of Futures Studies'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Slaughter| first=Richard| title=The Knowledge Base of Futures studies| year=2005}}</ref> a collection of essays by senior practitioners, and [[Wendell Bell]]'s two-volume work, ''The Foundations of Futures Studies''.<ref>{{cite book| year=1997| title=The Foundations of Futures Studies| first=Wendell| last=Bell}}</ref>

==Probability and predictability==

Some aspects of the future, such as [[celestial mechanics]], are highly predictable, and may even be described by relatively simple mathematical models. At present however, science has yielded only a special minority of such "easy to predict" physical processes. Theories such as [[chaos theory]], [[nonlinear]] science and standard [[evolutionary theory]] have allowed us to understand many complex systems as [[contingent]] (sensitively dependent on complex environmental conditions) and [[stochastic]] (random within constraints), making the vast majority of future events unpredictable, ''in any specific case''.

Not surprisingly, the tension between [[predictability]] and [[unpredictability]] is a source of controversy and conflict among futures studies scholars and practitioners. Some argue that the future is essentially unpredictable, and that "the best way to predict the future is to create it." Others believe, as Flechtheim, that advances in science, probability, modeling and statistics will allow us to continue to improve our understanding of probable futures, while this area presently remains less well developed than methods for exploring possible and preferable futures.

As an example, consider the process of electing the president of the United States. At one level we observe that any U.S. citizen over 35 may run for president, so this process may appear too unconstrained for useful prediction. Yet further investigation demonstrates that only certain public individuals (current and former presidents and vice presidents, senators, state governors, popular military commanders, mayors of very large cities, celebrities, etc.) receive the appropriate "social credentials" that are historical prerequisites for election. Thus with a minimum of effort at formulating the problem for statistical prediction, a much reduced pool of candidates can be described, improving our probabilistic foresight. Applying further statistical intelligence to this problem, we can observe that in certain election [[prediction market]]s such as the [[Iowa Electronic Markets]], reliable forecasts have been generated over long spans of time and conditions, with results superior to individual experts or polls. Such markets, which may be operated publicly or as an [[internal market]], are just one of several promising frontiers in predictive futures research.

Such improvements in the predictability of individual events do not though, from a [[Complex systems|complexity theory]] viewpoint, address the unpredictability inherent in dealing with entire systems, which emerge from the interaction between multiple individual events.

Futurology is sometimes described by scientists as [[pseudoscience]].<ref name="Oxford"/><ref name="Williams"/>

==Methodologies==
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|section|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2015}}
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In terms of methodology, futures practitioners employ a wide range of approaches, models and methods, in both theory and practice, many of which are derived from or informed by other academic or professional disciplines [https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=futurists+borrow+from+other+disciplines&source=bl&ots=ycoWOEgcIS&sig=J-Nv6SzqAv-DLsGc7608ZuPyV5I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi31u3GgMHSAhXpj1QKHUxBCOAQ6AEIIzAA#v=onepage&q=futurists%20borrow%2 <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>], including social sciences such as economics, psychology, sociology, religious studies, cultural studies, history, geography, and political science; physical and life sciences such as physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology; mathematics, including statistics, game theory and econometrics; applied disciplines such as engineering, computer sciences, and business management (particularly strategy).

The largest internationally peer-reviewed collection of futures research methods (1,300 pages) is [http://www.millennium-project.org/publications-2/futures-research-methodology-version-3-0/ Futures Research Methodology 3.0]. Each of the 37 methods or groups of methods contains: an executive overview of each method's history, description of the method,
primary and alternative usages, strengths and weaknesses, uses in combination with other methods, and speculation about future evolution of the method. Some also contain appendixes with applications, links to software, and sources for further information.

Given its unique objectives and material, the practice of futures studies only rarely features employment of the [[scientific method]] in the sense of controlled, repeatable and verifiable experiments with highly standardized methodologies. However, many futurists are informed by scientific techniques or work primarily within scientific domains. Borrowing from history, the futurist might project patterns observed in past civilizations upon present-day society to model what might happen in the future, or borrowing from technology, the futurist may model possible social and cultural responses to an emerging technology based on established principles of the diffusion of innovation. In short, the futures practitioner enjoys the synergies of an interdisciplinary laboratory.

As the plural term “futures” suggests, one of the fundamental assumptions in futures studies is that the future is plural not singular.[http://www.futures.hawaii.edu/publications/futures-studies/DatorFuturesStudies.pdf <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] That is, the future consists not of one inevitable future that is to be “predicted,” but rather of multiple alternative futures of varying likelihood which may be derived and described, and about which it is impossible to say with certainty which one will occur. The primary effort in futures studies, then, is to identify and describe alternative futures in order to better understand the driving forces of the present or the structural dynamics of a particular subject or subjects. The exercise of identifying alternative futures includes collecting quantitative and qualitative data about the possibility, probability, and desirability of change. The plural term "futures" in futures studies denotes both the rich variety of alternative futures, including the subset of preferable futures (normative futures), that can be studied, as well as the tenet that the future is many.

At present, the general futures studies model has been summarized as being concerned with "three Ps and a W", or possible, probable, and preferable futures, plus [[Wild card (Foresight research)|wildcards]], which are low probability but high impact events (positive or negative). Many futurists, however, do not use the wild card approach. Rather, they use a methodology called [[Emerging Issues Analysis]]. It searches for the drivers of change, issues that are likely to move from unknown to the known, from low impact to high impact.

In terms of technique, futures practitioners originally concentrated on [[Extrapolation|extrapolating]] present [[technological]], [[economic]] or [[social]] [[Fads and trends|trends]], or on attempting to [[Prediction|predict]] future trends. Over time, the discipline has come to put more and more focus on the examination of social [[system]]s and [[Uncertainty|uncertainties]], to the end of articulating [[Scenario planning|scenarios]]. The practice of scenario development facilitates the examination of worldviews and assumptions through the [[causal layered analysis]] method (and others), the creation of preferred visions of the future, and the use of exercises such as [[backcasting]] to connect the present with alternative futures. Apart from extrapolation and scenarios, many dozens of methods and techniques are used in futures research (see below).

The general practice of futures studies also sometimes includes the articulation of normative or preferred futures, and a major thread of practice involves connecting both extrapolated (exploratory) and normative research to assist individuals and organizations to model preferred futures amid shifting social changes. Practitioners use varying proportions of collaboration, creativity and research to derive and define alternative futures, and to the degree that a “preferred” future might be sought, especially in an organizational context, techniques may also be deployed to develop plans or strategies for directed future shaping or implementation of a preferred future.

While some futurists are not concerned with assigning probability to future scenarios, other futurists find probabilities useful in certain situations, such as when probabilities stimulate thinking about scenarios within organizations [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2870/f9cef0b618c480312802fbb78e49bd69fa83.pdf <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>]. When dealing with the three Ps and a W model, estimates of probability are involved with two of the four central concerns (discerning and classifying both probable and wildcard events), while considering the range of possible futures, recognizing the plurality of existing alternative futures, characterizing and attempting to resolve normative disagreements on the future, and envisioning and creating preferred futures are other major areas of scholarship. Most estimates of probability in futures studies are normative and qualitative, though significant progress on statistical and quantitative methods (technology and information growth curves, cliometrics, predictive psychology, [[prediction market]]s, crowdvoting forecasts,<sup>[31][''[[Wikipedia:NOTRS|better source needed]]'']</sup> etc.) has been made in recent decades.

=== Futures techniques ===
{{Main|Futures techniques}}

Futures techniques or methodologies may be viewed as “frameworks for making sense of data generated by structured processes to think about the future”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/768c/525942ae89e6364569875090b87b449abeb2.pdf|title=An Overview of Foresight Methodologies|last=Conway|first=Maree|date=|website=|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref> There is no single set of methods that are appropriate for all futures research. Different futures researchers intentionally or unintentionally promote use of favored techniques over a more structured approach. Selection of methods for use on futures research projects has so far been dominated by the intuition and insight of practitioners; but can better identify a balanced selection of techniques via acknowledgement of foresight as a process together with familiarity with the fundamental attributes of most commonly used methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Popper|first=Rafael|date=2008|title=How are foresight methods selected?|url=|journal=Foresight|volume=10|issue=6|pages=62–89|doi=10.1108/14636680810918586}}</ref>
Scenarios are a central technique in Futures Studies and are often confused with other techniques. The flowchart to the right provides a process for classifying a phenomenon as a scenario in the intuitive logics tradition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spaniol |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Rowland |first2=Nicholas J. |title=Defining Scenario |journal=Futures & Foresight Science |volume=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1002/ffo2.3 |year=2018 }}</ref>[[File:Flowchartv11png.png|thumb|Process for classifying a phenomenona as a scenario in the Intuitive Logics tradition.]]
Futurists use a diverse range of forecasting methods including:

* Framework Foresight
*[[Prediction market|Prediction Markets]]
* [[Causal layered analysis]] (CLA)
* [[Environmental scanning]]
* [[Scenario planning|Scenario method]]
* [[Education and Learning]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wfs.org/building-new-narratives/|title=World Future Society|author=|date=|website=World Future Society|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>
* [[Delphi method]], including [[Real-time Delphi]]
* [[Future history]]
* [[Media monitoring service|Monitoring]]
* [[Backcasting]] (eco-history)
* [[Cross-impact analysis]]
* [[Futures workshops]]
* [[Failure mode and effects analysis]]
* [[Futures wheel]]
* [[Technology roadmapping]]
* [[Social network analysis]]
* [[Systems engineering]]
* [[Trend analysis]]
* [[Morphological analysis (problem-solving)|Morphological analysis]]
* [[Technology forecasting]]
* [[Theory U]]

===Shaping alternative futures===
Futurists use scenarios – alternative possible futures – as an important tool. To some extent, people can determine what they consider probable or desirable using qualitative and quantitative methods. By looking at a variety of possibilities one comes closer to shaping the future, rather than merely predicting it. Shaping alternative futures starts by establishing a number of scenarios. Setting up scenarios takes place as a process with many stages. One of those stages involves the study of trends. A trend persists long-term and long-range; it affects many societal groups, grows slowly and appears to have a profound basis. In contrast, a fad operates in the short term, shows the vagaries of [[fashion]], affects particular societal groups, and spreads quickly but superficially.

Sample predicted futures range from predicted [[ecological catastrophe]]s, through a [[utopia]]n future where the poorest human being lives in what present-day observers would regard as wealth and comfort, through the transformation of humanity into a [[posthumanism|posthuman]] life-form, to the destruction of all life on Earth in, say, a [[nanotechnology|nanotechnological]] [[Grey Goo|disaster]].

Futurists have a decidedly mixed reputation and a patchy track record at successful prediction. For reasons of convenience, they often extrapolate present technical and societal trends and assume they will develop at the same rate into the future; but technical progress and social upheavals, in reality, take place in fits and starts and in different areas at different rates.

Many 1950s futurists predicted commonplace [[space tourism]] by the year 2000, but ignored the possibilities of ubiquitous, cheap [[computer]]s. On the other hand, many forecasts have portrayed the future with some degree of accuracy. Current futurists often present multiple [[scenario]]s that help their audience envision what "may" occur instead of merely "predicting the future". They claim that understanding potential scenarios helps individuals and organizations prepare with flexibility.

Many corporations use futurists as part of their [[risk management]] strategy, for [[horizon scanning]] and emerging issues analysis, and to identify [[Wild card (Foresight research)|wild card]]s – low probability, potentially high-impact risks.<ref>A [http://www.globalchange.com/ppt4/risk/ sample presentation on risk management]</ref> Every successful and unsuccessful [[business]] engages in futuring to some degree – for example in research and development, innovation and market research, anticipating competitor behavior and so on.<ref name="rohrbeck-2010">Rohrbeck, Rene (2010) ''Corporate Foresight: Towards a Maturity Model for the Future Orientation of a Firm'', Springer Series: Contributions to Management Science, Heidelberg and New York, {{ISBN|978-3-7908-2625-8}}</ref><ref name="rohrbeck-gemuenden-2010">Rohrbeck, R. H.G. Gemuenden (2010) [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1618523 Corporate Foresight: Its Three Roles in Enhancing the Innovation Capacity of a Firm"] ''Technological Forecasting and Social Change'', forthcoming</ref>

===Weak signals, the future sign and wild cards===
In futures research "weak signals" may be understood as advanced, noisy and socially situated indicators of change in trends and systems that constitute raw informational material for enabling anticipatory action. There is some confusion about the definition of weak signal by various researchers and consultants. Sometimes it is referred as future oriented information, sometimes more like emerging issues. The confusion has been partly clarified with the concept 'the future sign', by separating signal, issue and interpretation of the future sign.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V65-4PJM9RS-2&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F01%2F2007&_rdoc=29&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%235805%239999%23999999999%2399999%23FLA%23display%23Articles)&_cdi=5805&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=46&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=96d64e0a3f418f2a3fafc73da9c8f774 article about the Future sign]{{dead link|date=March 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

A weak signal can be an early indicator of coming change, and an example might also help clarify the confusion. On May 27, 2012, hundreds of people gathered for a “Take the Flour Back” demonstration at Rothamsted Research in Harpenden, UK, to oppose a publicly funded trial of genetically modified wheat. This was a weak signal for a broader shift in consumer sentiment against genetically modified foods. When Whole Foods mandated the labeling of GMOs in 2013, this non-GMO idea had already become a trend and was about to be a topic of mainstream awareness.

"Wild cards" refer to low-probability and high-impact events, such as [[existential risks]]. This concept may be embedded in standard foresight projects and introduced into anticipatory decision-making activity in order to increase the ability of social groups adapt to surprises arising in turbulent business environments. Such sudden and unique incidents might constitute turning points in the evolution of a certain trend or system. Wild cards may or may not be announced by weak signals, which are incomplete and fragmented data from which relevant foresight information might be inferred.
Sometimes, mistakenly, wild cards and weak signals are considered as synonyms, which they are not.<ref>[http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/11-2/4wildcard-hiltunen.pdf differences of weak signals and wild cards]</ref> One of the most often cited examples of a wild card event in recent history is 9/11. Nothing had happened in the past that could point to such a possibility and yet it had a huge impact on everyday life in the United States, from simple tasks like how to travel via airplane to deeper cultural values. Wild card events might also be natural disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, which can force the relocation of huge populations and wipe out entire crops or completely disrupt the supply chain of many businesses. Although wild card events can't be predicted, after they occur it is often easy to reflect back and convincingly explain why they happened.

===Near-term predictions===
A long-running tradition in various [[culture]]s, and especially in the [[Mass media|media]], involves various spokespersons making predictions for the upcoming year at the beginning of the year. These [[prediction]]s sometimes base themselves on current trends in culture (music, movies, fashion, politics); sometimes they make hopeful guesses as to what major events might take place over the course of the next year.

Some of these predictions come true as the year unfolds, though many fail. When predicted events fail to take place, the authors of the [[prediction]]s often state that misinterpretation of the "[[sign (semiotics)|signs]]" and [[Portent (divination)|portent]]s may explain the failure of the prediction.

[[Marketing|Marketer]]s have increasingly started to embrace futures studies, in an effort to benefit from an increasingly competitive marketplace with fast production cycles, using such techniques as [[trend analysis|trendspotting]] as popularized by [[Faith Popcorn]].{{Dubious|date=December 2011}}

=== Trend analysis and forecasting ===

==== Mega-trends ====
Trends come in different sizes. A mega-trend extends over many generations, and in cases of climate, mega-trends can cover periods prior to human existence. They describe complex interactions between many factors. The increase in population from the [[palaeolithic]] period to the present provides an example.

==== Potential trends ====
Possible new trends grow from innovations, projects, beliefs or actions that have the potential to grow and eventually go mainstream in the future.

==== Branching trends ====
Very often, trends relate to one another the same way as a tree-trunk relates to branches and twigs. For example, a well-documented movement toward equality between men and women might represent a branch trend. The trend toward reducing differences in the salaries of men and women in the [[Western world]] could form a twig on that branch.

==== Life-cycle of a trend ====
When a potential trend gets enough confirmation in the various media, surveys or questionnaires to show that it has an increasingly accepted value, behavior or [[technology]], it becomes accepted as a bona fide trend. Trends can also gain confirmation by the existence of other trends perceived as springing from the same branch. Some commentators claim that when 15% to 25% of a given population integrates an innovation, project, belief or action into their daily life then a trend becomes mainstream.
[[File:Hype-Cycle-General.png|thumb|[[Hype cycle|General Hype Cycle]] used to visualize [[Technology adoption life cycle|technological life stages]] of maturity, adoption, and social application.]]

==== Life cycle of technologies ====
Because new advances in technology have the potential to reshape our society, one of the jobs of a futurist is to follow these developments and consider their implications. However, the latest innovations take time to make an impact. Every new technology goes through its own life cycle of maturity, adoption, and social application that must be taken into consideration before a probable vision of the future can be created.

[[Gartner]] created their [[Hype cycle|Hype Cycle]] to illustrate the phases a technology moves through as it grows from research and development to mainstream adoption. The unrealistic expectations and subsequent disillusionment that virtual reality experienced in the 1990s and early 2000s is an example of the middle phases encountered before a technology can begin to be integrated into society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projects.ict.usc.edu/mxr/blog/keynote-remixed-what-happened-to-virtual-reality/|title=Keynote Remixed: What Happened to Virtual Reality|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Education ==
Education in the field of futures studies has taken place for some time. Beginning in the [[United States]] in the 1960s, it has since developed in many different countries. Futures education encourages the use of concepts, tools and processes that allow students to think long-term, consequentially, and imaginatively. It generally helps students to:
# conceptualize more just and sustainable human and planetary futures.
# develop knowledge and skills of methods and tools used to help people understand, map, and influence the future by exploring probable and preferred futures.
# understand the dynamics and influence that human, social and ecological systems have on alternative futures.
# conscientize [[Social responsibility|responsibility]] and action on the part of students toward creating better futures.
Thorough documentation of the history of futures education exists, for example in the work of [[Richard A. Slaughter]] (2004),<ref name="Slaughter 2004">{{cite book| last=Slaughter| first= Richard A.| year=2004| title=Futures Beyond Dystopia: Creating Social Foresight| publisher=RoutledgeFalmer| location=London}}</ref> David Hicks, Ivana Milojević<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metafuture.org/articlesbyivana.htm |title=Articles by Ivana Milojevic; Futures Studies at Metafuture.org |work=metafuture.org |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114063552/http://www.metafuture.org/articlesbyivana.htm |archivedate=2009-11-14 }}</ref> to name a few.

While futures studies remains a relatively new academic tradition, numerous tertiary institutions around the world teach it. These vary from small programs, or universities with just one or two classes, to programs that offer certificates and incorporate futures studies into other degrees, (for example in [[planning]], business, environmental studies, [[economics]], development studies, [[science]] and technology studies). Various formal Masters-level programs exist on six continents. Finally, doctoral dissertations around the world have incorporated futures studies (see e.g. Rohrbeck, 2010;<ref>Rohrbeck, R. (2010) ''Corporate Foresight: Towards a Maturity Model for the Future Orientation of a Firm''. [[Dissertation]]. Springer, {{ISBN|978-3-7908-2625-8}}
</ref> von der Gracht, 2008;<ref>von der Gracht, H. A. (2008) ''The future of logistics: scenarios for 2025''. [[Dissertation]]. Gabler, {{ISBN|978-3-8349-1082-0}}</ref> Hines, 2012<ref>Hines, A. (2012) ''The Role of an Organizational Futurist in Integrating Foresight into Organizations''. [[Dissertation]]. [https://www.andyhinesight.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Hines-Thesis-submission-without-published-works.pdf Leeds Metropolitan University]</ref>). A recent survey documented approximately 50 cases of futures studies at the tertiary level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfsf.org|title=HOME|author=Super User|work=wfsf.org}}</ref>

The largest Futures Studies program in the world is at [[Tamkang University]], Taiwan.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} Futures Studies is a required course at the undergraduate level, with between three and five thousand students taking classes on an annual basis. Housed in the Graduate Institute of Futures Studies is an MA Program. Only ten students are accepted annually in the program. Associated with the program is the ''Journal of Futures Studies''.<ref name=JFS>{{cite web|title=Journal of Future Studies|url=http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/|publisher=Graduate Institute of Futures Studies, Tamkang University|location=Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan.|access-date=2008-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208062208/http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/|archive-date=2007-12-08|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The longest running Future Studies program in North America was established in 1975 at the [[University of Houston–Clear Lake]].<ref>Teaching about the Future, by Peter C. Bishop and Andy Hines, 2012</ref> It moved to the [[University of Houston]] in 2007 and renamed the degree to Foresight. The program was established on the belief that if history is studied and taught in an academic setting, then so should the future. Its mission is to prepare professional futurists. The curriculum incorporates a blend of the essential theory, a framework and methods for doing the work, and a focus on application for clients in business, government, nonprofits, and society in general.<ref>Hines. A. (2014, September/October). A training ground for professional futurists. The Futurist, 43.</ref>

As of 2003, over 40 tertiary education establishments around the world were delivering one or more courses in futures studies. The [[World Futures Studies Federation]]<ref>[http://www.wfsf.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=108 WFSF Directory of Tertiary Futures Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025171058/http://www.wfsf.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=108 |date=2009-10-25 }}</ref> has a comprehensive survey of global futures programs and courses. The Acceleration Studies Foundation maintains an annotated list of primary and secondary graduate futures studies programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accelerating.org/gradprograms.html |title=Foresight and Futures Studies – Global Academic Programs |publisher=Accelerating.org |date=2005-11-04 |accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref>

Organizations such as [http://www.teachthefuture.org/ Teach The Future] also aim to promote futurology in the secondary school curriculum in order to develop structured approaches to thinking about the future in public school students. The rationale is that a sophisticated approach to thinking about, anticipating, and planning for the future is a core skill requirement that every student should have, similar to literacy and math skills.

== Applications of foresight and specific fields ==

===General applicability and use of foresight products===

Several corporations and government agencies utilize foresight products to both better understand potential risks and prepare for potential opportunities. Several government agencies publish material for internal stakeholders as well as make that material available to broader public. Examples of this include the US Congressional Budget Office long term budget projections,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/45308|title=Long-Term Budget Projections|work=Congressional Budget Office}}</ref> the National Intelligence Center,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization/national-intelligence-council-global-trends|title=National Intelligence Council|author=Super User|work=dni.gov|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301030845/http://www.dni.gov/index.php/about/organization/national-intelligence-council-global-trends|archivedate=2015-03-01}}</ref> and the United Kingdom Government Office for Science.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/foresight-projects|title=Foresight projects|work=www.gov.uk}}</ref> Much of this material is used by policy makers to inform policy decisions and government agencies to develop long term plan. Several corporations, particularly those with long product development lifecycles, utilize foresight and future studies products and practitioners in the development of their business strategies. The Shell Corporation is one such entity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shell.com/global/future-energy/scenarios.html |title=Shell Scenarios |work=shell.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307044027/http://www.shell.com/global/future-energy/scenarios.html |archivedate=2015-03-07 }}</ref> Foresight professionals and their tools are increasingly being utilized in both the private and public areas to help leaders deal with an increasingly complex and interconnected world.

===Design===
Design and futures studies have many synergies as interdisciplinary fields with a natural orientation towards the future. Both incorporate studies of human behavior, global trends, strategic insights, and anticipatory solutions.

Designers have adopted futures methodologies including scenarios, trend forecasting, and futures research. Design thinking and specific techniques including ethnography, rapid prototyping, and critical design have been incorporated into in futures as well. In addition to borrowing techniques from one another, futurists and designers have joined to form agencies marrying both competencies to positive effect. The continued interrelation of the two fields is an encouraging trend that has spawned much interesting work.

The Association for Professional Futurists has also held meetings discussing the ways in which Design Thinking and Futures Thinking intersect and benefit one another.

===Imperial cycles and world order===

Imperial cycles represent an "expanding pulsation" of "mathematically describable" macro-historic trend.<ref>Hornell Hart, "The Logistic Growth of Political Areas," ''Social Forces'', 26, (1948): 396-7; [[Raoul Naroll]], "Imperial Cycles and World Order," ''Peace Research Society'', 7, (1967): 100-101.</ref> The [[List of largest empires]] contains imperial record progression in terms of territory or percentage of world population under single imperial rule.

Chinese philosopher [[K'ang Yu-wei]] and French demographer [[Georges Vacher de Lapouge]] in the late 19th century were the first to stress that the trend cannot proceed indefinitely on the definite surface of the globe. The trend is bound to culminate in a world empire. K'ang Yu-wei estimated that the matter will be decided in the contest between Washington and Berlin; Vacher de Lapouge foresaw this contest between the United States and Russia and estimated the chance of the United States higher.<ref>[[K'ang Yu-wei]], ''The One World Philosophy'', (tr. Thompson, Lawrence G., London, 1958), pp 79-80, 85; George [[Vacher de Lapouge]], ''L'Aryen: Son Rôle Social'', (Nantes: 1899), chapter " L`Avenir des Aryens."</ref> Both published their futures studies before [[H. G. Wells]] introduced the science of future in his ''[[Anticipations]]'' (1901).

Four later anthropologists—Hornell Hart, [[Raoul Naroll]], Louis Morano, and [[Robert Carneiro]]—researched the expanding imperial cycles. They reached the same conclusion that a world empire is not only pre-determined but close at hand and attempted to estimate the time of its appearance.<ref>Hornell, Hart, "The Logistic Growth of Political Areas," ''Social Forces'', 26, (1948): 396-408;
Raoul, Naroll, "Imperial Cycles and World Order," ''Peace Research Society'', 7, (1967): 83-101;
Louis A., Marano, "A Macrohistoric Trend Towards World Government", ''Behavior Science Notes'', 8, (1973): 35-40;
Robert Carneiro, "Political Expansion as an Expression of the Principle of Competitive Exclusion", ''Studying War: Anthropological Perspective'', eds. Reyna, Stephen P. & Dawns, Richard Erskine, Gordon and Breach, New Hampshire, 1994;
Robert Carneiro, "The Political Unification of the World", ''Cross Cultural Survey'', 38/2, (2004), 162-177.</ref>

===Education===
As foresight has expanded to include a broader range of social concerns all levels and types of education have been addressed, including formal and informal education. Many countries are beginning to implement Foresight in their Education policy. A few programs are listed below:
* Finland's FinnSight 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aka.fi/Tiedostot/Tiedostot/Julkaisut/Finnsight_2015_EN.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105090726/http://www.aka.fi/Tiedostot/Tiedostot/Julkaisut/Finnsight_2015_EN.pdf |archivedate=2010-11-05 }}</ref> - Implementation began in 2006 and though at the time was not referred to as "Foresight" they tend to display the characteristics of a foresight program.
* Singapore's Ministry of Education Master plan for Information Technology in Education<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2008/08/moe-launches-third-masterplan.php |title=Ministry of Education, Singapore: Press Releases - MOE Launches Third Masterplan for ICT in Education |work=moe.gov.sg |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318213142/http://www.moe.gov.sg/media/press/2008/08/moe-launches-third-masterplan.php |archivedate=2015-03-18 }}</ref> - This third Masterplan continues what was built on in the 1st and 2nd plans to transform learning environments to equip students to compete in a [[knowledge economy]].
*The World Future Society, founded in 1966, is the largest and longest-running community of futurists in the world. WFS established and built futurism from the ground up—through publications, global summits, and advisory roles to world leaders in business and government.<ref name=":1" />

By the early 2000s, educators began to independently institute futures studies (sometimes referred to as futures thinking) lessons in K-12 classroom environments.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Strong|first1=Kay|last2=Bishop|first2=Peter|title=Case Study: Futurizing the K-12 Teaching Practice|url=http://jfsdigital.org/articles-and-essays/2011-2/vol-15-no-4-june/symposium/case-study-futurizing-the-k-12-teaching-practice|website=Journal of Futures Studies|publisher=Tamkang University, Tamsui Campus|accessdate=23 February 2018|date=2011-06-05}}</ref> To meet the need, non-profit futures organizations designed curriculum plans to supply educators with materials on the topic. Many of the curriculum plans were developed to meet [[Common Core State Standards Initiative|common core standards]]. Futures studies education methods for youth typically include age-appropriate collaborative activities, games, systems thinking and scenario building exercises.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mack|first1=Timothy C.|title=Good Roads and Potholes: Teaching Foresight to Younger Children|url=http://jfsdigital.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/154-S05.pdf|publisher=Journal of Futures Studies|accessdate=25 February 2018}}</ref>

===Science fiction===
Wendell Bell and Ed Cornish acknowledge science fiction as a catalyst to future studies, conjuring up visions of tomorrow.<ref name="Morgan, Matthew J 2003">Morgan, Matthew J. "On the Fringes: Future Opportunities for Futures Studies." Futures Research Quarterly 19.3 (2003): 5-20. Web. 4 March 2015</ref> Science fiction's potential to provide an “imaginative social vision” is its contribution to futures studies and public perspective. Productive sci-fi presents plausible, normative scenarios.<ref name="Morgan, Matthew J 2003"/> Jim Dator attributes the foundational concepts of “images of the future” to Wendell Bell, for clarifying Fred Polak's concept in Images of the Future, as it applies to futures studies.<ref>Dator, Jim. "Wendell Bell: The Futurist Who Would Put My Grandmother in Prison.” Futures 43.6 (2011): 578-82. Web. 4 May 2015</ref><ref name="Polak, Fred 1973">Polak, Fred, and Boulding, Elise. The Image of the Future. (1973). Print.</ref> Similar to futures studies’ scenarios thinking, empirically supported visions of the future are a window into what the future could be. However, unlike in futures studies, most science fiction works present a single alternative, unless the narrative deals with multiple timelines or alternative realities, such as in the works of [[Philip K. Dick|Phillip K. Dick]], and a multitude of small and big screen works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-alt-history-usa-ae-0115-20170112-column.html|title=Alternate timelines and side-by-side universes no longer just for science fiction|last=Borrelli|first=Christopher|website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> Pamela Sargent states, “Science fiction reflects attitudes typical of this century.” She gives a brief history of impactful sci-fi publications, like [[Foundation series|The Foundation Trilogy]], by [[Isaac Asimov]] and Starship Troopers, by [[Robert A. Heinlein]].<ref name="Sargent Pamela 1975 pp. 433-441">Women in science fiction. Sargent Pamela. (1975) Futures, 7 (5), pp. 433-441.</ref> Alternate perspectives validate sci-fi as part of the fuzzy “images of the future.”<ref name="Polak, Fred 1973"/> However, the challenge is the lack of consistent futures research based literature frameworks.<ref name="Sargent Pamela 1975 pp. 433-441"/> Ian Miles reviews The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction,” identifying ways Science Fiction and Futures Studies “cross-fertilize, as well as the ways in which they differ distinctly.” Science Fiction cannot be simply considered fictionalized Futures Studies. It may have aims other than foresight or “prediction, and be no more concerned with shaping the future than any other genre of literature.” <ref>Fiction and forecasting. Ian Miles. (1990) Futures, 22 (1), pp. 83-91</ref> It is not to be understood as an explicit pillar of futures studies, due to its inconsistency of integrated futures research. Additionally, Dennis Livingston, a literature and Futures journal critic says, “The depiction of truly alternative societies has not been one of science fiction’s strong points, especially” preferred, normative envisages.<ref>Science Fiction Survey. Dennis Livingston. Futures, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1972, Pages 97-98</ref> The strengths of the genre as a form of futurist thinking are discussed by Tom Lombardo, who argues that select science fiction "combines a highly detailed and concrete level of realism with theoretical speculation on the future", "addresses all the main dimensions of the future and synthesizes all these dimensions into integrative visions of the future", and "reflects contemporary and futurist thinking", therefore it "can be viewed as the mythology of the future."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centerforfutureconsciousness.com/pdf_files/Readings/ScienceFictionShortArticleJuly2005.pdf|title=Science Fiction as the Mythology of the Future|last=Lombardo|first=Tom|date=July 2005|website=Center for Future Consciousness|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

It is notable that although there are no hard limits on horizons in future studies and foresight efforts, typical future horizons explored are within the realm of the practical and do not span more than a few decades.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Futures Toolkit: Tools for Futures Thinking and Foresight Across UK Government|last=|first=|publisher=UK Government Office of Science|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=3}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are hard science fiction works that can be applicable as visioning exercises that span longer periods of time when the topic is of a significant time scale, such as is in the case of [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]'s [[Mars trilogy|Mars Trilogy]], which deals with the terraforming of Mars and extends two centuries forward through the early 23rd century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/kim-stanley-robinson-red-moon/|title=The Sci-Fi Novelist Who Writes Like the Past to Warn of the Future|last=Rogers|first=Adam|date=2018-10-22|work=Wired|access-date=2019-02-24|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> In fact, there is some overlap between science fiction writers and professional futurists such as in the case of [[David Brin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://innotechtoday.com/davidbrin/|title=David Brin, Our Conversation with a Futurist|date=2016-12-13|website=Innovation & Tech Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidbrin.com/|title=worlds of David Brin|website=www.davidbrin.com|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> Arguably, the work of science fiction authors has seeded many ideas that have later been developed (be it technological or social in nature) - from early works of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells to the later [[Arthur C. Clarke]] and [[William Gibson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rossdawson.com/blog/savvy-sci-fi-futurists-21-science-fiction-writers-who-predicted-inventions-way-ahead-of-their-time/|title=Savvy sci-fi futurists: 21 science fiction writers who predicted inventions way ahead of their time|last=Cartwright|first=Vanessa|date=2015-09-19|website=Ross Dawson|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.media/science-fiction-novels-that-have-predicted-the-future|title=Science Fiction Novels That Have Predicted the Future|website=futurism.media|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref> Beyond literary works, futures studies and futurists have influenced film and TV works. The 2002 movie adaptation of Phillip K. Dick's novel Minority report had a group of consultants to build a realistic vision of the future, including futurists Peter Schwartz.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/minority-report-idea-summit/|title=Inside Minority Report's 'Idea Summit,' Visionaries Saw the Future|last=Staff|first=WIRED|date=2012-06-21|work=Wired|access-date=2019-02-24|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> TV shows such as HBO's [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]], and Channel 4/Netflix' [[Black Mirror]] follow many of the rules of futures studies to build the world, the scenery and story telling in a way futurists would in experiential scenarios and works.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/10/westworld-ask-a-futurist.html|title=How Realistic Is Westworld? We Asked a Futurist|last=Shapiro|first=Lila|date=October 10, 2016|website=Vulture|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/black-mirror-predictions-reality-2016-10|title=14 terrifying predictions from 'Black Mirror' that could become reality|last=Weller|first=Chris|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref>

=== Government agencies ===
Several governments have formalized strategic foresight agencies to encourage long range strategic societal planning, with most notable are the governments of Singapore, Finland, and the United Arab Emirates. Other governments with strategic foresight agencies include Canada's [http://www.horizons.gc.ca/en Policy Horizons Canada] and the [[Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology#myForesight® (Malaysian Foresight Institute)|Malaysia's Malaysian Foresight Institute]].

The Singapore government's [[Centre for Strategic Futures]] (CSF) is part of the Strategy Group within the Prime Minister's Office. Their mission is to position the Singapore government to navigate emerging strategic challenges and harness potential opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csf.gov.sg/about-us/vision-mission|title=Singapore Centre for Strategic Futures Mission|last=|first=|date=3 July 2015|website=Centre for Strategic Futures, Singapore|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> Singapore's early formal efforts in strategic foresight began in 1991 with the establishment of the Risk Detection and Scenario Planning Office in the Ministry of Defence.<ref name=Kuosa2011>{{cite book|last1=Kuosa|first1=Tuoma|title=Practising Strategic Foresight in Government: The Case of Finland, Singapore, and the European Union|publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|location=Singapore|isbn=978-981-08-8860-2|page=47|edition=2011|url=http://www.forschungsnetzwerk.at/downloadpub/RSIS-Monograph19.pdf|accessdate=22 February 2018|year=2011}}</ref> In addition to the CSF, the Singapore government has established the Strategic Futures Network, which brings together deputy secretary-level officers and foresight units across the government to discuss emerging trends that may have implications for Singapore.<ref name=Kuosa2011 />

Since the 1990s, Finland has integrated strategic foresight within the parliament and Prime Minister's Office.<ref name=Boston2017>{{cite book|last1=Boston|first1=Jonathan|title=Governing for the Future: Designing Democratic Institutions for a Better Tomorrow|date=2017|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing Limited|location=Bradford, UK|isbn=978-1-78635-056-5|pages=403–420|edition=2017}}</ref> The government is required to present a “Report of the Future” each parliamentary term for review by the parliamentary Committee for the Future. Led by the Prime Minister's Office, the Government Foresight Group coordinates the government's foresight efforts.<ref name=Boston2011 /> Futures research is supported by the Finnish Society for Futures Studies (established in 1980), the Finland Futures Research Centre (established in 1992), and the Finland Futures Academy (established in 1998) in coordination with foresight units in various government agencies.<ref name=Boston2011 />

In the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid, Vice President and Ruler of Dubai, announced in September 2016 that all government ministries were to appoint Directors of Future Planning. Sheikh Mohammed described the UAE Strategy for the Future as an "integrated strategy to forecast our nation’s future, aiming to anticipate challenges and seize opportunities".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenational.ae/uae/sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-announces-uae-strategy-for-the-future|title=Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announces UAE Strategy for the Future {{!}} The National|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> The [https://www.mocaf.gov.ae/en/area-of-focus/future-foresight Ministry of Cabinet Affairs and Future](MOCAF) is mandated with crafting the UAE Strategy for the Future and is responsible for the portfolio of the future of UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mocaf.gov.ae/docs/default-source/default-document-library/pr-infographic-visual-approved-en.pdf?status=Temp&sfvrsn=0.03206219086943629|title=UAE Future Strategy|website=United Arab Emirates Ministry of Cabinet Affairs & The Future|archive-url=https://www.mocaf.gov.ae/en/area-of-focus/future-foresight|archive-date=24 February 2017|url-status=|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref>

===Risk analysis and management===
{{Expand section|date=December 2016}}
{{Further|Risk management}}
Foresight is a framework or lens which could be used in risk analysis and management in a medium- to long-term time range. A typical formal foresight project would identify key drivers and uncertainties relevant to the scope of analysis.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bishop|first1=Peter|title=Thinking about the Future: Guidelines for Strategic Foresight, 2nd Edition|publisher=Hinesight|location=Houston|isbn=978-099-677-3409|page=371|edition=2015|date=2015-10-10}}</ref>
It would also analyze how the drivers and uncertainties could interact to create the most probable scenarios of interest and what risks they might contain. An additional step would be identifying actions to avoid or minimize these risks.

One classic example of such work was how foresight work at the Royal Dutch Shell international oil company led to envision the turbulent oil prices of the 1970s as a possibility and better embed this into company planning. Yet the practice at Shell focuses on stretching the company's thinking rather than in making predictions. Its planning is meant to link and embed scenarios in “organizational processes such as strategy making, innovation, risk management, public affairs, and leadership development.”<ref>{{cite article|last1=Kupers|first1=Roland|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Angela|title=Living in the Futures|url=https://hbr.org/2013/05/living-in-the-futures|publisher=Harvard Business Review|edition=May 2013}}</ref>

Foresight studies can also consider the possibility of “wild card” events – or events that many consider would be impossible to envision – although often such events can be imagined as remote possibilities as part of foresight work. One of many possible areas of focus for a foresight lens could also be identifying conditions for potential scenarios of high-level risks to society.

