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Anonymous (hacker group)

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{{Short description|Decentralized hacktivist group}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
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{{use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Anonymous
|image = Anonymous emblem.svg
|size = 160px
|alt =
|caption = An emblem that is commonly associated with Anonymous. The "man without a head" represents [[anonymity]] and [[leaderless resistance|leaderless organization]].<ref name="Lehrer">{{cite web |url=http://vimeo.com/19806469 |title=Gabriella Coleman on Anonymous |date=February 9, 2011 |work=Brian Lehrer Live |via=Vimeo |access-date=March 24, 2011}}</ref>
|map = Anonymous at Scientology in Los Angeles.jpg
|msize = 200px
|malt =
|mcaption = Individuals appearing in public as Anonymous, wearing [[Guy Fawkes mask]]s.
|formation = {{Circa|2003}}
|type = {{Plain list|
* [[Multiple-use name]]/[[Avatar (computing)|avatar]]
* [[Virtual community]]
* [[Voluntary association]]
}}
|purpose = {{Plain list|
* Anti-[[Computer surveillance|cyber-surveillance]]
* Anti-[[Internet censorship|cyber-censorship]]
* [[Internet activism]]
* [[Internet vigilantism]]
}}
|membership = [[Decentralization|Decentralized]] [[affinity group]]
}}

{{Hacking}}

'''Anonymous''' is a [[decentralized]] international [[Activism|activist]] and [[Hacktivism|hacktivist]] [[collective]] and [[Social movement|movement]] primarily known for its various [[cyberattack]]s against several governments, government institutions and [[Government agency|government agencies]], [[corporation]]s and the [[Church of Scientology]].

Anonymous originated in 2003 on the [[imageboard]] [[4chan]] representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an "[[Anarchy|anarchic]]", digitized "[[global brain]]" or "[[Collective consciousness|hivemind]]".<ref name="citypaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543 |publisher=[[Baltimore City Paper]] |date=April 2, 2008 |access-date=July 3, 2008 |title=Serious Business: Anonymous Takes On Scientology (and Doesn't Afraid of Anything) |last=Landers |first=Chris |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608050312/http://www.citypaper.com/columns/story.asp?id=15543 |archive-date=June 8, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first = Jon | last = Oltsik | title = Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security | date = December 3, 2013 | url = http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/84381 |publisher=Network World | access-date = December 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Winkie|first=Luke|date=February 11, 2015|title=The Ballad of Rog and Tyrone|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/11/8008827/rog-tyrone-4chan-anime|access-date=August 16, 2021|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Anonymous members (known as ''anons'') can sometimes be distinguished in public by the wearing of [[Guy Fawkes mask]]s in the style portrayed in the [[graphic novel]] and film ''[[V for Vendetta]]''.<ref>{{cite news | first = Rosie | last = Waites | title = V for Vendetta masks: Who | date = October 20, 2011 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15359735 |work=BBC News | access-date = October 20, 2011}}</ref> Some anons also opt to mask their voices through [[voice changer]]s or [[text-to-speech]] programs.

Dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the United States, the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]], [[India]], and [[Turkey]]. Evaluations of the group's actions and effectiveness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters"<ref name="Krupnick">{{cite web |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_18686764 |title=Freedom fighters or vandals? No consensus on Anonymous |author=Krupnick, Matt |date=August 15, 2011 |work=Oakland Tribune |access-date=July 10, 2013}}</ref> and digital [[Robin Hood]]s,<ref name="CBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/03/15/f-online-protest.html |title=From Anonymous to shuttered websites, the evolution of online protest |author=Carter, Adam |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=May 6, 2013 |archive-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503153135/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2012/03/15/f-online-protest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while critics have described them as "a cyber lynch-mob"<ref name="Coleman">{{cite web|url=http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/tne/pieces/anonymous-lulz-collective-action |title=Anonymous: From the Lulz to Collective Action |author=Coleman, Gabriella |date=April 6, 2011 |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517212228/http://mediacommons.futureofthebook.org/tne/pieces/anonymous-lulz-collective-action |url-status=live }}</ref> or "cyber terrorists".<ref name="Rawlinson">{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-31126850.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629103235/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-31126850.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2013 |title=Hackers step up war on security services |author1=Rawlinson, Kevin |author2=Peachey, Paul |date=April 13, 2012 |work=The Independent |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' called Anonymous one of the "[[Time 100|100 most influential people]]" in the world.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112122,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073205/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112122,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 19, 2012 |last=Gellman |first=Barton | magazine=Time | title=The 100 Most Influential People In The World | date=April 18, 2012}}</ref> Anonymous' media profile diminished by 2018,<ref name=vicetrump>{{cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/ywna4w/anonymous-declared-war-on-trump-and-then-disappeared|title=Is Anonymous over?|last=Gilbert|first=David|date=November 2, 2016|publisher=VICE}}</ref><ref name=indyqanon>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-qanon-donald-trump-latest-truth-identity-hacking-a8481511.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-qanon-donald-trump-latest-truth-identity-hacking-a8481511.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Anonymous promises to uncover the truth behind 'QAnon' conspiracy theory|last=Griffin|first=Andrew|date=August 7, 2018|work=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref> but the group re-emerged in 2020 to support the [[George Floyd protests]] and other causes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-george-floyd-black-lives-matter-facebook-twitter-video-k-pop-a9542666.html|title='Anonymous' is back and is supporting the Black Lives Matter protests|last=Griffin|first=Andrew|date=June 1, 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52879000|title=The return of the Anonymous hacker collective|first1=David|last1=Molloy|first2=Joe|last2=Tidy|date=June 1, 2020|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

== Philosophy ==
{{blockquote|text=The philosophy of Anonymous offers insight into a long-standing political question that has gone unanswered with often tragic consequences for social movements: what does a new form of collective politics look like that wishes to go beyond the identity of the individual subject in late capitalism?<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://archive.org/details/ThePhilosophyOfAnonymous_201708| page = 27|title = The philosophy of Anonymous| date = February 2014|access-date = 24 February 2014|publisher = Harry Halpin}}</ref>}}
Internal dissent is also a regular feature of the group.{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1678}} A website associated with the group describes it as "an Internet gathering" with "a very loose and decentralized command structure that operates on ideas rather than directives".{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1678}} [[Gabriella Coleman]] writes of the group: "In some ways, it may be impossible to gauge the intent and motive of thousands of participants, many of who don't even bother to leave a trace of their thoughts, motivations, and reactions. Among those that do, opinions vary considerably."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/12/what-its-like-to-participate-in-anonymous-actions/67860/ |title=What It's Like to Participate in Anonymous' Actions |author=Coleman, Gabriella |date=December 10, 2010 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=April 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404103222/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/12/what-its-like-to-participate-in-anonymous-actions/67860/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Broadly speaking, Anons oppose Internet censorship and control and the majority of their actions target governments, organizations, and corporations that they accuse of censorship. Anons were early supporters of the global [[Occupy movement]] and the [[Arab Spring]].{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1682}} Since 2008, a frequent subject of disagreement within Anonymous is whether members should focus on pranking and entertainment or more serious (and, in some cases, political) activism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anonymous: what is the hacker collective? |url=https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/security/anonymous/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=IONOS Digitalguide |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 92}}

{{blockquote|text=We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need{{mdash}}just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'|author=Trent Peacock|source='[[Search Engine (radio show)|Search Engine]]: The Face of Anonymous'', February 7, 2008.<ref name="Search Engine">{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Jesse |title=Community Organization with Digital Tools: The face of Anonymous |work=MediaShift Idea Lab: Reinventing Community News for the Digital Age |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=February 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211091428/http://www.cbc.ca/searchengine/blog/2008/02/this_weeks_show_feb708_1.html |archive-date=February 11, 2008 |url= https://www.pbs.org/idealab/2008/03/community-organization-with-di.html |access-date=March 3, 2008}}</ref>}}

Because Anonymous has no leadership, no action can be attributed to the membership as a whole. [[Parmy Olson]] and others have criticized media coverage that presents the group as well-organized or homogeneous; Olson writes, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt."{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 58–59}} Some members protest using legal means, while others employ illegal measures such as DDoS attacks and hacking.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = x}} Membership is open to anyone who wishes to state they are a member of the collective;{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1679}} British journalist
[[Carole Cadwalladr]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' compared the group's decentralized structure to that of [[al-Qaeda]]: "If you believe in Anonymous, and call yourself Anonymous, you are Anonymous."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/sep/08/anonymous-behind-masks-cyber-insurgents |title=Anonymous: behind the masks of the cyber insurgents |author=Cadwalladr, Carole |date=September 8, 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116192338/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/sep/08/anonymous-behind-masks-cyber-insurgents |url-status=live }}</ref> Olson, who formerly described Anonymous as a "brand", stated in 2012 that she now characterized it as a "movement" rather than a group: "anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."<ref name="Olson">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/parmy-olson-on-anonymous-a-growing-phenomenon-that-we-dont-yet-understand/24607895.html |title=Parmy Olson On Anonymous: 'A Growing Phenomenon That We Don't Yet Understand' |author=Allnut, Luke |date=June 8, 2012 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224040944/http://www.rferl.org/content/parmy-olson-on-anonymous-a-growing-phenomenon-that-we-dont-yet-understand/24607895.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The group's few rules include not disclosing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 7}} Members commonly use the tagline "We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us."<ref name="Morris">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/04/30/tk_5_partner_15/singleton/ |title=Julian Assange: The Internet threatens civilization |author=Morris, Adam |date=April 30, 2013 |work=Salon |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=May 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504080755/http://www.salon.com/2013/04/30/tk_5_partner_15/singleton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brian Kelly writes that three of the group's key characteristics are "(1) an unrelenting moral stance on issues and rights, regardless of direct provocation; (2) a physical presence that accompanies
online hacking activity; and (3) a distinctive brand."{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1680}}

Journalists have commented that Anonymous' secrecy, fabrications, and media awareness pose an unusual challenge for reporting on the group's actions and motivations.<ref name="Norton" />{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 122–23}} [[Quinn Norton]] of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' writes that: "Anons lie when they have no reason to lie. They weave vast fabrications as a form of performance. Then they tell the truth at unexpected and unfortunate times, sometimes destroying themselves in the process. They are unpredictable."<ref name="Norton">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/06/anonymous-parmy-olson-review/all/ |title=In Flawed, Epic Anonymous Book, the Abyss Gazes Back |author=Norton, Quinn |date=June 13, 2012 |magazine=Wired |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=September 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920213942/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/06/anonymous-parmy-olson-review/all/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Norton states that the difficulties in reporting on the group cause most writers, including herself, to focus on the "small groups of hackers who stole the limelight from a legion, defied their values, and crashed violently into the law" rather than "Anonymous’s sea of voices, all experimenting with new ways of being in the world".<ref name="Norton" />

== History ==
{{For timeline|Timeline of events associated with Anonymous}}
{{Overly detailed|section=y|nosplit=y|details=the later end of this section should be organized like the first few, by chronology and theme. Detailed accountings of everything Anonymous did are best saved for the dedicated Timeline page|date=September 2021}}

=== 4chan raids (2003–2007) ===
{{main|4chan}}

[[File:Anonymous Fox 11.jpg|thumb|[[KTTV]] Fox 11 investigative report on Anonymous. The report focused on what were then contemporary instances of Internet bullying by Anonymous.<ref name="foxnewsanonreport" />]]
The name Anonymous itself is inspired by the perceived anonymity under which users post images and comments on the Internet. Usage of the term Anonymous in the sense of a shared identity began on [[imageboard]]s, particularly the [[/b/]] board of [[4chan]], dedicated to random content and to raiding other websites.<ref name="The Return of Anonymous">{{cite news |last=Beran |first=Dale |date=August 11, 2020 |title=The Return of Anonymous |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/08/hacker-group-anonymous-returns/615058/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 25, 2020 }}</ref> A tag of Anonymous is assigned to visitors who leave comments without identifying the originator of the posted content. Users of imageboards sometimes jokingly acted as if Anonymous was a single individual. The concept of the Anonymous entity advanced in 2004 when an administrator on the 4chan image board activated a "Forced_Anon" protocol that signed all posts as Anonymous.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 28}} As the popularity of imageboards increased, the idea of Anonymous as a collective of unnamed individuals became an [[Internet meme]].<ref name="whipple">{{cite news|last=Whipple |first=Tom |title=Scientology: the Anonymous protesters. |work=The Times |location=UK |date=June 20, 2008 |url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4173635.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905163346/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article4173635.ece |archive-date=September 5, 2008 }}</ref>

Users of 4chan's /b/ board would occasionally join into mass pranks or raids.<ref name="The Return of Anonymous"/> In a raid on July 12, 2006, for example, large numbers of 4chan readers invaded the Finnish social networking site [[Habbo Hotel]] with identical avatars; the avatars blocked regular Habbo members from accessing the digital hotel's pool, stating it was "closed due to fail and AIDS".{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 49}} Future LulzSec member [[Topiary (hacktivist)|Topiary]] became involved with the site at this time, inviting large audiences to listen to his prank phone calls via [[Skype]].{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 48}}{{efn|Topiary was later revealed to be Jake Davis, a teenager living in the [[Shetland Islands]] of Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-34661100.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224818/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-34661100.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |title=Two-year term for Shetland hacker |date=May 17, 2013 |work=The Herald |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=June 27, 2013}}</ref>}} Due to the growing traffic on 4chan's board, users soon began to plot pranks off-site using [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC).{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 50–52}} These raids resulted in the first mainstream press story on Anonymous, a report by [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] station [[KTTV]] in Los Angeles, California in the U.S. The report called the group "hackers on steroids", "domestic terrorists", and an "Internet hate machine".<ref name="foxnewsanonreport">{{cite news|author=Shuman, Phil |title=FOX 11 Investigates: 'Anonymous{{'-}} |url=http://www.myfoxla.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=3894628&version=7&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1&sflg=1 |work=MyFOX Los Angeles |publisher=[[KTTV]] ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]) |date=July 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522123812/http://www.myfoxla.com/myfox/pages/Home/Detail?contentId=3894628&version=7&locale=EN-US&layoutCode=VSTY&pageId=1.1.1&sflg=1 |archive-date=May 22, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 57–58}}

===Encyclopedia Dramatica (2004–present)===
{{main|Encyclopedia Dramatica}}
Encyclopedia Dramatica was founded in 2004 by Sherrod DeGrippo, initially as a means of documenting gossip related to [[LiveJournal]], but it quickly was adopted as a major platform by Anonymous for parody and other purposes.<ref name="assclown" /> The [[not safe for work]] site celebrates a [[Counterculture|subversive]] "[[internet troll|trolling]] culture", and documents [[Internet meme]]s, [[Internet culture|culture]], and events, such as mass pranks, trolling events, "raids", large-scale failures of Internet security, and criticism of [[Internet communities]] that are accused of [[self-censorship]] to gain prestige or positive coverage from traditional and [[Old media|established media outlets]]. Journalist [[Julian Dibbell]] described Encyclopedia Dramatica as the site "where the vast parallel universe of Anonymous in-jokes, catchphrases, and obsessions is lovingly annotated, and you will discover an elaborate trolling culture: Flamingly racist and misogynist content lurks throughout, all of it calculated to offend."<ref name="assclown">{{citation | last = Dibbell | first = Julian | title = The Assclown Offensive: How to Enrage the Church of Scientology | url = https://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-10/mf_chanology?currentPage=all | magazine = Wired | access-date= November 27, 2009 | date = September 21, 2009}}</ref> The site also played a role in the anti-[[Scientology]] campaign of [[Project Chanology]].<ref>{{citation|first=Julian |last=Dibbell |date=July 1, 2008|chapter=Sympathy for the Griefer: MOOrape, Lulz Cubes, and Other Lessons From the First 2 Decades of Online Sociopathy |title=GLS Conference 4.0 |publisher=Games, Learning and Society Group |location=Madison, Wisconsin |chapter-url=http://hosted4.mediasite.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=9d1cf257-52ff-4704-9cb5-37de2ecca35b |access-date=November 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064724/http://hosted4.mediasite.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=9d1cf257-52ff-4704-9cb5-37de2ecca35b |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }} Project Chanology "mention" begins approximately 27:45 minutes into the presentation.</ref>

On April 14, 2011, the original URL of the site was redirected to a new website named ''Oh Internet'' that bore little resemblance to Encyclopedia Dramatica. Parts of the ED community harshly criticized the changes.<ref name="msnbc">{{cite news|last=Popkin |first=Helen A.S. |title=Notorious NSFW website cleans up its act |url=http://digitallife.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/18/6489864-notorious-nsfw-website-cleans-up-its-act |newspaper=Digital Life on MSNBC |date=April 18, 2011 |access-date=April 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101152109/http://digitallife.today.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/18/6489864-notorious-nsfw-website-cleans-up-its-act |archive-date=November 1, 2011 }}</ref> In response, Anonymous launched "Operation Save ED" to rescue and restore the site's content.<ref>[http://anonnews.org/press/item/820/ Everything Anonymous] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510064315/http://anonnews.org/press/item/820/ |date=May 10, 2013 }}. AnonNews.org (April 20, 2013). Retrieved August 12, 2013.</ref> The Web Ecology Project made a downloadable archive of former Encyclopedia Dramatica content.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webecologyproject.org/2011/04/archiving-internet-subculture-encyclopedia-dramatica/ |title=Archiving Internet Subculture: Encyclopedia Dramatica |first=Alex|last=Leavitt |date=April 1, 2011|work=Web Ecology Project |access-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web |last=Stryker |first=Cole |year=2011 |publisher=Overlook Press |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-59020-738-3 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbWNirl8gsMC&pg=PT155 |access-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref> The site's reincarnation was initially hosted at encyclopediadramatica.ch on servers owned by Ryan Cleary, who later was arrested<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/who-lulzsec-hacker-ryan-cleary-292883|title=Who is LulzSec hacker Ryan Cleary? |first=Jijo |last=Jacob |work=International Business Times |date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> in relation to attacks by LulzSec against Sony.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 2, 2012 |title=UK hacking suspect Ryan Cleary held after bail breach |language=en |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-17591685 |access-date=October 19, 2020}}</ref>

=== Project Chanology (2008) ===
{{main|Project Chanology}}
[[File:Message to Scientology.ogv|thumb|300px|"[[Message to Scientology]]", January 21, 2008]]
Anonymous first became associated with [[hacktivism]]{{efn|A portmanteau of "hacking" and "activism"}} in 2008 following a series of actions against the Church of Scientology known as Project Chanology. On January 15, 2008, the gossip blog [[Gawker]] posted a video in which celebrity Scientologist [[Tom Cruise]] praised the religion;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8U6KGQG0.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106001550/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8U6KGQG0.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |title=Cruise bio hits stores as video clip of actor praising Scientology makes it way to Internet |agency=Associated Press |date=January 15, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref> and the Church responded with a [[cease-and-desist letter]] for violation of copyright.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-15129123.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233729/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-15129123.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise's Scary Movie; In Church Promo, the Scientologist Is Hard to Suppress |author=Tucker, Neely |date=January 18, 2008 |newspaper=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref> 4chan users organized a raid against the Church in retaliation, prank-calling its hotline, sending [[black fax]]es designed to waste ink cartridges, and launching [[DDoS]] attacks against its websites.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 63–65}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174076065.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105233744/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-174076065.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 5, 2013 |title=Fair game; Scientology |date=February 2, 2008 |newspaper=The Economist |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref>

The DDoS attacks were at first carried out with the Gigaloader and [[JMeter]] applications. Within a few days, these were supplanted by the [[Low Orbit Ion Cannon]] (LOIC), a network stress-testing application allowing users to flood a server with [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] or [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] packets. The LOIC soon became a signature weapon in the Anonymous arsenal; however, it would also lead to a number of arrests of less experienced Anons who failed to conceal their [[IP address]]es.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 71–72, 122, 124, 126–29}} Some operators in Anonymous IRC channels incorrectly told or lied to new volunteers that using the LOIC carried no legal risk.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 206}}<ref name="Anon1012">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/anonymous-101-part-deux/all/ |title=Anonymous 101 Part Deux: Morals Triumph Over Lulz |author=Norton, Quinn |date=December 30, 2011 |magazine=Wired |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403213205/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/12/anonymous-101-part-deux/all |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Anonymous Scientology 1 by David Shankbone.JPG|thumb|left|Protesters outside a [[Scientology]] center on February 10, 2008]]
During the DDoS attacks, a group of Anons uploaded a YouTube video in which a robotic voice speaks on behalf of Anonymous, telling the "leaders of Scientology" that "For the good of your followers, for the good of mankind—for the laughs—we shall expel you from the Internet."{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 71–72}}<ref name="George-Cosh">{{cite news|last=George-Cosh |first=David |title=Online group declares war on Scientology |work=[[National Post]] |date=January 25, 2008 |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=261308 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080128145858/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/story.html?id=261308 |archive-date=January 28, 2008 |access-date=January 25, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within ten days, the video had attracted hundreds of thousands of views.<ref name="George-Cosh" />

On February 10, thousands of Anonymous joined simultaneous protests at Church of Scientology facilities around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-175951837 |title=Scientology faces wave of cyber attacks |date=March 4, 2008 |work=Cape Times |url-access=|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref> Many protesters wore the stylized [[Guy Fawkes mask]]s popularized by the graphic novel and film ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'', in which an anarchist revolutionary battles a totalitarian government; the masks soon became a popular symbol for Anonymous.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 82–3}} In-person protests against the Church continued throughout the year, including "Operation Party Hard" on March 15 and "Operation Reconnect" on April 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2008/05/scientology_sen.php |title=Queens Anonymous Member Gets a Letter from Scientologists |author=DeSio, John |date=May 6, 2008 |work=The Village Voice |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606073834/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2008/05/scientology_sen.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/scientology-site-gets-a-facelift-after-protests/story-e6frfro0-1111115845068 |title=Scientology site gets a facelift after protests |author=Ramadge, Andrew |date=March 20, 2008 |publisher=news.com.au |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512223953/http://www.news.com.au/technology/scientology-site-gets-a-facelift-after-protests/story-e6frfro0-1111115845068 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16669103.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224447/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16669103.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |title=Anger as police ban placards branding Scientology a cult |author=Howarth, Mark |date=June 1, 2008 |work=Sunday Herald |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref> However, by mid-year, they were drawing far fewer protesters, and many of the organizers in IRC channels had begun to drift away from the project.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 85}}

=== Operation Payback (2010) ===
{{Main|Operation Payback}}
By the start of 2009, Scientologists had stopped engaging with protesters and had improved online security, and actions against the group had largely ceased. A period of infighting followed between the politically engaged members (called "moralfags" in the parlance of 4chan) and those seeking to provoke for entertainment (trolls).{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 93–94}} By September 2010, the group had received little publicity for a year and faced a corresponding drop in member interest; its raids diminished greatly in size and moved largely off of IRC channels, organizing again from the chan boards, particularly /b/.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 102}}

In September 2010, however, Anons became aware of Aiplex Software, an Indian software company that contracted with film studios to launch DDoS attacks on websites used by copyright infringers, such as [[The Pirate Bay]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11371315 |title=Activists target recording industry websites |date=September 20, 2010 |access-date=October 27, 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref>{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 102}} Coordinating through IRC, Anons launched a DDoS attack on September 17 that shut down Aiplex's website for a day. Primarily using LOIC, the group then targeted the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) and the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), successfully bringing down both sites.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 103}} On September 19, future LulzSec member Mustafa Al-Bassam (known as "Tflow") and other Anons hacked the website of Copyright Alliance, an anti-infringement group, and posted the name of the operation: "Payback Is A Bitch", or "Operation Payback" for short.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 104}} Anons also issued a press release, stating:

{{blockquote|text=Anonymous is tired of corporate interests controlling the internet and silencing the people’s rights to spread information, but more importantly, the right to SHARE with one another. The RIAA and the MPAA feign to aid the artists and their cause; yet they do no such thing. In their eyes is not hope, only dollar signs. Anonymous will not stand this any longer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/19/riaa-attack/ |title=RIAA Goes Offline, Joins MPAA As Latest Victim Of Successful DDoS Attacks |author=Tsotsis, Alexia |date=19 September 2010 |newspaper=TechCrunch |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405030301/http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/19/riaa-attack/ |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>}}

As IRC network operators were beginning to shut down networks involved in DDoS attacks, Anons organized a group of servers to host an independent IRC network, titled AnonOps.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 105}} Operation Payback's targets rapidly expanded to include the British law firm [[ACS:Law]],<ref name="theregister2">{{cite news |title=Piracy threats lawyer mocks 4chan DDoS attack |first=Chris |last=Williams |newspaper=The Register |date=September 22, 2010 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/09/22/acs_4chan/ |access-date=October 22, 2010}}</ref> the [[Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation Payback directs DDoS attack at AFACT |first=Brett |last=Winterford |url=http://www.itnews.com.au/News/233573,operation-payback-directs-ddos-attack-at-afact.aspx |newspaper=iTnews |date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=December 23, 2010}}</ref> the British nightclub [[Ministry of Sound]],<ref name="theregister5">{{cite news |title=Ministry of Sound floored by Anonymous |first=John |last=Leydon |newspaper=The Register |date=October 4, 2010 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/04/ministry_of_sound_ddos/ |access-date=October 22, 2010}}</ref> the Spanish copyright society [[Sociedad General de Autores y Editores]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/07/anonymous_ent_biz_ddos_hits_spain/ |title=Spanish entertainment industry feels wrath of Anonymous |first=John |last=Leyden |date=October 7, 2010 | access-date=January 6, 2011 |work=The Register}}</ref> the [[U.S. Copyright Office]],<ref name="cnet">{{cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31001_3-20022264-261.html |title=FBI probes 4chan's 'Anonymous' DDoS attacks |first=Greg |last=Sandoval |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=November 9, 2010 |access-date=December 23, 2010}}</ref> and the website of [[Gene Simmons]] of [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]].<ref name="pandalabssecurity">{{cite news |title=4chan Users Organize Surgical Strike Against MPAA |newspaper=Pandalabs Security |first=Luis |last=Corrons |date=September 17, 2010 |url=http://pandalabs.pandasecurity.com/4chan-users-organize-ddos-against-mpaa/ |access-date=October 22, 2010}}</ref> By October 7, 2010, total downtime for all websites attacked during Operation Payback was 537.55 hours.<ref name="pandalabssecurity" />

In November 2010, the organization [[WikiLeaks]] began releasing [[United States diplomatic cables leak|hundreds of thousands of leaked U.S. diplomatic cables]]. In the face of legal threats against the organization by the U.S. government, [[Amazon.com]] booted WikiLeaks from its servers, and [[PayPal]], [[MasterCard]], and [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] cut off service to the organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11935539 |title=Anonymous hacktivists say Wikileaks war to continue |date=December 9, 2010 |work=BBC News |access-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430044534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-11935539 |url-status=live }}</ref> Operation Payback then expanded to include "Operation Avenge [[Julian Assange|Assange]]", and Anons issued a press release declaring PayPal a target.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 110}} Launching DDoS attacks with the LOIC, Anons quickly brought down the websites of the PayPal blog; [[PostFinance]], a Swiss financial company denying service to WikiLeaks; [[EveryDNS]], a web-hosting company that had also denied service; and the website of U.S. Senator [[Joe Lieberman]], who had supported the push to cut off services.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 110–11}}

On December 8, Anons launched an attack against PayPal's main site. According to Topiary, who was in the command channel during the attack, the LOIC proved ineffective, and Anons were forced to rely on the [[botnet]]s of two hackers for the attack, marshaling hijacked computers for a concentrated assault.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 115–18}} Security researcher Sean-Paul Correll also reported that the "zombie computers" of involuntary botnets had provided 90% of the attack.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 117}} Topiary states that he and other Anons then "lied a bit to the press to give it that sense of abundance", exaggerating the role of the grassroots membership. However, this account was disputed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/books/we-are-anonymous-by-parmy-olson.html |title=The Secret Lives of Dangerous Hackers |author=Maslin, Janet |date=May 31, 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165502/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/01/books/we-are-anonymous-by-parmy-olson.html?_r=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The attacks brought down PayPal.com for an hour on December 8 and another brief period on December 9.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 117–19}} Anonymous also disrupted the sites for Visa and MasterCard on December 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/08/wikileaks-visa-mastercard-operation-payback |title=WikiLeaks supporters disrupt Visa and MasterCard sites in 'Operation Payback' |author1=Addley, Esther |author2=Halliday, Josh |date=December 8, 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508002128/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/08/wikileaks-visa-mastercard-operation-payback |url-status=live }}</ref> Anons had announced an intention to bring down Amazon.com as well, but failed to do so, allegedly because of infighting with the hackers who controlled the botnets.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 178}} PayPal estimated the damage to have cost the company US$5.5 million. It later provided the IP addresses of 1,000 of its attackers to the [[FBI]], leading to at least 14 arrests.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 122, 129}} On Thursday, December 5, 2013, 13 of the [[PayPal 14]] pleaded guilty to taking part in the attacks.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57614906-83/anonymous-hackers-plead-guilty-to-2010-paypal-cyberattack/| author=Steven Musil| title=Anonymous hackers plead guilty to 2010 PayPal cyberattack| publisher=CNET| date=December 8, 2013}}</ref>

=== 2011–2012 ===
[[File:AnonymousOccupy.jpg|thumb|A member holding an Anonymous flier at [[Occupy Wall Street]], a protest that the group actively supported, September 17, 2011]]
In the years following Operation Payback, targets of Anonymous protests, hacks, and DDoS attacks continued to diversify. Beginning in January 2011, Anons took a number of actions known initially as [[Operation Tunisia]] in support of [[Arab Spring]] movements. Tflow created a script that Tunisians could use to protect their web browsers from government surveillance, while fellow future LulzSec member [[Hector Xavier Monsegur]] (alias "Sabu") and others allegedly hijacked servers from a London web-hosting company to launch a DDoS attack on Tunisian government websites, taking them offline. Sabu also used a Tunisian volunteer's computer to hack the website of Prime Minister [[Mohamed Ghannouchi]], replacing it with a message from Anonymous.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 141–45}} Anons also helped Tunisian dissidents share videos online about the uprising.<ref name="AJ19511">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/05/201151917634659824.html |title=Anonymous and the Arab uprisings |author=Ryan, Yasmine |date=May 19, 2011 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409214434/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/05/201151917634659824.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Operation Egypt, Anons collaborated with the activist group [[Telecomix]] to help dissidents access government-censored websites.<ref name="AJ19511" /> Sabu and Topiary went on to participate in attacks on government websites in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Jordan, and Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 148}}

Tflow, Sabu, Topiary, and Ryan Ackroyd (known as "Kayla") collaborated in February 2011 on a cyber-attack against [[Aaron Barr]], CEO of the computer security firm [[HBGary Federal]], in retaliation for his research on Anonymous and his threat to expose members of the group. Using a [[SQL injection]] weakness, the four hacked the HBGary site, used Barr's captured password to vandalize his Twitter feed with racist messages, and released an enormous cache of HBGary's e-mails in a [[torrent file]] on Pirate Bay.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 10–24}} The e-mails stated that Barr and HBGary had proposed to [[Bank of America]] a plan to discredit WikiLeaks in retaliation for a planned leak of Bank of America documents,{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 200}} and the leak caused substantial public relations harm to the firm as well as leading one U.S. congressman to call for a congressional investigation.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 161, 164}} Barr resigned as CEO before the end of the month.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 164}}

Several attacks by Anons have targeted organizations accused of homophobia. In February 2011, an open letter was published on AnonNews.org threatening the [[Westboro Baptist Church]], an organization based in [[Kansas]] in the U.S. known for picketing funerals with signs reading "God Hates Fags".{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 176–77}} During a live radio current affairs program in which Topiary debated church member [[Shirley Phelps-Roper]], Anons hacked one of the organization's websites.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 178–88}} After the church announced its intentions in December 2012 to picket the funerals of the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]] victims, Anons published the names, phone numbers, and e-mail and home addresses of church members and brought down GodHatesFags.com with a DDoS attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/12/17/anonymous-vows-to-destroy-westboro-baptist-church-over-sandy-hook-picket-plans/ |title=Anonymous vows to 'destroy' Westboro Baptist Church over Sandy Hook picket plans |date=December 17, 2012 |publisher=The Raw Story |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525083639/http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/12/17/anonymous-vows-to-destroy-westboro-baptist-church-over-sandy-hook-picket-plans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2012, Anons hacked the site of Ugandan Prime Minister [[Amama Mbabazi]] in retaliation for the [[Parliament of Uganda]]'s consideration of [[Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill|an anti-homosexuality law]] permitting capital punishment.<ref name="BBC81612">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19281664 |title=Uganda prime minister hacked 'over gay rights' |date=August 16, 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=October 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027232118/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19281664 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2011, Anons launched a series of attacks against Sony in retaliation for trying to stop hacks of the [[PlayStation 3]] game console. More than 100 million Sony accounts were compromised, and the Sony services [[Qriocity]] and [[PlayStation Network]] were taken down for a month apiece by cyberattacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28794321.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714223817/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-28794321.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |title=Sony caught up in cyber war with indignant hackers; Company with security once considered 'robust' now dealing with constant breaches |agency=Associated Press |date=May 30, 2011 |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2011, Anons launched an attack against [[Bay Area Rapid Transit#Charles Hill|BART]] in San Francisco, which they dubbed #OpBart. The attack, made in response to the killing of Charles Hill a month prior, resulted in customers' personal information leaked onto the group's website.<ref name="bart">{{cite web|title=BART website hacked, customer info leaked|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/BART-website-hacked-customer-info-leaked-2335175.php|website=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 14, 2011|access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Anonymous-Bruxelles.jpg|thumb|left|Anonymous protestors at the [[Brussels Stock Exchange]], Belgium, January 2012]]
When the [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests began in New York City in September 2011, Anons were early participants and helped spread the movement to other cities such as [[Boston]].{{sfn|Kelly|2012|p = 1682}} In October, some Anons attacked the website of the [[New York Stock Exchange]] while other Anons publicly opposed the action via Twitter.<ref name="Goldman">{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2012/01/20/technology/anonymous_hack/index.htm |title=Hacker group Anonymous is a nuisance, not a threat |author=Goldman, David |date=January 20, 2012 |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327004354/https://money.cnn.com/2012/01/20/technology/anonymous_hack/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Anons also helped organize an Occupy protest outside the [[London Stock Exchange]] on May 1, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/01/occupy-movement-london-stock-exchange |title=Occupy movement takes over parts of London Stock Exchange |author=Malik, Shiv |date=May 1, 2012 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202003157/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/may/01/occupy-movement-london-stock-exchange |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anons launched Operation Darknet in October 2011, targeting websites hosting [[child pornography]]. In particular, the group hacked a child pornography site called "[[Lolita City]]" hosted by [[Freedom Hosting]], releasing 1,589 usernames from the site. Anons also said that they had disabled forty image-swapping pedophile websites that employed the anonymity network [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/391379/20121005/93-year-old-australian-faces-pedophilia-charges.htm |title=93-Year-Old Australian Faces Pedophilia Charges in Thailand |author=Hernandez, Vittorio |date=October 5, 2012 |work=International Business Times |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723084300/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/391379/20121005/93-year-old-australian-faces-pedophilia-charges.htm#.UYXHPLXqmSo |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2012, Anons leaked the names of users of a suspected child porn site in OpDarknetV2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/47435855/ns/technology_and_science-security/t/anonymous-attacks-suspected-pedophiles-again/ |title=Anonymous Attacks Suspected Pedophiles Again |author=Liebowitz, Matt |date=May 15, 2012 |work=NBC News |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062145/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47435855/ns/technology_and_science-security/t/anonymous-attacks-suspected-pedophiles-again/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anonymous launched the #OpPedoChat campaign on Twitter in 2012 as a continuation of Operation Darknet. In attempt to eliminate child pornography from the internet, the group posted the emails and IP addresses of suspected pedophiles on the online forum PasteBin.<ref>"Anonymous Targets Pedophiles Via #OpPedoChat Campaign". ''PC Magazine''. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Steadman, Ian. "Anonymous launches #OpPedoChat, targets paedophiles". WIRED UK. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</ref>

In 2011, the [[Koch Industries]] website was attacked following their attack upon union members, resulting in their website being made inaccessible for 15 minutes. In 2013, one member, a 38-year-old truck driver, pleaded guilty when accused of participating in the attack for a period of one minute, and received a sentence of two years federal probation, and ordered to pay $183,000 restitution, the amount Koch stated they paid a consultancy organization, despite this being only a denial of service attack.<ref>{{cite web|last=Plumlee |first=Rick |url=http://www.kansas.com/2013/12/02/3154632/wis-truck-driver-given-2-years.html |title=Wis. truck driver given 2 years probation for cyberattack on Koch Industries | Wichita Eagle |publisher=Kansas.com |date=December 2, 2013 |access-date=January 7, 2014}}</ref>

On January 19, 2012, the U.S. [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] shut down the file-sharing site [[Megaupload]] on allegations of copyright infringement. Anons responded with a wave of DDoS attacks on U.S. government and copyright organizations, shutting down the sites for the RIAA, MPAA, [[Broadcast Music, Inc.]], and the FBI.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Norton |first=Quinn |title=Anonymous Tricks Bystanders Into Attacking Justice Department |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/01/anons-rickroll-botnet/ |access-date=2022-02-27 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

In April 2012, Anonymous hacked 485 [[Government of China|Chinese government]] websites, some more than once, to protest the treatment of their citizens. They urged people to "fight for justice, fight for freedom, [and] fight for democracy".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anonymous hacks Chinese government sites in protest, some still compromised|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/5/2927853/anonymous-hack-chinese-government-sites|last=Sottek|first=T. C.|date=April 5, 2012|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BBC News – Chinese websites 'defaced in Anonymous attack'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-17623939|date=April 5, 2012|publisher=BBC|access-date=January 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anonymous hacks hundreds of Chinese government sites|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/anonymous-hacks-hundreds-of-chinese-government-sites/|last=Protalinski|first=Emil|publisher=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref>

In 2012, Anonymous launched Operation Anti-Bully: Operation Hunt Hunter in retaliation to [[Hunter Moore|Hunter Moore's]] revenge porn site, "[[Is Anyone Up?]]" Anonymous crashed Moore's servers and publicized much of his personal information online, including his social security number. The organization also published the personal information of Andrew Myers, the proprietor of "Is Anyone Back", a copycat site of Moore's "Is Anyone Up?"<ref>{{cite web|last=Roy |first=Jessica |url=http://betabeat.com/2012/12/anonymous-launches-ophunthunter-to-destroy-hunter-moore-and-his-revenge-porn-empire/ |title=Anonymous Hunts Revenge Porn Purveyor Hunter Moore |publisher=Betabeat |date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=January 7, 2014}}</ref>

In response to [[Operation Pillar of Defense]], a November 2012 Israeli military operation in the [[Gaza Strip]], Anons took down hundreds of Israeli websites with DDoS attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/5961399/anonymous-destroys-israel-by-taking-down-hundreds-of-websites-and-leaking-emails-and-passwords |title=Anonymous Targets Israel by Taking Down Hundreds of Websites and Leaking Emails and Passwords |author=Chan, Casey |date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=Gizmodo |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513073332/http://gizmodo.com/5961399/anonymous-destroys-israel-by-taking-down-hundreds-of-websites-and-leaking-emails-and-passwords |url-status=live }}</ref> Anons pledged another "[[OpIsrael|massive cyberassault]]" against Israel in April 2013 in retaliation for its actions in [[Gaza City|Gaza]], promising to "wipe Israel off the map of the Internet".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/world/middleeast/pro-palestinian-hackers-attack-israeli-sites.html|title=Israel Says It Repelled Most Attacks on Its Web Sites by Pro-Palestinian Hackers |author=Kershner, Isabel |date=April 7, 2013 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616051923/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/world/middleeast/pro-palestinian-hackers-attack-israeli-sites.html?_r=1& |url-status=live }}</ref> However, its DDoS attacks caused only temporary disruptions, leading cyberwarfare experts to suggest that the group had been unable to recruit or hire botnet operators for the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csoonline.com/article/732757/experts-hope-for-another-failure-in-next-anonymous-attack |title=Experts hope for another failure in next Anonymous attack |author=Gonsalves, Antone |date=May 3, 2013 |publisher=CSO Online |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212524/http://www.csoonline.com/article/732757/experts-hope-for-another-failure-in-next-anonymous-attack |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/anonymous-cyberattack-on-israel-finds-disputed-impact |title=Anonymous cyberattack on Israel finds disputed impact |author=Messmer, Ellen |date=May 5, 2013 |work=Computerworld |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703162034/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/anonymous-cyberattack-on-israel-finds-disputed-impact |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
{{see also|Million Mask March}}
On November 5, 2013, Anonymous protesters gathered around the world for the Million Mask March. Demonstrations were held in 400 cities around the world to coincide with [[Guy Fawkes Night]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/06/protesters-gather-million-mask-march|title=Protesters gather around the world for Million Mask March|newspaper=The Guardian|date=November 5, 2013|access-date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>

Operation Safe Winter was an effort to raise awareness about homelessness through the collection, collation, and redistribution of resources. This program began on November 7, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/op-safe-winter-anonymous/|title=#OpSafeWinter: Anonymous fights homelessness worldwide|work=The Daily Dot|date=January 4, 2014}}</ref> after an online call to action from Anonymous UK. Three missions using a charity framework were suggested in the original global spawning a variety of direct actions from used clothing drives to pitch in community potlucks feeding events in the UK, US and Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://opsafewinter.org/?p%3D140 |title=OSW Flyer 1 | OpSafeWinter |access-date=January 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110105231/http://opsafewinter.org/?p=140 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 }}</ref> The #OpSafeWinter call to action quickly spread through the mutual aid communities like Occupy Wall Street<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupywallst.org/forum/anon-opsafewinter-call-to-action-d26/|title=Forum Post: #Anon #OpSafeWinter Call to Action & New York #D26 Assembly - OccupyWallSt.org|publisher=Occupy Solidarity Network}}</ref> and its offshoot groups like the [[open-source]]-based OccuWeather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occupyweather.com/opsafewinter/ |title=T'is the Reason for the Season – #OpSafeWinter |access-date=January 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085649/http://occupyweather.com/opsafewinter/ |archive-date=January 10, 2014 }}</ref> With the addition of the long-term mutual aid communities of New York City and online hacktivists in the US, it took on an additional three suggested missions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theidproject.org/blog/caroline-contillo/2013/12/30/opsafewinter-generosity-goes-viral|title=#OpSafeWinter: Generosity Goes Viral|work=The Interdependence Project}}</ref> Encouraging participation from the general public, this operation has raised questions of privacy and the changing nature of the Anonymous community's use of monikers. The project to support those living on the streets while causing division in its own online network has been able to partner with many efforts and organizations not traditionally associated with Anonymous or online activists.

=== 2014 ===
In the wake of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown|fatal police shooting of unarmed African-American Michael Brown]] in [[Ferguson, Missouri]], "Operation Ferguson"—a [[Hacktivism|hacktivist]] organization that claimed to be associated with Anonymous—organized cyberprotests against police, setting up a website and a Twitter account to do so.<ref name="waporiot">{{cite news |last=Bever |first=Lindsey|title=Amid Ferguson protests, hacker collective Anonymous wages cyberwar|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/13/amid-ferguson-protests-anonymous-hacktivists-wage-cyberwar/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=August 13, 2014|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> The group promised that if any protesters were harassed or harmed, they would attack the city's servers and computers, taking them offline.<ref name="waporiot" /> City officials said that e-mail systems were targeted and phones died, while the Internet crashed at the City Hall.<ref name="waporiot" /><ref name="stlouispostriot">{{cite news |last=Hunn |first=David |title=How computer hackers changed the Ferguson protests|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/how-computer-hackers-changed-the-ferguson-protests/article_d81a1da4-ae04-5261-9064-e4c255111c94.html |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=August 13, 2014|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Prior to August 15, members of Anonymous corresponding with ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' said that they were working on confirming the identity of the undisclosed police officer who shot Brown and would release his name as soon as they did.<ref name="Harkinson">{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/anonymous-ferguson-police-killing-unarmed-michael-brown |title=Anonymous' "Op Ferguson" Says It Will ID the Officer Who Killed Michael Brown |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |date=August 13, 2014 |access-date=August 13, 2014 |last=Harkinson |first=Josh}}</ref> On August 14, Anonymous posted on its Twitter feed what it claimed was the name of the officer involved in the shooting.<ref name="nytanon">{{cite news|last1=Bosman |first1=Julie |first2=Michael D. |last2=Shear |first3=Timothy |last3=Williams|title=Obama Calls for Open Inquiry Into Police Shooting of Teenager in Ferguson, Mo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/15/us/ferguson-missouri-police-shooting.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 14, 2014|access-date=August 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2014/08/14/anonymous-releases-alleged-name-of-officer-they-say-fatally-shot-michael-brown/ |title=Anonymous Releases Alleged Name Of Officer They Say Fatally Shot Michael Brown |publisher=KMOX News Radio 1120 |date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815034209/http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2014/08/14/anonymous-releases-alleged-name-of-officer-they-say-fatally-shot-michael-brown/ |archive-date=August 15, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, police said the identity released by Anonymous was incorrect.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pagliery |first=Jose |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/14/technology/security/ferguson-anonymous |title=Ferguson police deny Anonymous' ID of alleged shooter |publisher=CNN Money |date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=August 14, 2014}}</ref> Twitter subsequently suspended the Anonymous account from its service.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hunn |first=David |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/twitter-suspends-anonymous-account/article_8602d482-e248-5a88-bd56-a417d638eff8.html |title=Twitter suspends Anonymous account : News |newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=August 15, 2014}}</ref>

It was reported on November 19, 2014, that Anonymous had declared [[cyber war]] on the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) the previous week, after the KKK had made death threats following the Ferguson riots. They hacked the KKK's Twitter account, attacked servers hosting KKK sites, and started to release the personal details of members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/nov/19/hacker-hoaxer-whistleblower-spy-many-faces-anonymous-gabriella-coleman-review|title=Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous by Gabriella Coleman – review|author=Jamie Bartlett|work=The Guardian|date=November 19, 2014}}</ref>

On November 24, 2014, Anonymous shut down the [[Cleveland]] city website and posted a video after [[Shooting of Tamir Rice|Tamir Rice]], a twelve-year-old boy armed only with a BB gun, was shot to death by a police officer in a Cleveland park.<ref name="tamir">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/grieving-dad-anonymous-lash-cleveland-cops-article-1.2021460|title=Grieving dad, Anonymous lash out at Cleveland cops following shooting death of boy, 12, armed with BB gun|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|first=David|last=Boroff|date=November 24, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2014}}</ref> Anonymous also used [[BeenVerified]] to uncover the phone number and address of a police officer involved in the shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2014/11/anonymous_begins_looking_into.html|title=Anonymous begins looking into past of Timothy Loehmann, cop who fatally shot Tamir Rice|website=The Plain Dealer|last=Danylko|first=Ryllie|date=November 26, 2014|access-date=February 15, 2014}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
In January 2015, Anonymous released a video and a statement via Twitter condemning [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|the attack]] on ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'', in which 12 people, including eight journalists, were fatally shot. The video, claiming that it is "a message for [[al-Qaeda]], the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] and other terrorists", was uploaded to the group's Belgian account.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11335676/Hacktivists-Anonymous-says-it-will-avenge-Charlie-Hebdo-attacks-by-shutting-down-jihadist-websites.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109155129/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11335676/Hacktivists-Anonymous-says-it-will-avenge-Charlie-Hebdo-attacks-by-shutting-down-jihadist-websites.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2015|title='Hacktivist' group Anonymous says it would avenge Charlie Hebdo attacks by shutting down jihadist websites|work=The Telegraph|date=January 9, 2015}}</ref> The announcement stated that "We, Anonymous around the world, have decided to declare war on you, the terrorists" and promises to avenge the killings by "shut[ting] down your accounts on all social networks."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/01/09/technology/anonymous-charlie-hebdo-terrorists/index.html|title=Anonymous declares war over Charlie Hebdo attack|publisher=CNN Money|date=January 9, 2015}}</ref> On January 12, they brought down a website that was suspected to belong to one of these groups.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Newsbeat|title=Hackers Anonymous 'disable extremist website'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30785773?ocid=canada_canada_ppc_outbrain|access-date=January 16, 2015|publisher=BBC|date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> Critics of the action warned that taking down extremists' websites would make them harder to monitor.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Newsbeat|title=Anonymous hackers 'declare war' on jihadists after France attacks|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30755975|access-date=January 16, 2015|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=January 9, 2015}}</ref>

On June 17, 2015, Anonymous claimed responsibility for a Denial of Service attack against Canadian government websites in protest of the passage of bill [[Anti-terrorism Act, 2015|C-51]]—an anti-terror legislation that grants additional powers to Canadian intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fekete|first1=Jason|title=Government of Canada websites under attack, hacker groupAnonymous claims responsibility|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/government-of-canada-websites-under-attack-environment-canada-foreign-affairs-down|access-date=June 18, 2015|work=National Post|date=June 17, 2015}}</ref> The attack temporarily affected the websites of several federal agencies.

On October 28, 2015, Anonymous announced that it would reveal the names of up to 1,000 members of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] and other affiliated groups, stating in a press release, "You are terrorists that hide your identities beneath sheets and infiltrate society on every level. The privacy of the Ku Klux Klan no longer exists in cyberspace."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2015/10/29/anonymous-intends-to-unveil-names-up-to-1000-ku-klux-klan-members.html|title=Anonymous intends to unveil names of up to 1,000 Ku Klux Klan members|publisher=Fox News Channel|date=October 29, 2015}}</ref> On November 2, a list of 57 phone numbers and 23 email addresses (that allegedly belong to KKK members) was reportedly published and received media attention.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grenoble|first1=Ryan|title=Anonymous Begins Revealing Information About Alleged Ku Klux Klan Members|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/anonymous-reveals-kkk-members-info_56378176e4b063179912f5a4|access-date=November 3, 2015|work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> However, a tweet from the "@Operation_KKK" Twitter account the same day denied it had released that information<ref>{{cite news|title=The Short List: Anonymous goes after KKK; VW in another emissions stink; 'Brangelina' open up|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/11/02/evening-news-roundup-monday/75043122/|access-date=November 2, 2015|work=[[USA Today]]|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite Twitter|title=#ICYMI #OpKKK was in no way involved with today's release of information that incorrectly outed several politicians|user=Operation_KKK|number=661319846206967808|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite Twitter|title=This account has NOT YET released any information. We believe in due diligence and will NOT recklessly involve innocent individuals #OpKKK|number=661272341318471680|user=Operation_KKK|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> The group stated it planned to, and later did, reveal the names on [[Guy Fawkes Night|November 5]].<ref>{{cite Twitter|number=662380844711972865|user=Operation_KKK|title=OFFICIAL #OpKKK #HoodsOff 2015 Data Release. http://pastebin.com/wbvP95wg With Love, Anonymous|date=November 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115002026/https://twitter.com/Operation_KKK/status/662380844711972865|archive-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>

Since 2013, Saudi Arabian [[Hacktivism|hacktivists]] have been targeting government websites protesting the actions of the regime.<ref>{{cite news|title=#OpSaudi : Anonymous launched cyber attack on Saudi Government site |url=http://www.ehackingnews.com/2013/05/opsaudi-anonymous-launched-cyber-attack.html|access-date=August 22, 2015|date=May 16, 2013}}</ref> These actions have seen attacks supported by the possibly Iranian backed [[Yemen Cyber Army]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Frenkel|first1=Sheera|title=Meet The Mysterious New Hacker Army Freaking Out The Middle East|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/sheerafrenkel/who-is-the-yemen-cyber-army#.yd4gmgd3B|access-date=August 22, 2015|date=June 24, 2015}}</ref> An offshoot of Anonymous self-described as [[Ghost Security]] or GhostSec started targeting [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]]-affiliated websites and social media handles.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Can Cyber Activists Chase ISIS off Twitter?|url = https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/anonymous-activists-isis-twitter/409312/|website = The Atlantic|date = October 8, 2015|access-date = November 15, 2015|language = en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Anonymous vs. the Islamic State|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/13/anonymous-hackers-islamic-state-isis-chan-online-war/|website = Foreign Policy|access-date = November 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Ghost Security Hackers, Offshoot Of 'Anonymous,' Claim They Disrupted ISIS Attack By Intercepting Twitter Messages|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/ghost-security-hackers-offshoot-anonymous-claim-they-disrupted-isis-attack-2077993|website = International Business Times|date = September 2015|access-date = November 15, 2015}}</ref>

In November 2015, Anonymous announced a major, sustained operation against ISIS following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]],<ref name="Eur. J. Cult. Stud">{{cite journal |last1=McCrow-Young |first1=Ally |last2=Mortensen |first2=Mette |date=August 2021 |title=Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous' meme 'war' against ISIS |journal=[[European Journal of Cultural Studies]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=832–849 |doi=10.1177/13675494211005060 |s2cid=233603431 |issn=1460-3551}}</ref> declaring: "Anonymous from all over the world will hunt you down. You should know that we will find you and we will not let you go."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anonymous-hackers-declare-war-on-isis/|title=Anonymous hackers' group declares war on ISIS|work=CBS News|language=en-US|access-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34836400/anonymous-declares-war-on-islamic-state|title=Anonymous 'declares war' on Islamic State|work=BBC News|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> ISIS responded on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] by calling them "idiots", and asking "What they {{sic|gonna to}} hack?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/11/17/isis-anonymous-idiots/|title=ISIS Calls Anonymous 'Idiots' As Cyber War Heats Up – Fortune|work=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/260470-isis-gives-tips-for-avoiding-anonymous-hackers|title=ISIS calls Anonymous 'idiots,' offers tips to evade hackers|work=The Hill|date=November 17, 2015}}</ref> By the next day, however, Anonymous claimed to have taken down 3,824 pro-ISIS Twitter accounts, and by the third day more than 5,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/one-day-later-anonymous-already-takes-down-3-824-pro-isis-twitter-accounts-496258.shtml|title=One Day Later, Anonymous Already Takes Down 3,824 Pro-ISIS Twitter Accounts – UPDATE|author=Catalin Cimpanu|date=November 16, 2015|work=softpedia}}</ref> and to have [[Doxxing|doxxed]] ISIS recruiters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/paris-attacks-anonymous-operation-isis-activists-begin-leaking-details-of-suspected-extremist-a6737291.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/paris-attacks-anonymous-operation-isis-activists-begin-leaking-details-of-suspected-extremist-a6737291.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Operation Isis': Anonymous activists begin leaking suspected extremist Twitter account information|author=Andrew Griffin|date=November 19, 2015|work=The Independent}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A week later, Anonymous increased their claim to 20,000 pro-ISIS accounts and released a list of the accounts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Anonymous Has Now Taken Down 20,000 ISIS Twitter Accounts, Promises to Go On|url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/anonymous-has-now-taken-down-20-000-isis-twitter-accounts-promises-to-go-on-496505.shtml|website = softpedia|date = November 20, 2015|access-date = November 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=HXjgGiHp|title = ISIS 20,000+ Twitter Accounts Down|access-date = November 11, 2015|website = Pastebin}}</ref> The list included the Twitter accounts of [[Barack Obama]], [[Hillary Clinton]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', and [[BBC News]]. The BBC reported that most of the accounts on the list appeared to be still active.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34919781/anonymous-anti-islamic-state-list-features-obama-and-bbc-news|title = Anonymous 'anti-Islamic State list' features Obama and BBC News|access-date = November 26, 2015|work = BBC News|date = November 26, 2015}}</ref> A spokesman for Twitter told ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' that the company is not using the lists of accounts being reported by Anonymous, as they have been found to be "wildly inaccurate" and include accounts used by academics and journalists.<ref name="anonvsisis3">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/twitter-isnt-reading-anonymous-list-isis-accounts/ |title=Twitter: Anonymous's lists of alleged ISIS accounts are 'wildly inaccurate' |website=The Daily Dot |date=November 20, 2015|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref>

In 2015, a group that claimed to be affiliated with Anonymous, calling themselves as AnonSec, claimed to have hacked and gathered almost 276 GB of data from NASA servers including NASA flight and radar logs and videos, and also multiple documents related to ongoing research.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.anonews.co/anon-release-leaked-nasa-information/|title = Anonymous release leaked NASA information|access-date = November 6, 2015|publisher = Anonews|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160202135111/http://www.anonews.co/anon-release-leaked-nasa-information/|archive-date = February 2, 2016|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}</ref> AnonSec group also claimed gaining access of a Global Hawk Drone of NASA, and released some video footage purportedly from the drone's cameras. A part of the data was released by AnonSec on Pastebin service, as an Anon Zine.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pastebin.com/pm1WLXQj/|title = OpNasaDrones Zine #AnonSec|access-date =January 11, 2016|publisher = none}}</ref> NASA has denied the hack, asserting that the control of the drones were never compromised, but has acknowledged that the photos released along with the content are real photographs of its employees, but that most of these data are already available in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/02/02/anonymous-claims-to-hack-nasa-drone/ |title=NASA Brushes Off Claims One Of Its Drones Was Hacked |website=Forbes |date=February 2016 |access-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
The Blink Hacker Group, associating themselves with the Anonymous group, claimed to have hacked the Thailand prison websites and servers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/anonymous-leaks-databases-for-100-thai-prison-websites-499941.shtml |title=Anonymous Leaks Databases for 100 Thai Prison Websites |website=Softpedia News |date=February 2016 |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> The compromised data has been shared online, with the group claiming that they give the data back to Thailand Justice and the citizens of Thailand as well. The hack was done in response to news from Thailand about the mistreatment of prisoners in Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/detail.php?newsid=1453808903 |title=Koh Tao Murders: Lawyer Alleges Prison Mistreatment |website=Khaosod English |date=January 26, 2016 |access-date=February 20, 2016 |archive-date=April 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411072108/http://www.khaosodenglish.com/detail.php?newsid=1453808903 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In late 2017, the [[QAnon]] conspiracy theory first emerged on 4chan, and adherents used similar terminology and branding as Anonymous. In response, anti-Trump members of Anonymous warned that QAnon was stealing the collective's branding and vowed to oppose the theory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/08/10/anonymous-deals-with-its-qanon-branding-problem/|title=Anonymous deals with its QAnon branding problem|author=Violet Blue|date=October 8, 2018|work=Engadget}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/08/07/anonymous-vows-to-take-down-q/|title=Anonymous vows to take down Q|author=John Biggs|date=August 7, 2018|publisher=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref name="indyqanon" />

A group calling themselves Anonymous Africa launched a number of DDoS attacks on websites associated with the controversial South African [[Gupta family]] in mid-June 2016. Gupta-owned companies targeted included the websites of Oakbay Investments, [[The New Age (South African newspaper)|The New Age]], and [[ANN7]]. The websites of the [[South African Broadcasting Corporation]] and a political parties [[Economic Freedom Fighters]] and Zimbabwe's [[ZANU–PF|Zanu-PF]] were also attacked for "nationalist socialist rhetoric and politicising racism."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Tech/Companies/exclusive-why-anonymous-hacked-the-sabc-guptas-20160617|title=EXCLUSIVE: Why Anonymous 'hacked' the SABC, Gupta websites|website=Fin24|access-date=June 19, 2016}}</ref>

===2020===
{{See also|BlueLeaks}}
In February 2020, Anonymous hacked the United Nations' website and created a page for [[Taiwan]], a country which has not had a seat at the UN [[China and the United Nations|since 1971]]. The hacked page featured the [[Flag of Taiwan]], the [[KMT]] emblem, a [[Taiwan Independence]] flag, and the Anonymous logo along with a caption. The hacked server belonged to the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Anonymous creates pro-Taiwan page inside UN website |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3871244 |work=Taiwan News |date=February 5, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2020}}</ref>

In the wake of protests across the U.S. following the [[murder of George Floyd]], Anonymous released a video on Facebook as well as sending it out to the Minneapolis Police Department on May 28, 2020, titled "Anonymous Message To The Minneapolis Police Department", in which they state that they are going to seek revenge on the [[Minneapolis Police Department]], and "expose their crimes to the world".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anonymous Message To The Minneapolis Police Department |url=https://www.facebook.com/anonews.co/videos/anonymous-message-to-the-minneapolis-police-department/285581555919237/ |url-status=dead |via=Facebook}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=August 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Griffin |first1=Andrew |title='Anonymous' is back and is supporting the Black Lives Matter protests |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-george-floyd-black-lives-matter-facebook-twitter-video-k-pop-a9542666.html |website=The Independent |access-date=June 1, 2020 |language=en |date=June 1, 2020}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], the video was initially posted on an unconfirmed Anonymous Facebook page on May 28.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-31/anonymous-says-it-ll-expose-minneapolis-police-
|title= Anonymous Vows to 'Expose' Minneapolis Police, Site Attacked»
|author= Kartikay Mehrotra and Jamie Tarabay
|date= May 31, 2020
|publisher= Bloomberg
|access-date=June 3, 2020
}}</ref> According to BBC News, that same Facebook page had no notoriety and published videos of dubious content linked to UFOs and "China's plan to take over the world". It gained repercussions after the video about George Floyd was published<ref name="BBC">{{cite web
|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52879000
|title= George Floyd: Anonymous hackers re-emerge amid US unrest»
|author= David Molloy & Joe Tidy
|date= June 1, 2020
|publisher= BBC
|access-date=June 3, 2020
}}</ref> and the Minneapolis police website, which is responsible for the police officer, was down.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://atarde.uol.com.br/politica/noticias/2129012-hacker-anonymous-cita-bolsonaro-e-sugere-investigacao-da-relacao-do-presidente-com-trump
|title=Hacker Anonymous cita Bolsonaro e sugere investigação da relação do presidente com Trump
|date= May 31, 2020
|publisher= A Tarde
|access-date=June 3, 2020
}}</ref> Later, [[Minnesota]] Governor [[Tim Walz]] said that every computer in the region suffered a sophisticated attack.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://gq.globo.com/amp/Noticias/Tecnologia/noticia/2020/06/5-vezes-em-que-o-anonymous-chocou-o-mundo-com-invasoes-na-internet.html
|title= 5 vezes em que o mundo anônimo escolhe o mundo com invasões na internet»
|author= Rafael Monteiro
|date= June 1, 2020
|publisher= GQ Brazil
|access-date=June 3, 2020
}}</ref> According to BBC News, the attack on the police website using DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) was unsophisticated.<ref name="BBC" /> According to researcher [[Troy Hunt]], these breaches of the site may have happened from old credentials. Regarding unverified Twitter posts that also went viral, where radio stations of police officers playing music and preventing communication are shown, experts point out that this is unlikely to be due to a hack attack{{snd}}if they are real.<ref name="BBC" /> Later, it was confirmed by [[CNET]] that the leaks made from the police website are false and that someone is taking advantage of the repercussions of George Floyd's murder to spread misinformation.<ref>{{cite web
|url= https://www.cnet.com/news/the-anonymous-minneapolis-hack-comes-from-old-breaches-repackaged-in-misinformation/
|title= The Anonymous Minneapolis 'hack' comes from old breaches repackaged in misinformation
|author= Alfred Ng
|date= June 1, 2020
|publisher= CNET
|access-date=June 3, 2020
}}</ref>

On June 19, 2020, Anonymous published [[BlueLeaks]], sometimes referred to by the [[Twitter hashtag]] '''#BlueLeaks''', 269.21 [[gibibytes]] of internal [[Law enforcement in the United States|U.S. law enforcement]] data through the activist group [[Distributed Denial of Secrets]], which called it the "largest published hack of American law enforcement agencies".<ref name="SalonBlueLeaks">{{Cite web |last=Karlis |first=Nicole |date=2020-06-22 |title=Inside "Blue Leaks," a trove of hacked police documents released by Anonymous |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/06/22/inside-blue-leaks-a-trove-of-hacked-police-documents-released-by-anonymous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623230758/https://www.salon.com/2020/06/22/inside-blue-leaks-a-trove-of-hacked-police-documents-released-by-anonymous/ |archive-date=2020-06-23 |access-date=2020-06-24 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref> The data — internal intelligence, bulletins, emails, and reports — was produced between August 1996 and June 2020<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-06-22 |title='BlueLeaks' Exposes Files from Hundreds of Police Departments — Krebs on Security |url=https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/06/blueleaks-exposes-files-from-hundreds-of-police-departments/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622160750/https://krebsonsecurity.com/2020/06/blueleaks-exposes-files-from-hundreds-of-police-departments/ |archive-date=2020-06-22 |access-date=2020-06-22 |publisher=Krebs on Security}}</ref> by more than 200 law enforcement agencies, which provided it to [[fusion center]]s. It was obtained through a security breach of Netsential, a web developer that works with fusion centers and law enforcement.