These risks may arise from the development and adoption of [[List of emerging technologies|emerging technologies]] and/or [[social change]]. Special interest lies on hypothetical future events that have the potential to damage human well-being on a global scale - [[global catastrophic risk]]s.<ref>{{cite book| authorlink= Nick Bostrom| first= Nick| last= Bostrom| date= 2008| url= http://www.global-catastrophic-risks.com/docs/Chap01.pdf| title= Global Catastrophic Risks| volume=| publisher= Oxford University Press | page = 1}}</ref> Such events may cripple or destroy [[Modernity|modern civilization]] or, in the case of existential risks, even cause [[human extinction]].<ref name="types">{{cite journal| authorlink=Nick Bostrom| first= Nick| last=Bostrom|date=March 2002| url= http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html| title= Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards| journal= [[Journal of Evolution and Technology]]| volume=9}}</ref> Potential global catastrophic risks include but are not limited to [[AI takeover|hostile artificial intelligence]], [[Molecular nanotechnology#Risks|nanotechnology weapons]], [[climate change]], [[Nuclear holocaust|nuclear warfare]], [[total war]], and [[pandemic]]s. The aim of a professional futurist would be to identify conditions that could lead to these events in order to create “pragmatically feasible roads to alternative futures.”<ref>{{cite article|last1=Steinmuller|first1=Karlheinz|last2=Petersen|first2=John L.|title=Wild Card|publisher=The Millenium Project: Futures Research Methodology|edition=2009}}</ref>

==Academic Programs and Research centers==
* [[University of Houston College of Technology#Houston Foresight Program|Houston Foresight Program]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uh.edu/technology/departments/hdcs/graduate/fore/|title=Master of Science in Foresight|author=|date=|website=www.uh.edu|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> [[University of Houston]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Graduate Program in Foresight|url=http://www.uh.edu/technology/programs/graduate/foresight/|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies]]
* The Foresight Programme, London, [[Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]]
* [[The Futures Academy]], [[Dublin Institute of Technology]], Ireland
* Hawaii Research Center for Futures Studies, [[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]
* [[Institute for Futures Research]], University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
* [[Institute for the Future]], [[Palo Alto, California]]
* [[National Intelligence Council]], Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Washington DC
* [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]] (MIRI), Berkeley CA (Previously known as the Singularity Institute )
* [[Tellus Institute]], Boston MA
* The Social Capital Foundation, Brussels, Belgium
* [[World Future Society]]
* [[World Futures Studies Federation]], world
* [[Future of Humanity Institute]]
* [[The Millennium Project]]
* [[MDes in Strategic Foresight and Innovation]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocadu.ca/academics/graduate-studies/strategic-foresight-and-innovation.htm|title=Strategic Foresight and Innovation (MDes) - OCAD U|website=www.ocadu.ca|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> OCAD University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ocadu.ca/|title=OCAD University|website=www.ocadu.ca|access-date=2019-04-19}}</ref> - Toronto, Canada

== Futurists ==
{{Main|Futurist}}
{{Tone|section|date=February 2019}}

Futurists are practitioners of the foresight profession, which seeks to provide organizations and individuals with images of the future to help them prepare for contingencies and to maximize opportunities. A foresight project begins with a question that ponders the future of any given subject area, including technology, medicine, government and business. Futurists engage in environmental scanning to search for drivers of change and emerging trends that may have an effect on the focus topic. The scanning process includes reviewing social media platforms, researching already prepared reports, engaging in Delphi studies, reading articles and any other sources of relevant information and preparing and analyzing data extrapolations. Then, through one of a number of highly structured methods<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hines |first1=Andy |title=Framework foresight for exploring emerging student needs |journal=On the Horizon |date=14 August 2017 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.1108/OTH-03-2017-0013}}</ref> futurists organize this information and use it to create multiple future scenarios for the topic, also known as a domain. The value of preparing many different versions of the future rather than a singular prediction is that they provide a client with the ability to prepare long-range plans that will weather and optimize a variety of contexts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sarpong |first1=David |last2=Amst |first2=Martin Nils |last3=Gaspar |first3=Tamás |title=Strategia Sapiens – strategic foresight in a new perspective |journal=Foresight |date=14 September 2015 |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=405–426 |doi=10.1108/FS-03-2015-0017}}</ref>

===Notable futurists===
{{main|List of futurologists}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Daniel Bell]]
* [[Wendell Bell]]
* [[Peter C. Bishop]]
* [[Nick Bostrom]]
* [[James Canton]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=technology&res=9E07E4DC143AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fC%2fClarke%2c%20Arthur%20C%2e "Compressed Data; On a Futurists' Forum, Money Backs Up Predictions", ''The New York Times'', April 1, 2002]</ref>
* [[Richard A. Clarke]]
* [[James Dator|Jim Dator]]
* [[Leonardo da Vinci]] ([[Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci#Flight|Flight]])
* [[Nicolas De Santis]]
* [[Peter Diamandis]]
* [[Walt Disney]]
* [[R. P. Eddy]]
* [[Mahdi Elmandjra]]
* [[Jacque Fresco]]<ref name=Fresco>{{cite web|last=Fresco|first=Jacque|title=The Venus Project|url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/|work=The Venus Project: Beyond Politics, Poverty, and War|accessdate=16 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806214148/https://www.thevenusproject.com/|archive-date=6 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[George Friedman]]
* [[Hugo de Garis]]
* [[Ben Goertzel]]
* [[Arthur Harkins]]
* [[Stephen Hawking]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,545653,00.html|title=Alter our DNA or robots will take over, warns Hawking|author=Nick Paton Walsh|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2001-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6158855.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - Move to new planet, says Hawking|work=bbc.co.uk|date=2006-11-30}}</ref>
* [[Aldous Huxley]] ("''[[Brave New World]]''")
* [[Sohail Inayatullah]]
* [[Mitchell Joachim]]
* [[Bill Joy]]
* [[Robert Jungk]]
* [[Herman Kahn]]
* [[Michio Kaku]]
* [[Ray Kurzweil]]
* [[Stanislaw Lem]] (″''[[Summa Technologiae]]''″)
* [[Max More]]
* [[George Orwell]] ("''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''")
* [[David Passig]]
* [[Kim Stanley Robinson]]
* [[Michel Saloff Coste]]
* [[Anders Sandberg]]
* [[Peter Schwartz (futurist)|Peter Schwartz]]
* [[Mark Stevenson]] ("''[[An Optimist's Tour of the Future]]''")
* [[Alvin Toffler]] ("''[[Future Shock]]''")
* [[Jules Verne]] ("''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]''")
* [[Natasha Vita-More]]
* [[H. G. Wells]] ([[World Brain]])
* [[Eliezer Yudkowsky]]
* [[Ziauddin Sardar]]
* [[Ashis Nandy]]
* [[Buckminster Fuller]]
}}

==Books==

=== APF's list of most significant futures works===
The [[Association for Professional Futurists]] recognizes the Most Significant Futures Works for the purpose of identifying and rewarding the work of foresight professionals and others whose work illuminates aspects of the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apf.org/msfw/|title=Most Significant Futures Works - Association of Professional Futurists|author=|date=|website=apf.org|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>

{{colbegin}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Author !! Title
|-
| [[Bertrand de Jouvenel]] || ''L’Art de la conjecture (The Art of Conjecture), 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=de Jouvenel |first1=Bertrand |title=L'Art de la conjecture |date=2008 |isbn=978-1412847483 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Donella Meadows]] || '' [[The Limits to Growth]], 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Meadows |first1=Donella |title=Limits to Growth |isbn=978-1931498586 |year=2004 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Peter Schwartz (futurist)|Peter Schwartz]] || '' The Art of the Long View, 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartz |first1=Peter |title=The Art of the Long View |date=2008 |isbn=978-0385267328 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Ray Kurzweil]] || '' The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence, 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurzweil |first1=Ray |title=The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence |date=2008 |isbn=978-0140282023 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofspiritualm000kurz }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Jerome C. Glenn]] & Theodore J. Gordon || '' Futures Research Methodology Version 2.0, 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Glenn |first1=Jerome C. |title=Futures Research Methodology |date=2008 |isbn=978-0981894119 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Jerome C. Glenn]] & Theodore J. Gordon || '' The State of the Future, 2008 ''
|-
| [[Jared Diamond]] || '' [[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]], 2008 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Diamond |first1=Jared |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |isbn=978-0143117001 |year=2011 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Richard Slaughter]] || '' The Biggest Wake up Call in History, 2012 ''
|-
| [[Richard Slaughter]] || '' The Knowledge Base of Futures Studies, 2008 ''
|-
| [[Worldwatch Institute]] || '' [[State of the World (book series)]], 2008 ''
|-
| [[Nassim Nicholas Taleb]] || '' [[The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable]], 2012 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Taleb |first1=Nassim Nicholas |title=The Black Swan |isbn=978-0812973815 |year=2010 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Tim Jackson (economist)]] || '' [[Prosperity Without Growth]], 2012 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Tim |title=Prosperity Without Growth |isbn=978-1138935419 |date=December 2016 }}</ref>''
|-
| [[Jørgen Randers]] || '' [[2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years]], 2013 ''
|-
| Stroom den Haag || '' Food for the City, 2013 ''
|-
| [[Andy Hines]] & [[Peter C. Bishop]] || '' Teaching About the Future, 2014 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Hines |first1=Andy |title=Teaching About the Future |isbn=978-0230363496 |date=2012-06-26 }}</ref>''
|-
| James A. Dator || '' Advancing Futures - Futures Studies in Higher Education ''
|-
| [[Ziauddin Sardar]] || '' Future: All that Matters, 2014 ''
|-
| [[Emma Marris]] || '' Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World, 2014 ''
|-
| [[Sohail Inayatullah]] || '' What Works: Case Studies in the Practice of Foresight, 2016 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Inayatullah |first1=Sohail |title=What Works: Case Studies in the Practice of Foresight |date=August 2015 |pages=299 |url=https://www.amazon.com/What-Works-Studies-Practice-Foresight-ebook/dp/B014JEXKB8/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=What+Works%3A+Case+Studies&qid=1551055173&s=gateway&sr=8-1}}</ref>''
|}

{{colend}}

===Other notable foresight books===

{{colbegin|colwidth=}}

* ''[[Physics of the Impossible|Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel]]'' ([[Michio Kaku]])
* ''[[Physics of the Future|Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100]]'' ([[Michio Kaku]])
* ''[[The Future of the Mind|The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind]]'' ([[Michio Kaku]])
* ''[[The Age of Intelligent Machines]]'' ([[Ray Kurzweil]])
* ''[[The Singularity Is Near|The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology]]'' ([[Ray Kurzweil]])
* ''[[Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think]]'' ([[Peter Diamandis]])
* ''[[Brave New World]]'' ([[Aldous Huxley]])
* ''[[The Next 100 Years|The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century]]'' ([[George Friedman]])
* ''[[Future Shock]]'' ([[Alvin Toffler]])
* ''Thinking About the Future'' ([[Andy Hines]] and [[Peter C. Bishop]])
* ''[[The Third Wave (Toffler book)|The Third Wave]]'' (Alvin Toffler)
* ''[[Futurewise (book)|Futurewise: Six Faces of Global Change]]'' ([[Patrick Dixon]])
* ''[[Our Final Hour]]'' ([[Martin Rees]])
* ''[[The Revenge of Gaia]]'' ([[James Lovelock]])
* ''[[The Skeptical Environmentalist]]'' ([[Bjørn Lomborg]])
* ''Surviving 1,000 Centuries Can We Do It?'' (Roger-Maurice Bonnet and [[Lodewijk Woltjer]])
* ''[[Paris in the Twentieth Century]]'' ([[Jules Verne]])
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' ([[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]])
* ''[[An Anarchist FAQ]]'' (Iain McKay)
* ''[[Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow]]'' ([[Yuval Noah Harari]], 2016)
* ''[[Warnings (book)|Warnings]]: Finding Cassandras to Stop Catastrophes'', [[Richard A. Clarke]] and [[R. P. Eddy]]
* ''Future Agenda'' Tim Jones
* ''Social Theory and Social Change'' Trevor Nobel
* ''Scenario-based Strategy'' Paul De Ruijter
* ''Scenario Planning: The Link between Future and Strategy'' Mats Lindgren & Hans Banhold
* ''Creating Better Futures'' Jay Ogilvy
* ''Questioning the Future: Methods and Tools for Organisational and Societal Transformation'' [[Sohail Inayatullah]]
* ''Strategic Foresight: Learning from the Future'' Patricia Lustig
* ''History and Future: Using Historical Thinking to Imagine the Future'' David Stanley

{{colend}}

For further suggestions, please visit [https://wfsf.org/resources/leala-pedagogical-resources/bibliographies/34-bishop-futures-bibliography/file A Resource Bibliography by Dr. Peter Bishop]

===Periodicals and journals===

{{colbegin|colwidth=}}

* [[Futures (journal)]]
* [[Foresight (futures studies journal)|Foresight]]
* [[Futures & Foresight Science]]
* [[Journal of Futures Studies]]
* World Futures Review<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/home/wfr | title=World Futures Review}}</ref>
* [[Technological Forecasting and Social Change]]
* [[International Journal of Forecasting]]
* [[The Futurist (magazine)]] ([[World Future Society]])
* [[European Journal of Futures Research]]
{{colend}}

==Organizations==
=== Foresight professional networks ===
* [[World Future Society]]
* [[World Futures Studies Federation]]
* [[The Millennium Project]]
* [[Association of Professional Futurists]]

=== Public-sector foresight organizations ===

* [[National Intelligence Council]]
* [[NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts]]
* [[Government Office for Science]] (United Kingdom)
* [[Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology|MiGHT - Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology]]

=== Non-governmental foresight organizations ===

{{colbegin}}
* [[RAND Corporation]]
* [[Hudson Institute]]
* [[Club of Rome]]
* [[Institute for the Future]]
* [[Copenhagen Institute for Futures Studies]]
* [[Tellus Institute]]
* [[Global Business Network]]
* [[The Arlington Institute]]
* [[Global Scenario Group]]
* [[The Venus Project]]
* [[Long Now Foundation]]
* [[TechCast Project]]
* [[Machine Intelligence Research Institute]]
* [[Strategic Foresight Group]]
* [[Future of Humanity Institute]]
* [[Project 2049 Institute]]
* [[World Future Council]], Germany
* [[Acceleration Studies Foundation]] [http://accelerating.org]
{{colend}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Accelerating change}}
* {{annotated link|Dual inheritance theory|aka=Biocultural evolution}}
* {{annotated link|Cliodynamics}}
* {{annotated link|Futurism (Christianity)}}
* {{annotated link|Foresight (psychology)}}
* {{annotated link|List of emerging technologies}}
* {{annotated link|Human genetic engineering}}
* {{annotated link|Human overpopulation}}
* {{annotated link|Template:Human timeline|Human timeline}}
* {{annotated link|Intelligence assessment}}
* {{annotated link|Template:Life timeline|Life timeline}}
* {{annotated link|Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline}}
* {{annotated link|Outline of futures studies}}
* {{annotated link|Planning}} (forethought)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{wikibooks|Futurology}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{curlie|Society/Future|Future}}

{{Time topics}}

[[Category:Futurology| ]]
[[Category:Prediction]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Technology forecasting]]
[[Category:Systems thinking]]

Soft drink

2019-12-27T18:38:01Z

Guillom: {{redirect|Soda pop}}

{{Use American English|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|sweetened non-alcoholic drink, often carbonated}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{redirect|Soda pop}}
[[File:Tumbler of cola with ice.jpg|thumb|A glass of [[cola]] served with [[ice cube]]s]]

A '''soft drink''' (see [[#Terminology|§ Terminology]] for other names) is a [[drink]] that usually contains [[carbonated water]] (although some [[lemonade]]s are not carbonated), a [[Sweetness|sweetener]], and a natural or [[Artificial Flavoring|artificial flavoring]]. The [[sweetener]] may be a [[sugar]], [[high-fructose corn syrup]], [[fruit juice]], a [[sugar substitute]] (in the case of [[diet drink|''diet drinks'']]), or some combination of these. Soft drinks may also contain [[caffeine]], [[Food coloring|colorings]], [[preservative]]s, and/or other ingredients.

Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "[[Hard drink|hard]]" [[alcoholic drink]]s. Small amounts of [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] may be present in a soft drink, but the [[Alcohol by volume|alcohol content]] must be less than 0.5% of the total volume of the drink in many countries and localities<ref name="ECFE">{{cite web
|title = Electronic Code of Federal Regulations
|publisher = United States Government
|url = http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.5;idno=27;cc=ecfr#27:1.0.1.1.5.8.41.1
|accessdate = February 25, 2011
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110613055506/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=33fc0c0194b58b6fe95208945b5c637a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=27%3A1.0.1.1.5;idno=27;cc=ecfr#27:1.0.1.1.5.8.41.1
|archivedate = June 13, 2011
}} See §7.71, paragraphs (e) and (f).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alcoholfree.co.uk/article_info.php?articles_id=5 |title=What Is Meant By Alcohol-Free? : The Alcohol-Free Shop |publisher=Alcoholfree.co.uk |date=January 8, 2012 |accessdate=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220164849/http://www.alcoholfree.co.uk/article_info.php?articles_id=5 |archive-date=February 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> if the drink is to be considered [[Non-alcoholic drink|non-alcoholic]].<ref>''Bangor Daily News'', April 8, 2010. http://www.bangordailynews.com/detail/126224.html{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fruit punch]], [[tea]] (even [[kombucha]]), and other such non-alcoholic drinks are technically soft drinks by this definition, but are not generally referred to as such. Unsweetened [[sparkling water]] may be consumed as an alternative to soft drinks.

Soft drinks may be served chilled, over [[ice]] cubes, or at room temperature, especially soda. They are available in many container formats, including [[Soda can|cans]], [[glass bottles]], and [[plastic bottles]]. Containers come in a variety of sizes, ranging from small bottles to large multi-liter containers. Soft drinks are widely available at [[fast food restaurant]]s, [[movie theater]]s, [[convenience store]]s, [[casual-dining restaurants]], dedicated [[soda store]]s, and [[bar]]s from [[soda fountain]] machines. Soft drinks are usually served in [[paper]] or [[plastic]] [[disposable cup]]s in the first three venues. In casual dining restaurants and bars, soft drinks are often served in [[List of glassware|glasses]] made from glass or plastic. Soft drinks may be drunk with straws or sipped directly from the cups.

Soft drinks are mixed with other ingredients in several contexts. In Western countries, in bars and other places where alcohol is served (e.g. airplanes, restaurants and nightclubs), many [[mixed drink]]s are made by blending a soft drink with hard liquor and serving the drink over ice. One well-known example is the [[rum and coke]], which may also contain [[lime juice]]. Some homemade [[fruit punch]] recipes, which may or may not contain alcohol, contain a mixture of various [[fruit juice]]s and a soft drink (e.g. [[ginger ale]]). At [[ice cream parlor]]s and 1950s-themed [[diner]]s, [[ice cream float]]s, and specifically [[root beer floats]], are often sold. Examples of brands include [[Coca-Cola]], [[Pepsi]], [[Sprite (drink)|Sprite]], [[Sierra Mist]], [[Fanta]], [[Sunkist (soft drink)|Sunkist]], [[Mountain Dew]], [[Dr. Pepper]], and [[7 UP]].

==Terminology==
{{see also|Names for soft drinks in the United States}}
While the term "soft drink" is commonly used in product labeling and on restaurant menus, in many countries these drinks are more commonly referred to by regional names, including ''carbonated drink'', ''cool drink'', ''cold drink'', ''fizzy drink'', ''fizzy juice'', ''lolly water'', ''pop'', ''seltzer'', ''soda'', ''coke'', ''soda pop'', ''tonic'', and ''mineral''.<ref name=dialect>{{cite web|last=Vaux|first=Bert|year=2003|title=105. What is your generic term for a sweetened carbonated beverage?|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_105.html|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|accessdate=2011-06-03}}</ref><ref name=irish>{{cite web|url=http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/word-lists/funny-irish-words-and-phrases.html |title=Funny Irish Words and Phrases |publisher=Grammar.yourdictionary.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> Due to the high sugar content in typical soft drinks, they may also be called ''sugary drinks''.

In the United States, the 2003 [[Harvard University|Harvard]] Dialect Survey tracked the usage of the nine most common names. Over half of the survey respondents preferred the term "soda", which was dominant in the Northeastern United States, California, and the areas surrounding Milwaukee and St. Louis. The term "pop", which was preferred by 25% of the respondents, was most popular in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, while the [[genericized trademark]] "coke", used by 12% of the respondents, was most popular in the Southern United States.<ref name=dialect/> The term "tonic" is distinctive to eastern [[Massachusetts]], although usage is declining.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/03/24/boston-word-tonic-gives-way-soda/QpbSyMXlJvvESSVERxb6iP/story.html|title=In Boston, the word 'tonic' gives way to 'soda' |work=BostonGlobe.com|accessdate=September 8, 2015}}</ref>

In the English-speaking parts of Canada, the term "pop" is prevalent, but "soft drink" is the most common English term used in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/why-do-some-places-say-pop-and-others-say-soda-your-questions-answered/article4186849/|title=Why do some places say 'pop' and others say 'soda'? Your questions answered|work=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=September 8, 2015}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the terms "fizzy drink" is common. "Pop" and "fizzy pop" are used in Northern England, South Wales, and the Midlands, while<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.effingpot.com/food.shtml|title=The Best of British|work=effingpot.com|accessdate=September 8, 2015}}</ref> "mineral"<ref name=irish/> or "lemonade" (as a general term) are used in Ireland. In Scotland, "fizzy juice" or even simply "juice" is colloquially encountered. In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], "fizzy drink" or "soft drink" is typically used.<ref>For example, in [http://www.smh.com.au/business/cocacola-amatil-admits-cutting-back-on-sugar-as-attitudes-change-on-health-and-investment-20150911-gjkof3.html "Coca-Cola Amatil admits cutting back on sugar as attitudes change on health and investment"] – ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.</ref> In [[South African English]], "cool drink" and "cold drink" are used,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cool-drink|title=Definition of "cool drink"|work= Collins English Dictionary|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> but in South African [[Indian English]], "cool drink" is most prevalent. Older people often use the term "mineral".

==History==
The origins of soft drinks lie in the development of fruit-flavored drinks. In the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Middle East]], a variety of fruit-flavored soft drinks were widely drunk, such as [[sharbat]], and were often sweetened with ingredients such as [[sugar]], [[syrup]] and [[honey]]. Other common ingredients included [[lemon]], [[apple]], [[pomegranate]], [[tamarind]], [[jujube]], [[sumac]], [[musk]], [[Mentha|mint]] and [[ice]]. Middle Eastern drinks later became [[Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe|popular in medieval Europe]], where the word "syrup" was derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Meri|first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1135455961|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|language=en}}</ref> In [[Tudor England]], 'water imperial' was widely drunk; it was a sweetened drink with lemon flavor and containing [[cream of tartar]]. 'Manays Cryste' was a
sweetened cordial flavored with rosewater, violets or cinnamon.<ref name="Emmins">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|title=SOFT DRINKS Their origins and history|author=Colin Emmins}}</ref>

Another early type of soft drink was lemonade, made of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water. The ''Compagnie des Limonadiers'' of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks in 1676. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to Parisians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year= |title =Soft Drink |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher= |location=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552397/soft-drink |id=}}</ref>

===Carbonated drinks===
{{merge from|section=yes|Carbonated drink|discuss=Talk:Soft drink#Merge "Carbonated drink"|date=January 2019}}
{{main|Carbonated drinks}}
[[File:Priestley Joseph pneumatic trough.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.6|Equipment used by [[Joseph Priestley]] in his experiments on gases and the carbonation of water|alt=Engraving of assorted scientific equipment, such as a pneumatic trough. A dead mouse rests under one glass canister.]]
In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated [[mineral water]]s. In 1767, Englishman [[Joseph Priestley]] first discovered a method of infusing water with [[carbon dioxide]] to make [[carbonated water]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Mary Bellis |url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blJosephPriestley.htm |title=Joseph Priestley — Soda Water — Joseph Priestley |publisher=Inventors.about.com |date=March 6, 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in [[Leeds]], England. His invention of carbonated water (also known as soda water) is the major and defining component of most soft drinks.<ref name="truetex.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |title=Impregnating Water with Fixed Air |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2013-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011559/http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Priestley found that water treated in this manner had a pleasant taste, and he offered it to his friends as a refreshing drink. In 1772, Priestley published a paper entitled ''Impregnating Water with Fixed Air'' in which he describes dripping ''oil of vitriol'' (or [[Sulphuric acid|sulfuric acid]] as it is now called) onto [[chalk]] to produce carbon dioxide gas, and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl of water.<ref name="truetex.com"/>

Another Englishman, [[John Mervin Nooth]], improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist [[Torbern Bergman]] invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] started to add flavors (spices, juices, and wine) to carbonated water in the late eighteenth century.

[[Thomas Henry (apothecary)|Thomas Henry]], an [[apothecary]] from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. His recipe for 'Bewley's Mephitic Julep' consisted of 3 [[dram (unit)|drachm]]s of fossil alkali to a [[quart]] of water, and the manufacture had to 'throw in streams of fixed air until all the alkaline taste is destroyed'.<ref name="Emmins" />

[[Johann Jacob Schweppe]] developed a similar process to manufacture [[carbonated]] [[mineral water]] at the same time. He founded the Schweppes Company in [[Geneva]] in 1783 to sell carbonated water,<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZkWAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Bar Book: Elements of Cocktail Technique | publisher=Chronicle Books | author=Morgenthaler, Jeffrey | year=2014 | pages=54| isbn=9781452130279 }}</ref> and relocated his business to London in 1792. His drink soon gained in popularity; among his new found patrons was [[Erasmus Darwin]]. In 1843, Schweppes commercialized [[Malvern Water]] at the Holywell Spring in the Malvern Hills, and received a royal warrant from King William IV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv|title=Heritage:Meet Jacob Schweppe|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012152023/http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv|archive-date=October 12, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

It was not long before flavoring was combined with carbonated water. The earliest reference to carbonated [[ginger beer]] is in a ''Practical Treatise on Brewing''. published in 1809. The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral [[water]] was considered at the time to be a healthy practice, and was promoted by advocates of [[temperance movement|temperance]]. Pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see [[birch beer]]), [[dandelion]], [[Smilax regelii|sarsaparilla]], fruit extracts, and other substances. Flavorings were also added to improve the taste.

===Mass market and industrialization===
[[File:(1883) SCHWEPPES MINERAL-WATERS.jpg|thumb|An 1883 advertisement for [[Schweppes]] Mineral-Waters]]

Soft drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed product, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers – an increase from just ten in the previous decade. Carbonated [[lemonade]] was widely available in British refreshment stalls in 1833,<ref>{{Cite book|title = SOFT DRINKS – Their origins and history|page=8 and 11|last = Emmins|first = Colin|publisher = Shire Publications Ltd|year = 1991|isbn = 0-7478-0125-8|location = Great Britain|url = http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf}}</ref> and in 1845 [[R. White's Lemonade]] went on sale in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chester homeless charity teams up with lemonade brand|url=http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-homeless-charity-teams-up-12254126|publisher=Chester Chronicle|date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> For the [[Great Exhibition]] of 1851 in London, Schweppes was designated the official drink supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, [[Seltzer water]] and soda-water. There was a Schweppes soda water fountain, situated directly at the entrance to the exhibition.<ref name="Emmins" />

Mixer drinks became popular in the second half of the century. [[Tonic water]] was originally [[quinine]] added to water as a [[prophylaxis|prophylactic]] against [[malaria]] and was consumed by British officials stationed in the tropical areas of [[South Asia]] and [[Africa]]. As the quinine powder was so bitter people began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raustiala|first=Kal|title=The Imperial Cocktail|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|publisher=[[The Slate Group]]|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> The [[mixed drink]] [[gin and tonic]] also originated in [[British India|British colonial India]], when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with [[gin]].<ref name="Emmins" />

[[File:Image-Codd bottle.jpg|thumb|The [[Codd-neck bottle]] provided an effective seal for soft drinks in the late 19th century]]
A persistent problem in the soft drinks industry was the lack of an effective sealing of the bottles. Carbonated drink [[bottle]]s are under great pressure from the gas, so inventors tried to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. The bottles could also explode if the pressure was too great. [[Hiram Codd]] devised a patented [[bottling]] machine while working at a small mineral water works in the [[Caledonian Road (London)|Caledonian Road]], [[Islington]], in London in 1870. His [[Codd-neck bottle]] was designed to enclose a [[marble]] and a [[rubber]] [[washer (mechanical)|washer]] in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured.<ref name="Emmins" />

By mid-1873 he had granted 20 licenses and received a further 50 applications. This was boosted further by a [[Trade fair|Trade Show]] held in London in the same year. By 1874 the license was free to bottle manufacturers as long as they purchased the marbles, sealing rings and used his groove tool, and the mineral water firms they traded with had already bought a license to use his bottle.

In 1892, the "[[Crown cork|Crown Cork Bottle Seal]]" was patented by [[William Painter (inventor)|William Painter]], a Baltimore, Maryland machine shop operator. It was the first bottle top to successfully keep the bubbles in the bottle. In 1899, the first patent was issued for a [[glass-blowing]] machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, [[Michael Joseph Owens|Michael Owens]], an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day.

In America, [[soda fountain]]s were initially more popular, and many Americans would frequent the soda fountain daily. Beginning in 1806, [[Yale University]] chemistry professor [[Benjamin Silliman]] sold soda waters in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, [[John Matthews (soda water manufacturer)|John Matthews]] of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains. Due to problems in the U.S. glass industry, bottled drinks remained a small portion of the market throughout much of the 19th century. (However, they were known in England. In ''[[The Tenant of Wildfell Hall]]'', published in 1848, the caddish Huntingdon, recovering from months of debauchery, wakes at noon and gulps a bottle of soda-water.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZEVaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA198&vq=soda&dq=%22tenant+of+Wildfell+Hall%22 |title=''Wildfell Hall'', ch. 30 |accessdate=2013-03-26|year=1922 |last1=Brontë |first1=Anne }}</ref>)

In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased exponentially, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market.

During the 1920s, "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar [[Carton|six-pack cartons]] made from cardboard. [[Vending machine]]s also began to appear in the 1920s. Since then, soft drink vending machines have become increasingly popular. Both hot and cold drinks are sold in these self-service machines throughout the world.

==Consumption==
Per capita consumption of soda varies considerably around the world. As of 2014, the top consuming countries per capita were Argentina, the United States, Chile, and Mexico. Developed countries in Europe and elsewhere in the Americas had considerably lower consumption. Annual average consumption in the United States, at 153.5 liters, was about twice that in the United Kingdom (77.7) or Canada (85.3). From 2009 to 2014 consumption dropped over 4% per year in Greece, Romania, Portugal, and Croatia (putting these countries at between 34.7 and 51.0 liters per year). Over the same period, consumption grew over 20% per year in three countries, resulting in per-capita consumption of 19.1 liters in Cameroon, 43.9 liters in Georgia, and 10.0 liters in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Silver|first1=Marc|title=Guess Which Country Has The Biggest Increase In Soda Drinking|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/06/19/415223346/guess-which-country-has-the-biggest-increase-in-soda-drinking|publisher=National Public Radio|date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:7-Up Bottlers Flavor jug.jpg|alt=A large green jug|thumb|A jug of bottler's flavor for [[7 Up|7-Up.]] The syrup-like concentrate lacks sugar and is sold to franchisees to refill.]]
Soft drinks are made by mixing dry or fresh ingredients with water. Production of soft drinks can be done at factories or at home. Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing a [[syrup]] or dry ingredients with carbonated water, or by lacto-fermentation. Syrups are commercially sold by companies such as [[Soda-Club]]; dry ingredients are often sold in pouches, in a style of the popular U.S. drink mix [[Kool-Aid]]. Carbonated water is made using a [[soda siphon]] or a [[home carbonation system]] or by dropping dry ice into water. Food-grade carbon dioxide, used for carbonating drinks, often comes from [[ammonia]] plants.<ref>{{cite news |title=CO2 shortage: Food industry calls for government action |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44559669 |agency=BBC |date=Jun 21, 2018}}</ref>

Drinks like [[ginger ale]] and [[root beer]] are often brewed using [[yeast]] to cause [[carbonation]].

Of most importance is that the ingredient meets the agreed specification on all major parameters. This is not only the functional parameter (in other words, the level of the major constituent), but the level of impurities, the microbiological status, and physical parameters such as color, particle size, etc.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ashurst | first = P. | title = Soft drink and fruit juice problems solved | publisher = Woodhead Publishing Limited | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-84569-326-8}}</ref>

Some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol. In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation. In the United States, soft drinks (as well as other products such as [[Low-alcohol beer|non-alcoholic beer]]) are allowed by law to contain up to 0.5% [[alcohol by volume]]. Modern drinks introduce carbon dioxide for carbonation, but there is some speculation that alcohol might result from fermentation of sugars in a non-sterile environment. A small amount of alcohol is introduced in some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts such as [[vanilla extract]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/mymasjid@yahoogroups.com/msg00028.html |title=[myMasjid.com.my] Alcohol: In soft drinks |publisher=Mail-archive.com |date=November 8, 2004 |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref>

==Producers==
{{Further|List of soft drink producers}}
In every area of the world there are major soft drink producers. However, a few major North American companies are present in most of the countries of the world, such as [[PepsiCo|Pepsi]] and [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]]. Major North American producers other than the two previously-named companies include [[Cott]], [[7 Up]], [[Dr Pepper Snapple Group]], and [[Jones Soda]].

==Health concerns==
{{neutrality section|date=May 2016}}
The over-consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with [[obesity]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bes-Rastrollo|first1=M|last2=Sayon-Orea|first2=C|last3=Ruiz-Canela|first3=M|last4=Martinez-Gonzalez|first4=MA|title=Impact of sugars and sugar taxation on body weight control: A comprehensive literature review.|journal=Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)|date=July 2016|volume=24|issue=7|pages=1410–26|pmid=27273733|doi=10.1002/oby.21535}}</ref><ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB |title=Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=274–88 |year=2006 |pmid=16895873 |pmc=3210834 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.2.274}}</ref><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD |title=Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=667–75 |year=2007 |pmid=17329656 |pmc=1829363 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2005.083782 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Woodward-Lopez G, Kao J, Ritchie L |title=To what extent have sweetened beverages contributed to the obesity epidemic? |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=499–509 |year=2011 |pmid=20860886 |doi=10.1017/S1368980010002375 }}</ref> [[hypertension]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Y|last2=Je|first2=Y|title=Prospective association of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage intake with risk of hypertension.|journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases|date=April 2016|volume=109|issue=4|pages=242–53|doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2015.10.005|pmid=26869455}}</ref> [[diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]],<ref name=bmj>{{cite journal |vauthors=Imamura F, O'Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, Forouhi NG |title=Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction |journal=BMJ |volume=351 |issue= |pages=h3576 |year=2015 |pmid=26199070 |pmc=4510779 |doi=10.1136/bmj.h3576 }}</ref> [[dental caries]], and [[malnutrition|low nutrient levels]].<ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/> Experimental studies tend to support a causal role for sugar-sweetened soft drinks in these ailments,<ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)"/><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/> though this is challenged by other researchers.<ref name="Gibson (2008)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibson S |title=Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence from observational studies and interventions |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=134–47 |year=2008 |pmid=19087367 |doi=10.1017/S0954422408110976 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wolff E, Dansinger ML |title=Soft drinks and weight gain: how strong is the link? |journal=Medscape Journal of Medicine |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=189 |year=2008 |pmid=18924641 |pmc=2562148 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Trumbo PR, Rivers CR |title=Systematic review of the evidence for an association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and risk of obesity |journal=Nutrition Reviews |volume=72 |issue=9 |pages=566–74 |year=2014 |pmid=25091794 |doi=10.1111/nure.12128 }}</ref> "Sugar-sweetened" includes drinks that use [[high-fructose corn syrup]], as well as those using sucrose.

Many soft drinks contain ingredients that are themselves sources of concern: [[caffeine]] is linked to anxiety and sleep disruption when consumed in excess.<ref>BBC [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2638277.stm Fizzy drinks 'affect children's sleep'] January 8, 2003</ref> [[Sodium benzoate]] has been investigated by researchers at [[University of Sheffield]]<ref>Martin Hickman {{cite web |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2586652.ece |title=Caution: Some soft drinks may seriously harm your health |accessdate=2007-08-15 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115150124/http://news.independent.co.uk/health/article2586652.ece |archivedate=January 15, 2008 }} ''The Independent on Sunday'' May 27, 2007</ref> as a possible cause of [[DNA damage]] and [[hyperactivity]]. Other substances have negative health effects, but are present in such small quantities that they are unlikely to pose any substantial health risk provided that the drinks are consumed only in moderation.

In 1998, the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] published a report titled ''[[Liquid Candy|Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health]]''. The report examined statistics relating to the increase in soft drink consumption and claimed that consumption is "likely contributing to health problems". It also criticized marketing efforts by soft drink companies.<ref>Michael F Jacobson PhD, ''[http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/liquid_candy_final_w_new_supplement.pdf Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health]'', ([[CSPI]], Washington DC 1998; 2nd Ed. 2005).</ref> In 2005, the CSPI called for warning labels on soft drinks, similar to those on [[cigarettes]] and [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morales|first1=Tatiana|title=Warning Labels On Soda?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/warning-labels-on-soda/|accessdate=August 11, 2017|publisher=CBSNews|date=July 14, 2005}}</ref>

===Obesity and weight-related diseases===
From 1977 to 2002, Americans doubled their consumption of [[sweetened beverage]]s<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Nielsen |first1=S. |last2=Popkin |first2=B. |year=2004
|title=Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001.
|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=205–210
|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2004.05.005
|pmid=15450632
}}</ref>—a trend that was paralleled by doubling the prevalence of obesity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flegal |first1=K.M. |last2=Carroll |first2=M.D. |last3=Ogden |first3=C.L. |last4=Johnson |first4=C.L. |year=2002 |title=Prevalence and trends in overweight among US adults, 1999–2000 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=288 |issue=14 |pages=1723–1727 |url=http://www.cnt.org/tsp/pdf/jama%20obesity%20art.pdf |doi=10.1001/jama.288.14.1723 |pmid=12365955 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115172826/http://www.cnt.org/tsp/pdf/jama%20obesity%20art.pdf |archivedate=January 15, 2013 }}</ref> The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight and obesity, and changes in consumption can help predict changes in weight.<ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)"/><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/>

It remains possible that the correlation is due to a third factor: people who lead unhealthy lifestyles might consume more soft drinks. If so, then the association between soft drink consumption and weight gain could reflect the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle rather than the consequences of consuming soft drinks. Experimental evidence is needed to definitively establish the causal role of soft drink consumption. Reviews of the experimental evidence suggest that soft drink consumption does cause weight gain,<ref name="Malik, Schulze, & Hu (2006)"/><ref name="Vartanian, Schwartz, & Brownell (2007)"/> but the effect is often small except for overweight individuals.<ref name="Gibson (2008)"/>

Many of these experiments examined the influence of sugar-sweetened soft drinks on weight gain in children and adolescents. In one experiment, adolescents replaced sugar-sweetened soft drinks in their diet with artificially sweetened soft drinks that were sent to their homes over 25 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Ebbeling |first1=C.B. |last2=Feldman |first2=H.A. |last3=Osganian |first3=S.K. |last4=Chomitz |first4=V.R. |last5=Ellenbogen |first5=S.J. |last6=Ludwig |first6=D.S. |year=2006
|title=Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: A randomized, controlled pilot study
|journal=Pediatrics |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=673–680
|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/117/3/673
|doi=10.1542/peds.2005-0983
|pmid=16510646
}}</ref> Compared with children in a control group, children who received the artificially sweetened drinks saw a smaller increase in their BMI (by −0.14 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), but this effect was only statistically significant among the heaviest children (who saw a benefit of −0.75 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). In another study, an educational program encouraged schoolchildren to consume fewer soft drinks.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D |title=Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=328 |issue=7450 |pages=1237 |year=2004 |pmid=15107313 |pmc=416601 |doi=10.1136/bmj.38077.458438.EE }}</ref> During the school year, the prevalence of obesity decreased among children in the program by 0.2%, compared to a 7.5% increase among children in the control group. Another study, published in [[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] in 2013, concluded that for children from the age of 2 to 5, their risk of obesity increased by 43% if they were regular soft drink consumers as opposed to those who rarely or never consumed them.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=DeBoer MD, Scharf RJ, Demmer RT |title=Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in 2- to 5-year-old children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=132 |issue=3 |pages=413–20 |year=2013 |pmid=23918897 |pmc=3876761 |doi=10.1542/peds.2013-0570 }}</ref>

Sugar-sweetened drinks have also been speculated<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB |title=A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=367 |issue=15 |pages=1397–406 |year=2012 |pmid=22998340 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1203034 |url=https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/19618202/292388.pdf }}</ref> to cause weight gain in adults. In one study, overweight individuals consumed a daily supplement of sucrose-sweetened or artificially sweetened drinks or foods for a 10-week period.<ref name="Raben, Vasilaras, Moller, & Astrup (2002)">{{cite journal |vauthors=Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Møller AC, Astrup A |title=Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=721–9 |year=2002 |pmid=12324283 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.4.721 }}</ref> Most of the supplement was in the form of soft drinks. Individuals in the sucrose group gained 1.6 kg, and individuals in the artificial-sweetener group lost 1.0 kg. A two-week study had participants supplement their diet with sugar-sweetened soft drinks, artificially sweetened soft drinks, or neither.<ref name="Tordoff & Alleva (1990)">{{Cite journal
|last1=Tordoff |first1=M.G. |last2=Alleva |first2=AM. |year=1990
|title=Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight.
|journal=American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=51 |pages=963–969
|pmid=2349932
|issue=6 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/51.6.963
}}</ref> Although the participants gained the most weight when consuming the sugar-sweetened drinks, some of the differences were unreliable: the differences between men who consumed sugar-sweetened drinks or no drinks was not statistically significant.

Other research suggests that soft drinks could play a special role in weight gain. One four-week experiment compared a 450 calorie/day supplement of sugar-sweetened soft drinks to a 450 calorie/day supplement of [[jelly beans]].<ref name="DiMeglio & Mattes (2000)">{{Cite journal
|last1=DiMeglio |first1=D.P. |last2=Mattes |first2=R.D. |year=2000
|title=Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight.
|journal=Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord |volume=24 |pages=794–800
|doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229
|pmid=10878689
|issue=6
}}</ref> The jelly bean supplement did not lead to weight gain, but the soft drink supplement did. The likely reason for the difference in weight gain is that people who consumed the jelly beans lowered their caloric intake at subsequent meals, while people who consumed soft drinks did not. Thus, the low levels of satiety provided by sugar-sweetened soft drinks may explain their association with obesity. That is, people who consume calories in sugar-sweetened drinks may fail to adequately reduce their intake of calories from other sources. Indeed, people consume more total calories in meals and on days when they are given sugar-sweetened drinks than when they are given artificially sweetened drinks<ref name="Tordoff & Alleva (1990)"/><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Van Wymelbeke |first=V. |last2=Beridot-Therond |first2=M.E. |last3=de La Gueronniere |first3=V. |last4=Fantino |first4=M.
|year=2004 |title=Influence of repeated consumption of beverages containing sucrose or intense sweeteners on food intake
|journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=58 |pages=154–161
|doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601762
|pmid=14679381
|issue=1
}}</ref><ref name="Rolls, Kim, & Fedoroff (1990)">{{Cite journal
|last1=Rolls |first1=B.J. |last2=Kim |first2=S. |last3=Fedoroff |first3=I.C. |year=1990
|title=Effects of drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame on hunger, thirst and food intake in men
|journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=48 |pages=19–26
|doi=10.1016/0031-9384(90)90254-2
|pmid=2236270
|issue=1
}}</ref> or water.<ref name="Rolls, Kim, & Fedoroff (1990)"/> However, these results are contradicted by a study by Adam Drewnowski published in 2004, in which "32 subjects consumed a 300-calorie snack of fat-free raspberry cookies or regular cola on two occasions each – either two hours ("early") or 20 minutes ("late") before lunch." It found that "...the calories eaten at lunch were not affected by whether the snack was cookies or cola."<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Almiron-Roig |last2=Flores |last3=Drewnowski |year=2004
|title=No difference in satiety or in subsequent energy intakes between a beverage and a solid food
|journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=82 |pages=19–26
|doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.003
|pmid=15327915
|issue=4}}</ref>

The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks can also be associated with many weight-related diseases, including diabetes,<ref name=bmj/> metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors,<ref>{{cite journal|authorlink7=Gerald Berenson |vauthors=Yoo S, Nicklas T, Baranowski T, Zakeri IF, Yang SJ, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS |title=Comparison of dietary intakes associated with metabolic syndrome risk factors in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=841–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15447888 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.4.841}}</ref> and elevated blood pressure.<ref name="Raben, Vasilaras, Moller, & Astrup (2002)"/>

According to research presented at the [[American Heart Association]]'s Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2013 Scientific Sessions by researchers at the [[Harvard School of Public Health]], sugar-sweetened beverages may be responsible for 180,000 deaths every year worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.heart.org/news/180-000-deaths-worldwide-may-be-associated-with-sugary-soft-drinks?preview=5d39|title=180,000 deaths worldwide may be associated with sugary soft drinks|work=heart.org|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725105557/http://newsroom.heart.org/news/180-000-deaths-worldwide-may-be-associated-with-sugary-soft-drinks?preview=5d39|archivedate=July 25, 2013}}</ref>

===Dental decay===
[[File:Soft drink shelf 2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Soft drinks displayed on grocery store shelves.]]
Most soft drinks contain high concentrations of simple [[carbohydrate]]s: [[glucose]], [[fructose]], [[sucrose]] and other simple sugars. If oral bacteria ferment [[carbohydrate]]s and produce acids that may dissolve tooth enamel and induce dental decay, then sweetened drinks may increase the risk of [[dental caries]]. The risk would be greater if the frequency of consumption is high.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marshall TA, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Warren JJ, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Burns TL, Stumbo PJ |title=Dental caries and beverage consumption in young children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=112 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=e184–91 |year=2003 |pmid=12949310 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12949310 |doi=10.1542/peds.112.3.e184 }}</ref>

A large number of soda pops are [[acid]]ic as are many fruits, sauces and other foods. Drinking acidic drinks over a long period and continuous sipping may [[dental erosion|erode the tooth enamel]]. A 2007 study determined that some flavored sparkling waters are as erosive or more so than orange juice.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The erosive potential of flavoured sparkling water drinks |journal=International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=86–91 |publisher=British Paedodontic Society and the International Association of Dentistry for Children |date=March 2007 |pmid=17263857 |first1=Catronia J. |last1=Brown |first2=Gay |last2=Smith |first3=Linda |last3=Shaw |first4=Jason |last4=Parry |first5=Anthony J. |last5=Smith |doi=10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00784.x }}</ref>

Using a [[drinking straw]] is often advised by [[dentistry|dentists]] as the drink does not come into as much contact with the teeth. It has also been suggested that [[Oral hygiene|brushing teeth]] right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to the presence of acid.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bassiouny MA, Yang J |title=Influence of drinking patterns of carbonated beverages on dental erosion |journal=General Dentistry |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=205–10 |year=2005 |pmid=15960479 |lay-url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050616060426.htm |laysource=ScienceDaily |laydate=June 17, 2005 }}</ref>

===Hypokalemia===
There have been a handful of published reports describing individuals with severe [[hypokalemia]] (low potassium levels) related to extreme consumption of colas.<ref name=SharmaGuber2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sharma R, Guber HA | title=Cola-induced hypokalemia-a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Endocr Pract | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= e21-3 | pmid=23186978 | doi=10.4158/EP12241.CR | type= Review }}</ref>

===Bone density and bone loss===
In a meta-analysis of 88 studies, drinking soda correlates with a decrease in [[milk]] consumption along with the [[vitamin D]], [[vitamin B6]], [[vitamin B12]], [[calcium]], protein and other [[micronutrient]]s.<ref name="Harvard School of Public Health">{{cite web| publisher = Harvard School of Public Health | title= Sugary Drinks or Diet Drinks: What's the Best Choice? | url =http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/sugary-vs-diet-drinks/ | accessdate = 2011-10-14}}</ref> [[Phosphorus]], a micronutrient, can be found in cola-type drinks, but there may be a risk in consuming too much.<ref name="Harvard School of Public Health"/> Phosphorus and calcium are used in the body to create calcium-phosphate, which is the main component of bone. However, the combination of too much phosphorus with too little calcium in the body can lead to a degeneration of [[bone mass]].<ref name="Harvard School of Public Health"/>
Research suggests a statistically significant inverse relationship between consumption of carbonated drinks and bone mineral density in young girls, which places them at increased risk of fractures.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McGartland C, Robson PJ, Murray L, Cran G, Savage MJ, Watkins D, Rooney M, Boreham C |title=Carbonated soft drink consumption and bone mineral density in adolescence: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts project |journal=Journal of Bone and Mineral Research |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1563–9 |year=2003 |pmid=12968664 |doi=10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.9.1563 }}</ref>

One hypothesis to explain this relationship is that the [[Phosphoric acid#Processed food use|phosphoric acid]] contained in some soft drinks (colas) displaces calcium from the bones, lowering bone density of the skeleton and leading to weakened bones, or [[osteoporosis]].<ref name=Heaney2001 /> However, 2001 calcium metabolism studies by Dr. Robert Heaney suggested that the net effect of carbonated soft drinks, (including colas, which use phosphoric acid as the acidulant) on calcium excretion in urine was negligible. Heaney concluded that carbonated soft drinks, which do not contain the nutrients needed for bone health, may displace other foods which do, and that the real issue is that people who drink a lot of soft drinks also tend to have an overall diet that is low in calcium.<ref name=Heaney2001>{{cite journal |vauthors=Heaney RP, Rafferty K |title=Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=343–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11522558 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/74.3.343}}</ref>

A 2006 study of several thousand men and women, found that women who regularly drank cola-based sodas (three or more a day) had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) of ≈4 % in the hip than those who didn't, even though researchers controlled for important factors like calcium and vitamin D intake. The study also found that women who drank non-cola soft drinks didn't appear to have lower BMD and that BMD of women drinking decaffeinated cola wasn't as low as women drinking caffeinated cola sodas. The study found that the effect of regular consumption of cola sodas was not significant on men's BMD.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP |title=Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=936–42 |year=2006 |pmid=17023723 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936}}</ref>

In the 1950s and 1960s there were attempts in France and Japan to ban the sale of Coca-Cola as dangerous since phosphates can block calcium absorption. However, these were unsuccessful as the amounts of phosphate were shown to be too small to have a significant effect.<ref name="Phosphatesin">Phosphates, in Smith, Andrew. The Oxford companion to American food and drink. Oxford University Press US, 2007, {{ISBN|0-19-530796-8}}, p.451</ref>

===Sugar content===
{{See also|Diet drink}}

The [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]]'s recommended daily intake ([[Reference Daily Intake|RDI]]) of added sugars is less than 10 teaspoons per day for a 2,000-[[calorie]] diet.<ref>Kasper, Dr. Joe, Tasty Tuesdays #13, Stay Far, Far Away, 2012</ref> High caloric intake contributes to [[obesity]] if not balanced with exercise, with a large amount of exercise being required to offset even small but calorie-rich food and drinks.

Until 1985, most of the calories in soft drinks came from [[sugar]] or [[corn syrup]]. As of 2010, in the United States [[high-fructose corn syrup]] (HFCS) is used nearly exclusively as a sweetener because of its lower cost,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/289220-pure-cane-sugar-vs-high-fructose-corn-syrup/ |title=Pure Cane Sugar Vs. High Fructose Corn Syrup |publisher=livestrong.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-23}}</ref> while in Europe, [[sucrose]] dominates, because [[European Union|EU]] agricultural policies favor production of [[sugar beet]]s in Europe proper and [[sugarcane]] in the former colonies over the production of corn. HFCS has been criticized<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/2008/08/20/4274/the-dangers-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/ |title=The Dangers of High Fructose Corn Syrup |publisher=diabeteshealth.org |access-date=April 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626034552/http://diabeteshealth.com/read/2008/08/20/4274/the-dangers-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/ |archive-date=June 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> as having a number of detrimental effects on human health, such as promoting diabetes, hyperactivity, hypertension, and a host of other problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305170629/http://www.westonaprice.org/motherlinda/cornsyrup.html |archivedate=March 5, 2010 |title=The Murky World of High Fructose Corn Syrup |publisher=Westonaprice.org |date= |accessdate=2009-06-08}}</ref> Although [[anecdotal evidence]] has been presented to support such claims, it is well known that the human body breaks sucrose down into [[glucose]] and [[fructose]] before it is absorbed by the intestines. Simple sugars such as fructose are converted into the same intermediates as in [[glucose metabolism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/mcbc/lect_2004/lecture_21.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409062950/http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/mcbc/lect_2004/lecture_21.pdf |archivedate=April 9, 2008 |title=Pathways for the Interconversion of Sugars, University of Illinois Chicago, Medical Biochemistry 531, Lecture 21 |date= |accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> However, metabolism of fructose is extremely rapid and is initiated by [[fructokinase]]. Fructokinase activity is not regulated by metabolism or hormones and proceeds rapidly after intake of fructose. While the intermediates of fructose metabolism are similar to those of glucose, the rates of formation are excessive. This fact promotes [[fatty acid]] and [[triglyceride]] synthesis in the liver, leading to accumulation of fat throughout the body and possibly [[non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]. Increased [[blood lipid]] levels also seem to follow fructose ingestion over time. A sugar drink or high-sugar drink may refer to any [[drink]] consisting primarily of [[Drinking water|water]] and sugar (often [[cane sugar]] or high-fructose corn syrup), including some soft drinks, [[fruit juice|some fruit juice]]s, and [[energy drink]]s.

===Benzene===
{{Main|Benzene in soft drinks}}
In 2006, the United Kingdom [[Food Standards Agency]] published the results of its survey of [[benzene]] levels in soft drinks,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey |title=of benzene levels in soft drinks |publisher=Food.gov.uk |date=March 31, 2006 |accessdate=2009-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006234546/http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2006/mar/benzenesurvey |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) guidelines for drinking water.

The United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] released its own test results of several soft drinks containing [[benzoates]] and [[ascorbic acid|ascorbic]] or [[erythorbic acid]]. Five tested drinks contained benzene levels above the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency's]] recommended standard of 5 [[parts per billion|ppb]]. As of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzqa.html |title=US FDA/CFSAN – Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages |accessdate=2008-03-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326000127/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/benzqa.html |archivedate=March 26, 2008 }}</ref>

===Pesticides in India===
In 2003, the Delhi non-profit [[Centre for Science and Environment]] published<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cseindia.org/search/node/pesticides%20in%20coke |title=Centre for Science and Environment, Pesticides in coke |publisher=Cseindia.org |accessdate=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015826/http://www.cseindia.org/search/node/pesticides%20in%20coke |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://downtoearth.org.in/search/node/pesticides%20in%20coke |title=Down to Earth, Magazine, Pesticides in coke |publisher=Downtoearth.org.in |accessdate=2013-03-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709144243/http://downtoearth.org.in/search/node/pesticides%20in%20coke |archivedate=July 9, 2012 }}</ref> a disputed report finding [[pesticide]] levels in Coke and Pepsi soft drinks sold in India at levels 30 times that considered safe by the [[European Economic Community]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Our Corporate Bureau |location= New Delhi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/coke-sales-fall-11pesticide-controversy/159950/ |title=Coke sales fall 11% on pesticide controversy |publisher=Business-standard.com|date=October 29, 2003|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2007/gb20070531_868198_page_3.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117191141/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2007/gb20070531_868198_page_3.htm|archivedate=January 17, 2010 |title=Pepsi: Repairing a Poisoned Reputation in India |publisher=Businessweek.com |date=May 31, 2007 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> This was found in primarily 12 cold drink brands sold in and around [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2003/2003-08-05-01.asp |title=Toxic Pesticides Found in India's Soft Drinks |publisher=Ens-newswire.com |date=August 5, 2003 |accessdate=2013-05-08}}</ref> The Indian Health Minister said the CSE tests were inaccurate, and said that the government's tests found pesticide levels within India's standards but above EU standards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/south/08/21/india.drinks/ |title=CNN.com — India gives cola giants all-clear — Aug. 22, 2003 |publisher=Edition.cnn.com |date=August 22, 2003 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sandiego/access/387857181.html?dids=387857181:387857181&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+22%2C+2003&author=Nirmala+George&pub=The+San+Diego+Union+-+Tribune&desc=Colas+called+safe%2C+but+not+at+EU+standards&pqatl=google|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905075240/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sandiego/access/387857181.html?dids=387857181%3A387857181&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Aug+22%2C+2003&author=Nirmala+George&pub=The+San+Diego+Union+-+Tribune&desc=Colas+called+safe%2C+but+not+at+EU+standards&pqatl=google|archivedate=September 5, 2010|title=Colas called safe, but not at EU standards|work=The San Diego Union|first=Nirmala|last=George|date=August 22, 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A similar CSE report in August 2006 prompted many state governments to have issued a ban of the sale of soft drinks in schools. [[Kerala]] issued a complete ban on the sale or manufacture of soft drinks altogether. (These were later struck down in court.) In return, the soft drink companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi have issued ads in the media regarding the safety of consumption of the drinks.<ref>BBC (Sanjoy Majumder) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4776623.stm Indian state bans Pepsi and Coke] August 9, 2006</ref>

The UK-based Central Science Laboratory, commissioned by Coke, found its products met EU standards in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4789615.stm |title=South Asia | UK experts say Indian Coke 'safe' |work=BBC News |date=August 14, 2006 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> Coke and the [[University of Michigan]] commissioned an independent study of its bottling plants by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), which reported in 2008 no unsafe chemicals in the water supply used.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharma |first=Ashok |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-01-15-999850862_x.htm |title=Water in Coca-Cola in India pesticide free |publisher=Usatoday.Com |date=January 15, 2008 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref>

===Kidney stones===
A study published in the ''Clinical Journal of the [[American Society of Nephrology]]'' in 2013 concluded that consumption of soft drinks was associated with a 23% higher risk of developing [[kidney stones]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC |title=Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones |journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=1389–95 |year=2013 |pmid=23676355 |pmc=3731916 |doi=10.2215/CJN.11661112 }}</ref>

==Government regulation==
===Schools===
Since at least 2006, debate on whether high-calorie soft drink [[vending machine]]s should be allowed in schools has been on the rise. Opponents of the soft drink vending machines believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to [[childhood obesity]] and [[tooth decay]], and that allowing soft drink sales in schools encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12604166|title=Non-diet sodas to be pulled from schools|agency=Associated Press|date=May 5, 2006}}</ref> Opponents argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bmsg.org/node/210|title=Issue 17: Debates from four states over selling soda in schools|agency=Berkeley Media Studies Group|date=November 1, 2008|access-date=January 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052146/http://www.bmsg.org/node/210|archive-date=October 12, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Vending machine proponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailydemocrat.com/ci_23342997/states-soda-tax-plan-falls-flat|title=State's soda tax plan falls flat|agency=Daily Democrat|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> A 2011 bill to tax soft drinks in California failed, with some opposing lawmakers arguing that parents—not the government—should be responsible for children's drink choices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/state&id=8093976|work=ABC News Los Angeles|title=Soda tax nixed in state assembly committee|date=April 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010135242/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news%2Fstate&id=8093976|archive-date=October 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On May 3, 2006, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthiergeneration.org/|title=Alliance for a Healthier Generation|last=Clockwork.net|date=|work=HealthierGeneration.org|access-date=February 13, 2017}}</ref> [[Cadbury Schweppes]], [[The Coca-Cola Company]], [[PepsiCo]], and the [[American Beverage Association]] announced new guidelines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108|title=Schools|last=Clockwork.net|work=HealthierGeneration.org|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901153305/http://www.healthiergeneration.org/schools.aspx?id=108|archive-date=September 1, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all U.S. schools.

On May 19, 2006, the British [[Secretary of State for Education and Skills|education secretary]], [[Alan Johnson]], announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food. Among a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks. Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and [[tuck shop]]s.

In 2008, Samantha K Graff published an article in the ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' regarding the "First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverages Marketing in Schools". The article examines a school district's policy regarding limiting the sale and marketing of soda in public schools, and how certain policies can invoke a violation of the [[First Amendment]]. Due to district budget cuts and loss in state funding, many school districts allow commercial businesses to market and advertise their product (including junk food and soda) to public school students for additional revenue. Junk food and soda companies have acquired exclusive rights to vending machines throughout many public school campuses. Opponents of corporate marketing and advertising on school grounds urge school officials to restrict or limit a corporation's power to promote, market, and sell their product to school students. In the 1970s, the Supreme Court ruled that [[advertising]] was not a form of [[free expression]], but a form of [[business practices]] which should be regulated by the government. In the 1976 case of ''Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/748/|title=Va. Pharmacy Bd. v. Va. Consumer Council 425 U.S. 748 (1976)|author=|date=|work=Justia.com|access-date=February 13, 2017}}</ref> the Supreme Court ruled that advertising, or "[[commercial speech]]", to some degree is protected under the First Amendment. To avoid a First Amendment challenge by corporations, public schools could create contracts that restrict the sale of certain product and advertising. Public schools can also ban the selling of all food and drink products on campus, while not infringing on a corporation's right to free speech.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Graff |first1=S. K. |title=First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=615 |issue=1 |year=2008 |pages=157–77 |jstor=25097981 |doi=10.1177/0002716207308398 }}</ref>

On December 13, 2010, President Obama signed the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act|title=Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act – Food and Nutrition Service|author=|date=|work=USDA.gov|access-date=February 13, 2017}}</ref> (effective in 2014) that mandates schools that receive federal funding must offer healthy snacks and drinks to students. The act bans the selling of soft drinks to students and requires schools to provide healthier options such as water, unflavored low-fat milk, 100% fruit and vegetable drinks or sugar-free carbonated drinks. The portion sizes available to students will be based on age: eight ounces for elementary schools, twelve ounces for middle and high schools. Proponents of the act predict the new mandate it will make it easier for students to make healthy drink choices while at school.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/healthy-hunger-free-kids-act|title=Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act {{!}} Food and Nutrition Service|website=www.fns.usda.gov|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, Terry-McElarth and colleagues published a study in the ''American Journal of Preventive Medicine'' on regular soda policies and their effect on school drink availability and student consumption. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a program beginning in the 2014–2015 school year that requires schools participating in federally reimbursable meal programs to remove all competitive venues (a la carte cafeteria sales, vending machines, and stores/snack bars/carts), on the availability of unhealthy drinks at schools and student consumption. The study analyzed state- and school district-level policies mandating soda bans and found that state bans were associated with significantly lower school soda availability but district bans showed no significant associations. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between state policies and student consumption. Among student populations, state policy was directly associated with significantly lower school soda availability and indirectly associated with lower student consumption. The same was not observed for other student populations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Terry-McElrath YM, Chriqui JF, O'Malley PM, Chaloupka FJ, Johnston LD |title=Regular soda policies, school availability, and high school student consumption |journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=436–44 |year=2015 |pmid=25576493 |pmc=4380673 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.022 }}</ref>

===Taxation===
{{Main|Sugary drinks tax}}

In the United States, legislators, health experts and consumer advocates are considering levying higher [[tax]]es on the sale of soft drinks and other sweetened products to help curb the epidemic of [[obesity]] among Americans, and its harmful impact on overall health. Some speculate that higher taxes could help reduce soda consumption.<ref name=Duffey2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duffey KJ, Gordon-Larsen P, Shikany JM, Guilkey D, Jacobs DR, Popkin BM |title=Food price and diet and health outcomes: 20 years of the CARDIA Study |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=170 |issue=5 |pages=420–6 |year=2010 |pmid=20212177 |pmc=3154748 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2009.545 }}</ref> Others say that taxes should help fund education to increase consumer awareness of the unhealthy effects of excessive soft drink consumption, and also help cover costs of caring for conditions resulting from overconsumption.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2009-09-18-soda-tax_N.htm | title = USA Today, Experts: penny per ounce to fight obesity, health costs. Sept 18 2009 | access-date = 2010-04-11 | date=September 18, 2009}}</ref> The [[food industry|food]] and [[drink industry]] holds considerable clout in Washington, DC, as it has contributed more than $50 million to legislators since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=N01 |title=Center for Responsive Politics, Food and Beverage industry profile |publisher=Opensecrets.org |date=February 18, 2013 |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref>

In January 2013, a British [[lobby group]] called for the price of sugary fizzy drinks to be increased, with the money raised (an estimated £1 billion at 20p per litre) to be put towards a "Children's Future Fund", overseen by an independent body, which would encourage children to eat healthily in school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/14591-61-organisations-call-for-a-sugary-drinks-duty |title=61 organisations call for a sugary drinks duty |publisher=Govtoday.co.uk |date=January 29, 2013 |access-date=2013-03-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216220641/http://www.govtoday.co.uk/health/44-public-health/14591-61-organisations-call-for-a-sugary-drinks-duty |archivedate=February 16, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2017, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain imposed a 50% tax on soft drinks and a 100% tax on energy drinks to curb excess consumption of the commodity and for additional revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Backholer, K., Blake, M., & Vandevijvere, S.|date=2017|title=Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: An update on the year that was 2017|journal=Public Health Nutrition|volume=20 | issue = 18 |pages=3219–3224|doi=10.1017/s1368980017003329|pmid=29160766}}</ref>

===Bans===
In March 2013, [[New York City]]'s mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] proposed to ban the sale of non-diet soft drinks larger than 16 ounces, except in convenience stores and supermarkets. A lawsuit against the ban was upheld by a state judge, who voiced concerns that the ban was "fraught with arbitrary and capricious consequences". Bloomberg announced that he would be appealing the verdict.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/11/new-york-soda-ban-struck-down-bloomberg-promises-appeal |title=New York Soda Ban Struck Down, Bloomberg Promises Appeal – US News and World Report |publisher=USNews.com |date=March 11, 2013 |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref> {{update inline|date=March 2019}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ade (drink suffix)|Ade]]
* [[Diet soda]]
* [[Fizz keeper]]
* [[Hard soda]]
* [[Kombucha]]
* [[List of brand name soft drink products]]
* [[List of soft drink flavors]]
* [[List of soft drinks by country]]
* [[List of drinks]]
* [[Low-alcohol beer]]
* [[Names for soft drinks in the United States]]
* [[Premix and postmix]]
* [[Soda fountain]]
* [[Squash (drink)]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-08-16-soda-schools_x.htm "Beverage group: Pull soda from primary schools"], ''[[USAToday]]'', August 17, 2005
* [http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/fitness/articles/2006/05/04/after_soda_ban_nutritionists_say_more_can_be_done/ "After soda ban nutritionists say more can be done"], ''[[Boston Globe]]'', May 4, 2006
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/22/business/22soda.html?ex=1282363200&en=a685e9de086c15d0&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "Critics Say Soda Policy for Schools Lacks Teeth] ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 22, 2006

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wiktionary|soft drink}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060201000000*/http://www.ameribev.org/schools/state%20regulations.pdf |date=February 1, 2006 |title=State Laws & Regulations Governing Beverage Sales in Schools }}, American Beverage Association (PDF format)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060717214710/http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics%3B113/1/152 "Soft Drinks in Schools"], [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]

{{Soft drink}}

{{sugar}}

[[Category:Convenience foods]]
[[Category:Soft drinks| ]]

GL

2019-11-14T17:17:41Z

Guillom: undo test edit, remove duplicate entry

'''GL''', '''Gl''', or '''gl''' may refer to:
{{tocright}}

==Arts and entertainment==
*Girls Love, an anime and manga jargon term synonymous with [[Yuri (genre)]]
* [[Golden Lovers]], a Japanese professional wrestling team
*''[[Good Luck!!]]'', a 2003 television drama
*[[Green Lantern]], any of a number of similarly themed DC Comics characters
*''[[Guiding Light]]'', an American soap opera
*''[[Gurren Lagann]]'', a 2007 Japanese anime

==Businesses and brands==
*[[Air Greenland]], IATA airline designator
*[[Mercedes-Benz GL-Class]] SUV, an automobile
*[[Germanischer Lloyd]], a classification society
*[[GlobalLogic]], a Digital Product Engineering Services company

==People==
*[[G. L. Peiris]], Sri Lankan politician and academic
*[[Gary Lightbody]], lead singer of Snow Patrol
*[[George Lucas]], American film director

==Places==
*[[GL postcode area]], UK
*[[Geauga Lake]], an amusement park in Ohio, US that closed in 2007
*[[Gelnica District]], Slovakia
*[[Bergisch Gladbach]], Germany (vehicle registration plate for [[Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis]])
*[[Canton of Glarus]], Switzerland
*[[Gloucester]], a city in the South West of England
*[[Gorkhaland]], the name given to the area around Darjeeling and the Duars in north West Bengal in India
*[[Governor Livingston High School]], a high school in New Jersey
*[[Greenland]] (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code)

==Science and technology==
*[[.gl]], the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greenland
*[[Degrees Gay-Lussac]], a measure of alcohol by volume
*[[General linear group]], a concept in algebra
* General linear [[Lie algebra]]
*[[Gigalitre]] (or gigaliter), a metric unit of volume
*[[Glycemic load]], an estimate of how much food will raise a person's blood glucose level
*[[Graphics library]], a program library designed to aid in rendering computer graphics to a monitor
*[[Grenade launcher]], in military parlance
*[[Gulonolactone]], an enzyme that produces vitamin C
* Gl, the symbol for Glucinium, the former designation of [[Beryllium]]

==Other uses==
* [[Luck|Good Luck]], in [[Internet slang]]
* [[Galician language]] (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
* Gay-Lesbian, an alternative term for [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] people
* [[General ledger]], in accounting
* [[Gloss (annotation)]], a brief notation of the meaning of a word in a text
* [[GreenLeft]], a Dutch political party
* [[Green-Libertarian]], a North American political philosophy
* [[Gwardia Ludowa]], a Polish resistance group during World War II
* [[Palatal lateral approximant]], a digraph in Italian

{{disambiguation}}

Information theory

2018-11-26T01:57:06Z

Guillom: /* Other books */ fmt

{{distinguish|information science}}

'''Information theory''' studies the [[Quantification (science)|quantification]], [[Computer data storage|storage]], and [[Telecommunication|communication]] of [[information]]. It was originally proposed by [[Claude E. Shannon]] in 1948 to find fundamental limits on [[signal processing]] and communication operations such as [[data compression]], in a landmark paper entitled "[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]". Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include [[lossless data compression]] (e.g. [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP files]]), [[lossy data compression]] (e.g. [[MP3]]s and [[JPEG]]s), and [[channel capacity|channel coding]] (e.g. for [[DSL|digital subscriber line (DSL)]]). Its impact has been crucial to the success of the [[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions to deep space, the invention of the [[compact disc]], the feasibility of [[mobile phone]]s, the development of the [[Internet]], the study of [[linguistics]] and of human perception, the understanding of [[black hole]]s, and numerous other fields.

A key measure in information theory is "[[information entropy|entropy]]". Entropy quantifies the amount of uncertainty involved in the value of a [[random variable]] or the outcome of a [[random process]]. For example, identifying the outcome of a fair [[coin flip]] (with two equally likely outcomes) provides less information (lower entropy) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a {{dice}} (with six equally likely outcomes). Some other important measures in information theory are [[mutual information]], [[channel capacity]], [[error exponent]]s, and [[relative entropy]].

The field is at the intersection of [[mathematics]], [[statistics]], [[computer science]], [[physics]], [[neurobiology]], [[Information engineering (field)|information engineering]], and [[electrical engineering]]. The theory has also found applications in other areas, including [[statistical inference]], [[natural language processing]], [[cryptography]], [[neurobiology]],<ref name="Spikes">{{cite book|title=Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code|publisher=The MIT press|year=1997|isbn=978-0262681087|author1=F. Rieke|author2=D. Warland|author3=R Ruyter van Steveninck|author4=W Bialek}}</ref> human vision,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delgado-Bonal|first=Alfonso|last2=Martín-Torres|first2=Javier|date=2016-11-03|title=Human vision is determined based on information theory|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep36038|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=6|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep36038|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2016NatSR...636038D}}</ref> the evolution<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = cf | first1 = | last2 = Huelsenbeck | first2 = J. P. | last3 = Ronquist | first3 = F. | last4 = Nielsen | first4 = R. | last5 = Bollback | first5 = J. P. | year = 2001 | title = Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology | url = | journal = Science | volume = 294 | issue = 5550| pages = 2310–2314 | bibcode = 2001Sci...294.2310H| doi = 10.1126/science.1065889}}</ref> and function<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Allikmets | first1 = Rando | last2 = Wasserman | first2 = Wyeth W. | last3 = Hutchinson | first3 = Amy | last4 = Smallwood | first4 = Philip | last5 = Nathans | first5 = Jeremy | last6 = Rogan | first6 = Peter K. | year = 1998| title = Thomas D. Schneider], Michael Dean (1998) Organization of the ABCR gene: analysis of promoter and splice junction sequences | url = http://alum.mit.edu/www/toms/| journal = Gene | volume = 215 | issue = 1| pages = 111–122 | doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00269-8}}</ref> of molecular codes ([[bioinformatics]]), [[model selection]] in statistics,<ref>Burnham, K. P. and Anderson D. R. (2002) ''Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, Second Edition'' (Springer Science, New York) {{ISBN|978-0-387-95364-9}}.</ref> [[thermal physics]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Jaynes | first1 = E. T. | year = 1957 | title = Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics | url = http://bayes.wustl.edu/ | journal = Phys. Rev. | volume = 106 | issue = 4| page = 620 | doi=10.1103/physrev.106.620| bibcode = 1957PhRv..106..620J }}</ref> [[quantum computing]], [[linguistics]], [[plagiarism detection]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles H. | last2 = Li | first2 = Ming | last3 = Ma | first3 = Bin | year = 2003 | title = Chain Letters and Evolutionary Histories | url = http://sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=08B64096-0772-4904-9D48227D5C9FAC75 | journal = Scientific American | volume = 288 | issue = 6| pages = 76–81 | doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0603-76| pmid = 12764940 | bibcode = 2003SciAm.288f..76B }}</ref> [[pattern recognition]], and [[anomaly detection]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aicanderson2.home.comcast.net/~aicanderson2/home.pdf|title=Some background on why people in the empirical sciences may want to better understand the information-theoretic methods|date=November 1, 2003|format=pdf|author=David R. Anderson|accessdate=2010-06-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723045720/http://aicanderson2.home.comcast.net/~aicanderson2/home.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|df=}}
</ref> Important sub-fields of information theory include [[source coding]], [[channel coding]], [[algorithmic complexity theory]], [[algorithmic information theory]], [[information-theoretic security]], and measures of information.

==Overview==

Information theory studies the transmission, processing, extraction, and utilization of information. Abstractly, information can be thought of as the resolution of uncertainty. In the case of communication of information over a noisy channel, this abstract concept was made concrete in 1948 by [[Claude Shannon]] in his paper "[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]", in which "information" is thought of as a set of possible messages, where the goal is to send these messages over a noisy channel, and then to have the receiver reconstruct the message with low probability of error, in spite of the channel noise. Shannon's main result, the [[noisy-channel coding theorem]] showed that, in the limit of many channel uses, the rate of information that is asymptotically achievable is equal to the [[channel capacity]], a quantity dependent merely on the statistics of the channel over which the messages are sent.<ref name="Spikes" />

Information theory is closely associated with a collection of pure and applied disciplines that have been investigated and reduced to engineering practice under a variety of [[Rubric (academic)|rubrics]] throughout the world over the past half century or more: [[adaptive system]]s, [[anticipatory system]]s, [[artificial intelligence]], [[complex system]]s, [[complexity science]], [[cybernetics]], [[Informatics (academic field)|informatics]], [[machine learning]], along with [[systems science]]s of many descriptions. Information theory is a broad and deep mathematical theory, with equally broad and deep applications, amongst which is the vital field of [[coding theory]].

Coding theory is concerned with finding explicit methods, called ''codes'', for increasing the efficiency and reducing the error rate of data communication over noisy channels to near the [[channel capacity]]. These codes can be roughly subdivided into [[data compression]] (source coding) and [[error-correction]] (channel coding) techniques. In the latter case, it took many years to find the methods Shannon's work proved were possible. A third class of information theory codes are cryptographic algorithms (both [[code (cryptography)|code]]s and [[cipher]]s). Concepts, methods and results from coding theory and information theory are widely used in [[cryptography]] and [[cryptanalysis]]. ''See the article [[ban (unit)]] for a historical application.''

Information theory is also used in [[information retrieval]], [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence gathering]], [[gambling]], [[statistics]], and even in [[musical composition]].

==Historical background==
{{Main|History of information theory}}

The landmark event that ''established'' the discipline of information theory and brought it to immediate worldwide attention was the publication of [[Claude E. Shannon]]'s classic paper "[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]" in the ''[[Bell System Technical Journal]]'' in July and October 1948.

Prior to this paper, limited information-theoretic ideas had been developed at [[Bell Labs]], all implicitly assuming events of equal probability. [[Harry Nyquist]]'s 1924 paper, ''Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed'', contains a theoretical section quantifying "intelligence" and the "line speed" at which it can be transmitted by a communication system, giving the relation {{math|1=''W'' = ''K'' log ''m''}} (recalling [[Boltzmann's constant]]), where ''W'' is the speed of transmission of intelligence, ''m'' is the number of different voltage levels to choose from at each time step, and ''K'' is a constant. [[Ralph Hartley]]'s 1928 paper, ''Transmission of Information'', uses the word ''information'' as a measurable quantity, reflecting the receiver's ability to distinguish one [[sequence of symbols]] from any other, thus quantifying information as {{math|1=''H'' = log ''S''<sup>''n''</sup> = ''n'' log ''S''}}, where ''S'' was the number of possible symbols, and ''n'' the number of symbols in a transmission. The unit of information was therefore the [[decimal digit]], which has since sometimes been called the [[Hartley (unit)|hartley]] in his honor as a unit or scale or measure of information. [[Alan Turing]] in 1940 used similar ideas as part of the statistical analysis of the breaking of the German second world war [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Enigma]] ciphers.

Much of the mathematics behind information theory with events of different probabilities were developed for the field of [[thermodynamics]] by [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] and [[J. Willard Gibbs]]. Connections between information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy, including the important contributions by [[Rolf Landauer]] in the 1960s, are explored in ''[[Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory]]''.

In Shannon's revolutionary and groundbreaking paper, the work for which had been substantially completed at Bell Labs by the end of 1944, Shannon for the first time introduced the qualitative and quantitative model of communication as a statistical process underlying information theory, opening with the assertion that
:"The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point, either exactly or approximately, a message selected at another point."

With it came the ideas of
* the [[information entropy]] and [[redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]] of a source, and its relevance through the [[source coding theorem]];
* the [[mutual information]], and the [[channel capacity]] of a noisy channel, including the promise of perfect loss-free communication given by the [[noisy-channel coding theorem]];
* the practical result of the [[Shannon–Hartley law]] for the channel capacity of a [[Gaussian channel]]; as well as
* the [[bit]]—a new way of seeing the most fundamental unit of information.

==Quantities of information==
{{Main|Quantities of information}}

Information theory is based on [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]]. Information theory often concerns itself with measures of information of the distributions associated with random variables. Important quantities of information are [[Entropy (information theory)|entropy]], a measure of information in a single [[random variable]], and [[mutual information]], a measure of information in common between two random variables. The former quantity is a property of the probability distribution of a random variable and gives a limit on the rate at which data generated by independent samples with the given distribution can be reliably [[data compression|compressed]]. The latter is a property of the joint distribution of two random variables, and is the maximum rate of reliable communication across a noisy [[Communication channel|channel]] in the limit of long block lengths, when the channel statistics are determined by the joint distribution.

The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the [[units of measurement|unit]] of [[information entropy]] that is used. A common unit of information is the [[bit]], based on the [[binary logarithm]]. Other units include the [[nat (unit)|nat]], which is based on the [[natural logarithm]], and the [[deciban|decimal digit]], which is based on the [[common logarithm]].

In what follows, an expression of the form {{math|''p'' log ''p''}} is considered by convention to be equal to zero whenever {{math|1=''p'' = 0}}. This is justified because <math>\lim_{p \rightarrow 0+} p \log p = 0</math> for any logarithmic base.

===Entropy of an information source===
Based on the [[probability mass function]] of each source symbol to be communicated, the Shannon [[Entropy (information theory)|entropy]] {{math|''H''}}, in units of bits (per symbol), is given by
:<math>H = - \sum_{i} p_i \log_2 (p_i)</math>
where {{math|''p<sub>i</sub>''}} is the probability of occurrence of the {{math|''i''}}-th possible value of the source symbol. This equation gives the entropy in the units of "bits" (per symbol) because it uses a logarithm of base 2, and this base-2 measure of entropy has sometimes been called the "[[Shannon (unit)|shannon]]" in his honor. Entropy is also commonly computed using the [[natural logarithm]] (base [[E (mathematical constant)|{{mvar|e}}]], where {{mvar|e}} is [[Euler's number]]), which produces a measurement of entropy in "[[nat (unit)|nats]]" per symbol and sometimes simplifies the analysis by avoiding the need to include extra constants in the formulas. Other bases are also possible, but less commonly used. For example, a logarithm of base {{nowrap|1=2<sup>8</sup> = 256}} will produce a measurement in [[byte]]s per symbol, and a logarithm of base 10 will produce a measurement in decimal digits (or hartleys) per symbol.

Intuitively, the entropy {{math|''H<sub>X</sub>''}} of a discrete random variable {{math|''X''}} is a measure of the amount of ''uncertainty'' associated with the value of {{math|''X''}} when only its distribution is known.

The entropy of a source that emits a sequence of {{math|''N''}} symbols that are [[independent and identically distributed]] (iid) is {{math|''N·H''}} bits (per message of {{math|''N''}} symbols). If the source data symbols are identically distributed but not independent, the entropy of a message of length {{math|''N''}} will be less than {{math|''N''·''H''}}.

[[File:Binary entropy plot.svg|thumbnail|right|200px|The entropy of a [[Bernoulli trial]] as a function of success probability, often called the ''[[binary entropy function]]'', {{math|''H''<sub>b</sub>(''p'')}}. The entropy is maximized at 1 bit per trial when the two possible outcomes are equally probable, as in an unbiased coin toss.]]

If one transmits 1000 bits (0s and 1s), and the value of each of these bits is known to the receiver (has a specific value with certainty) ahead of transmission, it is clear that no information is transmitted. If, however, each bit is independently equally likely to be 0 or 1, 1000 shannons of information (more often called bits) have been transmitted. Between these two extremes, information can be quantified as follows. If 𝕏 is the set of all messages {{math|{{mset|''x''<sub>1</sub>, …, ''x''<sub>''n''</sub>}}}} that {{math|''X''}} could be, and {{math|''p''(''x'')}} is the probability of some <math>x \in \mathbb X</math>, then the entropy, {{math|''H''}}, of {{math|''X''}} is defined:<ref name = Reza>{{cite book | title = An Introduction to Information Theory | author = Fazlollah M. Reza | publisher = Dover Publications, Inc., New York | origyear = 1961| year = 1994 | isbn = 0-486-68210-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RtzpRAiX6OgC&pg=PA8&dq=intitle:%22An+Introduction+to+Information+Theory%22++%22entropy+of+a+simple+source%22}}</ref>

:<math> H(X) = \mathbb{E}_{X} [I(x)] = -\sum_{x \in \mathbb{X}} p(x) \log p(x).</math>

(Here, {{math|''I''(''x'')}} is the [[self-information]], which is the entropy contribution of an individual message, and {{math|𝔼<sub>''X''</sub>}} is the [[expected value]].) A property of entropy is that it is maximized when all the messages in the message space are equiprobable {{math|1=''p''(''x'') = 1/''n''}}; i.e., most unpredictable, in which case {{math|1=''H''(''X'') = log ''n''}}.

The special case of information entropy for a random variable with two outcomes is the ''[[binary entropy function]]'', usually taken to the logarithmic base 2, thus having the shannon (Sh) as unit:

:<math>H_{\mathrm{b}}(p) = - p \log_2 p - (1-p)\log_2 (1-p).</math>

===Joint entropy===
The ''[[joint entropy]]'' of two discrete random variables {{math|''X''}} and {{math|''Y''}} is merely the entropy of their pairing: {{math|(''X'', ''Y'')}}. This implies that if {{math|''X''}} and {{math|''Y''}} are [[statistical independence|independent]], then their joint entropy is the sum of their individual entropies.

For example, if {{math|(''X'', ''Y'')}} represents the position of a [[chess]] piece — {{math|''X''}} the row and {{math|''Y''}} the column, then the joint entropy of the row of the piece and the column of the piece will be the entropy of the position of the piece.

:<math>H(X, Y) = \mathbb{E}_{X,Y} [-\log p(x,y)] = - \sum_{x, y} p(x, y) \log p(x, y) \,</math>

Despite similar notation, joint entropy should not be confused with ''[[cross entropy]]''.

===Conditional entropy (equivocation)===
The ''[[conditional entropy]]'' or ''conditional uncertainty'' of {{math|''X''}} given random variable {{math|''Y''}} (also called the ''equivocation'' of {{math|''X''}} about {{math|''Y''}}) is the average conditional entropy over {{math|''Y''}}:<ref name=Ash>{{cite book | title = Information Theory | author = Robert B. Ash | publisher = Dover Publications, Inc. | origyear = 1965| year = 1990 | isbn = 0-486-66521-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ngZhvUfF0UIC&pg=PA16&dq=intitle:information+intitle:theory+inauthor:ash+conditional+uncertainty}}</ref>

:<math> H(X|Y) = \mathbb E_Y [H(X|y)] = -\sum_{y \in Y} p(y) \sum_{x \in X} p(x|y) \log p(x|y) = -\sum_{x,y} p(x,y) \log p(x|y).</math>

Because entropy can be conditioned on a random variable or on that random variable being a certain value, care should be taken not to confuse these two definitions of conditional entropy, the former of which is in more common use. A basic property of this form of conditional entropy is that:

: <math> H(X|Y) = H(X,Y) - H(Y) .\,</math>

===Mutual information (transinformation)===
''[[Mutual information]]'' measures the amount of information that can be obtained about one random variable by observing another. It is important in communication where it can be used to maximize the amount of information shared between sent and received signals. The mutual information of {{math|''X''}} relative to {{math|''Y''}} is given by:

:<math>I(X;Y) = \mathbb{E}_{X,Y} [SI(x,y)] = \sum_{x,y} p(x,y) \log \frac{p(x,y)}{p(x)\, p(y)}</math>
where {{math|SI}} (''S''pecific mutual ''I''nformation) is the [[pointwise mutual information]].

A basic property of the mutual information is that
: <math>I(X;Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y).\,</math>
That is, knowing ''Y'', we can save an average of {{math|''I''(''X''; ''Y'')}} bits in encoding ''X'' compared to not knowing ''Y''.

Mutual information is [[symmetric function|symmetric]]:
: <math>I(X;Y) = I(Y;X) = H(X) + H(Y) - H(X,Y).\,</math>

Mutual information can be expressed as the average [[Kullback–Leibler divergence]] (information gain) between the [[posterior probability|posterior probability distribution]] of ''X'' given the value of ''Y'' and the [[prior probability|prior distribution]] on ''X'':
: <math>I(X;Y) = \mathbb E_{p(y)} [D_{\mathrm{KL}}( p(X|Y=y) \| p(X) )].</math>
In other words, this is a measure of how much, on the average, the probability distribution on ''X'' will change if we are given the value of ''Y''. This is often recalculated as the divergence from the product of the marginal distributions to the actual joint distribution:
: <math>I(X; Y) = D_{\mathrm{KL}}(p(X,Y) \| p(X)p(Y)).</math>

Mutual information is closely related to the [[likelihood-ratio test|log-likelihood ratio test]] in the context of contingency tables and the [[multinomial distribution]] and to [[Pearson's chi-squared test|Pearson's χ<sup>2</sup> test]]: mutual information can be considered a statistic for assessing independence between a pair of variables, and has a well-specified asymptotic distribution.

===Kullback–Leibler divergence (information gain)===
The ''[[Kullback–Leibler divergence]]'' (or ''information divergence'', ''information gain'', or ''relative entropy'') is a way of comparing two distributions: a "true" [[probability distribution]] ''p(X)'', and an arbitrary probability distribution ''q(X)''. If we compress data in a manner that assumes ''q(X)'' is the distribution underlying some data, when, in reality, ''p(X)'' is the correct distribution, the Kullback–Leibler divergence is the number of average additional bits per datum necessary for compression. It is thus defined

:<math>D_{\mathrm{KL}}(p(X) \| q(X)) = \sum_{x \in X} -p(x) \log {q(x)} \, - \, \sum_{x \in X} -p(x) \log {p(x)} = \sum_{x \in X} p(x) \log \frac{p(x)}{q(x)}.</math>

Although it is sometimes used as a 'distance metric', KL divergence is not a true [[Metric (mathematics)|metric]] since it is not symmetric and does not satisfy the [[triangle inequality]] (making it a semi-quasimetric).

Another interpretation of the KL divergence is the "unnecessary surprise" introduced by a prior from the truth: suppose a number ''X'' is about to be drawn randomly from a discrete set with probability distribution ''p(x)''. If Alice knows the true distribution ''p(x)'', while Bob believes (has a [[prior probability|prior]]) that the distribution is ''q(x)'', then Bob will be more [[Self-information|surprised]] than Alice, on average, upon seeing the value of ''X''. The KL divergence is the (objective) expected value of Bob's (subjective) [[surprisal]] minus Alice's surprisal, measured in bits if the ''log'' is in base 2. In this way, the extent to which Bob's prior is "wrong" can be quantified in terms of how "unnecessarily surprised" it is expected to make him.

===Other quantities===
Other important information theoretic quantities include [[Rényi entropy]] (a generalization of entropy), [[differential entropy]] (a generalization of quantities of information to continuous distributions), and the [[conditional mutual information]].

==Coding theory==
{{Main|Coding theory}}

[[File:CDSCRATCHES.jpg|thumb|right|A picture showing scratches on the readable surface of a CD-R. Music and data CDs are coded using error correcting codes and thus can still be read even if they have minor scratches using [[error detection and correction]].]]

[[Coding theory]] is one of the most important and direct applications of information theory. It can be subdivided into [[data compression|source coding]] theory and [[error correction|channel coding]] theory. Using a statistical description for data, information theory quantifies the number of bits needed to describe the data, which is the information entropy of the source.

* Data compression (source coding): There are two formulations for the compression problem:
*[[lossless data compression]]: the data must be reconstructed exactly;
*[[lossy data compression]]: allocates bits needed to reconstruct the data, within a specified fidelity level measured by a distortion function. This subset of information theory is called ''[[rate–distortion theory]]''.
* Error-correcting codes (channel coding): While data compression removes as much [[redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]] as possible, an error correcting code adds just the right kind of redundancy (i.e., [[error correction]]) needed to transmit the data efficiently and faithfully across a noisy channel.

This division of coding theory into compression and transmission is justified by the information transmission theorems, or source–channel separation theorems that justify the use of bits as the universal currency for information in many contexts. However, these theorems only hold in the situation where one transmitting user wishes to communicate to one receiving user. In scenarios with more than one transmitter (the multiple-access channel), more than one receiver (the [[broadcast channel]]) or intermediary "helpers" (the [[relay channel]]), or more general [[computer network|networks]], compression followed by transmission may no longer be optimal. [[Network information theory]] refers to these multi-agent communication models.

===Source theory===
Any process that generates successive messages can be considered a ''[[Communication source|source]]'' of information. A memoryless source is one in which each message is an [[Independent identically distributed random variables|independent identically distributed random variable]], whereas the properties of [[ergodic theory|ergodicity]] and [[stationary process|stationarity]] impose less restrictive constraints. All such sources are [[stochastic process|stochastic]]. These terms are well studied in their own right outside information theory.

====Rate====
Information ''[[Entropy rate|rate]]'' is the average entropy per symbol. For memoryless sources, this is merely the entropy of each symbol, while, in the case of a stationary stochastic process, it is

:<math>r = \lim_{n \to \infty} H(X_n|X_{n-1},X_{n-2},X_{n-3}, \ldots);</math>

that is, the conditional entropy of a symbol given all the previous symbols generated. For the more general case of a process that is not necessarily stationary, the ''average rate'' is

:<math>r = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} H(X_1, X_2, \dots X_n);</math>

that is, the limit of the joint entropy per symbol. For stationary sources, these two expressions give the same result.<ref>{{cite book | title = Digital Compression for Multimedia: Principles and Standards | author = Jerry D. Gibson | publisher = Morgan Kaufmann | year = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aqQ2Ry6spu0C&pg=PA56&dq=entropy-rate+conditional#PPA57,M1 | isbn = 1-55860-369-7 }}</ref>

It is common in information theory to speak of the "rate" or "entropy" of a language. This is appropriate, for example, when the source of information is English prose. The rate of a source of information is related to its [[redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]] and how well it can be [[data compression|compressed]], the subject of ''source coding''.

===Channel capacity===
{{Main|Channel capacity}}

Communications over a channel—such as an [[ethernet]] [[Electrical cable|cable]]—is the primary motivation of information theory. As anyone who's ever used a telephone (mobile or landline) knows, however, such channels often fail to produce exact reconstruction of a signal; noise, periods of silence, and other forms of signal corruption often degrade quality.

Consider the communications process over a discrete channel. A simple model of the process is shown below:

[[File:Channel model.svg|center|800px|Channel model]]

Here ''X'' represents the space of messages transmitted, and ''Y'' the space of messages received during a unit time over our channel. Let {{math|''p''(''y''{{pipe}}''x'')}} be the [[conditional probability]] distribution function of ''Y'' given ''X''. We will consider {{math|''p''(''y''{{pipe}}''x'')}} to be an inherent fixed property of our communications channel (representing the nature of the ''[[Signal noise|noise]]'' of our channel). Then the joint distribution of ''X'' and ''Y'' is completely determined by our channel and by our choice of {{math|''f''(''x'')}}, the marginal distribution of messages we choose to send over the channel. Under these constraints, we would like to maximize the rate of information, or the ''[[Signal (electrical engineering)|signal]]'', we can communicate over the channel. The appropriate measure for this is the [[mutual information]], and this maximum mutual information is called the ''[[channel capacity]]'' and is given by:
:<math> C = \max_{f} I(X;Y).\! </math>
This capacity has the following property related to communicating at information rate ''R'' (where ''R'' is usually bits per symbol). For any information rate ''R < C'' and coding error ε > 0, for large enough ''N'', there exists a code of length ''N'' and rate ≥ R and a decoding algorithm, such that the maximal probability of block error is ≤ ε; that is, it is always possible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error. In addition, for any rate ''R > C'', it is impossible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error.

''[[Channel code|Channel coding]]'' is concerned with finding such nearly optimal [[error detection and correction|codes]] that can be used to transmit data over a noisy channel with a small coding error at a rate near the channel capacity.

====Capacity of particular channel models====
* A continuous-time analog communications channel subject to [[Gaussian noise]] — see [[Shannon–Hartley theorem]].
* A [[binary symmetric channel]] (BSC) with crossover probability ''p'' is a binary input, binary output channel that flips the input bit with probability ''p''. The BSC has a capacity of {{math|1 − ''H''<sub>b</sub>(''p'')}} bits per channel use, where {{math|''H''<sub>b</sub>}} is the [[binary entropy function]] to the base-2 logarithm:

::[[File:Binary symmetric channel.svg]]

* A [[binary erasure channel]] (BEC) with erasure probability ''p'' is a binary input, ternary output channel. The possible channel outputs are 0, 1, and a third symbol 'e' called an erasure. The erasure represents complete loss of information about an input bit. The capacity of the BEC is {{nowrap|1 − ''p''}} bits per channel use.

::[[File:Binary erasure channel.svg]]

==Applications to other fields==

===Intelligence uses and secrecy applications===
Information theoretic concepts apply to [[cryptography]] and [[cryptanalysis]]. [[Turing]]'s information unit, the [[Ban (unit)|ban]], was used in the [[Ultra]] project, breaking the German [[Enigma machine]] code and hastening the [[Victory in Europe Day|end of World War II in Europe]]. Shannon himself defined an important concept now called the [[unicity distance]]. Based on the [[redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]] of the [[plaintext]], it attempts to give a minimum amount of [[ciphertext]] necessary to ensure unique decipherability.

Information theory leads us to believe it is much more difficult to keep secrets than it might first appear. A [[brute force attack]] can break systems based on [[public-key cryptography|asymmetric key algorithms]] or on most commonly used methods of [[symmetric-key algorithm|symmetric key algorithms]] (sometimes called secret key algorithms), such as [[block cipher]]s. The security of all such methods currently comes from the assumption that no known attack can break them in a practical amount of time.