During the George Floyd protests, law enforcement agencies monitored protesters' communications over social media and messaging apps. Reports leaked found that the police were aware of the potential for their surveillance to violate the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. They distributed documents to police filled with rumors and warnings that the protests would become violent, sparking fear among police officers.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hvistendahl |first1=Mara |last2=Brown |first2=Alleen |date=2020-06-26 |title=Law Enforcement Scoured Protester Communications and Exaggerated Threats to Minneapolis Cops, Leaked Documents Show |language=en-US |website=The Intercept |url=https://theintercept.com/2020/06/26/blueleaks-minneapolis-police-protest-fears/ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627225122/https://theintercept.com/2020/06/26/blueleaks-minneapolis-police-protest-fears/ |archive-date=2020-06-27}}</ref>

The documents also show a much broader trend of surveillance. They show details about the data that police can obtain from social media sites including [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[TikTok]], [[Reddit]] and [[Tumblr]], among others. Fusion centers also collect and distribute detailed data from automatic license plate readers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maharrey |first1=Mike |date=2020-06-27 |title=Document Unmasks Fusion Center's Participation in License Plate Surveillance |url=https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2020/06/27/document-unmasks-fusion-centers-participation-in-license-plate-surveillance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706155128/https://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2020/06/27/document-unmasks-fusion-centers-participation-in-license-plate-surveillance/ |archive-date=2020-07-06 |website=Tenth Amendment Center |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref> Surveys from law enforcement training programs reveal that some instructors were prejudiced and unprofessional. Classes taught biased, outdated, and incorrect content. Some contain sexual content unrelated to the class, and there was one report of an instructor admitting to lying in court frequently.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hagerty |first1=Colleen |date=2020-07-10 |title='This is a time bomb'—Leaked docs reveal homophobic, racist police instructors |work=The Daily Dot |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/blueleaks-training-surveys/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710170701/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/blueleaks-training-surveys/ |archive-date=2020-07-10 |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref>

In Maine, legislators took interest in BlueLeaks thanks to details about the Maine Information and Analysis Center, which is under investigation. The leaks showed the fusion center was spying on and keeping records on people who had been legally protesting or had been "suspicious" but committed no crime.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neumann |first1=Dan |date=2020-06-30 |title=Lawmakers call to defund Maine's secretive police intelligence agency |url=https://mainebeacon.com/lawmakers-call-to-defund-maines-secretive-police-intelligence-agency/ |work=Beacon |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref> Documents also contain reports about other countries from the Department of Homeland Security, [[U.S. Department of State]] and other agencies. Officials discussed cyber attacks from Iran and concerns about further attacks in early 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slapinski |first1=Mark |date=2020-07-01 |title=BlueLeaks: US Law Enforcement feared Iranian hackers |url=http://www.theredpanther.com/2020/07/01/us-law-enforcement-feared-iranian-hackers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709035954/http://www.theredpanther.com/2020/07/01/us-law-enforcement-feared-iranian-hackers/ |archive-date=2020-07-09 |website=Toronto Today |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref> Another report discusses possible Chinese espionage at natural gas facilities.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Petti |first1=Matthew |date=2020-07-07 |title=Exclusive: Did Chinese Agents Try To Stake Out American Natural Gas Plants With Drones? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/skeptics/exclusive-did-chinese-agents-try-stake-out-american-natural-gas-plants-drones-164278 |website=The National Interest |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref> Homeland Security also discussed Russian interference with American elections, attempts to hack the 2020 census, and manipulation of social media discussion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Slapinski |first1=Mark |date=2020-07-06 |title=Homeland Security prepared for Russian interference in 2020 Census |url=http://www.theredpanther.com/2020/07/06/homeland-security-prepared-for-russian-interference-in-2020-census/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711092929/http://www.theredpanther.com/2020/07/06/homeland-security-prepared-for-russian-interference-in-2020-census/ |archive-date=2020-07-11 |website=Toronto Today |accessdate=2020-07-11}}</ref>

In 2020, Anonymous started cyber-attacks against the Nigerian government. They started the operation to support the [[EndSARS|#EndSARS]] movement in Nigeria. The group's attacks were tweeted by a member of Anonymous called LiteMods. The websites of EFCC, INEC and various other Nigerian government websites were taken-down with DDoS attacks. The websites of some banks were compromised.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 17, 2020|title=80naija {{!}} EndSARS: Anonymous Hacker Shut Down First Bank Website|url=https://80naija.com/endsars-anonymous-hacker-shut-down-first-bank-website/|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=80naija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/efcc-amuwo-odofin-lg-websites-hacked/|title = Hacker takes down websites of EFCC, Amuwo Odofin LG in support of #EndSARS|date = October 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=See websites Anonymous don claim to hack for Nigeria|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54584646|access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 17, 2020|title=#EndSARS: Nigerians react as Anonymous 'hacks' LASG, NNPC, INEC, EFCC, NCDC, others {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/endsars-nigerians-react-as-anonymous-hacks-lasg-nnpc-inec-efcc-ncdc-others/|access-date=February 19, 2021|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2021 ===
{{See also|Texas Heartbeat Act|2021 Epik data breach}}
The [[Texas Heartbeat Act]], a law which bans [[abortion]]s after six weeks of pregnancy, came into effect in [[Texas]] on September 1, 2021. The law relies on private citizens to file [[Lawsuit|civil lawsuits]] against anyone who performs or induces an abortion, or aids and abets one, once "cardiac activity" in an [[embryo]] can be detected via [[transvaginal ultrasound]], which is usually possible beginning at around six weeks of pregnancy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last1=Kaye|first1=Julia|last2=Hearron|first2=Marc|date=July 19, 2021|title=Even people who oppose abortion should fear Texas's new ban|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/07/19/texas-sb8-abortion-lawsuits/|url-status=live|access-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726233248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/07/19/texas-sb8-abortion-lawsuits/|archive-date=July 26, 2021|issn=2641-9599}}</ref> Shortly after the law came into effect, anti-abortion organizations set up websites to collect "whistleblower" reports of suspected violators of the bill.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Goforth|first=Claire|date=September 8, 2021|title='Anonymous' hackers have a message for Texas abortion 'snitch' sites: We're coming for you|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hactivists-texas-abortion-ban-operation-jane/|url-status=live|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908184124/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hactivists-texas-abortion-ban-operation-jane/ |archive-date=September 8, 2021 }}</ref>

On September 3, Anonymous announced "Operation Jane", a campaign focused on stymying those who attempted to enforce the law by "exhaust[ing] the investigational resources of bounty hunters, their snitch sites, and online gathering spaces until no one is able to maintain data integrity".<ref name=":0" /> On September 11, the group hacked the website of the [[Republican Party of Texas]], replacing it with text about Anonymous, an invitation to join Operation Jane, and a [[Planned Parenthood]] donation link.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Novell|first=Carly|date=September 11, 2021|title=Anonymous hacks Texas GOP website, floods it with memes|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hacks-texas-gop-website-floods-it-with-memes/|url-status=live|access-date=September 15, 2021|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911204719/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hacks-texas-gop-website-floods-it-with-memes/ |archive-date=September 11, 2021 }}</ref>

On September 13, Anonymous released a large quantity of private data belonging to [[Epik]], a domain registrar and web hosting company known for providing services to websites that host [[Far-right politics|far-right]], [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]], and other [[Extremism|extremist]] content.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last=Meaker|first=Morgan|date=January 18, 2021|title=Epik: The domain registrar keeping extremist websites online|language=en-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2021/01/18/epik-domain-registrar-keeping-extremist-websites-online/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119154814/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2021/01/18/epik-domain-registrar-keeping-extremist-websites-online/|archive-date=January 19, 2021|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Epik had briefly provided services to an abortion "whistleblower" website run by the anti-abortion Texas Right to Life organization, but the reporting form went offline on September 4 after Epik told the group they had violated their terms of service by collecting private information about third parties.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kornfield|first=Meryl|date=September 6, 2021|title=A website for 'whistleblowers' to expose Texas abortion providers was taken down — again|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/09/06/texas-abortion-ban-website/}}</ref> The data included domain purchase and transfer details, account credentials and logins, payment history, employee emails, and unidentified [[Public-key cryptography|private keys]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|last=Goforth|first=Claire|date=September 14, 2021|title=Anonymous to release massive data set of the far-right's preferred web hosting company|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hack-far-right-web-host-epik/|url-status=live|access-date=September 14, 2021|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914170758/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-hack-far-right-web-host-epik/ |archive-date=September 14, 2021 }}</ref> The hackers claimed they had obtained "a decade's worth of data" which included all customers and all domains ever hosted or registered through the company, and which included poorly encrypted passwords and other sensitive data stored in [[plaintext]].<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":62">{{Cite web|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|date=September 15, 2021|title=Anonymous hacks and leaks data from domain registrar Epik|url=https://therecord.media/anonymous-hacks-and-leaks-data-from-domain-registrar-epik/|url-status=live|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=[[The Record by Recorded Future]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916033547/https://therecord.media/anonymous-hacks-and-leaks-data-from-domain-registrar-epik/ |archive-date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref> Later on September 13, the [[Distributed Denial of Secrets]] (DDoSecrets) organization said they were working to curate the allegedly leaked data for more accessible download, and said that it consisted of "180{{nbsp}}[[gigabyte]]s of user, registration, forwarding and other information".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Ropek|first=Lucas|date=September 14, 2021|title=Anonymous Claims to Have Stolen Huge Trove of Data From Epik, the Right-Wing's Favorite Web Host|url=https://gizmodo.com/anonymous-claims-to-have-stolen-huge-trove-of-data-from-1847673935|url-status=live|access-date=September 14, 2021|website=[[Gizmodo]]|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914220307/https://gizmodo.com/anonymous-claims-to-have-stolen-huge-trove-of-data-from-1847673935 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 }}</ref> Publications including ''The Daily Dot'' and ''[[The Record by Recorded Future]]'' subsequently confirmed the veracity of the hack and the types of data that had been exposed.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Thalen|first=Mikael|date=September 16, 2021|title='Worst I've seen in 20 years': How the Epik hack reveals every secret the far-right tried to hide|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/epik-hack-far-right-sites-anonymous/|url-status=live|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916140235/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/epik-hack-far-right-sites-anonymous/ |archive-date=September 16, 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":62"/> Anonymous released another leak on September 29, this time publishing bootable [[disk image]]s of Epik's servers;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-29|title=New leak of Epik data exposes company's entire server|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-new-epik-leak/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Daily Dot|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Anonymous' reportedly leaks more stolen Epik data|url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/30/anonymous_second_epik_dump/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=[[The Register]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930030147/https://www.theregister.com/2021/09/30/anonymous_second_epik_dump/ |archive-date=September 30, 2021 }}</ref> more disk images as well as some leaked documents from the Republican Party of Texas appeared on October 4.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Anonymous releases data on Texas GOP in latest Epik hack dump|url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/anonymous-texas-gop-epik/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=The Daily Dot|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
{{See also|Russo-Ukrainian War|2022 Ukraine cyberattacks|2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis|Operation Samantha Smith}}
On February 25, 2022, Twitter accounts associated with Anonymous declared that they had launched a 'cyber operations' against the [[Russian Federation]], in retaliation for the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]] ordered by Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]]. The group later temporarily disabled websites such as [[RT (TV network)|RT.com]] and the website of the [[Ministry of Defence (Russia)|Defence Ministry]] along with other state owned websites.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1496954233492541444 |user=YourAnonNews |title=#Anonymous is currently involved in operations against the Russian Federation. Our operations are targeting the Russian government. There is an inevitability that the private sector will most likely be affected too. While this account cannot claim to speak for the whole (con)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1496891433843888134 |user=YourAnonTV |title=JUST IN: Hacking group #Anonymous launches 'full-scale' cyberattacks on Russian government websites in retaliation for #Russia's invasion of #Ukraine. #OpRussia #StandwithUkraine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-25 |title=Anonymous Hackers Launch Cyber Ops Against Russia, Claim Government Site Takedowns - HS Today |url=https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/cybersecurity/anonymous-hackers-launch-cyber-ops-against-russia-claim-government-site-takedowns/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=((Superadmin)) |title=Anonymous group declares 'cyberwar' on Russia |url=https://www.uniindia.com/story/Anonymous-group-declares-cyberwar-on-Russia |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=www.uniindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia-Ukraine war: Anonymous hackers launch cyberwar against Russia taking down government websites |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/news/russia-ukraine-war-anonymous-hackers-launch-cyberwar-against-russia-taking-down-government-websites/articleshow/89817168.cms |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Anonymous also leaked 200 GB worth of emails from the Belarusian weapons manufacturer Tetraedr, which provided logistical support for Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-26 |title=Anonymous hacked the Russian Defense Ministry and is targeting Russian companies |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/128428/hacking/anonymous-russian-defense-ministry.html |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=Security Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> Anonymous also hacked into Russian TV channels and played Ukrainian music<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Russian media channels broadcast Ukrainian songs after hacker group Anonymous declare cyber war |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/anonymous-hacker-group-russia-tv-channels-broadcast-ukrainian-songs-1486735 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> through them and showed uncensored news of events in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=2022-02-27 |title=Anonymous: the hacker collective that has declared cyberwar on Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/27/anonymous-the-hacker-collective-that-has-declared-cyberwar-on-russia |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Guardian |language=en |quote=...the group had hacked Russian state TV channels, posting pro-Ukraine content including patriotic songs and images from the invasion.}}</ref>

==== Operation Russia ====
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2022}}

This section has been expanded to the page [[Anonymous and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Read more about this Operation there.

On '''March 7, 2022''', Anonymous actors DepaixPorteur and TheWarriorPoetz declared on Twitter<ref name="twitter.com">{{Cite web |title=Anonymous on Twitter: "Behind Enemy Lines" Russian camera dump |url=https://twitter.com/DepaixPorteur/status/1500943962860924936 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> that they hacked 400 Russian surveillance cameras and broadcast them on a website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=Anonymous sent 7 million texts to Russians plus hacked 400 of their security cams |url=https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-sent-texts-to-russians-hacked-security-cams/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=HackRead |language=en-US}}</ref> They call this operation "Russian Camera Dump".<ref name="twitter.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-14 |title=Anonymous Launches Avalanche Of Anti-War, Anti-Propaganda Attacks Against Russia |url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/anonymous-launches-avalanche-anti-war-anti-propaganda-attacks-against-russia-1800390 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

On '''March 25, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published approximately 22.5 gigabytes of emails allegedly from the [[Central Bank of Russia]], which was allegedly hacked by Anonymous actor Thblckrbbtworld.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-26 |title=Confirmed: Anonymous Hacks Central Bank of Russia; Leaks 28GB of Data |url=https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hacks-central-bank-russia-leaks-28gb-data/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=HackRead |language=en-US}}</ref> Included in the package are registrations, invoices, internal communications, documents, notes, bank statements, names of shareholders of various banks, bank licenses, names, addresses of clients, apparently high-profile clients, etc.

On '''March 29, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published 2.4 gigabytes of emails from RostProekt, which was hacked by Anonymous actor DepaixPorteur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=Anonymous Starts 'Huge' Data Dump That Will 'Blow Russia Away,' Leaks Rostproekt Emails |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/anonymous-starts-huge-data-dump-will-blow-russia-away-leaks-rostproekt-emails-3452789 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=International Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> RostProekt is a Russian construction company. The RostProekt hack was dubbed as a "celebration" for the grand opening of the now-defunct AnonymousLeaks, a leak site solely for leaks from the Anonymous Collective.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-26 |title=DepaixPorteur on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/depaixporteur/status/1508166122624933896 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=Twitter |language=en-US}}</ref>

On '''April 2, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published approximately 200,000 emails from Capital Legal Services, which was hacked by Anonymous actor Wh1t3Sh4d0w.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=The hacking will continue until Russia stops their aggression |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/world/anonymous-collective-announced-on-twitter-the-hacking-will-continue-until-russia-stops-their-aggression/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> Approximately 200,000 emails hacked from the Russian law firm Capital Legal Services, which practices law in a variety of areas. An additional 89,000 emails are located in a "Purges" mailbox, consisting largely of bounced email notifications, cron jobs and other server notifications.

On '''April 4, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published more than 900,000 emails from the [[All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company]] (VGTRK), which were hacked by the Anonymous aligned NB65.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Hackers steal 900K emails from Russia's largest state-owned media corporation |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/hackers-vgtrk-920k-emails-anonymous-russia/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Daily Dot |language=en-US}}</ref> VGTRK is a Russian state-owned broadcaster which operates five national TV stations, two international networks, five radio stations, and over 80 regional TV and radio networks. The Russian government has declared VGTRK essential for the "security of the state." VGTRK also runs the information agency Rossiya Segodnya / Росси́я сего́дня, which operates Sputnik, RIA Novosti and other entities.

On '''April 7, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published approximately 100,000 emails from Aerogas, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=Three Russian firms have over 400 GB worth of emails leaked |url=https://cybernews.com/cyber-war/three-russian-firms-have-over-400-gb-worth-of-emails-leaked/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=CyberNews |language=en-US}}</ref> Approximately 100,000 emails from Aerogas, an engineering company which specializes in the oil and gas industry. Aerogas' clients include Rosneft, NOVATEK, Volgagaz, Purneft and others.

On '''April 11, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published approximately 230,000 emails from [[Blagoveshchensk]] City Administration, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Anonymous Hits Russian Ministry of Culture- Leaks 446GB of Data |url=https://www.hackread.com/anonymous-hits-russian-ministry-of-culture-leaks-446gb-of-data/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=HackRead |language=en-US}}</ref> 230,000 emails from the Blagoveshchensk City Administration / Благове́щенск from 2019 through 2022.

On '''April 15, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published roughly 400 gigabytes of emails from the Continent Express, a Russian travel agency, which was hacked by the Anonymous aligned NB65.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title=Anonymous collective NB65 hacks 400 GB of files and databases from Continent Express, Russia's largest independent travel agency |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/anonymous-collective-nb65-hacks-400-gb-of-files-and-databases-from-continent-express-russias-largest-independent-travel-agency/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref>

On '''April 18, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published 222 gigabytes of emails, files and decryption keys from Gazregion, which was hacked by three different sources around the same time, including the Anonymous actor DepaixPorteur, the Anonymous affiliated NB65, and an unnamed actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=The Anonymous collective has leaked 222 GB of emails and files from Gazregion |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/the-anonymous-collective-has-leaked-222-gb-of-emails-and-files-from-gazregion/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> A construction company specializing in gas pipelines and facilities. Gazregion's clients include Gazprom, and has thousands of kilometers of pipelines as part of the Russian Federation's program to transport gas throughout the different regions.

On '''April 19, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published 15,600 emails from GUOV i GS - General Dept. of Troops and Civil Construction, which was hacked by the Anonymous actor DepaixPorteur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=Anonymous leaks 15,600 new emails from GUOV I GS via DDoSecrets |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/anonymous-leaks-15600-new-emails-from-guov-i-gs-via-ddosecrets/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> A construction company that works on projects in the interests of the Russian Ministry of Defense. GUOV i GS is wholly owned by the Russian Ministry of Defense through JSC Garnizon (formerly Oboronservis) and JSC GUOV / ГУОВ, the Main Directorate for the Arrangement of Troops / Главное управление обустройства войск.

On '''April 22, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published 365,000 emails from Accent Capital, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-22 |title=Anonymous leaks 365,000 emails from Accent Capital via DDoSecrets |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/anonymous-leaks-365000-emails-from-accent-capital-via-ddosecrets/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Security Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> 365,000 emails from Accent Capital, a commercial real-estate investment firm. In contrast with many other real-estate investment firms, Accent Capital owns or is directly involved with the management of many of the properties its clients invest in.

On '''April 25, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published nearly 1,100,000 emails from ALET/АЛЕТ, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-25 |title=Anonymous has published nearly 1.1 million emails from ALET / АЛЕТ on DDoSecrets |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/anonymous-has-published-nearly-1-1-million-emails-from-alet-%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-on-ddosecrets/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> Nearly 1.1 million emails from ALET / АЛЕТ, a customs broker for companies in the fuel and energy industries, handling exports and customs declarations for coal, crude oil, liquefied gases and petroleum products. ALET has worked with over 400 companies since 2011 to file over 119,000 customs declarations and has recommendations from Gazprom, Gazprom Neft and Bashneft. Approximately 75% of ALET's business comes from oil products, 10% from oil, and 9% from hydrocarbon products.

On '''May 5, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published roughly 480 gigabytes of files, emails and disk images from CorpMSP, which was hacked by the Anonymous aligned NB65.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-06 |title=Anonymous collective NB65 hacks Over 480 GB emails from CorpMSP, a Russian government organization |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/anonymous-collective-nb65-hacks-over-480-gb-emails-from-corpmsp-a-russian-government-organization/ |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> CorpMSP is a federal institution providing support to small and medium-sized businesses. The controlling shareholder of CorpMSP is the Russian Federation.

On '''May 11, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published over 466 gigabytes of emails from the [[Nikolai M. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography]] (PINRO), which was hacked by Anonymous actors DepaixPorteur and B00daMooda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=OpRussia update: Anonymous breached other organizations |url=https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/131264/hacktivism/anonymous-oprussia-updates.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Security Affairs |language=en-US}}</ref> 466 GB of emails from the Polar Branch of the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, whose studies determine the total allowable catch of different forms of commercial sea life.

On '''May 12, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published over 7,000 emails from the [[Achinsk]] City Government, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-12 |title=Anonymous breached Achinsk City government email database with 7000 emails leaked |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/anonymous-breached-achinsk-city-government-email-database-with-7000-emails-leaked/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> Over 7,000 emails from the Achinsk city government.

On '''May 13, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published 116,500 emails from SOCAR Energoresource, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=Russian SOCAR Energoresource company became victim of cyber attack by Anonymous Collective |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/current-affairs/russian-socar-energoresource-company-became-victim-of-cyber-attack-by-anonymous-collective/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> 116,500 emails SOCAR Energoresource / ООО Сокар энергоресурс, which operates the Antipinsky Refinery and several oilfields. SOCAR Energoresource works directly with Gazprom, Rosneft and Lukoil and is partially owned by the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR).

On '''May 30, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published more than 184 gigabytes of emails from Metprom Group LLC, which was hacked by the Anonymous actors DepaixPorteur, B00daMooda, and Wh1t3Sh4d0w.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Anonymous Collective hacked and released emails data of Metprom Group that has worked on dozens of projects with companies like ArcelorMittal |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/anonymous-collective-hacked-and-released-emails-data-of-metprom-group-that-has-worked-on-dozens-of-projects-with-companies-like-arcelormittal/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> Emails from a metallurgic engineering and investment group involved in dozens of projects with ArcelorMittal, PAO NLMK, EVRAZ group enterprises, PAO Mechel plants, PAO Severstal, Isfahan metallurgical plant, Helwan metallurgical plant and others.

On '''June 1, 2022''', [[Distributed Denial of Secrets|DDoSecrets]] published more than 1,000,000 emails from Vyberi Radio, which was hacked by Anonymous.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Hackers leaked millions of emails of the Russian Vyberi Radio |url=https://www.thetechoutlook.com/news/technology/security/hackers-leaked-millions-of-emails-of-the-russian-vyberi-radio-read-more/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The Tech Outlook |language=en-US}}</ref> 1.5 million emails from the Vyberi Radio / Выбери Радио group, which operates around 100 radio stations in 18 cities throughout Russia, with over 8 million listeners.

==== Iranian Protests====
Over the death of [[Death of Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini]], Anonymous took out Iranian websites on their word to "help the Iranian people".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/21/anonymous-hacks-iran-state-websites-after-mahsa-aminis-death | title='Anonymous' hacks Iran state websites after Mahsa Amini's death }}</ref>

==== China Protests ====
In response to the [[2022 COVID-19 protests in China]], Anonymous launched the ''Operation White Paper'', attacked and took down Chinese government controlled websites, and leaked some Chinese government officials' personal information. <ref>{{Cite web |title=黑客组织攻击中国政府网站声援白纸运动 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/Xinwen/4-12012022112921.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=zh-cn}}</ref>

== Related groups ==

===LulzSec===
{{main|LulzSec}}
In May 2011, the small group of Anons behind the HBGary Federal hack—including Tflow, Topiary, Sabu, and Kayla—formed the hacker group "Lulz Security", commonly abbreviated "LulzSec". The group's first attack was against [[Fox.com]], leaking several passwords, LinkedIn profiles, and the names of 73,000 ''[[The X Factor (US TV series)|X Factor]]'' contestants. In May 2011, members of Lulz Security gained international attention for hacking into the American [[Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) website. They stole user data and posted a fake story on the site that claimed that rappers [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[Biggie Smalls]] were still alive and living in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hackers pirate PBS website, post fake story about Tupac still alive|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/05/30/pbs.hackers/index.html?iid=EL|publisher=CNN|access-date=June 3, 2011}}</ref> LulzSec stated that some of its hacks, including its attack on PBS, were motivated by a desire to defend WikiLeaks and its informant [[Chelsea Manning]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Olson|first=Parmy|title=Interview With PBS Hackers: We Did It For 'Lulz And Justice'|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/parmyolson/2011/05/31/interview-with-pbs-hackers-we-did-it-for-lulz-and-justice/|work=Forbes|access-date=June 3, 2011|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

In June 2011, members of the group claimed responsibility for an attack against [[Sony Pictures]] that took data that included "names, passwords, e-mail addresses, home addresses and dates of birth for thousands of people."<ref>{{cite news|last=Pepitone |first=Julianne |title=Group claims fresh hack of 1 million Sony accounts Money |url=https://money.cnn.com/2011/06/02/technology/sony_lulz_hack/ |publisher=CNN |date=June 2, 2011 |access-date=June 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818213115/https://money.cnn.com/2011/06/02/technology/sony_lulz_hack/ |archive-date=August 18, 2011 }}</ref> In early June, LulzSec hacked into and stole user information from the [[Internet pornography|pornography website]] www.pron.com. They obtained and published around 26,000 e-mail addresses and passwords.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas |first=Keir |title=Porn Site Users Beware: Hacker Group LulzSec May Have Posted Your Email Address |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn_site_users_beware_hacker_group_lulzsec_may_have_posted_your_email_address.html |access-date=June 11, 2012 |newspaper=[[PC World]] |date=June 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907212709/http://www.pcworld.com/article/230122/porn_site_users_beware_hacker_group_lulzsec_may_have_posted_your_email_address.html |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On June 14, 2011, LulzSec took down four websites by request of fans as part of their "Titanic Take-down Tuesday". These websites were ''[[Minecraft]]'', ''[[League of Legends]]'', ''[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]]'', and IT security company ''FinFisher''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bright |first=Peter |title=Titanic Takeover Tuesday: LulzSec's busy day of hacking escapades |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/titanic-takeover-tuesday-lulzsecs-busy-day-of-hacking-escapades.ars |access-date=June 14, 2011 |newspaper=[[Ars Technica]] |date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617030647/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/06/titanic-takeover-tuesday-lulzsecs-busy-day-of-hacking-escapades.ars?comments=1 |archive-date=June 17, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> They also attacked the login servers of the multiplayer online game ''[[EVE Online]]'', which also disabled the game's front-facing website, and the ''League of Legends'' login servers. Most of the takedowns were performed with [[distributed denial-of-service attack|DDoS attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Peckham |first=Matt |title=LulzSec Knocks 'Minecraft,' 'EVE Online,' 'League Of Legends' and 'The Escapist' Offline |url=http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec-knocks-minecraft-eve-online-league-of-legends-and-the-escapist-offline/ |access-date=June 14, 2011 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616110019/http://techland.time.com/2011/06/14/lulzsec-knocks-minecraft-eve-online-league-of-legends-and-the-escapist-offline/ |archive-date=June 16, 2011 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref>

LulzSec also hacked a variety of government-affiliated sites, such as chapter sites of ''[[InfraGard]]'', a non-profit organization affiliated with the FBI.<ref name="twsj">{{cite news|last1=Morse |last2=Sherr |first1=Andrew |first2=Ian |title=For Some Hackers, The Goal Is Just To Play A Prank |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110605-702801.html |access-date=June 6, 2011 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |page=B1 |date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609014101/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110605-702801.html |archive-date=June 9, 2011 }}</ref> The group leaked some of InfraGard member e-mails and a database of local users.<ref>{{cite news|title=LulzSec claims to have hacked FBI-affiliated website|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/06/lulz-security-claims-to-have-hacked-fbi-affiliated-website-.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 4, 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref> On June 13, LulzSec released the e-mails and passwords of a number of users of senate.gov, the website of the [[U.S. Senate]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ogg |first=Erica |title=LulzSec targets videogame maker ZeniMax Media |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20070873-260/lulzsec-targets-videogame-maker-zenimax-media/ |access-date=June 13, 2011 |date=June 13, 2012 |agency=[[CNET.com]]. [[CBS Interactive]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715025034/http://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20070873-260/lulzsec-targets-videogame-maker-zenimax-media/ |archive-date=July 15, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On June 15, LulzSec launched an attack on cia.gov, the public website of the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]], taking the website offline for several hours with a distributed denial-of-service attack.<ref>{{cite news |title=CIA website hacked; LulzSec takes credit (again) |url=http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia-website-hacked-lulzsec-takes-credit-again.html |access-date=June 16, 2011 |newspaper=[[Consumer Reports]] |date=June 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618033144/http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/06/cia-website-hacked-lulzsec-takes-credit-again.html |archive-date=June 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On December 2, an offshoot of LulzSec calling itself LulzSec Portugal attacked several sites related to the government of Portugal. The websites for the [[Bank of Portugal]], the [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]], and the [[Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development]] all became unavailable for a few hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hackers voltam a atacar sites portugueses |url=http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec-hackers-tvi24/1304669-4069.html |access-date=December 3, 2012 |newspaper=[[TVI 24]] |date=December 2, 2012 |agency=[[Televisão Independente]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203083010/http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/tecnologia/lulzsec-hackers-tvi24/1304669-4069.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |language=pt |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 26, 2011, the core LulzSec group announced it had reached the end of its "50 days of lulz" and was ceasing operations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weisenthal |first=Joe |title=Notorious Hacker Group LulzSec Just Announced That It's Finished |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/lulzsec-finished-2011-6 |access-date=June 25, 2011 |newspaper=[[Business Insider]] |date=June 25, 2011 |agency=Silicon Alley Insider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627005600/http://www.businessinsider.com/lulzsec-finished-2011-6 |archive-date=June 27, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sabu, however, had already been secretly arrested on June 7 and then released to work as an FBI informant. His cooperation led to the arrests of Ryan Cleary, James Jeffery, and others.<ref name="lulzsec_sabu_freedom">Thomson, Iain. "[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/08/23/lulzsec_sabu_freedom/ LulzSec sneak Sabu buys six more months of freedom]." ''[[The Register]]''. August 23, 2012.</ref> Tflow was arrested on July 19, 2011,<ref name="tflow">{{cite news|last=Kaplan |first=Jeremy |title=Leading Member of LulzSec Hacker Squad Arrested in London |url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading-member-lulzsec-hacker-squad-arrested-in-london/ |access-date=July 20, 2011 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=July 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720070005/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/leading-member-lulzsec-hacker-squad-arrested-in-london/ |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref> Topiary was arrested on July 27,<ref name="topiaryarrest">{{cite news|title=Man arrested over computer hacking claims |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14315442 |access-date=July 27, 2011 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=July 27, 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14315442 |archive-date=July 27, 2011 |location=London |url-status=live }}</ref> and Kayla was arrested on March 6, 2012.<ref name="Sabufox">{{cite news|last=Winter |first=Jana |title=Infamous international hacking group LulzSec brought down by own leader |url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking-group-lulzsec-swept-up-by-law-enforcement/ |access-date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306152006/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/06/hacking-group-lulzsec-swept-up-by-law-enforcement/ |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref> Topiary, Kayla, Tflow, and Cleary pleaded guilty in April 2013 and were scheduled to be sentenced in May 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22214506 |title=Kretsinger, Sony hacker Recursion, jailed for year |date=April 19, 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509011356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-22214506 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2013, Australian police arrested the alleged LulzSec leader Aush0k, but subsequent prosecutions failed to establish police claims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/world/asia/australia-arrests-self-proclaimed-head-of-hacking-group.html|title=Australia Arrests the Professed Head of LulzSec, Which Claims a C.I.A. Hacking |author=Siegel, Matt |date=April 24, 2013 |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630021834/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/25/world/asia/australia-arrests-self-proclaimed-head-of-hacking-group.html?_r=1& |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-10/afp-methods-questioned-as-hacker-claims-he-was-wrongly-accused/5879380|title='LulzSec hacker' says police claims based on Facebook joke|last1=Duffy|first1=Conor|last2=McGregor|first2=Jeanavive|date=November 1, 2014|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=April 17, 2020}}</ref>

===AntiSec===
{{main|Operation AntiSec}}
Beginning in June 2011, hackers from Anonymous and LulzSec collaborated on a series of cyber attacks known as "Operation AntiSec". On June 23, in retaliation for the passage of the immigration enforcement bill [[Arizona SB 1070]], LulzSec released a cache of documents from the [[Arizona Department of Public Safety]], including the personal information and home addresses of many law enforcement officers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tsotsis|first=Alexia|title=LulzSec Releases Arizona Law Enforcement Data In Retaliation For Immigration Law|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/23/lulzsec-releases-arizona-law-enforcement-data-in-retaliation-for-immigration-law/|access-date=June 23, 2011|newspaper=TechCrunch|date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> On June 22, LulzSec Brazil took down the websites of the [[Government of Brazil]] and the [[President of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Emery|first=Daniel|title=LulzSec hits Brazilian websites|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13878888|access-date=June 22, 2011|publisher=BBC |date=June 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Jack|title=LulzSec takes down Brazil government sites|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20073219-83/lulzsec-takes-down-brazil-government-sites/|access-date=June 22, 2011|publisher=CNET|date=June 22, 2011}}</ref> Later data dumps included the names, addresses, phone numbers, Internet passwords, and [[Social Security number]]s of police officers in [[Arizona]],<ref name="arizona2">{{cite news |last=Albanesius |first=Chloe |title=LulzBoat Sails On: Anonymous Dumps More Arizona Data |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387817,00.asp |access-date=July 5, 2011 |newspaper=[[PC Magazine]] |date=June 29, 2011 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214142840/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2387817,00.asp |archive-date=December 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Missouri]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Usigan |first=Ysolt |title=Online security breach! Hackers leak social security numbers of cops in Missouri |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20087410-501465.html |access-date=August 5, 2011 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=August 3, 2011 |publisher=[[CBS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804172334/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20087410-501465.html |archive-date=August 4, 2011 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Alabama]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly |first=Meghan |title=Anonymous releases private police information in name of Occupy Wall Street |url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/10/21/anonymous-occupy-wall-street-police/ |access-date=October 22, 2011 |newspaper=[[VentureBeat]] |date=October 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022152147/http://venturebeat.com/2011/10/21/anonymous-occupy-wall-street-police/ |archive-date=October 22, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> AntiSec members also stole police officer credit card information to make donations to various causes.<ref name="ccn">{{cite news|last=Mills |first=Elinor |title=AntiSec hackers post stolen police data as revenge for arrests |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20089054-245/antisec-hackers-post-stolen-police-data-as-revenge-for-arrests/ |access-date=August 6, 2011 |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=August 6, 2011 |agency=[[CBS Interactive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810042422/http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20089054-245/antisec-hackers-post-stolen-police-data-as-revenge-for-arrests/ |archive-date=August 10, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 18, LulzSec hacked into and vandalized the website of British newspaper ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' in response to a [[News International phone hacking scandal|phone-hacking scandal]].<ref name="Gayomail">{{cite news|last=Gayomail |first=Chris |title=LulzSec Hacks 'News of the World' and 'The Sun,' Plants Fake Murdoch Death Story |url=http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec-hacks-news-of-the-world-and-the-sun-plants-fake-murdoch-death-story/ |access-date=July 18, 2011 |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=July 18, 2011 |agency=[[Time Inc.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025516/http://techland.time.com/2011/07/18/lulzsec-hacks-news-of-the-world-and-the-sun-plants-fake-murdoch-death-story/ |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rovzar |first=Chris |title=Website of Murdoch's Sun Hacked |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website_of_murdochs_sun_hacked.html |access-date=July 18, 2011 |newspaper=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=July 18, 2011 |agency=New York Media Holdings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721104502/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/website_of_murdochs_sun_hacked.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011 |location=New York City |url-status=live }}</ref> Other targets of AntiSec actions have included FBI contractor [[ManTech International]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Hachman |first=Mark |title=Anonymous Publishes Internal Documents from Govt. Contractor ManTech |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389447,00.asp |access-date=July 29, 2011 |newspaper=[[PC Magazine]] |date=July 29, 2011 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014044147/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2389447,00.asp |archive-date=October 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> computer security firm Vanguard Defense Industries,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ragan |first=Steve |title=Vanguard Defense Industries compromised by AntiSec |url=http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201133/7514/Vanguard-Defense-Industries-compromised-by-AntiSec |access-date=August 18, 2011 |newspaper=[[The Tech Herald]] |date=August 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821232933/http://www.thetechherald.com/article.php/201133/7514/Vanguard-Defense-Industries-compromised-by-AntiSec |archive-date=August 21, 2011 |page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and defense contractor [[Booz Allen Hamilton]], releasing 90,000 military e-mail accounts and their passwords from the latter.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gerwirtz |first=David |title=Military Meltdown Monday: 90,000 military email profiles released by AntiSec |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/government/military-meltdown-monday-90000-military-email-profiles-released-by-antisec/10580 |access-date=July 12, 2011 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=July 11, 2011 |agency=[[CBS Interactive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715010614/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/government/military-meltdown-monday-90000-military-email-profiles-released-by-antisec/10580 |archive-date=July 15, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In December 2011, AntiSec member "sup_g" (alleged by the U.S. government to be [[Jeremy Hammond]]) and others hacked [[Stratfor]], a U.S.-based intelligence company, vandalizing its web page and publishing 30,000 credit card numbers from its databases.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/03/inside-the-hacking-of-stratfor-the-fbis-case-against-antisec-member-anarchaos/ |title=Inside the hacking of Stratfor: the FBI's case against Antisec member Anarchaos |author=Gallagher, Sean |date=March 6, 2012 |publisher=Ars technica |access-date=May 5, 2013 }}</ref> AntiSec later released millions of the company's e-mails to Wikileaks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/may/04/security-alert-war-in-cyberspace |title=Security alert: notes from the frontline of the war in cyberspace |author=Ronson, Jon |date=May 3, 2013 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505001253/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/may/04/security-alert-war-in-cyberspace |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Arrests and trials==
Since 2009, dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks, in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 355}} Anons generally protest these prosecutions and describe these individuals as martyrs to the movement.{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 356}} The July 2011 arrest of LulzSec member Topiary became a particular rallying point, leading to a widespread "Free Topiary" movement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-33103299.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225035/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-33103299.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |title=Scots hacker admits breaking into the CIA |author=Munro, Alistair |date=June 26, 2012 |work=The Scotsman |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|access-date=May 5, 2013}}</ref>

The first person to be sent to jail for participation in an Anonymous DDoS attack was Dmitriy Guzner, an American 19-year-old. He pleaded guilty to "unauthorized impairment of a protected computer" in November 2009 and was sentenced to 366 days in [[U.S. federal prison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/11/verona_man_admits_hacking_chur.html |title=Verona man admits role in attack on Church of Scientology's websites |date=November 16, 2009 |work=The Star-Ledger |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708175852/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/11/verona_man_admits_hacking_chur.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Olson|2012|p = 89}}

On June 13, 2011, officials in Turkey arrested 32 individuals that were allegedly involved in DDoS attacks on Turkish government websites. These members of Anonymous were captured in different cities of Turkey including [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]]. According to ''[[PC Magazine]]'', these individuals were arrested after they attacked websites as a response to the Turkish government demand to ISPs to implement a system of filters that many have perceived as censorship.<ref>{{cite news|last=Albanesius |first=Chloe |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386803,00.asp |title=Turkey Arrests 32 'Anonymous' Members & Opinion |work=PC Magazine |date=June 13, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/detienen-en-turquia-a-32-presuntos-miembros-de-anonymous_9607324-4 |title=Detienen en Turquía a 32 presuntos miembros de 'Anonymous' – Noticias de Europa – Mundo |publisher=Eltiempo.Com |access-date=August 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530022238/http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/detienen-en-turquia-a-32-presuntos-miembros-de-anonymous_9607324-4 |archive-date=May 30, 2013 }}</ref>

Chris Doyon (alias "Commander X"), a self-described leader of Anonymous, was arrested in September 2011 for a cyberattack on the website of [[Santa Cruz County, California|Santa Cruz County]], California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20111057-245/alleged-commander-x-anonymous-hacker-pleads-not-guilty/ |title=Alleged 'Commander X' Anonymous hacker pleads not guilty |author=Elinor Mills |date=September 23, 2011 |publisher=CNET |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=February 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209013355/http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20111057-245/alleged-commander-x-anonymous-hacker-pleads-not-guilty/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CommX" /> He [[Bail jumping|jumped bail]] in February 2012 and fled across the border into Canada.<ref name="CommX">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/12/anon-on-the-run-how-commander-x-jumped-bai/3/ |title=Anon on the run: How Commander X jumped bail and fled to Canada |author=Nate Anderson |date=December 11, 2012 |publisher=Ars Technica |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=June 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606092453/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/12/anon-on-the-run-how-commander-x-jumped-bai/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2012, journalist and Anonymous associate [[Barrett Brown]], known for speaking to media on behalf of the group, was arrested hours after posting a video that appeared to threaten FBI agents with physical violence. Brown was subsequently charged with 17 offenses, including publishing personal credit card information from the Stratfor hack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/mar/20/barrett-brown-anonymous-pr-federal-target |title=How Barrett Brown went from Anonymous's PR to federal target |author=Gallagher, Ryan |date=March 20, 2013 |work=The Guardian |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501200642/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2013/mar/20/barrett-brown-anonymous-pr-federal-target |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Operation Avenge Assange===
Several law enforcement agencies took action after Anonymous' Operation Avenge Assange.<ref name="Operation Avenge Assange">{{cite news|title=Anonymous attacks PayPal in 'Operation Avenge Assange'|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/12/06/anonymous_launches_pro_wikileaks_campaign/|newspaper=The Register|date=December 6, 2010}}</ref> In January 2011, the British police arrested five male suspects between the ages of 15 and 26 with suspicion of participating in Anonymous DDoS attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-54454720110127 |title=UK police arrest WikiLeaks backers for cyber attacks |work=Reuters |date= January 27, 2011|access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref> During July 19–20, 2011, as many as 20 or more arrests were made of suspected Anonymous hackers in the US, UK, and Netherlands. According to the statements of U.S. officials, suspects' homes were raided and suspects were arrested in [[Alabama]], [[Arizona]], California, [[Colorado]], Washington DC, Florida, [[Massachusetts]], [[Nevada]], [[New Mexico]], and [[Ohio]]. Additionally, a 16-year-old boy was held by the police in south London on suspicion of breaching the [[Computer Misuse Act 1990]], and four were held in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14212110 |title=Police arrest 'hackers' in US, UK, Netherlands |publisher=BBC |date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110728192542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14212110| archive-date= July 28, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Greenberg, Andy |url=https://blogs.forbes.com/andygreenberg/2011/07/19/anonymous-arrests-continue-lulzsec-leader-claims-hes-not-affected/ |title=Fourteen Anonymous Hackers Arrested For "Operation Avenge Assange," LulzSec Leader Claims He's Not Affected – Forbes |work=Forbes |date=July 19, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/anonymous-hackers-arrested-in-us-sweep/story-e6frf7jx-1226097971794 |title='Anonymous' hackers arrested in US sweep |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=August 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/exclusive-fbi-search-warrants-nationwide-hunt-anonymous/ |title=16 Suspected 'Anonymous' Hackers Arrested In Nationwide Sweep |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=April 7, 2010 |access-date=August 30, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110729011420/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/19/exclusive-fbi-search-warrants-nationwide-hunt-anonymous/| archive-date= July 29, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

AnonOps admin [[Christopher Weatherhead]] (alias "Nerdo"), a 22-year-old who had reportedly been intimately involved in organizing DDoS attacks during "Operation Payback",<ref name="Anonymous jailed">{{cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Anonymous hackers jailed for cyber attacks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/24/anonymous-hackers-jailed-cyber-attacks|access-date=April 30, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> was convicted by a UK court on one count of conspiracy to impair the operation of computers in December 2012. He was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment. Ashley Rhodes, Peter Gibson, and another male had already pleaded guilty to the same charge for actions between August 2010 and January 2011.<ref name="Anonymous jailed" /><ref name="Sniffed out">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/12/14/uk_anon_investigation/ |title=UK cops: How we sniffed out convicted AnonOps admin 'Nerdo' |author=Leyden, John |date=December 14, 2012 |work=The Register |access-date=April 19, 2013 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416060442/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/12/14/uk_anon_investigation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Analysis ==
Evaluations of Anonymous' actions and effectiveness vary widely. In a widely shared post, blogger Patrick Gray wrote that private security firms "secretly love" the group for the way in which it publicizes cyber security threats.{{sfn|Olson|2012|pp = 309–310}} Anonymous is sometimes stated to have changed the nature of protesting,<ref name="CBC" /><ref name="Coleman" /> and in 2012, ''Time'' called it one of the "100 most influential people" in the world.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

In 2012, [[Public Radio International]] reported that the U.S. [[National Security Agency]] considered Anonymous a potential national security threat and had warned the president that it could develop the capability to disable parts of the U.S. power grid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/politics-society/government/nsa-declares-anonymous-a-threat-to-national-security-8559.html |title=National Security Agency calls hacktivist group 'Anonymous' a threat to national security |date=February 27, 2012 |publisher=Public Radio International |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=July 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704042532/http://www.pri.org/stories/politics-society/government/nsa-declares-anonymous-a-threat-to-national-security-8559.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, CNN reported in the same year that "security industry experts generally don't consider Anonymous a major player in the world of cybercrime" due to the group's reliance on DDoS attacks that briefly disabled websites rather than the more serious damage possible through hacking. One security consultant compared the group to "a jewelry thief that drives through a window, steal jewels, and rather than keep them, waves them around and tosses them out to a crowd ... They're very noisy, low-grade crimes."<ref name="Goldman" /> In its ''2013 Threats Predictions'' report, [[McAfee]] wrote that the technical sophistication of Anonymous was in decline and that it was losing supporters due to "too many uncoordinated and unclear operations".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-threat-predictions-2013.pdf |title=2013 Threats Predictions |publisher=McAfee |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308062804/http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-threat-predictions-2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Graham Cluley, a security expert for [[Sophos]], argued that Anonymous' actions against child porn websites hosted on a [[darknet]] could be counterproductive, commenting that while their intentions may be good, the removal of illegal websites and sharing networks should be performed by the authorities, rather than Internet vigilantes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/24/anonymous_fight_child_abuse_network/|title=Anonymous shuts down hidden child abuse hub|last=Leyden|first=John |date=October 24, 2011|work=[[The Register]]|access-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref>
Some commentators also argued that the DDoS attacks by Anonymous following the January 2012 [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] protests had proved counterproductive. Molly Wood of CNET wrote that "[i]f the SOPA/PIPA protests were the Web's moment of inspiring, non-violent, hand-holding civil disobedience, #OpMegaUpload feels like the unsettling wave of car-burning hooligans that sweep in and incite the riot portion of the play."<ref name="CNET12">{{cite news | last = Wood | first = Molly | author-link = Molly Wood | date = January 19, 2012 | title = Anonymous goes nuclear; everybody loses? | publisher = CNET | url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-31322_3-57362437-256/anonymous-goes-nuclear-everybody-loses/ | access-date =January 21, 2012 }}</ref> Dwight Silverman of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' concurred, stating that "Anonymous' actions hurt the movement to kill SOPA/PIPA by highlighting online lawlessness."<ref>{{cite news|last=Jonsson |first=Patrik |date=January 21, 2012 |title=SOPA: Feds go after Megaupload as Congress reviews anti-piracy bills |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/sopa-feds-go-after-megaupload-congress-reviews-anti-piracy-bills |access-date=January 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123214325/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/sopa-feds-go-after-megaupload-congress-reviews-anti-piracy-bills |archive-date=January 23, 2012 }}</ref> The [[Oxford Internet Institute]]'s Joss Wright wrote that "In one sense the actions of Anonymous are themselves, anonymously and unaccountably, censoring websites in response to positions with which they disagree."<ref name="BBC120">{{cite news | last = Kelion | first = Leo | date = January 20, 2012 | title = Hackers retaliate over Megaupload website shutdown |work=BBC News | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16646023 | access-date =January 21, 2012 }}</ref>

[[Gabriella Coleman]] has compared the group to the [[trickster]] [[archetype]]<ref name="Anon101">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/11/anonymous-101/all/ |title=Anonymous 101: Introduction to the Lulz |author=Norton, Quinn |date=November 8, 2011 |magazine=Wired |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405002007/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/11/anonymous-101/all |url-status=live }}</ref> and said that "they dramatize the importance of anonymity and privacy in an era when both are rapidly eroding. Given that vast databases track us, given the vast explosion of surveillance, there's something enchanting, mesmerizing and at a minimum thought-provoking about Anonymous' interventions".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ted.com/2012/06/27/peeking-behind-the-curtain-at-anonymous-gabriella-coleman-at-tedglobal-2012/ |title=Peeking behind the curtain at Anonymous: Gabriella Coleman at TEDGlobal 2012 |author=Walters, Helen |date=June 27, 2012 |publisher=TED |access-date=May 5, 2013 |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512175225/http://blog.ted.com/2012/06/27/peeking-behind-the-curtain-at-anonymous-gabriella-coleman-at-tedglobal-2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked what good Anonymous had done for the world, [[Parmy Olson]] replied:
{{blockquote|text=In some cases, yes, I think it has in terms of some of the stuff they did in the Middle East supporting the pro-democracy demonstrators. But a lot of bad things too, unnecessarily harassing people – I would class that as a bad thing. DDOSing the CIA website, stealing customer data and posting it online just for shits and giggles is not a good thing.<ref name="Olson" />}}

Quinn Norton of ''Wired'' wrote of the group in 2011:
{{blockquote|text=I will confess up front that I love Anonymous, but not because I think they're the heroes. Like Alan Moore's character V who inspired Anonymous to adopt the Guy Fawkes mask as an icon and fashion item, you're never quite sure if Anonymous is the hero or antihero. The trickster is attracted to change and the need for change, and that's where Anonymous goes. But they are not your personal army – that's Rule 44 – yes, there are rules. And when they do something, it never goes quite as planned. The internet has no neat endings.<ref name="Anon101" />}}

Furthermore, Landers assessed the following in 2008:
{{blockquote|text=Anonymous is the first internet-based super-consciousness. Anonymous is a group, in the sense that a flock of birds is a group. How do you know they’re a group? Because they’re travelling in the same direction. At any given moment, more birds could join, leave, peel off in another direction entirely.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caneppele |first1=Stefano |first2=Francesco |last2=Calderoni |date= 2013-10-30|title=Organized Crime, Corruption and Crime Prevention |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTG8BAAAQBAJ&q="420chan"&pg=PA235 |page=235 |isbn=978-3-319-01839-3 |access-date=28 March 2015 }}</ref>}}

==Media portrayal==
[[Sam Esmail]] shared in an interview with ''Motherboard'' that he was inspired by Anonymous when creating the [[USA Network]] hacktivist drama, ''[[Mr. Robot]]''.<ref>"The Creator of 'Mr. Robot' Explains Its Hacktivist and Cult Roots". Motherboard. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</ref> Furthermore, ''Wired'' calls the "Omegas", a fictitious hacker group in the show, "a clear reference to the Anonymous offshoot known as [[LulzSec]]".<ref name="wired_lulzsec">{{cite magazine
| last = Zetter
| first = Kim
| title = Mr. Robot Is the Best Hacking Show Yet—But It's Not Perfect
| magazine = Wired
| date = July 8, 2015
| url = https://www.wired.com/2015/07/mr-robot-fact-check/
| access-date = January 5, 2018 }}</ref> A member of Anonymous called ''Mr. Robot'' "the most accurate portrayal of security and hacking culture ever to grace the screen".<ref name="anonymous_ibtimes">{{cite web
| last = Agard
| first = Chancellor
| title = Why USA Network's 'Mr. Robot' Is The Most Realistic Depiction Of Hacking On Television
| work = International Business Times
| date = July 22, 2015
| url = http://www.ibtimes.com/why-usa-networks-mr-robot-most-realistic-depiction-hacking-television-2020213
| access-date = January 5, 2018}}</ref> In the TV series ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' a hacktivist collective called "Everyone" plays a recurring role; there are several hints and similarities to Anonymous.