[[Information theoretic security]] refers to methods such as the [[one-time pad]] that are not vulnerable to such brute force attacks. In such cases, the positive conditional [[mutual information]] between the [[plaintext]] and [[ciphertext]] (conditioned on the [[key (cryptography)|key]]) can ensure proper transmission, while the unconditional mutual information between the plaintext and ciphertext remains zero, resulting in absolutely secure communications. In other words, an eavesdropper would not be able to improve his or her guess of the plaintext by gaining knowledge of the ciphertext but not of the key. However, as in any other cryptographic system, care must be used to correctly apply even information-theoretically secure methods; the [[Venona project]] was able to crack the one-time pads of the Soviet Union due to their improper reuse of key material.

===Pseudorandom number generation===
[[Pseudorandom number generator]]s are widely available in computer language libraries and application programs. They are, almost universally, unsuited to cryptographic use as they do not evade the deterministic nature of modern computer equipment and software. A class of improved random number generators is termed [[cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator]]s, but even they require [[random seed]]s external to the software to work as intended. These can be obtained via [[Extractor (mathematics)|extractors]], if done carefully. The measure of sufficient randomness in extractors is [[min-entropy]], a value related to Shannon entropy through [[Rényi entropy]]; Rényi entropy is also used in evaluating randomness in cryptographic systems. Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a [[random variable]] with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.

===Seismic exploration===
One early commercial application of information theory was in the field of seismic oil exploration. Work in this field made it possible to strip off and separate the unwanted noise from the desired seismic signal. Information theory and [[digital signal processing]] offer a major improvement of resolution and image clarity over previous analog methods.<ref>The Corporation and Innovation, Haggerty, Patrick, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 2, 97-118 (1981)</ref>

===Semiotics===
Concepts from information theory such as redundancy and code control have been used by [[semiotics|semioticians]] such as [[Umberto Eco]] and [[Ferruccio Rossi-Landi]] to explain ideology as a form of message transmission whereby a dominant social class emits its message by using signs that exhibit a high degree of redundancy such that only one message is decoded among a selection of competing ones.<ref>Semiotics of Ideology, [[Noth, Winfried]], Semiotica, Issue 148,(1981)</ref>

===Miscellaneous applications===
Information theory also has applications in [[Gambling and information theory|gambling and investing]], [[black hole information paradox|black holes]], and [[bioinformatics]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Mathematics}}
* [[Algorithmic probability]]
* [[Algorithmic information theory]]
* [[Bayesian inference]]
* [[Communication theory]]
* [[Constructor theory]] - a generalization of information theory that includes quantum information
* [[Inductive probability]]
* [[Info-metrics]]
* [[Minimum message length]]
* [[Minimum description length]]
* [[List of important publications in theoretical computer science#Information theory|List of important publications]]
* [[Philosophy of information]]

===Applications===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Active networking]]
* [[Cryptanalysis]]
* [[Cryptography]]
* [[Cybernetics]]
* [[Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory]]
* [[Gambling]]
* [[Intelligence (information gathering)]]
* [[reflection seismology|Seismic exploration]]
{{div col end}}

===History===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ralph Hartley|Hartley, R.V.L.]]
* [[History of information theory]]
* [[Claude Elwood Shannon|Shannon, C.E.]]
* [[Timeline of information theory]]
* [[Hubert Yockey|Yockey, H.P.]]
{{div col end}}

===Theory===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Coding theory]]
* [[Detection theory]]
* [[Estimation theory]]
* [[Fisher information]]
* [[Information algebra]]
* [[Information asymmetry]]
* [[Information field theory]]
* [[Information geometry]]
* [[Information theory and measure theory]]
* [[Kolmogorov complexity]]
* [[List of unsolved problems in information theory]]
* [[Logic of information]]
* [[Network coding]]
* [[Philosophy of information]]
* [[Quantum information science]]
* [[Semiotic information theory]]
* [[Source coding]]
{{div col end}}

===Concepts===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Ban (unit)]]
* [[Channel capacity]]
* [[Communication channel]]
* [[Communication source]]
* [[Conditional entropy]]
* [[Covert channel]]
* Decoder
* [[Differential entropy]]
* [[Encoder]]
* [[Information entropy]]
* [[Joint entropy]]
* [[Kullback–Leibler divergence]]
* [[Mutual information]]
* [[Pointwise mutual information]] (PMI)
* [[Receiver (information theory)]]
* [[Redundancy (information theory)|Redundancy]]
* [[Rényi entropy]]
* [[Self-information]]
* [[Unicity distance]]
* [[Variety (cybernetics)|Variety]]
* [[Hamming distance]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===The classic work===
{{refbegin}}
* [[Claude Elwood Shannon|Shannon, C.E.]] (1948), "[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]", ''Bell System Technical Journal'', 27, pp. 379–423 & 623–656, July & October, 1948. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6773024 PDF.] <br />[http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html Notes and other formats.]
* R.V.L. Hartley, [http://www.dotrose.com/etext/90_Miscellaneous/transmission_of_information_1928b.pdf "Transmission of Information"], ''Bell System Technical Journal'', July 1928
* [[Andrey Kolmogorov]] (1968), "Three approaches to the quantitative definition of information" in International Journal of Computer Mathematics.
{{refend}}

===Other journal articles===
{{refbegin}}
* J. L. Kelly, Jr., [http://betbubbles.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/kelly.pdf Betbubbles.com], "A New Interpretation of Information Rate" ''Bell System Technical Journal'', Vol. 35, July 1956, pp. 917–26.
* R. Landauer, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=615478 IEEE.org], "Information is Physical" ''Proc. Workshop on Physics and Computation PhysComp'92'' (IEEE Comp. Sci.Press, Los Alamitos, 1993) pp. 1–4.
* R. Landauer, [http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/landauerii.pdf IBM.com], "Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process" ''IBM J. Res. Dev.'' Vol. 5, No. 3, 1961
* {{cite arXiv |last=Timme |first=Nicholas|last2=Alford |first2=Wesley|last3=Flecker |first3=Benjamin|last4=Beggs |first4=John M.|date=2012 |title=Multivariate information measures: an experimentalist's perspective |eprint=1111.6857|class=cs.IT}}
{{refend}}

===Textbooks on information theory===
{{refbegin}}
* Arndt, C. ''Information Measures, Information and its Description in Science and Engineering'' (Springer Series: Signals and Communication Technology), 2004, {{isbn|978-3-540-40855-0}}
* Ash, RB. ''Information Theory''. New York: Interscience, 1965. {{isbn|0-470-03445-9}}. New York: Dover 1990. {{isbn|0-486-66521-6}}
* [[Gallager, R]]. ''Information Theory and Reliable Communication.'' New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1968. {{isbn|0-471-29048-3}}
* Goldman, S. ''Information Theory''. New York: Prentice Hall, 1953. New York: Dover 1968 {{isbn|0-486-62209-6}}, 2005 {{isbn|0-486-44271-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cover |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas M. Cover |last2=Thomas |first2=Joy A. |title=Elements of information theory |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=[[Wiley-Interscience]] |date=2006 |isbn=0-471-24195-4}}
* [[Csiszar, I]], Korner, J. ''Information Theory: Coding Theorems for Discrete Memoryless Systems'' Akademiai Kiado: 2nd edition, 1997. {{isbn|963-05-7440-3}}
* [[David J. C. MacKay|MacKay, David J. C.]]. ''[http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms]'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. {{isbn|0-521-64298-1}}
* Mansuripur, M. ''Introduction to Information Theory''. New York: Prentice Hall, 1987. {{isbn|0-13-484668-0}}
* [[Robert McEliece|McEliece, R]]. ''The Theory of Information and Coding". Cambridge, 2002. {{isbn|978-0521831857}}
*Pierce, JR. "An introduction to information theory: symbols, signals and noise". Dover (2nd Edition). 1961 (reprinted by Dover 1980).
* [[Reza, F]]. ''An Introduction to Information Theory''. New York: McGraw-Hill 1961. New York: Dover 1994. {{isbn|0-486-68210-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shannon |first1=Claude |author-link1=Claude Shannon |last2=Weaver |first2=Warren |author-link2=Warren Weaver |date=1949 |title=The Mathematical Theory of Communication |url=http://monoskop.org/images/b/be/Shannon_Claude_E_Weaver_Warren_The_Mathematical_Theory_of_Communication_1963.pdf |location=[[Urbana, Illinois]] |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |lccn=49-11922 |isbn=0-252-72548-4}}
* Stone, JV. Chapter 1 of book [http://jim-stone.staff.shef.ac.uk/BookInfoTheory/InfoTheoryBookMain.html "Information Theory: A Tutorial Introduction"], University of Sheffield, England, 2014. {{isbn|978-0956372857}}.
* Yeung, RW. ''[http://iest2.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/~whyeung/book/ A First Course in Information Theory]'' Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002. {{isbn|0-306-46791-7}}.
* Yeung, RW. ''[http://iest2.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/~whyeung/book2/ Information Theory and Network Coding]'' Springer 2008, 2002. {{isbn|978-0-387-79233-0}}
{{refend}}

===Other books===
{{refbegin}}
* Leon Brillouin, ''Science and Information Theory'', Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, [1956, 1962] 2004. {{isbn|0-486-43918-6}}
* [[James Gleick]], ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]'', New York: Pantheon, 2011. {{isbn|978-0-375-42372-7}}
* A. I. Khinchin, ''Mathematical Foundations of Information Theory'', New York: Dover, 1957. {{isbn|0-486-60434-9}}
* H. S. Leff and A. F. Rex, Editors, ''Maxwell's Demon: Entropy, Information, Computing'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey (1990). {{isbn|0-691-08727-X}}
* [[Robert K. Logan]]. ''What is Information? - Propagating Organization in the Biosphere, the Symbolosphere, the Technosphere and the Econosphere'', Toronto: DEMO Publishing.
* Tom Siegfried, ''The Bit and the Pendulum'', Wiley, 2000. {{isbn|0-471-32174-5}}
* Charles Seife, ''[[Decoding the Universe]]'', Viking, 2006. {{isbn|0-670-03441-X}}
* Jeremy Campbell, ''[[Grammatical Man]]'', Touchstone/Simon & Schuster, 1982, {{isbn|0-671-44062-4}}
* Henri Theil, ''Economics and Information Theory'', Rand McNally & Company - Chicago, 1967.
* Escolano, Suau, Bonev, ''[https://www.springer.com/computer/image+processing/book/978-1-84882-296-2 Information Theory in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition]'', Springer, 2009. {{isbn|978-1-84882-296-2}}
* Vlatko Vedral, ''Decoding Reality: The Universe as Quantum Information'', Oxford University Press 2010. {{ISBN|0-19-923769-7}}
{{refend}}

===MOOC on information theory===
* Raymond W. Yeung, "[http://www.inc.cuhk.edu.hk/InformationTheory/index.html Information Theory]" ([[The Chinese University of Hong Kong]])

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{Springer |title=Information |id=p/i051040}}
* Lambert F. L. (1999), "[http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/1999/Oct/abs1385.html Shuffled Cards, Messy Desks, and Disorderly Dorm Rooms - Examples of Entropy Increase? Nonsense!]", ''Journal of Chemical Education''
* [http://www.itsoc.org/ IEEE Information Theory Society] and [https://www.itsoc.org/resources/surveys ITSOC Monographs, Surveys, and Reviews]

{{Cybernetics}}
{{Compression methods}}
{{Areas of mathematics}}
{{Computer science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Information Theory}}
[[Category:Information theory| ]]
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:Information Age]]

Baumol effect

2018-10-16T17:14:08Z

Guillom: expand ref

{{use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
'''Baumol's cost disease''' (or the '''Baumol effect''') is the rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity, in response to rising salaries in other jobs that have experienced the labor productivity growth. This pattern seemingly goes against the theory in [[classical economics]] in which real wage growth is closely tied to [[labor productivity]] changes. The phenomenon was described by [[William J. Baumol]] and [[William G. Bowen]] in the 1960s.<ref name="performing">{{cite book|title=Performing Arts, The Economic Dilemma: a study of problems common to theater, opera, music, and dance|last=Baumol|first=William J.|author2=Bowen|first2=William G.|publisher=M.I.T. Press|year=1966|isbn=0262520117|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=}}</ref>

The rise of wages in jobs without productivity gains is from the requirement to compete for employees with jobs that have experienced gains and so can naturally pay higher salaries, just as classical economics predicts. For instance, if the retail sector pays its managers 19th-century-style salaries, the managers may decide to quit to get a job at an automobile factory, where salaries are higher because of high labor productivity. Thus, managers' salaries are increased not by labor productivity increases in the retail sector but by productivity and corresponding wage increases in other industries.

The original study was conducted for the [[performing arts]] sector.<ref name="performing" /> Baumol and Bowen pointed out that the same number of musicians is needed to play a [[Beethoven]] [[string quartet]] today as was needed in the 19th century; the productivity of [[European classical music|classical music]] performance has not increased. On the other hand, the real wages of musicians (as in all other professions) have increased greatly since the 19th century.

In a range of businesses, such as the car manufacturing sector and other activities that involve routine tasks, workers are continually becoming more productive by technological innovations to their tools and equipment. In contrast, in some labor-intensive sectors that rely heavily on non-routine human interaction or activities, such as [[nursing]], [[education]], or the performing arts, there is little or no growth in productivity over time. As with the string quartet example, it takes nurses the same amount of time to change a bandage or college professors the same amount of time to mark an [[essay]] in 2006 as it did in 1966, as those types of activities rely on the movements of the human body, which cannot be engineered to perform more quickly, accurately, or efficiently in the same way that a machine, such as a computer, can.

Baumol's cost disease is often used to describe consequences of the lack of growth in productivity in the [[quaternary sector of the economy]] and [[public service]]s, such as public hospitals and state colleges. Since many [[public administration]] activities are heavily labor-intensive, there is little growth in productivity over time because productivity gains come essentially from a better capital technology.

==Effects, symptoms, and therapy==

Employers may react to cost increases in any number of ways including:{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

* Decrease quantity/supply
* Decrease quality
* Decrease profit margins, dividends, or investment
* Increase price
* Increase non-monetary compensation or employ volunteers
* Increase [[total factor productivity]]

In the case of education, the Baumol effect has been used as at least partial justification for the fact that in recent decades, the price of college tuition has risen faster than the general rate of inflation.<ref name=surowiecki>{{cite web
| last = Surowiecki
| first = James
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/talk/financial/2011/11/21/111121ta_talk_surowiecki
| title = Debt by Degrees
| publisher = The New Yorker
}}</ref>

The reported productivity gains of the service industry in the late 1990s can be attributed most by total factor productivity.<ref name=Bosworth>{{cite web
| last = Bosworth
| first = Barry P
|author2=Jack E Triplett
| year = 2003
| url = http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2003/09/01business-bosworth
| title = Productivity Measurement Issues in Services Industries: "Baumol's Disease" Has been Cured
| publisher = The Brookings Institution
}}</ref> Providers decreased the cost of ancillary labor through outsourcing or technology. Examples include offshoring data entry and bookkeeping for health care providers and replacing manually-marked essays in educational assessment with [[multiple choice]] tests that can be automatically marked (see [[Scantron]]).

The total factor productivity treatment is not available to the performing arts sector, as the consumable good is the labor itself. Instead, it has been observed that increases in price of the performing arts has been offset by increases in standard of living and entertainment spending by consumers.<ref name=Heilbrun>{{cite web
|last=Heilbrun
|first=James
|year=2003
|url=http://publishing.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/782/TOWSE%20EBOOK_pages0103-0113.pdf
|title=Baumol's Cost Disease
|format=PDF
|work=A handbook of cultural economics
|publisher=Edward Elgar
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724151936/http://publishing.eur.nl/ir/repub/asset/782/TOWSE%20EBOOK_pages0103-0113.pdf
|archivedate=2011-07-24
|df=
}}</ref> The extent to which other treatments have been employed is subjective.

== See also ==
* [[Paradox of toil]]

==References==
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/07/07/030707ta_talk_surowiecki |title=What Ails Us |author=James Surowiecki |magazine=The New Yorker |date=July 7, 2003}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.infomanagementcenter.com/enewsletter/200608/baumol.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007193556/http://www.infomanagementcenter.com/enewsletter/200608/baumol.htm |archivedate=October 7, 2008 |title=Baumol's Disease - Is there a Cure? |author=Bill Hackos |author2=Charles Dowdell}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/taxes/americas-economic-illness-baumols-dis/19752285/?source=patrick.net#articleHeader |title=America's Economic Malady: A Bad Case of 'Baumol's Disease' |author=Charles Hugh Smith |publisher=DailyFinance.com |date=December 11, 2010}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1531602 |title=Creativity and the Positive Reading of Baumol Cost Disease |last=Sparviero |first=Sergio |last2=Preston |first2=Paschal |journal=The Service Industries Journal |volume=30 |number=12 |date=December 1, 2010}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1531555 |title=Creative Inputs as the Cause of Baumol's Cost Disease: The Example of Media Services. |last=Preston |first=Paschal |last2=Sparviero |first2=Sergio |journal=Journal of Media Economics |volume=22 |number=4 |pages=239-252 |date=December 30, 2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baumol's Cost Disease}}
[[Category:Production economics]]
[[Category:Inflation]]
[[Category:1966 introductions]]
[[Category:Health economics]]

Vandalism on Wikipedia

2018-06-21T19:14:03Z

Guillom: fix link to point to correct page

{{selfref|This is an article about vandalism on Wikipedia. For the Wikipedia policy on vandalism, see [[Wikipedia:Vandalism]], or to report repeated cases of vandalism, see [[Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism]].}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
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| footer=[[Vandalism]] of a Wikipedia article ([[Sponge]]). The top image shows a comparison between the vandalized version of the article (right) and the non-vandalized version (left). The bottom image shows the article as it appeared while vandalized, with the text added by the vandal highlighted in blue.
}}
On [[Wikipedia]], '''vandalism''' is the act of editing the project in a malicious manner that is [[WP:Disruptive editing|intentionally disruptive]]. Vandalism includes the addition, removal, or modification of the text or other material that is either humorous, nonsensical, a [[Reliability of Wikipedia|hoax]], or that is an offensive, humiliating, or otherwise degrading nature.

Throughout its history, Wikipedia has struggled to maintain a balance between allowing the freedom of open editing and protecting the truth and accuracy of its information when false information can be potentially damaging to its subjects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/2009/0825/wikipedia-testing-new-method-to-curb-false-info |title=Wikipedia testing new method to curb false info |publisher=CSMonitor.com |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref> Vandalism is easy to commit on Wikipedia because anyone can edit the site,<ref name=newscientist/><ref name=BBC>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4502846.stm | work=BBC News | title=Wikipedia tightens online rules | date=6 December 2005}}</ref> with the exception of [[:Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages|articles that are currently semi-protected]], which means that new and unregistered users cannot edit them.

Vandalism can be committed by either guest editors or those with registered accounts; however, a semi-protected or protected page can only be edited by autoconfirmed or confirmed Wikipedia editors, or administrators, respectively.<ref name=BBC /> Frequent targets of vandalism include articles on hot and controversial topics, famous celebrities, and current events.<ref name=Newzealand>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10432042|title=Wikipedia fights vandalism|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|last=Kleeman|first=Jenny|date=2 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jun/18/wikipedia.news | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Lorna | last=Martin | title=Wikipedia fights off cyber vandals | date=18 June 2006}}</ref> In some cases, people have been falsely reported as having died. This has notably occurred to United States Senators [[Ted Kennedy]] and [[Robert Byrd]] (both of whom are now deceased), and American rapper [[Kanye West]] (who is alive).<ref name="ABC_AU_275942">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-28/vandals-prompt-wikipedia-to-ponder-editing-changes/275942?section=world |title=Vandals prompt Wikipedia to ponder editing changes |date=28 January 2009 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref>

The challenge from vandalism in Wikipedia was once characterized by the Former ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' editor-in-chief [[Robert McHenry]]:<ref name="caslon analytics wiki and wikipedia 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.caslon.com.au/wikiprofile1.htm|title=Caslon Analytics: wiki and wikipedia|publisher=Caslon Analytics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423130459/http://www.caslon.com.au/wikiprofile1.htm|archivedate=23 April 2013|accessdate=13 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="tcsdaily faith-based encyclopedia 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=111504A|title= The Faith-Based Encyclopedia|publisher=[[TCS Daily]]|author=Robert McHenry|date=15 November 2004|accessdate=10 September 2009}}</ref> "The user who visits Wikipedia ... is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him."

== Fighting vandalism ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Padlock-silver.svg
| width1 = 100
| image2 = Padlock-olive.svg
| width2 = 100
| image3 = Padlock.svg
| width3 = 100
| footer = [[Padlocks]] of different colors are placed on top right of pages to indicate levels of protection. Padlocks shown from left to right: [[WP:SEMI|semi-protection]], [[WP:MOVP|move protection]], and [[WP:FULL|full protection]].
}}

There are various measures taken by Wikipedia to prevent or reduce the amount of vandalism. These include:
* Using Wikipedia's history functionality, which retains all prior versions of an article, to restore the article to the last version before the vandalism occurred; this is called ''reverting'' vandalism.<ref name="Newzealand" /> The majority of vandalism on Wikipedia is reverted quickly.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hicks|first=Jesse|title=This machine kills trolls|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|work=[[The Verge]]|accessdate=18 February 2014}}</ref> There are various ways in which the vandalism gets detected so it can be reverted:
**'''Bots''': In many cases, the vandalism is automatically detected and reverted by a [[internet bot|bot]]. The vandal is always warned with no human intervention.
** '''Recent changes patrol''': Wikipedia has a special page that lists all the most recent changes. Some editors will monitor these changes for possible vandalism.<ref name="Broughton122">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h37N0BvkVSUC&pg=PA122#v=onepage|title=Wikipedia: the missing manual|last=Broughton|first=John|publisher=|year=2008|isbn=0-596-51516-2|location=|page=122|pages=}}</ref>
** '''Watchlists''': Any registered user can watch a page that they have created or edited or that they otherwise have an interest in. This functionality also enables users to monitor a page for vandalism.<ref name="Broughton122" />
** '''Incidental discovery''': Any reader who comes across vandalism by chance can revert it. In 2008 it was reported that the rarity of such incidental discovery indicated the efficacy of the other methods of vandalism removal.<ref name="Broughton122" />
* Locking articles so only established users, or in some cases, only administrators can edit them.<ref name="Newzealand" /> ''Semi-protected'' articles are those that can only be edited by those with an account that is considered to be ''autoconfirmed'' – an account that is at least 4 days old with at least 10 edits, for most accounts. ''Fully protected articles'' are those that can only be edited by administrators. Protection is generally instituted after one or more editors makes a request on a special page for that purpose, and an administrator familiar with the protection guidelines chooses whether or not to fulfill this request based on the guidelines.
* Blocking and banning those who have repeatedly committed acts of vandalism from editing for a period of time or in some cases, indefinitely.<ref name="Newzealand" /> Vandals are not blocked as an act of punishment – the purpose of the block is simply to [[preventive action|prevent]] further damage.<ref name="Broughton134">{{cite book |title=Wikipedia: the missing manual |last=Broughton|first=John |year=2008 |isbn=0-596-51516-2 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h37N0BvkVSUC&pg=PA182&dq=%22edit+war%22wikipedia#v=onepage&q=%22edit%20war%22wikipedia&f=false}}</ref>
* The "abuse filter" extension, which uses [[regular expressions]] to detect common vandalism terms.<ref>See [[Wikipedia:Edit filter]]</ref>
Editors are generally warned prior to being blocked. Wikipedia employs a 4-stage warning process up to a block. This includes:<ref name="Broughton130">{{cite book |title=Wikipedia: the missing manual |last=Broughton |first=John |year=2008 |isbn=0-596-51516-2 |pages=130–31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h37N0BvkVSUC&pg=PA182&dq=%22edit+war%22wikipedia#v=onepage&q=%22edit%20war%22wikipedia&f=false}}</ref>
#The first warning [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|assumes good faith]] and takes a relaxed approach to the user. (in some cases, this level can be skipped if the editor assumes the user is acting in bad faith<ref>See {{slink|Wikipedia:WikiProject User warnings/Usage and layout|Levels}}</ref>).
#The second warning does not assume any faith and is an actual warning (in some cases, this level may also be skipped).
#The third warning [[Wikipedia:Assume bad faith|assumes bad faith]] and is the first to warn the user that continued vandalism may result in a [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|block]].
#The fourth warning is a final warning, stating that any future acts of vandalism will result in a block.
#After this, other users may place additional warnings, though only administrators can actually carry out the block.

In 2005, Wikipedia started to require those who create new articles to have a registered account in an effort to fight vandalism. This occurred after inaccurate information was added to Wikipedia in which a journalist was accused of taking part in Kennedy's assassination.<ref name="newscientist">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8425-wikipedia-tightens-editorial-rules-after-complaint.html |title=Wikipedia tightens editorial rules after complaint – 06 December 2005 |publisher=New Scientist |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>

Wikipedia has experimented with systems in which edits to some articles, especially those of living people, are delayed until it can be reviewed and determined that they are not vandalism, and in some cases, that a source to verify accuracy is provided. This is in an effort to prevent inaccurate and potentially damaging information about living people from appearing on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maximumpc.com/article/news/wikipedia_tests_approval_system_reduce_page_vandalism |title=Wikipedia Tests Approval System to Reduce Page Vandalism |publisher=Maximum PC |date=19 July 2008 |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ebrandz.com/miscellaneous/2009/2824-wikipedia-plans-to-enforce-new-editing-policy-to-thwart-vandals-.html |title=Wikipedia plans to enforce new editing policy to thwart vandals – eBrandz Search Marketing & Technology News |publisher=News.ebrandz.com |date=27 August 2009 |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Screen capture of the AIV page on the English Wikipedia.png|thumb|1000px|center|Screenshot of the [[Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism|vandalism-reports-page]] on the [[English Wikipedia]] as of December 2013.]]

=== ClueBot NG ===

The most famous "bot" that fights vandalism is [[User:ClueBot NG|ClueBot NG]]. The bot was created by Wikipedia users Christopher Breneman and Cobi Carter in 2010, (succeeding the original ClueBot, NG stands for Next Generation)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/2/18/5412636/this-machine-kills-trolls-how-wikipedia-robots-snuff-out-vandalism|title=This machine kills trolls|date=18 February 2014|website=The Verge|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref> and uses [[machine learning]] and [[Bayesian statistics]] to determine if an edit is vandalism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18892510|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=25 July 2012|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digitfreak.com/technology/digital/1374-little-about-the-bot-that-runs-wikipedia,-cluebot-ng|title=Little about the bot that runs Wikipedia, ClueBot NG|last=Raja|first=Sumit|website=digitfreak.com|accessdate=11 April 2017}}</ref>

While the bot has been effective in helping keep Wikipedia clean, some claim the bot "[[WP:BITE|bites]]" new users by not being able to apply a human brain's knowledge to the edit, and leaving impersonal [[WP:TEMPLATES|templates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/How-does-Wikipedias-content-review-bot-ClueBot-NG-review-Wikipedia-pages-and-validate-their-facts|title=How does Wikipedia's content review bot ClueBot NG review Wikipedia pages and validate their facts? – Quora|website=www.quora.com|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/bots-edit-wikipedia-humans-made/|title=The Bots Who Edit Wikipedia (And The Humans Who Made Them)|work=MakeUseOf|access-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

=== Blacklisting ===

The MediaWiki title blacklist extension prevents page move vandalism and creation vandalism by using [[regular expressions]] to identify bad titles. Titles on the blacklist can only be created by or moved to by administrators. Pages that are also created repeatedly can be protected to prevent vandals from recreating bad pages.

In addition to the Title Blacklist, the spam blacklist prevents external link [[spamming]], a form of vandalism. New/unregistered users who want to add external links are required to answer a [[CAPTCHA]].

The bad image list prevents images that are commonly used to vandalize pages from being inserted, such as images with sexual content.

The entirety of the MediaWiki namespace, the main page, and high risk templates are protected to prevent high server load and sudden interface changes.

The edit filter can also prevent vandalism by disallowing the bad edit altogether.

== Notable acts of vandalism ==

=== Seigenthaler incident ===
{{main|Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident}}
[[File:John Seigenthaler Sr. speaking.jpg|thumb|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|[[John Seigenthaler]], who in 2005 criticized Wikipedia]]
In May 2005, a user edited the [[biography|biographical]] article about [[John Seigenthaler, Sr.]] so that it contained several false and [[defamation|defamatory]] statements.<ref name=SeigenthalerUSAToday>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm|work=USA Today|date=29 November 2005|title=A false Wikipedia "biography"|author=[[John Seigenthaler]]}}</ref> The inaccurate claims went unnoticed between May and September 2005, when they were discovered by [[Victor S. Johnson, Jr.]], a friend of Seigenthaler. Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as [[Answers.com]], which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of websites. Such information can develop a misleading air of authority because of its presence at such sites:<ref name=SeigenthalerABC>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1613571.htm|title=Mistakes and hoaxes on-line|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| date=15 April 2006| accessdate=28 April 2007}}</ref>
{{quote|
Then [Seigenthaler's] son discovered that his father's hoax biography also appeared on two other sites, Reference.com and Answers.com, which took direct feeds from Wikipedia. It was out there for four months before Seigenthaler realized and got the Wikipedia entry replaced with a more reliable account. The lies remained for another three weeks on the mirror sites downstream.
}}

=== Stephen Colbert ===
{{See also|Cultural impact of The Colbert Report#Wikipedia references|label 1=Wikipedia references on The Colbert Report}}
Comedian [[Stephen Colbert]] made repeated references to Wikipedia on his TV show ''[[The Colbert Report]]'', frequently suggesting on air that his viewers vandalize selected pages. These instances include the following:

* On a 2006 episode of his show, Colbert suggested viewers vandalize the article "[[Elephant]]". This resulted in an account named "Stephencolbert" being blocked from editing, as well as many elephant-related articles being protected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/08/01/did-colbert-hack-wikipedia-video/ |title=Did Colbert hack Wikipedia? – VIDEO |publisher=Tvsquad.com |accessdate=7 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119215141/http://www.tvsquad.com/2006/08/01/did-colbert-hack-wikipedia-video/ |archivedate=19 January 2011 }}</ref>
* On 7 August 2012, Colbert suggested that his viewers go to pages for possible 2012 U.S. Republican vice presidential candidates, such as the [[Tim Pawlenty]] and [[Rob Portman]] articles, and edit them many times. This was in response to a [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] hypothesis that mass editing of the [[Sarah Palin]] page the day before she was announced as [[John McCain]]'s running mate could help predict who would be chosen as [[Mitt Romney]]'s running mate in the [[United States presidential election, 2012|2012 election]]. After Colbert's request and his viewers' subsequent actions, all these articles were put under {{srlink|Wikipedia:Protection policy#Semi-protection|semi-protection}} by Wikipedia administrators, with editing restricted to established users.<ref>{{cite web | title=Stephen Colbert's Wikipedia Vice Presidential Scheme Short Circuited | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stephen-colberts-wikipedia-vice-presidential-359985 | work=The Hollywood Reporter | date=8 August 2012 | accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>

When Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] appeared as a guest on 24 May 2007 episode of ''The Colbert Report'', they discussed Colbert-related vandalism. Wales later said on the show that he may have to lock down the entire [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish-language Wikipedia]] for a few days after Colbert commented that perhaps it should learn English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comedycentral.com/colbertreport/videos.jhtml?videoId=87528|title=Jimmy Wales|publisher=[[Comedy Central]]|date=24 May 2007 |accessdate=2 September 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080510170626/http://www.comedycentral.com/colbertreport/videos.jhtml?videoId=87528 |archivedate = 10 May 2008}}</ref>

=== Hillsborough disaster vandalism ===
{{Main|Hillsborough Wikipedia posts}}
In April 2014, the ''[[Liverpool Echo]]'' reported that computers on an intranet used by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom government]] had been used to post offensive remarks about the [[Hillsborough disaster]] on Wikipedia pages relating to the subject. The government announced that it would launch an inquiry into the reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-27165844 |work=BBC News |title=Hillsborough Wikipedia posts were 'sickening', Cabinet Office says |publisher=BBC |date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> Following the allegations, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' subsequently reported that government computers appeared to have been used to make rogue edits to a number of other articles, often adding insulting remarks to biographical articles, and in one case reporting the false death of an individual.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10791202/Des-Lynam-killed-by-a-giant-snowball-and-other-embarrassing-Wikipedia-edits-from-Whitehall-computers.html |title=Des Lynam 'killed by a giant snowball' and other embarrassing Wikipedia edits from Whitehall computers |first=Oliver |last=Duggan |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |date=27 April 2014 |accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref>

=== Other notable acts of vandalism ===
{{importance section|date=October 2016}}

* A vandal called Willy on Wheels renamed thousands of articles so that their titles ended with "on wheels".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dee|first1=Jonathan|title=Wikipedia - Computers and the Internet - Encyclopedias - News and News Media|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html|accessdate=26 May 2018|work=New York Times|date=1 July 2007}}</ref>
* In 2006, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' printed a story about [[Halle Berry]] based on false information from Wikipedia, which had arisen from an act of Wikipedia vandalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_prints_story_based_on_Wikipedia_vandalism |title=Rolling Stone prints story based on Wikipedia vandalism – Wikinews, the free news source |publisher=En.wikinews.org |accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>
* In August 2007, local media from the Netherlands reported that several IP addresses from [[Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organization)|Nederlandse Publieke Omroep]] had been blocked from Wikipedia for adding "false and defamatory" information to pages.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wikipedia blokkeert medewerkers publieke omroep|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/recensies/wikipedia-blokkeert-medewerkers-publieke-omroep~a873862/|website=De Volkskrant|accessdate=3 April 2017|language=Dutch|date=30 August 2007}}</ref> A similar incident occurred with the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]] in France in January 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tual|first1=Morgane|title=Une adresse IP du ministère de l’intérieur bloquée sur Wikipédia pour « vandalisme »|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/01/13/une-adresse-ip-du-ministere-de-l-interieur-bloquee-sur-wikipedia-pour-vandalisme_4846544_4408996.html|website=LeMonde.fr|accessdate=3 April 2017|language=French|date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
* Professional golfer [[Fuzzy Zoeller]] sued a Miami company whose IP-based edits to the Wikipedia site included negative information about him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/news/golfer-sues-wikipedia-vandalism,4377.html|title=Pro golfer sues over Wikipedia vandalism|last=Cheung|first=Humphrey|date=26 February 2007|publisher=Tom's Hardware}}</ref>
* In May 2012, media critic [[Anita Sarkeesian]] created a [[Kickstarter]] project, intending to raise money to make a series of videos exploring sexism in digital gaming culture.<ref>{{cite book|author=Carlen Lavigne|title=Cyberpunk Women, Feminism and Science Fiction: A Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gOPZ_AQl5gC&pg=PA184|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=24 January 2013|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-6653-5|page=184}}</ref> The idea evoked a hostile response,<ref name=dearinternet>{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/internet/2012/06/dear-internet-why-you-cant-have-anything-nice|publisher=New Statesman|title=Dear The Internet, This Is Why You Can't Have Anything Nice|author=Helen Lewis|date=12 June 2012|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> which included repeated vandalism of Sarkeesian's Wikipedia article with pornographic imagery, defamatory statements, and threats of sexual violence.<ref name="Weckerle2013">{{cite book|author=Andrea Weckerle|title=Civility in the Digital Age: How Companies and People Can Triumph over Haters, Trolls, Bullies and Other Jerks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64P3Y_c-ufEC&pg=PT33|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=13 February 2013|publisher=Que Publishing|isbn=978-0-13-313498-8|page=33}}</ref> More than 12 anonymous editors contributed to the ongoing vandalism campaign before editing privileges were revoked for the page.<ref name=dearinternet/>
* In November 2012, the [[Leveson Inquiry|Leveson report]]—published in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by [[Brian Leveson|Lord Justice Leveson]]—incorrectly listed a "Brett Straub" as one of the founders of ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper. The name originated from one of the several erroneous edits by one of Straub's friends as a prank to Wikipedia by falsely including his name in several articles across the site. The name's inclusion in the report suggested that that part of the report relating to that newspaper had been cut and pasted from Wikipedia without a proper check of the sources.<ref name="Straub incident">{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Nick|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/leveson-inquiry/9723296/Wikipedia-the-25-year-old-student-and-the-prank-that-fooled-Leveson.html|title=Wikipedia, the 25-year–old student and the prank that fooled Leveson|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=5 December 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Straub in Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons-wikipedia-moment-how-internet-research-on-the-independents-history-left-him-redfaced-8372446.html|title=Leveson's Wikipedia moment: how internet 'research' on The Independent's history left him red-faced|author=Andy McSmith|work=The Independent|date=30 November 2012}}</ref> The Straub issue was also humorously referenced in broadcasts of BBC entertainment [[current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] TV program ''[[Have I Got News for You]]'' (and extended edition ''Have I Got a Bit More News for You''),<ref name="Straub BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b01p8g6s/Have_I_Got_News_for_You_Series_44_Episode_8|title=Have I Got News for You (series 44, episode 8) TV programme|date=7 December 2012 |publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Straub HIGNFY">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1p6qSt0VbA|title=Have I Got News for You: Series 44, Episode 8 (Leveson clip)|date=7 December 2012|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> with ''[[The Economist]]'' also making passing comment on the issue: "The Leveson report...Parts of it are a scissors-and-paste job culled from Wikipedia".<ref>{{cite news|title=Hacked to pieces|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21567944-somewhat-mediocre-report-could-yet-lead-better-press-rules-britain-hacked-pieces|newspaper=The Economist|date=8 December 2012|accessdate=8 December 2012}}</ref>
* In April 2015, ''The [[Washington Post]]'' reported on an experiment by "Gregory Kohs, a former editor, and prominent Wikipedia critic": "Kohs wrapped up an experiment in which he inserted outlandish errors into 31 articles and tracked whether editors ever found them. After more than two months, half of his hoaxes still had not been found—and those included errors on high-profile pages, like "Mediterranean climate" and "inflammation." (By his estimate, more than 100,000 people have now seen the claim that volcanic rock produced by the human body causes inflammation pain.)"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/04/15/the-great-wikipedia-hoax/ | title=The story behind Jar’Edo Wens, the longest-running hoax in Wikipedia history | date=15 April 2015 | accessdate=19 October 2016 | author=Caitlin Dewey | work=The Washington Post}}</ref>
[[File:Wikipedia_vandalism_-_history_around_revision_672598769.png|thumb|right|The article for [[Donald Trump]] was blanked twice on 22 July 2015.]]
* In July 2015, [[Donald Trump]]'s entire Wikipedia page was replaced with one sentence: "Let's be fair, nobody cares about him."<ref>Ben Popper (22 July 2015). [https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/22/9014525/someone-just-deleted-donald-trumps-entire-wikipedia-page "Someone just deleted Donald Trump's entire Wikipedia page"]. ''The Verge'' (Vox Media).</ref><ref>[http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/donald-trump-wikipedia-deleted "All The Content On Donald Trump's Wikipedia Page Was Just Deleted"]. ''TPM''.</ref><ref>Andrea Peterson (22 July 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2015/07/22/donald-trumps-wikipedia-page-was-deleted-today-twice/ "Donald Trump’s Wikipedia page was deleted today. Twice."]. ''Washington Post''.</ref>
* In August 2016, a sentence was added to [[Chad le Clos]]'s Wikipedia page says that he "Died at the hands of [[Michael Phelps]], being literally blow out of the water by the greatest American since Abraham Lincoln" after Phelps won the gold medal for 200-meter butterfly at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/08/chad-le-clos-michael-phelps-olympic-games-rio-2016-gold-medal-race-highlights-video|title=Somebody trolled Chad Le Clos with the greatest Wikipedia page edit ever|date=10 August 2016|language=en-US|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> This instance of Wikipedia vandalism attracted moderate media attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/national-international/Chad-Le-Clos-Wikipedia-Page-Edits-Says-Hes-Dead-Due-to-Phelps-Hands-389730721.html|title=Chad le Clos' Wikipedia Page Edited to Say Phelps Killed Him|access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref>
* In October 2016, both Hillary Clinton and [[Bill Clinton|Bill Clinton's]] Wikipedia pages were vandalized and pornographic images added to their articles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theslot.jezebel.com/hillary-and-bill-clintons-wikipedia-pages-subject-to-ex-1787755920|title=Clinton Wiki pages vandalized|last=O'Connor|first=Brendan|date=13 October 2016|website=Jezebel|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* In October 2016 New York Assembly candidate [[Jim Tedisco|Jim Tedisco's]] Wikipedia page was modified to say that he had "never been part of the majority", and "is considered by many to be a total failure". Tedisco expressed dismay at the changes to his page.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saratogian.com/general-news/20161022/assemblyman-tediscos-wikipedia-page-vandalized|title=Assemblyman Tedisco's Wikipedia vandalized|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* The week of 29 January 2017 saw various acts of vandalism committed on Wikipedia. White House Press Secretary [[Sean Spicer|Sean Spicer's]] Wikipedia page was vandalized and his picture replaced with that of [[Baghdad Bob]], [[Dana J. Boente]]'s page description was edited to read that he was "the newest sock puppet for the Trump Administration", and [[Paul Ryan|Paul Ryan's]] picture was added to a list of [[invertebrate]]s, with the edit summary stating that he was added due to his lack of a spine. These cases of vandalism attracted media attention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/01/funny-wikipedia-edits-about-spicer-paul-ryan-and-yates.html|title=Wikipedia Edits Are the Only Joy in These Fraught Political Times|last=Kircher|first=Madison Malone|newspaper=Select All|language=en|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/news/politics/us/article/Wikipedia-briefly-listed-politicians-and-other-10891261.php|title=Wikipedia briefly listed politicians and other invertebrates|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2017/01/31/from-strange-specimen-paul-ryan-uber-big-dropoff/vmUp4KMqD9wZ0Sq4utDK5I/story.html|title=From the strange specimen of Paul Ryan to Uber’s big dropoff – The Boston Globe|newspaper=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet}}
*[[Reliability of Wikipedia]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Wikipedia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vandalism On Wikipedia}}
[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Vandalism]]
[[Category:Wikipedia reliability]]

Queer Eye (2018 TV series)

2018-06-07T22:22:33Z

Guillom: /* Future */ fix references

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Queer Eye
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| image = Queereyelogo2.jpg
| caption =
| creator = David Collins
| based_on = 
| writer =
| director =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Antoni Porowski]]|[[Tan France]]|[[Karamo Brown]]|[[Bobby Berk]]|[[Jonathan Van Ness]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "[[All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)]]"
| endtheme = "All Things (Just Keep Getting Better)"
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes = #Episodes
| executive_producer = {{ubl|David Collins|[[Michael Williams (film producer)|Michael Williams]]|Rob Eric|Jennifer Lane|Adam Sher|Jordana Hochman|David Eilenberg|David George}}
| producer = {{ubl|Shannon O'Rourke|Woody Woodbeck|Elis Ortiz}}
| cinematography = Garret Rose
| editor = {{ubl|Joe DeShano|Mathew D. Miller|A.M. Peters|Ryan Taylor|Brian Ray|Maxx Cozza}}
| camera = 
| runtime = 
| company = {{ubl|[[Scout Productions]]|[[ITV Studios|ITV Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| network = Netflix
| audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|2|7}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Queer Eye]]'' (2003–07)
| website = https://www.netflix.com/us/title/80160037
| production_website =
}}

'''''Queer Eye''''' is a [[Netflix]] original series which was released on February 7, 2018. It is a reboot of the [[Bravo (U.S. TV network)|Bravo]] series ''[[Queer Eye|Queer Eye for the Straight Guy]]''. The new version of the show features a new ''Fab Five'', consisting of [[Antoni Porowski]], food and wine expert; [[Tan France]], fashion expert; [[Karamo Brown]], culture expert; [[Bobby Berk]], design expert and [[Jonathan Van Ness]], grooming expert.

==The "Fab Five"==
* [[Antoni Porowski]] – food and wine expert
* [[Tan France]] – fashion expert
* [[Karamo Brown]] – culture expert
* [[Bobby Berk]] – design expert
* [[Jonathan Van Ness]] – grooming expert

==Production==
Creator credit is given to David Collins. In contrast to the original series, the first season of the reboot was filmed in the [[Atlanta]] area instead of the [[New York area]].
Season two of the show may have a different location than season one.

==Broadcast==
All eight episodes of the first series were released on Netflix on February 7, 2018. Netflix's provided maturity rating is TV-14.

==Episodes==
===Series Overview===
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview
| released = y
| allreleased = y

| color1 = pink
| link1 = <includeonly>Queer Eye (2018 TV series)</includeonly>#Season 1 (2018)
| episodes1 = 8
| start1 = {{Start date|2018|2|7}}

| color2 = #00BFFF
| link2 = <includeonly>Queer Eye (2018 TV series)</includeonly>#Season 2 (2018)
| episodes2 =
| start2 = {{Start date|2018|6|15}}<ref>http://www.vulture.com/2018/06/watch-the-netflixs-queer-eye-season-2-trailer.html</ref>
}}</onlyinclude>

===Season 1 (2018)===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Title
!Release date
!Filming location<ref>{{cite web|title=Queer Eye (TV Series 2018- )|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7259746/episodes?season=1&ref_=tt_eps_sn_1|website=IMDb|accessdate=14 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1
|"You Can't Fix Ugly"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Dallas, Georgia]]
|-
|2
|"Saving Sasquatch"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|-
|3
|"Dega Don't"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Winder, Georgia]]
|-
|4
|"To Gay or Not Too Gay"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|-
|5
|"Camp Rules"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Marietta, Georgia]]
|-
|6
|"The Renaissance of Remington"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|-
|7
|"Below Average Joe"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Norcross, Georgia]]
|-
|8
|"Hose Before Bros"
|February 7, 2018
|[[Covington, Georgia]]
|}

===Season 2 (2018)===
The series has been renewed for a second season that will be released on June 15, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/06/07/queer-eye-season-2-trailer/|title=Antoni breaks down in an ugly cry, Jonathan gets spanked in 'Queer Eye' season 2 trailer|work=EW.com|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en}}</ref> The season features a new theme song by [[Betty Who]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://people.com/tv/queer-eye-season-2-trailer/|title=Queer Eye's Season 2 Trailer Features First Female and Transgender Subjects — and a Proposal!|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the season holds an approval rating of 96% based on 24 reviews, and an average rating of 7.92/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''Queer Eye'' adapts for a different era without losing its style, charm, or sense of fun, proving that the show's formula remains just as sweetly addictive even after a change in location and a new group of hosts."<ref>{{cite web |title=Queer Eye: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/queer_eye_2018/s01|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the season has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/tv/queer-eye-2018/season-1 |title=Queer Eye (2018) reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=February 13, 2018}}</ref>

==Future==
On March 26, 2018 it was reported that the series has been renewed for a second season. The new cast is set to return.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/queer-eye-renewed-season-2-netflix-1202736258/|title=‘Queer Eye’ Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix, Along With Four Other Unscripted Series|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=2018-03-26|website=Variety|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-06-07|}}</ref>

David Collins has said that he is interested in filming the next season of ''Queer Eye'' in the Midwest, and that he would like to bring the Fab Five to his hometown, [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]: "I'm from Cincinnati, Ohio, born and raised. I would like to go the tristate region, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, because you can base in Cincinnati and go across the bridge to Kentucky and go up the interstate to Indiana. The corn-fed midwestern folk are where I'm from — and I love actually being from Ohio, it's a great place to be from."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/queer-eye-netflix-cast-interview-season-2-1201928799/|title=‘Queer Eye’: The New Fab Five on Tackling Deeper Issues Like Police Profiling and Planning For Season 2|author=Liz Shannon Miller|date=February 14, 2018|publisher=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

Speaking to Variety, interior design expert Bobby Berk stated that season 2 was filmed at the tail end of season one. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/queer-eye-season-2-release-date-trailer-news-2260957#8PatTULEgWIveFdc.99|title=Queer Eye season 2: release date, trailer and all the latest news|date=28 March 2018|publisher=}}</ref>

On June 6, 2018 it was reported that an episode of season 3 was being filmed in the town of [[Yass,_New_South_Wales#In_popular_culture|Yass, NSW, Australia]]. It was chosen to film in Yass as its name matches one of the boys' favourite sayings: yaass.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Yass hotel gets an injection of fabulousness courtesy of Queer Eye|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/yass-hotel-gets-an-injection-of-fabulousness-courtesy-of-queer-eye-20180606-p4zjqm.html|website=Sydney Morning Herald|date=6 January 2018|}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Netflix original series}}

[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:2018 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related television shows]]
[[Category:American reality television series]]
[[Category:Gay-related television programs]]
[[Category:LGBT-related reality television series]]

{{US-reality-tv-stub}}

User talk:Guillom

2018-05-26T20:00:02Z

Guillom: archive

<div class="plainlinks">
Archives:
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=299370528 August 2006 − May 2009]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=361910143 June 2009 − May 2010]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=673315197 June 2010 − July 2015]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=842936389 August 2015 − May 2018]
</div>

Remembering Leonard Nimoy

2018-02-01T22:48:14Z

Guillom: /* Production */ grammar

{{Infobox film
| name = Remembering Leonard Nimoy
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Julie Nimoy, David Knight
| producer = Julie Nimoy<br>David Knight<br>Christopher Spiro
| writer =
| starring =
| music = [[Nicholas Pike]]
| cinematography = Scott Yun
| editing = Ron Frank
| studio = Health Point Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|04|23|[[Newport Beach Film Festival]]}}
| runtime = 1 hour
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''Remembering Leonard Nimoy: His Life, Legacy and Battle with COPD''' is a 2017 American [[documentary film]] about [[Leonard Nimoy]] and his battle with terminal [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]. It was produced and directed by his daughter Julie Nimoy and her husband David Knight.

==Synopsis==
“Remembering Leonard Nimoy” on the life and career and his battle with COPD. It includes interviews with his immediate family, his personal Physician, nurse and other lung disease experts.

==Production==

In January 2014, Leonard Nimoy appeared on the Piers Morgan (CNN) show announcing that he had and was suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. With the assistance from both commercial and private contributors, Julie Nimoy and David Knight began production in January 2016. The documentary’s first trailer and poster were released in February 2017.

==Release==
A preliminary version of the film was screened April 23, 2017 at the Newport Beach Film Festival and was followed by a Q & A with Leonard’s family. On June 2017, it was announced that American Public Television acquired the rights to distribute “Remembering Leonard Nimoy” to PBS stations across the country beginning November 1, 2017.

==Link list==
* http://www.treknews.net/2017/02/05/remembering-leonard-nimoy-copd-trailer/
* https://mashable.com/2017/06/17/remembering-leonard-nimoy-documentary/#l_MC2B74amq2
* http://www.treknews.net/2015/09/12/interview-julie-nimoy-and-david-knight-copd-leonard-nimoy/
* http://www.treknews.net/2015/08/31/leonard-nimoys-daughter-planning-copd-documentary/
* http://www.startrek.com/article/julie-nimoy-remembers-her-dad-on-national-copd-awareness-day
* http://www.startrek.com/article/two-years-later-julie-nimoy-remembers-her-dad
* http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/exclusive-julie-nimoy-and-david-knight-leonard-nimoy-and-their-new-documentary
* https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/copd-highly-illogical-a-tribute-to-leonard-nimoy-film#/
* https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/julie-nimoy-copd-film-tribute/2015/04/08/id/637158/#
* https://www.newsmax.com/health/health-news/leonard-nimoy-lung-chronic/2016/02/08/id/713312/
* https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2017/05/02/touched-humanity-remembering-leonard-nimoy/u9SvZRIfelpOxcomYnzlYI/story.html
* http://www.rememberingleonardfilm.com

Remembering Leonard Nimoy

2018-02-01T22:39:31Z

Guillom: format

{{Infobox film
| name = Remembering Leonard Nimoy
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Julie Nimoy, David Knight
| producer = Julie Nimoy<br>David Knight<br>Christopher Spiro
| writer =
| starring =
| music = [[Nicholas Pike]]
| cinematography = Scott Yun
| editing = Ron Frank
| studio = Health Point Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|04|23|[[Newport Beach Film Festival]]}}
| runtime = 1 hour
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''Remembering Leonard Nimoy: His Life, Legacy and Battle with COPD''' is a 2017 American [[documentary film]] about [[Leonard Nimoy]] and his battle with terminal [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]. It was produced and directed by his daughter Julie Nimoy and her husband David Knight.

==Synopsis==
“Remembering Leonard Nimoy” on the life and career and his battle with COPD. It includes interviews with his immediate family, his personal Physician, nurse and other lung disease experts.

==Production==

In January 2014, Leonard Nimoy appeared on the Piers Morgan (CNN) show announcing that he had and was suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. With the assistance from both commercial and private contributors, Julie Nimoy and David Knight began production in January 2016. The documentary’s first trailer and poster was released in February 2017.

==Release==
A preliminary version of the film was screened April 23, 2017 at the Newport Beach Film Festival and was followed by a Q & A with Leonard’s family. On June 2017, it was announced that American Public Television acquired the rights to distribute “Remembering Leonard Nimoy” to PBS stations across the country beginning November 1, 2017.

==Link list==
* http://www.treknews.net/2017/02/05/remembering-leonard-nimoy-copd-trailer/
* https://mashable.com/2017/06/17/remembering-leonard-nimoy-documentary/#l_MC2B74amq2
* http://www.treknews.net/2015/09/12/interview-julie-nimoy-and-david-knight-copd-leonard-nimoy/
* http://www.treknews.net/2015/08/31/leonard-nimoys-daughter-planning-copd-documentary/
* http://www.startrek.com/article/julie-nimoy-remembers-her-dad-on-national-copd-awareness-day
* http://www.startrek.com/article/two-years-later-julie-nimoy-remembers-her-dad
* http://www.syfy.com/syfywire/exclusive-julie-nimoy-and-david-knight-leonard-nimoy-and-their-new-documentary
* https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/copd-highly-illogical-a-tribute-to-leonard-nimoy-film#/
* https://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/julie-nimoy-copd-film-tribute/2015/04/08/id/637158/#
* https://www.newsmax.com/health/health-news/leonard-nimoy-lung-chronic/2016/02/08/id/713312/
* https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/television/2017/05/02/touched-humanity-remembering-leonard-nimoy/u9SvZRIfelpOxcomYnzlYI/story.html
* http://www.rememberingleonardfilm.com

Kui Kinyanjui

2017-11-10T17:13:23Z

Guillom: fixes

{{Orphan|date=April 2010}}

'''Kui Kinyanjui''' is a business reporter with [[Kenya]]’s leading newspaper [[Business Daily]],<ref>http://www.businessdailyafrica.com</ref> reporting on the information, communication and technology beat.

==Biography==
Kinyanjui was born and raised in Kenya, attending school in the country until high school, when she moved to the [[United States]] to attend the [[Madeira School]]. She then went on to study journalism at [[Fordham University]].

Kinyanjui’s formal career began in 2000, when she began to freelance for a selection of international titles.
In 2001, she worked for Kenya’s oldest business journal known as the Executive, where she rose from the position of editorial assistant to become a regular writer for the monthly publication.
Later that year, she moved to PC World East Africa, where she rose to the position of Editor, reporting on technology in the East African region.
Her work there also included conducting Public Relations work for brands such as Toshiba and Gateway.
Once the owners of the magazine made a decision to fold the publication, Kinyanjui embarked on forming her own start-up to continue publishing the magazine, which is the regional version of PC World, and IDG publication.

Kinyanjui then moved to the world of public relations, working for [[Ogilvy & Mather|Ogilvy and Mather]]’s Nairobi office where she crafted the communication strategy for several blue chip companies.
Kinyanjui was among the founding journalists that formed [[Nation Media Group]]’s “Business Daily” in 2006.<ref>http://www.nation.co.ke</ref> Writing exclusively on the region’s fast growing ICT sector for Kenya’s first daily business newspaper, Kinyanjui has built significant goodwill for the industry.
Based out of Nation Media Group’s Nairobi bureau, Kinyanjui now edits a standalone pullout known as Digital Business in the paper, indicative of the growing interest in the sector by the paper’s readers.

Business Daily won the [[Diageo Award]] for business reporting in 2008.<ref>http://www.diageoafricabusinessreportingawards.com</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kinyanjui, Kui}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kenyan journalists]]
[[Category:Fordham University alumni]]
[[Category:Madeira School alumni]]

MSP

2017-10-13T19:02:15Z

Guillom: /* Businesses */ add multi-sided platform

'''MSP''' may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
== In arts and entertainment ==
* [[Manic Street Preachers]], Welsh rock band formed in 1986
== Businesses ==
* [[Matchstick Productions]], a company producing videos of extreme sports, especially skiing
* [[Mathematical Sciences Publishers]], a scientific publisher based in Berkeley, California
* [[Men's Studies Press]], an academic publisher registered in Harriman, Tennessee
* [[Managed Service Provider]], a company that is outsourced to take care of businesses' IT services
* Multi-Sided Platform, an organization that enables interaction between two or more groups of agents, for example through a [[two-sided market]].

== In government and politics ==

=== Police forces ===
* [[Malabar Special Police]], a paramilitary unit of the State Police of Kerala, India
* [[Maine State Police]], state police agency for the U.S. state of Maine
* [[Maryland State Police]], state police agency for the U.S. state of Maryland
* [[Massachusetts State Police]], state police agency for the U.S. state of Massachusetts
* [[Michigan State Police]], state police agency for the U.S. state of Michigan
* [[Minnesota State Patrol]], state police agency for the U.S. state of Minnesota

=== Political parties ===
* [[Movement of Society for Peace]] (French: ''Mouvement de la société pour la paix'', Arabic: ''Harakat Moudjtamaa As-Silm حركة مجتمع السلم'', formerly called ''Hamas حماس''), an Algerian political party
* [[National Salvation Party]] (Milli Selamet Partisi), Islamist political party in Turkey

=== Prisons ===
* [[Maine State Prison]], a former prison in Thomaston, Maine
* [[Michigan State Prison]], a former prison in Jackson, Michigan
* [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]], in Parchman, Mississippi
* [[Missouri State Penitentiary]], a former prison in Jefferson City, Missouri
* [[Montana State Prison]], in Deer Lodge, Montana

=== Other uses in government and politics ===
* [[Main-Spessart]], code used on German vehicle registration plates
* [[Medical Services Plan of British Columbia]], government-administered single-payer health insurance scheme in the Canadian province of British Columbia
* [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] Savings Program
* [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]]
* [[Ministerio de Salud Pública]], Uruguayan ministry of public health

== Places ==
* [[Midway (Amtrak station)]], in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
* [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]], the twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul and the surrounding area — the most highly populated area in Minnesota, U.S.
* [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport]], in Hennepin County, Minnesota, U.S. (IATA airport code MSP)

== In science and technology ==

=== In biology, ecology, and medicine ===
* [[Major sperm protein]], the most abundant protein in nematode sperm
* [[Marine spatial planning]], a process of making decisions about sustainable use of marine resources
* [[Merozoite surface protein]], used in malaria research
* [[Bisulfite sequencing#2. Methylation-specific PCR .28MSP.29|Methylation-specific PCR]], a method for detecting methylated DNA sequence
* [[Macrophage-stimulating protein]]

=== In computing and information technology ===
* [[Managed service provider]], a business model for providing information-technology services
* [[Max/MSP]], max signal processing
* [[Message send protocol]], an application-layer computing protocol used to send a short message between networking nodes on a computer network
* [[sendmail|Message Submission Program]] or smmsp in Sendmail e-mail systems
* [[Microsoft Installer Patch Files]], files downloaded from updating applications installed with Microsoft Installer and which have the .msp file extension
* [[Microsoft Points]], the currency used on the Xbox Live and Zune marketplaces
* [[Microsoft Project]], a project-management software program developed and sold by Microsoft
* [[Microsoft Student Partners]], an organization of university students interested in careers in technology and showing a willingness to help others learn about Microsoft technology
* [[Microsoft Surface Pro]]
* [[Minimum spanning tree]], a graph theory problem
* [[MSP (file format)]], a pre-bmp picture format readable in the oldest versions of Microsoft Paint
* [[TI MSP430]], a mixed-signal microcontroller family from Texas Instruments
* [[Multiplex Section Protection]], SDH per span protection

=== Other uses in science and technology ===
* [[Mechanically separated poultry]], a paste-like meat product
* [[Millisecond pulsar]], in astronomy, a pulsar with a rotational period in the range of 1-10 milliseconds
* Micro-[[spectrophotometer]], an instrument used to measure the UV, visible, and near-infrared spectra of microscopic objects
* [[Monosodium phosphate]], a chemical compound of sodium with a phosphate counterion
* [[MSP Groza silent pistol]], a double-barreled firearm designed in the Soviet Union in 1972

== Other uses ==
* [[Moscow Finnish School]] (Moskovan suomalainen peruskoulu)
* ''[[Movimento Sviluppo e Pace]]'', an Italian NGO
{{disambiguation}}

Teenage Dream

2017-07-09T04:23:01Z

Guillom: female ➡️ woman

{{pp-pc1|expiry=17:13, 19 January 2018|small=yes}}
{{Infobox album
| Name = Teenage Dream
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Katy Perry]]
| Cover = Teenage Dream album cover.png
| Border = no
| Released = August 24, 2010
| Recorded = October 13, 2009 – April 30, 2010
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref name=rolsto />
| Length = 44:02 
| Label = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]]
| Producer = {{flat list|
*[[Dr. Luke]]
*[[Benny Blanco]]
*[[Kuk Harrell]]
*[[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]]
*[[Max Martin]]
*[[Tricky Stewart]]
*[[Stargate (production team)|StarGate]]
*[[Sandy Vee]]
*[[Greg Wells]]
}}
| Last album = ''[[MTV Unplugged (Katy Perry album)|MTV Unplugged]]''<br />(2009)
| This album = '''''Teenage Dream'''''<br />(2010)
| Next album = ''[[Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection]]''<br />(2012)
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Teenage Dream
| Type = studio
| single 1 = [[California Gurls]]
| single 1 date = May 7, 2010
| single 2 = [[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]
| single 2 date = July 23, 2010
| single 3 = [[Firework (song)|Firework]]
| single 3 date = October 18, 2010
| single 4 = [[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]
| single 4 date = February 16, 2011
| Single 5 = [[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]
| single 5 date = June 6, 2011
| single 6 = [[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]
| single 6 date = October 4, 2011
}}}}

'''''Teenage Dream''''' is the third [[studio album]] by American singer [[Katy Perry]].<ref name=rolsto /> It was released on August 24, 2010, through [[Capitol Records]]. Musically, it contains [[Pop music|pop]] and [[dance-pop]] with influences of [[Disco music|disco]], [[Electronic music|electronic]], [[funk]], [[House music|house]], [[gothic rock]], [[Hi-NRG]], and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]. Lyrically, it revolves around teenage love, partying, self-empowerment, and personal growth. Perry co-wrote every song on the album, and also worked with a number of producers and writers, including [[Dr. Luke]], [[Max Martin]], [[Benny Blanco]], [[Tricky Stewart]], [[Stargate (production team)|StarGate]], [[Greg Kurstin]], [[Bonnie McKee]] and [[Ester Dean]].

Upon its release, ''Teenage Dream'' received generally mixed reviews from [[music criticism|music critics]], who complimented its production and themes while denouncing Perry's songwriting. The album debuted at number one on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], selling 192,000 copies in its first week. It was later certified three times Platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA), sold 3 million copies in the United States, and charted within the Top 40 of the ''Billboard'' 200 year-end chart three years in a row.<ref name="200weeks" /> The album also sold 1.3 million copies in the United Kingdom, where it was certified four times platinum by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] (BPI). As of July 2013, ''Teenage Dream'' has sold 6 million copies worldwide. The album and its singles earned Perry seven [[Grammy Award]] nominations including [[The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime, Awards of 2011]].

The album was preceded by the number-one singles "[[California Gurls]]" and "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]", and later produced the number-one singles "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]", "[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]", and "[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]". Its sixth "[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]" peaked at number three on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. ''Teenage Dream'' is the second album in history to have five number ones from one album (after [[Michael Jackson]]'s 1987 album ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]''), the first by a woman to achieve this milestone and the third album in history to produce eight top five hits. All six of the aforementioned singles, in addition to two from its 2012 [[Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection|reissue]], have sold over two million digital downloads each in the US, setting a record in the digital era for the most multi-Platinum singles from one album, breaking the previous record of [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]'s debut album ''[[The Dutchess]]'' (2006), which had five multi-Platinum songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart-watch/week-ending-feb-12-2012-songs-luv-madonna-012009756.html. |title=Week Ending February 12, 2012. Songs: Luv For Madonna – Chart Watch |publisher=New.music.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=July 19, 2012}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:KatyPerryBudapest.png|thumb|upright|left|250px|Perry performing "[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" in [[Budapest]].]]
Prior to recording ''Teenage Dream'', Perry told ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' she would "definitely keep it pop", in order to not "alienate" her fanbase.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=1332255 |title=Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more! |publisher=FMQB |date=May 20, 2009 |accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref> Perry began recording the album on October 13, 2009, stating that she had "lots of layers to get through, thankfully [[Greg Wells]] is there to do the peeling".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/katyperry/status/4837711534|work=Twitter|last=Perry|first=Katy|date=October 13, 2009|title=1st Day}}</ref> Work on the album involved collaborating with numerous artists and producers including Wells. [[Guy Sigsworth]], [[Dr. Luke]], [[Max Martin]],<ref name="rollingstone1">{{cite web|last=Kreps |first=Daniel |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/14475/83188 |title=Katy Perry Talks Pop Plans for Next LP, Dispels Personal Rumors |work=Rolling Stone |date=May 19, 2009 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="mtvca">{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Joceyln|url=http://www.mtv.ca/news/article.jhtml?id=25396|title=Katy Perry's Next Album Could Include West Coast Rappers, Best Friends|publisher=MTV. Viacom|date=March 29, 2010|accessdate=May 12, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314013805/http://www.mtv.ca/news/article.jhtml?id=25396|archivedate=March 14, 2012}}</ref> [[Ryan Tedder]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Shriver |first=Jerry |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-01-14-ryantedder14_st_N.htm |title=Ryan Tedder's time is right now |work=USA Today |date=January 28, 2010 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> [[Rivers Cuomo]],<ref name="mtvca" /> [[Kuk Harrell]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitchell |first=Gail |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62I4OM20100319 |title=Songwriter Harrell expands his hitmaking business |publisher=Reuters |date=March 19, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref> [[Greg Kurstin]], [[Benny Blanco]], [[Rodney Jerkins|Darkchild]], [[Cathy Dennis]], [[Ester Dean]], and [[Tricky Stewart]], who told ''[[Rap-Up]]'' magazine in December 2009 that the sound of the album would be pop and rock, like ''One of the Boys'', though calling it a "different gear" for himself.<ref>{{cite web|last=Copsey |first=Robert |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a185960/katy-perry-working-with-beyonce-producer.html |title=Music – News – Katy Perry 'working with Beyoncé producer' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=November 9, 2009 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref>
As for the visual component, Perry likens it to "going from [[Shirley Temple]], [[Betty Boop]] to more of a [[Bettie Page|Betty Paige]] [sic], pop art-sarcastic-fun-[[Roy Lichtenstein|Lichtenstein]] picture: still bright, but the colors are more saturated, and it's more metallic fuchsia or purple than bubblegum pink."<ref>{{cite web|author=Halperin, Shirley |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/17386/111762 |title=Skate Jams to Russell Brand: Inside Katy Perry's 'Dream' |work=Rolling Stone |date=June 8, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref>

On March 27, 2010, at [[2010 Kids' Choice Awards]], Perry told Jose Ordonez that she considered the album "a summer record". She added that her previous teases about the album still fit, saying "it's what I said I wanted earlier".<ref name="mtvca" /> She has also stated that the album is inspired by [[ABBA]] and [[The Cardigans]]. According to Perry, she gave her producer Dr. Luke a mixtape of songs by the two groups in order to demonstrate how she wanted her next record to sound. Perry described the album as "more groove-driven". She added, "When I went on tour, as much as I love all the in-between songs, I felt I was missing some of the stuff that made people bounce up and down."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a216248/katy-perry-reveals-abba-inspired-new-lp.html |title=Music – News – Katy Perry reveals ABBA-inspired new LP |publisher=Digital Spy |date=April 23, 2010 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref>
During a ''Rolling Stone'' photo shoot in April 2010, Perry revealed details about what would be the album's lead single, "[[California Gurls]]". Allegedly a response to [[Jay-Z]] and [[Alicia Keys]]'s "[[Empire State of Mind]]", she stated "everyone has the New York song, but what the fuck? What about LA? What about California?", adding that the song also took its inspiration from Prince.<ref name="digitalspy1">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a214850/katy-perry-records-answer-to-jay-z-song.html |title=Music – News – Katy Perry records answer to Kasen Brewsters song |publisher=Digital Spy |date=April 16, 2010 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> The song features California rapper [[Snoop Dogg]]. ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the song a positive review, calling it "an effervescent toast to summer fun".<ref name="usatoday1">{{cite news|last=Gundersen |first=Edna |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2010-04-27-albumpreview27_CV_N.htm |title=Summer album preview: A dozen-plus to watch for |work=USA Today |date=April 30, 2010 |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> Perry also claimed that working with producers Max Martin and Dr. Luke was "a wonderful collaborative effort".<ref name="digitalspy1" />

Recording for the album finished on April 30, 2010. The album cover is a painting by [[Will Cotton]], and was revealed on July 21, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/news/ |title=Katy Perry // Official Website // news |publisher=Katyperry.com |date=July 13, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref> via a live webstream with Cotton, at his Art Studio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustream.tv/katyperry |title=Ustream |publisher=Ustream.tv |date= |accessdate=July 21, 2010}}</ref> On July 23, 2010, the album's official track listing was posted on Perry's official website.<ref name="katyperry1">{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/teenage-dream-official-tracks-revealed/ |title=Katy Perry // Official Website // "Teenage Dream" Official Tracks Revealed! |publisher=Katyperry.com |date= |accessdate=July 26, 2010}}</ref>
For the recording of ''Teenage Dream'', Perry had recorded at a multitude of recording studios such as Playback Recording Studio, Roc the Mic Studios, [[Conway Recording Studios]], Rocket Carousel Studio, [[Studio at the Palms]], Triangle Sound Studios, Silent Sound Studios, The Boom Boom Boom, [[Henson Recording Studios]], [[Capitol Studios]], Nightbird Recording Studios, and Eightysevenfourteen Studios.<ref name="notes" />

== Music and lyrics ==

In June 2010, Perry stated some of the album's content "is a bit sugary sweet but when you listen to the record head to toe I think it's completely appetizing. I didn't want to have just club songs. People are living real lives, working jobs, having relationships. There's definitely a bit more substance and perspective on this record."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.co.uk/playlist/view/138384/Katy-Perry-Four-letter-farewell-in-hot-album/|title=Simply The Best 7 Days a Week :: Playlist :: Katy Perry: Four-letter farewell in hot album|publisher=Daily Star|date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> The music of ''Teenage Dream'' is derived from a wide variety of [[Rock music|rock]] and [[Pop music|pop]] genres, while heavily incorporating different musical styles not heard on her previous releases; [[disco]] and [[electronic music|electronic]] are examples.<ref name="rolsto">{{cite web|first=Rob |last=Sheffield|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/teenage-dream-20100823 |title=Teenage Dream by Katy Perry | Music Reviews |work=Rolling Stone |publisher=Wenner Media LLC |date=August 23, 2010 |accessdate=June 10, 2011}}</ref> Musically, ''Teenage Dream'' is considered to be a departure from Perry's previous album, ''[[One of the Boys (Katy Perry album)|One of the Boys]]'' (2008), which was [[pop rock]] and [[soft rock]] driven. The album features a very wide range of [[rock music]] subgenres, which include [[Disco|disco rock]],<ref name="toronto"/> [[glam metal]],<ref name="dance"> {{cite web |url=http://dancemusic.about.com/od/reviews/fr/Katy-Perry-Teenage-Dream.htm |title=Katy Perry – 'Teenage Dream' |first=Ben |last=Norman |work=[[About.com]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |year=2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref> [[indie rock]],<ref name="indie rock">{{cite web|last=Hawthorne |first=Marc |url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/katy-perry-teenage-dream,44690/ |title=Katy Perry: Teenage Dream | Music|publisher=The A.V. Club |date=August 31, 2010 |accessdate=April 9, 2011}}</ref> [[pop rock]],<ref name="TD sheet">{{cite web|url =http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdVPE.asp?ppn=MN0085950|title =Katy Perry – Teenage Dream Sheet Music (Digital Download)|work =Musicnotes.com |publisher =[[Alfred Music Publishing]]|accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> [[hard rock]],<ref name="RS">{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/blogs/rolling-stone-video-blog/katy-perry-goes-sci-fi-with-e-t-20110331 |title=Katy Perry Goes Sci-Fi With 'E.T.' |date=March 31, 2011 |first=Matthew |last=Perpetua |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Jann Wenner]] |accessdate=March 31, 2011}}</ref> [[electronic rock]],<ref name="lifetoday">{{cite web |url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/lifestyle/entertainment/album-review-katy-perry-teenage-dream-1-807567|title=Album review: Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|first=John |last=Murray |work=[[Fife Today]] |publisher=[[Johnston Publishing]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> rock,<ref name="journal">{{cite web |url=http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/547964/Katy-Perry-smacks-her-gum--drops-sonic-napalm.html?nav=5076 |title=Katy Perry smacks her gum, drops sonic napalm |first=Jeb |last=Inge |work=[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)|The Journal]] |publisher=[[Ogden Newspapers]] |date=September 2, 2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref> and [[gothic rock|goth rock]].<ref name="chicago tribune">{{cite news |url=http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2010/08/album-review-katy-perry-teenage-dream.html |title=Album review: Katy Perry, 'Teenage Dream' |first=Greg |last=Kot |publisher=[[Tribune Company]] |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=August 22, 2010 |accessdate=August 22, 2011}}</ref>

===Songs===

The album opens with the title track and second single "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]", is written as a throwback record to Perry's teenage years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-interviews/2010/07/02/katy-perry-i-m-not-thinking-about-having-kids-my-new-kitten-s-enough-trouble-86908-22376519/|title=Katy Perry: I'm not thinking about having kids.. my new kitten is enough trouble – The Daily Record |last=McMonagle|first=Mickey|date=July 2, 2010|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]]|accessdate=July 23, 2010}}</ref> It is a [[power pop]] and [[electropop]] song which features a "distinct retro sound",<ref name="retro">{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/07/22/katy-perryteenage-dream-new-single/|title=Katy Perry's new single 'Teenage Dream' hits the web | EW.com |last=Greenblatt |first=Leah |date=July 22, 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|accessdate=July 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/50-best-songs-of-2010-20101214/katy-perry-teenage-dream-19691231|title =Katy Perry, Teenage Dream|publisher =''Rolling Stone''|accessdate=February 26, 2011}}</ref><ref name="power">{{cite web |url=http://www.grantland.com/blog/hollywood-prospectus/post/_/id/54003/just-a-couple-of-normal-people-on-a-stage-lcd-soundsystems-shut-up-and-play-the-hits-and-katy-perrys-part-of-me |title=Just a Couple of Normal People on a Stage: LCD Soundsystem's ''Shut Up and Play the Hits'' and Katy Perry's ''Part of Me'' |first=Molly |last=Lambert |work=[[Grantland.com|Grantland]] |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=July 27, 2012 |accessdate=August 31, 2012}}</ref> and contains influences of [[disco]], [[pop rock]], and [[industrial music]].<ref name="TD sheet" /><ref name="matters">{{cite web |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/130887-katy-perry-teenage-dream/|title=Katy Perry: Teenage Dream|first=Steve |last=Leftridge|work=[[Pop Matters]] |publisher=[[The McClatchy Company]] |date=October 4, 2010 |accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref><ref name="disco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/music/articles/2011/07/26/20110726katy-perry-best-songs-hot-cold-firework-kissed-girl.html?page=3 |title=Essential Katy Perry songs, from 'Hot n Cold' to 'Firework |first=Ed |last=Masley |work=[[The Arizona Republic]] |publisher=[[Gannett Company]] |date=July 26, 2011 |accessdate=August 18, 2012}}</ref> The song has been compared to several disco artists, including [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and [[The Cardigans]].<ref name="slant">{{cite web |url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/katy-perry-teenage-dream/2219 |title=Katy Perry: Teenage Dream | Music Review |publisher=Slant Magazine |author=Cole, Matthew |date=August 23, 2010 |accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> The second song is "[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]", the song recalls a true experience that Perry had while partying in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] which included streaking in a park, dancing on tables, and partying at a club.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/katy-perry/news/261855-katy-perry-streaking-naked-russell-brand |title=Katy Perry Says Streaking Inspired Album Track |date=March 10, 2011 |work=MTV |accessdate=June 17, 2011}}</ref> Musically, the song is styled in the genres of disco, [[indie rock]], and [[Hi-NRG]],<ref name="indie rock" /><ref name="disco2">{{cite web |url=http://unrealityshout.com/blogs/single-review-katy-perry-last-friday-night-tgif |title=Single Review: Katy Perry – 'Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)’ |first=Dara |last=Hickey |work=Unreality TV |publisher=Unreality Shout |date=July 20, 2011 |accessdate=August 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="NRG">{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/album-review/katy-perry-teenage-dream-the-complete-confection |title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection Album Review |first=Haley |last=Avron |work=[[Contact Music]] |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |date= |accessdate=August 23, 2012}}</ref> while also taking influence from [[dance-pop]].<ref name="LFN sheet">{{cite web|title=Digital sheet music – Katy Perry – Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)|accessdate=May 6, 2011|work=Musicnotes.com|publisher=[[Alfred Publishing]]}}</ref> The lead single, "[[California Gurls]]", continues the "retro sound" carried from "Teenage Dream", and is written as an [[answer song]] to "[[Empire State of Mind]]" by [[Jay-Z]] and [[Alicia Keys]], and pays tribute to the beach lifestyle of California.<ref name="retro" /><ref>{{cite web|author=• Redação |url=http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/noticia/musica/2010/04/16/245967-katy-perry-vai-fazer-musica-em-resposta-a-jay-z |title=Katy Perry vai fazer música em resposta a Jay-Z – Música – Virgula |publisher=Virgula.uol.com.br |date=April 16, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> The song utilizes the genres of disco, [[funk]]-pop, and [[electropop]],<ref name="toronto" /><ref name="dance" /><ref name="disco3">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7967807/Katy-Perry-Teenage-Dream-CD-review.html |title=Katy Perry: Teenage Dream, CD review |first=Niel |last=McCormic |work=[[The Telegraph (UK)]] |publisher=The Telegraphh Media Group |date=August 27, 2010 |accessdate=May 20, 2012 }}</ref> while bearing influence of [[new wave music]] within its composition.<ref name="dance" /><ref name="matters" /><ref name="electropop">{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/oct/14/opinion/la-oe-daum-20101014 |title=As insults go, this one's a yawner |first=Meghan |last=Daum |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=October 14, 2012|accessdate=May 20, 2012}}</ref> Written in tribute to [[The Beach Boys]], the song has been compared to the song "[[September Gurls]]" by [[Big Star]], as well as the group [[Flanger (music)|Flanger]].<ref name="matters" />

The fourth track is the self-empowerment song "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]". Written in a [[disco]]-rock style which runs over the backing track, consisting of a mix of violins and [[house music]].<ref name="toronto" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/08/18/katy-perry-firework/ |title=Song You Need to Know: Katy Perry, 'Firework' » MTV Buzzworthy Blog |publisher=Buzzworthy.mtv.com |date=August 18, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref><ref name="house">{{cite web|last=Thorogood|first=Tom|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/katy-perry/235452-katy-perry-teenage-dream-track-by-track |title=Katy Perry Teenage Dream Track by Track|work=MTV|publisher=Viacom|date=August 27, 2011|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}</ref> The song has generated comparisons to artists such as [[Coldplay]] and [[Leona Lewis]].<ref name="slant"/><ref name="spy">{{cite web|last=Levine|first=Nick|title=Music – Singles Review – Katy Perry: 'Firework' – Digital Spy|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a282258/katy-perry-firework.html |date=November 15, 2010|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=April 2, 2011}}</ref> According to Perry, the song was inspired by [[Jack Kerouac]]'s novel ''[[On the Road]]'', and she has said on many occasions that it is her favorite song from the album.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/Katy-Perry-Firework.htm|title=Review of the Single Firework by Katy Perry|publisher=about.com |accessdate=February 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="fave">{{cite web |last=Vena|first=Jocelyn |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649047/20100930/perry_katy.jhtml|title=Katy Perry Tweets About 'Sparkling' New Music Video – Music, Celebrity, Artist News|publisher=MTV|date=September 30, 2010}}</ref> "Peacock" is a [[dance-pop]] song, with an [[up-tempo]] [[house music]] beat.<ref name="toronto"/> Lyrically, the track contains a [[double entendre]] with suggestive wording. ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine writer Willa Paskin observed that Perry did the obvious with the song's hook ("she used a common word for penis and made it mean penis!").<ref name="nymag"> {{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/08/katy_perrys_peacock_and_the_dy.html |title=Katy Perry's 'Peacock' and the Dying Art of the Double Entendre |first=Willa |last=Paskin |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=August 3, 2010 |accessdate=August 22, 2011}}</ref> Rob Sheffield from ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' noticed the two songs shared a drum [[hook (music)|hook]], and thought of "Peacock" as a sequel to [[Gwen Stefani]]'s 2005 single, "[[Hollaback Girl]]".<ref>{{cite web |first=Rob |last=Sheffield |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/teenage-dream-20100823 |title=Teenage Dream by Katy Perry |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=August 23, 2010 |accessdate=August 22, 2010}}</ref> The album follow with "[[Circle the Drain]]", a rant song where, lyrically, Perry is telling off a [[self-destructive]] drug-addicted ex-boyfriend. Its candid lyrics<ref name="spin"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649141/travie-mccoy-finally-addresses-katy-perrys-circle-drain.jhtml |first=James |last=Montgomery |title=Travie McCoy Finally Addresses Katy Perry's 'Circle The Drain' |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=October 1, 2010 |accessdate=August 24, 2011}}</ref> also discuss the strains his addiction put on both of them. In the track's [[Refrain|chorus]], she sings about how she wants to be his lover, not someone who has to take care of him, such as a maternal figure. She also sings about how he had ultimately lost large opportunities.<ref name="spin"/> The song is styled in the genres of [[disco-rock]],<ref name="toronto">{{cite web |url=http://www.torontosun.com/entertainment/music/2010/08/22/15105231.html |title=Perry album covers the bases|first=Darryl |last=Sturdan|work=[[Toronto Sun]] |publisher= Canoe Sun Media|date=August 22, 2010 |accessdate=April 21, 2012}}</ref> and [[gothic rock]] tones.<ref name="chicago tribune"/> The sixth single from ''Teenage Dream'' is "[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]", which is a [[rock music|rock]] and [[pop music|pop]] ballad.<ref name="TOTGA sheet">{{cite web|url =http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0088652|title =Katy Perry – The One That Got Away Sheet Music (Digital Download)|work =Musicnotes.com |publisher =[[Alfred Music Publishing]] |accessdate=January 16, 2011}}</ref> Perry stated that she wrote the song "about when you promise someone forever, but you end up not being able to follow through. It's a bittersweet story. Hopefully, the listener learns from hearing it and never has to say they had 'the one' get away."<ref name="sixthradiodate"> {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467212/katy-perrys-sixth-teenage-dream-single-starts-at-radio |title=Katy Perry's Sixth 'Teenage Dream' Single Starts at Radio|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=September 14, 2011 |last=Trust |first=Gary}}</ref>

The eighth song, "[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" is about a song about "falling in love with a foreigner".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/11/katy_perry_blew_confetti_into.html|title=Katy Perry Blew Confetti into Vulture's Beer Last Night |date=November 9, 2010|first=Amos|last=Barshad|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|publisher=New York Media LLC|location=New York |accessdate=February 25, 2011}}</ref> A remix of the song features [[Kanye West]]. Musically, the track is an [[electronic music|electronic]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] [[ballad]] influenced by [[drum n' bass]], [[Rave music|rave]], and [[techno]]. The eleven track is "Hummingbird Heartbeat" was inspired by Perry's boyfriend at the time, [[Russell Brand]].<ref name=Brand>{{cite web|title=Brand Inspired Perry's Teenage Dream |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/brand-inspired-perrys-teenage-dream_1153632|publisher=[[Contactmusic]]|date=July 16, 2010|accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref> Musically, it is a [[1980s in music|1980s]]-styled [[hard rock]] song that contains a mixture of elements from [[Rock music|rock]] and [[electronica]]. Lyrically, the song compares the feeling of being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/aug/25/cd-review-katy-perry/|title=CD review: Katy Perry|author=Annie Zaleski|work=Las Vegas Sun|accessdate=8 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="journal">{{cite web |url=http://www.journal-news.net/page/content.detail/id/547964/Katy-Perry-smacks-her-gum--drops-sonic-napalm.html?nav=5076 |title=Katy Perry smacks her gum, drops sonic napalm |first=Jeb |last=Inge |work=[[The Journal (West Virginia newspaper)|The Journal]] |publisher=[[Ogden Newspapers]] |date=September 2, 2010 |accessdate=August 8, 2012}}</ref> The last track is "Not Like the Movies" a [[power ballad]] about a love relationship where a woman does not feel in love and still waits for the man of her dreams, or "charming prince", as a Terra reviewer put it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.terra.com/music/news/katy_perry_new_song_not_like_the_movies_out_now/oci36714 |title=Katy Perry New Song 'Not Like the Movies' Out Now |work=Terra |publisher=Terra Networks |accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref> Its melody was compared to [[Britney Spears]]' "[[Everytime (Britney Spears song)|Everytime]]" (2003) and [[Evanescence]]'s "[[My Immortal]]" (2003).<ref name="mtv">{{cite web |url=http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2010/08/03/song-you-need-to-know-katy-perry-not-like-the-movies/ |title=Song You Need To Know: Katy Perry, 'Not Like The Movies' |publisher=[[Viacom]] |work=[[MTV]] |last=Ryan |first=Chris |accessdate=August 5, 2010 |date=September 4, 2011}}</ref>

== Release and artwork ==
[[File:KatyPerryBudapest02.png|left|thumb|Perry performing "[[Peacock (song)|Peacock]]" during a promotional concert in Budapest, October 2010.]]
"Teenage Dream" was released on August 24, 2010, in the United States<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jovem.ig.com.br/igirl/noticia/2010/05/11/novo+cd+de+katy+perry+chega+as+lojas+em+24+de+agosto+9482733.html |title=Novo CD de Katy Perry chega às lojas em 24 de agosto – iG Jovem / Notícia – IG |publisher=Jovem.ig.com.br |date=December 24, 2009 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> as a [[music download|digital download]] on [[iTunes]], and as a physical release by [[Capitol Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream/id387712061 |title=Teenage Dream (Deluxe Edition) by Katy Perry – Download Teenage Dream (Deluxe Edition) on iTunes |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=August 24, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> Worldwide, the album was released on August 30, 2010 and distributed by [[EMI]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/katy-perry-to-release-teenage-dream-in-august-1972323.html |title=Katy Perry to release 'Teenage Dream' in August – Music, Arts & Entertainment |work=The Independent |location=London, UK |date=May 13, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> A deluxe version was made available on August 27, 2010 in the US, and consists of two CDs with the twelve original tracks, plus two tracks from 2009 on which Perry had appeared as a [[featuring|featured artist]] — [[3OH!3]]'s "[[Starstrukk]]" and [[Timbaland]]'s "[[If We Ever Meet Again]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chaos.com/product/perry-katy-teenage-dream-deluxe-edition/8026987-865769.html |title=Teenage Dream (Deluxe Edition): Perry, Katy: Music |publisher=Chaos.com |date=August 27, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> The deluxe version also includes remixes of "[[California Gurls]]" and "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]".
The covers of the first two singles were photographed by Emma Summerton in April 2010, and three other pictures taken by the artist were released to promote the album in July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cifraclubnews.com.br/noticias/22518-katy-perry-usa-biquini-de-vinil-em-imagens-promocionais-do-novo-cd.html |title=Katy Perry usa biquini de vinil em imagens promocionais do novo CD |publisher=Cifra Club News |date=July 28, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> The official album cover, which shows Perry lying naked on clouds of cotton candy, was painted on canvas by Will Cotton and released on July 21 via live webstream.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pop.com.br/mundopop/noticias/musica/370355-Katy_Perry_divulga_capa_do_album_Teenage_Dream.html |title=Katy Perry divulga capa do álbum Teenage Dream |publisher=Pop.com.br |date=July 22, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref>

In North America, the album was packaged in several different ways. The explicit version of the album is available in a three-panel (six-sided) digipak, which has no text for Perry's name and the album title on the cover, aside from the Parental Advisory warning label on the lower right-hand corner. This is also how the album is displayed if purchased digitally. The booklet contained inside this version reproduces the album's front artwork, without any labels or text. The explicit version is also offered in a standard jewel case, which has text printed on the booklet and has the smell of cotton candy. The cover with text is mainly used for releases outside of North America, while international deluxe editions are available in the digipak, with a bonus disc included. A limited number of the albums are scented like cotton candy indicated by a sticker on the cover.
Artwork based on the album were also used by [[EA Games]] for the limited edition of the expansion pack "''[[The Sims 3: Showtime]]''" from ''The Sims'' game franchise. It was released on March 6, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Share your rise to fame with Katy Perry! |url=http://thesims.com/katyperry |publisher=EA Games|accessdate=January 22, 2012}}</ref>

== Promotion ==
{{Main|California Dreams Tour}}
On June 14, 2010, a beach themed ''Teenage Dream'' listening party took place in New York, a number of tracks were played, including: "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "Last Friday Night", "Circle The Drain", "Pearl", "The One That Got Away", "Peacock", and "Not Like the Movies".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641555/katy-perry-previews-teenage-dream-at-beach-themed-party.jhtml|title=Katy Perry Previews Teenage Dream At Beach-Themed Party|work=MTV News|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref> Before the release of the album, three promotional singles were released exclusively on [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iTunes Store]] as a countdown to ''Teenage Dream''. "[[Not Like the Movies]]", was released digitally on August 3, 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/brand-new-track-not-like-the-movies/ |title=Katy Perry // Official Website // Brand New Track: 'Not Like the Movies’ |publisher=Katyperry.com |date= |accessdate=August 17, 2010}}</ref> and debuted at number 53 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956910/taylor-swift-makes-sparkling-hot-100-entrance |title=Taylor Swift Makes Sparkling Hot 100 Entrance |work=Billboard |date=August 11, 2010 |accessdate=August 17, 2010}}</ref> "[[Circle the Drain]]" was released digitally on August 10, 2010 as the second promotional single,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/brand-new-track-circle-the-drain/ |title=Katy Perry // Official Website // Brand New Track: 'Circle the Drain' |publisher=Katyperry.com |date= |accessdate=August 17, 2010}}</ref> and entered the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 at number 58.<ref name="billboard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956793/eminem-rihanna-top-hot-100-for-fifth-week |title=Eminem, Rihanna Top Hot 100 for Fifth Week |work=Billboard |date=August 19, 2010 |accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref> "[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]", the third, was released the following week on August 17, 2010, and charted at number 42 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956660/eminem-rihanna-continue-to-love-life-atop-hot-100|title=Eminem, Rihanna Continue to 'Love' Life Atop Hot 100|work=Billboard|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|date=August 26, 2010|accessdate=August 26, 2010}}</ref> "[[Peacock (song)|Peacock]]" reached number 64 in Canada, number 52 in the Czech Republic,<ref>{{cite web|author=ds |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=2&titul=148530&sec=bf76bd5af9de37e5878506f749c6070a |title=Čns Ifpi |publisher=Ifpicr.cz |date= |accessdate=November 29, 2010}}</ref> and number 1 on the US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart.<ref name="BB-Peacock">[{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=katy perry|chart=all}} "Katy Perry – Peacock"]. ''Billboard.com''. Retrieved August 8, 2011.</ref> It has also sold over 500,000 copies in the US<ref>{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|title=Ask Billboard: Katy Perry First With Five 4-Million Sellers |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/467403/ask-billboard-katy-perry-first-with-five-4-million-sellers|work=Music |publisher=Billboard}}</ref> and certified Gold on July 9, 2012. A dance remix of it was released on March 26, 2012.<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/peacock-cory-enemy-mia-moretti/id512408030 |title=Peacock (Cory Enemy & Mia Moretti Remix) – Single: Katy Perry |publisher=''iTunes Store'' (Apple Inc.)}}</ref>

[[File:Katy Perry @ MuchMusic Video Awards 2010 Soundcheck 05.jpg|thumb|right|Perry rehearsing "California Gurls" for the [[2010 MuchMusic Video Awards]].]]