==See also==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}'''Memetic persona'''
* [[Luther Blissett (nom de plume)]]
* [[Crowd psychology]]
* [[John Doe]]
* [[Proteus effect]]

'''Composition'''
* [[Emergent organization]]
* [[Fourth-generation warfare]]
* [[Self-organization]]
* [[Spontaneous order]]
* [[Adhocracy]]

{{col-2}}
{{Portal|Internet|Politics|Society
}}
'''Activism'''
* [[Electronic civil disobedience]]
* [[Leaderless resistance]]
* [[Streisand effect]]

'''Other related articles'''
* [[Anti-mask laws]]
* [[Derp (hacker group)]]
* [[LulzRaft]]
* [[Securax]]
* [[RedHack]]
* ''[[We Are Legion: The Story of the Hacktivists]]''
{{col-end}}

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Gabriella|title=Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous|url=https://archive.org/details/2014TheManyFacesOfAnonymous|date=November 4, 2014|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=978-1781685846}}
* {{cite book|last=Firer-Blaess|first=Sylvain|title=The Collective Identity of Anonymous: Web of Meanings in a Digitally Enabled Movement|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|location=Uppsala|date=2016|pages=220|isbn=978-91-554-9602-9|url=http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:926671/FULLTEXT01.pdf|access-date=October 5, 2016}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=Brian |year=2012 |title=Investing in a Centralized Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Why 'Hacktivism' can and should influence cybersecurity reform |journal=Boston University Law Review |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1663–1710 |url=http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/bulr/volume92n4/documents/KELLY.pdf |access-date=May 2, 2013}}
* {{cite book|last=Olson|first=Parmy|title=We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncGVPtoZPHcC|access-date=May 2, 2013|date=June 5, 2012|publisher=Hachette Digital, Inc.|isbn=978-0-316-21353-0}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|display=Anonymous|s=Portal:Anonymous (group)}}
{{Anonymous and the Internet}}
{{Scientology versus the Internet}}
{{Hacking in the 2010s}}
{{Internet slang}}
{{Occupy movement}}
{{George Floyd}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anonymous (Group)}}
[[Category:Anonymous (hacker group)| ]]
[[Category:Anonymity]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks]]
[[Category:Hacker groups]]
[[Category:Information society]]
[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Internet vigilantism]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2003]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Hacking in the 2000s]]
[[Category:Hacking in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Hacking in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Cyberattack gangs]]
[[Category:Anonymity pseudonyms]]
[[Category:4chan]]
[[Category:Anti-cult organizations]]
[[Category:Hacktivists]]
[[Category:Cybercrime in the United States]]

Zoom Video Communications

2022-10-03T09:47:38Z

Herobrine:

{{short description|American video communications company}}
{{About|the company|the videoconferencing software developed by this company|Zoom (software)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020 }}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zoom Video Communications, Inc.
| logo = Zoom Logo 2022.svg
| image= Zoomheadquarters.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Zoom headquarters, [[Downtown San Jose]]
| type = [[Public company]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NASDAQ|ZM}} (Class A)|[[Nasdaq-100]] component}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011|04|21}}
| founder = [[Eric Yuan]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| location = {{nowrap|[[San Jose, California]], U.S.}}
| key_people = [[Eric Yuan]] ([[Chairman]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) Kelly Steckelberg ([[CFO]]) [[Peter Gassner]] (Director) Janine Pelosi ([[Chief marketing officer|CMO]])<ref name=10K/>
| services = [[Videotelephony]] [[Online chat]] [[Business telephone system]]s
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|3.05 billion|link=yes}} (2022)
| operating_income = {{increase}} US$1.06 billion (2022)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$1.38 billion (2022)
| assets = {{increase}} US$7.55 billion (2022)
| equity = {{increase}} US$5.78 billion (2022)
| num_employees = 6,787 (2022)
| website = {{Official website}}
| footnotes = Financials {{asof|2022|1|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1585521/000158552122000037/zm-20220131.htm | title=Zoom Video Communications, Inc. 2022 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''Zoom Video Communications, Inc.''' (commonly shortened to '''Zoom''', and stylized as '''zoom''') is an American communications technology company headquartered in [[San Jose, California]]. It provides [[videotelephony]] and [[online chat]] services through a cloud-based [[peer-to-peer]] software platform used for video communications (Meetings), messaging (Chat), voice calls (Phone), conference rooms for video meetings (Rooms), virtual events (Events) and contact centers (Contact Center), and offers an open platform allowing third-party developers to build custom applications on its [[Unified communications as a service|unified communications]] platform (Developer Platform).<ref name=10K/><ref name=zoomnow/>

[[Eric Yuan]], a former [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] engineer and executive, founded Zoom in 2011, and launched its software in 2013.<ref name=backstory/> Zoom's revenue growth, and perceived ease-of-use and reliability of its software, resulted in a $1 billion valuation in 2017, making it a "[[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]" company.<ref name="Ray 2020">{{cite web | last=Ray | first=Tiernan | title=Is There Room for Zoom Video to Continue Zooming Upward? | website=TheStreet | date=2020-03-24 | url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/can-zoom-continue-zooming-upward | access-date=2020-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404053453/https://www.thestreet.com/investing/can-zoom-continue-zooming-upward | archive-date=April 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company first became profitable in 2019,<ref>{{cite web | title=Zoom, a profitable unicorn, files to go public – TechCrunch | website=[[TechCrunch]] | date=2019-03-22 | url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/03/22/zoom-a-profitable-unicorn-files-to-go-public/ | access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="The DBT News 2020">{{cite web | title=Zoom Video Communications Inc. [ZM] moved up 3.65: Why It's Important | website=The DBT News | date=2020-04-28 | url=https://dbtnews.com/2020/04/28/zoom-video-communications-inc-zm-moved-up-3-65-why-its-important/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002720/https://dbtnews.com/2020/04/28/zoom-video-communications-inc-zm-moved-up-3-65-why-its-important/ | archive-date=May 15, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> and completed an [[initial public offering]] that year.<ref name=value/> The company joined the [[NASDAQ-100]] stock index on April 30, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoom Video Communications, Inc. to Join the NASDAQ-100 Index Beginning April 30, 2020 |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/zoom-video-communications-inc.-to-join-the-nasdaq-100-index-beginning-april-30-2020 |website=NASDAQ Media Center |publisher=NASDAQ |date=April 23, 2020 |access-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425155055/https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/zoom-video-communications-inc.-to-join-the-nasdaq-100-index-beginning-april-30-2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in early 2020, Zoom's software usage saw a remarkable global increase after [[quarantine]] measures were adopted in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=concerns/> Its software products have faced public and media scrutiny related to [[computer security|security]] and [[information privacy|privacy]] issues, though the company has taken measures to address these issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/31/21201019/zoom-coronavirus-privacy-hacks | last=Morrison | first=Sara | title=Zoom responds to its privacy (and porn) problems | work=[[Vox Media]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411175641/https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/31/21201019/zoom-coronavirus-privacy-hacks | archive-date=April 11, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-every-security-issue-uncovered-in-the-video-chat-app/|title=Timeline of every security issue uncovered in Zoom|last=Rae|first=Hodge|date=2020-04-15|website=CNET|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416215436/https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-every-security-issue-uncovered-in-the-video-chat-app/|archive-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020">{{cite web | last=Lopez | first=Napier | title=Zoom's 5.0 update helps stop zoombombing and improves encryption | website=The Next Web | date=2020-04-22 | url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508054234/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | archive-date=May 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Early years===
Zoom was founded by [[Eric Yuan]], a former corporate vice president for [[Cisco Webex]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Ari|date=2019-04-19|title=Zoom's CEO emigrated from China 22 years ago and spoke little English — now he's worth almost $3{{nbsp}}billion|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-worth-3-billion-after-ipo-profile.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807172131/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-worth-3-billion-after-ipo-profile.html|archive-date=August 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He left Cisco in April 2011 with 40 engineers to start a new company,<ref name=backstory>{{Cite news | url=https://medium.com/thrive-global/the-inspiring-backstory-of-eric-s-yuan-founder-and-ceo-of-zoom-98b7fab8cacc | title=The Inspiring Backstory of Eric S. Yuan, Founder and CEO of Zoom | first=Yitzi | last=Weiner | work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=October 2, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423220431/https://medium.com/thrive-global/the-inspiring-backstory-of-eric-s-yuan-founder-and-ceo-of-zoom-98b7fab8cacc | archive-date=April 23, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> originally named Saasbee, Inc.<ref name=young>{{cite news | url=https://vator.tv/news/2020-03-26-when-zoom-was-young-the-early-years | title=When Zoom was young: the early years | work=[[Vator]]}}</ref> The company had trouble finding investors because many people thought the videotelephony market was already saturated.<ref name=young/> In June 2011, the company raised $3{{nbsp}}million of [[seed money]] from WebEx founder [[Subrah Iyar]], former [[Cisco]] SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman, and [[venture capital]]ists Matt Ocko, [[TSVC]], and Bill Tai.<ref name=young/>

In May 2012, the company changed its name to Zoom, influenced by [[Thacher Hurd]]'s children's book ''Zoom City''.<ref name=young/> In September 2012, Zoom launched a beta version that could host conferences with up to 15 video participants.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | title=A Chance To Call 15 Friends To Video Chat In High Def | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 21, 2012 | author-link=Walt Mossberg | last=Mossberg | first=Walter S. | url-access=subscription | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2012, the company signed [[Stanford University]] as its first customer.<ref name=young/> The service was launched in January 2013 after the company raised a $6{{nbsp}}million [[Series A round]] from [[Qualcomm Ventures]], [[Yahoo!]] founder [[Jerry Yang]], WebEx founder [[Subrah Iyar]], and former [[Cisco]] SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Tom Huddleston|date=2019-08-21|title=Zoom's founder left a 6-figure job because he wasn't happy—and following his heart made him a billionaire|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/zoom-founder-left-job-because-he-wasnt-happy-became-billionaire.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421125813/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/zoom-founder-left-job-because-he-wasnt-happy-became-billionaire.html|archive-date=April 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoom launched version 1.0 of the program allowing the maximum number of participants per conference to be 25.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | title=Zoom Raises $6M Series A, Launches Version 1.0 Of Its | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 28, 2013 | access-date=April 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923032706/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | archive-date=September 23, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and by May 2013 it had 1{{nbsp}}million users.<ref name=drive/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |title=Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants |publisher=TMCnet |date=23 May 2013 |last=Pleasant |first=Robbie |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074257/https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Growth===
In July 2013, Zoom established partnerships with [[Business-to-business|B2B]] collaboration software providers, such as [[Redbooth]] (then Teambox),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/18/teambox-adds-high-definition-video-conferencing-market-looks-for-deeper-collaboration/ | publisher=[[TechCrunch]] | title=Teambox Adds High-Definition Video Conferencing, Market Looks for Deeper Collaboration | date=June 18, 2013 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032130/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/18/teambox-adds-high-definition-video-conferencing-market-looks-for-deeper-collaboration/ | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and also created a program named Works with Zoom, which established partnerships with [[Logitech]], Vaddio,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hdproguide.com/vaddio-and-zoom-video-communications-partner-to-bring-collaboration-to-the-enterprise/ | title=Vaddio and Zoom Video Communications Partner to Bring Collaboration to The Enterprise | publisher=HD Pro Guide | date=July 25, 2013 | access-date=February 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032254/https://www.hdproguide.com/vaddio-and-zoom-video-communications-partner-to-bring-collaboration-to-the-enterprise/ | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[InFocus]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2013/07/23/works-with-zoom-program/ | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | title=Zoom Introduces New "Works with Zoom" Program! | date=July 23, 2013 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413010654/https://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2013/07/23/works-with-zoom-program/ | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html | title=Zoom Beefs Up Video Conferencing Strategy with New Partners | publisher=Enterprise Networking Planet | last=Chao | first=Jude | date=July 29, 2013 | access-date=February 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032130/http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130723005656/en/Zoom-Video-Communications-Partners-Industry-Leading-Technology-Providers | title=Zoom Video Communications Partners with Industry-Leading Technology Providers | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=July 23, 2013 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153942/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130723005656/en/Zoom-Video-Communications-Partners-Industry-Leading-Technology-Providers | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2013, the company raised $6.5{{nbsp}}million in a Series B round from Horizon Ventures, and existing investors. At that time, it had 3{{nbsp}}million daily meeting participants.<ref name=drive>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/24/zoom-video-conferencing-platform-adds-6-5m-in-funding-to-drive-expansion-and-uptake-in-education-and-health/ | title=Zoom Video Conferencing Adds $6.5M In Funding To Drive Expansion and Uptake in Education and Health | first=Darrell | last=Etherington | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 24, 2013 | access-date=April 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026121901/http://techcrunch.com/2013/09/24/zoom-video-conferencing-platform-adds-6-5m-in-funding-to-drive-expansion-and-uptake-in-education-and-health/ | archive-date=October 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, daily meeting participants increased to more than 200{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-02|title=Zoom's daily participants jumped from 10 million to over 200 million in 3 months (Updated)|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/02/zooms-daily-active-users-jumped-from-10-million-to-over-200-million-in-3-months/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 4, 2015, the company received [[US$]]30{{nbsp}}million in Series C funding from investors including Emergence Capital, [[Horizons Ventures]] ([[Li Ka-shing]]), [[Qualcomm Ventures]], [[Jerry Yang]], and [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2015/02/04/fast-growing-zoom-raises-30-million-for-online-video-conferencing/ | title=Fast-Growing Zoom Raises $30 Million for Online Video Conferencing | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=February 4, 2015 | last=Gage | first=Deborah | url-access=subscription | access-date=August 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327051104/https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2015/02/04/fast-growing-zoom-raises-30-million-for-online-video-conferencing/ | archive-date=March 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> At that time, Zoom had 40{{nbsp}}million users, with 65,000 organizations subscribed and a total of 1{{nbsp}}billion meeting minutes since it was established.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/02/04/1130354/0/en/Zoom-Raises-30M-in-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-Emergence-Capital.html | title=Zoom Raises $30M in Series C Funding Led by Emergence Capital | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | via=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=February 4, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408104053/http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/02/04/1130354/0/en/Zoom-Raises-30M-in-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-Emergence-Capital.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Over the course of 2015 and 2016, the company integrated its software with [[Slack (software)|Slack]], [[Salesforce]], and [[Skype for Business]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2015/08/13/zoom-slack-integration/ | title=Announcement: Zoom Slack Integration | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | date=August 13, 2015 | access-date=June 8, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611134223/http://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2015/08/13/zoom-slack-integration/ | archive-date=June 11, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://technews.tmcnet.com/ipphonesresource/articles/409907-zoom-announces-salesforce-integration.htm | title=Zoom Announces Salesforce Integration | last=Delony | first=David | publisher=TMCnet | date=September 15, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327045617/http://technews.tmcnet.com/ipphonesresource/articles/409907-zoom-announces-salesforce-integration.htm | archive-date=March 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/03/29/1311071/0/en/Zoom-Announces-Native-Skype-for-Business-Interoperability.html | title=Zoom Announces Native Skype for Business Interoperability | publisher=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=March 29, 2016 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413003301/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/03/29/1311071/0/en/Zoom-Announces-Native-Skype-for-Business-Interoperability.html | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> With version 2.5 in October 2015, Zoom increased the maximum number of participants allowed per conference to 50<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eweek.com/networking/zoom-doubles-capacity-of-video-conferencing-service-to-50 | title=Zoom Doubles Capacity of Video Conferencing Service to 50 | last=Burt | first=Jeffrey | work=[[eWeek]] | date=October 2, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 }}</ref> and later to 1,000 for business customers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/skype-vs-zoom-which-video-chat-app-is-best-for-working-from-home/ | title=Skype vs. Zoom: Which video chat app is best for working from home? | first=Shelby | last=Brown | work=[[CNET]] | date=March 10, 2020 | access-date=March 17, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317040350/https://www.cnet.com/news/skype-vs-zoom-which-video-chat-app-is-best-for-working-from-home/ | archive-date=March 17, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362823-What-is-a-Large-Meeting- | title=What is a Large Meeting? | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409123606/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362823-What-is-a-Large-Meeting- | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2015, former president of [[RingCentral]] David Berman was named president of the company, and [[Peter Gassner]], the founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Veeva Systems]], joined Zoom's [[board of directors]].<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/11/03/1311208/0/en/Zoom-Names-New-President-David-Berman-and-Board-Member-Peter-Gassner.html | title=Zoom Names New President David Berman and Board Member Peter Gassner | publisher=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=November 3, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626033641/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/11/03/1311208/0/en/Zoom-Names-New-President-David-Berman-and-Board-Member-Peter-Gassner.html | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2017, the company raised US$100{{nbsp}}million in Series D funding from [[Sequoia Capital]] at a US$1{{nbsp}}billion valuation,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Harriet|date=2017-01-19|title=This Silicon Valley CEO can't stand the word 'unicorn'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/19/this-silicon-valley-ceo-cant-stand-the-word-unicorn.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609181151/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/19/this-silicon-valley-ceo-cant-stand-the-word-unicorn.html|archive-date=June 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> making it a [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/17/sequoia-invests-100-million-in-zoom-video-conferencing-service/ | title=Zoom video conferencing service raises $100 million from Sequoia on billion-dollar valuation | first=Ron | last=Miller | work=[[techCrunch]] | date=January 17, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106133943/https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/17/sequoia-invests-100-million-in-zoom-video-conferencing-service/ | archive-date=November 6, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, Zoom launched a scalable [[telehealth]] product allowing doctors to host remote consultations with patients.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/431502-zoom-introduces-new-telehealth-solution.htm | title=Zoom Introduces New Telehealth Solution | last=Young | first=Alicia | work=TMCnet | date=April 24, 2017 | access-date=September 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165710/http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/431502-zoom-introduces-new-telehealth-solution.htm | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release | url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/04/20/1311124/0/en/Zoom-Launches-Industry-s-First-Scalable-Cloud-Based-Video-Telehealth-Solution.html | title=Zoom Launches Industry's First Scalable Cloud-Based Video Telehealth Solution | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | via=[[GlobeNewswire]] | date=April 20, 2017 | access-date=March 19, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153942/http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/04/20/1311124/0/en/Zoom-Launches-Industry-s-First-Scalable-Cloud-Based-Video-Telehealth-Solution.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May, Zoom announced integration with [[Polycom]]'s conferencing systems, enabling features such as multiple screen and device meetings, HD and wireless screen sharing, and calendar integration with [[Microsoft Outlook]], [[Google Calendar]], and [[iCal]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/polycom-zoom-forge-video-conferencing-collaboration-pact/ | title=Polycom, Zoom forge video conferencing, collaboration pact | last=Dignan | first=Larry | work=[[ZDNet]] | date=May 25, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316054650/http://www.zdnet.com/article/polycom-zoom-forge-video-conferencing-collaboration-pact/ | archive-date=March 16, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> From September 25–27, 2017, Zoom hosted Zoomtopia 2017, its first annual user conference. At this conference, Zoom announced a partnership with Meta to integrate Zoom with [[augmented reality]], integration with Slack and [[Workplace by Facebook]], and first steps towards an [[artificial intelligence]] [[speech recognition]] program.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/26/zoom-brings-a-dash-of-augmented-reality-and-artificial-intelligence-to-meetings-in-latest-release/ | title=Zoom brings a dash of augmented reality and artificial intelligence to meetings in latest release | last=Miller | first=Ron | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 26, 2017 | access-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033113/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/26/zoom-brings-a-dash-of-augmented-reality-and-artificial-intelligence-to-meetings-in-latest-release/ | archive-date=December 1, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Strategy|first=Moor Insights and|title=Zoom Zen: Mastering The Art Of Simplicity|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/23/zoom-zen-mastering-the-art-of-simplicity/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152855/https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/23/zoom-zen-mastering-the-art-of-simplicity/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===IPO and onward===
On April 18, 2019, the company became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]]. After pricing at US$36 per share, the share price increased over 72% on the first day of trading.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ipo-stock-begins-trading-on-nasdaq.html | title=Zoom rocketed 72% on first day of trading | first=Jordan | last=Novet | work=[[CNBC]] | date=April 18, 2019 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227012324/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ipo-stock-begins-trading-on-nasdaq.html | archive-date=February 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=value>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/18/tech/zoom-ipo-video-conference/index.html | title=Zoom nearly reaches $16 billion in value after first day of trading | first1=Ahiza | last1=Garcia | first2=Sara | last2=O'Brien | first3=Jordan | last3=Valinsky | work=[[CNN]] | date=April 18, 2019 | access-date=April 19, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331182141/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/18/tech/zoom-ipo-video-conference/index.html | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the IPO, [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] invested $5{{nbsp}}million in Zoom.<ref name="guard1"/>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], usage of Zoom increased due to an increase in [[remote work]], [[distance education]], which was used by thousands of schools,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=Eileen |title=Students and teachers struggle with remote education due to coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |website=TheHill |access-date=21 April 2020 |language=en |date=20 April 2020}}</ref> and online [[social relation]]s.<ref name=zoomnow>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | title=We Live in Zoom Now | work=[[The New York Times]] | last1=Lorenz | first1=Taylor | last2=Griffith | first2=Erin | last3=Isaac | first3=Mike | date=March 17, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323084206/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | archive-date=March 23, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last1=Mervosh | first1=Sarah | last2=Swales | first2=Vanessa | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-closings.html | title=Colleges and Universities Cancel Classes and Move Online Amid Coronavirus Fears | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 10, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073631/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-closings.html | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=concerns>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/03/20/schooling-rapidly-moves-online-across-country-concerns-rise-about-student-data-privacy/ | title=As schooling rapidly moves online across the country, concerns rise about student data privacy | last=Strauss | first=Valerie | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=March 20, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331125324/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/03/20/schooling-rapidly-moves-online-across-country-concerns-rise-about-student-data-privacy/ | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company offered its services free to [[K–12]] schools in many countries.<ref name=k12>{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2020/03/13/zoom-video-coronavirus-eric-yuan-schools/ | title=Exclusive: Zoom CEO Eric Yuan Is Giving K-12 Schools His Videoconferencing Tools For Free | last=Konrad | first=Alex | website=[[Forbes]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402051335/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2020/03/13/zoom-video-coronavirus-eric-yuan-schools/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/03/14/zoom-is-helping-schools-closing-due-coronavirus-fo.aspx | title=Zoom Is Helping Schools Closing Due to Coronavirus -- for Free | last=Vena | first=Danny | website=[[The Motley Fool]] | date=March 14, 2020 | access-date=March 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406002552/https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/03/14/zoom-is-helping-schools-closing-due-{{nbsp}}coronavirus-fo.aspx | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> By February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | title=Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus, Bernstein says | last=Novet | first=Jordan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=February 26, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070741/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | archive-date=March 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=O'Flaherty|first=Kate|title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/|archive-date=March 26, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On one day in March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13{{nbsp}}million times.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news |last1=Neate |first1=Rupert |title=Zoom booms as demand for video-conferencing tech grows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422125131/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tny">{{cite magazine |last1=Fry |first1=Naomi |title=Embracing the Chaotic Side of Zoom |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |access-date=29 April 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427002932/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Daily meeting participants rose from about 10{{nbsp}}million in December 2019 to more than 300{{nbsp}}million daily meeting participants in April 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |title=Zoom's Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Tom |last1=Warren |title=Zoom admits it doesn't have 300 million users, corrects misleading claims |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242421/zoom-300-million-users-incorrect-meeting-participants-statement |access-date=30 April 2020 |language=en |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513145306/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242421/zoom-300-million-users-incorrect-meeting-participants-statement?utm_campaign=tomwarren&utm_content=chorus&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mash">{{cite news |last1=Binder |first1=Matt |title=Zoom has more than 300 million users now, with just 10 million at 2019's end |url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-300-million-users-coronavirus/ |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=Mashable |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428005534/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-300-million-users-coronavirus/ |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired [[Keybase]], a company specializing in end-to-end encryption.<ref name="wiredkeybase">{{cite magazine |last1=Barrett |first1=Brian |title=Security News This Week: Zoom Security Gets a Boost With Keybase Acquisition |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517010402/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2020, the company hired its first [[chief diversity officer]], Damien Hooper-Campbell.<ref name="time1">{{cite magazine |last1=Austin |first1=Patrick |title='We'll Do All We Can to Promote Free Speech,' Says Zoom CEO Eric Yuan After Criticism on Encryption and Privacy |url=https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |magazine=Time |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

In July 2020, Zoom announced its first [[hardware as a service]] products, bundling its videoconferencing software with third-party hardware by DTEN, Neat, [[Poly (company)|Poly]], and Yealink, and running on the [[ServiceNow]] platform. It began with Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone offerings, with those services available to US customers, who can acquire hardware from Zoom for a fixed monthly cost.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sevilla |first1=Gadjo |title=Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=PC Magazine |date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Ron |title=Zoom announces new Hardware as a Service offering to run on ServiceNow |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/07/zoom-announces-new-hardware-as-a-service-offering-to-run-on-servicenow/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=TechCrunch |date=7 July 2020}}</ref> On July 15, 2020, the company announced Zoom for Home, a line of products for home use, designed for [[remote work]]ers. The first product, Zoom for Home - DTEN ME, includes software by Zoom and hardware by DTEN. It consists of a 27-inch screen with three wide-angle cameras and eight microphones, with Zoom software preloaded on the device. It became available in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Nicole |title=Zoom launches a line of hardware for home use |url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-for-home-130020632.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Engadget |date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Ron |title=Zoom introduces all-in-one home communications appliance for $599 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/15/zoom-introduces-all-in-one-home-communications-appliance-for-599/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=TechCrunch |date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

On July 3–4, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.sloveniatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium|url=https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|access-date=2020-10-27|website=en.almamater.si|language=en}}</ref> Soon after, a format of conferences which "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series/|title=RSA Global Webinar Series|website=RSA Main}}</ref> became common, some of them running for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Albert--Global Summit|url=https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Menu|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2021, Zoom acquired Kites (Karlsruhe Information Technology Solutions), an [[artificial intelligence]]-based language [[translation]] company with an aim to reduce [[language barrier]]s in video calls.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-30|title=Zoom is buying a startup to bring real-time translation to video calls|url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-kites-real-time-machine-translation-184824115.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=[[Engadget]] | language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2021, Zoom's attempt to acquire contact center company Five9 for $14.7{{nbsp}}billion was turned down by Five9's shareholders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom's Nearly $15 Billion Acquisition of Five9 Rejected by Shareholders |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zooms-nearly-15-billion-acquisition-of-five9-rejected-by-shareholders-11633042134 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miao |first1=Hannah |title=Five9 CEO says shareholders rejected Zoom acquisition because the offer 'wasn't going to cut it' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/01/five9-ceo-says-zoom-acquisition-offer-wasnt-going-to-cut-it.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=CNBC |date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

==Privacy and security issues==
{{further|Zoom (software)#Reception}}

Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | title=Zoom under increased scrutiny as popularity soars | work=[[BBC News]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401204959/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020"/> The company has also been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom Calls Aren't as Private as You May Think. Here's What You Should Know. | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | website=Consumer Reports | last=St. John | first=Allen | date=March 24, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325211202/https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 25, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | first=Kate | last=O'Flaherty | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 25, 2020 | quote=collects and stores personal data and shares it with third parties such as advertisers. But Zoom’s policy also covers what it labels “customer content,” or "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards ... shared while using the service." This includes videos, transcripts that can be generated automatically, documents shared on screen, and the names of everyone on a call. | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom is a work-from-home privacy disaster waiting to happen | url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | last=Morse | first=Jack | work=[[Mashable]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326154758/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor [[encryption]] practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "[[end-to-end encryption]]" in its marketing materials,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | title=Advanced Encryption for Chat | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407035927/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which ''[[The Intercept]]'' described as misleading and "dishonest".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | title=Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing | last1=Lee | first1=Micah | last2=Grauer | first2=Yael | website=[[The Intercept]] | date=March 31, 2020 | quote=Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase ‘End to End’ in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point. | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402121430/https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, [[Attorney General of New York|New York State Attorney General]] [[Letitia James]] launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices;<ref name=nyag>{{cite news | first1=Danny | last1=Hakim | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 30, 2020 | issn=0362-4331 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402145005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> the inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=Zoom strikes a deal with NY AG office, closing the inquiry into its security problems |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=CNBC |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515202226/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, a class-action lawsuit against Zoom was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. According to the lawsuit, Zoom violated the privacy of its users by sharing personal data with Facebook, Google, and LinkedIn, did not prevent hackers from disrupting Zoom sessions, and erroneously claimed to offer end-to-end encryption on Zoom sessions. Zoom settled this lawsuit for $86 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58050391|title=Zoom settles US class action privacy lawsuit for $86m|work=BBC|accessdate=2021-08-01|date=2021-08-01}}</ref>

On April 1, 2020, Zoom announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues on Zoom. On July 1, 2020, Yuan wrote a blog post detailing efforts taken by the company to address security and privacy concerns, stating that they released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be releasing a transparency report later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |title=Zoom promises its first transparency report later this year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruze |first1=Danny |title=Zoom released 100 new security features in 90 days |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Live Mint |date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

In May 2020, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartz|first=Diane|date=2020-05-12|title=U.S. FTC indicates it is looking at Zoom privacy woes|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ}}</ref> The FTC alleged that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers’ meetings, and secured its Zoom Meetings, in part, with a lower level of encryption than promised."<ref>{{cite web |title=FTC Requires Zoom to Enhance its Security Practices as Part of Settlement |date=November 8, 2020 |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |publisher=FTC.gov |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to implement additional security measures.<ref>[https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf Zoom Communications: Agreement Containing Consent Order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |date=November 16, 2020 }}, ftc.gov</ref>

In December 2020, Zoom announced that it was under investigation by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) and the [[United States Attorney for the Northern District of California]] and that it had received a subpoena in June 2020 from the [[United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York]] requesting information on the company's interactions with foreign governments and political parties. Both federal prosecutors also sought information and documentation about security and privacy matters regarding Zoom's practices.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grant|first=Nico|date=December 19, 2020|title=Zoom Says It's Being Probed by SEC, Two U.S. Attorneys Offices|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-19/zoom-says-it-s-being-probed-by-sec-two-u-s-attorneys-offices|access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref>

On December 19, 2020, a former Zoom executive was charged by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] with conspiracy to commit interstate harassment and unlawful conspiracy to transfer a means of identification. The charges are related to the alleged disruptions to video meetings commemorating the [[1989 Tiananmen Square massacre]].<ref name="Al-Heeti 2020">{{cite web | last=Al-Heeti | first=Abrar | title=Zoom employee allegedly disrupted meetings commemorating Tiananmen Square massacre | website=[[CNET]] | date=December 18, 2020 | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-employee-allegedly-disrupted-meetings-commemorating-tiananmen-square-massacre/ | access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> Federal prosecutors in [[Brooklyn, New York]], said that Xinjiang "Julien" Jin, then 39, was a [[San Jose, California]]–based company's main liaison with intelligence and law enforcement agencies of China. Zoom later acknowledged it was the company in question. It said in a statement that it had terminated Jin's employment for violating company policies and was cooperating with the prosecutors. Jin is not in custody because he is based in China.<ref name="just_Chin">{{Cite web |title=China-Based Executive at U.S. Telecommunications Company Charged with Disrupting Video Meetings Commemorating Tiananmen Square Massacre |department=[[U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York]] |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |date=December 18, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |url= https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/china-based-executive-us-telecommunications-company-charged-disrupting-video-meetings}}</ref><ref name="zoom">{{Cite web |title=Our Perspective on the DOJ Complaint |publisher=Zoom |date=December 18, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |url=https://blog.zoom.us/our-perspective-on-the-doj-complaint/}}</ref>

In February 2021, Zoom announced a new feature called Kiosk Mode, which will allow people visiting offices to check in with a receptionist virtually on a kiosk, without any physical contact.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Novet|first=Jordan|date=2021-02-03|title=Zoom adds virtual receptionists for when people start going back to the office|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/zoom-will-let-companies-deploy-virtual-receptionists-for-office-visits.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, Zoom announced that from August 23, 2021, Zoom will stop selling new and upgraded products directly to customers in mainland China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing|url=https://zoom.com.cn/en-us/oempartners.html|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Zoom Video|language=zh-CN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom прекратила продажу подписок в Китае 2 месяца назад {{!}} Radiogid|url=https://radiogid.by/zoom-ends-sales-to-customers-in-china|access-date=2021-03-21|website=radiogid.by}}</ref>

==Censorship==
In April 2020, [[Citizen Lab]] warned that having much of Zoom's research and development in China could "open up Zoom to pressure from Chinese authorities."<ref name="citlab" /> In June 2020, Zoom was criticized for closing multiple accounts of U.S. and Hong Kong–based groups, including that of [[Zhou Fengsuo]] and two other human rights activists, who were commemorating the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]. The accounts were later re-opened, with the company stating that in the future it "will have a new process for handling similar situations."<ref name="time1"/> Zoom responded that it has to "comply with local laws," even "the laws of governments opposed to free speech."<ref name=WP-China-Zoom-control>{{cite news|last1=Gerry Shih|title=Zoom censors video talks on Hong Kong and Tiananmen, drawing criticism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/zoom-censors-video-talks-on-hong-kong-and-tiananmen-drawing-criticism/2020/06/11/0197dc94-ab90-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html|access-date=11 June 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 June 2020|language=en|quote="We regret [...] It is not in Zoom’s power to change the laws of governments opposed to free speech."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611214719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/zoom-censors-video-talks-on-hong-kong-and-tiananmen-drawing-criticism/2020/06/11/0197dc94-ab90-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WSJ-Tiananmen-massacre>{{cite news|last1=Eva Xiao|title=Zoom Catches Heat for Shutting Down China-Focused Rights Group's Account|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-catches-heat-for-shutting-down-china-focused-rights-groups-account-11591863002?mod=lead_feature_below_a_pos1|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en|date=11 June 2020|access-date=11 June 2020|quote=Zoom Video Communications Inc. ZM 7.59% drew fresh questions over its relationship with the Chinese government when it shut down a U.S. human-rights organization’s account shortly after its videoconference on the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre [...] Zoom defended the closure, saying that it had to comply with local laws|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033106/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-catches-heat-for-shutting-down-china-focused-rights-groups-account-11591863002?mod=lead_feature_below_a_pos1|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=June 10, 2020|title=Zoom closed account of U.S.-based Chinese activist "to comply with local law"|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192255/https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|archive-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> Zoom subsequently admitted to shutting down activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government.<ref name="tech_Zoom">{{Cite web |title=Zoom admits to shutting down American activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government – TechCrunch |work=TechCrunch |access-date=11 June 2020 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/11/zoom-admits-to-shutting-down-activist-accounts-at-the-request-of-the-chinese-government/ |quote=Zoom admits to shutting down activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041858/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/11/zoom-admits-to-shutting-down-activist-accounts-at-the-request-of-the-chinese-government/ |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, a bi-partisan group of U.S. senators requested clarification of the incident from the company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ponnudurai|first=Parameswaran|date=June 12, 2020|title=US Lawmakers Call For Answers on Zoom Shut-down of Dissident Accounts|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/zoom-06122020183151.html|access-date=June 14, 2020}}</ref> Partially in response to criticisms of its blocking of the activists accounts as well as expressions of concern by the United States Justice Department, Zoom moved to cease direct sale of its product in mainland China in late August 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=O’Flaherty|first=Kate|date=August 3, 2020|title=Zoom Just Made A Major China Move Amid TikTok Ban Fears|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/03/zoom-just-made-a-major-china-move-amid-tiktok-ban-fears/#249bd60c4176 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, following protests and legal concerns raised by the Jewish coalition group #EndJewHatred, Zoom prevented [[San Francisco State University]] from using its video conferencing software to host former Palestinian militant and hijacker [[Leila Khaled]], a member of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP). In justifying its decision, Zoom cited the PFLP's designation as a terrorist organization by the United States Government and its efforts to comply with U.S. export control, sanctions, and anti-terrorism laws. [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] also joined Zoom in denying their platforms to the conference organizers. Professor [[Rabab Ibrahim Abdulhadi]], one of the conference organizers, criticized Zoom, Google's YouTube and Facebook for censoring Palestinian voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title=Zoom Draws a Line |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005246/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greschler |first1=Gabriel |title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]] |date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163522/https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Nadda |title=Zoom criticised for cancelling webinar with Palestinian activist Leila Khaled |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926100523/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manskar |first1=Noah |title=Zoom cancels event featuring Palestinian hijacker Leila Khaled |url=https://nypost.com/2020/09/24/zoom-scraps-event-featuring-palestinian-hijacker-leila-khaled/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |agency=New York Post |date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924175015/https://nypost.com/2020/09/24/zoom-scraps-event-featuring-palestinian-hijacker-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Workforce ==
In January 2020, Zoom had over 2,500 employees, with 1,396 in the United States and 1,136 in international locations.<ref name="10K 2020">{{Cite web | url=https://investors.zoom.us/static-files/09a01665-5f33-4007-8e90-de02219886aa | title=2020 10-K | access-date=May 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511122414/https://investors.zoom.us/static-files/09a01665-5f33-4007-8e90-de02219886aa | archive-date=May 11, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is reported that 700 employees within a subsidiary work in China and develop Zoom software.<ref name=citlab>{{Cite news | url=https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | title=Move Fast & Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality of Zoom Meetings | first1=Bill | last1=Marczak | first2=John | last2=Scott-Railton | work=[[Citizen Lab]] | date=April 3, 2020 | access-date=April 4, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023706/https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, Zoom announced plans to open new research and development centers in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], with plans to hire up to 500 engineers between the two cities over the next few years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bary |first1=Emily |title=Zoom will open offices in Pittsburgh and Phoenix with plans to hire up to 500 engineers |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zoom-will-open-offices-in-pittsburgh-and-phoenix-with-plans-to-hire-up-to-500-engineers-2020-05-14 |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=Marketwatch |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, Zoom announced the opening of a new technology center in [[Bangalore, India]], to host engineering, IT, and business operations roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Yuthika |title=Zoom opens new technology centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/zoom-opens-tech-centre-in-banglore/article32146524.ece |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, Zoom opened a new data center in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robuck |first1=Mike |title=Zoom opens doors on new data center in Singapore |url=https://www.fiercetelecom.com/telecom/zoom-opens-doors-new-data-center-singapore |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=Fierce Telecom |date=18 August 2020}}</ref> The company ranked second place in [[Glassdoor]]'s 2019 "Best Places to Work" survey.<ref name="Economy 2018">{{cite web | last=Economy | first=Peter | title=Glassdoor Just Announced the 100 Best Places to Work for 2019 (Is Your Company on the List?) | website=Inc.com | date=2018-12-05 | url=https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/glassdoor-just-announced-100-best-places-to-work-for-2019-is-your-company-on-list.html | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202204524/https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/glassdoor-just-announced-100-best-places-to-work-for-2019-is-your-company-on-list.html | archive-date=February 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quast 2019">{{cite web | last=Quast | first=Jon | title=Can Zoom Make You...Happy? - The Motley Fool | website=The Motley Fool | date=2019-10-25 | url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/10/24/can-zoom-make-youhappy.aspx | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412012312/https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/10/24/can-zoom-make-youhappy.aspx | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Part of Zoom's product development team is based in China, where an average entry-level tech salary is one-third of American salaries, which is a key driver of its profitability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zoom, one of the most anticipated tech IPOs of the year, has one key profit driver: engineers in China|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/26/zoom-key-profit-driver-ahead-of-ipo-engineers-in-china.html|last=Kim|first=Eugene|date=2019-03-26|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513202803/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/26/zoom-key-profit-driver-ahead-of-ipo-engineers-in-china.html|archive-date=May 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=citlab/> Zoom's research and development costs are 10 percent of its total revenue and less than half of the median percentage among its peers.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==

{{Portal|Telecommunication|Technology}}
* [[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Finance links
| name = Zoom Video Communications, Inc.
| symbol = ZM
| sec_cik = 1585521
| yahoo = ZM
| google = ZM
}}

{{NASDAQ-100|state=collapsed}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2019 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional networks]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
[[Category:Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:Web conferencing]]

Zoom (software)

2022-10-03T09:46:07Z

Herobrine:

{{short description|Videoconferencing software}}
{{About|the videoconferencing software|the company that develops this software|Zoom Video Communications}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Zoom Meetings
| logo = Zoom Logo 2022.svg
| logo alt = Logo of Zoom
| screenshot = Zoom participants Bubrikh readings 2020 conference.png
| screenshot size = 300px
| screenshot alt = A grid showing the camera views of 25 people
| caption = Participants in a shared Zoom call in 2020
| author = [[Eric Yuan]]
| developer = [[Zoom Video Communications]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|9|10}}
| ver layout = simple
| latest release version = 5.12.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|9|26}}
| platform = [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Chrome OS]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
* [[Android 5.0]] and later
* [[Windows 7]] and later
* [[OS X Mavericks]] and later
* [[iOS 8]] and later
* [[Chrome OS]]
* [[Linux]]
}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoom system requirements: Windows, macOS, Linux|url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362023|website=support.zoom.us|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103060441/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362023|url-status=live }}</ref>
| language count = 11
| language footnote = <ref>{{cite web |title=Change your language on Zoom |url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/209982306-Change-your-language-on-Zoom |website=support.zoom.us |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626170327/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/209982306-Change-your-language-on-Zoom |url-status=live }}</ref>
| genre = [[Videoconferencing]], [[Voice over IP|VoIP]], and [[Instant messaging]]
| license = [[Freemium]]
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Zoom Meetings''' (commonly shortened to '''Zoom''', and stylized as '''zoom''') is a [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[videotelephony]] software program developed by [[Zoom Video Communications]]. The free plan allows up to 100 concurrent participants, with a 40-minute time restriction. Users have the option to upgrade by subscribing to a paid plan. The highest plan supports up to 1,000 concurrent participants for meetings lasting up to 30 hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plans and Pricing - Zoom |url=https://zoom.us/pricing |website=zoom.us |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a major increase in the use of Zoom for [[remote work]], [[distance education]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=Eileen |title=Students and teachers struggle with remote education due to coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |website=TheHill |access-date=April 21, 2020 |language=en |date=April 20, 2020 |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621002723/https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |url-status=live }}</ref> and online social relations.<ref name="zoomnow">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | title=We Live in Zoom Now | work=[[The New York Times]] | last1=Lorenz | first1=Taylor|author-link1=Taylor Lorenz| last2=Griffith | first2=Erin | last3=Isaac | first3=Mike | date=March 17, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323084206/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | archive-date=March 23, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The increase led to Zoom being one of the most downloaded mobile apps worldwide in 2020 with over 500 million downloads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here Are The 10 Most Downloaded Apps Of 2020 |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/01/07/here-are-the-10-most-downloaded-apps-of-2020/|date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Zoom had over 300 million daily meeting participants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom walks back claims it has 300 million daily active users |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/30/zoom-walks-back-claims-it-has-300-million-daily-active-users.html |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020|website=CNBC|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Zoom Video Communications}}
Zoom was originally founded in 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing|url=https://zoom.us/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Zoom Video|language=en-US}}</ref> Its headquarters are located in San Jose, California. Zoom also has offices in the USA, China, India as well as Oceania, Europe and other parts of Eastern Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us - Zoom|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927170355/https://explore.zoom.us/docs/en-us/contact.html|access-date=2022-09-27|website=Zoom|language=en-US}}</ref>
A beta version of Zoom—that could host conferences with only up to 15 video participants—was launched on August 21, 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | title=A Chance To Call 15 Friends To Video Chat In High Def | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 21, 2012 | author-link=Walt Mossberg | last=Mossberg | first=Walter S. | url-access=subscription | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> On January 25, 2013, version 1.0 of the program was released with an increase in the number of participants per conference to 25.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | title=Zoom Raises $6M Series A, Launches Version 1.0 Of Its | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 28, 2013 | access-date=May 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923032706/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | archive-date=September 23, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and rose to over one million users by May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |title=Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants |publisher=TMCnet |date=23 May 2013 |last=Pleasant |first=Robbie |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074257/https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, by February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22 million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | title=Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus, Bernstein says | last=Novet | first=Jordan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=February 26, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070741/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | archive-date=March 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> with the company's share price spiking by 35 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-02|title=Zoom shares spike after coronavirus lockdown|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/zoom-shares-spike-35-per-cent-after-coronavirus-lockdown/news-story/1c6dfc2eb7eee84510964dfa9b9128c3|access-date=2020-09-03|website=NewsComAu|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/zoom-shares-spike-35-per-cent-after-coronavirus-lockdown/news-story/1c6dfc2eb7eee84510964dfa9b9128c3|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13 million times.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news |last1=Neate |first1=Rupert |title=Zoom booms as demand for video-conferencing tech grows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |access-date=April 29, 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422125131/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tny">{{cite magazine |last1=Fry |first1=Naomi |title=Embracing the Chaotic Side of Zoom |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |access-date=April 29, 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427002932/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, Zoom had more than 300 million daily meeting participants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |title=Zoom's Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 24, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-23|title=90-Day Security Plan Progress Report: April 22|url=https://blog.zoom.us/90-day-security-plan-progress-report-april-22/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Zoom Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://blog.zoom.us/90-day-security-plan-progress-report-april-22/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On August 24, 2020, Zoom experienced widespread outages for several hours before service was restored.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zoom-goes-down-bringing-much-remote-workplace-classroom-grinding-halt-n1237852|title=Zoom goes down, bringing much of the remote workplace and classroom to grinding halt|last1=Li|first=David K.|last2=Imam|first2=Jareen|work=[[NBC News]]|date=24 August 2020|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zoom-goes-down-bringing-much-remote-workplace-classroom-grinding-halt-n1237852|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Zoom is working again, even if you're not |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/24/21398900/zoom-down-outages-us-uk-meetings-webinars |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=The Verge |date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205016/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/24/21398900/zoom-down-outages-us-uk-meetings-webinars |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Features==
Zoom One has six tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, Business Plus, Enterprise, and Enterprise Plus.<ref name="busin">{{cite news |last1=Perino |first1=Marissa |date=26 March 2020 |title=How to upgrade your Zoom account from a basic plan to host larger group meetings and more |work=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402195937/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |archive-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref><ref name="cw">{{cite news |last1=Trueman |first1=Charlotte |title=Zoom unveils its latest platform evolution with the launch of Zoom One |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3664180/zoom-unveils-its-latest-platform-evolution-with-the-launch-of-zoom-one.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Computer World |date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Zoom is compatible with [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Chrome OS]], and [[Linux]]. It is noted for its simple interface and usability, regardless of technological expertise.<ref name="techrep"/><ref name="nytdropbox">{{cite news |last1=Singer |first1=Natasha |title=Zoom's Security Woes Were No Secret to Business Partners Like Dropbox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423065744/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tillman |first1=Maggie |title=What is Zoom and how does it work? Plus tips and tricks |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=Pocket-lint |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074256/https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.<ref name="wallst1"/>

Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are also available.<ref name="techrep">{{cite news |last1=Vigliarolo |first1=Brandon |title=Zoom: A cheat sheet about the video conferencing solution |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=TechRepublic |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423002233/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wallst1">{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nicole |title=Don't Get Bombed: How to Host Zoom Meetings, Hangouts, Houseparty and More |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422181133/https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pricing">{{cite web | url=https://zoom.us/pricing | title=Zoom Meeting Plans for Your Business | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 49 people can be seen on a [[Desktop computer|desktop]] or [[laptop]] screen at once,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Microsoft Takes On Zoom and Slack in a Battle for Your Work Computer |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605000828/https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> up to 4 people per screen in [[iPhone]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile phone]]s and [[tablet computer]]s, and up to 16 people per screen on [[iPad]].

Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osborne |first1=Charlie |title=Zoom security: Your meetings will be safe and secure if you do these 10 things |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=ZDNet |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421045111/https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with [[AES 256]] [[Galois/Counter Mode|GCM]] encryption enabled for all users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Ben |title=Zoom isn't beefing up security for free users so that it's better able to 'work with law enforcement' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609200226/https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It is available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grothaus |first1=Michael |title=How to turn on end-to-end encryption in Zoom (and why you should) |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90568875/how-to-turn-on-end-to-end-encryption-in-zoom-and-why-you-should |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Fast Company |date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Zoom's end-to-end encryption has arrived |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=The Verge |date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205006/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zoom also offers a transcription service using [[Otter.ai]] software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |title=From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step |website=The NY Times |date=2020-06-13 |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as [[hardware as a service]] products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sevilla |first1=Gadjo |title=Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=PC Magazine |date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205007/https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |url-status=live }}</ref> As of July 2022, Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 47 countries, and the company has sold 3 million seats for the service.<ref name="uct1">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Ryan |title=Zoom Phone Celebrates Three Million Users Worldwide |url=https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/zoom-phone-celebrates-three-million-users-worldwide/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=UC Today |date=8 July 2022}}</ref> Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom Targets Prolonged Remote-Work Era as Coronavirus Drags On |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205001/https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom Phone Provider Exchange, which gives customers options for voice services, reaches more than 70 countries.<ref name="uct1"/> In July 2022, an option was added on Zoom Phone to turn on end-to-end encryption during one-on-one calls between users on the same company account.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holt |first1=Kris |title=Zoom brings end-to-end encryption to its cloud phone service |url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-e2ee-cloud-phone-service-breakout-rooms-212043895.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Engadget |date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

In September 2020, Zoom added new accessibility features to make the app easier to use for those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or visually impaired. New features include the ability to move around video windows in gallery view, pin video windows to be spotlighted; improved keyboard shortcuts; new tools to adjust the size of closed captioning text; and sign language interpreters' windows can now sit directly next to the speaker.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Jefferson |title=Move speaker windows, add closed captioning: Zoom adds accessibility features for video meetings |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/09/23/zoom-adds-accessibility-features-now-you-can-move-windows-around/3495730001/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=USA Today |date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205004/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/09/23/zoom-adds-accessibility-features-now-you-can-move-windows-around/3495730001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2020 at Zoomtopia, Zoom's annual user conference, the company unveiled OnZoom, a virtual event marketplace with an integrated payment system where users can host and promote free or paid live events.<ref name="digi">{{cite news |last1=Wainewright |first1=Phil |title=Zoomtopia 2020 - Zoom becomes a platform, for apps and for paid meetings |url=https://diginomica.com/zoomtopia-2020-zoom-becomes-platform-apps-and-paid-meetings |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Diginomica |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://diginomica.com/zoomtopia-2020-zoom-becomes-platform-apps-and-paid-meetings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Zoom launches marketplace for paid events and new third-party app integrations |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/14/21515902/zoom-marketplace-paid-events-onzoom-third-party-app-integrations-zapps |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=The Verge |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/14/21515902/zoom-marketplace-paid-events-onzoom-third-party-app-integrations-zapps |url-status=live }}</ref> With OnZoom, users will be able to schedule and host one-time events or event series for up to 1,000 attendees and sell tickets online.<ref name="inc-1">{{cite news |last1=Aten |first1=Jason |title=Zoom Is Already Where We Do Pretty Much Everything. It Just Got Even Better at It |url=https://www.inc.com/jason-aten/zoom-is-already-where-we-do-pretty-much-everything-it-just-got-even-better-at-it.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Inc. |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205001/https://www.inc.com/jason-aten/zoom-is-already-where-we-do-pretty-much-everything-it-just-got-even-better-at-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The company also announced Zoom Apps, a feature integrating third-party apps so they can be used within the Zoom interface during meetings. The first such apps were expected to be available around the end of 2020, from companies including [[Slack Technologies|Slack]], [[Salesforce]], [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]],<ref name="digi"/><ref name="inc-1"/> and [[Qatalog]]. In October 2020, Zoom gave its users better security with an upgrade to end-to-end encryption for its online meetings network.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mello |first1=John |title=Zoom Beefs Up User Security With End-To-End Encryption |url=https://www.technewsworld.com/story/Zoom-Beefs-Up-User-Security-With-End-To-End-Encryption-86900.html |work=www.technewsworld.com |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.technewsworld.com/story/Zoom-Beefs-Up-User-Security-With-End-To-End-Encryption-86900.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 22, 2021, Zoom announced that it would start selling its videoconferencing technology as a [[white-label product]], so other companies can embed it in their own products, with the calls running over Zoom but not carrying the company's brand name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom Wants You to Zoom Even When Using Other Companies' Apps |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-wants-you-to-zoom-even-when-using-other-companies-apps-11616419800 |access-date=23 March 2021 |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

In August 2021, Zoom launched a new feature called Focus Mode. It is designed for use in digital classrooms and other educational settings. When active, the mode will hide participants' screens from each other (though they can see each other's names) while the host retains the ability to see everyone's camera stream or screen share. The feature is available across all Zoom accounts, including free ones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Mitchell |title=Zoom's new focus mode could keep students from distracting each other |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/11/22620822/zoom-virtual-learning-classes-focus-mode-teachers-students |access-date=12 August 2021 |publisher=The Verge |date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Molina |first1=Brett |title=Kids using Zoom for school? There's a new way to keep them focused |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/08/12/zooms-new-focus-mode-aims-keep-kids-getting-distracted/8104870002/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=USA Today |date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021 at Zoomtopia, the company announced that end-to-end encryption would now be available as an upgrade for Zoom Phone users. The company also announced Bring Your Own Key (BYOK) (for users to manage their own encryption keys that Zoom cannot access or see), Verified Identity (a multi-factor authentication feature working through [[Okta, Inc.|Okta]] that allows users to confirm the identity of meeting participants), and Video Engagement Center (for businesses to digitally interact with customers).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greig |first1=Jonathan |title=Zoom unveils new security features including end-to-end encryption for Zoom Phone, verified identities and more |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-unveils-new-security-features-including-end-to-end-encryption-for-zoom-phone-verified-identities-and-more/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=ZD Net |date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Tom |title=Zoom Launches Video Engagement Center |url=https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/zoom-launches-video-engagement-center/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=UC Today |date=13 September 2021}}</ref> Other updates include revamped virtual whiteboard features, including touchscreen whiteboards that can be digitized for remote participants, and improved collaboration between Zoom Meetings and Zoom Chat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Mark |title=Zoom's all-out blitz to become the king of hybrid work |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90674948/zooms-all-out-blitz-to-become-the-king-of-hybrid-work |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=Fast Company |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

In October 2021, the option to automatically generate closed captions in English for Zoom meetings was expanded to all accounts, including free ones. The feature had previously only been available for Premium users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Kim |title=Zoom now has auto-generated captions available for free accounts |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/25/22744704/zoom-auto-generated-captions-available-free-accounts-accessibility |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The Verge |date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

In April 2022, Zoom added new features including gesture recognition, a virtual whiteboard, and Zoom IQ for sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoom announced a slate of updates and new features |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/20/zoom-announces-zoom-whiteboard-gesture-recognition-among-several-updates/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=TechCrunch |date=April 20, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoom launches AI-powered features aimed at sales teams |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/13/zoom-launches-ai-powered-features-aimed-at-sales-teams/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=TechCrunch |date=April 13, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2022, the company launched Zoom Contact Center, a cloud contact center optimized for video calls and integrated directly into Zoom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawers |first1=Paul |title=Zoom launches 'video-optimized' Contact Center into general availability |url=https://venturebeat.com/cloud/zoom-launches-video-optimized-contact-center-into-general-availability/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Venture Beat |date=23 February 2022}}</ref>

In June 2022, Zoom One was launched. It brings together chat, phone, whiteboard, and video conferencing capabilities into a single offering.<ref name="cw"/><ref name="tt1">{{cite news |last1=Gleason |first1=Mike |title=Zoom One bundles services to draw single-vendor customers |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchunifiedcommunications/news/252522495/Zoom-One-bundles-services-to-draw-single-vendor-customers |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Tech Target |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Also in June 2022, Zoom opened its Zoom Apps developer program to all developers, via Zoom Apps SDK.<ref name="cw"/> With the release of Zoom One, the company offers video conferencing translation and captioning for 11 languages: English, simplified Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. This feature is available with the Business Plus and Enterprise Plus plans.<ref name="tt1"/>

==Usage==
[[File:Zoom Alma Mater Europaea.jpg|thumb|300x300px|In July 2020, using Zoom, the International Association of Constitutional Law and [[Alma Mater Europaea]] organized the first round-the-clock and round-the-globe event that traveled through time zones.]]
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom has been used by banks, schools,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Aruna|title=Rules for the Zoom era: How to be a high school student during the coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/03/29/when-coronavirus-strikes-heres-how-active-student-via-zoom/2927532001/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> universities, and government agencies around the world,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |title=UK government told not to use Zoom because of China fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/24/uk-government-told-not-to-use-zoom-because-of-china-fears |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506104311/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/24/uk-government-told-not-to-use-zoom-because-of-china-fears |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> by the [[UK Parliament]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodge |first1=Rae |title=Zoom security issues: Zoom buys security company, aims for end-to-end encryption |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-security-issues-zoom-buys-security-company-aims-for-end-to-end-encryption/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=CNET |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512185016/https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-security-issues-zoom-buys-security-company-aims-for-end-to-end-encryption/ |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> by healthcare professionals for telemedicine,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Span |first1=Paula |title=With Red Tape Lifted, Dr. Zoom Will See You Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/health/coronavirus-telemedicine-seniors.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512181228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/health/coronavirus-telemedicine-seniors.html |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> barbershops,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herrera Greenspan |first1=Hannah |title=Using Zoom, Chicago hair stylists help clients cut and color their own hair at home |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-life-coronavirus-haircuts-through-zoom-0521-tt-20200521-t6duaz5nofcibfb3d5elwszotm-story.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170728/https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-life-coronavirus-haircuts-through-zoom-0521-tt-20200521-t6duaz5nofcibfb3d5elwszotm-story.html |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ceremonies such as birthday parties,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nierenberg |first1=Amelia |title=Go Ahead, Blow Out the Candles on Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/smarter-living/zoom-birthday-party.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510170119/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/smarter-living/zoom-birthday-party.html/ |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> funeral services,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Sara |title=Zoom funerals are a new reality in quarantine. This is what they're like. |url=https://www.insider.com/zoom-funerals-are-a-new-reality-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-5 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Insider |date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210104223543/https://www.insider.com/zoom-funerals-are-a-new-reality-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[bar and bat mitzvah]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Springer |first1=Shira |title=For Some, Zoom Bar And Bat Mitzvahs Highlight 'Most Meaningful And Memorable Moments' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/16/856819558/for-some-zoom-bar-and-bat-mitzvahs-highlight-most-meaningful-and-memorable-momen |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=NPR |date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611111129/https://www.npr.org/2020/05/16/856819558/for-some-zoom-bar-and-bat-mitzvahs-highlight-most-meaningful-and-memorable-momen |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Roni |title=Zoom Mitzvah |url=https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/zoom-mitzvah/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Atlanta Jewish Times |date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426113302/https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/zoom-mitzvah/ |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom formed a partnership with [[Formula One]] to create a virtual club where fans can go behind the scenes and take part in virtual activities through Zoom, beginning with the [[Hungarian Grand Prix]] on July 19, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Impey |first1=Steven |title=F1 calls on Zoom to deliver virtual race-day fan experience |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/f1-zoom-virtual-paddock-club-grand-prix-fan-hospitality-experience |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Sports Pro Media |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205013/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/f1-zoom-virtual-paddock-club-grand-prix-fan-hospitality-experience |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |title=F1 and Zoom partner to create a Virtual Paddock Club |url=https://www.gpfans.com/en/articles/54432/f1-and-zoom-partner-to-create-a-virtual-paddock-club/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=GP Fans |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205002/https://www.gpfans.com/en/articles/54432/f1-and-zoom-partner-to-create-a-virtual-paddock-club/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An article published in July 2020 in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' noted a new real estate trend in San Francisco and Oakland where some listings include "Zoom rooms" with backdrops for Zoom calls.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chamings |first1=Andrew |title=The 'Zoom room' boom: A very 2020 real estate trend |url=https://www.sfgate.com/living-in-sf/article/The-Zoom-room-boom-A-very-2020-real-estate-trend-15432349.php |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205011/https://www.sfgate.com/living-in-sf/article/The-Zoom-room-boom-A-very-2020-real-estate-trend-15432349.php |url-status=live }}</ref> People were complaining about "zoom fatigue"<ref name="names">{{cite web |url= https://www.genericides.org/trademark/zoom |title= Has zoom become a generic trademark? |access-date= March 2, 2021 |website= genericides.org }}</ref> (too many video calls) before they had their "zoom happy hour" (online social meeting with friends or colleagues).<ref name="names"/>

[[Richard Nelson (playwright)|Richard Nelson]]'s play ''What Do We Need to Talk About?'' takes place on Zoom, with its main characters congregating online during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] using Zoom. Written and directed by Nelson, it was commissioned by [[The Public Theater]] and premiered on [[YouTube]] on April 29, 2020, as a benefit performance. ''[[The New Yorker]]'' called it "the first great original play of quarantine".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwartz |first1=Alexandra |title=The First Great Original Play of Quarantine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-first-great-original-play-of-quarantine |access-date=8 June 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-first-great-original-play-of-quarantine |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Oprah's Your Life in Focus: A Vision Forward'' was a live virtual experience hosted by [[Oprah Winfrey]] on Zoom from May 16 through June 6, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oprah Winfrey to Launch Live Virtual Experience on Wellness |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oprah-winfrey-launch-live-virtual-experience-wellness-1294307 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170556/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oprah-winfrey-launch-live-virtual-experience-wellness-1294307 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Source Material's play ''In These Uncertain Times'', directed by Samantha Shay, characters communicate on Zoom. The play premiered on Zoom on July 25, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Maya |title='In These Uncertain Times' Review: Love, Loss and Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/theater/in-these-uncertain-times-review.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/theater/in-these-uncertain-times-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2020 British [[Found footage (film technique)|found-footage]] Zoom-based horror film ''[[Host (film)|Host]]'', directed by Rob Savage, a group of young people has a remote séance in which they try contacting spirits over Zoom. It premiered on [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]] in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nosheen |title=House of horror: Host, the Zoom-call hit movie that has Hollywood quaking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/16/house-of-horror-host-the-zoom-call-hit-movie-that-has-hollywood-quaking |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/16/house-of-horror-host-the-zoom-call-hit-movie-that-has-hollywood-quaking |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Collis |first1=Clark |title='Our pitch was, it's going to be scary': The making of lockdown horror movie Host |url=https://ew.com/movies/host-lockdown-horror-movie-rob-savage/ |access-date=20 August 2020 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://ew.com/movies/host-lockdown-horror-movie-rob-savage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A live reading of [[Kristoffer Diaz]]'s 2009 play ''[[The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity]]'' over Zoom streamed on Play-PerView from August 15–20, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Maya |title=From a Wrestling Ring to Tiny Boxes: How 'Chad Deity' Went Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/theater/elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-zoom.html |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/theater/elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-zoom.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Dan |title=Pulitzer Prize Finalist The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity Gets Virtual Reading August 15 |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/pulitzer-prize-finalist-the-elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-gets-virtual-reading-august-15 |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=Playbill |date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205010/https://www.playbill.com/article/pulitzer-prize-finalist-the-elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-gets-virtual-reading-august-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2021 film ''[[Locked Down (2021 film)|Locked Down]]'', directed by [[Doug Liman]] and starring [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], characters communicate through Zoom conferences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgenstern |first1=Joe |title='Locked Down' Review: A Covid-Era Heist |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/locked-down-review-a-covid-era-heist-11610662823?mod=searchresults_pos18&page=1 |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

On July 3–4, 2020, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law and [[Alma Mater Europaea]] organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium|url=https://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.sloveniatimes.com|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205026/https://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium|url=https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|access-date=2020-10-27|website=en.almamater.si|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205015/https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after, a format of conferences that "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West",<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSA Global Webinar Series|url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205026/https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series/|archive-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> became common, some of them running for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Albert--Global Summit|url=https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Menu|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicscience.org/page/conference/2020-esa-global-online-around-the-clock-meetings|title=Conference Details|website=www.economicscience.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2020 Around-the-Clock Around-the-Globe Magnetics Conference|url=https://ieeemagnetics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=206|access-date=2021-04-12|website=ieeemagnetics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parncutt|first1=Richard|last2=Meyer-Kahlen|first2=Nils|last3=Sattmann|first3=Sabrina|date=2019-12-20|editor-last=Iles|editor-first=Alastair|title=Live-streaming at international academic conferences: Technical and organizational options for single- and multiple-location formats|journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene|volume=7|issue=54|doi=10.1525/elementa.392|issn=2325-1026|doi-access=free}}</ref>

On September 17, 2020, a live table read of the script for the 1982 film ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' was hosted by [[Dane Cook]], with performers including [[Brad Pitt]], [[Jennifer Aniston]], [[Julia Roberts]], original cast member [[Sean Penn]], [[Matthew McConaughey]], [[Shia LaBeouf]], [[Morgan Freeman]] (who served as the narrator), [[Jimmy Kimmel]], [[Ray Liotta]], and [[John Legend]], to raise money for the charity [[Community Organized Relief Effort|CORE]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bramesco |first1=Charles |title=Pitt! Aniston! Roberts! Freeman! Was this the starriest Zoom ever? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/18/fast-times-ridgemont-high-pitt-aniston-roberts-freeman-starriest-zoom-ever |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205027/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/18/fast-times-ridgemont-high-pitt-aniston-roberts-freeman-starriest-zoom-ever |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nolan |first1=Emma |title=Where to Watch Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston 'Fast Times At Ridgemont High' Table Read |url=https://www.newsweek.com/brad-pitt-jennifer-aniston-reunion-fast-times-ridgemont-high-table-read-watch-1532800 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Newsweek |date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.newsweek.com/brad-pitt-jennifer-aniston-reunion-fast-times-ridgemont-high-table-read-watch-1532800 |url-status=live }}</ref> The broadcast of the [[72nd Primetime Emmy Awards]] on September 20, 2020, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, featured nominees participating through Zoom.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Shaffer |first1=Claire |title=Emmys 2020: Jimmy Kimmel Opens With a Zoom Room of Nominees |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-2020-jimmy-kimmel-zoom-nominees-1063770/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205023/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-2020-jimmy-kimmel-zoom-nominees-1063770/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On an alternate music video for the 2020 single "[[Ice Cream (Blackpink and Selena Gomez song)|Ice Cream]]" by [[Blackpink]] featuring [[Selena Gomez]], the artists appeared via Zoom from their homes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaufman |first1=Gil |title=Selena Gomez & Blackpink Zoom in From Home For 'Ice Cream' Lyric Video |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9453437/selena-gomez-blackpink-ice-cream-lyric-video |access-date=30 September 2020 |magazine=Billboard |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205045/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9453437/selena-gomez-blackpink-ice-cream-lyric-video |url-status=live }}</ref> The series ''Zoom Where It Happens'', airing on Zoom as a partnership between Zoom and Black female artists, launched in September 2020 with a virtual table read of an episode of ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', reimagined with an all-Black cast. The second episode featured an all-Black cast in a table read of an episode of ''[[Friends]]'', hosted by [[Gabrielle Union]] and featuring [[Sterling K. Brown]] and [[Uzo Aduba]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saad |first1=Nardine |title=Sterling K. Brown and Uzo Aduba flip the 'Friends' script with an all-Black cast |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-09-22/friends-black-cast-zoom-sterling-k-brown-uzo-aduba |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205023/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-09-22/friends-black-cast-zoom-sterling-k-brown-uzo-aduba |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=Amanda |title=How to Watch and Stream the 'Friends' Remake With Sterling K. Brown and Ryan Michelle Bathe |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a34109256/how-to-watch-friends-remake-zoom/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Good Housekeeping |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a34109256/how-to-watch-friends-remake-zoom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | title=Zoom under increased scrutiny as popularity soars | work=[[BBC News]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401204959/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020">{{cite web | last=Lopez | first=Napier | title=Zoom's 5.0 update helps stop zoombombing and improves encryption | website=The Next Web | date=2020-04-22 | url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508054234/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | archive-date=May 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Many of Zoom's issues "surround deliberate features designed to reduce friction in meetings", which [[Citizen Lab]] found to "also, by design, reduce privacy or security".<ref name=citlab/><ref name="Donnell 2020">{{cite web | author=Donnell | title=Two Zoom Zero-Day Flaws Uncovered | website=Threatpost | date=2020-04-01 | url=https://threatpost.com/two-zoom-zero-day-flaws-uncovered/154337/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421172242/https://threatpost.com/two-zoom-zero-day-flaws-uncovered/154337/ | archive-date=April 21, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, [[New York State Attorney General]] [[Letitia James]] launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.<ref name="nyag">{{cite news | first1=Danny | last1=Hakim | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 30, 2020 | issn=0362-4331 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402145005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=Zoom strikes a deal with NY AG office, closing the inquiry into its security problems |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=CNBC |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515202226/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, CEO Yuan apologized for the security issues, stating that some of the issues were a result of Zoom's having been designed for "large institutions with full IT support."<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/tech/zoom-ceo-apology-privacy/index.html | title=Zoom CEO apologizes for having 'fallen short' on privacy and security | last=Iyengar | first=Rishi | work=[[CNN]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408121026/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/tech/zoom-ceo-apology-privacy/index.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> He noted that in December 2019, Zoom had a maximum of 10 million daily meeting participants, and in March 2020 the software had more than 200 million daily meeting participants, bringing the company increased challenges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Zoom announces 90-day feature freeze to fix privacy and security issues |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21204018/zoom-security-privacy-feature-freeze-200-million-daily-users |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Verge |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511100914/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21204018/zoom-security-privacy-feature-freeze-200-million-daily-users |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom agreed to focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Alex | last1=Hern | title=Zoom says engineers will focus on security and safety issues | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-says-engineers-will-focus-on-security-and-safety-issues | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=April 2, 2020 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409211203/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-says-engineers-will-focus-on-security-and-safety-issues | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zoom Security: The Good, the Bad, and the Business Model | url=https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/blog/2020-04/2020-04-02.html | author-link=Steven M. Bellovin | first=Steven M. | last=Bellovin | work=[[Columbia University]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406195423/https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/blog/2020-04/2020-04-02.html | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Kari | last=Paul | title='Zoom is malware': why experts worry about the video conferencing platform | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=April 2, 2020 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410102053/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing | archive-date=April 10, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Is Zoom safe and can it be hacked? | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html | work=[[The Independent]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408044015/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, the company released Zoom version 5.0, which addressed a number of the security and privacy concerns. It includes passwords by default, improved encryption, and a new security icon for meetings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Zoom releases 5.0 update with security and privacy improvements |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/22/21230962/zoom-update-security-privacy-features-improvements-download |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=The Verge |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422233423/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/22/21230962/zoom-update-security-privacy-features-improvements-download |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, Zoom added support for [[two-factor authentication]] to its desktop and mobile apps; the security feature was previously Web-only.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Zoom's mobile and desktop apps now support two-factor authentication |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/11/21432132/zoom-two-factor-authentication-2fa-mobile-desktop-web-security |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=The Verge |date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205034/https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/11/21432132/zoom-two-factor-authentication-2fa-mobile-desktop-web-security |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of April 2020, businesses, schools, and government entities who have restricted or prohibited the use of Zoom on their networks include [[Google]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/8/21213978/google-zoom-ban-security-risks-hangouts-meet |title=Google bans its employees from using Zoom over security concerns |date=April 8, 2020 |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515220924/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/8/21213978/google-zoom-ban-security-risks-hangouts-meet |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Siemens]],<ref name="Siemens">{{cite news|last1=Jitendra Soni|title=More top companies ban Zoom following security fears|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/more-top-companies-ban-zoom-following-security-fears|access-date=22 April 2020|work=Techradar|date=15 April 2020|language=en|quote=Among the latest organisations to block the use of Zoom are German industrial giant Siemens, which sent out an internal circular urging its employees to not use the tool for video conferencing, with Standard Chartered Bank also issuing a similar note to its staff.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421163303/https://www.techradar.com/news/more-top-companies-ban-zoom-following-security-fears|archive-date=April 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Australian Defence Force]], the [[German Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[SpaceX]], and the [[New York City Department of Education]].<ref name="who">{{cite news | url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/who-has-banned-zoom-google-nasa-and-more/ | title=Who has banned Zoom? Google, NASA, and more | first=Brandon | last=Vigliarolo | work=[[techPresident]] | date=April 9, 2020 | access-date=April 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413114306/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/who-has-banned-zoom-google-nasa-and-more/ | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1615008|title=MHA issues Advisory on Secure use of ZOOM Meeting Platform|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> In May 2020, the New York City Department of Education lifted their ban on Zoom after the company addressed security and privacy concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaveri |first1=Paayal |title=The NYC Department of Education is reversing its ban on Zoom after the company addresses its security and privacy concerns |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-city-schools-reverse-zoom-ban-online-learning-2020-5 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-city-schools-reverse-zoom-ban-online-learning-2020-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By September 2020, Zoom had 370,200 institutional customers with more than 10 employees, up about 458 percent from the same quarter to the year before. The company's revenue rose 355 percent to $663.5 million, topping analysts' average estimate of $500.5 million. They were able to raise their annual revenue forecast by more than 30 percent after many of their free users converted to paid subscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom sales surge as free users convert to paid|url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/682567/zoom-sales-surge-free-users-convert-paid/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=ARN|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205039/https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/682567/zoom-sales-surge-free-users-convert-paid/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the pandemic, Zoom's profit increased by 4,000%, and the company did not pay any income tax, according to a report by the [[Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Zoom increased profits by 4000 per cent during pandemic but paid no income tax, report says|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/zoom-pandemic-profit-income-tax-b1820281.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/zoom-pandemic-profit-income-tax-b1820281.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Privacy===
Zoom has been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies, as well as for enabling video hosts to potentially violate the privacy of those participating in their calls.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom Calls Aren't as Private as You May Think. Here's What You Should Know. | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | website=[[Consumer Reports]] | last=St. John | first=Allen | date=March 24, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325211202/https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 25, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | first=Kate | last=O'Flaherty | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 25, 2020 | quote=collects and stores personal data and shares it with third parties such as advertisers. But Zoom's policy also covers what it labels "customer content" or "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards... shared while using the service". This includes videos, transcripts that can be generated automatically, documents shared on screen, and the names of everyone on a call. | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom is a work-from-home privacy disaster waiting to happen | url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | last=Morse | first=Jack | work=[[Mashable]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326154758/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, a [[Motherboard (website)|Motherboard]] article found that the company's [[iOS]] app was sending device analytics data to [[Facebook]] on startup, regardless of whether a Facebook account was being used with the service, and without disclosing it to the user.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7e599/zoom-ios-app-sends-data-to-facebook-even-if-you-dont-have-a-facebook-account | title=Zoom iOS App Sends Data to Facebook Even if You Don't Have a Facebook Account | last=Cox | first=Joseph | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | date=March 26, 2020 | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410071826/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7e599/zoom-ios-app-sends-data-to-facebook-even-if-you-dont-have-a-facebook-account | archive-date=April 10, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom responded that it had been made aware of the issue and patched the app to remove the [[Software development kit|SDK]] after learning that it was collecting unnecessary device data. The company stated that the SDK was only collecting information on the user's device specifications (such as model names and operating system versions) in order to optimize its service and that it was not collecting personal information.<ref name="wallst1"/><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b745/zoom-removes-code-that-sends-data-to-facebook | title=Zoom Removes Code That Sends Data to Facebook | last=Cox | first=Joseph | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | date=March 27, 2020 | access-date=March 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402023306/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b745/zoom-removes-code-that-sends-data-to-facebook | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-iphone-users-were-no-longer-sending-your-data-to-facebook/ | title=Zoom to iPhone users: We're no longer sending your data to Facebook | first=Liam | last=Tung | work=[[ZDNet]] | date=March 30, 2020 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331151002/https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-iphone-users-were-no-longer-sending-your-data-to-facebook/ | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, Zoom was sued by a user in [[U.S. Federal Court]] for illegally and secretly disclosing personal data to third parties, including Facebook.<ref>{{cite news | last=Rosenblatt | first=Joel | title=Zoom Sued for Allegedly Illegally Disclosing Personal Data | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/zoom-sued-for-allegedly-illegally-disclosing-personal-data | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406094039/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/zoom-sued-for-allegedly-illegally-disclosing-personal-data | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom responded that it "has never sold user data in the past and has no intention of selling users' data going forward".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finnegan |first1=Matthew |title=Zoom hit by investor lawsuit as security, privacy concerns mount |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3537193/zoom-hit-by-investor-lawsuit-as-security-privacy-concerns-mount.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[Computer World]] |date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205045/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3537193/zoom-hit-by-investor-lawsuit-as-security-privacy-concerns-mount.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, a Zoom information gathering feature was found that automatically sent user names and email addresses to [[LinkedIn]], allowing some participants to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other users without their express consent.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Aaron | last1=Krolik | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=A Feature on Zoom Secretly Displayed Data From People's LinkedIn Profiles | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/technology/zoom-linkedin-data.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 2, 2020 | url-access=subscription | quote=as high school students in Colorado signed in to a mandatory video meeting for a class, Zoom readied the full names and email addresses of at least six students — and their teacher — for possible use by its LinkedIn profile-matching tool | access-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403003247/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/technology/zoom-linkedin-data.html | archive-date=April 3, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, the companies disabled their integration.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21205853/zoom-linkedin-feature-disabled-privacy-security-video-calling | title=Zoom has disabled a feature that was exposing users' LinkedIn profiles | first=Monica | last=Chin | work=[[The Verge]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413232522/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21205853/zoom-linkedin-feature-disabled-privacy-security-video-calling | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bartz |first=Diane |date=2020-05-12 |title=U.S. FTC indicates it is looking at Zoom privacy woes |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-06-24 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ}}</ref> The FTC alleged in a complaint<ref name=FTC-complaint>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomcomplaint.pdf |title=Zoom Communications: Complaint |last1=Simons |first1=Joseph J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Noah Joshua |last3=Chopra |first3=Rohit |last4=Slaughter |first4=Rebecca Kelly |last5=Wilson |first5=Christine S. |date= |website=ftc.gov |publisher=[[Federal Trade Commission]] |access-date=December 17, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217183424/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomcomplaint.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |quote=Zoom did not employ end-to-end encryption... Zoom did not employ 256-bit Encryption... recorded Messages are not stored encrypted in Zoom's cloud storage immediately after a Meeting has ended... Zoom installed the ZoomOpener webserver, without adequate notice or consent, to circumvent a browser privacy and security safeguard... the webserver would remain on users' computers even after they had uninstalled the Zoom App.}}</ref> that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers' meetings, did not provide advertised end-to-end encryption, falsely claimed [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]] compliance, installed the ZoomOpener webserver without adequate consent, did not uninstall the web server after uninstalling the Zoom App, and secured its Zoom Meetings with a lower level of encryption than promised."<ref>{{cite web |title=FTC Requires Zoom to Enhance its Security Practices as Part of Settlement |date=November 8, 2020 |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |publisher=FTC.gov |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to stop misrepresenting security features, create an information security program, obtain biannual assessments by a third party, and implement additional security measures.<ref name=FTC-agreement>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |title=Zoom Communications: Agreement Containing Consent Order |last1=Simons |first1=Joseph J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Noah Joshua |last3=Chopra |first3=Rohit |last4=Slaughter |first4=Rebecca Kelly |last5=Wilson |first5=Christine S. |date= |website=ftc.gov |publisher=[[Federal Trade Commission]] |access-date=December 17, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |quote=must not misrepresent in any manner, expressly or by implication, the security features... establish and implement, and thereafter maintain, a comprehensive information security program... The Assessments must be obtained by one or more qualified, objective, independent third-party professionals... }}</ref>

===Security===

==== Vulnerabilities ====
In November 2018, a security vulnerability was discovered that allowed a remote unauthenticated attacker to spoof [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] messages that allowed the attacker to remove attendees from meetings, spoof messages from users, or hijack shared screens.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15715 | title=CVE-2018-15715 | website=[[National Vulnerability Database]] | date=November 30, 2018 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709020711/https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15715 | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{CVE|2018-15715}}</ref> The company released fixes shortly after the vulnerability was discovered.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/360020436071-Security-CVE-2018-15715 | title=Security: CVE-2018-15715 | publisher=Zoom | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519013709/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/360020436071-Security-CVE-2018-15715 | archive-date=May 19, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2019, security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh disclosed a [[zero-day (computing)|zero-day]] vulnerability allowing any website to force a [[macOS]] user to join a Zoom call, with their [[video camera]] activated, without the user's permission.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://medium.com/@jonathan.leitschuh/zoom-zero-day-4-million-webcams-maybe-an-rce-just-get-them-to-visit-your-website-ac75c83f4ef5 | title=Zoom Zero Day: 4+ Million Webcams & maybe an RCE? Just get them to visit your website! | last=Leitschuh | first=Jonathan | website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=July 9, 2019 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709194543/https://medium.com/@jonathan.leitschuh/zoom-zero-day-4-million-webcams-maybe-an-rce-just-get-them-to-visit-your-website-ac75c83f4ef5 | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Attempts to uninstall the Zoom client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background using a hidden web server that was set up on the machine during the first installation so that it remains active even after attempting to remove the client. After receiving public criticism, Zoom removed the vulnerability and the hidden webserver to allow complete uninstallation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/07/09/zooms_hidden_mac_web_server_allows_autojoin_conferencing_exploit/ | last=Anderson | first=Tim | title=Anyone for unintended Chat Roulette? Zoom installs hidden Mac web server to allow auto-join video conferencing | work=[[The Register]] | date=July 9, 2019 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709162029/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/07/09/zooms_hidden_mac_web_server_allows_autojoin_conferencing_exploit/ | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, security researchers found vulnerabilities where [[Windows]] users' [[Credential#Information technology|credentials]] could be exposed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/04/unpatched-zoom-bug-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-with-no-warning/ | first=Dan | last=Goodin | title=Attackers can use Zoom to steal users' Windows credentials with no warning | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=April 1, 2020 | quote=The vulnerability was first described last week by a researcher who uses the Twitter handle @_g0dmode. He wrote: "#Zoom chat allows you to post links such as \\x.x.x.x\xyz to attempt to capture Net-NTLM hashes if clicked by other users. | access-date=April 2, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401220504/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/04/unpatched-zoom-bug-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-with-no-warning/ | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/zoom-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-run-programs-via-unc-links/ | title=Zoom Lets Attackers Steal Windows Credentials, Run Programs via UNC Links | first=Lawrence | last=Abrams | work=[[Bleeping Computer]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=April 2, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405191720/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/zoom-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-run-programs-via-unc-links/ | archive-date=April 5, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Another vulnerability allowing unprompted access to cameras and microphones was made public.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-backlash-zero-days/ | title=The Zoom Privacy Backlash Is Only Getting Started | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 6, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406094033/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-backlash-zero-days/ | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{CVE|2020-11470}}</ref> Zoom issued a fix in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3535373/report-hackers-can-steal-windows-credentials-via-links-in-zoom-chat.html | title=Update: Zoom issues fix for UNC vulnerability that lets hackers steal Windows credentials via chat | work=[[PC World]] | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205035/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3535373/report-hackers-can-steal-windows-credentials-via-links-in-zoom-chat.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Motherboard reported that there were two Zoom [[Zero-day (computing)|zero-days]] for macOS and Windows respectively, selling for $500,000, on April 15, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qjdqgv/hackers-selling-critical-zoom-zero-day-exploit-for-500000|title=Hackers Are Selling a Critical Zoom Zero-Day Exploit for $500,000|last=Franceschi-Bicchierai|first=Lorenzo|date=2020-04-15|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423004707/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qjdqgv/hackers-selling-critical-zoom-zero-day-exploit-for-500000|archive-date=April 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Security bug brokers were selling access to Zoom security flaws that could allow remote access into users' computers.<ref name="nytdropbox" /> Hackers also put up over 500,000 Zoom user names and passwords for sale on the [[dark web]].<ref name="nytdropbox" /> In response to the multitude of security and privacy issues found, Zoom began a comprehensive security plan, which included consulting with Luta Security, Trail of Bits, former [[Facebook]] CSO [[Alex Stamos]], former [[Google]] global lead of privacy technology Lea Kissner, BishopFox, the [[NCC Group]], and [[Johns Hopkins University]] cryptographer [[Matthew D. Green]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom to revamp bug bounty program, bring in more security experts|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-revamp-bug-bounty-program-bring-in-more-security-experts/|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416135140/https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-revamp-bug-bounty-program-bring-in-more-security-experts/|archive-date=April 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 20, 2020, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] engineers had traced Zoom's security vulnerabilities back over two years, pushing Zoom to address such issues more quickly, and paying top hackers to find problems with Zoom's software. In the same article, the ''New York Times'' noted that security researchers have praised Zoom for improving its response times, and for quickly patching recent bugs and removing features that could have privacy risks.<ref name="nytdropbox" /><ref name="wallst1" /> In a blog post on April 1, 2020, CEO Yuan announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues within the platform.<ref name="wallst2">{{cite news |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |title=Zoom Hires Security Heavyweights to Fix Flaws |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-hires-security-heavyweights-to-fix-flaws-11587061868 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510202025/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-hires-security-heavyweights-to-fix-flaws-11587061868 |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 1, 2020, at the end of the freeze, the company stated it had released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be sharing a transparency report later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |title=Zoom promises its first transparency report later this year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205027/https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruze |first1=Danny |title=Zoom released 100 new security features in 90 days |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Live Mint |date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205037/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 16, 2020, Zoom announced a new security feature to combat disruptions during a session. The new feature was said to be a default for all free and paid users and made available on the Zoom clients for [[MacBook|Mac]], PC, and [[Linux]], as well as Zoom mobile apps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/16/21570302/zoom-security-temporarily-shut-down-suspend-meetings-stop-zoombombers|title=Zoom's new security feature will let you stop 'Zoombombers' in their tracks|access-date=16 November 2020|website=The Verge|date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>

On August 12, 2022, [[Wired (magazine)|Wired magazine]] reported on three separate security vulnerabilities discovered by security researcher Patrick Wardle affecting the Zoom [[Macintosh operating systems|Mac OS]] desktop app. The vulnerabilities allowed an attacker who already had access to the Mac device to perform a [[privilege escalation]] attack by installing malicious code using the app's auto-update feature, thereby giving them full control over the victim's device.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Lily Hay |title=Zoom's Auto-Update Feature Came With Hidden Risks on Mac |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-auto-update-mac-flaws/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

==== Zoombombing ====
{{further|Zoombombing}}

The practice of "[[Zoombombing]]", a phenomenon where uninvited participants join a meeting to cause disruption, prompted a warning from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=April 3, 2020 |title=A Must For Millions, Zoom Has A Dark Side — And An FBI Warning |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826129520/a-must-for-millions-zoom-has-a-dark-side-and-an-fbi-warning |url-status=live |access-date=April 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408212956/https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826129520/a-must-for-millions-zoom-has-a-dark-side-and-an-fbi-warning |archive-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/boston/news/press-releases/fbi-warns-of-teleconferencing-and-online-classroom-hijacking-during-covid-19-pandemic |title=FBI Warns of Teleconferencing and Online Classroom Hijacking During COVID-19 Pandemic |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |date=March 30, 2020 |access-date=April 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221843/https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/boston/news/press-releases/fbi-warns-of-teleconferencing-and-online-classroom-hijacking-during-covid-19-pandemic |archive-date=April 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=March 27, 2020 |title=Trolls exploit Zoom privacy settings as app gains popularity |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/27/trolls-zoom-privacy-settings-covid-19-lockdown |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408114600/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/27/trolls-zoom-privacy-settings-covid-19-lockdown |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=March 20, 2020 |title='Zoombombing': When Video Conferences Go Wrong |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/style/zoombombing-zoom-trolling.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327104653/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/style/zoombombing-zoom-trolling.html |archive-date=March 27, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, Zoom set many of its higher security settings as default as they advised users on ways to mitigate Zoombombing.<ref name="techrep" />The company created a new "report a user to Zoom" button, intended to catch those behind Zoombombing attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kan |first1=Michael |date=20 April 2020 |title=Got a Zoom-Bombing Problem? Zoom Will Soon Let You Report Attacks in Real Time |work=PC Magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/got-a-zoom-bombing-problem-zoom-will-soon-let-you-report-attacks-in-real |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505183345/https://www.pcmag.com/news/got-a-zoom-bombing-problem-zoom-will-soon-let-you-report-attacks-in-real |archive-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref>

====Encryption practices====
Zoom encrypts its public data streams, using [[TLS 1.2]] with AES-256 ([[Advanced Encryption Standard]]) to protect [[Signaling (telecommunications)|signaling]], and AES-128 to protect [[streaming media]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362723-Encryption-for-Meetings | title=Encryption for Meetings | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408173352/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362723-Encryption-for-Meetings | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor encryption practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "[[end-to-end encryption]]" in its marketing materials,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | title=Advanced Encryption for Chat | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407035927/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which ''[[The Intercept]]'' described as misleading and "dishonest".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | title=Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing | last1=Lee | first1=Micah | last2=Grauer | first2=Yael | website=[[The Intercept]] | date=March 31, 2020 | quote=Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase ‘End to End’ in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point. | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402121430/https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alex Stamos]], a Zoom advisor who was formerly security chief at [[Facebook]], noted that a lack of end-to-end encryption is common in such products, as it is also true of [[Google Hangouts]], [[Microsoft Teams]], and [[Cisco Webex]].<ref name="cnbc1">{{cite news |last1=Stankiewicz |first1=Kevin |title=Ex-Facebook security chief, now Zoom advisor, says he still trusts Zoom for his video meetings |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/zoom-advisor-alex-stamos-still-trusts-zoom-for-his-video-meetings.html |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=CNBC |date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422112834/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/zoom-advisor-alex-stamos-still-trusts-zoom-for-his-video-meetings.html |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired [[Keybase]], a company specializing in end-to-end encryption, as part of an effort to strengthen its security practices moving forward.<ref name="wiredkeybase">{{cite magazine |last1=Barrett |first1=Brian |title=Security News This Week: Zoom Security Gets a Boost With Keybase Acquisition |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517010402/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom acquires Keybase to get end-to-end encryption expertise|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/05/07/zoom-acquires-keybase-to-get-end-to-end-encryption-expertise/|website=TechCrunch|date=May 7, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515181731/https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/07/zoom-acquires-keybase-to-get-end-to-end-encryption-expertise/|archive-date=May 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, Zoom published a document for peer review, detailing its plans to ultimately bring end-to-end encryption to the software.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitney |first1=Lance |title=How Zoom plans to better secure meetings with end-to-end encryption |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-zoom-plans-to-better-secure-meetings-with-end-to-end-encryption/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Tech Republic |date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527003129/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-zoom-plans-to-better-secure-meetings-with-end-to-end-encryption/ |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, Citizen Lab researchers discovered that a single, server-generated AES-128 key is being shared between all participants in [[Block cipher mode of operation#Electronic codebook (ECB)|ECB mode]], which is deprecated due to its pattern-preserving characteristics of the ciphertext.<ref>{{CVE|2020-11500}}</ref> During test calls between participants in Canada and United States, the key was provisioned from servers located in mainland China where they are subject to the [[China Internet Security Law]].<ref name="citlab">{{Cite news | url=https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | title=Move Fast & Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality of Zoom Meetings | first1=Bill | last1=Marczak | first2=John | last2=Scott-Railton | work=[[Citizen Lab]] | date=April 3, 2020 | access-date=April 4, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023706/https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 3, 2020, Zoom announced that users on their free tier will not have access to [[end-to-end encryption]] so that they could cooperate with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=2020-06-03|title=Zoom says free users won't get end-to-end encryption so FBI and police can access calls|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279355/zoom-end-encryption-calls-fbi-police-free-users|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131312/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279355/zoom-end-encryption-calls-fbi-police-free-users|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, they said that they do not "proactively monitor meeting content".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Zoom to exclude free calls from end-to-end encryption to allow FBI cooperation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/03/zoom-privacy-law-enforcement-technology-yuan|access-date=2020-06-05|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611082512/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/03/zoom-privacy-law-enforcement-technology-yuan|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 17, 2020, the company reversed course and announced that free users would have access to end-to-end encryption after all.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Zoom says free users will get end-to-end encryption after all |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/17/21294355/zoom-security-end-to-end-encryptoin-beta-release-july-2020-new-feature |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205028/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/17/21294355/zoom-security-end-to-end-encryptoin-beta-release-july-2020-new-feature |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 7, 2020, cryptography researcher [[Nadim Kobeissi]] accused Zoom's security team of failing to credit his open-source protocol analysis research software, Verifpal, with being instrumental during the design phase of Zoom's new encryption protocol, as described in their whitepaper published in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom encryption whitepaper|website=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/zoom/zoom-e2e-whitepaper|date=17 June 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205033/https://github.com/zoom/zoom-e2e-whitepaper|url-status=live}}</ref> Kobeissi published a week's worth of conversations with Zoom's security leadership in support of his claim, including Max Krohn, which included eight Verifpal models that Zoom's team asked for feedback on, promises of a citation to credit Kobeissi for his contributions and an admission that the Verifpal citation was pulled from the whitepaper at the last moment for unspecified reasons. Kobeissi also linked to a tweet by Zoom security consultant Lea Kissner which he described as a public [[character assassination]] attempt issued in response to his repeated requests to have his work cited in the research paper published by Zoom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fear and Loathing in Protocol Analysis|url=https://nadim.computer/posts/2020-09-07-loathing.html|date=7 September 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205030/https://nadim.computer/posts/2020-09-07-loathing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Data routing===
Zoom admitted that some calls in early April 2020 and prior were mistakenly routed through servers in [[mainland China]], prompting some governments and businesses to cease their usage of Zoom.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom admits some calls were routed through China by mistake | url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/03/zoom-calls-routed-china | first=Zack | last=Whittaker | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 4, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409185647/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/03/zoom-calls-routed-china/ | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company later announced that data of free users outside of China would "never be routed through China" and that paid subscribers will be able to customize which data center regions they want to use. The company has data centers in Europe, Asia, North America, and Latin America.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/04/14/this-new-zoom-control-allows-you-to-stop-chats-being-routed-through-china/ | title=This New Zoom Control Allows You To Stop Chats Being Routed Through China | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205036/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/04/14/this-new-zoom-control-allows-you-to-stop-chats-being-routed-through-china/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/04/14/zoom_geo_routing_upgrade/ | title=Zoom adds Choose Your Own Routing Adventure to keep chats out of China | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205041/https://www.theregister.com/2020/04/14/zoom_geo_routing_upgrade/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Censorship===
{{See also|Zoom Video Communications#Censorship|Overseas censorship of Chinese issues|Internet censorship in China}}
An April 2020 Citizen Lab report warned that having much of Zoom's research and development in China could "open up Zoom to pressure from Chinese authorities".<ref name="citlab" /> [[Lee Cheuk Yan]]'s (Chairman of Hong Kong Labour Party) account was also closed in early May 2020, and human rights activist [[Zhou Fengsuo]]'s was closed in June after he held an event discussing the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]].<ref name="axios">{{Cite web|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=June 10, 2020|title=Zoom closed account of U.S.-based Chinese activist "to comply with local law"|url=https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192255/https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|archive-date=June 10, 2020|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Axios|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2020-06-11|title=Zoom Blocks Activist After Tiananmen Vigil|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/technology/zoom-china-tiananmen-square.html|access-date=2020-06-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613104310/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/technology/zoom-china-tiananmen-square.html|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, Zoom acknowledged that it had terminated two accounts belonging to U.S. users and one of a user from Hong Kong connected to meetings discussing the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,<ref name="theprint"/> the accounts were later re-opened, with the company stating that in the future it "will have a new process for handling similar situations".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Austin |first1=Patrick |title='We'll Do All We Can to Promote Free Speech,' Says Zoom CEO Eric Yuan After Criticism on Encryption and Privacy |url=https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |magazine=Time |date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205043/https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom also announced upcoming technology that could prevent participants from specific countries from joining calls that were deemed illegal in those areas.<ref name="theprint">{{Cite web|last=Grant|first=Nico|date=2020-06-12|title=Zoom says China asked it to censor pro-democracy activists in US and it obeyed|url=https://theprint.in/world/zoom-says-china-asked-it-to-censor-pro-democracy-activists-in-us-and-it-obeyed/440148/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613005901/https://theprint.in/world/zoom-says-china-asked-it-to-censor-pro-democracy-activists-in-us-and-it-obeyed/440148/|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, Zoom blocked [[San Francisco State University]] from using its video conferencing software to host [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) militant and hijacker [[Leila Khaled]] in response to vigorous lobbying by the Jewish coalition group "End Jewish Hatred". In justifying its decision, Zoom cited the PFLP's designation as a terrorist organization by the United States Government and its efforts to comply with U.S. export control, sanctions, and anti-terrorism laws. [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] also joined Zoom in denying their platforms to the conference organizers. Professor [[Rabab Ibrahim Abdulhadi]], one of the conference organizers, criticized Zoom, Facebook, and [[Google]] for allegedly censoring Palestinian voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title=Zoom Draws a Line |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005246/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greschler |first1=Gabriel |title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]] |date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163522/https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Nadda |title=Zoom criticised for cancelling webinar with Palestinian activist Leila Khaled |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926100523/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transparency ===
On December 18, 2020, Zoom announced it would be issuing its first [[transparency report]]. These reports will be published twice a year beginning in 2021. These reports are supposed to show how Zoom responds when user data is requested by law enforcement or government officials. Zoom states that it "only produces user data to governments in response to valid and lawful requests in accordance with our Government Requests Guide and relevant legal policies".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transparency {{!}} Zoom Trust Center|url=https://zoom.us/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Zoom Video|language=en-US}}</ref> The first report covers from May 1, 2020, to December 12, 2020.

=== Regulatory issues ===
In August 2021, the Data Protection regulatory body in Hamburg, Germany, ruled that Zoom is operating in the [[European Union]] in breach of the [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR). This is due to the fact that, as per the ''[[Schrems II]]'' ruling, data that is being transferred out of the EU must be given the same protections that provided by the GDPR. The data gathered by Zoom is being sent to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karabus|first=Jude|title=Zoom incompatible with GDPR, claims data protection watchdog for the German city of Hamburg|url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/17/zoom_incompatible_with_gdpr_hamburg_warning/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.theregister.com|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
* [[Zoom fatigue]]
* [[Zoom town]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines}}
{{Portal bar|Telecommunication|Technology}}

[[Category:2012 software]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:Web conferencing]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2012]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]
[[Category:Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Zoom Video Communications

2022-10-03T01:49:20Z

Herobrine: logo change

{{short description|American video communications company}}
{{About|the company|the videoconferencing software developed by this company|Zoom (software)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2020 }}
{{Infobox company
| name = Zoom Video Communications, Inc.
| logo = Zoom Logo 2022.jpg
| image= Zoomheadquarters.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Zoom headquarters, [[Downtown San Jose]]
| type = [[Public company]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NASDAQ|ZM}} (Class A)|[[Nasdaq-100]] component}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|2011|04|21}}
| founder = [[Eric Yuan]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| location = {{nowrap|[[San Jose, California]], U.S.}}
| key_people = [[Eric Yuan]] ([[Chairman]] & [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]) Kelly Steckelberg ([[CFO]]) [[Peter Gassner]] (Director) Janine Pelosi ([[Chief marketing officer|CMO]])<ref name=10K/>
| services = [[Videotelephony]] [[Online chat]] [[Business telephone system]]s
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|3.05 billion|link=yes}} (2022)
| operating_income = {{increase}} US$1.06 billion (2022)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$1.38 billion (2022)
| assets = {{increase}} US$7.55 billion (2022)
| equity = {{increase}} US$5.78 billion (2022)
| num_employees = 6,787 (2022)
| website = {{Official website}}
| footnotes = Financials {{asof|2022|1|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1585521/000158552122000037/zm-20220131.htm | title=Zoom Video Communications, Inc. 2022 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''Zoom Video Communications, Inc.''' (commonly shortened to '''Zoom''', and stylized as '''zoom''') is an American communications technology company headquartered in [[San Jose, California]]. It provides [[videotelephony]] and [[online chat]] services through a cloud-based [[peer-to-peer]] software platform used for video communications (Meetings), messaging (Chat), voice calls (Phone), conference rooms for video meetings (Rooms), virtual events (Events) and contact centers (Contact Center), and offers an open platform allowing third-party developers to build custom applications on its [[Unified communications as a service|unified communications]] platform (Developer Platform).<ref name=10K/><ref name=zoomnow/>

[[Eric Yuan]], a former [[Cisco Systems|Cisco]] engineer and executive, founded Zoom in 2011, and launched its software in 2013.<ref name=backstory/> Zoom's revenue growth, and perceived ease-of-use and reliability of its software, resulted in a $1 billion valuation in 2017, making it a "[[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]]" company.<ref name="Ray 2020">{{cite web | last=Ray | first=Tiernan | title=Is There Room for Zoom Video to Continue Zooming Upward? | website=TheStreet | date=2020-03-24 | url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/can-zoom-continue-zooming-upward | access-date=2020-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404053453/https://www.thestreet.com/investing/can-zoom-continue-zooming-upward | archive-date=April 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company first became profitable in 2019,<ref>{{cite web | title=Zoom, a profitable unicorn, files to go public – TechCrunch | website=[[TechCrunch]] | date=2019-03-22 | url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/03/22/zoom-a-profitable-unicorn-files-to-go-public/ | access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name="The DBT News 2020">{{cite web | title=Zoom Video Communications Inc. [ZM] moved up 3.65: Why It's Important | website=The DBT News | date=2020-04-28 | url=https://dbtnews.com/2020/04/28/zoom-video-communications-inc-zm-moved-up-3-65-why-its-important/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002720/https://dbtnews.com/2020/04/28/zoom-video-communications-inc-zm-moved-up-3-65-why-its-important/ | archive-date=May 15, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> and completed an [[initial public offering]] that year.<ref name=value/> The company joined the [[NASDAQ-100]] stock index on April 30, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoom Video Communications, Inc. to Join the NASDAQ-100 Index Beginning April 30, 2020 |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/zoom-video-communications-inc.-to-join-the-nasdaq-100-index-beginning-april-30-2020 |website=NASDAQ Media Center |publisher=NASDAQ |date=April 23, 2020 |access-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425155055/https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/zoom-video-communications-inc.-to-join-the-nasdaq-100-index-beginning-april-30-2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beginning in early 2020, Zoom's software usage saw a remarkable global increase after [[quarantine]] measures were adopted in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=concerns/> Its software products have faced public and media scrutiny related to [[computer security|security]] and [[information privacy|privacy]] issues, though the company has taken measures to address these issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/31/21201019/zoom-coronavirus-privacy-hacks | last=Morrison | first=Sara | title=Zoom responds to its privacy (and porn) problems | work=[[Vox Media]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411175641/https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/3/31/21201019/zoom-coronavirus-privacy-hacks | archive-date=April 11, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-every-security-issue-uncovered-in-the-video-chat-app/|title=Timeline of every security issue uncovered in Zoom|last=Rae|first=Hodge|date=2020-04-15|website=CNET|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416215436/https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-every-security-issue-uncovered-in-the-video-chat-app/|archive-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020">{{cite web | last=Lopez | first=Napier | title=Zoom's 5.0 update helps stop zoombombing and improves encryption | website=The Next Web | date=2020-04-22 | url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508054234/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | archive-date=May 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Early years===
Zoom was founded by [[Eric Yuan]], a former corporate vice president for [[Cisco Webex]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levy|first=Ari|date=2019-04-19|title=Zoom's CEO emigrated from China 22 years ago and spoke little English — now he's worth almost $3{{nbsp}}billion|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-worth-3-billion-after-ipo-profile.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807172131/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-worth-3-billion-after-ipo-profile.html|archive-date=August 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He left Cisco in April 2011 with 40 engineers to start a new company,<ref name=backstory>{{Cite news | url=https://medium.com/thrive-global/the-inspiring-backstory-of-eric-s-yuan-founder-and-ceo-of-zoom-98b7fab8cacc | title=The Inspiring Backstory of Eric S. Yuan, Founder and CEO of Zoom | first=Yitzi | last=Weiner | work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=October 2, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423220431/https://medium.com/thrive-global/the-inspiring-backstory-of-eric-s-yuan-founder-and-ceo-of-zoom-98b7fab8cacc | archive-date=April 23, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> originally named Saasbee, Inc.<ref name=young>{{cite news | url=https://vator.tv/news/2020-03-26-when-zoom-was-young-the-early-years | title=When Zoom was young: the early years | work=[[Vator]]}}</ref> The company had trouble finding investors because many people thought the videotelephony market was already saturated.<ref name=young/> In June 2011, the company raised $3{{nbsp}}million of [[seed money]] from WebEx founder [[Subrah Iyar]], former [[Cisco]] SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman, and [[venture capital]]ists Matt Ocko, [[TSVC]], and Bill Tai.<ref name=young/>

In May 2012, the company changed its name to Zoom, influenced by [[Thacher Hurd]]'s children's book ''Zoom City''.<ref name=young/> In September 2012, Zoom launched a beta version that could host conferences with up to 15 video participants.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | title=A Chance To Call 15 Friends To Video Chat In High Def | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 21, 2012 | author-link=Walt Mossberg | last=Mossberg | first=Walter S. | url-access=subscription | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2012, the company signed [[Stanford University]] as its first customer.<ref name=young/> The service was launched in January 2013 after the company raised a $6{{nbsp}}million [[Series A round]] from [[Qualcomm Ventures]], [[Yahoo!]] founder [[Jerry Yang]], WebEx founder [[Subrah Iyar]], and former [[Cisco]] SVP and General Counsel Dan Scheinman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Tom Huddleston|date=2019-08-21|title=Zoom's founder left a 6-figure job because he wasn't happy—and following his heart made him a billionaire|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/zoom-founder-left-job-because-he-wasnt-happy-became-billionaire.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421125813/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/zoom-founder-left-job-because-he-wasnt-happy-became-billionaire.html|archive-date=April 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Zoom launched version 1.0 of the program allowing the maximum number of participants per conference to be 25.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | title=Zoom Raises $6M Series A, Launches Version 1.0 Of Its | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 28, 2013 | access-date=April 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923032706/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | archive-date=September 23, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and by May 2013 it had 1{{nbsp}}million users.<ref name=drive/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |title=Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants |publisher=TMCnet |date=23 May 2013 |last=Pleasant |first=Robbie |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074257/https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Growth===
In July 2013, Zoom established partnerships with [[Business-to-business|B2B]] collaboration software providers, such as [[Redbooth]] (then Teambox),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/18/teambox-adds-high-definition-video-conferencing-market-looks-for-deeper-collaboration/ | publisher=[[TechCrunch]] | title=Teambox Adds High-Definition Video Conferencing, Market Looks for Deeper Collaboration | date=June 18, 2013 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032130/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/18/teambox-adds-high-definition-video-conferencing-market-looks-for-deeper-collaboration/ | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and also created a program named Works with Zoom, which established partnerships with [[Logitech]], Vaddio,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hdproguide.com/vaddio-and-zoom-video-communications-partner-to-bring-collaboration-to-the-enterprise/ | title=Vaddio and Zoom Video Communications Partner to Bring Collaboration to The Enterprise | publisher=HD Pro Guide | date=July 25, 2013 | access-date=February 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032254/https://www.hdproguide.com/vaddio-and-zoom-video-communications-partner-to-bring-collaboration-to-the-enterprise/ | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[InFocus]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2013/07/23/works-with-zoom-program/ | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | title=Zoom Introduces New "Works with Zoom" Program! | date=July 23, 2013 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413010654/https://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2013/07/23/works-with-zoom-program/ | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html | title=Zoom Beefs Up Video Conferencing Strategy with New Partners | publisher=Enterprise Networking Planet | last=Chao | first=Jude | date=July 29, 2013 | access-date=February 11, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626032130/http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/unified_communications/zoom-beefs-up-video-conferencing-strategy-with-new-partners.html | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130723005656/en/Zoom-Video-Communications-Partners-Industry-Leading-Technology-Providers | title=Zoom Video Communications Partners with Industry-Leading Technology Providers | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=July 23, 2013 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153942/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130723005656/en/Zoom-Video-Communications-Partners-Industry-Leading-Technology-Providers | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2013, the company raised $6.5{{nbsp}}million in a Series B round from Horizon Ventures, and existing investors. At that time, it had 3{{nbsp}}million daily meeting participants.<ref name=drive>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/09/24/zoom-video-conferencing-platform-adds-6-5m-in-funding-to-drive-expansion-and-uptake-in-education-and-health/ | title=Zoom Video Conferencing Adds $6.5M In Funding To Drive Expansion and Uptake in Education and Health | first=Darrell | last=Etherington | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 24, 2013 | access-date=April 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026121901/http://techcrunch.com/2013/09/24/zoom-video-conferencing-platform-adds-6-5m-in-funding-to-drive-expansion-and-uptake-in-education-and-health/ | archive-date=October 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, daily meeting participants increased to more than 200{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-02|title=Zoom's daily participants jumped from 10 million to over 200 million in 3 months (Updated)|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/02/zooms-daily-active-users-jumped-from-10-million-to-over-200-million-in-3-months/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 4, 2015, the company received [[US$]]30{{nbsp}}million in Series C funding from investors including Emergence Capital, [[Horizons Ventures]] ([[Li Ka-shing]]), [[Qualcomm Ventures]], [[Jerry Yang]], and [[Patrick Soon-Shiong]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2015/02/04/fast-growing-zoom-raises-30-million-for-online-video-conferencing/ | title=Fast-Growing Zoom Raises $30 Million for Online Video Conferencing | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=February 4, 2015 | last=Gage | first=Deborah | url-access=subscription | access-date=August 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327051104/https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2015/02/04/fast-growing-zoom-raises-30-million-for-online-video-conferencing/ | archive-date=March 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> At that time, Zoom had 40{{nbsp}}million users, with 65,000 organizations subscribed and a total of 1{{nbsp}}billion meeting minutes since it was established.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/02/04/1130354/0/en/Zoom-Raises-30M-in-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-Emergence-Capital.html | title=Zoom Raises $30M in Series C Funding Led by Emergence Capital | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | via=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=February 4, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408104053/http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/02/04/1130354/0/en/Zoom-Raises-30M-in-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-Emergence-Capital.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Over the course of 2015 and 2016, the company integrated its software with [[Slack (software)|Slack]], [[Salesforce]], and [[Skype for Business]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2015/08/13/zoom-slack-integration/ | title=Announcement: Zoom Slack Integration | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | date=August 13, 2015 | access-date=June 8, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611134223/http://blog.zoom.us/wordpress/2015/08/13/zoom-slack-integration/ | archive-date=June 11, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://technews.tmcnet.com/ipphonesresource/articles/409907-zoom-announces-salesforce-integration.htm | title=Zoom Announces Salesforce Integration | last=Delony | first=David | publisher=TMCnet | date=September 15, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327045617/http://technews.tmcnet.com/ipphonesresource/articles/409907-zoom-announces-salesforce-integration.htm | archive-date=March 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/03/29/1311071/0/en/Zoom-Announces-Native-Skype-for-Business-Interoperability.html | title=Zoom Announces Native Skype for Business Interoperability | publisher=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=March 29, 2016 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413003301/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/03/29/1311071/0/en/Zoom-Announces-Native-Skype-for-Business-Interoperability.html | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> With version 2.5 in October 2015, Zoom increased the maximum number of participants allowed per conference to 50<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eweek.com/networking/zoom-doubles-capacity-of-video-conferencing-service-to-50 | title=Zoom Doubles Capacity of Video Conferencing Service to 50 | last=Burt | first=Jeffrey | work=[[eWeek]] | date=October 2, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 }}</ref> and later to 1,000 for business customers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/skype-vs-zoom-which-video-chat-app-is-best-for-working-from-home/ | title=Skype vs. Zoom: Which video chat app is best for working from home? | first=Shelby | last=Brown | work=[[CNET]] | date=March 10, 2020 | access-date=March 17, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317040350/https://www.cnet.com/news/skype-vs-zoom-which-video-chat-app-is-best-for-working-from-home/ | archive-date=March 17, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362823-What-is-a-Large-Meeting- | title=What is a Large Meeting? | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409123606/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362823-What-is-a-Large-Meeting- | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2015, former president of [[RingCentral]] David Berman was named president of the company, and [[Peter Gassner]], the founder and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Veeva Systems]], joined Zoom's [[board of directors]].<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/11/03/1311208/0/en/Zoom-Names-New-President-David-Berman-and-Board-Member-Peter-Gassner.html | title=Zoom Names New President David Berman and Board Member Peter Gassner | publisher=[[Globe Newswire]] | date=November 3, 2015 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626033641/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/11/03/1311208/0/en/Zoom-Names-New-President-David-Berman-and-Board-Member-Peter-Gassner.html | archive-date=June 26, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2017, the company raised US$100{{nbsp}}million in Series D funding from [[Sequoia Capital]] at a US$1{{nbsp}}billion valuation,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Harriet|date=2017-01-19|title=This Silicon Valley CEO can't stand the word 'unicorn'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/19/this-silicon-valley-ceo-cant-stand-the-word-unicorn.html|access-date=2020-06-09|website=CNBC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609181151/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/19/this-silicon-valley-ceo-cant-stand-the-word-unicorn.html|archive-date=June 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> making it a [[Unicorn (finance)|unicorn]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/17/sequoia-invests-100-million-in-zoom-video-conferencing-service/ | title=Zoom video conferencing service raises $100 million from Sequoia on billion-dollar valuation | first=Ron | last=Miller | work=[[techCrunch]] | date=January 17, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106133943/https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/17/sequoia-invests-100-million-in-zoom-video-conferencing-service/ | archive-date=November 6, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2017, Zoom launched a scalable [[telehealth]] product allowing doctors to host remote consultations with patients.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/431502-zoom-introduces-new-telehealth-solution.htm | title=Zoom Introduces New Telehealth Solution | last=Young | first=Alicia | work=TMCnet | date=April 24, 2017 | access-date=September 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907165710/http://conferencing.tmcnet.com/topics/conferencing/articles/431502-zoom-introduces-new-telehealth-solution.htm | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release | url=http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/04/20/1311124/0/en/Zoom-Launches-Industry-s-First-Scalable-Cloud-Based-Video-Telehealth-Solution.html | title=Zoom Launches Industry's First Scalable Cloud-Based Video Telehealth Solution | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | via=[[GlobeNewswire]] | date=April 20, 2017 | access-date=March 19, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153942/http://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/04/20/1311124/0/en/Zoom-Launches-Industry-s-First-Scalable-Cloud-Based-Video-Telehealth-Solution.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May, Zoom announced integration with [[Polycom]]'s conferencing systems, enabling features such as multiple screen and device meetings, HD and wireless screen sharing, and calendar integration with [[Microsoft Outlook]], [[Google Calendar]], and [[iCal]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/polycom-zoom-forge-video-conferencing-collaboration-pact/ | title=Polycom, Zoom forge video conferencing, collaboration pact | last=Dignan | first=Larry | work=[[ZDNet]] | date=May 25, 2017 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316054650/http://www.zdnet.com/article/polycom-zoom-forge-video-conferencing-collaboration-pact/ | archive-date=March 16, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> From September 25–27, 2017, Zoom hosted Zoomtopia 2017, its first annual user conference. At this conference, Zoom announced a partnership with Meta to integrate Zoom with [[augmented reality]], integration with Slack and [[Workplace by Facebook]], and first steps towards an [[artificial intelligence]] [[speech recognition]] program.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/26/zoom-brings-a-dash-of-augmented-reality-and-artificial-intelligence-to-meetings-in-latest-release/ | title=Zoom brings a dash of augmented reality and artificial intelligence to meetings in latest release | last=Miller | first=Ron | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 26, 2017 | access-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033113/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/26/zoom-brings-a-dash-of-augmented-reality-and-artificial-intelligence-to-meetings-in-latest-release/ | archive-date=December 1, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Strategy|first=Moor Insights and|title=Zoom Zen: Mastering The Art Of Simplicity|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/23/zoom-zen-mastering-the-art-of-simplicity/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152855/https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2019/10/23/zoom-zen-mastering-the-art-of-simplicity/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===IPO and onward===
On April 18, 2019, the company became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]]. After pricing at US$36 per share, the share price increased over 72% on the first day of trading.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ipo-stock-begins-trading-on-nasdaq.html | title=Zoom rocketed 72% on first day of trading | first=Jordan | last=Novet | work=[[CNBC]] | date=April 18, 2019 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227012324/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/18/zoom-ipo-stock-begins-trading-on-nasdaq.html | archive-date=February 27, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=value>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/18/tech/zoom-ipo-video-conference/index.html | title=Zoom nearly reaches $16 billion in value after first day of trading | first1=Ahiza | last1=Garcia | first2=Sara | last2=O'Brien | first3=Jordan | last3=Valinsky | work=[[CNN]] | date=April 18, 2019 | access-date=April 19, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331182141/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/18/tech/zoom-ipo-video-conference/index.html | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to the IPO, [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] invested $5{{nbsp}}million in Zoom.<ref name="guard1"/>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], usage of Zoom increased due to an increase in [[remote work]], [[distance education]], which was used by thousands of schools,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=Eileen |title=Students and teachers struggle with remote education due to coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |website=TheHill |access-date=21 April 2020 |language=en |date=20 April 2020}}</ref> and online [[social relation]]s.<ref name=zoomnow>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | title=We Live in Zoom Now | work=[[The New York Times]] | last1=Lorenz | first1=Taylor | last2=Griffith | first2=Erin | last3=Isaac | first3=Mike | date=March 17, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323084206/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | archive-date=March 23, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | last1=Mervosh | first1=Sarah | last2=Swales | first2=Vanessa | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-closings.html | title=Colleges and Universities Cancel Classes and Move Online Amid Coronavirus Fears | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 10, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073631/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-closings.html | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=concerns>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/03/20/schooling-rapidly-moves-online-across-country-concerns-rise-about-student-data-privacy/ | title=As schooling rapidly moves online across the country, concerns rise about student data privacy | last=Strauss | first=Valerie | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=March 20, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331125324/https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/03/20/schooling-rapidly-moves-online-across-country-concerns-rise-about-student-data-privacy/ | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company offered its services free to [[K–12]] schools in many countries.<ref name=k12>{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2020/03/13/zoom-video-coronavirus-eric-yuan-schools/ | title=Exclusive: Zoom CEO Eric Yuan Is Giving K-12 Schools His Videoconferencing Tools For Free | last=Konrad | first=Alex | website=[[Forbes]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402051335/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2020/03/13/zoom-video-coronavirus-eric-yuan-schools/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/03/14/zoom-is-helping-schools-closing-due-coronavirus-fo.aspx | title=Zoom Is Helping Schools Closing Due to Coronavirus -- for Free | last=Vena | first=Danny | website=[[The Motley Fool]] | date=March 14, 2020 | access-date=March 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406002552/https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/03/14/zoom-is-helping-schools-closing-due-{{nbsp}}coronavirus-fo.aspx | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> By February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | title=Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus, Bernstein says | last=Novet | first=Jordan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=February 26, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070741/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | archive-date=March 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=O'Flaherty|first=Kate|title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/|archive-date=March 26, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On one day in March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13{{nbsp}}million times.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news |last1=Neate |first1=Rupert |title=Zoom booms as demand for video-conferencing tech grows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422125131/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tny">{{cite magazine |last1=Fry |first1=Naomi |title=Embracing the Chaotic Side of Zoom |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |access-date=29 April 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427002932/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Daily meeting participants rose from about 10{{nbsp}}million in December 2019 to more than 300{{nbsp}}million daily meeting participants in April 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |title=Zoom's Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first1=Tom |last1=Warren |title=Zoom admits it doesn't have 300 million users, corrects misleading claims |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242421/zoom-300-million-users-incorrect-meeting-participants-statement |access-date=30 April 2020 |language=en |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513145306/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/30/21242421/zoom-300-million-users-incorrect-meeting-participants-statement?utm_campaign=tomwarren&utm_content=chorus&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter |archive-date=May 13, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mash">{{cite news |last1=Binder |first1=Matt |title=Zoom has more than 300 million users now, with just 10 million at 2019's end |url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-300-million-users-coronavirus/ |access-date=29 April 2020 |work=Mashable |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428005534/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-300-million-users-coronavirus/ |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired [[Keybase]], a company specializing in end-to-end encryption.<ref name="wiredkeybase">{{cite magazine |last1=Barrett |first1=Brian |title=Security News This Week: Zoom Security Gets a Boost With Keybase Acquisition |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517010402/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2020, the company hired its first [[chief diversity officer]], Damien Hooper-Campbell.<ref name="time1">{{cite magazine |last1=Austin |first1=Patrick |title='We'll Do All We Can to Promote Free Speech,' Says Zoom CEO Eric Yuan After Criticism on Encryption and Privacy |url=https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |magazine=Time |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>

In July 2020, Zoom announced its first [[hardware as a service]] products, bundling its videoconferencing software with third-party hardware by DTEN, Neat, [[Poly (company)|Poly]], and Yealink, and running on the [[ServiceNow]] platform. It began with Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone offerings, with those services available to US customers, who can acquire hardware from Zoom for a fixed monthly cost.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sevilla |first1=Gadjo |title=Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=PC Magazine |date=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Ron |title=Zoom announces new Hardware as a Service offering to run on ServiceNow |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/07/zoom-announces-new-hardware-as-a-service-offering-to-run-on-servicenow/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=TechCrunch |date=7 July 2020}}</ref> On July 15, 2020, the company announced Zoom for Home, a line of products for home use, designed for [[remote work]]ers. The first product, Zoom for Home - DTEN ME, includes software by Zoom and hardware by DTEN. It consists of a 27-inch screen with three wide-angle cameras and eight microphones, with Zoom software preloaded on the device. It became available in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Nicole |title=Zoom launches a line of hardware for home use |url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-for-home-130020632.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Engadget |date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Ron |title=Zoom introduces all-in-one home communications appliance for $599 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/15/zoom-introduces-all-in-one-home-communications-appliance-for-599/ |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=TechCrunch |date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

On July 3–4, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium|url=http://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.sloveniatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium|url=https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|access-date=2020-10-27|website=en.almamater.si|language=en}}</ref> Soon after, a format of conferences which "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series/|title=RSA Global Webinar Series|website=RSA Main}}</ref> became common, some of them running for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Albert--Global Summit|url=https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Menu|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2021, Zoom acquired Kites (Karlsruhe Information Technology Solutions), an [[artificial intelligence]]-based language [[translation]] company with an aim to reduce [[language barrier]]s in video calls.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-06-30|title=Zoom is buying a startup to bring real-time translation to video calls|url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-kites-real-time-machine-translation-184824115.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=[[Engadget]] | language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2021, Zoom's attempt to acquire contact center company Five9 for $14.7{{nbsp}}billion was turned down by Five9's shareholders.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom's Nearly $15 Billion Acquisition of Five9 Rejected by Shareholders |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zooms-nearly-15-billion-acquisition-of-five9-rejected-by-shareholders-11633042134 |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miao |first1=Hannah |title=Five9 CEO says shareholders rejected Zoom acquisition because the offer 'wasn't going to cut it' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/01/five9-ceo-says-zoom-acquisition-offer-wasnt-going-to-cut-it.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=CNBC |date=1 October 2021}}</ref>

==Privacy and security issues==
{{further|Zoom (software)#Reception}}

Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | title=Zoom under increased scrutiny as popularity soars | work=[[BBC News]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401204959/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020"/> The company has also been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom Calls Aren't as Private as You May Think. Here's What You Should Know. | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | website=Consumer Reports | last=St. John | first=Allen | date=March 24, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325211202/https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 25, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | first=Kate | last=O'Flaherty | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 25, 2020 | quote=collects and stores personal data and shares it with third parties such as advertisers. But Zoom’s policy also covers what it labels “customer content,” or "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards ... shared while using the service." This includes videos, transcripts that can be generated automatically, documents shared on screen, and the names of everyone on a call. | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom is a work-from-home privacy disaster waiting to happen | url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | last=Morse | first=Jack | work=[[Mashable]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326154758/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor [[encryption]] practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "[[end-to-end encryption]]" in its marketing materials,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | title=Advanced Encryption for Chat | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407035927/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which ''[[The Intercept]]'' described as misleading and "dishonest".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | title=Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing | last1=Lee | first1=Micah | last2=Grauer | first2=Yael | website=[[The Intercept]] | date=March 31, 2020 | quote=Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase ‘End to End’ in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point. | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402121430/https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, [[Attorney General of New York|New York State Attorney General]] [[Letitia James]] launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices;<ref name=nyag>{{cite news | first1=Danny | last1=Hakim | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 30, 2020 | issn=0362-4331 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402145005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> the inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=Zoom strikes a deal with NY AG office, closing the inquiry into its security problems |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=CNBC |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515202226/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, a class-action lawsuit against Zoom was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. According to the lawsuit, Zoom violated the privacy of its users by sharing personal data with Facebook, Google, and LinkedIn, did not prevent hackers from disrupting Zoom sessions, and erroneously claimed to offer end-to-end encryption on Zoom sessions. Zoom settled this lawsuit for $86 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58050391|title=Zoom settles US class action privacy lawsuit for $86m|work=BBC|accessdate=2021-08-01|date=2021-08-01}}</ref>

On April 1, 2020, Zoom announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues on Zoom. On July 1, 2020, Yuan wrote a blog post detailing efforts taken by the company to address security and privacy concerns, stating that they released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be releasing a transparency report later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |title=Zoom promises its first transparency report later this year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruze |first1=Danny |title=Zoom released 100 new security features in 90 days |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=Live Mint |date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

In May 2020, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartz|first=Diane|date=2020-05-12|title=U.S. FTC indicates it is looking at Zoom privacy woes|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-24|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ}}</ref> The FTC alleged that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers’ meetings, and secured its Zoom Meetings, in part, with a lower level of encryption than promised."<ref>{{cite web |title=FTC Requires Zoom to Enhance its Security Practices as Part of Settlement |date=November 8, 2020 |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |publisher=FTC.gov |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to implement additional security measures.<ref>[https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf Zoom Communications: Agreement Containing Consent Order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |date=November 16, 2020 }}, ftc.gov</ref>

In December 2020, Zoom announced that it was under investigation by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) and the [[United States Attorney for the Northern District of California]] and that it had received a subpoena in June 2020 from the [[United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York]] requesting information on the company's interactions with foreign governments and political parties. Both federal prosecutors also sought information and documentation about security and privacy matters regarding Zoom's practices.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grant|first=Nico|date=December 19, 2020|title=Zoom Says It's Being Probed by SEC, Two U.S. Attorneys Offices|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-19/zoom-says-it-s-being-probed-by-sec-two-u-s-attorneys-offices|access-date=December 25, 2020}}</ref>

On December 19, 2020, a former Zoom executive was charged by the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] with conspiracy to commit interstate harassment and unlawful conspiracy to transfer a means of identification. The charges are related to the alleged disruptions to video meetings commemorating the [[1989 Tiananmen Square massacre]].<ref name="Al-Heeti 2020">{{cite web | last=Al-Heeti | first=Abrar | title=Zoom employee allegedly disrupted meetings commemorating Tiananmen Square massacre | website=[[CNET]] | date=December 18, 2020 | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-employee-allegedly-disrupted-meetings-commemorating-tiananmen-square-massacre/ | access-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref> Federal prosecutors in [[Brooklyn, New York]], said that Xinjiang "Julien" Jin, then 39, was a [[San Jose, California]]–based company's main liaison with intelligence and law enforcement agencies of China. Zoom later acknowledged it was the company in question. It said in a statement that it had terminated Jin's employment for violating company policies and was cooperating with the prosecutors. Jin is not in custody because he is based in China.<ref name="just_Chin">{{Cite web |title=China-Based Executive at U.S. Telecommunications Company Charged with Disrupting Video Meetings Commemorating Tiananmen Square Massacre |department=[[U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York]] |publisher=[[U.S. Department of Justice]] |date=December 18, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |url= https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/china-based-executive-us-telecommunications-company-charged-disrupting-video-meetings}}</ref><ref name="zoom">{{Cite web |title=Our Perspective on the DOJ Complaint |publisher=Zoom |date=December 18, 2020 |access-date=December 19, 2020 |url=https://blog.zoom.us/our-perspective-on-the-doj-complaint/}}</ref>

In February 2021, Zoom announced a new feature called Kiosk Mode, which will allow people visiting offices to check in with a receptionist virtually on a kiosk, without any physical contact.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Novet|first=Jordan|date=2021-02-03|title=Zoom adds virtual receptionists for when people start going back to the office|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/03/zoom-will-let-companies-deploy-virtual-receptionists-for-office-visits.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, Zoom announced that from August 23, 2021, Zoom will stop selling new and upgraded products directly to customers in mainland China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing|url=https://zoom.com.cn/en-us/oempartners.html|access-date=2021-03-21|website=Zoom Video|language=zh-CN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom прекратила продажу подписок в Китае 2 месяца назад {{!}} Radiogid|url=https://radiogid.by/zoom-ends-sales-to-customers-in-china|access-date=2021-03-21|website=radiogid.by}}</ref>