Promotion for the album began with a live performance of the album's lead single, "[[California Gurls]]" on May 20, 2010, at the [[The CW Television Network|CW networks]]' annual "upfronts" presentation in New York.<ref>{{cite web|last=Paskin |first=Willa |url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/05/reviewing_the_cw_upfront_prese.html |title=Reviewing the CW Upfront Presentation: Katy Perry Avoids Catastrophe – Vulture |publisher=Nymag.com |date= |accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Daw |url=http://idolator.com/5513031/katy-perry-california-gurls-live-performance |title=Katy Perry's First Live Performance of 'California Gurls' Not So Sunny |publisher=Idolator.com |date=May 20, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref> Perry alongside [[Snoop Dogg]] performed "California Gurls" at the [[MTV Movie Awards]] in [[2010 MTV Movie Awards|June 2010]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ditzian |first=Eric |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1639329/20100517/perry_katy.jhtml |title=Movie Awards Story | Katy Perry to Perform at 2010 MTV Movie Awards – Show Story |publisher=MTV |date=May 17, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> She also promoted the song that same month on Germany's Next Topmodel 2010 and Le Grand Journal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brandon Hall |url=http://idolator.com/5534571/katy-perry-video-germanys-next-top-model |title=Watch Katy Perry Shake Her Purple Wig on 'Germany’s Next Top Model' | Music News, Reviews, and Gossip |publisher=Idolator.com |date=June 11, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> The scene inspired by the Candyfornia video was used in [[MuchMusic Video Awards]] 2010 and on ''[[The Graham Norton Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bieber |first=Grace |url=http://mmva.muchmusic.com/katy-perrys-got-a-sweet-surprise-in-store-for-the-mmvas/ |title=2010 MuchMusic Video Awards | Katy Perry's got a sweet surprise in store for the MMVAs! |publisher=Mmva.muchmusic.com |date=June 20, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> On September 5, 2010, Perry performed "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]", "[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]", "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" and "[[Not Like the Movies]]" in the show's launch of the ''Teenage Dream'' in [[Berlin]].
Perry performed "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]" live for the first time in July 2010 in [[MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia]], as well as opening the 2010 [[Teen Choice Awards]] with a rendition of it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popeater.com/2010/08/02/katy-perry-peacock/ |title=Katy Perry Goes Sweet at the MTV World Stage, Performs New Song |publisher=PopEater.com |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> In August, Perry performed "California Gurls" and "Peacock" on ''The Morning Show'' and ''The Today Show''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popline.mtv.uol.com.br/katy-perry-faz-pocket-show-na-australia-assista |title=Katy Perry faz pocket show na Austrália; Assista | Portal POPLine – O Maior Site de Música POP do Brasil agora na MTV |publisher=Popline.mtv.uol.com.br |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> That same month, "Firework" was performed live for the first time on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ego.globo.com/Gente/Noticias/0,,MUL1615314-9798,00-KATY+PERRY+MOSTRA+AS+PERNOCAS+EM+PROGRAMA+DE+TV.html |title=Ego – Notícias – Katy Perry mostra as pernocas em programa de TV |publisher=Ego.globo.com |date=September 20, 2007 |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> She performed "Not Like the Movies" and "Teenage Dream" on February 13, 2011, at the [[53rd Grammy Awards]] ceremony. She performed "The One That Got Away" on October 16, 2011, at UK version of [[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]].

While promoting the album, Perry expressed she wanted her upcoming tour to be very visual. On her [[Twitter]] account, she stated, "I hope that it's going to engage all of your senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch".<ref name="euro1">{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/56135/Katy-Perry-Announces-Her-California-Dreams-Tour-Dates|title=Katy Perry Announces Her California Dreams Tour Dates!|date=October 11, 2010|accessdate=November 25, 2010 |last=Sanders|first=Helen|work=Entertainment Wise|publisher=Giant Digital}}</ref> The ''[[California Dreams Tour]]'' was officially announced in October 2010 by various media outlets including Perry's official website, in conjunction with the release of her third single, "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]". In 2011, Perry announced her North American leg during a live chat on social network [[Facebook]]. She then responded the tour will be very "super girl power" as vocalists [[Robyn]], [[Yelle]] and [[Marina and the Diamonds]] will open her shows during the various legs. Perry further stated she will actively participate with fans during the tour on various social networks including Facebook and Twitter.<ref name="billboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/live/473564/katy-perry-to-kick-off-california-dreams-us-tour-in-june|title=Katy Perry to Kick Off 'California Dreams' U.S. Tour in June|date=January 19, 2011|accessdate=January 19, 2011|author=Lipshutz, Jason|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]}}</ref> The tour beginning February 20, 2011 on [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]] and the end January 22, 2012 on [[Pasay]], [[Philippines]], the tour visited [[Europe]], [[Oceania]], [[Asia]] and the [[Americas]].<ref name="euro">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/katy-perry-announces-european-dates-for-2011-tour-2104769.html|title=Katy Perry announces European dates for 2011 tour|date=October 12, 2010|accessdate=November 25, 2010|work=The Independent|publisher=Independent Press Limited|location=London}}</ref> The tour ranked 16th in Pollstar's "2011 Top 25 Worldwide Tours", earning over $59.5 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf |title=Top 25 Worldwide Tours (01/01/2011 – 12/31/2011) |date=December 28, 2011 |work=Pollstar |publisher=Pollstar, Inc |accessdate=December 28, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/64I05wGYs?url=http://www.pollstarpro.com/charts/2011YearEndTop25WorldwideTours.pdf |archivedate=December 29, 2011 |df= }}</ref> At the conclusion of 2011, the tour ranked 13th on ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s annual "Top 25 Tours", earning nearly $50 million with 98 shows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/42159/top-25-tours-of-2011 |title=Top 25 Tours of 2011 |date=December 8, 2011 |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=December 27, 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.freezepage.com/1324984111AELBCMOXWV?url=http://www.billboard.com/features/top-25-tours-of-2011-1005641362.story%23/features/top-25-tours-of-2011-1005641362.story |archivedate=December 27, 2011}}</ref> It won an award for Favorite Tour Headliner at the [[38th People's Choice Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=And the Nominees are... |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/|work=Music|publisher=People's Choice Awards|accessdate=January 12, 2012}}</ref> On November 24, 2011, Perry had tweeted that there will be a concert DVD released for the tour.<ref>[https://www.twitter.com/katyperry Twitter | Katy Perry]: "Remember, we're filming tonight for our tour DVD so make sure you WILD out for the teevee! See you soon."</ref>

== Singles ==
[[File:California Dreams Tour–Nottingham.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Perry performing "California Gurls" in [[Nottingham]], [[England]].]]
"[[California Gurls]]" was the lead single from ''Teenage Dream'', which features rapper [[Snoop Dogg]]. The single made its radio debut on May 7, 2010 and was digitally released four days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16691 |title=Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more! |publisher=FMQB |date= |accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beatweek.com/news/5933-katy-perrys-california-gurls-battles-lady-gaga-for-top-itunes-spot/ |title=Katy Perry's California Gurls battles Lady GaGa for top iTunes spot : Beatweek Magazine |publisher=Beatweek.com |date=May 11, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://idolator.com/5503161/1-maxim-gurl-katy-perry-announces-new-album-teenage-dream |title=#1 'Maxim' Gurl Katy Perry Announces New Album 'Teenage Dream' |publisher=Idolator. Spin Media |date=May 11, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010}}</ref> The song had received generally positive reviews from [[Music journalism|music critics]], with many critics highlighting it as an album favorite. The song also received worldwide success as well, peaking at number one on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], staying there for six consecutive weeks. It also peaked at number one in New Zealand, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and Scotland. It was the best selling digital song of 2010.<ref name="new.music.yahoo.com">[https://archive.is/20110902084558/http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74378/week-ending-june-22-2011-bad-teenage-dreams/;_ylt=AqnTXPpG1VfPA9YJIxltD4sPwiUv]</ref>

"[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]" was released as the second single from the album. The song went to radio stations in the US on July 22, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/958026/katy-perry-summer-album-preview-2010 |title=Katy Perry: Summer Album Preview 2010 |work=Billboard |date=September 14, 2009 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref> The song received positive reviews from music critics, with Jocelyn Vena of [[MTV]] said it "picks up right where '[[California Gurls]]' leaves off", describing it as having "a strong beat".<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641555/20100615/perry_katy.jhtml |title=Katy Perry Previews Teenage Dream at Beach-Themed Party – News Story|publisher=MTV |date=June 15, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref> The song had also had chart success as similar to the first single, peaking at number one on the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for two consecutive weeks, and also peaked at number one in Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovakia and other sub-charts in the US.

"[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" was released as the third offering from the album. The song was released on October 18, 2010 through radio airplay, followed by a digital release on November 2, 2010 in the UK. The song had received very positive reviews from music critics. It is currently Perry's most praised song yet. The music video for "Firework" is part of a cross-promotional deal with European telecommunications group Deutsche Telekom. Deutsche Telekom hosted a series of activities and competitions from which fans around Europe were recruited to be in the video.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i9b617dc618d4b8dd53f2e6d9a1235e96 |title=Katy Perry, Deutsche Telekom to Launch 'Firework' |publisher=Billboard.biz |date=August 10, 2010 |accessdate=August 10, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815192859/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i9b617dc618d4b8dd53f2e6d9a1235e96 |archivedate=August 15, 2010 }}</ref> The song had commercial success as well, peaking at number one in the US and spent four non-consecutive weeks. The song also topped the charts in Brazil, Canada, New Zealand and subcharts in the US.

"[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]", was released on February 16, 2011. For its single release, the song was remixed to feature new verses from [[Kanye West]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Kanye West Gets Dirty On Katy Perry’s ‘E.T.’ Remix|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1658131/kanye-west-katy-petty-et-remix/|website=MTV News|publisher=Viacom|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/e-t-feat-kanye-west-single/id420843672 |title=E.T. (feat. Kanye West) – Single by Katy Perry |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=February 11, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> The music video for the song, directed by [[Floria Sigismondi]], was filmed in February 2011 and features both Perry & West. The video was released on March 31, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1660360/katy-perry-et-video-kanye-west-teenage-dream.jhtml |title=Katy Perry Launches 'E.T.' Video Teaser – Music, Celebrity, Artist News |publisher=MTV |date=March 21, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> The song had topped the charts in the US for five non-consecutive weeks, and also peaked at the top position in Canada, Germany, Poland and New Zealand.

"[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]" was released on June 6, 2011 on the US Top 40/Mainstream as the fifth single from the album.<ref name="fmqb.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=16691 |title=Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more! |publisher=FMQB |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The song also received commercial success, peaking at number one in Canada, Czech Republic, Slovakia and the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 for two consecutive weeks. The music video was released worldwide on June 14, 2011. It guest stars [[Darren Criss]], [[Rebecca Black]], [[Kevin McHale (actor)|Kevin McHale]], [[Kenny G]], [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]], [[Corey Feldman]] and [[Debbie Gibson]]. A remixed version of "Last Friday Night" was released on August 8, 2011, featuring American rapper [[Missy Elliott]]. On August 17, 2011, with "Last Friday Night", Perry made history as the second artist overall, and first female artist in history, to achieve five number one singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart from one album. The song also became Perry's fourth number one in Canada.

"[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]" was released as the sixth single from ''Teenage Dream''. The song was released on October 4, 2011 on US Mainstream radio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-rhythmic/future-releases |title=Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases | R&B Song and Hip-Hop Music Release Dates |publisher=Allaccess.com |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases |title=Hot/Modern/AC Future Releases |publisher=Allaccess.com |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467212/katy-perrys-sixth-teenage-dream-single-starts-at-radio ''Katy Perry's Sixth Teenage Dream Single''].</ref> The song received mostly positive reviews from most music critics, who complimented Perry's serious tone. A teaser of the music video was also released in early November, and the full music video premiered on November 11, 2011 on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vena |first=Jocelyn |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673781/katy-perry-one-that-got-away-diego-luna.jhtml |title=Katy Perry, Diego Luna Break Up in 'One That Got Away' Tease |publisher=MTV |date=November 4, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> On November 24, the single entered the top 5 of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, making Teenage Dream one of only 7 albums in US history to have 6 or more top 10 singles. On December 14, it became one in two albums to yield 6 top 4 songs, when it soared to number 4, it later peaked at number 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/41920/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-yields-sixth-hot-100-top-five-hit |title=Latest Music News, Band, Artist, Musician & Music Video News |publisher=Billboard.com |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>

=== Promotional singles ===
"[[Not Like the Movies]]" and "[[Circle the Drain]]" were released as promotional singles as album previews in the United States.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

== Critical reception ==
{{Album ratings
| ADM = 5.4/10<ref name="adm">{{cite web|title=Teenage Dream by Katy Perry reviews {{!}} Any Decent Music |url=http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/2086/Katy-Perry-Teenage-Dream.aspx|website=www.anydecentmusic.com|accessdate=2 November 2016}}</ref>
| MC = 52/100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/teenage-dream/critic-reviews |title=Critic Reviews for Teenage Dream at Metacritic |publisher=Metacritic.com |accessdate=July 12, 2013}}</ref>
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name=allmusic1 />
| rev2 = [[BBC]]
| rev2Score = mixed<ref name=bbccrit>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/zmcg |first=Al |last=Fox |date=August 23, 2010 |accessdate=August 24, 2010 |title=BBC – Music – Review of Katy Perry – Teenage Dream |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
| rev3Score = {{Rating|1|4}}<ref name="chicago tribune" />
| rev4 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev4Score = B−<ref name="EW" />
| rev5 = ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|4}}<ref name="la times">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/08/album-review-katy-perrys-teenage-dream.html |publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|work=Los Angeles Times |title=Album review: Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream’ |date=August 23, 2010 |accessdate=August 24, 2010}}</ref>
| rev6 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev6Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name=rolsto />
| rev7 = [[Slant Magazine]]
| rev7Score = {{Rating|1.5|5}}<ref name="slant" />
| rev8 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev8Score = 6/10<ref name=spin>{{cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |url=http://www.spin.com/reviews/katy-perry-teenage-dream-capitol |title=Katy Perry, 'Teenage Dream' (Capitol) |publisher=Spin Media LLC |work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |date=August 9, 2010 |accessdate=August 24, 2011}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[USA Today]]''
| rev9Score = {{Rating|3|4}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardner |first=Elysa |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2010-08-19-katyperry19_VA_N.htm |title=Review: Katy Perry is 'Dream'-ing of Madonna |work=USA Today |date=August 18, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
}}
''Teenage Dream'' received generally mixed reviews upon release from music critics. [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] of [[AllMusic]] criticized the album as "desperate vulgarity" and "tiring."<ref name="allmusic1">{{cite web|authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |accessdate=August 24, 2010 |date=August 24, 2010 |work=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=Rovi Corporation |title=AllMusic ((( Teenage Dream > Overview ))) |url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=teenage-dream-mw0002011446|pure_url=yes}}}}</ref> Mikael Wood of [[Spin (magazine)|''Spin'']] gave a mixed review, noting that the album "won't disappoint parents looking for reasons to worry about their kids".<ref name="spin" /> [[Rob Sheffield]] from ''Rolling Stone'' described the album as "heavy on Eighties beats, light on melody, taking a long dip into the Daft Punk filter-disco house sound."<ref name="rolsto" /> [[Greg Kot]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave a negative review to the album. He criticized the production, calling it "[[Frankenstein]]-like", as well as calling Perry's vocals "robotic" and lacking "any elegance or nuance".<ref name="chicago tribune" /> Matthew Cole of [[Slant Magazine]] called it "over-produced bad-girl debauchery," claiming that Perry has "found a way to lower the bar."<ref name="slant" />

However, [[Los Angeles Times]] gave it three stars, saying, "On 'Teenage Dream,' the songs alternate between weekend-bender celebrations of hedonism and self-help-style affirmations encouraging listeners to get an emotional makeover. Either way, acquisition is the goal: of a great love, a happy hangover, a perfect pair of Daisy Dukes". Leah Greenblatt, writing for ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', stated, "beneath the fruity outfits and fart jokes, Perry is clearly serious about the business of hit songcraft; that doesn't make ''Dream'' nearly cohesive as an album, but it does provide, intermittently, exactly the kind of high-fructose rush she's aiming for."<ref name="EW">{{cite news|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20409522,00.html|title=Music Review: Teenage Dream (2010)|date=August 11, 2010|first=Leah|last=Greenblatt|work=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=August 14, 2010}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Katy Perry}}
The album managed to win International Album of the Year at the [[Juno Awards of 2011]]. ''Teenage Dream'' and its singles earned Perry seven [[Grammy Award]] nominations, including [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Nomination !! Result
|-
|2010
|[[American Music Awards of 2010|American Music Award]]
|Favorite Pop/Rock Album<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popcrunch.com/2010-american-music-awards-nominations/ |title=2010 American Music Awards Nominations |accessdate=July 14, 2011 |author=Castina |date=October 12, 2010 |publisher=Pop Crunch}}</ref>
|rowspan=8 {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="11" |2011
|[[2011 Brit Awards|Brit Awards]]
|International Album<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brits.co.uk/news/2011/2011-nominees |title=2011 Nominees |accessdate=July 14, 2011 |publisher=[[BRIT Awards]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116201554/http://www.brits.co.uk/news/2011/2011-nominees |archivedate=January 16, 2011 |df= }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[53rd Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]
|[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]]<ref name="Grammy 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees |title=Nominees And Winners |accessdate=July 14, 2011 |publisher=[[Grammy Award]]s |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees |archivedate=December 1, 2011 |df= }}</ref>
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album|Best Pop Vocal Album]]
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance]] for "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]"
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]] for "[[California Gurls]]"
|-
|[[2011 Billboard Music Awards|Billboard Music Award]]
|Top Pop Album of the Year<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/472097/full-2011-billboard-music-awards-finalists-list |title=Billboard Music Awards 2011 Main |publisher=Billboard.com |date=May 23, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
|-
|Virgin Media Music Awards
|Best Album<ref name="popstaronline.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.popstaronline.com/blog/entry/popstar-poptastic-awards-nominees/ |title=Popstar! Poptastic Awards Nominees! |accessdate=July 14, 2011 |publisher=Pop Star Online |date=March 26, 2009 |author=popstareditor}}</ref>
|-
|IFPI Platinum Europe Awards
|Album Title<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2011.html |title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2011 |accessdate=July 14, 2011 |publisher=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards}}</ref>
|rowspan=4 {{won}}
|-
|[[Juno Awards of 2011|Juno Award]]
|[[Juno Award for International Album of the Year|International Album of the Year]]<ref name="popstaronline.com" />
|-
|Premios Telehit
|International Album of the Year<ref name="popstaronline.com" />
|-
|[[American Music Awards of 2011|American Music Award]]
|Special Achievement Award for Having 5 Singles at Number #1
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
| rowspan="2" |[[54th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]]
|[[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] for "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]"
|rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
|[[Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance|Best Pop Solo Performance]] for "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]"
|-
|[[2012 Billboard Music Awards|Billboard Music Award]]s
|[[Billboard Music Award for Spotlight|Spotlight]]
|{{won}}
|-
|}

'''Best-of lists'''
*'''#4''' – ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 50 Best Songs of 2010 for "[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/50-best-songs-of-2010-20101214/katy-perry-teenage-dream-19691231 |title=50 Best Songs of 2010: Katy Perry, Teenage Dream |publisher=Rolling Stone |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
*'''#4''' – ''Rolling Stone Brasil''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top 25 international songs of the year for "[[California Gurls]]".
*'''#25''' – ''Rolling Stone Brasil''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top 25 albums international of the year for ''Teenage Dream''.

== Commercial performance ==
After its release, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart, with a total of 192,000 copies sold in its first week.<ref name="Grein1912">{{cite web|last=Langhorne |first=Cyrus |url=http://www.sohh.com/2010/09/eminem_gets_knocked_from_the_top_drake_h.html |title=Sales Wrap: Eminem Gets Knocked from the Top, Drake Hits a Milli, Fantasia & Usher Make Strong Debuts |publisher=Sohh.com |date=September 1, 2010 |accessdate=December 2, 2010}}</ref> In the week July 21, 2012, the album jumped from 21 to 2 on the chart (up 417 percent on sales) with sales of 80,000 copies, becoming best sales frame since Christmas of 2010 after being discounted to 99 cents on Amazon.<ref>{{cite news|first=Keith|last=Caulfield |title=Chris Brown's 'Fortune' Album Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 by Chris Brown, Hits No. 1 on Billboard 200 |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/481762/chris-browns-fortune-album-debuts-at-no-1-on-billboard-200|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=July 11, 2012|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> On the week ending March 14, 2015, the album completed 200 weeks in the chart since it debuted on September 11, 2010 making it the 25th album to spend more than 200 weeks or more on the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="200weeks">{{cite web |url=http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/117713|title=Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream' Spends 200th Week on Billboard 200 Chart|author=Keith Caulfield |publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|date=March 7, 2015|accessdate=March 7, 2015}}</ref> ''Teenage Dream'' has been certified triple Platinum by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA),<ref name="riaa" /> and has sold 3,000,000 copies in United States as of February 2017.<ref name="USsales">{{cite journal |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7694308/ask-billboard-katy-perrys-career-song-album-sales |title=Ask Billboard: Katy Perry's Career Song & Album Sales|last=Trust|first=Gary|work=Billboard |date=February 20, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2017}}</ref> The album also debuted at number one on the [[Canadian Albums Chart]], selling a total of 26,000 copies,<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams |first=John |url=http://www.winnipegsun.com/entertainment/music/2010/09/01/15211766.html |title=Perry's 'Dream' debuts at No. 1 |publisher=Winnipeg Sun |date=September 2, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> and was certified Platinum by the [[Canadian Recording Industry Association]] (CRIA).<ref name="CRIA">{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/1110_g.php|title=CRIA Gold & Platinum Certification|publisher=Canadian Recording Industry Association |accessdate=April 21, 2009}}</ref>

In Australia, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one for a two-week run at the top of the chart. The album was certified triple-Platinum by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA), for shipments of 210,000 units.<ref name="Ariacharts.com.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 |title=Australian Record Industry Association |publisher=Ariacharts.com.au |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5z2VdwpxN?url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1G50 |archivedate=May 29, 2011 |df= }}</ref> In New Zealand, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number two, and reached number one after four weeks on the chart. It was certified Gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]] (RIANZ).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp?chartNum=1738&chartKind=A |title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart |publisher=Rianz.org.nz |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> As of June 19, 2012, ''Teenage Dream'' is the 12th best-selling album of all-time in the country, resulting her as the fifth female to make it on the list (behind [[Adele]], [[Norah Jones]], [[Shania Twain]], and [[Bic Runga]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Hung, Steffen |url=http://charts.org.nz/bestall_a.asp |title=New Zealand charts portal |publisher=charts.org.nz |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144758/http://www.charts.org.nz/bestall_a.asp |archivedate=April 13, 2014 |df= }}</ref> In the United Kingdom, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]], selling more than 54,176 copies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones |first=Alan |url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1042436&c=1 |title=Teenage Dream too hard for Eminem to beat – but Murs triumphs on singles |work=Music Week |date=September 6, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref> It was certificated 4× Platinum by [[British Phonographic Industry]] for shipments of 1,200,000 units.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozap.com/actu/charts-uk-rihanna-plus-forte-que-the-wanted-noel-gallagher-loin-devant-matt-cardle/437328 |title=Charts UK : Rihanna plus forte que The Wanted, Noel Gallagher loin devant Matt Cardle |publisher=Ozap.com |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> As of February 2017, the album has sold 1.3 million copies in the UK.<ref name="UK sales">{{cite web |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/katy-perrys-biggest-songs-and-albums-revealed__18136/|title=Katy Perry's Official biggest hits in the UK revealed|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=February 8, 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=February 8, 2017}}</ref>

In France, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number 14 on the [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]] and peaked at number 3. The album was certified Platinum by the [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]] (SNEP).<ref>{{cite web|author=Hung, Steffen |url=http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a |title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream |publisher=lescharts.com |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> In Mexico, the album debuted and peaked at number 11. The album was certified Gold by (AMPROFON) Association. In Spain, ''Teenage Dream'' debuted at number 4 on the [[Spanish Albums Chart]] and stayed on the chart for twenty-seven weeks. In Brazil, ''Teenage Dream'' peaked at number 4 on the [[CD – TOP 20 Semanal ABPD]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalsucesso.com.br/top-10/os-discos-mais-vendidos-do-brasil-de-26-de-setembro-a-02-de-outubro |title=Os discos mais vendidos do Brasil de 26 de setembro a 02 de outubro |accessdate=October 16, 2011 |work=ABPD |language=Portuguese}}</ref> As of July 2013, ''Teenage Dream'' has sold 6 million copies worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jul/30/katy-perry-new-album-prism-lorry|title=Katy Perry announces new album, Prism, on side of golden lorry|first=Sean|last=Michaels|newspaper=The Guardian |date=July 30, 2013 |accessdate=June 20, 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{See also|List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones}}
''Teenage Dream'' achieved a multitude of records throughout its run. Perry scored five ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number one singles from ''Teenage Dream'', making her the second artist in the chart's 53-year history to amass five number-one singles from one album over its first release after [[Michael Jackson]] achieved the feat with his 1987 album ''[[Bad (Michael Jackson album)|Bad]]''. Perry is the first female in history to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/katy-perry-s-2011-record-setting-chart-juggernaut-1005332892.story|title=Katy Perry's 2011 Record-Setting Chart Juggernaut Continues: Notches Fourth Adult Top 40 No. 1|publisher=Billboard|date=August 30, 2011|accessdate=September 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/470157/eminem-royce-da-59-debut-at-no-1-on-billboard-200-with-bad-meets-evil-ep|title=Eminem & Royce da 5'9" Debut at No. 1 on Billboard 200 with Bad Meets Evil EP|work=Billboard |date=June 22, 2011|accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> The album is one of only three albums to have 8 top-three singles from one album on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart (tied with [[Janet Jackson]]'s ''[[Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814|Rhythm Nation 1814]]'' and [[George Michael]]'s ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]''), and the only album ever to have 9 songs top the Billboard [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart, breaking the previous record set by [[Beyoncé]]'s ''[[I Am... Sasha Fierce]]'' and [[Kristine W]]'s ''[[The Power of Music]]'', both with six songs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trust|first=Gary|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/464656/katy-perry-notches-record-seventh-no-one-from-teenage-dream-on |title=Katy Perry Notches Record Seventh No. 'One' from 'Teenage Dream' on Dance/Club Play Songs|work=Billboard|date=December 26, 2011|accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rihanna-s-everlasting-love-matches-her-longest-1005675622.story |work=Billboard|title=Rihanna's Everlasting 'Love' Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|first=Gary |last=Trust |date=December 14, 2011|accessdate=December 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/41920/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-yields-sixth-hot-100-top-five-hit ''Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream' Yields Sixth Hot 100 Top Five Hit''].</ref><ref>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-12-24/hot-100 ''Hot 100 Week of December 24, 2011''].</ref> Perry was able to replicate this success in the United Kingdom, breaking the UK [[Official Charts Company]]'s record for the most amount of Top 10 singles from one studio album by a female solo artist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/katy-perry-posts-lyric-video-for-new-single-roar-2416/|work=[[The Official Charts Company]]|title=Katy Perry posts lyric video for new single Roar|publisher=The Official UK Charts Company|first=Daniel|last=Lane|date=August 12, 2013|accessdate=August 25, 2013}}</ref>

Eight songs from ''Teenage Dream'' have topped the [[Adult Top 40]] chart and have topped [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]] chart, both more than any other album in each respective chart's history. Additionally, with 7 chart-toppers from "[[Waking Up in Vegas]]", Perry broke the record for the longest streak of number ones on the Mainstream Top 40 set by [[Lady Gaga]]'s first six singles.<ref>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/508289/katy-perrys-latest-chart-record-a-6th-no-1-from-dream-on-the-pop-songs-not ''Katy Perry's Latest Chart Record: A 6th No. 1 from 'Dream' on the Pop Songs (Not Hot 100) Chart''].</ref> The singles also allowed Perry to have an unprecedented 69-week long streak in the Hot 100's top-ten, as well as a 71-week top-ten streak on the Airplay chart.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary| url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/467566/adeles-someone-like-you-soars-to-no-1-on-hot-100|title=Adele's 'Someone Like You' Soars to No. 1 on Hot 100|publisher=Billboard|date=September 7, 2011|accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> Perry also has the most number-one singles (four) from one album to top the [[Canadian Hot 100]].
Combined, the songs have sold a total of over 35 million copies worldwide aside from the album.<ref>Interview Magazine: [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/katy-perry ''Spring Fashion – Katy Perry Unzipped by Kristen Wiig''].</ref> Also, the first five singles from the album topped the charts in the United States and attained top-ten positions in more than twenty countries. All five singles also topped the Digital and Airplay charts, making her the first artist ever to have five number-one singles in the Airplay chart.<ref name="fifth">{{cite web|last=Trust |first=Gary |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/468703/katy-perry-notches-record-fifth-no-1-from-teenage-dream-on-pop |title=Katy Perry Notches Record Fifth No. 1 from 'Teenage Dream' on Pop Songs |publisher=Billboard |date=August 1, 2011 |accessdate=January 14, 2012}}</ref> Perry became the only artist to spend over 52 consecutive weeks in the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and later heightened this to 69 weeks, with the first five singles from album, breaking the previous record by [[Ace of Base]] of 48 weeks with three singles.<ref name="billboardhot100perrycelebrates">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/471606/katy-perry-celebrates-year-in-hot-100s-top-10|title=Katy Perry Celebrates Year in Hot 100's Top 10|first=Gary|last=Trust|date=May 12, 2011|accessdate=May 13, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=billboard.com, [[Prometheus Global Media]]}}</ref>

On the [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]] the album holds the unique record in the chart's history to have four songs from the same album in the top five of "Most weekly plays"; 1. "[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]" (12,468), 2. "[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" (12,361), 3. "[[California Gurls]]" (12,159), and 5. "[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" (11,857).<ref name="Katy">Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/468703/katy-perry-notches-record-fifth-no-1-from-teenage-dream-on-pop ''Katy Perry Notches Records; Fifth No. 1 from 'Teenage Dream' on Pop Songs''].</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title1 = [[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]
| writer1 = {{flat list|
*[[Katy Perry]]
*[[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]]
*[[Max Martin]]
*[[Benny Blanco|Benjamin Levin]]
*[[Bonnie McKee]]
}}
| extra1 = {{flat list|
*[[Dr. Luke]]
*[[Benny Blanco]]
*Martin
}}
| length1 = 3:47

| title2 = [[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]
| writer2 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*McKee
}}
| extra2 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Martin
}}
| length2 = 3:50

| title3 = [[California Gurls]]
| note3 = featuring [[Snoop Dogg]]
| writer3 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*[[Snoop Dogg|Calvin Broadus]]
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra3 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
}}
| length3 = 3:56

| title4 = [[Firework (song)|Firework]]
| writer4 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*[[Stargate (production team)|Mikkel S. Eriksen]]
*[[Stargate (production team)|Tor Erik Hermansen]]
*[[Sandy Vee|Sandy Wilhelm]]
*[[Ester Dean]]
}}
| extra4 = {{flat list|
*[[Stargate (production team)|StarGate]]
*[[Sandy Vee]]
}}
| length4 = 3:47

| title5 = [[Peacock (song)|Peacock]]
| writer5 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Eriksen
*Hermansen
*Dean
}}
| extra5 = StarGate
| length5 = 3:51

| title6 = [[Circle the Drain]]
| writer6 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*[[Tricky Stewart|Christopher Stewart]]
*Monte Neuble
}}
| extra6 = {{flat list|
*Stewart
*[[Kuk Harrell]]{{ref|a|[a]}}
}}
| length6 = 4:32

| title7 = [[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]
| writer7 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
}}
| extra7 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Martin
}}
| length7 = 3:47

| title8 = [[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]
| writer8 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*[[Ammo (musician)|Joshua Coleman]]
}}
| extra8 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*[[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]]
*Martin
}}
| length8 = 3:26

| title9 = Who Am I Living For?
| writer9 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Stewart
*Neuble
*Brian Thomas
}}
| extra9 = {{flat list|
*Stewart
*Harrell{{ref|a|[a]}}
}}
| length9 = 4:08

| title10 = Pearl
| writer10 = {{flat list|
* Perry
*[[Greg Wells]]
* Stewart
}}
| extra10 = {{flat list|
* Wells
}}
| length10 = 4:07

| title11 = [[Hummingbird Heartbeat]]
| writer11 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Stewart
*[[Stacy Barthe]]
*Neuble
}}
| extra11 = {{flat list|
*Stewart
*Harrell{{ref|a|[a]}}
}}
| length11 = 3:32

| title12 = [[Not Like the Movies]]
| writer12 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Wells
}}
| extra12 = Wells
| length12 = 4:01
| total_length = 44:02
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline = {{nowrap|Japan bonus track}}<ref>https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/teenage-dream/id385614994</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/en/artist_Katy-Perry_000000000394656/item_Teenage-Dream_3853059|title=Teenage Dream|work=l-tike HMV|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

| title13 = California Gurls
| note13 = featuring Snoop Dogg) ([[Innerpartysystem]] Main Mix
| writer13 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra13 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Innerpartysystem]]{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length13 = 4:27
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline = {{nowrap|Japan [[iTunes]] deluxe edition bonus tracks}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/teenage-dream/id1013029950|title=ケイティ・ペリーの「Teenage Dream」を iTunes で|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

| title14 = [[If We Ever Meet Again]]
| note14 = [[Timbaland]] featuring Katy Perry
| writer14 = {{flat list|
*[[Jim Beanz|James Washington]]
*[[Timbaland|Timothy Mosley]]
*[[busbee]]}}
| extra14 = {{flat list|
*[[Jim Beanz]]
*[[Timbaland]]}}
| length14 = 4:53

| title15 = [[Starstrukk]]
| note15 = [[3OH!3]] featuring Katy Perry
| writer15 = {{flat list|
*[[3OH!3|Sean Foreman]]
*[[3OH!3|Nathaniel Motte]]}}
| extra15 = [[Matt Squire]]
| length15 = 3:22

| title16 = California Gurls
| note16 = featuring Snoop Dogg) ([[Passion Pit]] Remix
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra16 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Passion Pit{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length16 = 4:12

| title17 = California Gurls
| note17 = featuring Snoop Dogg) ([[Armand Van Helden]] Remix
| writer17 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra17 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Armand Van Helden]]{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length17 = 5:49

| title18 = Teenage Dream
| note18 = [[Kaskade]] Remix
| writer18 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra18 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Kaskade]] {{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length18 = 6:27
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline = {{nowrap|North American hidden tracks}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Teenage Dream|url=http://www.amazon.com/Teenage-Dream-Katy-Perry/dp/B003L77TZI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1374951063&sr=8-1&keywords=katy+perry+teenage+dream+2cd|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=2010}}</ref>

| title13 = California Gurls
| note13 = featuring Snoop Dogg) (Passion Pit Main Mix
| writer13 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra13 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Passion Pit{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length13 = 4:12

| title14 = Teenage Dream
| note14 = [[Kaskade]] Club Remix
| writer14 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra14 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Kaskade]] {{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length14 = 6:27
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline ={{nowrap|North American iTunes deluxe edition bonus tracks}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/teenage-dream/id1013032931|title=Teenage Dream|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/teenage-dream/id1013032931|title=Teenage Dream|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/teenage-dream/id1013032931|title=Teenage Dream|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref>

| title13 = California Gurls
| note13 = featuring Snoop Dogg) (Passion Pit Remix
| writer13 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra13 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Passion Pit{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length13 = 4:12

| title14 = California Gurls
| note14 = featuring Snoop Dogg) (Armand Van Helden Remix
| writer14 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra14 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Armand Van Helden{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length14 = 5:49

| title15 = Teenage Dream
| note15 = [[Kaskade]] Remix
| writer15 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra15 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Kaskade]] {{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length15 = 6:27

| title16 = Peacock
| note16 = Cory Enemy & Mia Moretti Vocal Club Mix
| writer16 = {{flat list|
*Katy Perry
*Eriksen
*Hermansen
*Dean}}
| extra16 = {{flat list|
*StarGate
*Cory Enemy{{ref|b|[b]}}
*Mia Moretti{{ref|b|[b]}}
| length16 = 5:32
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline ={{nowrap|Bonus CD – ''Dream On''}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Track listing|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Teenage-Dream-2CD-Katy-Perry/dp/B003U9KZ80/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1374952230&sr=8-1&keywords=katy+perry+teenage+dream+2+cd|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=2010}}</ref>

| title1 = If We Ever Meet Again
| note1 = Timbaland featuring Katy Perry
| writer1 = {{flat list|
*Beanz
*Mosley
*busbee}}
| extra1 = {{flat list|
*Beanz
*Mosley}}
| length1 = 4:53

| title2 = Starstrukk
| note2 = 3OH!3 featuring Katy Perry
| writer2 = {{flat list|
*Sean Foreman
*Nathaniel Motte}}
| extra2 = Matt Squire
| length2 = 3:22

| title3 = California Gurls
| note3 = featuring Snoop Dogg) (Passion Pit Remix
| writer3 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra3 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Passion Pit{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length3 = 4:12

| title4 = California Gurls
| note4 = featuring Snoop Dogg) (Armand Van Helden Remix
| writer4 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Broadus
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra4 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*Armand Van Helden{{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length4 = 5:49

| title5 = Teenage Dream
| note5 = [[Kaskade]] Remix
| writer5 = {{flat list|
*Perry
*Gottwald
*Martin
*Levin
*McKee
}}
| extra5 = {{flat list|
*Dr. Luke
*Blanco
*Martin
*[[Kaskade]] {{ref|b|[b]}}
}}
| length5 = 6:27
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| headline = {{nowrap|[[Spotify]] & European iTunes deluxe edition bonus track}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.spotify.com/album/3bj1fCpQtvM7xMDQRCxgNw|title=Spotify|publisher=|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/teenage-dream/id1013022521|title=Teenage Dream|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/teenage-dream/id1013029410|title=Teenage Dream|work=iTunes|accessdate=January 2, 2016}}</ref>
| title6 = Peacock
| note6 = Cory Enemy & Mia Moretti Vocal Club Mix
| writer6 = {{flat list|
*Katy Perry
*Eriksen
*Hermansen
*Dean}}
| extra6 = {{flat list|
*StarGate
*Cory Enemy{{ref|b|[b]}}
*Mia Moretti{{ref|b|[b]}}
| length6 = 5:32
}}
}}

'''Notes'''
* <sup>{{note|a|[a]}}</sup> signifies a vocal producer
* <sup>{{note|b|[b]}}</sup> signifies a [[remix]]er

== Personnel ==
Adapted from the ''Teenage Dream'' liner notes.<ref name="notes">{{cite AV media notes|others=[[Katy Perry]]|title=Teenage Dream|year=2010|type=liner notes|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]}}</ref>

{{Div col}}
*[[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]] – drums, keyboards, programming, producer <small>(track 8)</small>
*[[Benny Blanco]] – drums, keyboards, programming, producer <small>(tracks 1, 3)</small>
*[[Dr. Luke]] – drums <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, keyboards <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, programming <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, producer <small>(1-3, 7, 8)</small>, executive producer
*Mikkel S. Eriksen – recording engineer <small>(4)</small>, producer <small>(5)</small>, instrumentation <small>(4-5)</small>
*Nicolas Essig – assistant engineer
*Fabien Waltmann – synthesizer, music programming <small>(track 10)</small>
*[[Josh Freese]] – drums <small>(tracks 6, 11)</small>
*Charles Malone – guitar <small>(track 6)</small>, assistant engineer
*[[Max Martin]] – drums <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, keyboards <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, programming <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, producer <small>(1-3, 7-8)</small>, executive producer
*Julio Miranda – guitar <small>(track 6)</small>
*Monte Neuble – keyboards <small>(tracks 9, 11)</small>
*Tucker Bodine – assistant engineer
*Randy Urbanski – engineer
*Luis Navarro – assistant engineer
*Nick Chahwala – other sounds, guitar <small>(track 6)</small>
*[[Chris O'Ryan|Chris "Tek" O'Ryan]] – recording engineer <small>(tracks 6, 9, 11)</small>, guitar engineer
*Brent Paschke – guitar <small>(tracks 9, 11)</small>
*L. Leon Pendarvis – arranger <small>(track 7)</small>, conductor
*[[Katy Perry]] – vocals <small>(All tracks)</small>
*[[Lenny Pickett]] – saxophone <small>(track 2)</small>
*Daniel Silvestri – bass guitar, guitar <small>(track 6)</small>
*[[Snoop Dogg]] – vocals <small>(track 3)</small>
*[[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]] – producer
*Rob Stevenson – A&R
*[[Tricky Stewart]] – keyboards <small>(9, 11)</small>, producer, drum programming <small>(6, 9, 11)</small>
*[[Greg Wells]] – synthesizer <small>(track 10)</small>, piano <small>(10, 12)</small>, drums <small>(10, 12)</small>, programming <small>(10, 12)</small>, producer <small>(10, 12)</small>
*[[Kanye West]] – co-producer, vocals <small>(track 8)</small>
*[[Will Cotton]] – photography
{{Div col end}}

== Charts ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

=== Weekly charts ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (2010–11)
!Peak<br />position
|-
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]<ref name="Ariacharts.com.au" />
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Albums Chart]]<ref name=aCharts />
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgian Albums Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name=aCharts>{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/album/56994|title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream – Music Charts|publisher=aCharts.us|accessdate=September 3, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
|[[Ultratop|Belgian Albums Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name=aCharts />
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|[[CD – TOP 20 Semanal ABPD|Brazil Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalsucesso.com.br/top-10/os-discos-mais-vendidos-do-brasil-de-26-de-setembro-a-02-de-outubro |title=Os discos mais vendidos do Brasil de 26 de setembro a 02 de outubro |publisher=Portalsucesso.com.br |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Brayner |url=http://www.katyperry.com.br/2011/diversos/teenage-dream-e-o-cd-internacional-mais-vendido-no-brasil/#comment-43568 |title=Teenage Dream é o CD internacional Mais Vendido no Brasil |publisher=Katyperry.com.br |date=December 27, 2011 |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://popline.mtv.uol.com.br/katy-perry-entra-na-briga-com-padre-marcelo-rossi-paula-fernandes-e-seu-jorge-na-lista-de-cds-mais-vendidos-no-brasil |title=Katy Perry entra na briga com Padre Marcelo Rossi, Paula Fernandes e Seu Jorge na lista de CDs mais vendidos no Brasil |work=Notícias |publisher=Popline.mtv.uol.com.br |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |language=Portuguese}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html |title=CANOE – JAM! Music SoundScan Charts |publisher=Jam.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5cUr0Itbc?url=http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html |archivedate=November 21, 2008 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Czech Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ČNS IFPI|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=14&titul=148297&sec=d34933b086d865d4e757805950072e27|language=Czech|work=Hitparáda – TOP50 Prodejní|publisher=IFPI Czech Republic|accessdate=October 21, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Danish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=danishcharts.com – Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|url=http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a|work=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]]|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|14
|-
|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=dutchcharts.nl – Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a|language=Dutch|work=[[MegaCharts]]|publisher=Hung Medien / hitparade.ch|accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|[[European Top 100 Albums]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/956404/katy-perrys-dream-continues-in-europe |title=European Top 100 Albums |publisher=Billboard.com |date=September 14, 2009 |accessdate=December 2, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Finland's Official List|Finnish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/virallinen-lista/artistit/katy+perry/teenage+dream |title=Musiikkituottajat – Tilastot – Suomen virallinen lista – Artistit |publisher=Ifpi.fi |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-256595-Albums-nouveautes.html |title=Disque en France |publisher=Disque en France |date=August 30, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref name=aCharts />
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|[[IFPI Greece|Greek Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyta.gr/el/IFPI |title=Greek Albums Chart – Week 18 (29/04-05/05) 2012 |publisher=[[IFPI Greece]] |date= |accessdate=May 15, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/68i8ITzbZ?url=http://www.cyta.gr/el/IFPI |archivedate=June 26, 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=2010&het=39&submit_=Keres%E9s|title=MAHASZ – Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége |publisher=mahasz.hu |date= |accessdate=October 7, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
|[[Irish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish Charts – Singles, Albums & Compilations: Top 100 Individual Artist Albums |url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp#albums |work=[[Irish Albums Chart]] |publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]] |accessdate=September 3, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5xcWRfI1Z?url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp |archivedate=April 1, 2011 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_artisti.php?anno=2010&mese=08&id=332 |title=FIMI – Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana – Classifiche |publisher=Fimi.it |date=August 30, 2010 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[Oricon|Japanese Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/458098/products/music/881135/1/ |title=Teenage Dream / Katy Perry |language=Japanese |publisher=[[Oricon]] |accessdate=April 4, 2013}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexican Album Charts]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Hung, Steffen |url=http://www.mexicancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a |title=Mexican Charts |publisher=Mexican Charts |date= |accessdate=December 2, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |title=www.rianz.org.nz |publisher=www.rianz.org.nz |date= |accessdate=December 2, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216021138/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp |archivedate=December 16, 2008 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=norwegiancharts.com – Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a|work=[[VG-lista]]|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
|[[OLiS|Polish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=604&lang=en |title=Oficjalna lista sprzedaży :: OLiS – Official Retail Sales Chart |publisher=[[OLiS]]. [[Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry]] |accessdate=September 13, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
|[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|Portuguese Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=portuguesecharts.com – Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|url=http://portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a|work=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]]|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=October 17, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
|[[Scottish Singles and Albums Chart|Scottish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/23/2010-09-11/ |title=Archive Chart |publisher=Theofficialcharts.com |date= |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|South Korea Albums ([[Gaon Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=week&hitYear=2010&targetTime=37&nationGbn=E|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219001901/http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=week&hitYear=2010&targetTime=37&nationGbn=E|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-12-19|title=2010년 37주차 Album Chart |work=Gaon Charts}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|[[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.com/espanol.html |title=Promusicae |publisher=Promusicae |date=March 5, 2007 |accessdate=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Katy+Perry&titel=Teenage+Dream&cat=a|title=swedishcharts.com – Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|publisher=Hung Medien|work=Sverigetopplistan|accessdate=September 10, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]<ref name=aCharts />
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive Chart|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/3/2010-09-11/|work=[[UK Albums Chart]]|publisher=[[The Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=September 5, 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name=ReferenceA>Billboard.com: [{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=katy perry|chart=Billboard 200}}].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|}