==Censorship==
In April 2020, [[Citizen Lab]] warned that having much of Zoom's research and development in China could "open up Zoom to pressure from Chinese authorities."<ref name="citlab" /> In June 2020, Zoom was criticized for closing multiple accounts of U.S. and Hong Kong–based groups, including that of [[Zhou Fengsuo]] and two other human rights activists, who were commemorating the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]. The accounts were later re-opened, with the company stating that in the future it "will have a new process for handling similar situations."<ref name="time1"/> Zoom responded that it has to "comply with local laws," even "the laws of governments opposed to free speech."<ref name=WP-China-Zoom-control>{{cite news|last1=Gerry Shih|title=Zoom censors video talks on Hong Kong and Tiananmen, drawing criticism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/zoom-censors-video-talks-on-hong-kong-and-tiananmen-drawing-criticism/2020/06/11/0197dc94-ab90-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html|access-date=11 June 2020|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 June 2020|language=en|quote="We regret [...] It is not in Zoom’s power to change the laws of governments opposed to free speech."|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611214719/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/zoom-censors-video-talks-on-hong-kong-and-tiananmen-drawing-criticism/2020/06/11/0197dc94-ab90-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WSJ-Tiananmen-massacre>{{cite news|last1=Eva Xiao|title=Zoom Catches Heat for Shutting Down China-Focused Rights Group's Account|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-catches-heat-for-shutting-down-china-focused-rights-groups-account-11591863002?mod=lead_feature_below_a_pos1|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en|date=11 June 2020|access-date=11 June 2020|quote=Zoom Video Communications Inc. ZM 7.59% drew fresh questions over its relationship with the Chinese government when it shut down a U.S. human-rights organization’s account shortly after its videoconference on the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre [...] Zoom defended the closure, saying that it had to comply with local laws|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033106/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-catches-heat-for-shutting-down-china-focused-rights-groups-account-11591863002?mod=lead_feature_below_a_pos1|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=June 10, 2020|title=Zoom closed account of U.S.-based Chinese activist "to comply with local law"|work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|url=https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|url-status=live|access-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192255/https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|archive-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref> Zoom subsequently admitted to shutting down activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government.<ref name="tech_Zoom">{{Cite web |title=Zoom admits to shutting down American activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government – TechCrunch |work=TechCrunch |access-date=11 June 2020 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/11/zoom-admits-to-shutting-down-activist-accounts-at-the-request-of-the-chinese-government/ |quote=Zoom admits to shutting down activist accounts at the request of the Chinese government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041858/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/11/zoom-admits-to-shutting-down-activist-accounts-at-the-request-of-the-chinese-government/ |archive-date=June 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, a bi-partisan group of U.S. senators requested clarification of the incident from the company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ponnudurai|first=Parameswaran|date=June 12, 2020|title=US Lawmakers Call For Answers on Zoom Shut-down of Dissident Accounts|work=[[Radio Free Asia]]|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/zoom-06122020183151.html|access-date=June 14, 2020}}</ref> Partially in response to criticisms of its blocking of the activists accounts as well as expressions of concern by the United States Justice Department, Zoom moved to cease direct sale of its product in mainland China in late August 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=O’Flaherty|first=Kate|date=August 3, 2020|title=Zoom Just Made A Major China Move Amid TikTok Ban Fears|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/08/03/zoom-just-made-a-major-china-move-amid-tiktok-ban-fears/#249bd60c4176 |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, following protests and legal concerns raised by the Jewish coalition group #EndJewHatred, Zoom prevented [[San Francisco State University]] from using its video conferencing software to host former Palestinian militant and hijacker [[Leila Khaled]], a member of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP). In justifying its decision, Zoom cited the PFLP's designation as a terrorist organization by the United States Government and its efforts to comply with U.S. export control, sanctions, and anti-terrorism laws. [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] also joined Zoom in denying their platforms to the conference organizers. Professor [[Rabab Ibrahim Abdulhadi]], one of the conference organizers, criticized Zoom, Google's YouTube and Facebook for censoring Palestinian voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title=Zoom Draws a Line |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005246/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greschler |first1=Gabriel |title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]] |date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163522/https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Nadda |title=Zoom criticised for cancelling webinar with Palestinian activist Leila Khaled |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926100523/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Manskar |first1=Noah |title=Zoom cancels event featuring Palestinian hijacker Leila Khaled |url=https://nypost.com/2020/09/24/zoom-scraps-event-featuring-palestinian-hijacker-leila-khaled/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |agency=New York Post |date=September 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924175015/https://nypost.com/2020/09/24/zoom-scraps-event-featuring-palestinian-hijacker-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Workforce ==
In January 2020, Zoom had over 2,500 employees, with 1,396 in the United States and 1,136 in international locations.<ref name="10K 2020">{{Cite web | url=https://investors.zoom.us/static-files/09a01665-5f33-4007-8e90-de02219886aa | title=2020 10-K | access-date=May 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511122414/https://investors.zoom.us/static-files/09a01665-5f33-4007-8e90-de02219886aa | archive-date=May 11, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> It is reported that 700 employees within a subsidiary work in China and develop Zoom software.<ref name=citlab>{{Cite news | url=https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | title=Move Fast & Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality of Zoom Meetings | first1=Bill | last1=Marczak | first2=John | last2=Scott-Railton | work=[[Citizen Lab]] | date=April 3, 2020 | access-date=April 4, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023706/https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, Zoom announced plans to open new research and development centers in [[Pittsburgh]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], with plans to hire up to 500 engineers between the two cities over the next few years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bary |first1=Emily |title=Zoom will open offices in Pittsburgh and Phoenix with plans to hire up to 500 engineers |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zoom-will-open-offices-in-pittsburgh-and-phoenix-with-plans-to-hire-up-to-500-engineers-2020-05-14 |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=Marketwatch |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, Zoom announced the opening of a new technology center in [[Bangalore, India]], to host engineering, IT, and business operations roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Yuthika |title=Zoom opens new technology centre in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/zoom-opens-tech-centre-in-banglore/article32146524.ece |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, Zoom opened a new data center in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robuck |first1=Mike |title=Zoom opens doors on new data center in Singapore |url=https://www.fiercetelecom.com/telecom/zoom-opens-doors-new-data-center-singapore |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=Fierce Telecom |date=18 August 2020}}</ref> The company ranked second place in [[Glassdoor]]'s 2019 "Best Places to Work" survey.<ref name="Economy 2018">{{cite web | last=Economy | first=Peter | title=Glassdoor Just Announced the 100 Best Places to Work for 2019 (Is Your Company on the List?) | website=Inc.com | date=2018-12-05 | url=https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/glassdoor-just-announced-100-best-places-to-work-for-2019-is-your-company-on-list.html | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202204524/https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/glassdoor-just-announced-100-best-places-to-work-for-2019-is-your-company-on-list.html | archive-date=February 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quast 2019">{{cite web | last=Quast | first=Jon | title=Can Zoom Make You...Happy? - The Motley Fool | website=The Motley Fool | date=2019-10-25 | url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/10/24/can-zoom-make-youhappy.aspx | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412012312/https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/10/24/can-zoom-make-youhappy.aspx | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Part of Zoom's product development team is based in China, where an average entry-level tech salary is one-third of American salaries, which is a key driver of its profitability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Zoom, one of the most anticipated tech IPOs of the year, has one key profit driver: engineers in China|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/26/zoom-key-profit-driver-ahead-of-ipo-engineers-in-china.html|last=Kim|first=Eugene|date=2019-03-26|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513202803/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/26/zoom-key-profit-driver-ahead-of-ipo-engineers-in-china.html|archive-date=May 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=citlab/> Zoom's research and development costs are 10 percent of its total revenue and less than half of the median percentage among its peers.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==

{{Portal|Telecommunication|Technology}}
* [[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Finance links
| name = Zoom Video Communications, Inc.
| symbol = ZM
| sec_cik = 1585521
| yahoo = ZM
| google = ZM
}}

{{NASDAQ-100|state=collapsed}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2011 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2019 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional networks]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
[[Category:Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies established in 2011]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:Web conferencing]]

Zoom (software)

2022-10-03T01:45:40Z

Herobrine: logo change

{{short description|Videoconferencing software}}
{{About|the videoconferencing software|the company that develops this software|Zoom Video Communications}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Zoom Meetings
| logo = Zoom Logo 2022.jpg
| logo alt = Logo of Zoom
| screenshot = Zoom participants Bubrikh readings 2020 conference.png
| screenshot size = 300px
| screenshot alt = A grid showing the camera views of 25 people
| caption = Participants in a shared Zoom call in 2020
| author = [[Eric Yuan]]
| developer = [[Zoom Video Communications]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|9|10}}
| ver layout = simple
| latest release version = 5.12.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|9|26}}
| platform = [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[Chrome OS]]
| operating system = {{plainlist|
* [[Android 5.0]] and later
* [[Windows 7]] and later
* [[OS X Mavericks]] and later
* [[iOS 8]] and later
* [[Chrome OS]]
* [[Linux]]
}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Zoom system requirements: Windows, macOS, Linux|url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362023|website=support.zoom.us|access-date=13 February 2022|archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103060441/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362023|url-status=live }}</ref>
| language count = 11
| language footnote = <ref>{{cite web |title=Change your language on Zoom |url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/209982306-Change-your-language-on-Zoom |website=support.zoom.us |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626170327/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/209982306-Change-your-language-on-Zoom |url-status=live }}</ref>
| genre = [[Videoconferencing]], [[Voice over IP|VoIP]], and [[Instant messaging]]
| license = [[Freemium]]
| website = {{Official website}}
}}

'''Zoom Meetings''' (commonly shortened to '''Zoom''', and stylized as '''zoom''') is a [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[videotelephony]] software program developed by [[Zoom Video Communications]]. The free plan allows up to 100 concurrent participants, with a 40-minute time restriction. Users have the option to upgrade by subscribing to a paid plan. The highest plan supports up to 1,000 concurrent participants for meetings lasting up to 30 hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plans and Pricing - Zoom |url=https://zoom.us/pricing |website=zoom.us |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], there was a major increase in the use of Zoom for [[remote work]], [[distance education]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=Eileen |title=Students and teachers struggle with remote education due to coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |website=TheHill |access-date=April 21, 2020 |language=en |date=April 20, 2020 |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621002723/https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/education/493698-students-and-teachers-struggle-with-remote-education |url-status=live }}</ref> and online social relations.<ref name="zoomnow">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | title=We Live in Zoom Now | work=[[The New York Times]] | last1=Lorenz | first1=Taylor|author-link1=Taylor Lorenz| last2=Griffith | first2=Erin | last3=Isaac | first3=Mike | date=March 17, 2020 | url-access=subscription | issn=0362-4331 | access-date=March 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323084206/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/style/zoom-parties-coronavirus-memes.html | archive-date=March 23, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The increase led to Zoom being one of the most downloaded mobile apps worldwide in 2020 with over 500 million downloads.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here Are The 10 Most Downloaded Apps Of 2020 |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2021/01/07/here-are-the-10-most-downloaded-apps-of-2020/|date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Zoom had over 300 million daily meeting participants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom walks back claims it has 300 million daily active users |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/30/zoom-walks-back-claims-it-has-300-million-daily-active-users.html |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=30 April 2020|website=CNBC|language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Zoom Video Communications}}
Zoom was originally founded in 2012.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Video Conferencing, Web Conferencing, Webinars, Screen Sharing|url=https://zoom.us/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Zoom Video|language=en-US}}</ref> Its headquarters are located in San Jose, California. Zoom also has offices in the USA, China, India as well as Oceania, Europe and other parts of Eastern Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us - Zoom|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927170355/https://explore.zoom.us/docs/en-us/contact.html|access-date=2022-09-27|website=Zoom|language=en-US}}</ref>
A beta version of Zoom—that could host conferences with only up to 15 video participants—was launched on August 21, 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | title=A Chance To Call 15 Friends To Video Chat In High Def | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=August 21, 2012 | author-link=Walt Mossberg | last=Mossberg | first=Walter S. | url-access=subscription | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408153945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444443504577603383238616426 | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> On January 25, 2013, version 1.0 of the program was released with an increase in the number of participants per conference to 25.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | title=Zoom Raises $6M Series A, Launches Version 1.0 Of Its | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 28, 2013 | access-date=May 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923032706/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/28/zoom-raises-6m-series-a-launches-version-1-0-of-its-radically-different-virtual-conferencing-tool/ | archive-date=September 23, 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of its first month, Zoom had 400,000 users and rose to over one million users by May 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |title=Zoom Video Communications Reaches 1 Million Participants |publisher=TMCnet |date=23 May 2013 |last=Pleasant |first=Robbie |access-date=July 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074257/https://www.tmcnet.com/topics/articles/2013/05/23/339279-zoom-video-communications-reaches-1-million-participants.htm |archive-date=October 4, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, by February 2020, Zoom had gained 2.22 million users in 2020 – more users than it amassed in the entirety of 2019<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | title=Zoom has added more videoconferencing users this year than in all of 2019 thanks to coronavirus, Bernstein says | last=Novet | first=Jordan | work=[[CNBC]] | date=February 26, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070741/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/zoom-has-added-more-users-so-far-this-year-than-in-2019-bernstein.html | archive-date=March 4, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> with the company's share price spiking by 35 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-02|title=Zoom shares spike after coronavirus lockdown|url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/zoom-shares-spike-35-per-cent-after-coronavirus-lockdown/news-story/1c6dfc2eb7eee84510964dfa9b9128c3|access-date=2020-09-03|website=NewsComAu|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/media/zoom-shares-spike-35-per-cent-after-coronavirus-lockdown/news-story/1c6dfc2eb7eee84510964dfa9b9128c3|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, the Zoom app was downloaded 2.13 million times.<ref name="guard1">{{cite news |last1=Neate |first1=Rupert |title=Zoom booms as demand for video-conferencing tech grows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |access-date=April 29, 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=March 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422125131/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/31/zoom-booms-as-demand-for-video-conferencing-tech-grows-in-coronavirus-outbreak |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="tny">{{cite magazine |last1=Fry |first1=Naomi |title=Embracing the Chaotic Side of Zoom |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |access-date=April 29, 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427002932/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/27/embracing-the-chaotic-side-of-zoom |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, Zoom had more than 300 million daily meeting participants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |title=Zoom's Biggest Rivals Are Coming for It |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 24, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/technology/zoom-rivals-virus-facebook-google.html?searchResultPosition=2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-23|title=90-Day Security Plan Progress Report: April 22|url=https://blog.zoom.us/90-day-security-plan-progress-report-april-22/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Zoom Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://blog.zoom.us/90-day-security-plan-progress-report-april-22/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On August 24, 2020, Zoom experienced widespread outages for several hours before service was restored.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zoom-goes-down-bringing-much-remote-workplace-classroom-grinding-halt-n1237852|title=Zoom goes down, bringing much of the remote workplace and classroom to grinding halt|last1=Li|first=David K.|last2=Imam|first2=Jareen|work=[[NBC News]]|date=24 August 2020|access-date=25 August 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zoom-goes-down-bringing-much-remote-workplace-classroom-grinding-halt-n1237852|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Zoom is working again, even if you're not |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/24/21398900/zoom-down-outages-us-uk-meetings-webinars |access-date=26 August 2020 |work=The Verge |date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205016/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/24/21398900/zoom-down-outages-us-uk-meetings-webinars |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Features==
Zoom One has six tiers: Basic, Pro, Business, Business Plus, Enterprise, and Enterprise Plus.<ref name="busin">{{cite news |last1=Perino |first1=Marissa |date=26 March 2020 |title=How to upgrade your Zoom account from a basic plan to host larger group meetings and more |work=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |url-status=live |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402195937/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-upgrade-zoom-account |archive-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref><ref name="cw">{{cite news |last1=Trueman |first1=Charlotte |title=Zoom unveils its latest platform evolution with the launch of Zoom One |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3664180/zoom-unveils-its-latest-platform-evolution-with-the-launch-of-zoom-one.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Computer World |date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Zoom is compatible with [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Chrome OS]], and [[Linux]]. It is noted for its simple interface and usability, regardless of technological expertise.<ref name="techrep"/><ref name="nytdropbox">{{cite news |last1=Singer |first1=Natasha |title=Zoom's Security Woes Were No Secret to Business Partners Like Dropbox |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423065744/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/technology/zoom-security-dropbox-hackers.html |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Features include one-on-one meetings, group video conferences, screen sharing, plugins, browser extensions, and the ability to record meetings and have them automatically transcribed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tillman |first1=Maggie |title=What is Zoom and how does it work? Plus tips and tricks |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=Pocket-lint |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074256/https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151426-what-is-zoom-and-how-does-it-work-plus-tips-and-tricks |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On some computers and operating systems, users are able to select a virtual background, which can be downloaded from different sites, to use as a backdrop behind themselves.<ref name="wallst1"/>

Use of the platform is free for video conferences of up to 100 participants at once, with a 40-minute time limit. For longer or larger conferences with more features, paid subscriptions are available. Features geared towards business conferences, such as Zoom Rooms, are also available.<ref name="techrep">{{cite news |last1=Vigliarolo |first1=Brandon |title=Zoom: A cheat sheet about the video conferencing solution |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=TechRepublic |date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423002233/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/zoom-a-cheat-sheet-about-the-video-conferencing-solution/ |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wallst1">{{cite news |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nicole |title=Don't Get Bombed: How to Host Zoom Meetings, Hangouts, Houseparty and More |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422181133/https://www.wsj.com/articles/dont-get-bombed-how-to-host-zoom-meetings-hangouts-houseparty-and-more-11585819821 |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pricing">{{cite web | url=https://zoom.us/pricing | title=Zoom Meeting Plans for Your Business | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=November 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406153554/https://zoom.us/pricing | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Up to 49 people can be seen on a [[Desktop computer|desktop]] or [[laptop]] screen at once,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Microsoft Takes On Zoom and Slack in a Battle for Your Work Computer |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605000828/https://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-aims-to-dominate-technology-at-work-starting-with-those-video-calls-11591108757 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> up to 4 people per screen in [[iPhone]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile phone]]s and [[tablet computer]]s, and up to 16 people per screen on [[iPad]].

Zoom security features include password-protected meetings, user authentication, waiting rooms, locked meetings, disabling participant screen sharing, randomly generated IDs, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Osborne |first1=Charlie |title=Zoom security: Your meetings will be safe and secure if you do these 10 things |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=ZDNet |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421045111/https://www.zdnet.com/article/make-sure-your-zoom-meetings-are-safe-by-doing-these-10-things/ |archive-date=April 21, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of June 2020, Zoom began offering end-to-end encryption to business and enterprise users, with [[AES 256]] [[Galois/Counter Mode|GCM]] encryption enabled for all users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gilbert |first1=Ben |title=Zoom isn't beefing up security for free users so that it's better able to 'work with law enforcement' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609200226/https://www.businessinsider.com/zoom-security-update-free-calls-not-encrypted-police-fbi-2020-6 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2020, Zoom added end-to-end encryption for free and paid users. It is available on all platforms, except for the official Zoom web client.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grothaus |first1=Michael |title=How to turn on end-to-end encryption in Zoom (and why you should) |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90568875/how-to-turn-on-end-to-end-encryption-in-zoom-and-why-you-should |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Fast Company |date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Zoom's end-to-end encryption has arrived |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=The Verge |date=27 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205006/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/27/21535818/zoom-end-to-end-encryption-e2ee-security-privacy-video-conferencing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Zoom also offers a transcription service using [[Otter.ai]] software that allows businesses to store transcriptions of the Zoom meetings online and search them, including separating and labeling different speakers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |title=From Your Mouth to Your Screen, Transcribing Takes the Next Step |website=The NY Times |date=2020-06-13 |access-date=2020-06-14 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/technology/automatic-speech-transcription-ai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of July 2020, Zoom Rooms and Zoom Phone also became available as [[hardware as a service]] products.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sevilla |first1=Gadjo |title=Zoom Launches Hardware-as-a-Service Products |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=PC Magazine |date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205007/https://www.pcmag.com/news/zoom-launches-hardware-as-a-service-products |url-status=live }}</ref> As of July 2022, Zoom Phone is available for domestic telephone service in 47 countries, and the company has sold 3 million seats for the service.<ref name="uct1">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Ryan |title=Zoom Phone Celebrates Three Million Users Worldwide |url=https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/zoom-phone-celebrates-three-million-users-worldwide/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=UC Today |date=8 July 2022}}</ref> Zoom for Home, a category of products designed for home use, became available in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom Targets Prolonged Remote-Work Era as Coronavirus Drags On |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205001/https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-pandemic-drags-on-zoom-targets-prolonged-remote-work-era-11594818002 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom Phone Provider Exchange, which gives customers options for voice services, reaches more than 70 countries.<ref name="uct1"/> In July 2022, an option was added on Zoom Phone to turn on end-to-end encryption during one-on-one calls between users on the same company account.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holt |first1=Kris |title=Zoom brings end-to-end encryption to its cloud phone service |url=https://www.engadget.com/zoom-e2ee-cloud-phone-service-breakout-rooms-212043895.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Engadget |date=21 July 2022}}</ref>

In September 2020, Zoom added new accessibility features to make the app easier to use for those who are deaf, hard of hearing, or visually impaired. New features include the ability to move around video windows in gallery view, pin video windows to be spotlighted; improved keyboard shortcuts; new tools to adjust the size of closed captioning text; and sign language interpreters' windows can now sit directly next to the speaker.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Jefferson |title=Move speaker windows, add closed captioning: Zoom adds accessibility features for video meetings |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/09/23/zoom-adds-accessibility-features-now-you-can-move-windows-around/3495730001/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=USA Today |date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205004/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/09/23/zoom-adds-accessibility-features-now-you-can-move-windows-around/3495730001/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2020 at Zoomtopia, Zoom's annual user conference, the company unveiled OnZoom, a virtual event marketplace with an integrated payment system where users can host and promote free or paid live events.<ref name="digi">{{cite news |last1=Wainewright |first1=Phil |title=Zoomtopia 2020 - Zoom becomes a platform, for apps and for paid meetings |url=https://diginomica.com/zoomtopia-2020-zoom-becomes-platform-apps-and-paid-meetings |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Diginomica |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://diginomica.com/zoomtopia-2020-zoom-becomes-platform-apps-and-paid-meetings |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Zoom launches marketplace for paid events and new third-party app integrations |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/14/21515902/zoom-marketplace-paid-events-onzoom-third-party-app-integrations-zapps |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=The Verge |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205019/https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/14/21515902/zoom-marketplace-paid-events-onzoom-third-party-app-integrations-zapps |url-status=live }}</ref> With OnZoom, users will be able to schedule and host one-time events or event series for up to 1,000 attendees and sell tickets online.<ref name="inc-1">{{cite news |last1=Aten |first1=Jason |title=Zoom Is Already Where We Do Pretty Much Everything. It Just Got Even Better at It |url=https://www.inc.com/jason-aten/zoom-is-already-where-we-do-pretty-much-everything-it-just-got-even-better-at-it.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |work=Inc. |date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205001/https://www.inc.com/jason-aten/zoom-is-already-where-we-do-pretty-much-everything-it-just-got-even-better-at-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The company also announced Zoom Apps, a feature integrating third-party apps so they can be used within the Zoom interface during meetings. The first such apps were expected to be available around the end of 2020, from companies including [[Slack Technologies|Slack]], [[Salesforce]], [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]],<ref name="digi"/><ref name="inc-1"/> and [[Qatalog]]. In October 2020, Zoom gave its users better security with an upgrade to end-to-end encryption for its online meetings network.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mello |first1=John |title=Zoom Beefs Up User Security With End-To-End Encryption |url=https://www.technewsworld.com/story/Zoom-Beefs-Up-User-Security-With-End-To-End-Encryption-86900.html |work=www.technewsworld.com |date=28 October 2020 |access-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205018/https://www.technewsworld.com/story/Zoom-Beefs-Up-User-Security-With-End-To-End-Encryption-86900.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 22, 2021, Zoom announced that it would start selling its videoconferencing technology as a [[white-label product]], so other companies can embed it in their own products, with the calls running over Zoom but not carrying the company's brand name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |title=Zoom Wants You to Zoom Even When Using Other Companies' Apps |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-wants-you-to-zoom-even-when-using-other-companies-apps-11616419800 |access-date=23 March 2021 |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=22 March 2021}}</ref>

In August 2021, Zoom launched a new feature called Focus Mode. It is designed for use in digital classrooms and other educational settings. When active, the mode will hide participants' screens from each other (though they can see each other's names) while the host retains the ability to see everyone's camera stream or screen share. The feature is available across all Zoom accounts, including free ones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Mitchell |title=Zoom's new focus mode could keep students from distracting each other |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/11/22620822/zoom-virtual-learning-classes-focus-mode-teachers-students |access-date=12 August 2021 |publisher=The Verge |date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Molina |first1=Brett |title=Kids using Zoom for school? There's a new way to keep them focused |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2021/08/12/zooms-new-focus-mode-aims-keep-kids-getting-distracted/8104870002/ |access-date=3 October 2021 |work=USA Today |date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

In September 2021 at Zoomtopia, the company announced that end-to-end encryption would now be available as an upgrade for Zoom Phone users. The company also announced Bring Your Own Key (BYOK) (for users to manage their own encryption keys that Zoom cannot access or see), Verified Identity (a multi-factor authentication feature working through [[Okta, Inc.|Okta]] that allows users to confirm the identity of meeting participants), and Video Engagement Center (for businesses to digitally interact with customers).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greig |first1=Jonathan |title=Zoom unveils new security features including end-to-end encryption for Zoom Phone, verified identities and more |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-unveils-new-security-features-including-end-to-end-encryption-for-zoom-phone-verified-identities-and-more/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=ZD Net |date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wright |first1=Tom |title=Zoom Launches Video Engagement Center |url=https://www.uctoday.com/unified-communications/zoom-launches-video-engagement-center/ |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=UC Today |date=13 September 2021}}</ref> Other updates include revamped virtual whiteboard features, including touchscreen whiteboards that can be digitized for remote participants, and improved collaboration between Zoom Meetings and Zoom Chat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Mark |title=Zoom's all-out blitz to become the king of hybrid work |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90674948/zooms-all-out-blitz-to-become-the-king-of-hybrid-work |access-date=4 October 2021 |work=Fast Company |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

In October 2021, the option to automatically generate closed captions in English for Zoom meetings was expanded to all accounts, including free ones. The feature had previously only been available for Premium users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Kim |title=Zoom now has auto-generated captions available for free accounts |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/25/22744704/zoom-auto-generated-captions-available-free-accounts-accessibility |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The Verge |date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

In April 2022, Zoom added new features including gesture recognition, a virtual whiteboard, and Zoom IQ for sales.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoom announced a slate of updates and new features |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/20/zoom-announces-zoom-whiteboard-gesture-recognition-among-several-updates/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=TechCrunch |date=April 20, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoom launches AI-powered features aimed at sales teams |url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2022/04/13/zoom-launches-ai-powered-features-aimed-at-sales-teams/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=TechCrunch |date=April 13, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2022, the company launched Zoom Contact Center, a cloud contact center optimized for video calls and integrated directly into Zoom.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawers |first1=Paul |title=Zoom launches 'video-optimized' Contact Center into general availability |url=https://venturebeat.com/cloud/zoom-launches-video-optimized-contact-center-into-general-availability/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Venture Beat |date=23 February 2022}}</ref>

In June 2022, Zoom One was launched. It brings together chat, phone, whiteboard, and video conferencing capabilities into a single offering.<ref name="cw"/><ref name="tt1">{{cite news |last1=Gleason |first1=Mike |title=Zoom One bundles services to draw single-vendor customers |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchunifiedcommunications/news/252522495/Zoom-One-bundles-services-to-draw-single-vendor-customers |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=Tech Target |date=7 July 2022}}</ref> Also in June 2022, Zoom opened its Zoom Apps developer program to all developers, via Zoom Apps SDK.<ref name="cw"/> With the release of Zoom One, the company offers video conferencing translation and captioning for 11 languages: English, simplified Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and Ukrainian. This feature is available with the Business Plus and Enterprise Plus plans.<ref name="tt1"/>

==Usage==
[[File:Zoom Alma Mater Europaea.jpg|thumb|300x300px|In July 2020, using Zoom, the International Association of Constitutional Law and [[Alma Mater Europaea]] organized the first round-the-clock and round-the-globe event that traveled through time zones.]]
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom has been used by banks, schools,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Aruna|title=Rules for the Zoom era: How to be a high school student during the coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/03/29/when-coronavirus-strikes-heres-how-active-student-via-zoom/2927532001/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> universities, and government agencies around the world,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |title=UK government told not to use Zoom because of China fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/24/uk-government-told-not-to-use-zoom-because-of-china-fears |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506104311/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/apr/24/uk-government-told-not-to-use-zoom-because-of-china-fears |archive-date=May 6, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> by the [[UK Parliament]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodge |first1=Rae |title=Zoom security issues: Zoom buys security company, aims for end-to-end encryption |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-security-issues-zoom-buys-security-company-aims-for-end-to-end-encryption/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=CNET |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512185016/https://www.cnet.com/news/zoom-security-issues-zoom-buys-security-company-aims-for-end-to-end-encryption/ |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> by healthcare professionals for telemedicine,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Span |first1=Paula |title=With Red Tape Lifted, Dr. Zoom Will See You Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/health/coronavirus-telemedicine-seniors.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512181228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/health/coronavirus-telemedicine-seniors.html |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> barbershops,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herrera Greenspan |first1=Hannah |title=Using Zoom, Chicago hair stylists help clients cut and color their own hair at home |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-life-coronavirus-haircuts-through-zoom-0521-tt-20200521-t6duaz5nofcibfb3d5elwszotm-story.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune |date=21 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170728/https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-life-coronavirus-haircuts-through-zoom-0521-tt-20200521-t6duaz5nofcibfb3d5elwszotm-story.html |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and ceremonies such as birthday parties,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nierenberg |first1=Amelia |title=Go Ahead, Blow Out the Candles on Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/smarter-living/zoom-birthday-party.html |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510170119/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/smarter-living/zoom-birthday-party.html/ |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> funeral services,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Sara |title=Zoom funerals are a new reality in quarantine. This is what they're like. |url=https://www.insider.com/zoom-funerals-are-a-new-reality-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-5 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Insider |date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210104223543/https://www.insider.com/zoom-funerals-are-a-new-reality-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-2020-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[bar and bat mitzvah]] services.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Springer |first1=Shira |title=For Some, Zoom Bar And Bat Mitzvahs Highlight 'Most Meaningful And Memorable Moments' |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/16/856819558/for-some-zoom-bar-and-bat-mitzvahs-highlight-most-meaningful-and-memorable-momen |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=NPR |date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611111129/https://www.npr.org/2020/05/16/856819558/for-some-zoom-bar-and-bat-mitzvahs-highlight-most-meaningful-and-memorable-momen |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Roni |title=Zoom Mitzvah |url=https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/zoom-mitzvah/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=Atlanta Jewish Times |date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426113302/https://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/zoom-mitzvah/ |archive-date=April 26, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom formed a partnership with [[Formula One]] to create a virtual club where fans can go behind the scenes and take part in virtual activities through Zoom, beginning with the [[Hungarian Grand Prix]] on July 19, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Impey |first1=Steven |title=F1 calls on Zoom to deliver virtual race-day fan experience |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/f1-zoom-virtual-paddock-club-grand-prix-fan-hospitality-experience |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Sports Pro Media |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205013/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/f1-zoom-virtual-paddock-club-grand-prix-fan-hospitality-experience |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Sam |title=F1 and Zoom partner to create a Virtual Paddock Club |url=https://www.gpfans.com/en/articles/54432/f1-and-zoom-partner-to-create-a-virtual-paddock-club/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=GP Fans |date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205002/https://www.gpfans.com/en/articles/54432/f1-and-zoom-partner-to-create-a-virtual-paddock-club/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An article published in July 2020 in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' noted a new real estate trend in San Francisco and Oakland where some listings include "Zoom rooms" with backdrops for Zoom calls.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chamings |first1=Andrew |title=The 'Zoom room' boom: A very 2020 real estate trend |url=https://www.sfgate.com/living-in-sf/article/The-Zoom-room-boom-A-very-2020-real-estate-trend-15432349.php |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=27 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205011/https://www.sfgate.com/living-in-sf/article/The-Zoom-room-boom-A-very-2020-real-estate-trend-15432349.php |url-status=live }}</ref> People were complaining about "zoom fatigue"<ref name="names">{{cite web |url= https://www.genericides.org/trademark/zoom |title= Has zoom become a generic trademark? |access-date= March 2, 2021 |website= genericides.org }}</ref> (too many video calls) before they had their "zoom happy hour" (online social meeting with friends or colleagues).<ref name="names"/>

[[Richard Nelson (playwright)|Richard Nelson]]'s play ''What Do We Need to Talk About?'' takes place on Zoom, with its main characters congregating online during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] using Zoom. Written and directed by Nelson, it was commissioned by [[The Public Theater]] and premiered on [[YouTube]] on April 29, 2020, as a benefit performance. ''[[The New Yorker]]'' called it "the first great original play of quarantine".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwartz |first1=Alexandra |title=The First Great Original Play of Quarantine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-first-great-original-play-of-quarantine |access-date=8 June 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-first-great-original-play-of-quarantine |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Oprah's Your Life in Focus: A Vision Forward'' was a live virtual experience hosted by [[Oprah Winfrey]] on Zoom from May 16 through June 6, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oprah Winfrey to Launch Live Virtual Experience on Wellness |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oprah-winfrey-launch-live-virtual-experience-wellness-1294307 |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170556/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oprah-winfrey-launch-live-virtual-experience-wellness-1294307 |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Source Material's play ''In These Uncertain Times'', directed by Samantha Shay, characters communicate on Zoom. The play premiered on Zoom on July 25, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Maya |title='In These Uncertain Times' Review: Love, Loss and Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/theater/in-these-uncertain-times-review.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/theater/in-these-uncertain-times-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2020 British [[Found footage (film technique)|found-footage]] Zoom-based horror film ''[[Host (film)|Host]]'', directed by Rob Savage, a group of young people has a remote séance in which they try contacting spirits over Zoom. It premiered on [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]] in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Nosheen |title=House of horror: Host, the Zoom-call hit movie that has Hollywood quaking |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/16/house-of-horror-host-the-zoom-call-hit-movie-that-has-hollywood-quaking |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/aug/16/house-of-horror-host-the-zoom-call-hit-movie-that-has-hollywood-quaking |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Collis |first1=Clark |title='Our pitch was, it's going to be scary': The making of lockdown horror movie Host |url=https://ew.com/movies/host-lockdown-horror-movie-rob-savage/ |access-date=20 August 2020 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205021/https://ew.com/movies/host-lockdown-horror-movie-rob-savage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A live reading of [[Kristoffer Diaz]]'s 2009 play ''[[The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity]]'' over Zoom streamed on Play-PerView from August 15–20, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Maya |title=From a Wrestling Ring to Tiny Boxes: How 'Chad Deity' Went Zoom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/theater/elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-zoom.html |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/17/theater/elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-zoom.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Dan |title=Pulitzer Prize Finalist The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity Gets Virtual Reading August 15 |url=https://www.playbill.com/article/pulitzer-prize-finalist-the-elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-gets-virtual-reading-august-15 |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=Playbill |date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205010/https://www.playbill.com/article/pulitzer-prize-finalist-the-elaborate-entrance-of-chad-deity-gets-virtual-reading-august-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2021 film ''[[Locked Down (2021 film)|Locked Down]]'', directed by [[Doug Liman]] and starring [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], characters communicate through Zoom conferences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morgenstern |first1=Joe |title='Locked Down' Review: A Covid-Era Heist |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/locked-down-review-a-covid-era-heist-11610662823?mod=searchresults_pos18&page=1 |access-date=22 January 2021 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

On July 3–4, 2020, using Zoom Webinar, the International Association of Constitutional Law and [[Alma Mater Europaea]] organized the first "round-the-clock and round-the-globe" event that traveled through time zones, featuring 52 speakers from 28 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea Symposium|url=https://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|access-date=2020-10-27|website=www.sloveniatimes.com|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205026/https://www.sloveniatimes.com/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Professors at the Alma Mater Europaea symposium|url=https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|access-date=2020-10-27|website=en.almamater.si|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205015/https://en.almamater.si/oxford-cambridge-and-harvard-professors-at-the-alma-mater-europaea-symposium-n586|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after, a format of conferences that "virtually travel the globe with the sun from East to West",<ref>{{Cite web|title=RSA Global Webinar Series|url=https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205026/https://www.regionalstudies.org/events/rsa-global-webinar-series/|archive-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> became common, some of them running for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Albert--Global Summit|url=https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Menu|language=en|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.richardalbert.com/2021globalsummit.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economicscience.org/page/conference/2020-esa-global-online-around-the-clock-meetings|title=Conference Details|website=www.economicscience.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2020 Around-the-Clock Around-the-Globe Magnetics Conference|url=https://ieeemagnetics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=305&Itemid=206|access-date=2021-04-12|website=ieeemagnetics.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parncutt|first1=Richard|last2=Meyer-Kahlen|first2=Nils|last3=Sattmann|first3=Sabrina|date=2019-12-20|editor-last=Iles|editor-first=Alastair|title=Live-streaming at international academic conferences: Technical and organizational options for single- and multiple-location formats|journal=Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene|volume=7|issue=54|doi=10.1525/elementa.392|issn=2325-1026|doi-access=free}}</ref>

On September 17, 2020, a live table read of the script for the 1982 film ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' was hosted by [[Dane Cook]], with performers including [[Brad Pitt]], [[Jennifer Aniston]], [[Julia Roberts]], original cast member [[Sean Penn]], [[Matthew McConaughey]], [[Shia LaBeouf]], [[Morgan Freeman]] (who served as the narrator), [[Jimmy Kimmel]], [[Ray Liotta]], and [[John Legend]], to raise money for the charity [[Community Organized Relief Effort|CORE]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bramesco |first1=Charles |title=Pitt! Aniston! Roberts! Freeman! Was this the starriest Zoom ever? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/18/fast-times-ridgemont-high-pitt-aniston-roberts-freeman-starriest-zoom-ever |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205027/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/sep/18/fast-times-ridgemont-high-pitt-aniston-roberts-freeman-starriest-zoom-ever |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nolan |first1=Emma |title=Where to Watch Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston 'Fast Times At Ridgemont High' Table Read |url=https://www.newsweek.com/brad-pitt-jennifer-aniston-reunion-fast-times-ridgemont-high-table-read-watch-1532800 |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Newsweek |date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.newsweek.com/brad-pitt-jennifer-aniston-reunion-fast-times-ridgemont-high-table-read-watch-1532800 |url-status=live }}</ref> The broadcast of the [[72nd Primetime Emmy Awards]] on September 20, 2020, hosted by Jimmy Kimmel, featured nominees participating through Zoom.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Shaffer |first1=Claire |title=Emmys 2020: Jimmy Kimmel Opens With a Zoom Room of Nominees |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-2020-jimmy-kimmel-zoom-nominees-1063770/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205023/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-2020-jimmy-kimmel-zoom-nominees-1063770/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On an alternate music video for the 2020 single "[[Ice Cream (Blackpink and Selena Gomez song)|Ice Cream]]" by [[Blackpink]] featuring [[Selena Gomez]], the artists appeared via Zoom from their homes.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaufman |first1=Gil |title=Selena Gomez & Blackpink Zoom in From Home For 'Ice Cream' Lyric Video |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9453437/selena-gomez-blackpink-ice-cream-lyric-video |access-date=30 September 2020 |magazine=Billboard |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205045/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9453437/selena-gomez-blackpink-ice-cream-lyric-video |url-status=live }}</ref> The series ''Zoom Where It Happens'', airing on Zoom as a partnership between Zoom and Black female artists, launched in September 2020 with a virtual table read of an episode of ''[[The Golden Girls]]'', reimagined with an all-Black cast. The second episode featured an all-Black cast in a table read of an episode of ''[[Friends]]'', hosted by [[Gabrielle Union]] and featuring [[Sterling K. Brown]] and [[Uzo Aduba]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saad |first1=Nardine |title=Sterling K. Brown and Uzo Aduba flip the 'Friends' script with an all-Black cast |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-09-22/friends-black-cast-zoom-sterling-k-brown-uzo-aduba |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205023/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2020-09-22/friends-black-cast-zoom-sterling-k-brown-uzo-aduba |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Garrity |first1=Amanda |title=How to Watch and Stream the 'Friends' Remake With Sterling K. Brown and Ryan Michelle Bathe |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a34109256/how-to-watch-friends-remake-zoom/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |work=Good Housekeeping |date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a34109256/how-to-watch-friends-remake-zoom/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
Zoom has been criticized for "security lapses and poor design choices" that have resulted in heightened scrutiny of its software.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | title=Zoom under increased scrutiny as popularity soars | work=[[BBC News]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401204959/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52115434 | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Lopez 2020">{{cite web | last=Lopez | first=Napier | title=Zoom's 5.0 update helps stop zoombombing and improves encryption | website=The Next Web | date=2020-04-22 | url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508054234/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2020/04/22/zooms-5-0-update-helps-stop-zoombombing-and-improves-encryption/ | archive-date=May 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Many of Zoom's issues "surround deliberate features designed to reduce friction in meetings", which [[Citizen Lab]] found to "also, by design, reduce privacy or security".<ref name=citlab/><ref name="Donnell 2020">{{cite web | author=Donnell | title=Two Zoom Zero-Day Flaws Uncovered | website=Threatpost | date=2020-04-01 | url=https://threatpost.com/two-zoom-zero-day-flaws-uncovered/154337/ | access-date=2020-04-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421172242/https://threatpost.com/two-zoom-zero-day-flaws-uncovered/154337/ | archive-date=April 21, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2020, [[New York State Attorney General]] [[Letitia James]] launched an inquiry into Zoom's privacy and security practices.<ref name="nyag">{{cite news | first1=Danny | last1=Hakim | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=New York Attorney General Looks Into Zoom's Privacy Practices | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 30, 2020 | issn=0362-4331 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402145005/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/technology/new-york-attorney-general-zoom-privacy.html | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The inquiry was closed on May 7, 2020, with Zoom not admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to take added security measures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Feiner |first1=Lauren |title=Zoom strikes a deal with NY AG office, closing the inquiry into its security problems |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=CNBC |date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515202226/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/07/zoom-strikes-a-deal-with-ny-ag-office-closing-security-inquiry.html |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, CEO Yuan apologized for the security issues, stating that some of the issues were a result of Zoom's having been designed for "large institutions with full IT support."<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/tech/zoom-ceo-apology-privacy/index.html | title=Zoom CEO apologizes for having 'fallen short' on privacy and security | last=Iyengar | first=Rishi | work=[[CNN]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408121026/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/tech/zoom-ceo-apology-privacy/index.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> He noted that in December 2019, Zoom had a maximum of 10 million daily meeting participants, and in March 2020 the software had more than 200 million daily meeting participants, bringing the company increased challenges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Zoom announces 90-day feature freeze to fix privacy and security issues |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21204018/zoom-security-privacy-feature-freeze-200-million-daily-users |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=The Verge |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511100914/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21204018/zoom-security-privacy-feature-freeze-200-million-daily-users |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom agreed to focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Alex | last1=Hern | title=Zoom says engineers will focus on security and safety issues | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-says-engineers-will-focus-on-security-and-safety-issues | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=April 2, 2020 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409211203/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-says-engineers-will-focus-on-security-and-safety-issues | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zoom Security: The Good, the Bad, and the Business Model | url=https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/blog/2020-04/2020-04-02.html | author-link=Steven M. Bellovin | first=Steven M. | last=Bellovin | work=[[Columbia University]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406195423/https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~smb/blog/2020-04/2020-04-02.html | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Kari | last=Paul | title='Zoom is malware': why experts worry about the video conferencing platform | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=April 2, 2020 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410102053/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/02/zoom-technology-security-coronavirus-video-conferencing | archive-date=April 10, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Is Zoom safe and can it be hacked? | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html | work=[[The Independent]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408044015/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/zoom-safe-hack-how-secure-encryption-a9440461.html | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, the company released Zoom version 5.0, which addressed a number of the security and privacy concerns. It includes passwords by default, improved encryption, and a new security icon for meetings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Zoom releases 5.0 update with security and privacy improvements |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/22/21230962/zoom-update-security-privacy-features-improvements-download |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=The Verge |date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422233423/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/22/21230962/zoom-update-security-privacy-features-improvements-download |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, Zoom added support for [[two-factor authentication]] to its desktop and mobile apps; the security feature was previously Web-only.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Jon |title=Zoom's mobile and desktop apps now support two-factor authentication |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/11/21432132/zoom-two-factor-authentication-2fa-mobile-desktop-web-security |access-date=29 September 2020 |work=The Verge |date=11 September 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205034/https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/11/21432132/zoom-two-factor-authentication-2fa-mobile-desktop-web-security |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of April 2020, businesses, schools, and government entities who have restricted or prohibited the use of Zoom on their networks include [[Google]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/8/21213978/google-zoom-ban-security-risks-hangouts-meet |title=Google bans its employees from using Zoom over security concerns |date=April 8, 2020 |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515220924/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/8/21213978/google-zoom-ban-security-risks-hangouts-meet |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Siemens]],<ref name="Siemens">{{cite news|last1=Jitendra Soni|title=More top companies ban Zoom following security fears|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/more-top-companies-ban-zoom-following-security-fears|access-date=22 April 2020|work=Techradar|date=15 April 2020|language=en|quote=Among the latest organisations to block the use of Zoom are German industrial giant Siemens, which sent out an internal circular urging its employees to not use the tool for video conferencing, with Standard Chartered Bank also issuing a similar note to its staff.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421163303/https://www.techradar.com/news/more-top-companies-ban-zoom-following-security-fears|archive-date=April 21, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Australian Defence Force]], the [[German Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[SpaceX]], and the [[New York City Department of Education]].<ref name="who">{{cite news | url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/who-has-banned-zoom-google-nasa-and-more/ | title=Who has banned Zoom? Google, NASA, and more | first=Brandon | last=Vigliarolo | work=[[techPresident]] | date=April 9, 2020 | access-date=April 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413114306/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/who-has-banned-zoom-google-nasa-and-more/ | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1615008|title=MHA issues Advisory on Secure use of ZOOM Meeting Platform|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> In May 2020, the New York City Department of Education lifted their ban on Zoom after the company addressed security and privacy concerns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zaveri |first1=Paayal |title=The NYC Department of Education is reversing its ban on Zoom after the company addresses its security and privacy concerns |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-city-schools-reverse-zoom-ban-online-learning-2020-5 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-city-schools-reverse-zoom-ban-online-learning-2020-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

By September 2020, Zoom had 370,200 institutional customers with more than 10 employees, up about 458 percent from the same quarter to the year before. The company's revenue rose 355 percent to $663.5 million, topping analysts' average estimate of $500.5 million. They were able to raise their annual revenue forecast by more than 30 percent after many of their free users converted to paid subscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom sales surge as free users convert to paid|url=https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/682567/zoom-sales-surge-free-users-convert-paid/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=ARN|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205039/https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/682567/zoom-sales-surge-free-users-convert-paid/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the pandemic, Zoom's profit increased by 4,000%, and the company did not pay any income tax, according to a report by the [[Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Zoom increased profits by 4000 per cent during pandemic but paid no income tax, report says|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/zoom-pandemic-profit-income-tax-b1820281.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/zoom-pandemic-profit-income-tax-b1820281.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Independent|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Privacy===
Zoom has been criticized for its privacy and corporate data sharing policies, as well as for enabling video hosts to potentially violate the privacy of those participating in their calls.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom Calls Aren't as Private as You May Think. Here's What You Should Know. | url=https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | website=[[Consumer Reports]] | last=St. John | first=Allen | date=March 24, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325211202/https://www.consumerreports.org/video-conferencing-services/zoom-teleconferencing-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 25, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom's A Lifeline During COVID-19: This Is Why It's Also A Privacy Risk | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | first=Kate | last=O'Flaherty | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 25, 2020 | quote=collects and stores personal data and shares it with third parties such as advertisers. But Zoom's policy also covers what it labels "customer content" or "the content contained in cloud recordings, and instant messages, files, whiteboards... shared while using the service". This includes videos, transcripts that can be generated automatically, documents shared on screen, and the names of everyone on a call. | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326174513/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/03/25/zooms-a-lifeline-during-covid-19-this-is-why-its-also-a-privacy-risk/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom is a work-from-home privacy disaster waiting to happen | url=https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | last=Morse | first=Jack | work=[[Mashable]] | date=March 13, 2020 | access-date=March 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326154758/https://mashable.com/article/zoom-conference-call-work-from-home-privacy-concerns/ | archive-date=March 26, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, a [[Motherboard (website)|Motherboard]] article found that the company's [[iOS]] app was sending device analytics data to [[Facebook]] on startup, regardless of whether a Facebook account was being used with the service, and without disclosing it to the user.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7e599/zoom-ios-app-sends-data-to-facebook-even-if-you-dont-have-a-facebook-account | title=Zoom iOS App Sends Data to Facebook Even if You Don't Have a Facebook Account | last=Cox | first=Joseph | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | date=March 26, 2020 | access-date=March 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410071826/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/k7e599/zoom-ios-app-sends-data-to-facebook-even-if-you-dont-have-a-facebook-account | archive-date=April 10, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom responded that it had been made aware of the issue and patched the app to remove the [[Software development kit|SDK]] after learning that it was collecting unnecessary device data. The company stated that the SDK was only collecting information on the user's device specifications (such as model names and operating system versions) in order to optimize its service and that it was not collecting personal information.<ref name="wallst1"/><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b745/zoom-removes-code-that-sends-data-to-facebook | title=Zoom Removes Code That Sends Data to Facebook | last=Cox | first=Joseph | work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] | date=March 27, 2020 | access-date=March 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402023306/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b745/zoom-removes-code-that-sends-data-to-facebook | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-iphone-users-were-no-longer-sending-your-data-to-facebook/ | title=Zoom to iPhone users: We're no longer sending your data to Facebook | first=Liam | last=Tung | work=[[ZDNet]] | date=March 30, 2020 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331151002/https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-iphone-users-were-no-longer-sending-your-data-to-facebook/ | archive-date=March 31, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, Zoom was sued by a user in [[U.S. Federal Court]] for illegally and secretly disclosing personal data to third parties, including Facebook.<ref>{{cite news | last=Rosenblatt | first=Joel | title=Zoom Sued for Allegedly Illegally Disclosing Personal Data | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/zoom-sued-for-allegedly-illegally-disclosing-personal-data | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406094039/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/zoom-sued-for-allegedly-illegally-disclosing-personal-data | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom responded that it "has never sold user data in the past and has no intention of selling users' data going forward".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Finnegan |first1=Matthew |title=Zoom hit by investor lawsuit as security, privacy concerns mount |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3537193/zoom-hit-by-investor-lawsuit-as-security-privacy-concerns-mount.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=[[Computer World]] |date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205045/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3537193/zoom-hit-by-investor-lawsuit-as-security-privacy-concerns-mount.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, a Zoom information gathering feature was found that automatically sent user names and email addresses to [[LinkedIn]], allowing some participants to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other users without their express consent.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Aaron | last1=Krolik | first2=Natasha | last2=Singer | title=A Feature on Zoom Secretly Displayed Data From People's LinkedIn Profiles | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/technology/zoom-linkedin-data.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=April 2, 2020 | url-access=subscription | quote=as high school students in Colorado signed in to a mandatory video meeting for a class, Zoom readied the full names and email addresses of at least six students — and their teacher — for possible use by its LinkedIn profile-matching tool | access-date=April 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403003247/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/technology/zoom-linkedin-data.html | archive-date=April 3, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Soon after, the companies disabled their integration.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21205853/zoom-linkedin-feature-disabled-privacy-security-video-calling | title=Zoom has disabled a feature that was exposing users' LinkedIn profiles | first=Monica | last=Chin | work=[[The Verge]] | date=April 2, 2020 | access-date=April 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413232522/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/2/21205853/zoom-linkedin-feature-disabled-privacy-security-video-calling | archive-date=April 13, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] announced that it was looking into Zoom's privacy practices.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bartz |first=Diane |date=2020-05-12 |title=U.S. FTC indicates it is looking at Zoom privacy woes |language=en-US |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-06-24 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zoom-ftc-idUSKBN22N2MJ}}</ref> The FTC alleged in a complaint<ref name=FTC-complaint>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomcomplaint.pdf |title=Zoom Communications: Complaint |last1=Simons |first1=Joseph J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Noah Joshua |last3=Chopra |first3=Rohit |last4=Slaughter |first4=Rebecca Kelly |last5=Wilson |first5=Christine S. |date= |website=ftc.gov |publisher=[[Federal Trade Commission]] |access-date=December 17, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217183424/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomcomplaint.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |quote=Zoom did not employ end-to-end encryption... Zoom did not employ 256-bit Encryption... recorded Messages are not stored encrypted in Zoom's cloud storage immediately after a Meeting has ended... Zoom installed the ZoomOpener webserver, without adequate notice or consent, to circumvent a browser privacy and security safeguard... the webserver would remain on users' computers even after they had uninstalled the Zoom App.}}</ref> that since at least 2016, "Zoom maintained the cryptographic keys that could allow Zoom to access the content of its customers' meetings, did not provide advertised end-to-end encryption, falsely claimed [[Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act|HIPAA]] compliance, installed the ZoomOpener webserver without adequate consent, did not uninstall the web server after uninstalling the Zoom App, and secured its Zoom Meetings with a lower level of encryption than promised."<ref>{{cite web |title=FTC Requires Zoom to Enhance its Security Practices as Part of Settlement |date=November 8, 2020 |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |publisher=FTC.gov |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205024/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2020/11/ftc-requires-zoom-enhance-its-security-practices-part-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 9, 2020, a settlement was reached, requiring the company to stop misrepresenting security features, create an information security program, obtain biannual assessments by a third party, and implement additional security measures.<ref name=FTC-agreement>{{cite web |url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |title=Zoom Communications: Agreement Containing Consent Order |last1=Simons |first1=Joseph J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Noah Joshua |last3=Chopra |first3=Rohit |last4=Slaughter |first4=Rebecca Kelly |last5=Wilson |first5=Christine S. |date= |website=ftc.gov |publisher=[[Federal Trade Commission]] |access-date=December 17, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205003/https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/1923167zoomacco2.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |quote=must not misrepresent in any manner, expressly or by implication, the security features... establish and implement, and thereafter maintain, a comprehensive information security program... The Assessments must be obtained by one or more qualified, objective, independent third-party professionals... }}</ref>

===Security===

==== Vulnerabilities ====
In November 2018, a security vulnerability was discovered that allowed a remote unauthenticated attacker to spoof [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]] messages that allowed the attacker to remove attendees from meetings, spoof messages from users, or hijack shared screens.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15715 | title=CVE-2018-15715 | website=[[National Vulnerability Database]] | date=November 30, 2018 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709020711/https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-15715 | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{CVE|2018-15715}}</ref> The company released fixes shortly after the vulnerability was discovered.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/360020436071-Security-CVE-2018-15715 | title=Security: CVE-2018-15715 | publisher=Zoom | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519013709/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/360020436071-Security-CVE-2018-15715 | archive-date=May 19, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2019, security researcher Jonathan Leitschuh disclosed a [[zero-day (computing)|zero-day]] vulnerability allowing any website to force a [[macOS]] user to join a Zoom call, with their [[video camera]] activated, without the user's permission.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://medium.com/@jonathan.leitschuh/zoom-zero-day-4-million-webcams-maybe-an-rce-just-get-them-to-visit-your-website-ac75c83f4ef5 | title=Zoom Zero Day: 4+ Million Webcams & maybe an RCE? Just get them to visit your website! | last=Leitschuh | first=Jonathan | website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=July 9, 2019 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709194543/https://medium.com/@jonathan.leitschuh/zoom-zero-day-4-million-webcams-maybe-an-rce-just-get-them-to-visit-your-website-ac75c83f4ef5 | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Attempts to uninstall the Zoom client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background using a hidden web server that was set up on the machine during the first installation so that it remains active even after attempting to remove the client. After receiving public criticism, Zoom removed the vulnerability and the hidden webserver to allow complete uninstallation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/07/09/zooms_hidden_mac_web_server_allows_autojoin_conferencing_exploit/ | last=Anderson | first=Tim | title=Anyone for unintended Chat Roulette? Zoom installs hidden Mac web server to allow auto-join video conferencing | work=[[The Register]] | date=July 9, 2019 | access-date=July 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709162029/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/07/09/zooms_hidden_mac_web_server_allows_autojoin_conferencing_exploit/ | archive-date=July 9, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, security researchers found vulnerabilities where [[Windows]] users' [[Credential#Information technology|credentials]] could be exposed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/04/unpatched-zoom-bug-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-with-no-warning/ | first=Dan | last=Goodin | title=Attackers can use Zoom to steal users' Windows credentials with no warning | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=April 1, 2020 | quote=The vulnerability was first described last week by a researcher who uses the Twitter handle @_g0dmode. He wrote: "#Zoom chat allows you to post links such as \\x.x.x.x\xyz to attempt to capture Net-NTLM hashes if clicked by other users. | access-date=April 2, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401220504/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/04/unpatched-zoom-bug-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-with-no-warning/ | archive-date=April 1, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/zoom-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-run-programs-via-unc-links/ | title=Zoom Lets Attackers Steal Windows Credentials, Run Programs via UNC Links | first=Lawrence | last=Abrams | work=[[Bleeping Computer]] | date=March 31, 2020 | access-date=April 2, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405191720/https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/zoom-lets-attackers-steal-windows-credentials-run-programs-via-unc-links/ | archive-date=April 5, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Another vulnerability allowing unprompted access to cameras and microphones was made public.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-backlash-zero-days/ | title=The Zoom Privacy Backlash Is Only Getting Started | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=April 1, 2020 | access-date=April 6, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406094033/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-backlash-zero-days/ | archive-date=April 6, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{CVE|2020-11470}}</ref> Zoom issued a fix in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3535373/report-hackers-can-steal-windows-credentials-via-links-in-zoom-chat.html | title=Update: Zoom issues fix for UNC vulnerability that lets hackers steal Windows credentials via chat | work=[[PC World]] | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205035/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3535373/report-hackers-can-steal-windows-credentials-via-links-in-zoom-chat.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Motherboard reported that there were two Zoom [[Zero-day (computing)|zero-days]] for macOS and Windows respectively, selling for $500,000, on April 15, 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qjdqgv/hackers-selling-critical-zoom-zero-day-exploit-for-500000|title=Hackers Are Selling a Critical Zoom Zero-Day Exploit for $500,000|last=Franceschi-Bicchierai|first=Lorenzo|date=2020-04-15|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423004707/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qjdqgv/hackers-selling-critical-zoom-zero-day-exploit-for-500000|archive-date=April 23, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Security bug brokers were selling access to Zoom security flaws that could allow remote access into users' computers.<ref name="nytdropbox" /> Hackers also put up over 500,000 Zoom user names and passwords for sale on the [[dark web]].<ref name="nytdropbox" /> In response to the multitude of security and privacy issues found, Zoom began a comprehensive security plan, which included consulting with Luta Security, Trail of Bits, former [[Facebook]] CSO [[Alex Stamos]], former [[Google]] global lead of privacy technology Lea Kissner, BishopFox, the [[NCC Group]], and [[Johns Hopkins University]] cryptographer [[Matthew D. Green]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom to revamp bug bounty program, bring in more security experts|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-revamp-bug-bounty-program-bring-in-more-security-experts/|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416135140/https://www.zdnet.com/article/zoom-to-revamp-bug-bounty-program-bring-in-more-security-experts/|archive-date=April 16, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 20, 2020, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] engineers had traced Zoom's security vulnerabilities back over two years, pushing Zoom to address such issues more quickly, and paying top hackers to find problems with Zoom's software. In the same article, the ''New York Times'' noted that security researchers have praised Zoom for improving its response times, and for quickly patching recent bugs and removing features that could have privacy risks.<ref name="nytdropbox" /><ref name="wallst1" /> In a blog post on April 1, 2020, CEO Yuan announced a 90-day freeze on releasing new features, to focus on fixing privacy and security issues within the platform.<ref name="wallst2">{{cite news |last1=McMillan |first1=Robert |title=Zoom Hires Security Heavyweights to Fix Flaws |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-hires-security-heavyweights-to-fix-flaws-11587061868 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510202025/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zoom-hires-security-heavyweights-to-fix-flaws-11587061868 |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 1, 2020, at the end of the freeze, the company stated it had released 100 new safety features over the 90-day period. Those efforts include end-to-end encryption for all users, turning on meeting passwords by default, giving users the ability to choose which data centers calls are routed from, consulting with security experts, forming a CISO council, an improved bug bounty program, and working with third parties to help test security. Yuan also stated that Zoom would be sharing a transparency report later in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jay |title=Zoom promises its first transparency report later this year |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205027/https://www.theverge.com/2020/7/1/21310130/zoom-transparency-report-update-ceo-security-program |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cruze |first1=Danny |title=Zoom released 100 new security features in 90 days |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=Live Mint |date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205037/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/zoom-released-100-new-security-features-in-90-days-11593681306833.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 16, 2020, Zoom announced a new security feature to combat disruptions during a session. The new feature was said to be a default for all free and paid users and made available on the Zoom clients for [[MacBook|Mac]], PC, and [[Linux]], as well as Zoom mobile apps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/16/21570302/zoom-security-temporarily-shut-down-suspend-meetings-stop-zoombombers|title=Zoom's new security feature will let you stop 'Zoombombers' in their tracks|access-date=16 November 2020|website=The Verge|date=November 16, 2020}}</ref>

On August 12, 2022, [[Wired (magazine)|Wired magazine]] reported on three separate security vulnerabilities discovered by security researcher Patrick Wardle affecting the Zoom [[Macintosh operating systems|Mac OS]] desktop app. The vulnerabilities allowed an attacker who already had access to the Mac device to perform a [[privilege escalation]] attack by installing malicious code using the app's auto-update feature, thereby giving them full control over the victim's device.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Lily Hay |title=Zoom's Auto-Update Feature Came With Hidden Risks on Mac |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-auto-update-mac-flaws/ |access-date=2022-08-14 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

==== Zoombombing ====
{{further|Zoombombing}}

The practice of "[[Zoombombing]]", a phenomenon where uninvited participants join a meeting to cause disruption, prompted a warning from the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bond |first=Shannon |date=April 3, 2020 |title=A Must For Millions, Zoom Has A Dark Side — And An FBI Warning |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826129520/a-must-for-millions-zoom-has-a-dark-side-and-an-fbi-warning |url-status=live |access-date=April 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408212956/https://www.npr.org/2020/04/03/826129520/a-must-for-millions-zoom-has-a-dark-side-and-an-fbi-warning |archive-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/boston/news/press-releases/fbi-warns-of-teleconferencing-and-online-classroom-hijacking-during-covid-19-pandemic |title=FBI Warns of Teleconferencing and Online Classroom Hijacking During COVID-19 Pandemic |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |date=March 30, 2020 |access-date=April 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221843/https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/boston/news/press-releases/fbi-warns-of-teleconferencing-and-online-classroom-hijacking-during-covid-19-pandemic |archive-date=April 9, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=March 27, 2020 |title=Trolls exploit Zoom privacy settings as app gains popularity |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/27/trolls-zoom-privacy-settings-covid-19-lockdown |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408114600/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/27/trolls-zoom-privacy-settings-covid-19-lockdown |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lorenz |first=Taylor |date=March 20, 2020 |title='Zoombombing': When Video Conferences Go Wrong |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/style/zoombombing-zoom-trolling.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327104653/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/style/zoombombing-zoom-trolling.html |archive-date=March 27, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, Zoom set many of its higher security settings as default as they advised users on ways to mitigate Zoombombing.<ref name="techrep" />The company created a new "report a user to Zoom" button, intended to catch those behind Zoombombing attacks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kan |first1=Michael |date=20 April 2020 |title=Got a Zoom-Bombing Problem? Zoom Will Soon Let You Report Attacks in Real Time |work=PC Magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/got-a-zoom-bombing-problem-zoom-will-soon-let-you-report-attacks-in-real |url-status=live |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505183345/https://www.pcmag.com/news/got-a-zoom-bombing-problem-zoom-will-soon-let-you-report-attacks-in-real |archive-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref>

====Encryption practices====
Zoom encrypts its public data streams, using [[TLS 1.2]] with AES-256 ([[Advanced Encryption Standard]]) to protect [[Signaling (telecommunications)|signaling]], and AES-128 to protect [[streaming media]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362723-Encryption-for-Meetings | title=Encryption for Meetings | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408173352/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362723-Encryption-for-Meetings | archive-date=April 8, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> Security researchers and reporters have criticized the company for its lack of transparency and poor encryption practices. Zoom initially claimed to use "[[end-to-end encryption]]" in its marketing materials,<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | title=Advanced Encryption for Chat | publisher=Zoom Video Communications | access-date=April 7, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407035927/https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/207599823-End-To-End-Encryption-for-Chat | archive-date=April 7, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> but later clarified it meant "from Zoom end point to Zoom end point" (meaning effectively between Zoom servers and Zoom clients), which ''[[The Intercept]]'' described as misleading and "dishonest".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | title=Zoom Meetings Aren't End-to-End Encrypted, Despite Misleading Marketing | last1=Lee | first1=Micah | last2=Grauer | first2=Yael | website=[[The Intercept]] | date=March 31, 2020 | quote=Currently, it is not possible to enable E2E encryption for Zoom video meetings. (...) When we use the phrase ‘End to End’ in our other literature, it is in reference to the connection being encrypted from Zoom end point to Zoom end point. | access-date=March 31, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402121430/https://theintercept.com/2020/03/31/zoom-meeting-encryption/ | archive-date=April 2, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alex Stamos]], a Zoom advisor who was formerly security chief at [[Facebook]], noted that a lack of end-to-end encryption is common in such products, as it is also true of [[Google Hangouts]], [[Microsoft Teams]], and [[Cisco Webex]].<ref name="cnbc1">{{cite news |last1=Stankiewicz |first1=Kevin |title=Ex-Facebook security chief, now Zoom advisor, says he still trusts Zoom for his video meetings |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/zoom-advisor-alex-stamos-still-trusts-zoom-for-his-video-meetings.html |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=CNBC |date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422112834/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/zoom-advisor-alex-stamos-still-trusts-zoom-for-his-video-meetings.html |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 7, 2020, Zoom announced that it had acquired [[Keybase]], a company specializing in end-to-end encryption, as part of an effort to strengthen its security practices moving forward.<ref name="wiredkeybase">{{cite magazine |last1=Barrett |first1=Brian |title=Security News This Week: Zoom Security Gets a Boost With Keybase Acquisition |url=https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |access-date=13 May 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517010402/https://www.wired.com/story/zoom-keybase-godaddy-breach-ransomware-nest-security-news/ |archive-date=May 17, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zoom acquires Keybase to get end-to-end encryption expertise|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2020/05/07/zoom-acquires-keybase-to-get-end-to-end-encryption-expertise/|website=TechCrunch|date=May 7, 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515181731/https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/07/zoom-acquires-keybase-to-get-end-to-end-encryption-expertise/|archive-date=May 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, Zoom published a document for peer review, detailing its plans to ultimately bring end-to-end encryption to the software.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Whitney |first1=Lance |title=How Zoom plans to better secure meetings with end-to-end encryption |url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-zoom-plans-to-better-secure-meetings-with-end-to-end-encryption/ |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Tech Republic |date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527003129/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-zoom-plans-to-better-secure-meetings-with-end-to-end-encryption/ |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, Citizen Lab researchers discovered that a single, server-generated AES-128 key is being shared between all participants in [[Block cipher mode of operation#Electronic codebook (ECB)|ECB mode]], which is deprecated due to its pattern-preserving characteristics of the ciphertext.<ref>{{CVE|2020-11500}}</ref> During test calls between participants in Canada and United States, the key was provisioned from servers located in mainland China where they are subject to the [[China Internet Security Law]].<ref name="citlab">{{Cite news | url=https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | title=Move Fast & Roll Your Own Crypto: A Quick Look at the Confidentiality of Zoom Meetings | first1=Bill | last1=Marczak | first2=John | last2=Scott-Railton | work=[[Citizen Lab]] | date=April 3, 2020 | access-date=April 4, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023706/https://citizenlab.ca/2020/04/move-fast-roll-your-own-crypto-a-quick-look-at-the-confidentiality-of-zoom-meetings/ | archive-date=April 12, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 3, 2020, Zoom announced that users on their free tier will not have access to [[end-to-end encryption]] so that they could cooperate with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and law enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Adi|date=2020-06-03|title=Zoom says free users won't get end-to-end encryption so FBI and police can access calls|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279355/zoom-end-encryption-calls-fbi-police-free-users|access-date=2020-06-05|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131312/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279355/zoom-end-encryption-calls-fbi-police-free-users|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, they said that they do not "proactively monitor meeting content".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Zoom to exclude free calls from end-to-end encryption to allow FBI cooperation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/03/zoom-privacy-law-enforcement-technology-yuan|access-date=2020-06-05|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611082512/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/03/zoom-privacy-law-enforcement-technology-yuan|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 17, 2020, the company reversed course and announced that free users would have access to end-to-end encryption after all.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Statt |first1=Nick |title=Zoom says free users will get end-to-end encryption after all |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/17/21294355/zoom-security-end-to-end-encryptoin-beta-release-july-2020-new-feature |access-date=30 July 2020 |work=The Verge |date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205028/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/17/21294355/zoom-security-end-to-end-encryptoin-beta-release-july-2020-new-feature |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 7, 2020, cryptography researcher [[Nadim Kobeissi]] accused Zoom's security team of failing to credit his open-source protocol analysis research software, Verifpal, with being instrumental during the design phase of Zoom's new encryption protocol, as described in their whitepaper published in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zoom encryption whitepaper|website=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/zoom/zoom-e2e-whitepaper|date=17 June 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205033/https://github.com/zoom/zoom-e2e-whitepaper|url-status=live}}</ref> Kobeissi published a week's worth of conversations with Zoom's security leadership in support of his claim, including Max Krohn, which included eight Verifpal models that Zoom's team asked for feedback on, promises of a citation to credit Kobeissi for his contributions and an admission that the Verifpal citation was pulled from the whitepaper at the last moment for unspecified reasons. Kobeissi also linked to a tweet by Zoom security consultant Lea Kissner which he described as a public [[character assassination]] attempt issued in response to his repeated requests to have his work cited in the research paper published by Zoom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fear and Loathing in Protocol Analysis|url=https://nadim.computer/posts/2020-09-07-loathing.html|date=7 September 2020|access-date=September 8, 2020|archive-date=November 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205030/https://nadim.computer/posts/2020-09-07-loathing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Data routing===
Zoom admitted that some calls in early April 2020 and prior were mistakenly routed through servers in [[mainland China]], prompting some governments and businesses to cease their usage of Zoom.<ref>{{cite news | title=Zoom admits some calls were routed through China by mistake | url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/03/zoom-calls-routed-china | first=Zack | last=Whittaker | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 4, 2020 | access-date=April 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409185647/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/03/zoom-calls-routed-china/ | archive-date=April 9, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The company later announced that data of free users outside of China would "never be routed through China" and that paid subscribers will be able to customize which data center regions they want to use. The company has data centers in Europe, Asia, North America, and Latin America.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/04/14/this-new-zoom-control-allows-you-to-stop-chats-being-routed-through-china/ | title=This New Zoom Control Allows You To Stop Chats Being Routed Through China | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205036/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kateoflahertyuk/2020/04/14/this-new-zoom-control-allows-you-to-stop-chats-being-routed-through-china/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/04/14/zoom_geo_routing_upgrade/ | title=Zoom adds Choose Your Own Routing Adventure to keep chats out of China | access-date=May 13, 2020 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205041/https://www.theregister.com/2020/04/14/zoom_geo_routing_upgrade/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Censorship===
{{See also|Zoom Video Communications#Censorship|Overseas censorship of Chinese issues|Internet censorship in China}}
An April 2020 Citizen Lab report warned that having much of Zoom's research and development in China could "open up Zoom to pressure from Chinese authorities".<ref name="citlab" /> [[Lee Cheuk Yan]]'s (Chairman of Hong Kong Labour Party) account was also closed in early May 2020, and human rights activist [[Zhou Fengsuo]]'s was closed in June after he held an event discussing the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]].<ref name="axios">{{Cite web|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=June 10, 2020|title=Zoom closed account of U.S.-based Chinese activist "to comply with local law"|url=https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192255/https://www.axios.com/zoom-closes-chinese-user-account-tiananmen-square-f218fed1-69af-4bdd-aac4-7eaf67f34084.html|archive-date=June 10, 2020|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Axios|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=2020-06-11|title=Zoom Blocks Activist After Tiananmen Vigil|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/technology/zoom-china-tiananmen-square.html|access-date=2020-06-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613104310/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/technology/zoom-china-tiananmen-square.html|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, Zoom acknowledged that it had terminated two accounts belonging to U.S. users and one of a user from Hong Kong connected to meetings discussing the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests,<ref name="theprint"/> the accounts were later re-opened, with the company stating that in the future it "will have a new process for handling similar situations".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Austin |first1=Patrick |title='We'll Do All We Can to Promote Free Speech,' Says Zoom CEO Eric Yuan After Criticism on Encryption and Privacy |url=https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |access-date=30 July 2020 |magazine=Time |date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116205043/https://time.com/5855033/zoom-ceo-eric-yuan-time100-talks/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Zoom also announced upcoming technology that could prevent participants from specific countries from joining calls that were deemed illegal in those areas.<ref name="theprint">{{Cite web|last=Grant|first=Nico|date=2020-06-12|title=Zoom says China asked it to censor pro-democracy activists in US and it obeyed|url=https://theprint.in/world/zoom-says-china-asked-it-to-censor-pro-democracy-activists-in-us-and-it-obeyed/440148/|access-date=2020-06-13|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613005901/https://theprint.in/world/zoom-says-china-asked-it-to-censor-pro-democracy-activists-in-us-and-it-obeyed/440148/|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, Zoom blocked [[San Francisco State University]] from using its video conferencing software to host [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) militant and hijacker [[Leila Khaled]] in response to vigorous lobbying by the Jewish coalition group "End Jewish Hatred". In justifying its decision, Zoom cited the PFLP's designation as a terrorist organization by the United States Government and its efforts to comply with U.S. export control, sanctions, and anti-terrorism laws. [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] also joined Zoom in denying their platforms to the conference organizers. Professor [[Rabab Ibrahim Abdulhadi]], one of the conference organizers, criticized Zoom, Facebook, and [[Google]] for allegedly censoring Palestinian voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Flaherty |first1=Colleen |title=Zoom Draws a Line |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927005246/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/09/25/zoom-refuses-stream-university-event-featuring-member-terrorist-organization |archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Greschler |first1=Gabriel |title=Zoom will not host S.F. State event featuring Leila Khaled |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[J. The Jewish News of Northern California]] |date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925163522/https://www.jweekly.com/2020/09/22/after-protest-zoom-will-not-host-s-f-state-event-featuring-leila-khaled/ |archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Nadda |title=Zoom criticised for cancelling webinar with Palestinian activist Leila Khaled |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |access-date=28 September 2020 |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926100523/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/zoom-criticised-cancelling-leila-khaled-webinar |archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Transparency ===
On December 18, 2020, Zoom announced it would be issuing its first [[transparency report]]. These reports will be published twice a year beginning in 2021. These reports are supposed to show how Zoom responds when user data is requested by law enforcement or government officials. Zoom states that it "only produces user data to governments in response to valid and lawful requests in accordance with our Government Requests Guide and relevant legal policies".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transparency {{!}} Zoom Trust Center|url=https://zoom.us/|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Zoom Video|language=en-US}}</ref> The first report covers from May 1, 2020, to December 12, 2020.

=== Regulatory issues ===
In August 2021, the Data Protection regulatory body in Hamburg, Germany, ruled that Zoom is operating in the [[European Union]] in breach of the [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR). This is due to the fact that, as per the ''[[Schrems II]]'' ruling, data that is being transferred out of the EU must be given the same protections that provided by the GDPR. The data gathered by Zoom is being sent to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Karabus|first=Jude|title=Zoom incompatible with GDPR, claims data protection watchdog for the German city of Hamburg|url=https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/17/zoom_incompatible_with_gdpr_hamburg_warning/|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.theregister.com|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]
* [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
* [[Zoom fatigue]]
* [[Zoom town]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines}}
{{Portal bar|Telecommunication|Technology}}

[[Category:2012 software]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:Web conferencing]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2012]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]
[[Category:Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic]]

IOS jailbreaking

2022-04-15T10:00:57Z

Herobrine: /* History of exploit-disabling patch releases */ iOS 15 changes

{{short description|Removal of limitations from Apple's iOS devices}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:iOS jailbreaking}}
On [[List of iOS and iPadOS devices|Apple device]]s running [[iOS]] and iOS-based operating systems, '''jailbreaking''' is a [[privilege escalation]] exploit executed to remove software restrictions imposed by the manufacturer. Typically it is done through a series of [[Kernel (operating system)|kernel]] [[Patch (computing)|patches]]. A jailbroken device permits [[Superuser|root access]] within the operating system and provides the right to install software not available through the [[iOS App Store|App Store]]. Different devices and versions are exploited with a variety of tools. Apple views jailbreaking as a violation of the [[end-user license agreement]], and strongly cautions device owners not to try to achieve root access through the exploitation of [[Vulnerability (computing)|vulnerabilities]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT201954|title=Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues|website=Apple Support|language=en|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104456/https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT201954|archive-date=April 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

While sometimes compared to [[Rooting (Android)|rooting]] an Android device, jailbreaking is the bypassing of several types of Apple prohibitions for the end-user. Since it includes modifying the operating system (enforced by a "locked [[bootloader]]"), installing non-officially approved (not available on the App Store) applications via [[sideloading]], and granting the user elevated administration-level privileges (rooting), the concepts of iOS jailbreaking are therefore technically different from Android device rooting.

== Motivation ==
One of the reasons for jailbreaking is to expand the feature set limited by Apple and its App Store.<ref name="ars">{{cite web |url= https://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/12/iphone-jailbreaker-set-to-bring-cydia-to-mac-os-x.ars |title= iPhone jailbreaker set to bring Cydia to Mac OS X |author= Chris Foresman |date= December 13, 2010 |work= [[Ars Technica]] |publisher= [[Condé Nast]] |access-date= August 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110821055315/http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/12/iphone-jailbreaker-set-to-bring-cydia-to-mac-os-x.ars |archive-date= August 21, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> Apple checks apps for compliance with its iOS Developer Program License Agreement before accepting them for distribution in the App Store. However, their reasons for banning apps are not limited to safety and security and may be regarded as arbitrary and capricious.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-story-of-apples-confusing-inconsistent-rules-for-app-developers-2013-4|title=Frustration Builds With Apple's Inconsistent Rules For App Developers|author=Steve Kovach|date=13 April 2013|work=Business Insider|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806150420/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-story-of-apples-confusing-inconsistent-rules-for-app-developers-2013-4|archive-date=6 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In one case, Apple mistakenly banned an app by a Pulitzer-Winning cartoonist because it violated its developer license agreement, which specifically bans apps that "contain content that ridicules public figures."<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/04/apple-bans-satire/ |title= Apple App Store Bans Pulitzer-Winning Satirist for Satire |author= Ryan Singel |date= April 15, 2010 |access-date= February 12, 2011 |work= Wired |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110326050817/http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/04/apple-bans-satire/ |archive-date= March 26, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> To access banned apps,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imore.com/tag/rejected-apps|title=Rejected Apps|work=imore.com|access-date=2017-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715085458/http://www.imore.com/tag/rejected-apps|archive-date=2014-07-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> users rely on jailbreaking to circumvent Apple's censorship of content and features. Jailbreaking permits the downloading of programs not approved by Apple,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2010/07/26/apple-iphone-jailbreak-unapproved-apps/|title=Jailbreak! New Rules Allow Unapproved iPhone Apps|work=Fox News|date=2015-03-27|access-date=2012-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521151510/http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2010/07/26/apple-iphone-jailbreak-unapproved-apps/|archive-date=2013-05-21|url-status=live}}</ref> such as user interface customization and tweaks.

=== Device customization ===
Since software programs available through [[APT (Package Manager)|APT]] and or [[Installer.app]] (legacy) are not required to adhere to App Store guidelines, many of them are not typical self-contained apps but instead are extensions and customization options for iOS and its features and other apps (commonly called tweaks).<ref name="lifehacker-dachis">{{cite web |url= http://lifehacker.com/5781437/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-your-jailbroken-ios-device |title= How to Get the Most Out of Your Jailbroken iOS Device |author= Adam Dachis |date= March 14, 2011 |work= [[Lifehacker]] |publisher= [[Gawker Media]] |access-date= August 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151225202409/http://lifehacker.com/5781437/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-your-jailbroken-ios-device |archive-date= December 25, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> Users install these programs for purposes including personalization and customization of the interface by tweaks developed by developers and designers,<ref name="lifehacker-dachis" /> adding desired features such as access to the root file system and fixing annoyances,<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |title= Unofficial Software Incurs Apple's Wrath |author= Jenna Wortham |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/technology/13jailbreak.html?pagewanted=all |newspaper= The New York Times |date= May 12, 2009 |access-date= August 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131222134328/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/13/technology/13jailbreak.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date= December 22, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref> and making development work on the device easier by providing access to the filesystem and command-line tools.<ref>{{cite book |title= iPhone Open Application Development: Write Native Applications Using the Open Source Tool Chain |last= Zdziarski |first= Jonathan |year= 2008 |isbn= 9780596554187 |pages= 3–4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fkXvibFJrpIC&q=cydia%20-pomonella%20-moth&pg=PA3 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170219105305/https://books.google.com/books?id=fkXvibFJrpIC&lpg=PA3&dq=cydia%20-pomonella%20-moth&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date= 2017-02-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Take control of your iPhone |last= Landau |first= Ted |year= 2009 |isbn= 9781933671543 |page= 107 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GiOVkVS4XZkC&q=cydia%20iphone&pg=PA107 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170219203841/https://books.google.com/books?id=GiOVkVS4XZkC&lpg=PA109&dq=cydia%20iphone&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date= 2017-02-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Many Chinese iOS device owners also jailbreak their phones to install third-party [[Chinese input methods for computers|Chinese]] character [[input method|input systems]] because they are easier to use than Apple's.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/05/apple_discovers_a_new_market_i.html |title= Apple Discovers a New Market in China: Rich Boyfriends |author= Nathan T. Washburn |date= May 4, 2012 |magazine= HBR Blog Network |publisher= Harvard Business Review |access-date= January 9, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109111223/http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/05/apple_discovers_a_new_market_i.html |archive-date= November 9, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

In some cases, jailbreak features are adopted by Apple and used as inspiration for features that are incorporated into iOS and iPadOS.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Jailbreak features adopted by Apple
! colspan="2" |Adopted Feature
! colspan="3" |Jailbreak Tweak
|-
!iOS Version
!Description
!Title
!Developer
!Originally released for
|-
| rowspan="3" |5.0
|Emoji support
|Vmoji
|Vintendo/ManChild Technologies
|iOS 4
|-
|Keyboard shortcuts
|Xpandr
|Nicholas Haunold
|iOS 4
|-
|Delete individual calls<ref>{{cite web|last1=Manalo|first1=Amboy|title=60 iOS Features Apple Stole from Jailbreakers|url=https://ios.gadgethacks.com/how-to/60-ios-features-apple-stole-from-jailbreakers-0188093/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=Gadget Hacks}}</ref>
|Call Delete
|IArrays
|iOS 4
|-
| rowspan="2" |7.0
|Control Center
|SBSettings
|BigBoss
|iOS 2
|-
|Translucent Notification Center
|BlurredNCBackground
|Phillippe
|iOS 5
|-
| rowspan="4" |8.0
| rowspan="2" |Interactive Notifications
|LockInfo
|David Ashman
|iOS 4
|-
|biteSMS
|biteSMS Team
|iOS 5
|-
|Third-Party Keyboards
|Fleksy Enabler
|Sea Comet
|iOS 6
|-
|Predictive Text
|PredictiveKeyboard
|Matthias Sauppe
|iOS 6
|-
| rowspan="2" |9.0
|Cursor Control
|SwipeSelection
|Kyle Howells
|iOS 4
|-
|Lowercase Keys in Keyboard
|ShowCase
|Lance Fetters
|iOS 4
|-
| rowspan="7" |10.0
|Drawing on Messages
|Graffiti
|IanP
|iOS 5
|-
|Floating Notification Center
|Floater
|Skylerk99
|iOS 8
|-
|Bubble Notifications
|WatchNotifications
|Thomas Finch
|iOS 8
|-
| rowspan="2" |Clear All Notifications
|3D Touch to Clear Notifications
|MohammadAG
|iOS 8
|-
|OneTapClear
|Rave
|iOS 8
|-
|Stickers in Messages
|StickerMe
|Alexander Laurus
|iOS 8
|-
|Separate Control Center Pages
|Auxo
|A3Tweaks
|iOS 9
|-
| rowspan="8" |11.0
| rowspan="2" |Cellular Data Control
|SBSettings
|BigBoss
|iOS 2
|-
|CCSettings
|plipala
|iOS 8
|-
| rowspan="2" |Customizable Control Center
|CChide/CCSettings
|plipala
|iOS 8
|-
|Onizuka
|Maximehip
|iOS 8
|-
|Colored Controls
|Cream
|CP Digital Darkroom
|iOS 8
|-
|One-Handed Keyboard (iPhone)
|OneHandWizard
|TheAfricanNerd, sharedRoutine
|iOS 8
|-
|Low Power Mode in Control Center
|CCLowPower
|Cole Cabral
|iOS 10
|-
|Notification design tweaks
|CleanNotification10
|Ayden Panhuyzen
|iOS 10
|-
| rowspan="8" |13.0<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bednarz|first1=Dennis|title=Every Jailbreak Tweak Apple Copied in iOS 13|url=https://www.iphonehacks.com/2019/06/every-jailbreak-tweak-apple-copied-ios-13.html|access-date=23 October 2020|website=iPhone Hacks|date=7 June 2019}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Dark Mode
|Eclipse
|Guillermo Morán
|iOS 7
|-
|Noctis
|LaughingQuoll
|iOS 7
|-
|Download manager in Safari
|Safari Plus
|BigBoss
|iOS 8
|-
| rowspan="2" |Redesigned volume HUD
|Melior
|SparkDev
|iOS 7
|-
|Ultrasound
|Ayden Panhuyzen
|iOS 11
|-
|Wi-Fi/Bluetooth settings in Control Center
|WeatherVane
|ATWiiks
|iOS 11
|-
|Unlimited app download limit on Mobile Data
|Appstore Unrestrict
|iJulioverne
|iOS 11
|-
|Third-party Controller Support
|nControl
|Kevin Bradley
|iOS 12
|-
| rowspan="8" |14.0
|Hide apps from Home screen
|Poof
|BigBoss
|iOS 6, possibly older
|-
| rowspan="2" |Compact Call Interface
|CallBar
|Elias Limneos
|iOS 7
|-
|Scorpion
|Esquilli
|iOS 13
|-
|App Library
|Vesta
|SparkDev
|iOS 13
|-
|Changing CarPlay background
|Canvas
|Leftyfl1p
|iOS 13
|-
|Picture in Picture on iPhone
|Titan
|TheSaltaCracka
|iOS 13
|-
|Home Screen Widgets
|HSWidgets
|dgh0st
|iOS 13
|-
|Smaller Siri
|SmallSiri
|Muirey03
|iOS 13
|-
| rowspan="7" |15.0
|Separation Alerts
|Proximitus
|LaughingQuoll
|iOS 11
|-
|Low Power Mode (iPad)
|LPMPad
|iCraze
|iOS 13
|-
|Focus
|PureFocus
|Dave Van Wijk
|iOS 13
|-
|Notification Priority
|Contacy
|XCXiao
|iOS 13
|-
| rowspan="3" |Redesigned Notifications
|Quart
|LaughingQuoll
|iOS 13
|-
| rowspan="2" |Velvet
|NoisyFlake
| rowspan="2" |iOS 13
|-
|HiMyNameIsUbik
|}

=== Carrier unlocking ===
Jailbreaking also opens the possibility for using [[software]] to unofficially unlock [[SIM lock|carrier-locked]] iPhones so they can be used with other carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/08/reasons-to-jailbreak/ |title= 6 Reasons to Jailbreak Your iPhone |author= Brian X. Chen |date= August 7, 2009 |work= Gadget Lab |publisher= Wired |access-date= May 1, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120504173521/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/08/reasons-to-jailbreak |archive-date= May 4, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> Software-based unlocks have been available since September 2007,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2007/09/11/iunlock-released-the-first-free-open-source-iphone-sim-unlock/ |title= iUnlock released: the first free, open source iPhone SIM unlock software |author= Ryan Block |date= September 11, 2007 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= [[Aol]] |access-date= February 1, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213503/http://www.engadget.com/2007/09/11/iunlock-released-the-first-free-open-source-iphone-sim-unlock/ |archive-date= February 3, 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref> with each tool applying to a specific iPhone model and [[Baseband processor|baseband]] version (or multiple models and versions).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/155873/3g_iphone_unlock_expected.html |title= 3G iPhone Unlock Expected |author= Ian Paul |date= December 22, 2008 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= May 1, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090806033509/http://www.pcworld.com/article/155873/3g_iphone_unlock_expected.html |archive-date= August 6, 2009 |url-status= live }}</ref> This includes the [[iPhone 4S]], [[iPhone 4]], [[iPhone 3GS]], and [[iPhone 3G]] models. An example of unlocking an iPhone through a Jailbreak utility would be Redsn0w. Through this software, iPhone users will be able to create a custom [[IPSW]] and unlock their device. Moreover, during the unlocking process, there are options to install Cydia the iPad baseband.

=== Installation of malware ===
Computer criminals may jailbreak an iPhone to install malware or target jailbroken iPhones on which malware can be installed more easily. The Italian cybersecurity company [[Hacking Team]], which sells hacking software to law enforcement agencies, advised police to jailbreak iPhones to allow tracking software to be installed on them.<ref name="Hacking Team hack reveals why you shouldn't jailbreak your iPhone">{{cite web|last1=Fleishman|first1=Glen|title=Hacking Team hack reveals why you shouldn't jailbreak your iPhone|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/2944712/hacking-team-hack-reveals-why-you-shouldnt-jailbreak-your-iphone.html|website=MacWorld|access-date=2 August 2015|date=2015-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803084827/http://www.macworld.com/article/2944712/hacking-team-hack-reveals-why-you-shouldnt-jailbreak-your-iphone.html|archive-date=3 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Heath|first1=Alex|title=New Jailbreak App Stalks All Of Your iPhone's Activity And Makes It Available Online|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/131805/new-jailbreak-app-stalks-all-of-your-iphones-activity-and-makes-it-available-online/|website=Cult of Mac|access-date=2 August 2015|date=2011-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004602/http://www.cultofmac.com/131805/new-jailbreak-app-stalks-all-of-your-iphones-activity-and-makes-it-available-online/|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Software piracy ===
On iOS devices, the installation of consumer software is [[Closed platform|generally restricted to installation through the App Store]]. Jailbreaking, therefore, allows the installation of pirated applications.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hattersley|first1=Lou|title=Now pirated iOS apps can be installed without jailbreak|url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/apple/now-pirated-ios-apps-can-be-installed-without-jailbreak-3418110/|website=Macworld|access-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915103533/http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/apple/now-pirated-ios-apps-can-be-installed-without-jailbreak-3418110/|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been suggested that a major motivation for Apple to prevent jailbreaking is to protect the income of its App Store, including third-party developers and allow the buildup of a sustainable market for third-party software.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kazmucha|first1=Allyson|title=Jailbreak, app piracy, and the true cost of theft|url=http://www.imore.com/jailbreak-app-piracy-cost-theft|website=iMore|access-date=2 August 2015|date=2012-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821073824/http://www.imore.com/jailbreak-app-piracy-cost-theft|archive-date=21 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the installation of pirated applications is also possible without jailbreaking, taking advantage of enterprise certificates to facilitate the distribution of modified or pirated releases of popular applications.<ref name="Panzarino">{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apple/2013/01/01/low-down-dirty-iphone-app-pirates/|title=iOS App Piracy Continues, Now Without Jailbreak|last=Panzarino|first=Matthew|date=1 January 2013|work=The Next Web|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225921/https://thenextweb.com/apple/2013/01/01/low-down-dirty-iphone-app-pirates/|archive-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Package managers ==
[[File:ScreenshotofCydia.jpg|alt=Screenshot of Cydia|thumb|[[Cydia]], a popular package manager installed on jailbroken devices]]A '''[[package manager]]''' or '''package-management system''' is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs. For jailbreaks, this is essential for the installation of third-party content. There are a few package managers specifically for jailbroken iOS devices, of which the most popular are [[Cydia]], [https://getsileo.app Sileo], [https://getzbra.com Zebra] and [[Installer.app|Installer 5]].

== Security of the device ==
Upon jailbreaking the device, a lot of the built-in security is lost due to the vast amount of kernel patches that go into building the tool. Security structures like Apple Mobile File Integrity, Sandbox, Read-Only Root File system and trusted apps get disabled or otherwise tampered with, in order to achieve the goals of the jailbreaking tool. This, in turn, creates potential security issues for the jailbreak user.

Jailbreak users are also often forced to stay on an inferior iOS version that is no longer supported by Apple because newer versions usually cannot be jailbroken right away. This has the potential to introduce security issues because for these older versions there are known security vulnerabilities, exploits and exploit proof of concepts published.

In March 2021, jailbreak developer GeoSn0w<ref>{{Cite web|last=GeoSn0w|date=2021-03-22|title=[Free Release] iSecureOS - iOS Security Application For Jailbroken Devices (v1.0 Beta 1)|url=http://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/mab585/free_release_isecureos_ios_security_application/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=r/jailbreak}}</ref> has released a tweak called iSecureOS which could alert the users of security issues found on their devices. The application works akin to antivirus software, in that it scans the files on the user device and check them against a database of known malware or unsafe repos.

In June 2021, ESET Research has confirmed that malware did exist on one of the piracy repositories in the jailbreak community. The malware actively targeted iSecureOS to try to bypass the detection,<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/esetresearch/status/1402174908680097792|url=https://twitter.com/esetresearch/status/1402174908680097792|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> but updates to the security app have been quickly released and have mitigated the malware.

== Comparison to Android rooting ==
Jailbreaking of iOS devices has sometimes been compared to "[[Rooting (Android OS)|rooting]]" of [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices. Although both concepts involve privilege escalation, they do differ in scope.

Where [[Android rooting]] and Jailbreaking are similar is that both are used to grant the owner of the device [[superuser]] system-level privileges, which may be transferred to one or more apps. However, unlike iOS phones and tablets, nearly all Android devices already offer an option to allow the user to [[Sideloading|sideload]] 3rd-party [[Mobile app|apps]] onto the device without having to install from an official source such as the [[Google Play|Google Play store]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hildenbrand|first1=Jerry|date=2 Feb 2012|title=Android A to Z: What is sideloading?|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/what-sideloading-android-z|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708073558/http://www.androidcentral.com/what-sideloading-android-z|archive-date=8 July 2014|access-date=9 July 2014|website=Android Central}}</ref> Many Android devices also provide owners the capability to modify or even replace the full operating system after unlocking the [[bootloader]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HTC Bootloader Unlock Instructions|url=http://www.htcdev.com/bootloader|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027141227/http://www.htcdev.com/bootloader/|archive-date=27 October 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|website=htcdev.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official Bootloader Unlock instructions|url=http://unlockbootloader.sonymobile.com#Sony|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707020506/http://unlockbootloader.sonymobile.com/#Sony|archive-date=2014-07-07|access-date=2020-06-04|website=sonymobile.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=#unlocking-the-bootloader Google instructions on bootloader unlocking|url=http://source.android.com/source/building-devices.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521220428/http://source.android.com/source/building-devices.html|archive-date=May 21, 2011|access-date=26 October 2014|website=source.android.com|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In contrast, iOS devices are engineered with restrictions including a "locked bootloader" which can not be unlocked by the owner to modify the operating system without violating Apple's end-user license agreement. And on iOS, until 2015, while corporations could install private applications onto corporate phones, sideloading unsanctioned, 3rd-party apps onto iOS devices from sources other than the [[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)|App Store]] was prohibited for most individual users without a purchased developer membership.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mayo|first=Benjamin|date=10 June 2015|title=Xcode 7 allows anyone to download, build and 'sideload' iOS apps for free|url=https://9to5mac.com/2015/06/10/xcode-7-allows-anyone-to-download-build-and-sideload-ios-apps-for-free/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120175052/https://9to5mac.com/2015/06/10/xcode-7-allows-anyone-to-download-build-and-sideload-ios-apps-for-free/|archive-date=20 January 2017|access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> After 2015, the ability to install 3rd-party apps became free for all users; however, doing so requires a basic understanding of [[Xcode]] and compiling iOS apps.

Jailbreaking an iOS device to defeat all these security restrictions presents a significant technical challenge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/ht3743|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510123825/http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3743|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=9 July 2014|website=Apple Support|quote=[U]nauthorized modification of iOS is a violation of the iOS end-user software license agreement and because of this, Apple may deny service for an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch that has installed any unauthorized software.}}</ref> Similar to Android, alternative iOS app stores utilizing enterprise certificates are available, offering modified or pirated releases of popular applications and video games, some of which were either previously released through Cydia or are unavailable on the App Store due to these apps not complying with Apple developer guidelines.

== Jailbreaking tools ==
=== Types of jailbreaking tools ===
Many different types of jailbreaks have come out over the years, differing in how and when the exploit is applied.

==== Untethered jailbreak ====
When a jailbroken device is booting, it loads Apple's own initially. The device is then [[Exploit (computer security)|exploited]] and the kernel is [[Patch (computing)|patched]] every time it is turned on. An untethered jailbreak is a jailbreak that does not require any assistance when it reboots up. The kernel will be patched without the help of a computer or an application.<ref name="iphone4s-engadget" /> These jailbreaks are uncommon and take a significant amount of reverse engineering to create. For this reason, untethered jailbreaks have become much less popular, and Fugu14 is currently the only jailbreak that supports recent iOS versions.

==== Tethered jailbreak ====
A tethered jailbreak is the opposite of an untethered jailbreak, in the sense that a computer is required to boot. Without a computer running the jailbreaking software, the iOS device will not be able to boot at all. While using a tethered jailbreak, the user will still be able to restart/kill the device's [[SpringBoard]] process without needing to reboot. Many early jailbreaks were offered initially as tethered jailbreaks.

==== Semi-tethered jailbreak ====
This type of jailbreak allows a user to reboot their phone normally, but upon doing so, the jailbreak and any modified code will be effectively disabled, as it will have an unpatched kernel. Any functionality independent of the jailbreak will still run as normal, such as making a phone call, texting, or using App Store applications. To be able to have a patched kernel and run modified code again, the device must be booted using a computer.

==== Semi-untethered jailbreak ====
This type of jailbreak is like a semi-tethered jailbreak in which when the device reboots, it no longer has a patched kernel, but the key difference is that the kernel can be patched without using a computer. The kernel is usually patched using an application installed on the device without patches. This type of jailbreak has become increasingly popular, with most recent jailbreaks classified as semi-untethered.

=== History of tools ===
{{advert|section|date=September 2021}}

[[File:Jailbreakers.jpg|thumb|Several people (including [[Jay Freeman|saurik]], p0sixninja, and [[George Hotz|geohot]]) who have contributed to building jailbreaking tools such as AppSnapp, greenpois0n, Absinthe, purplera1n, blackra1n, limera1n, and others. August 2011 at [[DEF CON]].]]

==== JailbreakMe and AppSnapp ====
A few days after the original iPhone became available in July 2007, developers released the first jailbreaking tool for it,<ref name="ricker2007">{{cite web |last=Ricker |first=Thomas |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/10/iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem/ |title=iPhone Hackers: "we have owned the filesystem" |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=July 10, 2007 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401233052/https://www.engadget.com/2007/07/10/iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem/ |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and soon a jailbreak-only game app became available.<ref>{{cite web |last=Topolsky |first=Joshua |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007-07-10-iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem.html |title=First third-party "game" app appears for iPhone |publisher=[[Engadget]] |date=August 6, 2007 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324182556/https://www.engadget.com/2007-07-10-iphone-hackers-we-have-owned-the-filesystem.html |archive-date=March 24, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2007, [[JailbreakMe]] 1.0 (also called "AppSnapp") allowed people to jailbreak iPhone OS 1.1.1 on both the iPhone and iPod Touch,<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=Ben |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-10115200-233.html |title=Official iPhone 1.1.1 jailbreak released with easy-to-follow instructions; does not require TIFF exploit |work=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=October 10, 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719014856/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-10115200-233.html |archive-date=July 19, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/139061/hacker_software_can_install_unauthorized_software_on_iphones.html |title=Hacker Software Can Install Unauthorized Software on iPhones |date=October 29, 2007 |author=Gregg Keizer |work=[[PCWorld]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=August 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173658/http://www.pcworld.com/article/139061/hacker_software_can_install_unauthorized_software_on_iphones.html |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and it included [[Installer.app]] as a way to get software for the jailbroken device.

==== ZiPhone ====
In February 2008, Zibri released ZiPhone, a tool for jailbreaking iPhone OS 1.1.3 and iPhone OS 1.1.4.<ref>{{cite web|last=Block|first=Ryan|url=https://www.engadget.com/2008/02/12/ziphone-jailbreak-any-version-iphone-out-of-the-box-including/|title=ZiPhone: jailbreak any version iPhone out of the box, including 1.1.3 (by Zibri)|publisher=[[Engadget]]|date=February 12, 2008|access-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101102508/http://www.engadget.com/2008/02/12/ziphone-jailbreak-any-version-iphone-out-of-the-box-including/|archive-date=November 1, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== PwnageTool ====
The [[iPhone Dev Team]], which is not affiliated with Apple, has released a series of free desktop-based jailbreaking tools. In July 2008 it released a version of PwnageTool to jailbreak the then new iPhone 3G on iPhone OS 2.0 as well as the iPod Touch,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/07/pwnage-20-relea/ |title= Pwnage 2.0 Released: Gadget Lab Jailbreaks iPod Touch |author= Charlie Sorrel |date= July 21, 2008 |work= Gadget Lab |publisher= Wired |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110911152740/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/07/pwnage-20-relea/ |archive-date= September 11, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="iphone3g-pwnage" /> newly including [[Cydia]] as the primary third-party installer for jailbroken software.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tuaw.com/2008/07/20/first-look-pwnage-for-2-0/ |title= First Look: Pwnage for 2.0 |author= Erica Sadun |date= July 20, 2008 |publisher= TUAW |access-date= November 1, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120119161526/http://www.tuaw.com/2008/07/20/first-look-pwnage-for-2-0/ |archive-date= January 19, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> PwnageTool continues to be updated for untethered jailbreaks of newer iOS versions.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/5239805497/tic-tac-toe |title= Tic tac toe... |author= Dev Team |date= May 2011 |publisher= Dev Team Blog |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111031025501/http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/5239805497/tic-tac-toe |archive-date= October 31, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="devteam-redsn0wbeta" />

==== QuickPwn ====
In November 2008 the iPhone Dev Team released QuickPwn to jailbreak iPhone OS 2.2 on iPhone and iPod Touch, with options to enable past functionality that Apple had disabled on certain devices.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/11/quickpwn-adds-s/ |title= QuickPWN Adds Street View to iPod Touch |author= Charlie Sorrel |date= November 25, 2008 |work= Gadget Lab |publisher= Wired |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100822082420/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2008/11/quickpwn-adds-s |archive-date= August 22, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== redsn0w ====
After Apple released iPhone OS 3.0 in June 2009, the Dev Team published redsn0w as a simple jailbreaking tool for Mac and Windows, and also updated PwnageTool primarily intended for expert users making custom firmware, and only for Mac.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iphonebyte.com/cydia/|title=How to Use Cydia on your iPhone|date=June 23, 2009|publisher=iPhoneByte|author=Daniel Pan|access-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024153550/https://iphonebyte.com/cydia/|archive-date=October 24, 2016|url-status=unfit}}</ref> It continues to maintain redsn0w for jailbreaking most versions of iOS 4 and iOS 5 on most devices.<ref name="ios5-redsn0w" />

==== purplera1n & blackra1n ====
[[George Hotz]] developed the first iPhone [[SIM lock|unlock]]. In 2009, he released a jailbreaking tool for the iPhone 3GS on iPhone OS 3.0 called [[purplera1n]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cnet.com/news/iphone-3gs-jailbreak-purplera1n-hits-web/ |title= iPhone 3GS jailbreak, 'purplera1n,' hits Web |author= Leslie Katz |date= July 3, 2009 |work= [[CNET]] |publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120208172111/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10279029-1.html |archive-date= February 8, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> and [[blackra1n]] for iPhone OS version 3.1.2 on the 3rd generation iPod Touch and other devices.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/11/blackra1n-plus-blacksn0w-unlock-any-iphone-in-seconds |title= BlackRa1n Plus Blacksn0w: Unlock Any iPhone in Seconds |author= Charlie Sorrel |date= November 5, 2009 |work= Gadget Lab |publisher= Wired |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111030000433/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/11/blackra1n-plus-blacksn0w-unlock-any-iphone-in-seconds |archive-date= October 30, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== limera1n ====
In October 2010, [[George Hotz]] released limera1n, a low-level [[boot ROM]] exploit that permanently works to jailbreak the iPhone 4 and is used as a part of tools including redsn0w.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2011/06/07/ios-5-jailbroken/ |title= iOS 5 jailbroken |author= Thomas Ricker |date= June 7, 2011 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol.com |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111017103513/http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/07/ios-5-jailbroken |archive-date= October 17, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== Spirit and JailbreakMe ====
Nicholas Allegra (better known as "comex") released a program called Spirit in May 2010.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Spirit jailbreaks devices including iPhones running iPhone OS 3.1.2, 3.1.3, and iPad running iPhone OS 3.2.<ref name="spirit-register" /> In August 2010, comex released [[JailbreakMe]] 2.0, the first web-based tool to jailbreak the iPhone 4 (on iOS 4.0.1).<ref name="jailbreakme-iphone4" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/08/01/official-iphone-4-jailbreak-hits-from-iphone-dev-team/ |title=Official: iPhone 4 jailbreak hits from iPhone Dev Team (updated with video) |publisher=Engadget |date=August 1, 2010 |author=Sean Hollister |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813022723/http://www.engadget.com/2010/08/01/official-iphone-4-jailbreak-hits-from-iphone-dev-team/ |archive-date=August 13, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In July 2011, he released JailbreakMe 3.0,<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Comex, The 19-Year-Old iPhone Uber-Hacker Who Keeps Outsmarting Apple |author=Andy Greenberg |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/08/01/meet-comex-the-iphone-uber-hacker-who-keeps-outsmarting-apple/ |work=Forbes |date=August 1, 2011 |access-date=December 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223204731/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2011/08/01/meet-comex-the-iphone-uber-hacker-who-keeps-outsmarting-apple/ |archive-date=December 23, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> a web-based tool for jailbreaking all devices on certain versions of iOS 4.3, including the iPad 2 for the first time (on iOS 4.3.3).<ref name="jailbreakme-ipad2" /> It used a flaw in [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] file rendering in mobile [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://labs.eweek.com/archives/apple-fixes-latest-ios-exploit |title= Apple Fixes Latest iOS Exploit |author= P. J. Connolly |date= July 15, 2011 |work= eWEEK Labs |publisher= eWEEK |access-date=October 23, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esec-lab.sogeti.com/post/Analysis-of-the-jailbreakme-v3-font-exploit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722135644/http://esec-lab.sogeti.com/post/Analysis-of-the-jailbreakme-v3-font-exploit |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 22, 2011 |title=Analysis of the jailbreakme v3 font exploit |author=jean |date=July 18, 2011 |publisher=Sogeti ESEC Lab |access-date=October 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==== Greenpois0n ====
Chronic Dev Team initially released [[Greenpois0n]] in October 2010, a desktop-based tool for jailbreaking iOS 4.1<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370522,00.asp#fbid=d7I6xbRm1XV |title= iPhone Hackers Square Off With Competing iOS 4 Jailbreaks |author= David Murphy |date= October 9, 2010 |publisher= PCMag |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101014010627/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370522,00.asp#fbid=d7I6xbRm1XV |archive-date= October 14, 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> and later iOS 4.2.1<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/02/untethered-ios-4-2-1-jailbreak-live/ |title= Untethered iOS 4.2.1 Jailbreak Live |author= Charlie Sorrel |date= February 4, 2011 |work= Gadget Lab |publisher= Wired |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111109193342/http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/02/untethered-ios-4-2-1-jailbreak-live |archive-date= November 9, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> on most devices including the Apple TV,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/208388/oh_hai_apple_tv_officially_hacked.html |title= Oh Hai! Apple TV Officially Hacked |author= Elizabeth Fish |date= October 20, 2010 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111103143030/http://www.pcworld.com/article/208388/oh_hai_apple_tv_officially_hacked.html |archive-date= November 3, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> as well as iOS 4.2.6 on CDMA (Verizon) iPhones.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/218932/verizon_iphone_now_available_for_jailbreaking.html |title= Verizon iPhone Now Available for Jailbreaking |author= Blair Hanley Frank |date= February 7, 2011 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110314013636/http://www.pcworld.com/article/218932/verizon_iphone_now_available_for_jailbreaking.html |archive-date= March 14, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== ultrasn0w ====
As of December 2011, redsn0w included the "Corona" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.0.1 for iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPad (1st generation), and iPod Touch (3rd and 4th generation).<ref name="devteam-redsn0wbeta" /> As of June 2012, redsn0w also includes the "Rocky Racoon" untether by pod2g for iOS 5.1.1 on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that support iOS 5.1.1.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/04/ultrasn0w-unlock-iphone-4-3gs-ios-5-1-1/ |title= Newest version of ultrasn0w unlocks iPhone 4, 3GS on iOS 5.1.1, RedSn0w 0.9.12b1 also released |author= Edgar Alvarez |date= June 4, 2012 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol |access-date= June 16, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120608082109/http://www.engadget.com/2012/06/04/ultrasn0w-unlock-iphone-4-3gs-ios-5-1-1/ |archive-date= June 8, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== Absinthe ====
The iPhone Dev Team, Chronic Dev Team, and pod2g collaborated to release [[Absinthe (software)|Absinthe]] in January 2012, a desktop-based tool to jailbreak the [[iPhone 4S]] for the first time and the [[iPad 2]] for the second time, on iOS 5.0.1 for both devices and also iOS 5.0 for iPhone 4S.<ref name="iphone4s-engadget" /><ref name="iphone4s-readwriteweb" /><ref name="absinthe-cnet">{{cite web |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57362965-1/fly-be-free-jailbreak-for-iphone-4s-ipad-2-released/ |title= Fly, be free! Jailbreak for iPhone 4S, iPad 2 released |author= Eric Mack |date= January 20, 2012 |work= [[CNET]] |publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] |access-date= January 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120122043151/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57362965-1/fly-be-free-jailbreak-for-iphone-4s-ipad-2-released/ |archive-date= January 22, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="absinthe-pcworld">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/248478/how_to_jailbreak_your_iphone_4s_and_ipad_2_via_absinthe_a5.html |title= How to Jailbreak Your iPhone 4S and iPad 2 via Absinthe A5 |author= McKinley Noble |date= January 20, 2012 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= January 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120122181918/http://www.pcworld.com/article/248478/how_to_jailbreak_your_iphone_4s_and_ipad_2_via_absinthe_a5.html |archive-date= January 22, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> In May 2012 it released Absinthe 2.0, which can jailbreak iOS 5.1.1 untethered on all iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models that support iOS 5.1.1, including jailbreaking the [[iPad (3rd generation)|third-generation iPad]] for the first time.<ref name="absinthe2-forbes">{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/adriankingsleyhughes/2012/05/26/untethered-jailbreak-for-your-ios-5-1-1-iphoneipadipod-touch-is-here/ |title= Untethered Jailbreak For Your iOS 5.1.1 iPhone/iPad/iPod Touch Is Here |author= Adrian Kingsley-Hughes |date= May 26, 2012 |work= Tech |publisher= Forbes |access-date= June 1, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120530014446/http://www.forbes.com/sites/adriankingsleyhughes/2012/05/26/untethered-jailbreak-for-your-ios-5-1-1-iphoneipadipod-touch-is-here/ |archive-date= May 30, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

==== evasi0n ====
The hackers together called the evad3rs released an iOS 6.X jailbreak tool called "evasi0n" available for Linux, OS X, and Windows on Monday, February 4, 2013, at noon Eastern Standard Time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-09 |title=evasi0n jailbreak used on nearly 7 million iOS 6.0/6.1 devices- Technology News, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/evasi0n-jailbreak-used-on-nearly-7-million-ios-6-06-1-devices-3619349.html |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Tech2}}</ref> Due to the high volume of interest in downloading the jailbreak utility, the site initially gave anticipating users download errors. When Apple upgraded its software to iOS 6.1.3 it permanently patched out the evasi0n jailbreak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1652?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US|title=iOS 6.1.4 Software Update|work=apple.com|access-date=2013-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923040748/http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1652?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US|archive-date=2013-09-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Sn0wbreeze ====
In April 2013, the latest versions of Sn0wbreeze was released, which added the support for tethered jailbreaking on A4 devices (i.e. devices ''not'' newer than the iPhone 4, iPad (1st generation), or iPod Touch (4th generation)).<ref name="silverwindscam">{{cite web|url=http://www.ujailbreakiphone.com/2013/03/silv3rwind-ios-6-1-3-jailbreak-scam.html|title=Silv3rwind iOS 6.1.3 Jailbreak Is A Scam !|publisher=Ujailbreakiphone|access-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601135220/http://www.ujailbreakiphone.com/2013/03/silv3rwind-ios-6-1-3-jailbreak-scam.html|archive-date=June 1, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fakejb">{{cite web|url=http://www.ujailbreakiphone.com/2013/05/icysn0w-ios-6.1.3-jailbreak-is-fake.html|title=Icysn0w iOS 6.1.3 Jailbreak Is Fake !|publisher=Ujailbreakiphone|access-date=June 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630195609/http://www.ujailbreakiphone.com/2013/05/icysn0w-ios-6.1.3-jailbreak-is-fake.html|archive-date=June 30, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2013/04/18/sn0wbreeze-v2-9-14/|title=Sn0wbreeze v2.9.14 Download Available With Support For iOS 6.1.3 Jailbreak|publisher=redsn0w|access-date=June 27, 2013|date=2013-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621043948/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2013/04/18/sn0wbreeze-v2-9-14/|archive-date=June 21, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== evasi0n7 and p0sixpwn ====
On December 22, 2013, the evad3rs released a new version of [[evasi0n]] that supports jailbreaking iOS 7.0.x, known as evasi0n7.<ref>{{Cite web |title=evasi0n7 - The iPhone Wiki |url=https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/Evasi0n7 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.theiphonewiki.com}}</ref> On December 30, 2013, winocm, ih8sn0w and SquiffyPwn released p0sixspwn for untethering devices on iOS 6.1.3 – 6.1.5. Initially, it was necessary to jailbreak tethered using redsn0w and install p0sixpwn at Cydia. A few days later, on January 4, 2014, the same team released a version of p0sixpwn for jailbreaking using a computer.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

iOS 7.1 patched the exploits used by evasi0n7, and on June 23, 2014, Pangu, a Chinese untethered jailbreak was released for iOS 7.1.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==== Pangu8 ====
On October 22, 2014, [[Pangu Team]] released Pangu8 to jailbreak all devices running iOS 8–8.1. The first versions did not bundle Cydia, nor was there an iOS 8 compatible version of Cydia at the time.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

==== TaiG ====
On November 29, 2014, TaiG team released their jailbreak tool called "TaiG" for devices running iOS 8.0–8.1.1. On December 10, 2014, the app was updated to include support for iOS 8.1.2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redmondpie.com/download-taig-1.2.0-to-jailbreak-ios-8.1.2/|title=Download TaiG 1.2.0 To Jailbreak iOS 8.1.2|access-date=10 December 2014|date=2014-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210151856/http://www.redmondpie.com/download-taig-1.2.0-to-jailbreak-ios-8.1.2/|archive-date=10 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 3, 2015, TaiG 2.3.0 was released, which includes support for iOS 8.0–8.4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taig.com/en/update_log.html|title=TaiG Update Log|access-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703062724/http://www.taig.com/en/update_log.html|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== iH8sn0w ====
On 10 September 2015, 6 days before iOS 9 was released, iH8sn0w had demonstrated a working exploit on his Twitter page, linking to a YouTube video.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=iH8sn0w |number=641902260516208640 |date=September 10, 2015 |title=iOS 9 Fun - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtBqkj7RsFo … |access-date=October 10, 2015}}</ref>

==== Pangu9 ====
On October 14, 2015, Pangu Team released Pangu9, their jailbreak tool for iOS 9.0 through 9.0.2. On March 11, 2016, Pangu Team updated their tool to support iOS 9.1 for 64-bit devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/10/14/ios-9-jailbreak/|title=iOS 9 has been jailbroken|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015235919/http://fortune.com/2015/10/14/ios-9-jailbreak/|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/95123/20151014/pangu-team-releases-ios-9-jailbreak-for-the-iphone-ipad-and-ipod-touch.htm|title=Pangu Team Releases iOS 9 Jailbreak For The iPhone, iPad And iPod Touch|access-date=16 October 2015|date=2015-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015132048/http://www.techtimes.com/articles/95123/20151014/pangu-team-releases-ios-9-jailbreak-for-the-iphone-ipad-and-ipod-touch.htm|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/14/9529853/ios-9-jailbreak-download-pangu|title=The first iOS 9 jailbreak is here|access-date=16 October 2015|date=2015-10-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015221755/http://www.theverge.com/2015/10/14/9529853/ios-9-jailbreak-download-pangu|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Pangu93 ====
On July 17, 2016, Pangu Team released Pangu93, a semi-untethered jailbreak tool for iOS 9.2–9.3.3. It was the first semi-untethered jailbreak and at the same time made within a sideloaded app, and included support only for 64bit devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2016/07/24/pangu-jailbreak-ios-9-2-9-3-3-devices/|title=Pangu releases 9.2–9.3.3 jailbreak|access-date=24 July 2016|date=2016-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725142605/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2016/07/24/pangu-jailbreak-ios-9-2-9-3-3-devices/|archive-date=25 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Home Depot ====
On mid-March 2017, jk9357 (aka @REALKJCMEMBER), part of the KJC (Kim Jong Cracks) hacking team, released the first semi-untethered jailbreak for 32-bit devices on 9.1–9.3.4, known as Home Depot. This jailbreak is based on the open source Trident exploit released on GitHub by Benjamin Randazzo. The exploit makes use of some of the Pegasus vulnerabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2017/03/21/home-depot-updated/|title=Home Depot jailbreak released|access-date=21 March 2017|date=2017-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322090527/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2017/03/21/home-depot-updated/|archive-date=22 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/benjamin-42/Trident|title=Trident exploit|via=Github|language=en|date=2016-12-11}}</ref>

==== yalu+mach_portal and extra_recipe ====
On December 21, 2016, well-known hacker Luca Todesco released a beta semi-untethered jailbreak tool for [[iOS 10]].1 known as yalu+mach_portal for select 64-bit iOS devices. The jailbreak made use of Ian Beer's, of Google Project Zero, mach_portal exploit. This version is extremely unstable and was only meant for developers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2016/12/21/ios-10-jailbreak-beta-released/|title=iOS 10 jailbreak beta released (but stay away for now)|access-date=2017-04-06|date=2016-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407054129/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2016/12/21/ios-10-jailbreak-beta-released/|archive-date=2017-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 26, 2017, with help from Marco Grassi, a more stable version for [[iOS 10]].2 was released, eventually supporting all 64-bit iOS devices except for the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which is only supported by the older, more unstable version for 10.1.1. This jailbreak made use of Ian Beer's, of Project Zero, extra_recipe exploit. Both jailbreaks are installed through a computer application known as Cydia Impactor, which allows signing of apps not in the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]].<ref>{{Citation|last=EverythingApplePro|title=How To Jailbreak iOS 10.2 (All Devices FINAL)|date=2017-01-30|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdLQZFCLxWo|access-date=2017-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218034506/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdLQZFCLxWo|archive-date=2017-02-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Todesco said that the newer version would be eventually updated to support the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus up to iOS 10.1.1, however, he left the jailbreaking scene on March 28, abandoning both jailbreaks before it was released.

==== Phoenix ====
On August 6, 2017, Siguza and tihmstar released the semi-untethered Phoenix jailbreak for 32-bit devices on iOS 9.3.5.

==== EtasonJB ====
On September 19, 2017, tihmstar released EtasonJB, a jailbreak for all 32-bit devices on iOS 8.4.1. An exploit was found so that users of the 9.3.5 Phoenix jailbreak could downgrade to 8.4.1 without the use of SHSH blobs as 8.4.1 is an unsigned version of iOS.

==== Saïgon ====
On October 15, 2017, the hacker Abraham Masri (known on Twitter as @cheesecakeufo) released the Saïgon jailbreak for all 64-bit devices on iOS 10.2.1.

==== Houdini ====
On December 6, 2017, Abraham Masri released Houdini, the first semi-jailbreak for iOS 10, compatible with iOS 10.x up to 10.3.2 for all 64-bit devices. The application allows installation of themes, resolution changes etc. from basic Cydia repos. It is untethered, but it needs to run the exploit again to install content. The tool has been updated to beta revision 1, adding the compatibility with iOS 11 up to 11.1.2.

==== async_wake ====
On December 11, 2017, Ian Beer released async_wake, an iOS 11.0 up to 11.1.2 exploit that allows tfp0. The exploit has been updated and it has allowed jailbreak apps on jailed devices such as FilzaJailed, FilzaEscaped (which allows root access on a jailed device), MTerminal-Jailed by Ayden Panhuyzen (which allows the execution of commands on a jailed device) and Torngat by 1GamerDev (a tweak manager that can set a boot logo, change resolution, disable OTA updates and more on a jailed device).thats it.

==== to.panga ====
On December 23, 2017, Abraham Masri released to.panga, an iOS 11 up to 11.1.2 WIP jailbreak for developers based on the async_wake exploit by Ian Beer. It has Cydia included but since the jailbreak used a KPPless exploit, Cydia and Substrate have to be rewritten. Abraham Masri has since stated that the project wouldn't be updated due to other tools with the same goal.

==== h3lix ====
On December 24, 2017, tihmstar released h3lix, a semi-untethered jailbreak for all 32-bit devices, compatible with all iOS 10 versions.

==== doubleH3lix ====
Shortly after the release of h3lix, tihmstar and Siguza released doubleH3lix, a semi-untethered jailbreak for 64bit devices (excluding the iPhone 7) on iOS 10.x.

==== LiberiOS ====
On December 26, 2017, the hacker Jonathan Levin (known on Twitter as @Morpheus____) released LiberiOS, a WIP developer-only jailbreak based on the async_wake exploit by Ian Beer for iOS 11.0 to iOS 11.1.2. Jonathan Levin later stated that LiberiOS would not be officially released with Cydia.