{{col-2}}

=== Year-end charts ===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2010)
!scope="col"| Rank
|-
!scope="row"| Australian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2010.htm |title=ARIA Top 100 Albums 2010 |publisher=Aria.com.au |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
!scope="row"| Canadian Albums Chart<ref name=ReferenceB>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/top-canadian-albums?begin=11&order=position ''Canadian Albums''].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
!scope="row"| European Top 100 Albums<ref>Billboard.com: [http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/european-top-100-albums ''European Albums''].</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
!scope="row"| French Albums Chart<ref>Disque en France: [http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/disqueenfrance.siteo.com/file/bilanmusiqueenregistree2010.pdf ''Bilan Musiqueen Registree 2010''] {{fr icon}}.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|51
|-
!scope="row"| German Albums Chart<ref>Viva TV: {{cite web|url=http://www.viva.tv/charts/viva-album-jahrescharts-2010-2010-211/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-07-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108131925/http://www.viva.tv/charts/viva-album-jahrescharts-2010-2010-211/ |archivedate=January 8, 2011 |df= }}.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|51
|-
!scope="row"| [[Top 100 Mexico|Mexican Albums Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2010.pdf |format=PDF |title=Los Mas Vendidos 2010 |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |accessdate=January 22, 2012 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019064107/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2010.pdf |archivedate=October 19, 2011 |df= }}</ref>
|style="text-align: center;"|77
|-
!scope="row"| New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp |title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart |publisher=Rianz.org.nz |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207183521/http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp |archivedate=February 7, 2005 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
!scope="row"| Swiss Music Charts<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=2010&remember=yes&statustxt=Willkommen%20nirvanamusic87& |title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2010 |publisher=hitparade.ch |date= |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|52
|-
!scope="row"| UK Albums Chart<ref>As presented by Scott Mills on December 26, 2010 on BBC Radio 1, revealing The Official Chart of the Year 2010 in the UK.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
!scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/the-billboard-200?begin=21&order=position |title=Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts |publisher=Billboard.com |date=December 31, 2010 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|40
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2011)
!scope="col"| Rank
|-
!scope="row"| Australian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/documents/ARIAEOYChart2011.pdf|title=Adele's '21' crowned ARIA's highest selling album of 2011 LMFAO takes single honours with 'Party Rock Anthem’|accessdate=January 1, 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|-
!scope="row"| Canadian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/top-canadian-albums|title=Best of 2011 – Top Canadian Albums|accessdate=December 29, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
!scope="row"| French Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|title=Classement Albums – année 2011 |url=http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=&type=2 |language=French |publisher=[[SNEP]] |accessdate=February 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224191326/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/pag-259376-Classements-Annuels.html?year=&type=2 |archivedate=December 24, 2010 |df= }}</ref>
|style="text-align: center;"|49
|-
!scope="row"| Italian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/dett_comunicatistampa.php?id=215 |title=Classifiche annuali Fimi-GfK: Vasco Rossi con 'Vivere o Niente' e' stato l'album più venduto nel 2011 |accessdate=January 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306185017/http://www.fimi.it/dett_comunicatistampa.php?id=215 |archivedate=March 6, 2012 |df= }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|76
|-
!scope="row"| Mexican Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2011.pdf |format=PDF |title=Los Mas Vendidos 2011 |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |accessdate=January 19, 2012 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131103352/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2011.pdf |archivedate=January 31, 2012 |df= }}</ref>
|style="text-align: center;"|42
|-
!scope="row"| New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/entertainment-news/adele-dominates-nz-end-year-charts-4652026|title=Adele dominates NZ end of year charts|accessdate=December 29, 2011}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
!scope="row"| UK Albums Chart<ref>UK Charts Plus: [http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2011.pdf ''End of Year Charts: 2011''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915084445/http://ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusYE2011.pdf |date=September 15, 2012 }}.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
!scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/the-billboard-200|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2011|publisher=}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|10
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2012)
!scope="col"| Rank
|-
!scope="row"| Canadian Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/top-canadian-albums|title=Best of 2012 – Top Canadian Albums|accessdate=December 29, 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|49
|-
!scope="row"|French Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/www.snepmusique.com/file/albumsfusionnes2013.pdf|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=French|format=PDF|accessdate=28 January 2013|title=Classement des 200 premiers Albums Fusionnés par GfK – année 2012|archivedate=28 January 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6E0tRYkjT?url=http://proxy.siteo.com.s3.amazonaws.com/www.snepmusique.com/file/albumsfusionnes2013.pdf}}</ref>
|align="center"|96
|-
!scope="row"| Mexican Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2012.pdf |title=Los Más Vendidos 2012 |format=PDF |language=Spanish |publisher=[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas]] |accessdate=January 23, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6DuDuXGkh?url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/Archivos/PDF/top_anual/Top_100_Album_2012.pdf |archivedate=January 24, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
|align="center"|49
|-
!scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2012/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year End 2012|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=January 7, 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2013)
!scope="col"| Rank
|-
| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2013/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year End 2013|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=January 7, 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|127
|-
!scope="col"| Chart (2015)
!scope="col"| Rank
|-
| US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/top-billboard-200-albums|title=Billboard 200 Albums – Year End 2015|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=December 9, 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|166
|}
{{col-end}}

== Certifications ==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Argentina|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2010|certyear=2011|certmonth=11}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=2010|certyear=2012}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2010|certyear=2011|certmonth=4|autocat=yes}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Belgium|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|alesamount=125,000|relyear=2010|certyear=2011|certmonth=9}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=2010|certyear=2012|certmonth=11}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Colombia ([[ASINCOL]])|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|salesamount=10,000<sup>^</sup>|certyear=2012|certmonth=5|certref=<ref name="colombia">{{cite web|url=http://entretenimiento.terra.com.co/musica/katy-perry-obtiene-disco-de-platino-en-colombia,9cd1d6f3d24f6310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html|title=Katy Perry obtiene disco de platino en Colombia|work=[[Terra Networks]]|publisher=terra.com.co|accessdate=May 20, 2012|language=Spanish}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|id=48|relyear=2010|relmonth=08|certyear=2011|certref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&page=11|publisher=IFPI Denmark|accessdate=December 9, 2011|language=Danish}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=Teenage Dream|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|artist=Katy Perry|relyear=2010|certyear=2011}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|relyear=2010}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Ireland|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=2010|certyear=2010}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|title=Teenage Dream|award=Platinum|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|relyear=2010|certyear=2010}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Japan|type=album|award=Gold|artist=Katy perry|title=Teenage Dream |relyear=2010|certyear=2011|certmonth=12}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Mexico|title=Teenage Dream|award=Platinum|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|relyear=2010|certyear=2011}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Platinum|number=3|recent=website|id=1900}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Philippines([[Philippine Association of the Record Industry|PARI]])|type=album|artist=Katy Perry|title=Teenage Dream|accessdate=July 10, 2015|relyear =2010|salesamount=15,000<sup>^</sup>|award=Platinum|certref=<ref>{{cite web|title= Teenage Dream reaches Platinum|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/773611/teenage-dream-reaches-platinum |publisher=philstar| accessdate=July 10, 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Sweden|type=album|artist=Katy Perry|title=Teenage Dream|accessdate=March 23, 2014|relyear =2012|award=Platinum|certref=<ref>Follow these instructions to view the certification
* Type «Katy Perry» in the search bar.
* Click on 'Teenage Dream' and then press 'Visa'.
{{cite web|title=Sverigetopplistan |url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/index.html |publisher=sverigetopplistan |accessdate=July 4, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521232120/http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/index.html |archivedate=May 21, 2013 |df= }}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Switzerland|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|salesamount=15,000}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=album|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry |award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=2010|certyear=2014|salesamount=1,300,000|salesref=<ref name="UK sales"/>|accessdate=March 7, 2014}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=Teenage Dream|award=Platinum|number=3|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|relyear=2010|certyear=2015|refname="riaa"|salesamount=3,000,000|salesref=<ref name="USsales" />}}
{{Certification Table Summary}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Europe|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2010|certyear=2011}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=GCC|title=Teenage Dream|artist=Katy Perry|type=album|award=Gold|relyear=2010|certyear=2010}}
{{Certification Table Bottom}}

== Release history ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region
! Date
! Format
! Label
! Catalog
|-
| United States<ref name=katyperry2>{{cite web|url=http://www.katyperry.com/ |title=Katy Perry |publisher=Katy Perry |date= |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527193552/http://www.katyperry.com/ |archivedate=May 27, 2010 |df= }}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| August 24, 2010
| rowspan="9"| [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[music download|digital download]], [[LP record]]
| [[Capitol Records]]
| rowspan="4"| Unknown
|-
| Philippines<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yeehee.com/philippines/2010/08/25/katy-perry-releases-new-album-teenage-dream/# |title=Philippines » Blog Archive » Katy Perry Releases New Album : Teenage Dream |publisher=Yeehee.com |date=August 24, 2010 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=617764&publicationSubCategoryId=70 |title=Katy Perry releases sophomore album |publisher=Philstar.com |date=October 4, 2010 |accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref>
| [[PolyEast Records]]<br />(EMI Philippines)
|-
| Canada<ref name=katyperry2 />
| rowspan="3"| <center>[[EMI]]</center>
|-
| Mexico<ref name=katyperry2 />
|-
| Hong Kong<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.com.hk/product/rockpop.asp?sku=97540|title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|publisher=[[HMV Group]] Hong Kong|accessdate=September 13, 2010}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"|August 27, 2010
| 64783024
|-
| United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/teenage-dream/id384442595 |title=iTunes – Music – Teenage Dream by Katy Perry |publisher=Itunes.apple.com |date=August 27, 2010 |accessdate=May 15, 2012}}</ref>
| Capitol Records
| Unknown
|-
| Colombia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prodiscos.com.co/msica-t1/teenage-dream-pr139460/ |title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|publisher=Entertainment Store Colombia|accessdate=December 29, 2010}}</ref>
| August 28, 2010
| rowspan="3"|EMI
| 5099964783024
|-
| Worldwide<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/katy-perry-to-release-teenage-dream-in-august-1972323.html |title=Katy Perry to release 'Teenage Dream' in August – Music, Arts & Entertainment |work=The Independent |location=London, UK |date=May 13, 2010 |accessdate=July 22, 2010}}</ref>
| August 30, 2010
| rowspan="2"| Unknown
|-
| Argentina<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tematika.com/cds/rp_internacional--1/rp_internacional--1/teenage_dream--517837.htm|title=Katy Perry – Teenage Dream|publisher=Argentina|accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref>
| September 15, 2010
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Notes ==
*Grein, Paul (March 16, 2011). "Week Ending March 13, 2011: Spears' Second Act". ''Chart Watch''. Yahoo! Music. Retrieved March 16, 2011.

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box|title=[[Juno Award for International Album of the Year]]|before=''[[Only by the Night]]'' by [[Kings of Leon]] |after=''[[21 (Adele album)|21]]'' by [[Adele]]|years=[[Juno Awards of 2011|2011]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Katy Perry}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Italic title}}

[[Category:2010 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Benny Blanco]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Dr. Luke]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Greg Wells]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Jon Brion]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Max Martin]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Stargate]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Tricky Stewart]]
[[Category:Capitol Records albums]]
[[Category:Katy Perry albums]]
[[Category:English-language albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Kuk Harrell]]

Volunteer management

2017-07-02T15:59:14Z

Guillom: /* Systems */ fix link

{{Orphan|date=August 2015}}

'''Volunteer Management''' is also known as volunteer engagement, volunteer coordination, volunteer administration and refers to “the systematic and logical process of working with and through [[Volunteering|volunteers]] to achieve an organisation’s objectives”.<ref>Mc Curley, Lynch and Jackson, The Complete Volunteer Management Handbook 3rd Edition</ref>

==History==

Volunteer Management became an occupation during the late 1960s and early 1970s when the long-term volunteer was the prevalent type of volunteer, at least in the non-profit organisations. At that time, people volunteered as an alternative to work. When the field’s founders began to try to get volunteer management recognised as a profession, they adopted a lot of standard workplace practices, such as written job descriptions and interviews, to determine the volunteer’s suitability for a role. People who volunteered as an alternative to work found that these practices gave their efforts a bit more status, and they responded positively.<ref>Mc Curley, Lynch and Jackson, The Complete Volunteer Management Handbook 3rd Edition</ref>

Models of Volunteer Management have evolved to meet the changing needs of societies around the world as well as to meet modern needs.<ref>Connors, T. (2012). Volunteer Models and Management. In The volunteer management handbook leadership strategies for success (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 2-30). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley.</ref> Today, Volunteer Management is professionalizing. Many localities have professional associations (AVAs) and international certifications are available (ex. http://cvacert.org/).

==Volunteer Manager Roles==

Volunteer managers typically motivate, lead and supervise volunteers at non-profit organisations as well as for governmental organisations and large scale events like the Olympics. The role of a volunteer manager usually ranges from the operational and administrative tasks such as attendance taking to the policy making tasks like defining volunteer job roles and recruiting and managing volunteers. Many volunteer managers also take on other roles such as being the [[fundraising|fundraising manager]] for their organisations.

==Organisational Heritage==

Aiding volunteer management, managers have been encouraged to harness the inherent strengths of their organisation. Using an organisation's brand heritage represents one such approach<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Curran|first=Ross|last2=Taheri|first2=Babak|last3=MacIntosh|first3=Robert|last4=O’Gorman|first4=Kevin|date=2016-02-23|title=Nonprofit Brand Heritage|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0899764016633532|journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly|language=en|volume=45|issue=6|pages=1234–1257|doi=10.1177/0899764016633532}}</ref>. Brand heritage can enhance the engagement and subsequent satisfaction volunteers have with the way in which they are managed. Consequently, managers are called upon to first protect their volunteer organisation's brand heritage, and to utilize it as a volunteer management tool<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Jamie|last2=Curran|first2=Ross|last3=O'Gorman|first3=Kevin D|date=April 2017|title=A modern day panopticon: Using power and control theory to manage volunteer tourists in Bolivia|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221197361730003X|journal=Tourism Management Perspectives|volume=22|pages=34–43|doi=10.1016/j.tmp.2017.01.003}}</ref>.

==Systems==

Several experts have various stages and models for a volunteer management system but they tend to have several common features.<ref>[http://knowledge.nvpc.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/download-manager-files/Chapter0.pdf Doing Good Well]. (2012). Retrieved 2017.</ref><ref>Ellis, S., & Kahn, J. (1996). From the top down: The executive role in volunteer program success (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Energize.</ref> Volunteer management usually involves planning for the role that volunteers would fill, recruiting and screening the volunteers as well as supervising and motivating the volunteers under their charge. Many volunteer management practices resemble [[human resource management|human resource management practices]], with some [[nonprofits]] and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] including volunteer management under the human resources department.

==See also==
*[[volunteering]]
*[[Voluntarism (action)|Voluntarism]]
*[[Pro bono]]
*[[International volunteering]]
*[[Virtual volunteering]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Volunteering]]
[[Category:Human resource management]]

X100F

2017-04-26T14:29:59Z

Guillom: #REDIRECT Fujifilm X100#Fujifilm X100F

#REDIRECT [[Fujifilm X100#Fujifilm X100F]]

User talk:WhatamIdoing

2017-02-02T18:57:29Z

Guillom: /* Update 1 February 2017 */ rep

{{bots|deny=DPL bot}}
{{Flow ad|ad=3}}

'''If you expected a reply on another page and didn't get it, then please feel free to remind me. My watchlist is over 2,500 pages at the moment, and I'm not keeping up with every page. You can also use the [[Wikipedia:Notifications|magic summoning tool]] if you remember to link [[User:WhatamIdoing|my userpage]] in the same edit in which you sign the message.

'''Please add notes to the end of this page. If you notice the page size getting out of control (>100,000 bytes), then please complain at me. I'll probably reply here unless you suggest another page for a reply. Thanks,''' [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]])

{{archive box|auto=yes}}

== Precious anniversary ==

{{User QAIbox
| title = Three years ago ...
| image = Cornflower blue Yogo sapphire.jpg
| image_upright = 0.2
| bold = magic tools
| normal = ... you were recipient<br /> no. '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Precious#WhatamIdoing|584]]''' of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Precious|Precious]],<br /> a prize of QAI!
}}
--[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 05:55, 18 July 2016 (UTC)

Especially precious: your explanation of what an infobox does for people such as vision-impaired, dyslexic, struggling with English and others, who are all readers, - summary "Perhaps we should spend more time thinking about our average reader, rather than our ideal one.". If you don't mind I would like to quote it on [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Infobox|the cabal's page]]. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 11:52, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

:[[User:Gerda Arendt|You]] may quote it on any wiki page. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 10:02, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

== '''thank you''' ==

thank you WAID,[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Medicine&diff=732220380&oldid=732216919] sometimes it might go "unsaid" by me, but you make a great difference (because of your humanity),,,,,oz--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 12:53, 30 July 2016 (UTC)

== In case you find interest ==

Hello WhatamIdoing. We recently participated in [[Talk:Gustav Holst#RfC on removal of hidden comment|a discussion]] which motivated my filing of an [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Clarification and Amendment#Amendment request: Infoboxes|Arbcom request]]. Although you are not a named party, your interest in the RFC mentioned juxtaposes to potential interest in the Arbcom request as well. I am therefore, inviting you to consider your own interest in the matter, and welcoming your involvement should you find it desirous. Best--[[User:John Cline|John Cline]] ([[User talk:John Cline|talk]]) 17:24, 5 August 2016 (UTC)

== AfC ==

Re: {{tq|"I recently ran across an AFC volunteer who was telling editors that non-independent sources, e.g., an "About our staff" webpage used to support the name of a CEO, were never permitted on Wikipedia. I should follow up to see whether he understood the message that I left him."}} (in an unrelated VP discussion) - Please see [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#Damage_done by declining AFC|this]] and discussion [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Articles for creation#FYI, ANI notice about AFC decline issue and user|here]]. I have encountered many similar cases. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 12:47, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

:[[User:Pigsonthewing|Thanks]] for the links. I'll look at them later. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 15:32, 12 August 2016 (UTC)

== Got an email ==

Got an email today (now hiding my email because of this) ...As i dont want to be involved with this problem. Someone is asking me why [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Cassianto all these are being removed]. My reply was straight forward....i said they need to bring this up on each talk page...they replied they dont want to be involved with this editor because of pass problems. I when on to explain there is no need for the boxes in such small articles so there really is no need to talk things out. I think we should just keep an eye-out on the articles just in cases there is a problem.....i have no interest in the articles in question ...but think there may be a problem if the person that emailed me does not take my advice to let it be. -- [[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 18:32, 15 August 2016 (UTC)
:[[User:Moxy|It]] looks like a serious drama fest is underway on [[Noël Coward]].
:I'm thinking about the larger systemic problem of INFOBOX's scrupulously neutral approach: "neither required nor prohibited" or something. (*short pause*) Yes, that's the exact language; [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes&diff=453940448&oldid=451497103 I added it] back in 2011. I'm starting to think that this language is not as helpful as some alternatives might be. Partly as a result of this, we're pretty much getting the same couple of people having the same fight over and over. Do you think that, if it were put to a vote, that the community would specify a (slight) preference one way or the other, at least for certain kinds of articles (e.g., article longer than a stub/not FA/about a person/whatever)?
:Alternatively, we could consider TBANning anyone who has appeared in infobox discussions more than, say, once a month. While I think that might raise the average civility of the comments, I don't think that would have the effect of preventing some valuable editors (mostly on the DISINFOBOX side) from burning out. I think it would just change the reason for losing them from "burned out in infobox battles" to "said [[meatball:GoodBye]] when banned from talking about infoboxes in articles that are important to them". I'd like to keep these editors and stop the drain on them. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 08:05, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
:::Poor guys same people again in the same problem. There needs to be some sort of solution here. I am going to look more into research about the boxes. Thus far many studies have been show on how people use the internet, but because they do not mention boxes per say thoses opposes to boxes tend ignore them. I am going to look for specific studies on this by different aspects of the boxes.. like - [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13614568.2016.1179798 How the structure of Wikipedia articles influences user navigation] and {{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260511698_Languages_and_Wikipedia_Cultural_evolution_increases_structure |title=Languages and Wikipedia: Cultural evolution increases structure (PDF Download Available) |date=2010 |author=IADIS International , Volume: 2010 |accessdate= August 16, 2016}}. We should also look at problems raised by those that dont like them ...for instance the huge amount of wikicode of an infobox at the top of a page "may" discourages editing.....could this not be solve by the infoboxe being at the bottom and simply trascluded to the top. I think before any community wide RfC we should have some data to present for each side and have proposed solutions for problems like wikicode. Will get back to you on this in a bit. -- [[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 15:55, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
::::Dame ...i see things got blow out of proportion anyways [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#User:Cassianto purging infoboxes and the information they contain and telling people to "fuck off"]] . -- [[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 18:17, 16 August 2016 (UTC)
:::::Have [[User:Moxy|you]] followed any of this? I saw that the ANI discussion went nowhere fast, but I lost the thread afterwards. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 12:36, 21 August 2016 (UTC)
::::::Went down hill fast see [[User_talk:Jimbo_Wales#Is_.22fuck_off.22_the_new_normal_for_Wikipedia_behaviour.3F|Jimbo Wales' talk page]].....then we now have [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#User:Cassianto to be topic banned from infoboxes|User:Cassianto to be topic ban]]. Just as you stated...they are trying to burn him out. To bad hes a good writer - just bad interaction skills.--[[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 21:02, 21 August 2016 (UTC)
:::::::[[User:Moxy|Thanks]] for the update. I wonder what the result of the latest ANI discussion will be.
:::::::What do you think about Gerda's idea of a two-comment limit per discussion? Do you think it could be usefully applied to all of the "regulars" in these discussions? [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 21:34, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

== Intersex ==

Hi there, the non MEDRS brain sex claims are back on the intersex page again, posted by the same user. [[User:Trankuility|Trankuility]] ([[User talk:Trankuility|talk]]) 22:36, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

== Old talk page discussion ==

Greetings. A discussion that you were previously involved in at {{section link|Template talk:Third-party|Wording}} has new comments. —[[User:Coconutporkpie|Coconutporkpie]] ([[User talk:Coconutporkpie|talk]]) 19:49, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

==Thank you==
You have restored my faith in the capacity to have well explained responses to things. I do really think that the maritime mess is a brilliant example where all the well intentioned principles have failed though, over the 10 years. cheers and thanks for the response, if we ever meet in real life. remind I owe your a beer/coffee whatever. cheers [[User:JarrahTree|JarrahTree]] 06:37, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

:You're welcome.
:I've not see the ships/ports/etc. groups recently. I keep hoping that {{tl|infobox ship}} will join the modern age (presumably Lua can handle the template's complex needs, and a bot could make the adjustments in the articles automatically), but I've had little contact with the groups working in that area.
:That said, as a general rule of thumb (that certainly does not apply universally), bigger groups are more successful. A large group is more likely to have the resources it needs within the group (which reinforces group interaction) and more likely to keep operating over time (because the loss of a couple of editors is not the end of the group). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 06:53, 29 August 2016 (UTC)

::you have compelling arguments about the social nature, and the size thing, I suppose I am quite old fashioned in the hope that the whole range of projects that get 'labelled' dead, moribund, and inactive are always 'resurrectable' in some way and allowed the chance to recover, I know that a few have tried to try to increase participation in some projects, and some projects have in fact been resurrected simply by new people coming along. However, I respect the way you have explained, thanks for that [[User:JarrahTree|JarrahTree]] 07:03, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
:::If you run across anyone who is trying to revive a project, or have any ideas, then please point them to [[WP:REVIVE]]. I'm trying to collect all the advice on how to do that in one place, in the hope that more people will find it, apply it, and be successful. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 22:49, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
::::I think terminology and ascribing status to a project and participants is something that needs to be re-thought, will try to enunciate later [[User:JarrahTree|JarrahTree]] 01:06, 30 August 2016 (UTC).
:::::I'm happy to hear [[User:JarrahTree|your]] thoughts whenever you have time. But I have been thinking about this, and I think that there's one valid reason to provide some sort of status to a WikiProject: The WikiProject banner templates encourage people to ask questions on the group's talk page. If you go to the project to ask a question, it's useful to know whether you should expect a reply. Very experienced editors like us can see the signs of an abandoned page just as easily as we could see the signs of a long-abandoned house, of course, but someone with only 10 or 100 edits will probably not and will be disappointed at the lack of reply. So I think that some sort of system to identify when you'll probably get a reply and when you'll probably not (because "nobody's home") would be helpful. (I don't care what that system is or what it's called.) [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 13:00, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
::yeah I wish it was as simple as that. years ago people used to leave questions on talk pages of categories that were '''never answered''' (that wasnt even project space). I do not believe a project should be evaluated on whether someone turns up to answer a queation on a talk page of a project. Too simplistic. Anyways, it is not as if any one ed is going to solve the issues that surround project ''quietness'' and the varied responses to quietness, in the short term. [[User:JarrahTree|JarrahTree]] 22:19, 8 September 2016 (UTC)
:::[[User:JarrahTree|You]] are quite right. We should not really hope for a solution. I'm hopeful that we could come up with a slightly less confusing explanation of it. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:03, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

== Your understanding of BRD policy ==

Hi WhatamIdoing,<br>
Another user and I have gotten into a bit of a disagreement about the intention of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BOLD,_revert,_discuss_cycle BRD policy]. It has reached the point where the other user created an administrative incident report out of it [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Edit_warring#User:Scottperry_reported_by_User:NewsAndEventsGuy_.28Result:_.29 here]. This other user and I are simply deadlocked in our disagreement about what BRD is supposed to be. I have noticed that you have made the last major edit to the BRD policy page, and that you are still actively editing WP to this day. I was wondering if you might be able to help us both to better understand the intention of BRD by commenting on our little [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Edit_warring#User:Scottperry_reported_by_User:NewsAndEventsGuy_.28Result:_.29 administrative incident report], so that we might both be able to better understand its intended purpose?<br>
Thanks kindly,<br>
[[User:Scottperry|Scott P.]] ([[User talk:Scottperry|talk]]) 00:52, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

:I have replied at WP:ANEW.
:In the future (warning: pet peeve ahead), please avoid calling BRD a "policy". When inexperienced editors see someone with thousands of edits (like us) saying that something is a policy, then they think that it's mandatory. And that can lead to expectations that re-reversions should be met with blocks, and mistaking very typical content disputes for edit wars.
:Good luck. If this isn't resolved in the next week, then you will probably need to either move on to a new article or start an RFC. (If you do an RFC, then you might consider the [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Example formatting#Pro and con|"pro/con" format]]. I recommend putting the question and date stamp ''before'' the table, rather than trying to get the bot to copy it. The bot's handling of complex formatting like tables is a bit brittle.) [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 09:55, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Tech News: 2016-36]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W36"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*Word-level diffs now work in longer paragraphs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128697]
* Interactive maps now have a frame by default. This is to make them look like other multimedia objects. This affects all Wikivoyages, the Catalan, Hebrew, Macedonian Wikipedias and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T128913]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> When you preview the [[MediaWiki:Captcha-ip-whitelist]] page it will show a validation output of the listed [[:w:en:IP address|IP addresses]] instead of the list of addresses only. This can help you to identify if your whitelist rules will work or not. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T129757]

'''Changes this week'''
*You will be able to use <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<maplink>]]</code> on all Wikipedias. It creates a link to a full screen map. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-August/086391.html][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144062]
*Sometimes when you mention another user they don't get a notification. You will be able to get a notification when you successfully send out a mention to someone or be told if they did not get a notification. This will be opt-in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144181][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143101]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 September. It will be on all wikis from 8 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=09&year=2016 6 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CheckUser|CheckUser extension]] could work differently in the future. There is a [[mw:Requests for comment/CheckUser requirements|Request for Comments]] to figure out how. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139810]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/36|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W36"/> 17:12, 5 September 2016 (UTC)


== Impact ==

{{user QAIbox
| title = Impact
| image = Cherry crashing into primordial Earth2.png
| image_upright = 0.9
| bold = Thank you for [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Impact#WhatamIdoing|your impact]]
| normal = in {{diff|Talk:Gustav Holst|733509194||explaining gently}}<br /> why different readers should<br /> be offered the same information<br /> in different ways!
}}
--[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 13:05, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

As said above, I included it in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Quality Article Improvement/Infobox|related project talk of QAI]]. DYK that its talk is up for deletion? And I thought the infobox wars were over ;) --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 14:21, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

Gerda, have you ever read [[Wikipedia:Canvassing]]? generally considered disruptive behavior... ♦ [[User:Dr. Blofeld|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#aba67e">''Dr. Blofeld''</span>]] 08:31, 9 September 2016 (UTC)

WhatamIdoing, please don't comment there. Stay away from the topic, ignore that it exists. I only meant to ask if you know how [insert polite word] ... it is. --[[User:Gerda Arendt|Gerda Arendt]] ([[User talk:Gerda Arendt|talk]]) 10:58, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
:I've always wondered why that list is considered some sort of "hit list" rather than a "stay away" list. A sensible use for it would be to warn people ''against'' trying to add infoboxes to pages where they've previously been removed and discussed. So many articles on this wiki where an infobox would be welcomed, or at least ignored...
:Well, if [[User:Gerda Arendt|you're]] [[User:Dr. Blofeld|all]] going to drop by, then perhaps you can help me remember the name of the thing that I want. What's [[lenticular printing]] when it isn't exactly that? I'm thinking of a building with a zig-zag or corrugated surface, and you paint the "left" half of the ridges white and the "right" half of the ridges black, and then (if you're a properly enculturated English Wikipedian) have an argument over the One True™ color of the building, depending upon which angle you're viewing the building from.
:And, yes, I'm aware that this would make a lovely metaphor for something about infoboxes, but I actually saw a photo of such a building in an art gallery this afternoon, so this is actually an innocent question in the hope that I'll be able to sleep tonight instead of racking my brains for the name. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:36, 9 September 2016 (UTC)
::We all need to stay away from it and focus on what is important I think. I'd happily go the rest of the year without a single mention of an infobox. It's kind of a non issue, there's so many more important things on here! If Gerda could go a single week without mentioning one I'd be extremely surprised!♦ [[User:Dr. Blofeld|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:#aba67e">''Dr. Blofeld''</span>]] 06:13, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

== Self-reporting ==

Hi, Regarding your remark about self-reporting [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Shaun_King_(activist)&diff=prev&oldid=736434937], I was unable to find the policy. Could you help out and give me a link? --[[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 21:51, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

:[[User:Bob K31416|The]] best explanation is probably in [[WP:EGRS]]. (Something to keep in mind with that page is that all the subjects on the page are basically treated the same, even though an illuminating example or a useful part of the explanation may be elsewhere.)
:Also, by "policy" I meant "what the community actually does in practice", not "what's currently written on a page with the policy template on it". [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 15:32, 12 September 2016 (UTC)
::Thanks. --[[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 15:53, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Tech News: 2016-37]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W37"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The Wikimedia Commons app for Android can now show nearby places that need photos. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086429.html]
*<code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<maplink>|<nowiki><maplink></nowiki>]]</code> and <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#<mapframe> usage|<nowiki><mapframe></nowiki>]]</code> can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#GeoShapes external data|use geodata]] from [[:w:en:Open Street Map|Open Street Map]] if Open Street Map has defined a region and given it an ID in Wikidata. You can use this to draw on the map and add information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134086][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001469.html]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a beta feature on all wikis from 13 September. This will make it easier to navigate between diffs in the page history. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143421]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> A new user right will allow most users to change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of pages. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001468.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001470.html]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 September. It will be on all wikis from 15 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=09&year=2016 13 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* When you search on the Wikimedia wikis in the future you could see results from sister projects in your language. You can [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001466.html read more and discuss how this could work].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/37|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W37"/> 18:04, 12 September 2016 (UTC)


== Re: [[Candy bar]] ==

Hello! A number of edits have been made on the section that you marked as requiring copy editing, some by me. If you found the time to review it and provide additional suggestions on the talk page or tags, that would be greatly appreciated. Thank you for the work you have already done on that article and many others. [[Special:Contributions/64.72.65.120|64.72.65.120]] ([[User talk:64.72.65.120|talk]]) 04:17, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

:Thanks for your work on that. I haven't reviewed every change in detail, but the ones I've seen look good. You can remove outdated tags yourself, by the way, and if you think that problem is solved, then I encourage you to do so. Only a few tags should be left in place (most notably, the [[WP:Articles for deletion]] tags, because that deletion discussion will continue even if someone removes the tag from the article). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 17:32, 20 September 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Tech News: 2016-38]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W38"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
*Last week's MediaWiki update was rolled back because of bugs. Creating new accounts did not work between [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 15 September 19:10 UTC] and [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=12&min=50&sec=0&day=16&month=09&year=2016 16 September 12:50 UTC]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086536.html][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20160915-MediaWiki]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will hopefully be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 20 September. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 21 September. It will be on all wikis from 22 September ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]). This is the version that was meant to go out last week.

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=20&month=09&year=2016 20 September at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topic this week is [[phab:T107595|multi-content revisions]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=21&month=09&year=2016 21 September at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Wikidata will start working on adding support for Wiktionary. The Wikidata development team is now taking one last look at [[wikidata:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wiktionary/Development/Proposals/2015-05|the development plan]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikidata/2016-September/009541.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/38|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W38"/> 22:09, 19 September 2016 (UTC)


== NPP & AfC ==

After 5 years of unstructured discussion since ACTRIAL, a dedicated venue has been created for combined discussion about NPP & AfC where a work group is also being composed to develop recommendations for necessary changes to policies and related software. It is ''''not''' an RfC, it is a call for genuinely interested users who have ''significant'' experience in these areas to join a truly '''proactive''' work group. There is some reading to be done before signing up. See: [[Wikipedia:The future of NPP and AfC]]. --[[User:Kudpung|Kudpung กุดผึ้ง]] ([[User talk:Kudpung|talk]]) 21:55, 24 September 2016

== [[Intersex surgery]] ==

Hi there, a couple of weeks ago, you commented as part of the discussion on renaming this page, "There might be some value in pausing this discussion, re-writing the page properly, and then re-discussing the ideal page title". I am interested in finding out what, specifically, you mean by this? I am not entirely happy with the page in its current form (amongst other things, the surgical content still reads one-sided to me, a fact that I accept in part because of the additions relating to human rights and lack of clinical consensus), and the consequences of surgery still typically focus on immediate post-surgical issues, rather than longer term consequences of anatomical changes. But I also want to reduce the content on the [[Intersex]] page, consolidating some of the material on [[Intersex surgery]]. I would appreciate any thoughts or insights you have, now that the current name change proposal has lapsed due to a lack of consensus. Thank you. [[User:Trankuility|Trankuility]] ([[User talk:Trankuility|talk]]) 14:48, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

:Hi [[User:Trankuility|Trankuility]]!
:I think that the current state is that you get to re-write the "surgery" page however you'd like, and then we'll come up with a decent title afterwards. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 19:25, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Tech News: 2016-39]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W39"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* If your wiki wants [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] you can request it after a community decision. See [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|how to request it]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-September/001477.html]
* When you edit text and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mention]] a new username they are notified if you add your signature. Before this only happened under certain conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138938]
* Users are notified if they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Notifications/Notifications types#Mentions|mentioned]] in a section where you add your own signature even if you edit more than one section. Before, users were not notified if you edited more than one section in one edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141863]

'''Problems'''
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.19|MediaWiki version]] that was supposed to come to the wikis two weeks ago was put on hold again because of new problems. The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.20|MediaWiki version]] after it is now on all wikis. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086564.html][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086576.html]

'''Changes this week'''
* There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-September/086563.html]

'''Meetings'''
* You can join the next office hour with the Wikidata team. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=16&min=00&sec=0&day=27&month=09&year=2016 September 27 at 16:00 (UTC)]. See [[d:Wikidata:Events#IRC office hours|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Abandoned tools on [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] could be taken over by other developers. There is a new [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|discussion on Meta]] about this. It will be discussed until 12 October and then voted on. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T87730]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/39|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W39"/> 18:07, 26 September 2016 (UTC)


== Check ==
Hi, you might be interested in [[Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2016_September_30#Category:Films_about_hebephilia|this discussion]] as you provide arguments for the last one. --[[User:Dereck Camacho|Dereck Camacho]] ([[User talk:Dereck Camacho|talk]]) 10:35, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Tech News: 2016-40]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W40"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 4 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 5 October. It will be on all wikis from 6 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=04&month=10&year=2016 4 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[w:en:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] will be replaced. Instead the HTML 5 parsing algorithm will be used to clean up bad HTML in wikitext. This [[mw:Parsing/Replacing Tidy|would cause problems]] on a number of wikis. They need to be fixed first. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T89331]

* <code><nowiki><slippymap></nowiki></code> will not work on Wikivoyage after 24 October. You should use <code><nowiki><mapframe></nowiki></code> instead. If you need help to fix this before 24 October you should [[mw:Talk:Maps|ask for it]] as soon as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136768]
*

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/40|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W40"/> 21:30, 3 October 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Tech News: 2016-41]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W41"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can show [[Special:RecentChanges]] on a page by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges}}</nowiki></code>. You can now use tag filters by using <code><nowiki>{{Special:RecentChanges/tagfilter=tagname}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142878]
* The notification badge is coloured if you have notifications. When you check the notification the badge will now turn grey on all wikis instead of just the local one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T134855]
* Colours used in the Wikimedia wikis' main interface changed slightly. This is to make them [http://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html easier to see] for readers and editors with reduced eyesight. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109915]

'''Changes this week'''
* Hidden HTML comments will be more visible when you edit with the visual editor. <code><nowiki></nowiki></code> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 11 October. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 12 October. It will be on all wikis from 13 October ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=11&month=10&year=2016 11 October at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week is [[phab:T139300|CREDITS files]]. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=12&month=10&year=2016 12 October at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* Language converter syntax will soon no longer work inside external links. Wikitext like <code><nowiki>http://-{zh-cn:foo.com; zh-hk:bar.com; zh-tw:baz.com}-</nowiki></code> must be replaced. You will have to write <code><nowiki>-{zh-cn: http://foo.com ; zh-hk: http://bar.com ; zh-tw:http://baz.com }-</nowiki></code> instead. This only affects languages with Language Converter enabled. Examples of such languages are Chinese and Serbian. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons_talk%3AWikiProject_Templates&type=revision&diff=208221135&oldid=168939481]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/41|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W41"/> 20:30, 10 October 2016 (UTC)


== Editing News #3—2016 ==

''[[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2016/October|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]] • [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscribe or unsubscribe on the English Wikipedia]]''

<div style="float:right;width:230px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;">
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]'''Did you know?'''
<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;">

Did you know that you can easily re-arrange columns and rows in the visual editor?

[[File:VisualEditor table editing menu.png|alt=Screenshot showing a dropdown menu with options for editing the table structure|center|frameless|232x232px]]

Select a cell in the column or row that you want to move. Click the arrow at the start of that row or column to open the dropdown menu (shown). Choose either "Move before" or "Move after" to move the column, or "Move above" or "Move below" to move the row.

You can read and help translate [[:mw:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
</div></div>

Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has mainly worked on a new wikitext editor. They have also released some small features and the new map editing tool. Their workboard is available [[:phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the list of work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, releasing the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[:mw:Beta_Features|beta feature]], and improving language support.

=== Recent changes ===
*You can now set text as small or big.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T53613]
*Invisible templates have been shown as a puzzle icon. Now, the name of the invisible template is displayed next to the puzzle icon.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141861] A similar feature will display the first part of hidden HTML comments.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089]
*Categories are displayed at the bottom of each page. If you click on the categories, the dialog for editing categories will open.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145267]
*At many wikis, you can now add [[:mw:Maps|maps]] to pages. Go to the Insert menu and choose the "Maps" item. The Discovery department are adding more features to this area, like geoshapes. You can read more on MediaWiki.org.[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Discovery#Maps]
*The "Save" button now says "Save page" when you create a page, and "Save changes" when you change an existing page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] In the future, the "{{int:Savearticle}}" button will say "{{int:Publishpage}}". This will affect both the visual and wikitext editing systems. More [[:m:Editing/Publish|information is available on Meta]].
*Image galleries now use a visual mode for editing. You can see thumbnails of the images, add new files, remove unwanted images, rearrange the images by dragging and dropping, and add captions for each image. Use the "Options" tab to set the gallery's display mode, image sizes, and add a title for the gallery.<u>[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45037]</u>
=== Future changes ===
The visual editor will be offered to all editors at the remaining 10 [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|"Phase 6" Wikipedias]] during the next month. The developers want to know whether typing in your language feels natural in the visual editor. Please post your comments and the language(s) that you tested at [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|the feedback thread on mediawiki.org]]. This will affect several languages, including [[:w:th: |'''Thai''']], [[:w:my: |'''Burmese''']] and [[:w:arc: |'''Aramaic''']].

The team is working on a modern wikitext editor. The [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] will look like the visual editor and be able to use the citoid service and other modern tools. This new editing system may become available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices in October 2016. You can read about this project in a [[:mw:VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23|general status update on the Wikimedia mailing list]].

=== Let's work together ===
Do you teach new editors how to use the visual editor? Did you help [[:mw:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|set up the Citoid automatic reference feature for your wiki]]? Have you written or imported [[:mw:Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your most important citation templates? <mark>Would you be willing to help new editors and small communities with the visual editor? Please sign up for the new [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/Community Taskforce|'''VisualEditor Community Taskforce''']].</mark>

If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. Thank you! [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 18:18, 14 October 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Tech News: 2016-42]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W42"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* There is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter|new newsletter]] from the [[mw:Collaboration|Collaboration team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation. It will have more details about for example Flow and notifications. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/October 2016|read the first issue]].

'''Problems'''
* Some users got a warning about Wikipedia's [[w:en:Public key certificate#Certificates and website security|security certificate]] last week. This was because of a problem [[w:en:GlobalSign|GlobalSign]] had. This has now been fixed. Only a small number of users got the warning. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incident_documentation/20161013-GlobalSign]
* Editors couldn't edit semi-protected pages in the [[mw:Wikimedia Apps|Wikipedia app]] for Android. This has now been fixed in the beta version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T132834]

'''Changes this week'''
* There will be no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deployments&oldid=898289]

'''Future changes'''
* The [[mw:Editing|Editing Department]] are working on a new wikitext editor. It will have tools that are in the visual editor but not in the wikitext editor today. You can [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|read more about this]]. This is an early plan and things can change. The old wikitext editor will still exist.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/42|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W42"/> 16:42, 17 October 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Tech News: 2016-43]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W43"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translations]] are available.