==== Zimperium ====
On January 29, 2018, [[Zimperium]], whose goal is to assess issues and locate a possible iOS sandbox escape, released two crucial bugs, one of which is a major vulnerability that leads to execution of arbitrary code on different crucial daemons, found in iOS 11.2 up to 11.2.2. The second bug is a full relative (ASLR bypass) control on the stack in CoreBluetooth, that leads to memory corruption (also on 11.2 – 11.2.2).

==== Electra ====
On February 26, 2018, developer CoolStar (known on Twitter as @CStar_OW)<ref name="twitter.com">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/CStar_OW|title=CoolStar (@CStar_OW) - Twitter|via=Twitter|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401033859/https://twitter.com/cstar_ow|archive-date=April 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> released a public version of the Electra jailbreak for iOS devices on 11.0–11.1.2.<ref name="iOSNation Electra">{{Cite web|url=https://iosnation.com/electra-jailbreak-ios-11-ipa/|title=Electra Jailbreak for iOS 11.0 - iOS 11.1.2 [Release] - iOSNation|last=Iqbal|first=Shaeel|website=iosnation.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213814/https://iosnation.com/electra-jailbreak-ios-11-ipa/|archive-date=2018-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref> This jailbreak uses a KPPless exploit. As Cydia Substrate had not been updated for iOS 11, Electra uses a Substrate alternative known as Substitute.

==== Houdini b3 ====
On June 6, 2018, Abraham Masri released an update to Houdini, the first semi-jailbreak. The tool has been updated to beta 3 revision 1, adding the compatibility with iOS 11 up to 11.3.1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.idownloadblog.com/2018/06/06/houdini-semi-jailbreak-updated-to-beta-3-with-support-for-ios-11-3-1/|title=Houdini 'semi-jailbreak' updated to beta 3 with support for iOS 11.3.1|date=2018-06-06|work=iDownloadBlog.com|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183940/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2018/06/06/houdini-semi-jailbreak-updated-to-beta-3-with-support-for-ios-11-3-1/|archive-date=2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Electra update ====
On July 6, 2018, developer CoolStar updated the Electra jailbreak for iOS devices on 11.0–11.3.1 (it previously only supported up to 11.1.2).<ref name="iOSNation Electra" /> It continued to use a KPPless exploit and Substitute in place of Cydia Substrate.

==== Meridian ====
On August 17, 2018, developer Ben Sparkes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/iBSparkes|title=sparkey (@iBSparkes) - Twitter|website=Twitter.com|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324052132/https://twitter.com/iBSparkes|archive-date=March 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> released a public version of Meridian,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meridian.sparkes.zone/|title=Meridian: iOS 10.x Jailbreak|website=meridian.sparkes.zone|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502131303/https://meridian.sparkes.zone/|archive-date=May 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> a jailbreak for iOS versions 10.x on all 64-bit devices.

==== Totally Not Spyware and JakeBlair420 ====
On September 3, 2018, a web-based jailbreak called "Totally Not Spyware"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://totally-not.spyware.lol/|title=⁢|website=totally-not.spyware.lol|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325111554/https://totally-not.spyware.lol/|archive-date=March 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> was released by an unknown user named "JakeBlair420". It eventually came out that it was developed by FoxletFox, Ben Sparkes, littlelailo, siguza, stek29, and was based on the works of 5aelo, Ian Beer, Niklas B, Jamie Bishop, Luca Todesco, REALKJCMEMBER, Sam Bingner, sticktron, theninjaprawn, tihmstar, and xerub. It used a WebKit-based exploit to bootstrap either Meridian or doubleh3lix.

==== unc0ver iOS 11 ====
On October 14, 2018, former Electra Team member and developer Pwn20wnd (known on Twitter as @Pwn20wnd<ref name="https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd|title=Pwn20wnd (@Pwn20wnd) | Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115141107/https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd|archive-date=2019-01-15|url-status=live}}</ref>) released a public version of the unc0ver jailbreak for iOS devices on 11.0–11.4.1.<ref name="github_2019-03-22"/> This jailbreak uses the three KPPless exploits provided by Ian Beer for iOS 11 (async_wake, empty_list and multi_path). Sam Bingner, Pwn20wnd's associate, also worked with [[Jay Freeman]], the original developer of Cydia, to get Cydia Substrate reupdated to iOS 11. It was released on December 17, 2018.

==== Osiris Jailbreak for iOS 12 ====
On February 1, 2019, developer (GeoSn0w<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/fce365/status/1090770862238777344|url=https://twitter.com/fce365/status/1090770862238777344|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>) released the very first proof of concept for a jailbreak compatible with iOS 12.0 to iOS 12.1.2, called Osiris Jailbreak / OsirisJailbreak12.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=February 1|first1=Anthony Bouchard /|last2=2019|date=2019-01-31|title=Geosn0w releases OsirisJailbreak12, an incomplete 'developer-only' "jailbreak" PoC for iOS 12.0-12.1.2|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2019/01/30/geosn0w-releases-osirisjailbreak12-an-incomplete-developer-only-jailbreak-for-ios-12-0-12-1-2/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}</ref> It was a developer-only jailbreak meant to demonstrate how a basic jailbreak can be achieved on iOS 12 using the new tfp0 kernel exploit released at that time by Google Project Zero security researcher, Brandon Azad. OsirisJailbreak12 has then been released as Open Source on GitHub,<ref>{{Citation|last=GeoSn0w|title=Osiris-Jailbreak|date=2021-09-21|url=https://github.com/GeoSn0w/Osiris-Jailbreak|access-date=2021-10-01}}</ref> but remained developer-only and thus incomplete.

==== unc0ver iOS 12 ====
On February 22, 2019, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update for the unc0ver jailbreak for iOS devices on 12.0–12.1.2.<ref name="github_2019-03-22"/> This version of unc0ver uses exploits provided by tihmstar and SorryMyBad for iOS 12 (v1ntex, v3ntex, and voucher_swap). Pwn20wnd once again worked with [[Jay Freeman]] to get Cydia and Cydia Substrate updated to work on iOS 12.

==== Chimera ====
On April 29, 2019, the Electra team<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Electra Team |user=electra_team |number=1123059911926079489 |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Introducing Chimera, a modern jailbreak for all devices on iOS 12—12.1.2 |access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref> released Chimera, a public jailbreak for iOS 12.0–12.1.2, which included support for all devices, including devices with A12 chips, which had major security reinforcements compared to other devices. This jailbreak uses Substitute, an alternative to Cydia Substrate, to allow tweaks to run.

==== unc0ver updates ====
On June 12, 2019, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 12.1.2–12.2. The jailbreak did not support A8 and A7 devices to begin with, but support for those devices has now been added for iOS 12.1.2–12.2.

On August 18, 2019, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 12.4 following a mistake by Apple that reintroduced the vulnerabilities patched in 12.3. This version of unc0ver used the sock_puppet exploit, developed by Ned Williamson and the sock_port exploit, developed by Jake James.

==== checkm8 and checkra1n ====
On September 27, 2019, a security researcher (axi0mX<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=axi0mX (@axi0mX)|via=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929001248/https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|archive-date=2019-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>) released an exploit for some iPhone boot ROMs, dubbed checkm8 (read as checkmate), that executes when the device is started up, and cannot be patched by Apple. This exploit affects A5-A11 (iPhone 4s–iPhone X) devices, and due to the nature of the exploit it supports any iOS version running on these supported devices. According to the developer, an exploit this powerful has not been released since 2010. Although checkm8 is purely an exploit tool, and not a jailbreak tool, a semi-tethered jailbreak has been achieved as of September 27, 2019, and a beta version of checkra1n, a jailbreak tool that uses checkm8 has been released for [[macOS]] and Linux, with a windows version in the works.

==== checkm8 and Fugu ====
On February 02, 2020, [https://twitter.com/LinusHenze Linus Henze] released a public semi-tethered jailbreak called Fugu, which supports iOS 13.0-13.5.1 on A10/A10X processors. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/LinusHenze/Fugu#supported-devicesios-versions|title=Fugu supported versions|via=Github|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> Fugu is also based on checkm8 from (axi0mX<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=axi0mX (@axi0mX)|via=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929001248/https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|archive-date=2019-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>)

==== checkm8 and Fugu ====
On February 02, 2020, [https://twitter.com/LinusHenze Linus Henze] released a public semi-tethered jailbreak called Fugu, which supports iOS 13.0-13.5.1 on A10/A10X processors. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/LinusHenze/Fugu#supported-devicesios-versions|title=Fugu supported versions|via=Github|language=en|access-date=2020-02-02}}</ref> Fugu is the first open source jailbreak tool based on the checkm8 exploit from (axi0mX<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=axi0mX (@axi0mX)|via=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2019-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929001248/https://twitter.com/axi0mX?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|archive-date=2019-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref>)

==== unc0ver updates ====
On December 9, 2019, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 12.4.1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/e8epwa/news_unc0ver_v380b1_is_now_out_now_with_ios_1241|title=[News] unc0ver v3.8.0~b1 is NOW OUT - Now with iOS 12.4.1 support for A12 iPhones|via=Reddit|language=en|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193826/https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/e8epwa/news_unc0ver_v380b1_is_now_out_now_with_ios_1241/|archive-date=2019-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref> This version of unc0ver used the AppleAVE2Driver exploit,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.zecops.com/vulnerabilities/releasing-first-public-task-for-pwn0-tfp0-granting-poc-on-ios|title=ZecOps Kernel Exploit|via=ZecOps|language=en|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324032436/https://blog.zecops.com/vulnerabilities/releasing-first-public-task-for-pwn0-tfp0-granting-poc-on-ios/|archive-date=2020-03-24|url-status=live}}</ref> developed by 08Tc3wBB, who submitted/sold the exploit to ZecOps for the Task-For-Pwn 0 Bounty.

==== EtasonATV ====
On January 22, 2020, tihmstar released EtasonATV, a jailbreak for Apple TV (3rd generation Rev A) on iOS 8.4.1–8.4.4.

On January 28, 2020, tihmstar released a public update to the EtasonATV jailbreak, to add support for Apple TV (3rd generation).

==== unc0ver iOS 13 ====
On February 15, 2020, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 13.0–13.3 for A12 and A13 devices. The jailbreak did not support A11 and below devices to begin with, but has since been updated to do so.

On May 20, 2020, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 13.3.1-13.5 for all devices that support that version range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd/status/1264315776338554880?s=20|title=#unc0ver v5.0.0 is NOW OUT. |via=Twitter |language=en|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

On June 9, 2020, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 13.5.5~b1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/unc0verTeam/status/1270492665008648192?s=20|title=unc0ver v5.2.0 release |via=Twitter |language=en|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref>

==== Odyssey Jailbreak for iOS 13 ====
On November 20, 2020, Odyssey Team released Odyssey, a public jailbreak for iOS 13.0-13.7 used FreeTheSandbox exploit, developed by 08Tc3wBB, who submitted the exploit to ZecOps for ZecOps Reverse Bounty. Exploit reliability on 13.0 - 13.7 for all A10 and up devices has got improved. It is worth mentioning that for A8(X)/A9(X) devices, Odyssey used the tardy0n exploit.

==== unc0ver iOS 14 ====
On February 27, 2021, developer (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 14.0-14.3 for all devices that support that version range, alongside 12.4.9-12.5.1 and 13.5.1-13.7<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd/status/1365833293069975557|title=unc0ver v6.0.0 is NOW OUT. |via=Twitter |language=en|access-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>

On October 24, 2021, (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd"/>) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for iOS 14.4-14.5.1 for all arm64e devices (iPhone XS and later) that support that version range, using Fugu14 as a base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/jailbreak/comments/qf36zs/news_unc0ver_v700_is_now_out_with_ios_1441451/|title=unc0ver v7.0.0 is NOW OUT with iOS 14.4-14.5.1 support for A12-A14 devices with Fugu14|via=Reddit|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref>

On December 29, 2021, (Pwn20wnd<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd" />) released a public update to the unc0ver jailbreak, to add support for IOS 14.6-14.8 for A12-A13 iPhones (XS-11 Pro Max) '''only''', with no iPad support,<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/pwn20wnd/status/1476328584952299528|url=https://twitter.com/pwn20wnd/status/1476328584952299528|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> using an as-yet-unnamed exploit developed by security researcher pattern_f_.<ref>{{Cite web|last=October 14|first=Anthony Bouchard ∙|last2=2021|date=2021-10-14|title=Hacker pattern_F_ goes hands-on with Saar Amar’s new kernel vulnerability, demos jailbreak on iOS 14.0|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2021/10/14/pattern-f-jailbreak-demo-saar-amar-kernel-vulnerability/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Taurine'''

On April 1, 2021, Odyssey Team released Taurine, a public jailbreak for iOS 14.0-14.3 for all devices that support that version range via the cicuta_virosa exploit, developed by ModernPwner.

==== Fugu14 ====
On October 24, 2021, [https://twitter.com/LinusHenze Linus Henze] released a public untethered jailbreak called Fugu14, which supports iOS 14.2-14.5.1 on A12 and later processors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/LinusHenze/Fugu14#supported-devicesios-versions|title=Fugu14 supported versions|via=Github|language=en|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref>

=== By device and OS ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Device
! OS
! Release date
! Jailbreak date
! Jailbroken after (days)
! Tool
! Developer(s)
|-
| [[iPhone 2G]]
| data-sort-value="iOS 1.0"| [[iOS|iPhone OS 1.0]]
| {{dts|2007-6-29|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2007-7-10|format=mdy}}<ref name="ricker2007" />
| {{age in days|2007|6|29|2007|7|10}}
| (no name)
| [[iPhone Dev Team]]<ref name="How to Escape Jail">{{cite web|url=http://iphone.fiveforty.net/wiki/index.php/How_to_Escape_Jail |title=How to Escape Jail |author=iPhone Dev Team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005150518/http://iphone.fiveforty.net/wiki/index.php/How_to_Escape_Jail |archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[iPod Touch|iPod Touch]]
|
| {{dts|2007-9-5|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2007-10-10|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://toc2rta.com/?q=node/23|title= The iPhone / iTouch tif exploit is now officially released!|date= October 10, 2007|access-date= August 23, 2012|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064028/http://www.toc2rta.com/?q=node%2F23|archive-date= April 2, 2012|df= mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.engadget.com/2007/10/10/iphone-and-ipod-touch-v1-1-1-full-jailbreak-tested-confirmed/ |title= iPhone and iPod Touch v1.1.1 full jailbreak tested, confirmed! |author= Ryan Block |date= October 10, 2007 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol |access-date= August 24, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820002711/http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/10/iphone-and-ipod-touch-v1-1-1-full-jailbreak-tested-confirmed/ |archive-date= August 20, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2007|9|5|2007|10|10}}
| JailbreakMe
| niacin and dre
|-
| [[iPhone 3G]]
| data-sort-value="iOS 2.0"| [[iOS|iPhone OS 2.0]]
| {{dts|2008-7-11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2008-7-20|format=mdy}}<ref name="iphone3g-pwnage">{{cite news |url= http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/07/20/dubious-achievement-hackers-jailbreak-the-iphone-3g/ |title= Dubious achievement: Hackers 'jailbreak' the iPhone 3G |author= Philip Elmer-DeWitt |date= July 20, 2008 |work= CNN Money |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110004527/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2008/07/20/dubious-achievement-hackers-jailbreak-the-iphone-3g/ |archive-date= November 10, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2008|7|11|2008|7|20}}
| PwnageTool
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPod Touch|iPod Touch]] (2nd generation)
|
| {{dts|2008-9-9|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2009-1-30|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://isource.com/2009/02/01/redsn0w-tethered-jailbreak-for-ipod-touch-2g-released/ |title= redsn0w Tethered Jailbreak for iPod Touch 2G Released |author= PatrickJ |date= February 1, 2009 |publisher= iSource |access-date= August 24, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130622010548/http://isource.com/2009/02/01/redsn0w-tethered-jailbreak-for-ipod-touch-2g-released/ |archive-date= June 22, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/02/redsn0w-lite-jailbreak-for-2nd-gen-ipod-touch-released/ |title= Redsn0w lite jailbreak for 2nd-gen iPod Touch released |author= Justin Berka |date= February 3, 2009 |work= [[Ars Technica]] |publisher= [[Condé Nast]] |access-date= January 9, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121202121540/http://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/02/redsn0w-lite-jailbreak-for-2nd-gen-ipod-touch-released/ |archive-date= December 2, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2008|9|9|2009|1|30}}
| redsn0w
| iPhone Dev Team and Chronic Dev Team
|-
|
| data-sort-value="iOS 3.0"| [[iOS|iPhone OS 3.0]]
| {{dts|2009-6-17|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2009-6-19|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2009/06/20/pwnage-tool-for-iphone-os-3-0-now-live-ultrasn0w-still-on-stand/ |title= Pwnage Tool for iPhone OS 3.0 now live, ultrasn0w still on standby |author= Ross Miller |date= June 20, 2009 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120413203907/http://www.engadget.com/2009/06/20/pwnage-tool-for-iphone-os-3-0-now-live-ultrasn0w-still-on-stand |archive-date= April 13, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2009|6|17|2009|6|19}}
| PwnageTool
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPhone 3GS]]
|
| {{dts|2009-6-19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2009-7-3|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070300691.html |title= First iPhone 3GS Jailbreak Hits The Web |author= Daniel Brusilovsky |date= July 3, 2009 |work= TechCrunch |publisher= The Washington Post |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140122181131/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/03/AR2009070300691.html |archive-date= January 22, 2014 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2009|6|19|2009|7|3}}
| [[purplera1n]]
| [[George Hotz]]
|-
| [[iPad]]
|
| {{dts|2010-4-30|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2010-5-3|format=mdy}}<ref name="spirit-register">{{cite web |url= https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/03/ipad_jailbreak/ |title= Hackers release jailbreak for iPad and newer iPhones |author= Dan Goodin |date= May 3, 2010 |publisher= The Register |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111019000035/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/03/ipad_jailbreak/ |archive-date= October 19, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2010|4|30|2010|5|3}}
| Spirit
| comex
|-
|
| [[iOS 4.0]]
| {{dts|2010-6-21|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2010-6-23|format=mdy}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/199713/does_jailbreaking_still_make_sense_with_ios_40.html |title= Does Jailbreaking Still Make Sense with iOS 4.0? |author= Mike Keller |date= June 23, 2010 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111011033402/http://www.pcworld.com/article/199713/does_jailbreaking_still_make_sense_with_ios_40.html |archive-date= October 11, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://gizmodo.com/5558277/ios-4-jailbroken-within-a-day-of-first-release |title= iOS 4 Jailbroken Within a Day of First Release |author= John Herrman |date= June 8, 2010 |publisher= Gizmodo |access-date= November 2, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111020095817/http://gizmodo.com/5558277/ios-4-jailbroken-within-a-day-of-first-release |archive-date= October 20, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2010|6|21|2010|6|23}}
| PwnageTool
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPhone 4]]
|
| {{dts|2010-6-24|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2010-8-1|format=mdy}}<ref name="jailbreakme-iphone4">{{cite news |url= http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-02/tech/jailbreak.iphone.4_1_iphone-4-ios-4-1-jailbreak-apple-app-store?_s=PM:TECH |title= First iPhone 4 'jailbreak' posted online |author= John D. Sutter |date= August 2, 2010 |work= CNN Tech |publisher= CNN |access-date= October 26, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120203163120/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-08-02/tech/jailbreak.iphone.4_1_iphone-4-ios-4-1-jailbreak-apple-app-store?_s=PM:TECH |archive-date= February 3, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2010|6|24|2010|8|1}}
| [[JailbreakMe]] 2.0
| comex
|-
| [[Apple TV]] (2nd generation)
|
| {{dts|2010-9-1|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2010-10-20|format=mdy}}<ref name="engadget-appletv2">{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2010/10/20/apple-tv-now-jailbreakable-with-pwnagetool-4-1/ |title= Apple TV now jailbreakable with PwnageTool 4.1 |author= Donald Melanson |date= October 20, 2010 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol |access-date= May 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120624034324/http://www.engadget.com/2010/10/20/apple-tv-now-jailbreakable-with-pwnagetool-4-1 |archive-date= June 24, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2010|9|1|2010|10|20}}
| PwnageTool
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPad 2]]
|
| {{dts|2011-3-11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2011-7-5|format=mdy}}<ref name="jailbreakme-ipad2">{{cite web |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20077154-1/app-enables-ipad-2-jailbreak-from-your-browser/ |title= App enables iPad 2 jailbreak from your browser |author= Eric Mack |date= July 6, 2011 |work= [[CNET]] |publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131110003828/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20077154-1/app-enables-ipad-2-jailbreak-from-your-browser/ |archive-date= November 10, 2013 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2011|3|11|2011|7|5}}
| JailbreakMe 3.0
| comex
|-
|
| [[iOS 5.0]]
| {{dts|2011-10-12|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2011-10-13|format=mdy}}<ref name="ios5-redsn0w">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/241877/ios_5_jailbreak_is_already_here_geeks_not_surprised.html |title= iOS 5 Jailbreak Is Already Here; Geeks Not Surprised |author= Elizabeth Fish |date= October 13, 2011 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426143622/http://www.pcworld.com/article/241877/ios_5_jailbreak_is_already_here_geeks_not_surprised.html |archive-date= April 26, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2011|10|12|2011|10|13}}
| redsn0w
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPhone 4S]]
|
| {{dts|2011-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2012-1-20|format=mdy}}<ref name="iphone4s-engadget">{{cite web |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/01/20/absinthe-a5-jailbreak-released-for-iphone-4s-hacker-dream-team/ |title= Absinthe A5 jailbreak released for iPhone 4S, Hacker Dream Team makes untethered dreams come true |author= Joseph Volpe |date= January 20, 2012 |work= [[Engadget]] |publisher= Aol |access-date= January 20, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120121171830/http://www.engadget.com/2012/01/20/absinthe-a5-jailbreak-released-for-iphone-4s-hacker-dream-team/ |archive-date= January 21, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="iphone4s-readwriteweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/jailbreak_ios_5_iphone_4s_ipad_2.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122223538/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/jailbreak_ios_5_iphone_4s_ipad_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 22, 2012 |title=Now You Can Jailbreak Your iPhone 4S and iPad 2 |author=John Paul Titlow |date=January 20, 2012 |publisher=ReadWriteWeb |access-date=January 20, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| {{age in days|2011|10|14|2012|1|20}}
| [[Absinthe (software)|Absinthe]]
| pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPad (3rd generation)]]
|
| {{dts|2012-3-16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2012-5-25|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|3|16|2012|5|25}}
| Absinthe 2.0
| pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team
|-
|
| [[iOS 6.0]]
| {{dts|2012-9-19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2012-9-19|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|9|19|2012|9|19}}
| redsn0w
| iPhone Dev Team
|-
| [[iPhone 5]]
|
| {{dts|2012-9-21|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-2-4|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|9|21|2013|2|4}}
| [[evasi0n]]
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPod Touch]] (5th generation)
|
| {{dts|2012-10-23|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-2-4|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|10|23|2013|2|4}}
| [[evasi0n]]
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPad]] (4th generation)
|
| {{dts|2012-11-2|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-2-4|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|11|2|2013|2|4}}
| [[evasi0n]]
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPad Mini]]
|
| {{dts|2012-11-2|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-2-4|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2012|11|2|2013|2|4}}
| [[evasi0n]]
| evad3rs
|-
|
| [[iOS 7]]
| {{dts|2013-9-18|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2013|9|18|2013|12|22}}
| evasi0n7
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPhone 5C]]
|
| {{dts|2013-9-20|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2013|9|20|2013|12|22}}
| evasi0n7
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPhone 5S]]
|
| {{dts|2013-9-20|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2013|9|20|2013|12|22}}
| evasi0n7
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPad Air]]
|
| {{dts|2013-11-1|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2013|11|1|2013|12|22}}
| evasi0n7
| evad3rs
|-
| [[iPad Mini 2]]
|
| {{dts|2013-11-12|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2013|11|12|2013|12|22}}
| evasi0n7
| evad3rs
|-
|
| [[iOS 8]]
| {{dts|2014-9-17|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2014|9|17|2014|10|22}}
| Pangu8
| [[Pangu Team]]
|-
| [[iPhone 6]]
|
| {{dts|2014-9-19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2014|9|19|2014|10|22}}
| Pangu8
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPhone 6 Plus]]
|
| {{dts|2014-9-19|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2014|9|19|2014|10|22}}
| Pangu8
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPad Air 2]]
|
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2014|10|22|2014|10|22}}
| Pangu8
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPad Mini 3]]
|
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2014|10|22|2014|10|22}}
| Pangu8
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPod Touch]] (6th generation)
|
| {{dts|2015-07-15|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2015-07-16|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|07|15|2015|07|16}}
| TaiG, [[PP Jailbreak]]
| TaiG, PP Jailbreak
|-
|
| [[iOS 9]]
| {{dts|2015-09-16|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2015-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|09|16|2015|10|14}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPhone 6S]]
|
| {{dts|2015-09-25|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2015-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|09|25|2015|10|14}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPhone 6S Plus]]
|
| {{dts|2015-09-25|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2015-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|09|25|2015|10|14}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPad Mini 4]]
|
| {{dts|2015-09-09|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2015-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|09|09|2015|10|14}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPad Pro]]
|
| {{dts|2015-11-11|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2016-03-11|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015-11-11|2016-03-11}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[Apple TV]] (4th generation)
|
| {{dts|2015-09-09|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2016-03-23|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2015|09|09|2016|03|23}}
| Pangu9
| Pangu Team
|-
| [[iPhone SE (1st generation)]]
|
| {{dts|2016-03-31|format=mdy}}
| {{dts|2016-07-24|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2016|03|31|2016|07|24}}
| PPJailbreak
| PPJailbreak, Pangu Team
|-
|
| [[iOS 10]]
| September 13, 2016
| {{dts|2016-12-21|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2016|09|13|2016|12|21}}
| Yalu
| Luca Todesco
|-
|
| [[iOS 11]]
| September 19, 2017
| {{dts|2017-12-26|format=mdy}}
| {{age in days|2017|09|19|2017|12|26}}
| LiberiOS, Electra, Unc0ver and Osiris Jailbreak (developers only)<ref>{{Cite web|last1=February 1|first1=Anthony Bouchard /|last2=2019|date=2019-01-31|title=Geosn0w releases OsirisJailbreak12, an incomplete 'developer-only' "jailbreak" PoC for iOS 12.0-12.1.2|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2019/01/30/geosn0w-releases-osirisjailbreak12-an-incomplete-developer-only-jailbreak-for-ios-12-0-12-1-2/|access-date=2021-10-01|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
| Jonathan Levin, Pwn20wnd, CoolStar, GeoSn0w
|-
|
| [[IOS 12]]
| September 17, 2018
| February 22, 2019
| {{age in days|2018|09|17|2019|02|22}}
| unc0ver,<ref name="unc0ver_home">[https://unc0ver.dev/ unc0ver website]</ref> Chimera,<ref name="chimera_home">[https://chimera.coolstar.org/ Chimera]</ref> checkra1n,<ref name="checkra1n_home">[https://checkra.in/ checkra1n]</ref> and Osiris Jailbreak<ref>{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/fce365/status/1090770862238777344|url=https://twitter.com/fce365/status/1090770862238777344|access-date=2021-10-01|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> (developers only)
| Pwn20wnd, CoolStar, sbingner, Ian Beer, Brandon Azad, Jonathan Levin, PsychoTea, xerub, ninjaprawn, stek29, GeoSn0w
|-
|
| [[IOS 13]]
| September 19, 2019
| October 13, 2019
| {{age in days|2019|09|19|2019|10|13}}
| unc0ver,<ref name="unc0ver_home"/> Odyssey<ref name="odyssey_home">[https://theodyssey.dev/ Odyssey]</ref> and checkra1n<ref name="checkra1n_home"/>
| Pwn20wnd,CoolStar, sbingner, Ian Beer, Brandon Azad, Jonathan Levin, PsychoTea, xerub, ninjaprawn, stek29
|-
|[[Apple A10]] and below (officially supported) [[Apple A11]] (preliminary support)
|[[iOS 14]]
|September 16, 2020
|September 21, 2020<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=checkra1n|number=1308237110047055878|date=September 21, 2020|title=checkra1n 0.11.0 is now available, adding support for iOS 14 on A9(X) devices and below. A10 devices and above NOT SUPPORTED YET, read our statement|language=en}}</ref>
|{{age in days|2020|09|16|2020|09|21}}
|checkra1n<ref name="checkra1n_ipw">[https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/Checkra1n checkra1n]</ref>
|qwertyoruiop, argp, axi0mX, danyl931, jaywalker, kirb, littlelailo, nitoTV, nullpixel, pimskeks, sbingner, Siguza
|-
|[[Apple A14]] and below
|[[iOS 14]]
|September 16, 2020
|February 27, 2021
|164
|unc0ver,<ref name="unc0ver_home"/> Taurine
|Pwn20wnd, CoolStar, Sam Bingner, Siguza, Jake James, Ubik, Dennis Bednarz, exDeveloper
|}

=== Table of tools ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Release date
! colspan="3"| Hardware
! colspan="2" | Firmware
! rowspan="2" | Untethered?
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Developer(s)
|-
! class="unsortable"| [[iPad]]
! class="unsortable"| [[iPhone]]
! class="unsortable"| [[iPod Touch|iPod Touch]]
! Oldest
! Recent
|-

| [[JailbreakMe]] 3.0<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek">{{cite news|title=Apple iOS Zero-Day PDF Vulnerability Exposed |author=Mathew J. Schwartz |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/231001147 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123801/http://www.informationweek.com/news/231001147 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |newspaper=InformationWeek |date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=October 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| {{dts|2011-7-5|format=mdy}}<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 1|1]]
* [[iPad 2|2]]<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]
* [[iPhone 4|4]]}}<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />
| [[iPod Touch|1]]<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />
| 4.2.6
| 4.2.8 {{nowrap|4.3 – 4.3.3}}<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />{{efn|The [[Verizon]] CDMA iPhone 4 ran on iOS 4.2.5 to 4.2.10, with incremental updates being bugfixes that were simultaneously applied from 4.3.1 to 4.3.5.}}
| {{yes}}<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />
| comex<ref name="jailbreakme-informationweek" />
|-

| Seas0npass<ref name="geektech-howto">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/238653/jailbreaking_101_which_tool_to_use_to_hack_your_idevice.html |title= Jailbreaking 101: Which Tool to Use to Hack Your iDevice |author= Mike Keller |date= August 23, 2011 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= October 23, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120706182705/http://www.pcworld.com/article/238653/jailbreaking_101_which_tool_to_use_to_hack_your_idevice.html |archive-date= July 6, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>
| {{dts|2011-10-18|format=mdy}}<ref name="geektech-howto" />
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 2nd generation [[Apple TV]]<ref name="geektech-howto" />
| 4.3
| 5.3 {{nowrap|6.1.2 (tethered)}}<ref name="geektech-howto" />
| {{Yes2|4.3 – 5.3}}<ref name="geektech-howto" />
|
|-

| redsn0w 0.9.15 beta 3<ref name="howto-ios5">{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.com/article/242116/how_to_jailbreak_your_ios_5_device.html |title= How to Jailbreak Your iOS 5 Device |author= Sarah Jacobsson Purewal |date= October 18, 2011 |work= [[PCWorld]] |publisher= [[IDG]] |access-date= October 23, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160508003229/http://www.pcworld.com/article/242116/how_to_jailbreak_your_ios_5_device.html |archive-date= May 8, 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="devteam-marchmadness">{{cite web |url=http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/18906290309/march-mayhem |title=March Mayhem |author=iPhone Dev Team |date=March 7, 2012 |publisher=Dev Team Blog |access-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904234756/http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/18906290309/march-mayhem |archive-date=September 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{dts|2012-11-1|format=mdy}}
| [[iPad 1|1]]<ref name="devteam-redsn0wbeta">{{cite web |url=http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/14857834236/untethered-holidays |title=Untethered holidays |author=iPhone Dev Team |date=December 27, 2011 |publisher=Dev Team Blog |access-date=December 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022105532/http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/14857834236/untethered-holidays |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="howto-ios5" /><ref name="engadget-redsn0wbeta">{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/21/redsn0w-mac-windows-corona-a5-jailbreak/ |title=RedSn0w updated for Mac and Windows: adds Corona A5 jailbreak, other tools |author=Edgar Alvarez |date=April 21, 2012 |publisher=Engadget |access-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421202112/http://www.engadget.com/2012/04/21/redsn0w-mac-windows-corona-a5-jailbreak/ |archive-date=April 21, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]
* [[iPhone 4|4]]<ref name="devteam-redsn0wbeta" /><ref name="howto-ios5" /><ref name="engadget-redsn0wbeta" />}}
| [[iPod Touch|1]]
| 4.1
| 6.1.6
| {{Rarely|}} {{Hidden begin|title=Depends}}
'''Untethered''': {{Flatlist|
* 4.1 – 4.3.3
* 4.2.6 – 4.2.8
* 5.0.1
* 5.1.1<ref name="devteam-predc">{{cite web |url=http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/24395681708/pre-dc |title=Dev-Team Blog – Pre-DC |date=June 4, 2012 |publisher=Dev-Team Blog |access-date=May 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019161808/http://blog.iphone-dev.org/post/24395681708/pre-dc |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 5.0 / 5.1 (only for [[IPhone 3GS#New boot ROM and 2011 baseband update|iPhone 3GS with old boot ROM]])<ref name="devteam-marchmadness" />}}
'''Tethered''': {{Flatlist|
* 4.2.9 – 4.2.10
* 4.3.4 – 4.3.5
* 5.0
* 5.1
* 6.0 – 6.1.6 (not available for devices newer than the iPhone 4, [[iPad 1]], or [[IPod Touch (4th generation)|iPod Touch 4]])<ref name="613-tutorial">{{cite web |url=http://www.redmondpie.com/jailbreak-ios-6.1.3-on-pre-a5-iphone-and-ipod-touch-using-redsn0w-how-to-tutorial |title=Jailbreak iOS 6.1.3 On Pre-A5 iPhone And iPod Touch Using Redsn0w [How-To Tutorial] |date=March 20, 2013 |publisher=Redmond Pie |access-date=May 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101182824/http://www.redmondpie.com/jailbreak-ios-6.1.3-on-pre-a5-iphone-and-ipod-touch-using-redsn0w-how-to-tutorial/ |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Hidden end}}
| [[iPhone Dev Team]]<ref name="devteam-redsn0wbeta" />
|-

| Absinthe 2.0.4<ref name="absinthe-cnet" />
| {{dts|2012-5-30|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 1|1]]
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]<ref name="absinthe-pcworld" />}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]
* [[iPhone 4|4]]
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]<ref name="absinthe-pcworld" />}}
| [[iPod Touch|1]]<ref name="absinthe-pcworld" />
| colspan="2"| 5.1.1<ref name="absinthe-pcworld" />
| {{yes}}<ref name="iphone4s-engadget" />
| pod2g, Chronic Dev Team, iPhone Dev Team<ref name="absinthe-cnet" />
|-

| [[evasi0n]]
| {{dts|2013-2-4|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]
* [[iPhone 4|4]]
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (4th generation)|4]]
* [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]}}
| 6.0
| 6.1.2<ref name=evashome>{{cite web|title= evasi0n iOS 7.0.x Jailbreak – official website of the evad3rs|url= http://evasi0n.com/|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130204000427/http://www.evasi0n.com/|archive-date= February 4, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref>
| {{yes}}
| pod2g, MuscleNerd, pimskeks, and planetbeing (evad3rs)
|-

| [[evasi0n]]7
| {{dts|2013-12-22|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4|4]]
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]}}
| [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]
| 7.0
| 7.0.6<ref name="evashome" />
| {{yes}}
| pod2g, MuscleNerd, pimskeks, and planetbeing (evad3rs)
|-

| p0sixspwn
| {{dts|2013-12-30|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 3GS|3GS]]
* [[iPhone 4|4]]
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (4th generation)|4]]
* [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]}}
| 6.1.3
| 6.1.6
| {{yes}}
| winocm, iH8sn0w, and SquiffyPwn
|-

| Pangu
| {{dts|2014-6-23|format=mdy}}<ref name=iclarified-pangu-release>{{cite web|title=Pangu Untethered Jailbreak of iOS 7.1.1 Has Been Released|url=http://www.iclarified.com/41824/pangu-untethered-jailbreak-of-ios-711-has-been-released|date=2014-06-23|access-date=2014-06-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828222008/http://www.iclarified.com/41824/pangu-untethered-jailbreak-of-ios-711-has-been-released|archive-date=2016-08-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]<ref name="iclarified-pangu-release" />}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4|4]]
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]<ref name="iclarified-pangu-release" />}}
| [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]<ref name="iclarified-pangu-release" />
| 7.1
| 7.1.2
| {{yes}}
| dm557, windknown, ogc557, and Daniel_K4 (@PanguTeam)
|-

| Pangu8
| {{dts|2014-10-22|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]}}
| [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]
| 8.0
| 8.1
| {{yes}}
| windknown, ogc557, Daniel_K4, zengbanxian, INT80 (@PanguTeam)
|-

| TaiG
| {{dts|2014-11-29|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]
* [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 8.0
| 8.4
| {{yes}}
| TaiG
|-

|[[PP Jailbreak|PPJailbreak]]
| {{dts|2015-01-18|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]
* [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 8.0
| 8.4
| {{yes}}
| PanguTeam and PPJailbreak
|-

| Pangu9
| {{dts|2015-10-14|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad 2|2]]
* [[iPad 3|3]]
* [[iPad 4|4]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 1|Mini 1]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini 4|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[iPhone 5|5]]
* [[iPhone 5C|5C]]
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]
* [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 9.0
| 9.1
| {{yes}}
| PanguTeam
|-

| Pangu9
| {{dts|2016-03-23|format=mdy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 4th generation [[Apple TV]]
| 9.0
| 9.0.1
| {{yes}}
| PanguTeam
|-

| LiberTV
| {{dts|2017-03-03|format=mdy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 4th generation [[Apple TV]]
| 9.1
| 10.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Marco Grassi, Luca Todesco, Jonathan Levin
|-

| LiberTV 1.1
| {{dts|2017-12-24|format=mdy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 4th & 5th generation (4K) [[Apple TV]]
| 11.0
| 11.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Marco Grassi, Luca Todesco, Jonathan Levin
|-

|PPJailbreak
| {{dts|2016-07-24|format=mdy}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini 4|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 9.2
| 9.3.3
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| PanguTeam and PPJailbreak
|-

| mach_portal + Yalu
| {{dts|2016-12-22}}
| [[iPad Pro|Pro]]
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[IPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[IPhone 7|7]]
* [[IPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]}}
|
| 10.0.1
| 10.1.1 (depends on device)
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Luca Todesco
|-

| yalu102
| {{dts|2017-01-26}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]}}
| [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]
| 10.0.1
| 10.2
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Luca Todesco and Marco Grassi
|-

| Phœnix
| {{dts|2017-08-06}}<ref>{{cite tweet |user=tihmstar |number=894341303630221314 |date=August 6, 2017 |title=Releasing Phoenix jailbreak for iOS 9.3.5 now! All 32bit devices supported! Be sure to check PGP signature :) https://phoenixpwn.com |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref>
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPad 2|2]]
* [[IPad (3rd generation)|3]]
* [[IPad (4th generation)|4]]
* [[IPad Mini (1st generation)|Mini]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[IPhone 5|5]]
* [[IPhone 5C|5C]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]}}
| colspan="2"| 9.3.5
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Siguza and tihmstar
|-

| Etason
| {{dts|2017-09-19}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://etasonjb.tihmstar.net|title=EtasonJB|website=etasonjb.tihmstar.net|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210210421/https://etasonjb.tihmstar.net/|archive-date=2017-12-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPad 2|2]]
* [[IPad (3rd generation)|3]]
* [[IPad (4th generation)|4]]
* [[IPad Mini (1st generation)|Mini]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPhone 4S|4S]]
* [[IPhone 5|5]]
* [[IPhone 5C|5C]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (5th generation)|5]]}}
| colspan="2"| 8.4.1
| {{yes}}
| tihmstar
|-

| Saïgon
| {{dts|2017-10-15}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| colspan="2"| 10.2.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Abraham Masri
|-

| h3lix
| {{dts|2017-12-24}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPad (4th generation)|4]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPhone 5|5]]
* [[IPhone 5C|5c]]}}
|
| 10.0
| 10.3.4
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| tihmstar
|-

| Meridian
|{{dts|2018-01-04}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[IPad (2017)|5]]
* [[IPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 10.0
| 10.3.3
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Sparkey, Ian Beer, Siguza, xerub, stek29, theninjaprawn, ARX8x, cheesecakeufo, FoxletFox, Sticktron, nullpixel, arpolix, EthanRDoesMC, CydiaBen, Comsecuris UG, Brandon Saldan, Lepidus, Cryptic, Samg_is_a_Ninja, M1sta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meridian.sparkes.zone|title=Meridian: iOS 10.x Jailbreak|last=Sparkes|first=Ben|website=meridian.sparkes.zone|language=en|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005208/https://meridian.sparkes.zone/|archive-date=2018-06-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-

| g0blin
|{{dts|2018-01-13}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[IPad (2017)|5]]
* [[IPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]}}
|{{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 10.3
| 10.3.3
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Sticktron, Siguza, Ian Beer, windknown, Luca Todesco, xerub, tihmstar, saurik, uroboro, Abraham Masri, arx8x, PsychoTea, Cryptic
|-
|Spyware.lol<ref name="spyware_home">[https://totally-not.spyware.lol/ Spyware.lol]</ref>
|September 7, 2018
|
* Air, Air 2
* iPad Mini 2, Mini 4, Mini 3
* iPad (5th generation)
* iPad Pro (9.7‑inch)
* iPad Pro (12.9‑inch)
* iPad Pro (10.5-inch)
* iPad Pro (12.9-inch) (2nd generation)
|
* iPhone SE
* iPhone 5s
* iPhone 6s
* iPhone 6
* iPhone 6s plus
* iPhone 6 plus
* iPhone 7
* iPhone 7 plus
|iPod Touch (6th Gen)
|10.0
|10.3.3
|Semi-Untethered
|JakeBlair420
|-

| LiberiOS
| {{dts|2017-12-25}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[IPhone 7|7]]
* [[IPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[IPhone 8|8]]
* [[IPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[IPhone X|X]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 11.0
| 11.1.2
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| Marco Grassi, Luca Todesco, Jonathan Levin, Ian Beer
|-

| Electra1112
| {{dts|2018-01-12}}
| {{Flatlist|* [[IPad (2017)|5]]
* [[IPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[iPhone 7|7]]
* [[iPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 8|8]]
* [[iPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[iPhone X|X]]}}
| {{flatlist|
* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 11.0
| 11.1.2
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| CoolStar, Ian Beer, xerub, Siguza, theninjaprawn, stek29, angelXwind, comex, isklikas, and goeo_, DHowett, and rpetrich
|-

| Electra1131
| July 7, 2018
|{{Flatlist|* [[IPad (2017)|5]]
* [[IPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[iPhone 7|7]]
* [[iPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 8|8]]
* [[iPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[iPhone X|X]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 11.0
| 11.4.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| CoolStar, Ian Beer, xerub, Siguza, theninjaprawn, Brandon Azad, stek29, Jamie Bishop, Pwn20wnd
|-

| ElectraTV
| {{dts|2018-07-12|format=mdy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 4th generation [[Apple TV]]
| 11.0
| 11.4.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
| nitoTV
|-

| unc0ver
| October 13, 2018
|{{Flatlist|* [[IPad (2017)|5]]
* [[IPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[iPhone 5S|5S]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6S|6S]]
* [[iPhone 6S Plus|6S Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[iPhone 7|7]]
* [[iPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 8|8]]
* [[iPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[iPhone X|X]]
* [[iPhone XS|XS]]
* [[iPhone XS Max|XS Max]]
* [[iPhone XR|XR]]
* [[iPhone 11|11]]
* [[iPhone 11 Pro|11 Pro]]
* [[iPhone 11 Pro Max|11 Pro Max]]
* [[iPhone SE (2nd generation)|SE (2nd)]]}}

|{{Flatlist|* [[iPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 11.0
| 13.5.5~b1 (excludes 13.5.1)
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|Pwn20wnd, Sam Bingner, Ian Beer, Brandon Azad, Jonathan Levin, xerub, sparkey, stek29, theninjaprawn
|-

| Chimera
|April 30, 2019
|{{Flatlist|* [[iPad (2017)|5]]
* [[iPad Air|Air]]
* [[iPad Air 2|Air 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 2|Mini 2]]
* [[iPad Mini 3|Mini 3]]
* [[iPad Mini (4th generation)|Mini 4]]
* [[iPad Pro|Pro]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[iPhone 5s|5s]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6s|6s]]
* [[iPhone 6s Plus|6s Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[iPhone 7|7]]
* [[iPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 8|8]]
* [[iPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[iPhone X|X]]
* [[iPhone XS|XS]]
* [[iPhone XS Max|XS Max]]
* [[iPhone XR|XR]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 12.0
| 12.5.1
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|Coolstar, Jamie Bishop, tri'angle, ninjaprawn, Brandon Azad, PsychoTea, Ayden Panhuyzen, Umang Raghuvanshi, aesign
|-

| checkra1n
|November 10, 2019
|{{Flatlist|* All 64-bit iPads}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[iPhone 5s|5s]]
* [[iPhone 6|6]]
* [[iPhone 6 Plus|6 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 6s|6s]]
* [[iPhone 6s Plus|6s Plus]]
* [[iPhone SE (1st generation)|SE (1st)]]
* [[iPhone 7|7]]
* [[iPhone 7 Plus|7 Plus]]
* [[iPhone 8|8]]
* [[iPhone 8 Plus|8 Plus]]
* [[iPhone X|X]] (all iPhones with A7 to A11 chips)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/09/unpatchable-bug-in-millions-of-ios-devices-exploited-developer-claims/?amp=1|title=Unpatchable bug in millions of iOS devices exploited, developer claims – Ars Technica|website=arstechnica.com|access-date=2019-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224135534/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/09/unpatchable-bug-in-millions-of-ios-devices-exploited-developer-claims/?amp=1|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
4th & 5th generation (4K) [[Apple TV]]}}
|{{Flatlist|* [[IPod Touch (6th generation)|6]]}}
| 12.0+
|14.5
| {{Rarely|Semi-Tethered}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://checkra.in|title=checkra1n Official Website|website=checkra.in|access-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603223453/https://checkra.in/|archive-date=2020-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
|argp, axi0mx, danyl931, jaywalker, kirb, littlelailo, nitoTV, nullpixel, pimskeks, qwertyoruiop, sbingner, siguza, haifisch, jndok, jonseals, xerub, lilstevie, psychotea, sferrini, Cellebrite, et al.
|-

| EtasonATV
| {{dts|2020-01-22|format=mdy}}
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 3rd generation [[Apple TV]]
| colspan="2"| 7.4+
| {{yes}}
| tihmstar
|-
|Fugu
|February 02, 2020
|All [[Apple A10|A10]]-[[Apple A10X|A10X]]-based iPads
|All [[Apple A10|A10]]-[[Apple A10X|A10X]]-based iPhones
|No support
|13.0
|13.5.1| 13.5.1
| {{Rarely|Semi-Tethered}}
|Linus Henze
|-
|Odyssey
|August 28, 2020
|All iPads that support iOS 13
|iPhone 6s or newer
|7
|13.0
|13.7
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|CoolStar, Hayden Seay, 23Aaron, Tihmstar
|-
|unc0ver
|February 27, 2021
|[[Apple A14|A14]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|[[Apple A14|A14]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|[[Apple A10|A10]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|14.0
|14.8
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|Pwn20wnd, Sam Bingner, Siguza, Jake James, Ubik, Dennis Bednarz, exDeveloper
|-
|Taurine
|April 1, 2021
|[[Apple A14|A14]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|[[Apple A14|A14]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|[[Apple A10|A10]] and below that support [[iOS 14]]
|14.0
|14.3| 14.3
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|CoolStar, tihmstar, Diatrus, 23 Aaron, ModernPwner, pattern-f
|-
|Fugu14
|October 24, 2021
|All [[Apple A12|A12]]-[[Apple A14|A14]]-based iPads
|All [[Apple A12|A12]]-[[Apple A14|A14]]-based iPhones
|No support
|14.2
|14.5.1| 14.5.1
| {{yes}}
|Linus Henze
|-
|Most Likely unc0ver/Taurine15(Codenamed)
|Date of Edit: March 23, 2022 Likely release date is less than 2 months.
|Most Likely [[Apple A15|A15]] and below that support [[iOS 15]]
|Most Likely [[Apple A15|A15]] and below that support [[iOS 15]]
|Most Likely [[Apple A10|A10]] and below that support [[iOS 15]]
|15.0
|15.1.1| 15.1.1 The jailbreak will most likely support iOS 15.0 - 15.1.1 for all devices. Support for iOS 15.2 - 15.3.1 will be added for A11 and devices that are below.
| {{Partial|Semi-Untethered}}
|unc0ver: Pwn20wnd, Sam Bingner, Siguza, Jake James, Ubik, Dennis Bednarz, exDeveloper Taurine15: CoolStar, tihmstar, Diatrus, 23 Aaron, ModernPwner, pattern-f
|}

== History of exploit-disabling patch releases ==
Apple has released various updates to iOS that patch exploits used by jailbreak utilities; this includes a patch released in iOS 6.1.3 to software exploits used by the original [[evasi0n]] iOS 6–6.1.2 jailbreak, in iOS 7.1 patching the Evasi0n 7 jailbreak for iOS 7–7.0.6-7.1 beta 3. Boot ROM exploits (exploits found in the hardware of the device) cannot be patched by Apple system updates but can be fixed in hardware revisions such as new chips or new hardware in its entirety, as occurred with the iPhone 3GS in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title = Apple adds jailbreak resistance to recent iPhone 3GS models|url = https://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/10/apple-adds-jailbreak-resistance-to-recent-iphone-3gs-models/|access-date = 2015-06-20|date = 2009-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150621040227/http://arstechnica.com/apple/2009/10/apple-adds-jailbreak-resistance-to-recent-iphone-3gs-models/|archive-date = 2015-06-21|url-status = live}}</ref>

On July 15, 2011, Apple released a new iOS version that closed the exploit used in [[JailbreakMe]] 3.0. The German [[Federal Office for Information Security]] had reported that JailbreakMe uncovered the "critical weakness" that information could be stolen or [[malware]] unwillingly downloaded by iOS users clicking on maliciously crafted [[PDF]] files.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news-record.com/content/2011/07/08/article/security_holes_discovered_in_iphones_ipads|title=Security holes discovered in iPhones, iPads|last=Robertson|first=Jordan|work=[[News & Record]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=July 8, 2011|access-date=July 9, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711154914/http://www.news-record.com/content/2011/07/08/article/security_holes_discovered_in_iphones_ipads|archive-date=July 11, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Before Apple released a fix for this security hole, jailbreak users had access to a fix published by the developer of JailbreakMe.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

On January 27, 2015, Apple released [[iOS]] 8.1.3 that patched up the exploits used in jailbreak for [[iOS]] 8.0–8.1.2. It was not possible to jailbreak until the iOS 8.3 update.

On August 13, 2015, Apple updated iOS to 8.4.1, patching the TaiG exploit. Pangu and Taig teams both said they were working on exploiting iOS 8.4.1, and Pangu demonstrated these chances at the WWDC 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobileswire.com/ios-8-4-1-jailbreak-status-updated/|title=Taig and Pangu working on Jailbreak for IOS 8.4.1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060032/http://www.mobileswire.com/ios-8-4-1-jailbreak-status-updated/ |archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

On September 16, 2015, iOS 9 was announced and made available; it was released with a new "Rootless" security system, dubbed a "heavy blow" to the jailbreaking community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ioshacker.com/news/ios-9s-rootless-security-system-dubbed-as-a-heavy-blow-to-jailbreak-community|title=iOS 9's Rootless security system dubbed as a 'heavy blow' to jailbreak community|access-date=10 October 2015|date=2015-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122034602/http://ioshacker.com/news/ios-9s-rootless-security-system-dubbed-as-a-heavy-blow-to-jailbreak-community|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 21, 2015, seven days after the Pangu iOS 9.0–9.0.2 Jailbreak release, Apple pushed the iOS 9.1 update, which contained a patch that rendered it nonfunctional.<ref name="TechCrunch Pangu">{{cite web|title = Apple's iOS 9.1 Shuts Down The Pangu Hacking Team's Jailbreak|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/10/21/apples-ios-9-1-shuts-down-the-pangu-hacking-teams-jailbreak/|website = TechCrunch|access-date = 2015-11-11|first = Sarah|last = Perez|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151111113527/http://techcrunch.com/2015/10/21/apples-ios-9-1-shuts-down-the-pangu-hacking-teams-jailbreak/|archive-date = 2015-11-11|url-status = live}}</ref>

On August 4, 2016, Apple released iOS version 9.3.4 to patch the semi-untethered jailbreak for 64-bit devices.

On August 25, 2016, Apple released iOS version 9.3.5 to patch three important vulnerabilities used for the secret jailbreak from the Pegasus Malware from the NSO Group.

On January 23, 2017, Apple released iOS 10.2.1 to patch jailbreak exploits released by Google for the Yalu iOS 10 jailbreak created by Luca Todesco.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT207482|title=About the security content of iOS 10.2.1|work=Apple Support|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216105636/https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT207482|archive-date=2017-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 2, 2017, iOS 11.2 was released and included a patch to the async_wake exploit by Ian Beer of Google Project Zero.

On May 29, 2018, iOS 11.4 was released, including a patch to 2 exploits (empty_list and multi_path) by Ian Beer of Google Project Zero.

On January 22, 2019, iOS 12.1.3 was released, including a patch to an exploit (voucher_swap), found independently by both Brandon Azad of Google Project Zero, and Zhuo Liang of Qihoo 360 Nirvan Team.

On May 13, 2019, iOS 12.3 was released, including a patch to an exploit (sock_puppet) by Ned Williamson of Google Project Zero. However, on the 18th of August 2019, it became known that Apple accidentally reintroduced these vulnerabilities in iOS 12.4, making it possible to jailbreak 12.4 with the same exploits as pre-12.3 versions.

On August 26, 2019, Apple released the 12.4.1 update, re-patching the exploit (sock_puppet) by Ned Williamson of Google Project Zero.

On November 10, 2019, a group of developers released a jailbreak named "Checkra1n", which exploits the chips found in devices ranging from A5-A11 devices. This was the first jailbreak to feature a boot ROM exploit in a decade. The tool utilizes the "Checkm8" exploit developed by Axi0mX.

On December 10, 2019, Apple used [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act|DMCA]] takedown requests to remove posts from Twitter. The tweet contained an encryption key that could potentially be used to reverse engineer the iPhone's Secure Enclave. Apple later retracted the claim, and the tweet was reinstated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clover |first1=Juli |title=Apple Used DMCA Takedown to Temporarily Remove Tweet With iPhone Encryption Key |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2019/12/11/apple-iphone-encryption-dmca-tweet-takedown/ |website=macrumors.com |access-date=16 December 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213092141/https://www.macrumors.com/2019/12/11/apple-iphone-encryption-dmca-tweet-takedown/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On June 1, 2020, Apple released the 13.5.1 update, patching the 0 day exploit used by the Unc0ver jailbreak.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=2020-06-01|title=Apple releases iOS 13.5.1, patching out the Unc0ver jailbreak|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277281/apple-ios-13-5-1-patch-unc0ver-jailbreak-update-software-install|access-date=2020-06-16|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

On September 20, 2021, Apple released [[IOS 15|iOS/iPadOS 15]], which introduced signed system volume security to iOS/iPadOS, meaning that any changes to the root file system will make the device unbootable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signed system volume security in macOS |url=https://support.apple.com/guide/security/signed-system-volume-security-secd698747c9/web |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Apple Support |language=en}}</ref>

== Legality ==
The legal status of jailbreaking is affected by laws regarding circumvention of digital locks, such as laws protecting [[digital rights management]] (DRM) mechanisms. Many countries do not have such laws, and some countries have laws including exceptions for jailbreaking.

International treaties have influenced the development of laws affecting jailbreaking. The 1996 [[World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty|World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty]] requires nations party to the treaties to enact laws against DRM circumvention. The American implementation is the [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), which includes a process for establishing exemptions for non-copyright-infringing purposes such as jailbreaking. The 2001 [[Copyright Directive|European Copyright Directive]] implemented the treaty in Europe, requiring member states of the [[European Union]] to implement legal protections for technological protection measures. The Copyright Directive includes exceptions to allow breaking those measures for non-copyright-infringing purposes, such as jailbreaking to run alternative software,<ref name="Duncan Geere">{{cite magazine |author=Duncan Geere |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-07/28/investigation-is-it-legal-to-jailbreak-a-uk-iphone |title=Investigation: Is it legal to jailbreak a UK iPhone? |magazine=Wired UK |date=July 28, 2010 |access-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031034914/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-07/28/investigation-is-it-legal-to-jailbreak-a-uk-iphone |archive-date=October 31, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> but member states vary on the implementation of the directive.

While Apple technically does not support jailbreaking as a violation of its EULA, jailbreaking communities have generally not been legally threatened by Apple. At least two prominent jailbreakers have been given positions at Apple, albeit in at least one case a temporary one.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenberg|first1=Andy|title=iPhone Uber-Hacker Comex Is Out At Apple|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/10/18/iphone-uber-hacker-comex-is-out-at-apple/|website=Forbes|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923004600/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/10/18/iphone-uber-hacker-comex-is-out-at-apple/|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="After Doing Insane Things With iOS, Jailbreak Hacker Winocm Joins Apple">{{cite web|last1=Heath|first1=Alex|title=After Doing "Insane Things With iOS," Jailbreak Hacker Winocm Joins Apple|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/267419/ios-jailbreak-hacker-winocm-joining-apple-later-year/|website=Cult of Mac|access-date=22 November 2015|date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122234134/http://www.cultofmac.com/267419/ios-jailbreak-hacker-winocm-joining-apple-later-year/|archive-date=22 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Apple has also regularly (though possibly somewhat jokingly) thanked jailbreak communities for detecting security holes in iOS release notes.<ref name="8.4.1 release notes">{{cite web|title=8.4.1 release notes|url=https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT205030|publisher=Apple|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165029/https://support.apple.com/en-gb/HT205030|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apple's support article concerning jailbreaking claims that they "may deny service for an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch that has installed any unauthorized software."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201954|title=Unauthorized modification of iOS can cause security vulnerabilities, instability, shortened battery life, and other issues|newspaper=Apple Support|access-date=2017-02-14|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223205502/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201954|archive-date=2016-12-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, anyone who is jailbroken, warranty or not, may or may not get support from Apple considering assistance with jailbreaking.

=== Australia ===
In 2010, [[Electronic Frontiers Australia]] said that it is unclear whether jailbreaking is legal in Australia, and that anti-circumvention laws may apply.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/223713,could-jailbreaking-your-iphone-land-you-in-jail.aspx |title= Could jailbreaking your iPhone land you in jail? |author= Rosalyn Page |date= August 5, 2010 |publisher= PC & Tech Authority |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021010517/http://www.pcauthority.com.au/News/223713,could-jailbreaking-your-iphone-land-you-in-jail.aspx |archive-date= October 21, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> These laws had been strengthened by the [[Copyright law of Australia#Copyright Amendment Act 2006|Copyright Amendment Act 2006]].

=== Canada ===
In November 2012, Canada [[Copyright law of Canada#Reform (1988–2012)|amended its Copyright Act]] with new provisions prohibiting tampering with DRM protection, with exceptions including software interoperability.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6692/125/ |title= Canadian Copyright Reform In Force: Expanded User Rights Now the Law |author= [[Michael Geist]] |date= November 7, 2012 |publisher= michaelgeist.ca |access-date= November 13, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121109182709/http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6692/125 |archive-date= November 9, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Jailbreaking a device to run alternative software is a form of circumventing digital locks for the purpose of software interoperability.