'''Problems'''
*The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]] had a problem and caught too many edits. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148673]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from October 25. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from October 26. It will be on all wikis from October 27 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.28/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* The "Search" text in the search box will show the name of the project. For example, on Wikipedia it will say "Search Wikipedia". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144640]
* About a dozen wikis now have [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]]. If your wiki wants numerical sorting in categories you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories/How to request|ask for it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146675]
* Some wikis that want [[m:Community Tech/Numerical sorting in categories|numerical sorting in categories]] can also ask to use [[w:en:Unicode collation algorithm|UCA]] to sort categories. The biggest difference is that characters with [[w:en:Diacritic|diacritics]] will be sorted together. For example, for most languages Ä will be sorted with A instead of at the end of the alphabet. This is not true for languages that have Ä as a character in their alphabet. Wikis that already use UCA are [[m:Collation|listed on Meta]]. Languages that can use UCA [[mw:Manual:$wgCategoryCollation#Language-specific collations|are listed on MediaWiki.org]]. You [https://ssl.icu-project.org/icu-bin/collation.html can test it].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/43|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W43"/> 17:39, 24 October 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Tech News: 2016-44]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W44"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Now you can include Commons video films with [[c:Commons:Video#Subtitles and closed captioning|subtitles]] in your wiki language. Before you could see translated videos on file page at Commons only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T122737]
* Search now has [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-searchoptions|an updated preference tab]] to configure the search completion suggester. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148010]
* The visual editor is now available on all wikis using only one language script. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T142589]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 1<sup>st</sup>. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 2<sup>nd</sup>. It will be on all wikis from November 3<sup>rd</sup> ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* Now you can use autocomplete for page names in "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" field when editing templates. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148324]
* [[Special:NewPages|Special:NewPages]] can now be filtered by page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12817]

'''Future changes'''
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> New MediaWiki deployments will be now based on MediaWiki 1.29. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086859.html]

'''Miscellaneous'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation's [[mw:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Technical Collaboration Guideline]] is available for community review. [[mw:Talk:Technical Collaboration Guideline|Any feedback welcome]], in any language.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Ambassadors|tech ambassadors]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/44|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W44"/> 16:18, 31 October 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Tech News: 2016-45]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W45"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/ Victoria Coleman] is the new [[w:en:Chief technology officer|Chief technology officer]] for the Wikimedia Foundation. [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/11/02/victoria-coleman-chief-technology-officer/]
* First release candidate for MediaWiki 1.28 is now available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/MW/browse/REL1_28/RELEASE-NOTES-1.28]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> <span dir="ltr"><code>.gitreview</code></span> for MediaWiki branches and extensions switched from targeting a specific branch to using <code>track=1</code>. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-October/086900.html]
* Section numbers in Table of Contents boxes will use grey to improve readability. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T125317]

'''Changes this week'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] begins on 7 November.
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 8th. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 9th. It will be on all wikis from November 10th ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[Special:ActiveUsers|Special:ActiveUsers]] will allow users groups selection. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354]

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=00&day=08&month=11&year=2016 8 November 2016 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the Architecture committee. The topics this week are Image Thumbnail API and allow SVG files uploaded on MediaWiki to have XHTML namespaces. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=21&min=00&sec=0&day=09&month=11&year=2016 9 November at 21:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Architecture meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be enabled by default on all beta wikis, on testwiki, testwiki2, mediawikiwiki and de.wikipedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149724][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149725]
* Upcoming holidays will impact deployments. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/engineering/2016-November/000331.html The schedule has been published].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/45|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W45"/> 23:01, 7 November 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Tech News: 2016-46]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W46"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*When you edit with the visual editor you can use <code>meta</code> + <code>shift</code> + <code>k</code> to add a reference. The meta key is often the control key or command key. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from November 15. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from November 16. It will be on all wikis from November 17 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).
*In [[Special:Preferences]] you can choose which language menus and buttons will be in. If there is no translation for that language, MediaWiki has a list of [[mw:Fallback languages|fallback languages]]. A fallback language is a language many will understand better than English. MediaWiki will now use English when there is no Ukrainian translation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T39314]

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=15&month=11&year=2016 15 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* [[mw:Help:Magic links|Magic links]] might not work in the future. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001500.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/46|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W46"/> 19:18, 14 November 2016 (UTC)

== The New York Times (New York) listed at [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion|Redirects for discussion]] ==
[[File:Information.svg|30px|left]]
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect [[The New York Times (New York)]]. Since you had some involvement with the ''The New York Times (New York)'' redirect, you might want to participate in [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2016 November 20#The New York Times (New York)|the redirect discussion]] if you have not already done so.  - '''[[User:Champion|<big>C</big><small>HAMPION</small>]]''' <sup>([[User talk:Champion|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Champion|contributions]]) ([[Special:Logs/Champion|logs]]) </sup> 08:33, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Tech News: 2016-47]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W47"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">

Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* Administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers can now use [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. This makes their Wikimedia accounts more secure. This can be turned on in [[Special:Preferences]]. There are discussions on how to best turn it on for everyone. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Two-factor_authentication]
*You can now search for file properties. For example you can search for media type, how big a file is or what resolution it has. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:CirrusSearch#File_properties_search]
*The latest [[m:Collaboration/Newsletter/Issues/2016/11|Collaboration team products newsletter]] has been published. It has more details about their work than Tech News has.

'''Problems'''
* A hacker group is hacking Wikimedia accounts. They can probably do this because users have the same passwords on Wikimedia wikis as on other sites. Please have a password you use only on the Wikimedia wikis and nowhere else. This is especially important for administrators, bureaucrats, oversighters and checkusers. These users can also turn on [[w:en:Multi-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087008.html]

'''Changes this week'''
*There is no new MediaWiki version this week.
*[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia. This will happen on 22 November. It will come to other wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148646][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149995][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150573]

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=22&month=11&year=2016 22 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
*It will be possible to do cross-wiki search. The developers who work on this are looking for communities that want to test this. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-ambassadors/2016-November/001502.html]
*[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards]] will leave the [[w:en:Software release life cycle#Beta|beta stage]]. The Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Team|Reading Web]] team wants communities to set Hovercards as a default option for readers who are not logged in. Communities that are interested can say so on the [[mw:Talk: Beta Features/Hovercards|Hovercards talk page]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-November/087041.html]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/47|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W47"/> 15:33, 21 November 2016 (UTC)


== [[WP:ACE2016|ArbCom Elections 2016]]: Voting now open! ==

{{Ivmbox|Hello, WhatamIdoing. Voting in the '''[[WP:ACE2016|2016 Arbitration Committee elections]]''' is open from Monday, 00:00, 21 November through Sunday, 23:59, 4 December to all unblocked users who have registered an account before Wednesday, 00:00, 28 October 2016 and have made at least 150 mainspace edits before Sunday, 00:00, 1 November 2016.

The [[WP:ARBCOM|Arbitration Committee]] is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration|Wikipedia arbitration process]]. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose [[WP:BAN|site bans]], [[WP:TBAN|topic bans]], editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The [[Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy|arbitration policy]] describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2016 election, please review [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee Elections December 2016/Candidates|the candidates' statements]] and submit your choices on '''[[Special:SecurePoll/vote/399|the voting page]]'''. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 22:08, 21 November 2016 (UTC)
|Scale of justice 2.svg|imagesize=40px}}


== Old ad hom ==

Hello WhatamIdoing, a few years ago you said, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)/Archive_2#EverSince_Comment on a talk page about a sourcing guideline for articles classed as medical], in response to a point of mine about it appearing to reword core NPOV guidelines, "EverSince, I know that you're heavily involved in anti-psychiatry issues, but even in psychiatry, most of the "reliable sources on the subject" have been written by the "experts in the field," particularly when we're talking about basic medical/scientific facts. WhatamIdoing (talk) 18:55, 6 October 2008 (UTC)" I know it's a long time later (though other comments have been made since) but could you clarify what you mean by that? Replying here would be fine. [[User:EverSince|Eversync]] ([[User talk:EverSince|talk]]) 02:56, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

:I'm sorry; I have no memory of the conversation. From the thread there, I assume that I objected to your implicit claim that most, or at least a substantial minority of, sources that are reliable for statements about a medical question (such as psychiatry) would be written by people who are not (in some way) experts in the subject at hand. When the question is technical, non-experts are mostly non-reliable. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 23:46, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
::But there was no implicit claim of that - only if you equate 'expert' to mean 'with a medical degree'? In the mental health field there are practitioners and researchers with doctorates in clinical psychology, counselling psychology, sociology, cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary biology etc etc? This point of indisputable fact is never acknowledged by the doctors on Wikipedia. Moreover, you seemed to be trying to imply something by 'heavily involved in antipsychiatry', and made similar points after that, are you prepared to clarify what is it that you perceive? [[User:EverSince|Eversync]] ([[User talk:EverSince|talk]]) 18:38, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
::* I perceive that you know more than the typical editor about the 'who is an expert' fight that surrounds anti-psychiatry articles.
::* I don't equate having a medical degree with being an expert. When the question is technical (e.g., rather than social or humanitarian), I think that a reasonable first approximation of "being an expert" looks like "being an established academic researcher". So if, for example, the question is whether people with a given diagnosis are more or less likely to engage in recreational drug use, 'the expert' is the person with a PhD in statistics and a series of publications on the subject, not the M.D. with an opinion. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 20:33, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Tech News: 2016-48]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W48"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translations]] are available.

'''Changes this week'''
*When someone tries to log in to a blocked account they will be blocked by a [[w:en:HTTP cookie|cookie]]. This means their [[w:en:Web browser|browser]] will be blocked even if they change their [[w:en:IP address|IP address]]. This makes it more difficult for returning vandals. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5233]
*When you use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation]] to adapt a template to a new translation it will work differently. You can adapt big templates such as infoboxes. Translators will have control over the template parameters. A first version of this is released this week. It is possible it will not work correctly with all templates. There will be more updates for this soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139332]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 29 November. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 30 November. It will be on all wikis from 1 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Gadgets will have a new option called "hidden". This means you can register gadgets that can't be turned on or off from the preferences page. Hiding gadgets was already possible by using <code>[rights=hidden]</code>. You should now use <code>[hidden]</code> instead. <code>[rights=hidden]</code> in old gadgets should be changed to <code>[hidden]</code>. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Gadgets#Options][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33150]

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=19&min=00&sec=0&day=29&month=11&year=2016 29 November at 19:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> [[toollabs:|Tool Labs]] could get two new policies. One would be to be able to [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Abandoned tool policy|adopt tools without an active developer]]. The other would be [[wikitech:Help:Tool Labs/Right to fork policy|a right to fork]]. There is a [[m:Requests for comment/Abandoned Labs tools|request for comment on Meta]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/48|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W48"/> 21:17, 28 November 2016 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Tech News: 2016-49]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W49"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*You can choose to see users from specific user groups in [[Special:ActiveUsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116354]
*Everyone can now see [[Special:UserRights]]. Previously only those who could change user rights could. Other users got an error message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27319]
*[[m:Objective Revision Evaluation Service|ORES]] can now show how likely an edit is to be damaging to the wiki with different colours. This only works for languages that have [[m:Wiki labels|trained ORES]] to recognize damaging edits. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T144922]

'''Changes this week'''
*You will now see categories with 0 pages in [[Special:Categories]]. Previously you did not see empty categories there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12915]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 6 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 7 December. It will be on all wikis from 8 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=06&month=12&year=2016 6 December at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] will decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team will work on next year. You vote for wishes on the [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey|survey page]] until 12 December. You can see what has happened to last year's wishes on the [[m:2015 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|2015 results page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/49|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W49"/> 18:07, 5 December 2016 (UTC)


== Happy Holidays! ==

<div style="{{Round corners}}; float: left; margin-top: 3px; background-color: #FC9; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 10px; width: 425px; clear: both;">
<div style="{{Round corners}}; border-style:solid; border-color:#4682B4; background-color:#900020; border-width:5px; text-align:left; vertical-align;top; padding:18px;" class="plainlinks"> [[File:Gerard van Honthorst - Adoration of the Shepherds (1622).jpg|center|360px| Merry Cristmas everybody!!!]]<center><p><span style="color:white">"And the angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold,<p> I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people.<p><span style="color:white"> For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord."<p><i><small>Luke 2:10-11 (King James Version)</i></small><p>
<span style="color:white"> [[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]])is wishing you a [[Christmas|<span style="color:white">Merry Christmas</span>]].<p><span style="color:white">This greeting (and season) promotes [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|<span style="color:white">WikiLove.</span>]] </center> <br />
<span style="color:white">Spread the cheer by adding <nowiki>{{Subst:Xmas4}}</nowiki> to their talk page with a friendly message.
</span></div></div>
{{clear}}

WAID, Happy Holidays/New Year!--[[User:Ozzie10aaaa|Ozzie10aaaa]] ([[User talk:Ozzie10aaaa|talk]]) 12:30, 7 December 2016 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Tech News: 2016-50]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W50"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
*Users who have Yahoo email addresses could not use [[Special:EmailUser|Special:EmailUser]] to send emails. This has now been fixed. Emails will now come from a @wikimedia.org address. Users who get an email from you will still reply to your email address and be able to see it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66795]
* You can now see how many categories and pages there are in the categories in [[Special:TrackingCategories|Special:TrackingCategories]]. This is to help you find pages that could need attention. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/321225/]
* Markup colours for reviewed and pending revisions in [[m:Help:Page history|the page history]] and [[Special:SpecialPages|recent changes and logs]] now match [[phab:M82|Wikimedia standard colours]]. The "You have a new message on your talk page" notification will have a slightly different colour. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087151.html]

'''Problems'''
*Because of work on [[m:Community Tech/Cross-wiki watchlist|cross-wiki watchlists]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global rename policy|global renaming]] is not working. The plan is to turn it on again on 16 December. Global renaming was turned off for a while in late November and early December as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148242]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 13 December. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 14 December. It will be on all wikis from 15 December ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=13&month=12&year=2016 December 13 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/50|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W50"/> 19:30, 12 December 2016 (UTC)


== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Original Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Original Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Good work on the article [[American Time Use Survey]] [[User:Devopam|Devopam]] ([[User talk:Devopam|talk]]) 11:41, 15 December 2016 (UTC)
|}

:Those thanks belong to [[User:Joeykai]], who expanded it yesterday. Since it's new, it could be sent to [[WP:DYK]] and run on the main page.
:Joey, if you're looking for ways to even further expand the page, then I think there's room in that article for some of the interesting results (for example, it documents the amount of non-studying done by some college students[http://www.thecollegefix.com/post/28281/][http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2016/07/big-debt-little-study-what-taxpayers-should-know-about-college-students-time-use], but a news search for "cool facts" would probably find something that appeals to you) and some of the practical uses by businesses (e.g., human resources issues or marketing and product planning) might be good areas for expansion. Every time they publish a new report, there are news stories on parenting and housework differences by gender[http://www.newschief.com/poll/20161107/among-parents-dads-get-all-fun-and-moms-stress-and-fatigue][http://time.com/2895235/men-housework-women/], on sleep[http://graphics.wsj.com/time-use][https://newrepublic.com/article/113580/american-time-use-survey-2013-everyone-asleep] and income differences[http://www.vox.com/2016/5/5/11578994/income-friends-family][http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/05/friendship-privilege-income/481884/]. And thanks for your work on this. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:56, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

==VE issue==
Hey WAID

So when one edits a reference with VE it moves a bunch of stuff around, adds empty parameters, and adds quotes around the ref name such as is seen here[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gout&type=revision&diff=755450221&oldid=754627010].

Anything we can do to get it to stop doing this?

[[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 02:43, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

:Hi [[User:Doc James|Doc James]],
:* It's not supposed to be re-arranging things – usually – but we've got a bug open, and they haven't figured out what's causing it. The effective priority on that bug is "this will be fixed absolutely immediately, just as soon as we figure out what to fix".
:* Adding empty parameters is The Right Thing™ overall. The idea is that empty parameters encourage people to fill them in. So if the TemplateData marks {{para|last}} (or whatever) as a recommended field, then it will be added. However, that generally helpful behavior is not helpful in the example you've linked. A future version of TemplateData, which will give us a way to say that {{para|last}} is basically the same as {{para|vauthors}}, will solve that problem.
:* The quotations are supposed to be used on ref names, even if there are no spaces. It (currently) works without the quotations, but it's a (very) tiny performance issue. So they aren't going to break/change that.
:Thanks for this note. I'm always interested in hearing what people think and what problems they're running into. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 02:57, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
::Thanks I prefer no quotes. A couple of accounts just got blocked for adding them including this one on Dec 13, 2016[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Block/Dexbot]
::So unless their is clear consensus than VE should not be doing it either IMO. Or at least not automatically. [[User:Doc James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 03:10, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
:::I have no idea why the bot was blocked, nor whether that block was warranted. But it would certainly depend upon the details: adding it while doing nothing else would violate [[WP:COSMETICBOT]]; cleaning up a trivial syntax error while editing that exact line anyway is always acceptable. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 06:03, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

== Best wishes for the holidays... ==

{| style="border:2px ; background-color: #FFF7E6;"
|rowspan="2" valign="right" | [[File:Gerard David - Adoration of the Kings - Google Art Project.jpg|right|250px]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 2; vertical-align: left; height: 1.1em;" | '''Season's Greetings'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Wishing you and yours a Happy Holiday Season, and all best wishes for the New Year! [[Adoration of the Kings (Gerard David, London)]] is my Wiki-Christmas card to all for this year. [[User:Johnbod|Johnbod]] ([[User talk:Johnbod#top|talk]]) 10:26, 22 December 2015 (UTC)
|}

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Tech News: 2016-51]] ==

<section begin="technews-2016-W51"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translations]] are available.

'''Tech News'''
* Because of the [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|holidays]] the next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 9 January 2017.
* The writers of the technical newsletter are asking for your opinion. Did you get the information you wanted this year? Did we miss important technical news in 2016? What kind of information was too late? [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Please tell us]]! You can write in your language. Thank you!

'''Recent changes'''
* Administrators and translation administrators can now use [[m:Special:PageLanguage|Special:PageLanguage]] on wikis with the [[m:Translate extension|Translate extension]]. This means you can say what language a page is in. The Translate extension will use that language as the source language when you translate. Previously this was always the wiki's default language. This was usually English. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153209]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Wikis connected to Wikidata can now use the parser function <code><nowiki>{{#statements: }}</nowiki></code> to get formatted data. You can also use <code><nowiki>{{#property: }}</nowiki></code> to get raw data. You [https://de.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Statements can see the difference] between the two statements. There are also similar new functions in Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T152780]

'''Problems'''
* Some abuse filters for uploaded files have not worked as they should. We don't know exactly which filters didn't work yet. This means some files that filters should have prevented from being uploaded were uploaded to the wikis. MediaWiki.org and Testwiki have been affected since 13 October. Commons and Meta have been affected since 17 October. Other wikis have been affected since 17 November. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153217#2876258]

'''Changes this week'''
* There is no new MediaWiki version this week. There will be no new MediaWiki version next week either.

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The next meeting with the VisualEditor team will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=03&month=01&year=2017 3 January at 20:00 (UTC)]. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''Future changes'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/2016 Community Wishlist Survey|2016 Community Wishlist Survey]] is done. It decides what the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech team]] will work on during 2017. You can [[m:2016 Community Wishlist Survey/Results|see the results]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2016/51|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2016-W51"/> 20:33, 19 December 2016 (UTC)


== Looking for help with an EDP ==

You asked to be pinged if anyone was interested in the non-free content issue. I have been trying for months to get help on this subject on Meta. See:
* (principally) [[:m:User talk:StevenJ81#Ladino Wikipedia media policy]]
* [[:m:Talk:List of Wikipedias having zero local media files#Ladino Wikipedia]]
* [[:m:Talk:Non-free content#ladwiki upload config]] (phabricator was completed, and now we have admin-only upload)
We have a very small community, and the few really competent Ladino speakers do not have time to write an EDP in Ladino. But I think I can get them to translate one if we have one in English. All I'm really looking to do here is to apply the policy from English Wikipedia to Ladino Wikipedia. (''Caveat:'' Ladino is, of course, no country's main language. But based on the location of Ladino speakers, it's possible that Israeli or Turkish law might have to be taken into consideration. I'm no expert on that.)

Can you help me (or get me some help)? (Also, please let me know if I should have addressed this to your WMF username.) Thanks in advance. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 17:04, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
:I'm happy to help with this as a volunteer. I'm not very familiar with EDPs myself, so let's see if we can get some more help. [[User:LX]] certainly knows more than me about this issue. I believe that [[User:Masem]] and [[User:Hammersoft]] are very familiar with the enwiki policy, so they may be able to help [[User:StevenJ81|you]] figure out which parts are essential and which are merely local process. (Also, are you sure that you want to do this at all? It's not a small amount of work.)
:In terms of models, have you compared the enwiki policy against the [https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F Hebrew] and [https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Adil_kullan%C4%B1m_politikas%C4%B1 Turkish] policies, to see what might need to be adapted?
:In terms of necessary process, how does the Ladino Wikipedia currently handle policy discussions? You'll want to make sure that editors have a good opportunity to comment and revise the document.
:In terms of making it happen, I suggest that you build this in a sandbox. A sandbox is a great place for making progress, and if you don't boldly start somehow, then it may never happen. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 19:45, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
::Thank you for getting back to me.
:#No, I'm not sure I really want to do it. I've been getting away with simply explaining that "we're using enwiki's EDP" for a while, and if I could keep doing that I would. But I'm not sure I'm going to be able to keep doing that. Why not just go for zero media files, then? I don't know, really. More than anything else, I guess, because I think everything we have is allowable under fair use, so I'd like to keep it around.
:#I do not speak Turkish at all, and my Hebrew is probably not good enough to handle the Hebrew policy. Based on a quick, Google-translated copy of each, I suspect the US version is the most restrictive of the three.
:#Community rarely exists as a real community; we have editors who periodically drop by. I usually post a notice to our Community Portal, in English (or English, Hebrew and Spanish), and if I hear no complaints in 7-14 days I assume there are no objections.
:#I will undoubtedly build this in English, then have someone translate (I hope). I want the absolute, positive, minimum policy document necessary. We have sysop-only upload and don't plan to change that.
::Thanks to all for your help. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 20:05, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
::* Ok, first; are you fluent in Ladino? Second, whether something is fair use or not isn't a criterion under our EDP. If we allowed fair use, we'd have literally millions more images here. Our EDP deliberately restricts non-free media files to only those that are crucial to our purpose. Another thing to consider; some language wikis do not allow non-free media files at all. This can work. --[[User:Hammersoft|Hammersoft]] ([[User talk:Hammersoft|talk]]) 21:21, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
:::* I'm not fluent in Ladino at all. But I'm around much more than the sysops who are. That's why I propose writing it in English, after which they will translate.
:::* And I meant "fair use" as a bit of a sloppy shortcut. Leaving out documentation, I think that we're actually following the enwiki rules reasonably well. We have 24 images that are low-res logos or national/municipal emblems and one movie poster. They are only used on the pages they illustrate. And we have no unused files. (We also have two photographs that one of my other sysops believes he took himself, but I haven't wanted to push them over to Commons yet.) See [[:lad:Special:ListFiles]]. Since becoming a sysop a bit over a year ago, I've replaced some images that were removed from Commons. I haven't added anything else new, and uploading is now restricted to sysops.
:::* Finally, as long as I have some help, I'm willing to create a page at ladwiki to continue the discussion so that we don't keep lengthening WhatamIdoing's talk page. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 21:45, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

[[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]]: Just thought I'd add my two cents' worth, since I got pinged. WhatamIdoing mentioned this is no small amount of work, but I don't think it has to be that bad. Translating the English Wikipedia's full [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|non-free content guidelines]] would be a lot of work, but all you ''really'' need to meet the [[foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy|requirements]] is the core [[Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria|non-free content criteria]] and a machine-readable way to identify fair use content. For the latter, I'd suggest transferring and translating {{tl2|Non-free fair use}} and {{tl2|Non-free use rationale}}. That's really all you need to be able to be compliant with respect to non-free content.

You'll also want to decide on whether or not to host free content, and I'd recommend against it. If you do decide to host free content, it must have source, authorship and licensing information. Files that don't have that and which won't be covered by any acceptable EDP, such as [[:lad:File:Betahayim marrakesh.jpg]] and [[:lad:File:Esnoga de marrakesh.jpg]], will have to be deleted. (The first one is taken from https://www.flickr.com/photos/87762368@N00/2625423666 and should just be uploaded to Commons in full resolution with proper information, and the second seems to be a [http://tineye.com/search/01cedbd2b1f1b023b033c4846e46da64a8a61491/?sort=crawl_date&order=asc copyright violation] from [http://www.jpost.com/ The Jerusalem Post].) ''—[[User:LX|LX]] ([[User_talk:LX|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/LX|contribs]])'' 21:14, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

:Thank you, [[User:LX|LX]]. That's really, really helpful. WRT non-free content, if we take this forward, we're certainly not going to do any more than is absolutely necessary; we just don't have the manpower to do so. Question for you (or anyone else watching): If I imported the enwiki policy and templates and used them as is, in English, ''ad interim,'' until someone can translate them, do you suppose the Foundation would find that a satisfactory short-term approach? Or will they say that on ladwiki, it's not valid until it's in Ladino? (FWIW, Creative Commons is not available in Ladino; when my language is set to Ladino, I get the Spanish version, which is the fallback in our language cascade.)
:As for free content, I generally wasn't planning to host locally—and given the availability of Commons, there's generally no need to. In the case of the photographs, I had an impression, though not necessarily a strong one, that one of our users had taken both of those photographs. Because the proof wasn't strong, I was going to host the pictures locally rather than on Commons. But under the circumstances, I'm guessing you're right about the two pictures, so I should delete one and move the other to Commons as appropriate. (You'll have to teach me sometime how you figured that out!) And then there are no more free media left. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 21:37, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

::[[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]]: I think English should be fine as a start; it would at least be an improvement on the current situation, and it's better to do it now rather than later when you have hundreds of files or more to write rationales for. (I found the sources of those files by dropping them into [http://tineye.com/ Tineye] and [https://images.google.com Google Image Search].) ''—[[User:LX|LX]] ([[User_talk:LX|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/LX|contribs]])'' 21:54, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
:[[User:LX|LX]], thanks for this.
:Perhaps this is a crazy idea, but do you think it would be okay to say that their EDP <em>is</em> the English Wikipedia's policy? Without importing anything (although the idea of copying just those two sounds good to me) – just "Ladino Wikipedia Policy: Our policy is that you have to comply with the English Wikipedia's policies (whatever they happen to say today)".
:[[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]], I don't truly mind if you take over my talk page for this. Don't worry about that. One thought for you: If uploads are sysop-only and free content is not permitted (I think you have sound reasons for that position), then I think you also want to document that in a policy. It should take only a very brief sentence or two to tell people that. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 00:31, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

::Thanks to all. I'm going to go forward as follows:
::*I'm going to create a page to house a draft at ladwiki. (I'll add the link here as soon as I have it.) In effect, it will be a sandbox, since nothing exists yet. The draft is going to say that the English Wikipedia policy applies in full, except as modified on that page—and that the English version will be definitive, because it will be maintained and updated.
::*The main exceptions will be around (a) no free media, (b) sysop upload only, and that (c) although enwiki ''policy'' will apply, items believed to be under copyright in Israel or Turkey, even if in the public domain in the US, will be considered "not-free" for the purpose of ladwiki.
::*Once I'm finished drafting, I will put up a notice on our VP with a 30-day comment period.
::I invite anyone to come over and comment there.
::Finally, [[User:LX|LX]], watch for a ping to the talk page of the synagogue photo. I'm thinking JPost may have taken the picture from here, rather than vice versa. You'll see my reasoning there. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 13:30, 22 December 2016 (UTC)

:::'''Status of Thursday morning 22 December.''' Good morning, all. Please see the page [[:lad:Vikipedya:Exemption Doctrine Policy/en]] for my draft policy. Suggestions are welcome.

:::Additionally, I found substitutes for two of my logos on Commons, so deleted the local files. And I moved the cemetery picture to Commons, and deleted it locally. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 15:58, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
::::I like it. It looks like a solid start to a low-maintenance effort.
::::I suggest that [[User:StevenJ81|you]] change the word "Upload files" to <code><nowiki>{{int:upload}}</nowiki></code>. This code will automatically translate that phrase into whatever language the user has set in their preferences, which means that it's guaranteed to match the exact label for that link in the sidebar. (It will say "{{int:upload}}" for you here.) [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:52, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
:::::Thank you very much, WhatamIdoing. (And your suggestion was very helpful.) I need low maintenance, so I hope this will work. Do I have to get someone from WMF to sign off on it in the end? [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 16:59, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
::::::I don't think that you have to get anyone (except the local community) to approve it. [[User:Nemo bis]] might know for certain, but I think that it's just a matter of the community approving the policy (and the sysops continuing to enforce it). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 20:40, 25 December 2016 (UTC)
===Update and request for help 11 January 2017===
{{ping|LX|Hammersoft|WhatamIdoing}} Update: About halfway through the comment period now, no comments.<br />Separately, I ported over three templates ({{tl|Non-free fair use}}, {{tl|Non-free use rationale}}, {{tl|Non-free use rationale logo}}), along with two infrastructure templates ({{tl|Non-free media}}, {{tl|File other}}). I've placed them at [[:lad:File:El Al logo.jpg]] and [[:lad:Hatuna meuheret.jpg]]. So far, so good, but they have created one red category whose creation I don't understand, and they failed to inhibit a different red category that I assumed would go away when I added the templates. So if anyone can further help me with that I'd appreciate it. [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 17:23, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

:If memory serves, {{ping|Guillom}} knows a lot about how those templates work because they set up machine-readable information and bot-used categories. Guillom, can you please take a look when you have a little bit of time? This is not an emergency, so whenever it works out would be great. I know this is kind of a crazy week for you. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 20:27, 11 January 2017 (UTC)
::Thanks! [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 20:30, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

===Update 1 February 2017===
Thanks to all for your assistance. There were no comments at all through January, so I have published this as being adopted as policy. It will take me a few more days to get all of the images properly documented, but I think we're in good shape now. ({{ping|Guillom|p=,}} I'd still appreciate help in managing the maintenance categories, if you can.) [[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[User talk:StevenJ81|talk]]) 16:33, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

:Thanks for the update. Good luck! [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 18:13, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

:[[User:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]]: I apologize for not responding sooner; I have limited time at the moment. The categories indicate that the license templates don't emit specific markers that are used by the software to read the copyright status of the images. Could you take a look at [[m:File metadata cleanup drive/How to fix metadata]] (last section: ''Add machine-readable markers to copyright templates'') and see if that can get you going? See also [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=500&title=Special%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=Guillaume+%28WMF%29&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=2014&month=12 examples of similar edits] I made here on the English Wikipedia. If you get stuck, let me know and I can take a closer look. I hope this helps. [[user:guillom|guillom]] 18:56, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Famous web search engine]]==
[[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Famous web search engine]] requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under [[WP:CSD#R3|section R3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]], because it is a redirect from an implausible typo or misnomer.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Famous web search engine|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:Oliverrushton|Oliverrushton]] ([[User talk:Oliverrushton|talk]]) 19:46, 25 December 2016 (UTC)
==Yo Ho Ho==
<div style="border-style:solid; border-color:blue; background-color:AliceBlue; border-width:1px; text-align:left; padding:8px;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare 20.JPG|250x100px|right]] [[File:Ananuri in Jan 2013 02.jpg||150x100px|left]]

[[User:Doug Weller|<span style="color:#070">Doug Weller</span>]] [[User talk:Doug Weller|talk]] is wishing you [[Wikipedia:WikiLove|Seasons Greetings]]! Whether you celebrate your hemisphere's [[Solstice]] or [[Christmas]], [[Diwali]], [[Hogmanay]], [[Hanukkah]], [[Lenaia]], [[Festivus]] or even the [[Saturnalia]], this is a special time of year for almost everyone! <br />

<small>Spread the holiday cheer by adding {{[[WP:SUBST|subst]]:[[User:WereSpielChequers/Dec16a]]}} to your friends' talk pages</small>.
{{clear}}
</div>

==Merry, merry!==
From the icy Canajian north; to you and yours! [[User:Bzuk|FWiW Bzuk]] ([[User talk:Bzuk|talk]]) 21:43, 25 December 2016 (UTC) [[File:Lights ablaze.JPG|80px]]

== January 2017 at Women in Red ==

{| style="background-color: #76GG7A; color:black; font-family:Avenir; border: 3px solid #000000; margin: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em{{border-radius|10px}}"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: 130%;" |
[[File:Franz Joseph Spiegler (Umkreis) Anna lehrt Maria das Lesen.jpg|left|73px]]
[[File:Woman teaching geometry.jpg|right|85px]]
<br />
January 2017
|-
| <div style="background: #fff;margin-right: 10px;"></div>
| style="text-align: center;" |
<big>'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Meetup/33|Women Philosophers]] & [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red/Meetup/34|Women in Education]] online editathons'''</big><br />
Faciliated by [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Women in Red|Women in Red]]
[[File:Women in Red logo.svg|center|35px]]
|}
<small>(To subscribe, [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Women in Red/Invite/List|Women in Red/Invite list]]. Unsubscribe, [[Wikipedia:Meetup/Women in Red/Invite/Opt-out|Women in Red/Opt-out list]])</small> --[[User:Ipigott|Ipigott]] ([[User talk:Ipigott|talk]]) 11:56, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Special Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | For your patience in explaining clearly and without rancor the lack of automatic technical or artistic superiority of one method of capturing a human image over another. [[User:Eggishorn|Eggishorn]] [[User talk:Eggishorn|(talk)]] [[Special:Contributions/Eggishorn|(contrib)]] 04:26, 31 December 2016 (UTC)
|}

==Educational credentials?==
As a top contributor to medical-related articles on Wikipedia, I was curious as to what your credentials are. Do you have a medical doctorate?[[Special:Contributions/2601:285:201:F6F0:1032:1E72:4174:E76B|2601:285:201:F6F0:1032:1E72:4174:E76B]] ([[User talk:2601:285:201:F6F0:1032:1E72:4174:E76B|talk]]) 01:11, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

:I have the most important credentials for being a Wikipedia editor: I'm curious, and I read. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:53, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

== Happy New Year, WhatamIdoing! ==
<div style="border: 3px solid #FFD700; background-color: #FFFAF0; padding:0.2em 0.4em;height:173px;{{border-radius|1em}} {{box-shadow|0.1em|0.1em|0.5em|rgba(0,0,0,0.75)}}" class="plainlinks">[[File:Fuochi d'artificio.gif|left|x173px]][[File:Happy new year 01.svg|x173px|right]]
{{Paragraph break}}
{{Center|{{resize|179%|'''''[[New Year|Happy New Year]]!'''''}}}}
'''WhatamIdoing''',<br />Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable [[New Year]], and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.
<br />[[User:Codename Lisa|Codename Lisa]] ([[User talk:Codename Lisa|talk]]) 07:11, 1 January 2017 (UTC)<br /><br />
</div>
   ''{{resize|88%|Send New Year cheer by adding {{tls|Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.}}''
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== [[Accuracy and precision]] ==

you should really ''read'' articles, before linking them into a discussion.

[[User:Lx 121|Lx 121]] ([[User talk:Lx 121|talk]]) 20:48, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

i'm not even going to bother explaining what-all is wrong with your "colour thesis"; but try reading [[wp:accuracy]], [[wp:npov]], & maybe some articles on the physics of colours, human visual perception, the subjectivity of art, & the colour-decay of paint-pigments for a start.

''then'' explain to me how you can prove that painting-x, by artist-y:

a) was''intended'' to accurately reproduce ''exactly'' the colours of the subject, clothing, scene; rather than just "making it look nice.

b) that artist-x did so with your cited "colour of money" level of precision (& btw american money is not exactly a polychromatic wonder.

&

c) that the colours ''have not decayed over time''.

then come up with your rationale for why it is ok to go with the pretty, heroic paintings of people that you "like", such as american presidents; but ''not'' for "bad people", like hitler, stalin, lenin, mao, saddam hussein, & the kims of north korea?

or if you want to limit it to b&w photography; hitler, lenin, stalin, mussolini, etc. & the 1st 1 or 2 kims of n.k.

because ''all of them'' have nice, pretty, heroic paintings, that show them "at their prime" & in "full colour".

so according to your thesis, & on the princple of npov, ''surely'' their "official portraits" should be given lede as well?

& your nice little comment about blocking me because you don't like how i format my talkpage comments rather nicely demonstrates what is wrong with ''vaguely-worded'' wikipedia policies, thanks.

[[User:Lx 121|Lx 121]] ([[User talk:Lx 121|talk]]) 21:06, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

:Let's make a list:
* I probably don't need to "read" WP:V and WP:NPOV to answer your question, since I've helped "write" those policies for years. You may wish to read WP:V, though. You might particularly want to notice that the policy you keep naming as "accuracy" does not require accuracy. It requires that something be "verifiable" in some non-Wikipedia source. A painting that a reliable website labels as "This is a painting of John Calhoun" fully complies with that policy.
* You, on the other hand, may wish to read about [[Realism (arts)]], which is particularly relevant for discussions about paintings made in the latter half of the 19th century.
* I don't need to prove that a realistic painting had phenomenal accuracy in color. What matters is whether it's better than the existing alternatives, not whether it's perfect.
** OTOH, I ''have'' conclusively demonstrated that modern color photography does not always provide the level of color accuracy that you have asserted. Reasonable people, if shown one or the other of those varying colors of ''the same photo'' of Jimmy Carter, might come to different conclusions about whether his jacket was bright blue or nearly black. Therefore, your assertion that photos are always "accurate" seems pretty much like garbage to me.
* I've never said that the bios of "bad people" should be treated any differently from "people that you like". That's a difference of NPOV rather than accuracy. I've only asked you to explain how a portrait in the realism school is "inaccurate".

You've so far made a decent case for suggesting that all "heroic" portraits, regardless of medium, being somewhat non-neutral/overly flattering. But you've not convinced me that photographs are always accurate (even if we don't know anything about the photo's creation or manipulation), and you've not convinced me that paintings are always inaccurate (especially when we have a source that says it's in the realism school). [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 16:50, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

== WP:V ==

Hey, I've replied to you at WP:V correcting your misconceptions about the sources at the [[Jacob Barnett]] article. It would be helpful if you acknowledged those there, rather than plowing ahead in the article under discussion as if there were consensus to implement these changes. I have added references to secondary sources, with a quotation, containing the exact phrase "This video does not exist." I assume this satisfies your WP:V objection that there are no such secondary sources. And fwiw, the existence of the article in question is rests mostly on the fact that sometimes "child posts video on the internet" can be a sufficient condition for notability under our guidelines. There have been two AfDs where this was established to the community's sayisfaction, however we might disagree with the conclusion. [[User:Sławomir Biały|<span style="text-shadow:grey 0.3em 0.3em 0.1em; class=texhtml">Sławomir Biały</span>]] ([[User talk:Sławomir Biały|talk]]) 17:56, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

:I disagree. Also, I know that [[WP:Secondary does not mean independent]]. There are ''independent'' sources that say that a particular URL isn't working; there are no ''secondary'' sources that say this. (A secondary source transforms previously published facts into a new intellectual product, e.g., by providing analysis, context, or commentary on the simple fact).
:However, you have no sources that say that the video is not available anywhere at all. And you definitely don't have any source indicating that routine events, such as kids' videos disappearing from YouTube, is [[WP:DUE]].
:See, e.g., the discussion at [[WT:V]] and elsewhere over this. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 18:02, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
::The OP at WT:V is the one that suggested the current wording of "no longer available". I definitely don't get the sense that there is consensus to remove the statement from the article. However, you seem to have misquoted the article in the course of that discussion. I don't think that's entirely constructive. [[User:Sławomir Biały|<span style="text-shadow:grey 0.3em 0.3em 0.1em; class=texhtml">Sławomir Biały</span>]] ([[User talk:Sławomir Biały|talk]]) 18:08, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Tech News: 2017-02]] ==

<section begin="technews-2017-W02"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tabular Data|datasets on Commons]]. You can [[w:en:Template:Graph:Weather monthly history|see an example]] that is using [[c:Data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/New York City.tab|this source]]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-December/087313.html]
* There is a new opt-in beta feature of a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|try it out]].
* When you update a page with translations on wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] the existing translations will be marked as outdated instead of removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T60429]
* The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki was released to all wikis last week ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).
* [[mw:MoodBar|MoodBar]] has been removed from the Wikimedia wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131340]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The <code>live</code> option for the Tipsy notice tool has been removed. Gadgets and user scripts which use it need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85048]

'''Problems'''
* Editors who use Firefox 50 might get logged out or fail to save their edits. This is because of a browser bug. Until this is fixed you can enter <code>about:config</code> in the address bar and set <code>network.cookie.maxPerHost</code> to 5000. Firefox 50 is the current version of the Firefox. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T151770]

'''Changes this week'''
* There is no new version of MediaWiki this week because of the [[mw:Wikimedia Developer Summit|Wikimedia Developer Summit]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/02|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W02"/> 19:12, 9 January 2017 (UTC)


== I added to your RSN comment ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard&diff=759577103&oldid=759577085][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard&diff=759578692&oldid=759578230] Just so you know. —[[Special:Contributions/67.14.236.50|67.14.236.50]] ([[User talk:67.14.236.50|talk]]) 01:57, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

:Thanks for the note. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 04:38, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

== Announcements ==

I see you found the announcements page. Feel free to promote WPMED-related activities there if you want to. It's a nifty feature that could do with more use. [[User:CFCF|<span style="color:#014225;font-family: Copperplate Gothic Bold;text-shadow:0px -1px 0px #014225;">Carl Fredrik</span>]]<span style="font-size: .90em;">[[User talk:CFCF| 💌]] [[Special:EmailUser/CFCF|📧]]</span> 21:26, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

:I'm not sure that it's going to get the attention of experienced editors. Changes don't show in the diff for WT:MED. That's how I read that page, and I assume that I'm not the only one. [[User:WhatamIdoing|WhatamIdoing]] ([[User talk:WhatamIdoing#top|talk]]) 17:38, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

== Comment: transgender and intersex task forces ==

Hi {{u|WhatamIdoing}}. {{u|Funcrunch}} has proposed creating a transgender/nonbinary task force, and I thought it might be an opportunity to create a small intersex task force as well. Would you be interested in [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_LGBT_studies#Transgender_and_intersex_task_forces.3F|commenting]]? Thanks! [[User:Trankuility|Trankuility]] ([[User talk:Trankuility|talk]]) 03:46, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Tech News: 2017-03]] ==

<section begin="technews-2017-W03"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can now upload [[w:en:WebP|WebP files]] to Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T27397]

'''Problems'''
* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/video2commons/ video2commons] was down for two weeks. This was because of a problem with Commons video transcoders. It is now back up. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153488]

'''Changes this week'''
*There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words|magic word]] called <code><nowiki>{{PAGELANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code>. It returns the language of the page you are at. This can be used on wikis with more than one language to make it easier for translators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T59603]
*When an admin blocks a user or deletes or protects a page they give a reason why. They can now get suggestions when they write. The suggestions will be based on the messages in the dropdown menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T34950]
* You will be able to use <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> to write chemical formulas. Before you could use <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>. <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code> should be replaced by <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153606]
* You now can add exceptions for categories which shouldn't be shown on [[Special:UncategorizedCategories]]. The list is at [[MediaWiki:Uncategorized-categories-exceptionlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T126117]
* The "Columns" and "Rows" settings will be removed from the Editing tab in Preferences. If you wish to keep what the "Rows" setting did you can add this code to [[Special:MyPage/common.css|your personal CSS]]: <code><nowiki>#wpTextbox1 { height: 50em; }</nowiki></code> You can change the number <code>50</code> to make it look like you want to. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T26430]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> Sometimes edits in MediaWiki by mistake are shown coming from private IP addresses such as [[w:en:localhost|127.0.0.1]]. Edits and other contributions logged to these IP addresses will be blocked and shown the reason from [[MediaWiki:Softblockrangesreason]]. This should not affect most users. Bots and other tools running on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Labs|Wikimedia Labs]], including [[wikitech:Portal:Tool Labs|Tool Labs]] will receive a "blocked" error if they try to edit without being logged in. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154698]
*When you edit with the visual editor categories will be on the top of the page options menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 17 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 18 January. It will be on all wikis from 19 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Meetings'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> You can join the next meeting with the VisualEditor team. During the meeting, you can tell developers which bugs you think are the most important. The meeting will be on [http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?hour=20&min=00&sec=0&day=17&month=01&year=2017 January 17 at 20:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|how to join]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/03|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W03"/> 23:24, 16 January 2017 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Tech News: 2017-04]] ==

<section begin="technews-2017-W04"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* You can see a list of the templates on a page you edit with the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009]

'''Changes this week'''
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from 24 January. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from 25 January. It will be on all wikis from 26 January ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/04|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W04"/> 20:15, 23 January 2017 (UTC)


== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Tech News: 2017-05]] ==

<section begin="technews-2017-W05"/><div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks">
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Recent changes'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:OAuth|OAuth]] management interfaces now look slightly different. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T96154]

'''Changes this week'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ElectronPdfService|ElectronPdfService]] will be enabled by default on Meta and German Wikipedia. This is a new way to get articles as PDF files you can download. It will come to more wikis later. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150185]
* <span title="Recurrent item">[[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=]]</span> The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from January 31. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from February 1. It will be on all wikis from February 2 ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.29/Roadmap|calendar]]).

'''Future changes'''
*The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech team|Community Tech team]] will develop more tools to handle harassment of Wikimedia editors. The goal is to give the communities better tools to find, report and evaluate harassment. They will also work on more effective blocking tools. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_health_initiative][https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2017-January/086013.html]
* <span title="Advanced item">[[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]]</span> The Wikimedia technical community is doing a [[mw:Developer Wishlist|Developer Wishlist survey]]. Developers can propose ideas before 31 January [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170131T235959&p1=1440 23:59 UTC]. This is soon.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2017/05|Translate]] • [[m:Tech|Get help]] • [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
</div></div> <section end="technews-2017-W05"/> 18:45, 30 January 2017 (UTC)