There had been several efforts from 2008–2011 to amend the Copyright Act (Bill C-60, [[Bill C-61 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session)|Bill C-61]], and [[Bill C-32 (40th Canadian Parliament, 3rd Session)|Bill C-32]]) to prohibit tampering with digital locks, along with initial proposals for C-11 that were more restrictive,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/02/canadas-c-11-bill-and-hazards-digital-locks-provisions |title=Canada's C-11 Bill and the Hazards of Digital Locks Provisions |publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation |date=February 10, 2012 |access-date=October 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017235618/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2012/02/canadas-c-11-bill-and-hazards-digital-locks-provisions |archive-date=October 17, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> but those bills were set aside. In 2011, [[Michael Geist]], a Canadian copyright scholar, cited iPhone jailbreaking as a non-copyright-related activity that overly-broad Copyright Act amendments could prohibit.<ref>{{cite news |author= The Canadian Press |url= http://www.ctvnews.ca/phone-jailbreaking-allows-users-to-hack-their-phone-1.707707 |title= Phone 'jailbreaking' allows users to hack their phone |publisher= CTV News |date= October 13, 2011 |access-date= October 17, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121107105637/http://www.ctvnews.ca/phone-jailbreaking-allows-users-to-hack-their-phone-1.707707 |archive-date= November 7, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== India ===
[[Copyright law of India|India's copyright law]] permits circumventing DRM for non-copyright-infringing purposes.<ref name="copyright-india">{{cite web |url= http://cis-india.org/a2k/blog/analysis-copyright-amendment-bill-2012/tpm-copyright-amendment |title= Technological Protection Measures in the Copyright (Amendment) Bill, 2010 |author= Pranesh Prakash |date= April 29, 2010 |publisher= [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]] |access-date= November 10, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120920045947/http://cis-india.org/a2k/blog/analysis-copyright-amendment-bill-2012/tpm-copyright-amendment |archive-date= September 20, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="copyright-india-ars">{{cite web |url= https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/04/indias-copyright-proposals-are-un-american-and-thats-bad/ |title= India's copyright proposals are un-American (and that's bad) |author= Nate Anderson |date= April 22, 2010 |work= [[Ars Technica]] |publisher= [[Condé Nast]] |access-date= November 10, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121203011221/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2010/04/indias-copyright-proposals-are-un-american-and-thats-bad/ |archive-date= December 3, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> Parliament introduced a bill including this DRM provision in 2010 and passed it in 2012 as Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cis-india.org/a2k/blog/analysis-copyright-amendment-bill-2012 |title= Analysis of the Copyright (Amendment) Bill 2012 |author= Pranesh Prakash |date= May 23, 2012 |publisher= [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]] |access-date= November 10, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120526223828/http://cis-india.org/a2k/blog/analysis-copyright-amendment-bill-2012 |archive-date= May 26, 2012 |url-status= live }}</ref> India is not a signatory to the WIPO Copyright Treaty that requires laws against DRM circumvention, but being listed on the US [[Special 301 Report]] "Priority Watch List" applied pressure to develop stricter copyright laws in line with the WIPO treaty.<ref name="copyright-india" /><ref name="copyright-india-ars" />

=== New Zealand ===
[[Copyright law of New Zealand|New Zealand's copyright law]] allows the use of technological protection measure (TPM) circumvention methods as long as the use is for legal, non-copyright-infringing purposes.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Michael Geist]] |url=http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/2829/125/ |title=New Zealand's Digital Copyright Law Demonstrates Anti-Circumvention Flexibility |publisher=Michael Geist |date=April 10, 2008 |access-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419083000/http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/2829/125/ |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Stephen Bell |url=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/law-changes-required-before-nz-ratifies-acta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930234801/http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/news/law-changes-required-before-nz-ratifies-acta |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |title=Law changes required before NZ ratifies ACTA |publisher=ComputerWorld New Zealand |date=September 30, 2011 |access-date=October 26, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> This law was added to the [[Copyright Act 1994]] as part of the [[Copyright (New Technologies) Amendment Act 2008]].

=== Singapore ===
Jailbreaking might be legal in Singapore if done to provide interoperability and not circumvent copyright, but that has not been tested in court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalone.com.sg/news/article/12884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815122823/http://www.digitalone.com.sg/news/article/12884 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 15, 2010 |title=iPhone jailbreak may be legal here, but... But there will be certain legal provisions. |author=Kenny Chee |date=August 12, 2010 |work=DigitalOne |publisher=[[AsiaOne]] |access-date=November 10, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
The law [[Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003]] makes circumventing DRM protection measures legal for the purpose of interoperability but not copyright infringement. Jailbreaking may be a form of circumvention covered by that law, but this has not been tested in court.<ref name="Duncan Geere" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/apple/3344366/how-jailbreak-your-iphone/ |title= How to jailbreak your iPhone: Unleash the full potential of your iPhone |author= Jim Martin |date= March 14, 2012 |publisher= PC Advisor |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121222040110/http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/how-to/apple/3344366/how-jailbreak-your-iphone/ |archive-date= December 22, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Competition laws may also be relevant.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/30/07/2010/49177/iphone-jailbreaking-is-okay-under-eu-law.htm |title= iPhone jailbreaking is 'okay under EU law' |author= Warwick Ashford |date= July 30, 2010 |work= Computer Weekly |publisher= Electronics Weekly |access-date=January 21, 2013}}</ref>

=== United States ===
The main law that affects the legality of iOS jailbreaking in the United States is the 1998 [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]] (DMCA), which says "no person shall circumvent a [[digital rights management|technological measure]] that effectively controls access to a work protected under" the DMCA, since this may apply to jailbreaking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/77fr65260.pdf |title=Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies |author=Copyright Office, Library of Congress |date=October 2012 |publisher=Federal Register |access-date=February 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104025052/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/77fr65260.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Every three years, the law allows the public to propose exemptions for legitimate reasons for circumvention, which last three years if approved. In 2010 and 2012, the U.S. Copyright Office approved exemptions that allowed smartphone users to jailbreak their devices legally,<ref>{{cite news |author=David Goldman |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/07/26/technology/iphone_jailbreaking/ |title=Jailbreaking iPhone apps is now legal |work=CNN Money |date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830035354/http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/26/technology/iphone_jailbreaking/ |archive-date=August 30, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2015 the Copyright Office approved an expanded exemption that also covers other all-purpose mobile computing devices, such as tablets.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/10/28/2015-27212/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control#h-17|title = Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies|date = October 28, 2015|access-date = November 20, 2015|website = Federal Register|publisher = The United States Government|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151121174458/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/10/28/2015-27212/exemption-to-prohibition-on-circumvention-of-copyright-protection-systems-for-access-control#h-17|archive-date = November 21, 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> It is still possible Apple may employ technical countermeasures to prevent jailbreaking or prevent jailbroken phones from functioning.<ref name="otm" /> It is unclear whether it is legal to traffic in the tools used to make jailbreaking easy.<ref name="otm">{{cite web |url=http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2010/07/30/03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731150659/http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2010/07/30/03 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 31, 2010 |title=Transcript of "Jailbreak?" (July 30, 2010) |publisher=On The Media |date=July 30, 2010 |access-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, Apple announced that jailbreaking "can violate the warranty".<ref name="cult">{{cite web |url= http://www.cultofmac.com/apples-official-response-to-dmca-jailbreak-exemption-it-voids-your-warranty/52463 |title= Apple's Official Response To DMCA Jailbreak Exemption: It Voids Your Warranty |author= Leander Kahney |date= July 26, 2010 |publisher= Cult Of Mac |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131123142844/http://www.cultofmac.com/apples-official-response-to-dmca-jailbreak-exemption-it-voids-your-warranty/52463 |archive-date= November 23, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> This may be affected by the [[Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act]].

==== Digital Millennium Copyright Act exemptions ====
In 2007, [[Tim Wu]], a professor at [[Columbia Law School]], argued that jailbreaking "Apple's superphone is legal, ethical, and just plain fun."<ref name="slate-wu">{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/id/2175304/ |title= The iPhone Freedom Fighters |author= Tim Wu |date= October 4, 2007 |work= Technology |publisher= Slate |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110924084544/http://www.slate.com/id/2175304 |archive-date= September 24, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> Wu cited an explicit exemption issued by the [[Library of Congress]] in 2006 for personal carrier unlocking, which notes that locks "are used by wireless carriers to limit the ability of subscribers to switch to other carriers, a business decision that has nothing whatsoever to do with the interests protected by copyright" and thus do not implicate the DMCA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.pdf |title=Federal Register: Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for |access-date=September 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710102554/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2006/71fr68472.pdf |archive-date=July 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wu did not claim that this exemption applies to those who help others unlock a device or "traffic" in software to do so.<ref name="slate-wu" />

In 2010, in response to a request by the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], the [[United States Copyright Office|U.S. Copyright Office]] explicitly recognized an exemption to the DMCA to permit jailbreaking in order to allow iPhone owners to use their phones with applications that are not available from Apple's store, and to unlock their iPhones for use with unapproved carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/1201/ |title=Copyright office provides exemption to DMCA |publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806213422/http://www.copyright.gov/1201/ |archive-date=August 6, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20011661-38.html |title= Feds say mobile-phone jailbreaking is OK |author= Declan McCullagh |date= July 26, 2010 |work= [[CNET]] |publisher= [[CBS Interactive]] |access-date= October 26, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193710/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20011661-38.html |archive-date= October 7, 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] had previously filed comments opposing this exemption and indicated that it had considered jailbreaking to be a violation of copyright (and by implication prosecutable under the DMCA). Apple's request to define copyright law to include jailbreaking as a violation was denied as part of the 2009 DMCA rulemaking. In their ruling, the Library of Congress affirmed on July 26, 2010, that jailbreaking is exempt from DMCA rules with respect to circumventing digital locks. DMCA exemptions must be reviewed and renewed every three years or else they expire.

On October 28, 2012, the US Copyright Office released a new exemption ruling. The jailbreaking of smartphones continued to be legal "where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of [lawfully obtained software] applications with computer programs on the telephone handset." However, the U.S. Copyright office refused to extend this exemption to tablets, such as iPads, arguing that the term "tablets" is broad and ill-defined, and an exemption to this class of devices could have unintended side effects.<ref name="U.S. Copyright Office 2013 Ruling">{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/2012-26308_PI.pdf |title=Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies |publisher=U.S. Copyright Office |access-date=October 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119084311/http://www.copyright.gov/fedreg/2012/2012-26308_PI.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ars-jailbreaking-2012">{{cite web |author=Timothy B. Lee |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/10/jailbreaking-now-legal-under-dmca-for-smartphones-but-not-tablets/ |title=Jailbreaking now legal under DMCA for smartphones, but not tablets |work=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=October 25, 2012 |access-date=October 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027192318/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/10/jailbreaking-now-legal-under-dmca-for-smartphones-but-not-tablets/ |archive-date=October 27, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Android Police">{{cite web |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/10/26/new-dmca-exemptions-allow-rooting-phones-but-not-tablets-unapproved-phone-unlocks-will-be-a-thing-of-the-past/ |title=New DMCA Exemptions Allow Rooting Phones (But Not Tablets), Unapproved Phone Unlocks Will Be A Thing Of The Past |publisher=Android Police |access-date=October 31, 2012 |date=2012-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030123310/http://www.androidpolice.com/2012/10/26/new-dmca-exemptions-allow-rooting-phones-but-not-tablets-unapproved-phone-unlocks-will-be-a-thing-of-the-past/ |archive-date=October 30, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Copyright Office also renewed the 2010 exemption for unofficially unlocking phones to use them on unapproved carriers, but restricted this exemption to phones purchased before January 26, 2013.<ref name="ars-jailbreaking-2012" /> In 2015, these exemptions were extended to include other devices, including tablets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=2015-10-27|title=US government says it's now okay to jailbreak your tablet and smart TV|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/27/9622066/jailbreak-unlocked-tablet-smart-tvs-dmca-exemption-library-of-congress|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

==BigBoss==
BigBoss (previously TheBigBoss.org) is a [[software repository]] and blog for jailbreaking. It publishes news on the topic and allows developers to host tweaks and other extensions.<ref>{{Cite web | last=| first=| date=| title=Submit Your App/Tweak| url=http://thebigboss.org/hosting-repository-cydia/submission| url-status=live| archive-url=| archive-date=| access-date=2021-01-15| website=BigBoss| language=en-US}}</ref> It was one of the first repositories to exist for the [[Cydia]] package manager, launched in April 2008 by Sleepers Repository. It comes preinstalled with all copies of [[Cydia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | last=Freeman| first=Jay| date=| title=Repositories · Cydia| url=https://cydia.saurik.com/faq/repositories.html| url-status=live| archive-url=| archive-date=| access-date=2021-01-15| website=cydia.saurik.com}}</ref>

While the majority of the packages are for older iOS versions, it still receives a steady flow of new packages. While it was originally founded by pseudonymous developer and namesake, BigBoss, it is currently run by 0ptimo, who maintains it and ensures its reliability.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| last=| first=| date=2008-04-03| title=iPhone News & Review| url=http://sleepers.net:80/news/?page_id=4| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403031045/http://sleepers.net/news/?page_id=4| archive-date=2008-04-03| access-date=2021-01-15| website=Sleepers Repository / BigBoss}}</ref>

=== Software ===
In addition to the news and software hosting website, BigBoss also distributed many utilities that ran on jailbroken devices. These included SBSettings, BossPrefs, BossPaper, Categories, and Flashlight.<ref>{{Cite web | title=SBSettings · Cydia | url=http://cydia.saurik.com/package/sbsettings/| access-date=2021-01-15| website=cydia.saurik.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last=| first=| date=2009-05-21| title=BigBoss is prepared for 3.0| url=http://thebigboss.org/bigboss-prep-for-30| url-status=live| archive-url=| archive-date=| access-date=2021-01-15| website=| language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=BossPaper · Cydia | url=http://cydia.saurik.com/package/bosspaper/| access-date=2021-01-15| website=cydia.saurik.com}}</ref>

===Blog history===
On October 18, 2008, the site rebranded from Sleepers Repository to TheBigBoss.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2008-10-18|title=Site Move|url=http://thebigboss.org/site-move|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-15|website=BigBoss|language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 8, 2009, Cydia Store launched, allowing users to purchase software products from the repository. Previously, it had only consisted of free software.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-03-08|title=Cydia Store Alive|url=http://thebigboss.org/cydia-store-alive|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-15|website=BigBoss|language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2014, the website was hacked, leaking the entire database and collection of packages (including paid products).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Page|first=Sébastien|date=2014-07-18|title=BigBoss repo allegedly hacked [updated]|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2014/07/18/bigboss-repo-hacked-ripbigboss/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-19|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2017, other significant early Cydia Store repositories, ModMy and ZodTTD, shut down, making BigBoss one of the last original repositories standing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Major Cydia Repositories Shut Down as Jailbreaking Fades in Popularity|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/11/23/modmyi-macciti-cydia-repos-shut-down/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2018, the Cydia Store shut down, meaning that no new packages could be purchased. Packages that have been previously paid for can still be installed, and free packages can still be installed. New repositories have been creating and using their own payment systems. E<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cao|first=Peter|date=2018-12-15|title=Purchases in the Cydia Store, available for jailbroken devices, no longer supported|url=https://9to5mac.com/2018/12/14/the-app-store-for-jailbroken-devices-cydia-officially-shuts-down/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=9to5Mac|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Risks ==
=== Security, privacy and stability ===
The first [[iPhone]] [[Computer worm|worm]], [[Ikee|iKee]], appeared in early November 2009, created by a 21-year-old [[Australia]]n student in the town of [[Wollongong, New South Wales|Wollongong]]. He told Australian media that he created the worm to raise awareness of security issues: jailbreaking allows users to install an [[Secure Shell|SSH]] service, which those users can leave in the default insecure state.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brigid Andersen|date=November 9, 2009|title=Australian admits creating first iPhone virus|newspaper=[[ABC Online]]|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-11-09/australian-admits-creating-first-iphone-virus/1135474|url-status=live|access-date=October 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202235511/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-11-09/australian-admits-creating-first-iphone-virus/1135474|archive-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref> In the same month, [[F-Secure]] reported on a new malicious worm compromising bank transactions from jailbroken phones in the [[Netherlands]], similarly affecting devices where the owner had installed SSH without changing the default password.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 23, 2009|title=New iPhone worm can act like botnet say experts|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8373739.stm|url-status=live|access-date=April 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112072331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8373739.stm|archive-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mikko|date=November 22, 2009|title=Malicious iPhone Worm|url=http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001822.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151635/http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001822.html|archive-date=November 25, 2009|access-date=April 10, 2010|work=News from the Lab|publisher=F-secure}}</ref>

In 2010 blogger [[John Gruber]], who is close to Apple, said that users misunderstood some jailbreak exploits and that they were more serious than they appear. He commented that "it's odd how the press is mostly covering this as 'jailbreaking now more convenient' rather than 'remote code exploit now in the wild'", pointing out that the exploit allowed the creator of a malicious website to take control of iPhones accessing it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gruber|first1=John|title=PDF security exploit|url=http://daringfireball.net/linked/2010/08/02/jailbreakme|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910081404/http://daringfireball.net/linked/2010/08/02/jailbreakme|archive-date=10 September 2015|access-date=15 August 2015|website=Daring Fireball}}</ref> Restoring a device with iTunes removes a jailbreak.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adrian Kingsley-Hughes|date=May 28, 2011|title='Should I Jailbreak My iPhone?' And Other Jailbreaking Questions Answered|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adriankingsleyhughes/2012/05/28/should-i-jailbreak-my-iphone-and-other-jailbreaking-questions-answered/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111071651/http://www.forbes.com/sites/adriankingsleyhughes/2012/05/28/should-i-jailbreak-my-iphone-and-other-jailbreaking-questions-answered/|archive-date=November 11, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2012|work=Tech|publisher=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Sharon Vaknin|date=June 27, 2012|title=How to unjailbreak your iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch and is illegal|url=http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57462343-285/how-to-unjailbreak-your-iphone-ipad-or-ipod-touch/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117235856/http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57462343-285/how-to-unjailbreak-your-iphone-ipad-or-ipod-touch/|archive-date=November 17, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2012|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher Breen|date=December 29, 2008|title=The Best IPhone Apps Not in the App Store|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/156099/best_iphone_apps.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017135219/http://www.pcworld.com/article/156099/best_iphone_apps.html|archive-date=October 17, 2012|access-date=November 14, 2012|work=[[PCWorld]]|publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref> However, doing so generally updates the device to the latest, and possibly non-jailbreakable, version, due to Apple's use of [[SHSH blob]]s. There are many applications that aim to prevent this, by restoring the devices to the same version they are currently running whilst removing the jailbreaks. Examples are, Succession, Semi-Restore and Cydia Eraser.

In 2012, Forbes staff analyzed a UCSB study on 1,407 free programs available from Apple and a third-party source. Of the 1,407 free apps investigated, 825 were downloaded from Apple's App Store using the website App Tracker, and 526 from BigBoss (Cydia's default repository). 21% of official apps tested leaked device ID and 4% leaked location. Unofficial apps leaked 4% and 0.2% respectively. 0.2% of apps from Cydia leaked photos and browsing history, while the App Store leaked none. Unauthorized apps tended to respect privacy better than official ones.<ref name="forbes-leak">{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|date=February 14, 2012|title=Unauthorized iPhone And iPad Apps Leak Private Data Less Often Than Approved Ones|work=Tech|publisher=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/02/14/unauthorized-iphone-and-ipad-apps-leak-private-data-less-often-than-approved-ones/|url-status=live|access-date=February 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214225355/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/02/14/unauthorized-iphone-and-ipad-apps-leak-private-data-less-often-than-approved-ones/|archive-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref> Also, a program available in Cydia called PrivaCy allows user to control the upload of usage statistics to remote servers.<ref name="forbes-leak" />

In August 2015, the [[KeyRaider]] malware was discovered, affecting only jailbroken iPhones.<ref>{{cite news|author=Joseph Steinberg|date=August 31, 2015|title=Massive iPhone User Data Breach: What You Need to Know|work=Inc.|url=http://www.inc.com/joseph-steinberg/massive-iphone-user-data-breach-what-you-need-to-know.html|url-status=live|access-date=September 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902233723/http://www.inc.com/joseph-steinberg/massive-iphone-user-data-breach-what-you-need-to-know.html|archive-date=September 2, 2015}}</ref>

=== Fake/scam jailbreaks ===
In recent years, due to the technical complexity and often rarity of legitimate jailbreaking software, most especially untethered jailbreaks, there has been an increase in fake iOS devices. These websites often ask payment or make heavy use of advertising, but have no jailbreak to offer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-10-23|title=Don't Ever Pay For a Jailbreak, Ever|url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2011/10/23/dont-ever-pay-for-a-jailbreak-ever/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109233302/https://www.idownloadblog.com/2011/10/23/dont-ever-pay-for-a-jailbreak-ever/|archive-date=2019-11-09|access-date=2019-11-09|website=iDownloadBlog.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Others install a fake, lookalike version of the [[Cydia]] package manager.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Security|first=Paul Wagenseil 2019-10-16T17:00:34Z|title=iPhone Jailbreak Scam Puts Ads on Your Phone|url=https://www.tomsguide.com/news/iphone-jailbreak-scam-puts-ads-on-your-phone|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109233301/https://www.tomsguide.com/news/iphone-jailbreak-scam-puts-ads-on-your-phone|archive-date=2019-11-09|access-date=2019-11-09|website=Tom's Guide|language=en}}</ref> In some cases, users have been asked to download [[free-to-play]] apps or fill out surveys to complete a (non-existent) jailbreak.

== See also ==
* [[Hacking of consumer electronics]]
* [[iOS version history]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
.<ref name="github_2019-03-22">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/pwn20wndstuff/Undecimus|title=GitHub - pwn20wndstuff/Undecimus: unc0ver jailbreak for iOS 11.0: 12.1.2.|date=March 22, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2019|via=GitHub|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320081821/https://github.com/pwn20wndstuff/Undecimus|archive-date=March 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="twitter_Pwn20wnd">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Pwn20wnd?lang=en|title=cy:pwn20wnd (@Pwn20wnd)|via=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719214916/https://twitter.com/pwn20wnd?lang=en|archive-date=2019-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

{{iOS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:iOS jailbreaking}}
[[Category:IOS jailbreaking| ]]
[[Category:IPhone|Jailbreaking]]
[[Category:Hacker culture]]

Microsoft Office

2021-10-28T13:53:34Z

Herobrine:

{{short description|Suite of office software}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Office
| logo = Microsoft Office logo (2019–present).svg
| screenshot = Office 365 app logos.svg
| caption = From top-left: [[Microsoft Outlook|Outlook]], [[Microsoft OneDrive|OneDrive]], [[Microsoft Word|Word]], [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]], [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]], [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]], [[Microsoft SharePoint|SharePoint]], [[Microsoft Teams|Teams]], and [[Yammer]].
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1990|11|19}}
| ver layout = stacked
| latest release version = 
| latest preview version =
| programming language = [[C++]] (back-end)<ref name="C++ in MS Office">{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2014 |title=C++ in MS Office |url=https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107064047/https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/ |archive-date=November 7, 2019 |access-date=June 25, 2019 |publisher=cppcon}}</ref>
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| language count = 102
| language footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Accessory Pack for Office 2016 |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Language-Accessory-Pack-for-Office-2016-82ee1236-0f9a-45ee-9c72-05b026ee809f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025941/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Language-Accessory-Pack-for-Office-2016-82ee1236-0f9a-45ee-9c72-05b026ee809f |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2016 |website=[[Office.com]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| language = {{Plainlist|
* '''Full (43)''': English, Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Malay (Latin), Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Serbian (Latin, Serbia), Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese
* '''Partial (48)''': Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Armenian, Assamese, Azerbaijani (Latin), Bangla (Bangladesh), Bangla (Bengali India), Belarusian, Bosnian (Latin), Dari, Filipino, Georgian, Gujarati, Icelandic, Irish, Kannada, Khmer, KiSwahili, Konkani, Kyrgyz, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian (Cyrillic), Nepali, Norwegian Nynorsk, Odia, Persian (Farsi), Punjabi (Gurmukhi), Quechua, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian (Cyrillic, Bosnia & Herzegovina), Serbian (Cyrillic, Serbia), Sindhi (Arabic), Sinhala, Tamil, Tatar (Cyrillic), Telugu, Turkmen (Latin), Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek (Latin), Valencian, Welsh
* '''Proofing only (11)''': Hausa, Igbo, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Kinyarwanda, Pashto, Romansh, Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Wolof, Yoruba
}}
| standard = [[Office Open XML]] (ISO/IEC 29500)
| genre = [[Office suite]]
| license = [[Trialware]], [[volume licensing]] or [[SaaS]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.office.com}}
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Office for Mac
| screenshot = Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 screenshots.png
| caption = Microsoft Office 2021 for Mac apps from top left to bottom right: Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1989|08|01}}
| latest release version = Microsoft Office 2021
| latest preview version =
| programming language = [[C++]] (back-end), [[Objective-C]] (API/UI)<ref name="C++ in MS Office" /> 
| operating system = [[macOS]] [[Classic Mac OS]] (discontinued)
| language count = 16
| language footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2015 |title=Office for Mac 2016 in 16 languages |url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/terminology/archive/2015/03/05/test-drive-office-for-mac-2016-in-16-languages.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927155659/http://blogs.technet.com/b/terminology/archive/2015/03/05/test-drive-office-for-mac-2016-in-16-languages.aspx |archive-date=September 27, 2015 |access-date=September 26, 2015 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
| language = English, Arabic, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Swedish
| genre = [[Office suite]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[commercial software]] ([[Retail software|retail]], [[volume licensing]], [[SaaS]])
}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Office for Mobile
| screenshot = Office mobile apps.png
| caption = Microsoft Office for Mobile apps on [[Windows 10]]
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2000|4|19}}{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}}
| latest release version = 16.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2020|2}}{{update inline|date=February 2020}}
| operating system = [[Windows 10]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> [[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Windows Phone]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]],<ref name="freeware_with_paid">{{Cite web |title=Office on mobile devices |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830002232/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/ |archive-date=August 30, 2013 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |website=[[Microsoft Office website|office.com]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |quote=Core editing is free for consumers on devices with screen sizes smaller than 10.1".}}</ref> [[Chrome OS]]<ref name="ChromeOS">{{Cite web |last=Hoffman |first=Chris |date=June 22, 2016 |title=How Android apps transformed my Asus Chromebook Flip into an entirely new device |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3086871/chromebooks/how-android-apps-transformed-my-asus-chromebook-flip-into-an-entirely-new-device.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210004322/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3086871/chromebooks/how-android-apps-transformed-my-asus-chromebook-flip-into-an-entirely-new-device.html |archive-date=February 10, 2019 |access-date=April 18, 2020 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref>
| platform = [[Smartphone]]s and [[Tablet computer]]s<ref name="freeware_with_paid" />
| genre = [[Productivity software]]
| license = [[Proprietary software]]:<ref name="freeware_with_paid" />{{plainlist|
* '''Windows 10 Mobile and Windows Phone:''' Built-in
* '''Others:''' [[Freeware]], with [[shareware]] features}}
}}
'''Microsoft Office''', or simply '''Office''', is a family of [[client software]], [[server software]], and services developed by [[Microsoft]]. It was first announced by [[Bill Gates]] on August 1, 1988, at [[COMDEX]] in [[Las Vegas]]. Initially a marketing term for an [[office suite]] (bundled set of productivity [[application software|applications]]), the first version of Office contained [[Microsoft Word]], [[Microsoft Excel]], and [[Microsoft PowerPoint]]. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell checker, [[Object Linking and Embedding|OLE]] data integration and [[Visual Basic for Applications]] scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business software under the [[Office Business Applications]] brand. On July 10, 2012, [[Softpedia]] reported that Office was being used by over a billion people worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Microsoft's Office Has over One Billion Users |url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Microsoft-s-Office-Has-Over-One-Billion-Users-280426.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713042909/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Microsoft-s-Office-Has-Over-One-Billion-Users-280426.shtml |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2012 |website=[[Softpedia]] |publisher=SoftNews}}</ref>

Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the [[desktop computer|desktop]] version, available for [[personal computer|PCs]] running the [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[macOS]] [[operating system]]s. Microsoft also maintains [[mobile device|mobile]] apps for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]]. Office on the web is a version of the software that runs within a [[web browser]].

Since [[Office 2013]], Microsoft has promoted Office 365 as the primary means of obtaining Microsoft Office: it allows the use of the software and other services on a [[subscription business model]], and users receive feature updates to the software for the lifetime of the subscription, including new features and [[cloud computing]] integration that are not necessarily included in the "on-premises" releases of Office sold under conventional license terms. In 2017, revenue from Office 365 overtook conventional license sales. Microsoft also rebranded most of their standard Office 365 editions into [[Microsoft 365]] to emphasize their current inclusion of products and services.

The current on-premises, desktop version of Office is Office 2021, released on October 5, 2021.<ref name="Office2021Rel">{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |title=Microsoft Office 2021 will launch on October 5th |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/16/22677113/microsoft-office-2021-launch-date-office-ltsc |url-status=live |access-date=September 16, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

{{TOC limit}}

==Components==
{{See also|List of Microsoft Office programs}}

===Core apps and services===
* '''[[Microsoft Word]]''' is a [[word processor]] included in Microsoft Office and some editions of the now-discontinued [[Microsoft Works]]. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and introduced the [[computer mouse]] to more users. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of [[LisaWrite]] and [[MacWrite]], Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer [[WYSIWYG]] features into its package. Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word. Initially, it implemented the proprietary [[Doc (computing)|.doc]] format as its primary format. Word 2007, however, deprecated this format in favor of [[Office Open XML]], which was later standardized by [[Ecma International]] as an [[open format]]. Support for [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF) and [[OpenDocument]] (ODF) was first introduced in Word for Windows with [[Service Pack]] 2 for Word 2007.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Expands List of Formats Supported in Microsoft Office |date=May 21, 2008 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2008/may08/05-21ExpandedFormatsPR.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501133844/http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2008/may08/05-21ExpandedFormatsPR.mspx |archive-date=May 1, 2009}}</ref>
* '''[[Microsoft Excel]]''' is a [[spreadsheet]] editor that originally competed with the dominant [[Lotus 1-2-3]] and eventually outsold it. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985 and the first Windows version (numbered 2.05 to line up with the Mac) in November 1987.
* '''[[Microsoft PowerPoint]]''' is a [[presentation program]] used to create [[slideshows]] composed of text, graphics, and other objects, which can be displayed on-screen and shown by the presenter or printed out on [[transparency (projection)|transparencies]] or [[Presentation slide|slides]].
* '''[[Microsoft OneNote]]''' is a [[Notetaking software|notetaking program]] that gathers handwritten or typed notes, drawings, [[screenshot|screen clippings]] and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote was initially introduced as a standalone app that was not included in any [[Microsoft Office 2003]] edition. However, OneNote eventually became a core component of Microsoft Office; with the release of [[Microsoft Office 2013]], OneNote was included in all Microsoft Office offerings. OneNote is also available as a [[web application|web app]] on Office on the web, a [[freemium]] (and later [[freeware]]) Windows desktop app, a [[mobile app]] for [[Windows Phone]], [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Symbian]], and a [[Metro (design language)|Metro-style]] app for [[Windows 8]] or later.
* '''[[Microsoft Outlook]]''' (not to be confused with [[Microsoft Outlook Express|Outlook Express]], [[Outlook.com]] or [[Outlook on the web]]) is a [[personal information manager]] that replaces [[Windows Messaging]], [[Microsoft Mail]], and [[Schedule+]] starting in Office 97; it includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address book. On the Mac OS, Microsoft offered several versions of Outlook in the late 1990s, but only for use with [[Microsoft Exchange Server]]. In Office 2001, it introduced an alternative application with a slightly different feature set called [[Microsoft Entourage]]. It reintroduced Outlook in Office 2011, replacing Entourage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Ina |date=August 13, 2009 |title=Next Mac Office, due by 2010's end, gets Outlook |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10308997-56.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815145139/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10308997-56.html |archive-date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |website=[[CNET News]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Microsoft OneDrive]]''' is a file hosting service that allows users to sync files and later access them from a web browser or mobile device.
* '''[[Microsoft Teams]]''' is a platform that combines workplace chat, meetings, notes, and attachments.

===Windows-only apps===
* '''[[Microsoft Publisher]]''' is a [[desktop publishing]] app for Windows mostly used for designing brochures, labels, calendars, greeting cards, business cards, newsletters, web sites, and postcards.
* '''[[Microsoft Access]]''' is a [[database management system]] for Windows that combines the [[Relational database management system|relational]] [[Microsoft Jet Database Engine]] with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases.<ref name="ms-import">{{Cite web |title=Introduction to importing and exporting data |url=https://support.office.com/en-gb/article/Introduction-to-importing-and-exporting-data-08422593-42dd-4e73-bdf1-4c21fc3aa1b0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311025628/https://support.office.com/en-gb/article/Introduction-to-importing-and-exporting-data-08422593-42dd-4e73-bdf1-4c21fc3aa1b0 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
* '''[[Microsoft Project]]''' is a [[project management]] app for Windows to keep track of events and to create [[network chart]]s and [[Gantt charts]], not bundled in any Office suite.
* '''[[Microsoft Visio]]''' is a [[diagram]] and [[flowcharting]] app for Windows not bundled in any Office suite.

===Mobile-only apps===
* '''[[Office Lens]]''' is an [[image scanner]] optimized for [[mobile device]]s. It captures the document (e.g. business card, paper, whiteboard) via the camera and then straightens the document portion of the image. The result can be exported to Word, OneNote, PowerPoint or Outlook, or saved in OneDrive, sent via [[Mail (Apple)|Mail]] or placed in [[Photos (Apple)|Photo Library]].
* '''Office Mobile''' is a unified Office mobile app for Android and iOS, which combines Word, Excel, and PowerPoint into a single app and introduces new capabilities as making quick notes, signing PDFs, scanning QR codes, and transferring files.<ref name="Microsoft">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2020 |title=The new Office app now generally available for Android and iOS |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2020/02/19/new-office-app-android-ios-available/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320133423/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2020/02/19/new-office-app-android-ios-available/ |archive-date=March 20, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2020 |website=Microsoft 365 team |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Office Remote]]''' is an application that turns the mobile device into a [[remote control]] for desktop versions of Word, Excel and PowerPoint.

===Server applications===
* '''[[Microsoft SharePoint]]''' is a web-based [[Collaborative software|collaborative platform]] that integrates with Microsoft Office. Launched in 2001, SharePoint is primarily sold as a [[Document management system|document management]] and storage system, but the product is highly configurable and usage varies substantially among organizations. SharePoint services include:
** [[Excel Services]] is a spreadsheet editing server similar to [[Microsoft Excel]].
** [[InfoPath Forms Services]] is a form distribution server similar to [[Microsoft InfoPath]].
** [[Microsoft Project Server]] is a project management server similar to [[Microsoft Project]].
** [[Microsoft Search Server]]
* '''[[Skype for Business Server]]''' is a real-time communications server for instant messaging and [[video-conferencing]].
* '''[[Microsoft Exchange Server]]''' is a mail server and calendaring server.

===Web services===
* '''[[Microsoft Sway]]''' is a presentation web app released in October 2014. It also has a native app for [[iOS]] and [[Windows 10]].
* '''[[Microsoft Office shared tools#Delve|Delve]]''' is a service that allows [[Office 365]] users to search and manage their emails, meetings, contacts, social networks and documents stored on OneDrive or Sites in Office 365.
* '''[[Microsoft Forms]]''' is an [[Survey data collection#Online surveys|online survey creator]], available for Office 365 Education subscribers.
* '''[[Microsoft To Do]]''' is a [[task management]] service.
* '''[[Outlook.com]]''' is a free [[webmail]] with a user interface similar to [[Microsoft Outlook]].
* '''[[Outlook on the web]]''' is a webmail client similar to Outlook.com but more comprehensive and available only through Office 365 and [[Microsoft Exchange Server]] offerings.
* '''[[Microsoft Planner]]''' is a planning application available on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.
* '''[[Microsoft Stream]]''' is a corporate [[video sharing service]] for enterprise users with an Office 365 Academic or Enterprise license.
* '''[[Microsoft Bookings]]''' is an appointment booking application on the Microsoft Office 365 platform.

==Office on the web==
{{Infobox website
| name = Office on the web
| logo = Microsoft Office 2013.svg
| screenshot = Office Online.png
| caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Microsoft Word|Word]], [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]], [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]] and [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] in Office on the web {{as of|2018|09|alt=as of September 2018}}
| url = {{URL|https://products.office.com/en/office-online/documents-spreadsheets-presentations-office-online}}
| commercial = [[Freemium]]
| type = {{Unbulleted list|[[Spreadsheet]]|[[Presentation]]|[[Notetaking]]|[[Word processor]]|[[Web mail]]|[[File hosting service]]}}
| registration = Mandatory for webmail and file sharing; optional for others
| owner = [[Microsoft]]
| author = Microsoft
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2010|6|7}}<ref name="released" />
}}
Office on the web is a free lightweight [[web app|web version]] of Microsoft Office and primarily includes three web applications: [[Microsoft Word|Word]], [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] and [[Microsoft Powerpoint|Powerpoint]]. The offering also includes [[Outlook.com]], [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]] and [[OneDrive]] which are accessible through a unified app switcher. Users can install the [[on-premises software|on-premises]] version of this service, called Office Online Server, in [[private cloud]]s in conjunction with [[SharePoint]], [[Microsoft Exchange Server]] and [[Microsoft Lync Server]].<ref name="officeitpro-owas">{{Cite web |title=Introducing Office Web Apps Server |url=http://blogs.technet.com/b/office_resource_kit/archive/2012/09/11/introducing-office-web-apps-server.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225175652/http://blogs.technet.com/b/office_resource_kit/archive/2012/09/11/introducing-office-web-apps-server.aspx |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2014 |website=Office IT Pro Blog |publisher=Microsoft |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Word, Excel, and PowerPoint on the web can all natively open, edit, and save [[Office Open XML]] files (docx, xlsx, pptx) as well as [[OpenDocument]] files (odt, ods, odp). They can also open the older Office file formats ([[Doc (computing)|doc]], xls, ppt), but will be converted to the newer Open XML formats if the user wishes to edit them online. Other formats cannot be opened in the browser apps, such as CSV in Excel or HTML in Word, nor can Office files that are encrypted with a password be opened. Files with [[Macro (computer science)|macros]] can be opened in the browser apps, but the macros cannot be accessed or executed.<ref name="osupport-word">{{Cite web |title=Differences between using a document in the browser and in Word |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-document-in-the-browser-and-in-Word-3e863ce3-e82c-4211-8f97-5b33c36c55f8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030828/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-document-in-the-browser-and-in-Word-3e863ce3-e82c-4211-8f97-5b33c36c55f8 |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |access-date=November 1, 2017 |website=Office Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref><ref name="osupport-excel">{{Cite web |title=Differences between using a workbook in the browser and in Excel – Office Support |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-workbook-in-the-browser-and-in-Excel-F0DC28ED-B85D-4E1D-BE6D-5878005DB3B6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034000/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-workbook-in-the-browser-and-in-Excel-F0DC28ED-B85D-4E1D-BE6D-5878005DB3B6 |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |access-date=February 7, 2017 |website=support.office.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="osupport-ppt">{{Cite web |title=How certain features behave in web-based PowerPoint |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/how-certain-features-behave-in-web-based-powerpoint-a931f0c8-1305-4428-8f7c-9cfa00ef28c5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031075716/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/how-certain-features-behave-in-web-based-powerpoint-a931f0c8-1305-4428-8f7c-9cfa00ef28c5 |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019 |website=Office Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Starting in July 2013, Word can render [[Portable Document Format|PDF documents]] or convert them to Microsoft Word documents, although the formatting of the document may deviate from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zarzar |first=Dan |date=July 3, 2013 |title=PDFs in the Word Web App |url=http://blogs.office.com/b/officewebapps/archive/2013/07/03/pdfs-in-the-word-web-app.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709000444/http://blogs.office.com/b/officewebapps/archive/2013/07/03/pdfs-in-the-word-web-app.aspx |archive-date=July 9, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |website=Office Web Apps blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since November 2013, the apps have supported [[Collaborative real-time editor|real-time co-authoring]] and [[autosave|autosaving]] files.<ref name="real time co-authoring and auto-save1" /><ref name="real time co-authoring and auto-save2" />

Office on the web lacks a number of the advanced features present in the full desktop versions of Office, including lacking the programs [[Microsoft Access|Access]] and [[Microsoft Publisher|Publisher]] entirely. However, users are able to select the command "Open in Desktop App" that brings up the document in the desktop version of Office on their computer or device to utilize the advanced features there.<ref name="pcworld.com">{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Tony |date=February 2, 2015 |title=Office Online vs. Office 365: What's free, what's not, and what you really need |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2872072/office-online-vs-office-365-what-s-free-what-s-not-and-what-you-really-need.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724204611/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2872072/office-online-vs-office-365-what-s-free-what-s-not-and-what-you-really-need.html |archive-date=July 24, 2017 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref><ref name="pcworld.com2">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=February 12, 2015 |title=Microsoft beefs up Office Online with new features, streamlined interface |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2882768/microsoft-beefs-up-office-online-with-new-features-streamlined-interface.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804002822/https://www.pcworld.com/article/2882768/microsoft-beefs-up-office-online-with-new-features-streamlined-interface.html |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=October 31, 2019 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref>

Supported web browsers include [[Microsoft Edge]], [[Internet Explorer 11]], the latest versions of [[Firefox]] or [[Google Chrome]], as well as [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] for [[OS X 10.8]] or later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Online browser support |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/office-online-help/office-online-browser-support-HA010389584.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120350/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/office-online-help/office-online-browser-support-HA010389584.aspx |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=August 24, 2014 |website=support.office.com |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

The Personal edition of Office on the web is available to the general public free of charge with a [[Microsoft account]] through the [[Microsoft Office website|Office.com website]], which superseded SkyDrive (now [[OneDrive]]) and [[Office Live Workspace]]. Enterprise-managed versions are available through [[Office 365]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Jason |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Office is now live on SkyDrive! |url=http://windowsteamblog.com/windows_live/b/windowslive/archive/2010/06/07/office-is-now-live-on-skydrive.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818204805/http://windowsteamblog.com/windows_live/b/windowslive/archive/2010/06/07/office-is-now-live-on-skydrive.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |website=Inside Windows Live |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> In February 2013, the ability to view and edit files on SkyDrive without signing in was added.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenison |first=Roxanne |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Sign-in no longer required to edit Office docs in SkyDrive |url=http://blogs.office.com/b/officewebapps/archive/2013/02/08/no-sign-in-required-for-office-docs-in-skydrive.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601223643/http://blogs.office.com/b/officewebapps/archive/2013/02/08/no-sign-in-required-for-office-docs-in-skydrive.aspx |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2013 |website=Office Web Apps blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The service can also be installed privately in enterprise environments as a [[SharePoint]] app, or through Office Web Apps Server.<ref name=officeitpro-owas/> Microsoft also offers other web apps in the Office suite, such as the [[Outlook Web App]] (formerly Outlook Web Access),<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs for Outlook Web App |url=http://help.outlook.com/en-us/140/cc875910.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125021557/http://help.outlook.com/en-US/140/cc875910.aspx |archive-date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=Outlook Web App |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Lync Web App (formerly Office Communicator Web Access),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Microsoft Lync Web App |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/communicator-help/welcome-to-microsoft-lync-web-app-HA101908015.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118043526/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/communicator-help/welcome-to-microsoft-lync-web-app-HA101908015.aspx |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=[[Microsoft Office website]] |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Project Web App (formerly Project Web Access).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Getting started with Project Web App |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-server-help/getting-started-with-project-web-app-HA010379908.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110080436/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/project-server-help/getting-started-with-project-web-app-HA010379908.aspx |archive-date=January 10, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=Project Server Help |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> Additionally, Microsoft offers a service under the name of Online Doc Viewer to view Office documents on a website via Office on the web.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View Office documents online |url=https://products.office.com/en/office-online/view-office-documents-online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095046/https://products.office.com/en/office-online/view-office-documents-online |archive-date=January 2, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2018 |website=[[Microsoft Office website]] |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

There are free extensions available to use Office on the web directly in Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Online – Chrome Web Store |url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ndjpnladcallmjemlbaebfadecfhkepb |access-date=June 8, 2018 |website=[[Microsoft]] |publisher=Chrome Web Store}}{{Dead link|date=August 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Office browser extension |url=https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/gggmmkjegpiggikcnhidnjjhmicpibll |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401095332/https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/gggmmkjegpiggikcnhidnjjhmicpibll |archive-date=April 1, 2020 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |website=[[Microsoft]] |publisher=Microsoft Edge Addons}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Common features==
Most versions of Microsoft Office (including Office 97 and later) use their own [[widget toolkit|widget]] set and do not exactly match the native operating system. This is most apparent in Microsoft Office XP and 2003, where the standard [[Menu (computing)|menus]] were replaced with a colored, flat-looking, shadowed menu style. The user interface of a particular version of Microsoft Office often heavily influences a subsequent version of Microsoft Windows. For example, the [[toolbar]], colored [[Button (computing)|buttons]] and the gray-colored 3D look of Office 4.3 were added to Windows 95, and the [[Ribbon (computing)|ribbon]], introduced in Office 2007, has been incorporated into several programs bundled with [[Windows 7]] and later. In 2012, Office 2013 replicated the flat, box-like design of [[Windows 8]].

Users of Microsoft Office may access external data via connection-specifications saved in Office Data Connection (.odc) files.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DeMarco |first=Jim |title=Pro Excel 2007 VBA |publisher=Apress |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59059-957-0 |location=Berkeley, California |page=361 |quote=External data is accessed through a connection file, such as an Office Data Connection (ODC) file (.odc)}}</ref>

Both Windows and Office use [[service pack]]s to update software. Office had non-cumulative [[Patch (computing)|service release]]s, which were discontinued after Office 2000 Service Release 1.

Past versions of Office [[Easter eggs in Microsoft products|often contained Easter eggs]]. For example, Excel 97 contained a reasonably functional flight-simulator.

==File formats and metadata==
Microsoft Office prior to Office 2007 used proprietary file formats based on the OLE [[Compound File Binary Format]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office File Formats |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc313118.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119005122/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc313118.aspx |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |access-date=February 2, 2013 |website=[[MSDN#Library|MSDN Library]] |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> This forced users who share data to adopt the same software platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stallman |first=Richard M. |title=We Can Put an End to Word Attachments |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203074546/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Free Software Foundation}}</ref> In 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available for download and granted any possible patents rights for use or implementations of those binary format for free under the [[Microsoft Open Specification Promise|Open Specification Promise]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spolsky |first=Joel |date=February 19, 2008 |title=Why are the Microsoft Office file formats so complicated? (And some workarounds) |url=http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2008/02/19.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014090710/http://joelonsoftware.com/items/2008/02/19.html |archive-date=October 14, 2013 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |website=Joel on Software}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian |date=February 16, 2008 |title=Binary Documentation (.doc, .xls, .ppt) and Translator Project Site are now live |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/brian_jones/archive/2008/02/15/binary-documentation-doc-xls-ppt-and-translator-project-site-are-now-live.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143224/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/brian_jones/archive/2008/02/15/binary-documentation-doc-xls-ppt-and-translator-project-site-are-now-live.aspx |archive-date=April 27, 2015 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |website=Brian Jones: Office Solutions |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Previously, Microsoft had supplied such documentation freely but only on request.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Brian |date=January 17, 2008 |title=Mapping documents in the binary format (.doc; .xls; .ppt) to the Open XML format |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/brian_jones/archive/2008/01/16/mapping-documents-in-the-binary-format-doc-xls-ppt-to-the-open-xml-format.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060210/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/brian_jones/archive/2008/01/16/mapping-documents-in-the-binary-format-doc-xls-ppt-to-the-open-xml-format.aspx |archive-date=October 23, 2013 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |website=Brian Jones: Office Solutions |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

Starting with Office 2007, the default file format has been a version of [[Office Open XML]], though different from the one standardized and published by Ecma International and by [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]]. Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2007 |title=Microsoft Open Specification Promise |url=https://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010202435/http://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2010 |title=Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint File Formats |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429085200/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=3 |archive-date=April 29, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |website=Download Center}}</ref> and Office 2004 for Mac OS X. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Windows platform ([[LibreOffice]], all platforms), macOS platform ([[iWork]] '08, [[NeoOffice]], [[LibreOffice]]) and [[Linux]] ([[LibreOffice]] and [[OpenOffice.org]] 3.0). In addition, Office 2010, Service Pack 2 for Office 2007, and Office 2016 for Mac supports the OpenDocument Format (ODF) for opening and saving documents – only the old [[OpenDocument|ODF]] 1.0 (2006 ISO/IEC standard) is supported, not the 1.2 version (2015 ISO/IEC standard).

Microsoft provides the ability to [[metadata removal tool|remove metadata]] from Office documents. This was in response to highly publicized incidents where sensitive data about a document was leaked via its metadata.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Libbenga |first=Jan |date=February 2, 2004 |title=Microsoft releases metadata removal tool |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/02/02/microsoft_releases_metadata_removal_tool/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203115727/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/02/02/microsoft_releases_metadata_removal_tool/ |archive-date=December 3, 2010}}</ref> Metadata removal was first available in 2004, when Microsoft released a tool called ''Remove Hidden Data Add-in for Office 2003/XP'' for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2008 |title=Office 2003/XP Add-in: Remove Hidden Data |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=8446 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324000046/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=8446 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |website=Download Center |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> It was directly integrated into Office 2007 in a feature called the ''Document Inspector''.

==Extensibility==
A major feature of the Office suite is the ability for users and third-party companies to write add-ins ([[Plug-in (computing)|plug-ins]]) that extend the capabilities of an application by adding custom commands and specialized features. One of the new features is the Office Store.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bort |first=Julie |date=August 6, 2012 |title=Microsoft Shows Off A New App Store For Office 2013 |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-office-2013-app-store-2012-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501112708/http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-office-2013-app-store-2012-8 |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> [[Plug-in (computing)|Plugins]] and other tools can be downloaded by users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hachman |first=Mark |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Inside The New Microsoft Office App Store: One Developer's Story |url=http://readwrite.com/2013/01/29/inside-the-new-microsoft-office-app-store-one-developers-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421002527/http://readwrite.com/2013/01/29/inside-the-new-microsoft-office-app-store-one-developers-story |archive-date=April 21, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=small-biz |publisher=ReadWrite}}</ref> Developers can make money by selling their applications in the Office Store. The revenue is divided between the developer and [[Microsoft]] where the developer gets 80% of the money.<ref name="mashable.com">{{Cite web |last=Pachal |first=Pete |date=August 7, 2012 |title=Yes, Even Microsoft Office Has Apps Now |url=http://mashable.com/2012/08/07/office-2013-apps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518172523/http://mashable.com/2012/08/07/office-2013-apps/ |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> Developers are able to share applications with all Office users.<ref name="mashable.com" />

The app travels with the document, and it is for the developer to decide what the recipient will see when they open it. The recipient will either have the option to download the app from the Office Store for free, start a free trial or be directed to payment.<ref name="mashable.com" />
With Office's cloud abilities, IT department can create a set of apps for their business employees in order to increase their productivity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murph |first=Darren |date=August 6, 2012 |title=Microsoft's Office Store now open for business, productivity-boosting apps just a click away |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/06/microsoft-office-store-app-catalog-downloads-now-open-available/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531231333/http://www.engadget.com/2012/08/06/microsoft-office-store-app-catalog-downloads-now-open-available/ |archive-date=May 31, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Aol]]}}</ref> When employees go to the Office Store, they'll see their company's apps under ''My Organization''. The apps that employees have personally downloaded will appear under ''My Apps''.<ref name="mashable.com" /> Developers can use web technologies like [[HTML5]], [[XML]], [[CSS3]], [[JavaScript]], and APIs for building the apps.<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com">{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2013 |title=Overview of apps for Office |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/office/apps/jj220082%28v=office.15%29#StartBuildingApps_WhatIsApp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510155448/http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/office/apps/jj220082(v=office.15)#StartBuildingApps_WhatIsApp |archive-date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=[[MSDN]] |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
An application for Office is a webpage that is hosted inside an Office client application. User can use apps to amplify the functionality of a document, email message, meeting request, or appointment. Apps can run in multiple environments and by multiple clients, including rich Office desktop clients, Office Web Apps, mobile browsers, and also on-premises and in the cloud.<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com" /> The type of add-ins supported differ by Office versions:
* Office 97 onwards (standard Windows [[Dynamic link library|DLLs]] i.e. Word WLLs and Excel XLLs)
* Office 2000 onwards ([[Component Object Model|COM]] add-ins)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2007 |title=How to build an Office 2000 COM add-in in Visual Basic |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/238228/en-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301014508/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/238228/EN-US |archive-date=March 1, 2011 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
* Office XP onwards ([[OLE Automation|COM/OLE Automation]] add-ins)<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2007 |title=How To Create a Visual Basic Automation Add-in for Excel Worksheet Functions |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/285337/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119015334/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/285337 |archive-date=November 19, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
* Office 2003 onwards (Managed code add-ins – [[Visual Studio Tools for Office|VSTO solutions]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2010 |title=Information about designing Office add-ins by using the .NET Framework |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840585/en-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024210114/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840585/en-us |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

==Password protection==
{{Main|Microsoft Office password protection}}
Microsoft Office has a security feature that allows users to encrypt Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Skype Business) documents with a user-provided password. The password can contain up to 255 characters and uses [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] 128-bit advanced encryption by default.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-ef163677-3195-40ba-885a-d50fa2obb6b68#bm1 |access-date=February 6, 2015 |website=Microsoft Office Support}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Passwords can also be used to restrict modification of the entire document, worksheet or presentation. Due to lack of document encryption, though, these passwords can be removed using a third-party cracking software.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unprotect a Word Document |url=https://superuser.com/a/96244 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |website=superuser.com}}</ref>

==Support policies==

=== Approach ===
All versions of Microsoft Office products before Microsoft Office 2019 are eligible for ten years of support following their release, during which Microsoft releases [[security update]]s for the product version and provides paid technical support. The ten-year period is divided into two five-year phases: The mainstream phase and the extended phase. During the mainstream phase, Microsoft may provide limited complimentary technical support and release non-security updates or change the design of the product. During the extended phase, said services stop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Microsoft Business, Developer and Desktop Operating Systems Policy |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/14085/microsoft-business-developer-and-desktop-operating-systems-policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011714/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/14085/microsoft-business-developer-and-desktop-operating-systems-policy |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Office 2019 only receives 5 years of mainstream and 2 years of extended support.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office 2019 On-Premises Release Details (published February 1, 2018) |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4086137/office-2019-on-premises-release-details-february-1-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317230749/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4086137/office-2019-on-premises-release-details-february-1-2018 |archive-date=March 17, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=support.microsoft.com}}</ref>

=== Timelines of support ===
{{Update section|date=October 2021}}
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|row2-4-to={{Year decimal|2025-10-14}}
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|row2-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2019|Office 2019]]


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|row3-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2016|Office 2016]]


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|row4-4-to={{Year decimal|2023-04-11}}
|row4-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2013|Office 2013]]


|row5=timeline
|row5-style=styleDef
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|row5-2-to={{Year decimal|2015-10-13}}
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|row5-3-to={{Year decimal|2020-10-13}}
|row5-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2010|Office 2010]]

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|row6-3-style=styleSE
|row6-3-to={{Year decimal|2017-10-10}}
|row6-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2007|Office 2007]]

|row6-4-border=2px red solid
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|row7-2-to={{Year decimal|2009-04-14}}
|row7-3-style=styleSE
|row7-3-to={{Year decimal|2014-04-08}}
|row7-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2003|Office 2003]]

|row7-4-border=2px red solid
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|row8-style=styleDef
|row8-1-to={{Year decimal|2001-05-31}}
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|row8-2-to={{Year decimal|2006-07-11}}
|row8-3-style=styleSE
|row8-3-to={{Year decimal|2011-07-11}}
|row8-2-text=[[Microsoft Office XP|Office XP]]

|row8-4-border=2px red solid
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|row9=timeline
|row9-style=styleDef
|row9-1-to={{Year decimal|1999-06-27}}
|row9-2-style=styleSS
|row9-2-to={{Year decimal|2004-06-30}}
|row9-3-style=styleSE
|row9-3-to={{Year decimal|2009-07-14}}
|row9-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2000|Office 2000]]

|row9-4-border=2px red solid
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|row10=timeline
|row10-style=styleDef
|row10-1-to={{Year decimal|1997-01-05}}
|row10-2-style=styleSS
|row10-2-to={{Year decimal|2001-08-31}}
|row10-3-style=styleSE
|row10-3-to={{Year decimal|2002-02-28}}
|row10-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 97|Office 97]]

|row10-4-border=2px red solid
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|row11=timeline
|row11-style=styleDef
|row11-1-to={{Year decimal|1995-08-24}}
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|row11-2-to={{Year decimal|2001-12-31}}
|row11-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 95|Office 95]]

|row11-3-border=2px red solid
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|row11-4-border=0;text-align:right
|row11-4-text={{color|#888|Updated {{#time:Y-m-d}}}}

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{{Simple Horizontal timeline
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|from=1998|to=2022|inc=1

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{{hlist
|{{legend0|#d4f4b4|(Spent) standard support}}
|{{legend0|#b3e5bd|(Remaining) standard support}}
|{{legend0|#fef8c6|(Spent) extended support}}
|{{legend0|#ffe6b3|(Remaining) extended support}}
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|row2-style=styleDef
|row2-1-to={{Year decimal|2018-09-24}}
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|row2-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2019|Office 2019]]


|row3=timeline
|row3-style=styleDef
|row3-1-to={{Year decimal|2015-07-09}}
|row3-2-style=styleSS
|row3-2-to={{Year decimal|2020-10-13}}
|row3-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2016|Office 2016]]

|row3-3-border=2px red solid
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|row4=timeline
|row4-style=styleDef
|row4-1-to={{Year decimal|2010-12-09}}
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|row4-2-to={{Year decimal|2017-10-10}}
|row4-2-text=[[Microsoft Office for Mac 2011]]

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|row5-style=styleDef
|row5-1-to={{Year decimal|2008-03-09}}
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|row5-2-to={{Year decimal|2013-04-09}}
|row5-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac]]

|row5-3-border=2px red solid
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|row6-style=styleDef
|row6-1-to={{Year decimal|2004-07-13}}
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|row6-2-to={{Year decimal|2012-01-10}}
|row6-2-text=[[Office 2004 for Mac]]

|row6-3-border=2px red solid
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|row7-style=styleDef
|row7-1-to={{Year decimal|2001-10-24}}
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|row7-2-to={{Year decimal|2007-01-09}}
|row7-2-text=Office X for Mac

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|row8-style=styleDef
|row8-1-to={{Year decimal|2000-10-11}}
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|row8-2-to={{Year decimal|2005-12-31}}
|row8-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 2001]]

|row8-3-border=2px red solid
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|row9-style=styleDef
|row9-1-to={{Year decimal|1998-03-15}}
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|row9-2-to={{Year decimal|2003-06-30}}
|row9-2-text=[[Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition]]

|row9-3-border=2px red solid;text-align:right; padding-right:5px;
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== Platforms ==
Microsoft supports Office for the Windows and macOS platforms, as well as mobile versions for Windows Phone, [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and iOS platforms. Beginning with Mac Office 4.2, the macOS and Windows versions of Office share the same file format, and are [[interoperable]]. Visual Basic for Applications support was dropped in Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac,<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2006 |title=WWDC: Microsoft updates Universal status of Mac apps |work=Macworld |url=https://www.macworld.com/news/2006/08/07/msuniversal/ |access-date=May 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007070614/http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/08/07/msuniversal/ |archive-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref> then reintroduced in Office for Mac 2011.<ref name="macworld_office_2011" />

Microsoft tried in the mid-1990s to port Office to RISC processors such as [[NEC]]/[[MIPS architecture|MIPS]] and [[IBM]]/[[PowerPC]], but they met problems such as memory access being hampered by [[data structure alignment]] requirements. Microsoft Word 97 and Excel 97, however, did ship for the [[DEC Alpha]] platform. Difficulties in porting Office may have been a factor in discontinuing [[Windows NT]] on non-Intel platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicholas Petreley |date=September 3, 1999 |title=Can Linux break Intel's hold on the market? |work=[[CNN]] |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9909/03/linux.alpha.idg/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=November 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012412/http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9909/03/linux.alpha.idg/index.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013}}</ref>

==Pricing model and editions==
The Microsoft Office applications and suites are sold via retail channels, and [[volume licensing]] for larger organizations (also including the "Home Use Program". allowing users at participating organizations to buy low-cost licenses for use on their personal devices as part of their employer's volume license agreement).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Mary Jo |title=Microsoft Office 2013 now available to business users via Home Use Program |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-office-2013-now-available-to-business-users-via-home-use-program/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803230513/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-office-2013-now-available-to-business-users-via-home-use-program/ |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref>

In 2010, Microsoft introduced a [[software as a service]] platform known as [[Office 365]], to provide [[Cloud server|cloud]]-hosted versions of Office's server software, including Exchange e-mail and SharePoint, on a subscription basis (competing in particular with [[Google Apps]]).<ref name="nw-office365beta">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft takes aim at Google Apps with Office 365 |url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/101810-microsoft-office-365.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501200751/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/101810-microsoft-office-365.html |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |access-date=March 15, 2013 |website=Network World}}</ref><ref name="pcw-bpos migration">{{Cite web |title=BPOS Customers Face Transition to Office 365 |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/231220/article.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052206/http://www.pcworld.com/article/231220/article.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |access-date=June 18, 2013 |website=PC World|date=June 27, 2011 }}</ref> Following the release of Office 2013, Microsoft began to offer Office 365 plans for the consumer market, with access to Microsoft Office software on multiple devices with free feature updates over the life of the subscription, as well as other services such as [[OneDrive]] storage.<ref name="ars-365-hp">{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=January 29, 2013 |title=Review: Microsoft Office 365 Home Premium Edition hopes to be at your service |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/01/hands-on-with-microsofts-office-365-home-premium-edition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230406/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/01/hands-on-with-microsofts-office-365-home-premium-edition/ |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref><ref name="cw-365new">{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Juan Carlos |date=February 27, 2013 |title=Office 365 for businesses gets upgraded, new bundles added |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9237191/Office_365_for_businesses_gets_upgraded_new_bundles_added |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114113426/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9237191/Office_365_for_businesses_gets_upgraded_new_bundles_added |archive-date=January 14, 2014 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=[[ComputerWorld]] |publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref>

Microsoft has since promoted Office 365 as the primary means of purchasing Microsoft Office. Although there are still "on-premises" releases roughly every three years, Microsoft marketing emphasizes that they do not receive new features or access to new cloud-based services as they are released unlike Office 365, as well as other benefits for consumer and business markets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2019 |title=Microsoft really doesn't want you to buy Office 2019 |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/02/06/microsoft-office-2019-office-365-comparison-twins/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206205307/https://venturebeat.com/2019/02/06/microsoft-office-2019-office-365-comparison-twins/ |archive-date=February 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2017 |title=Microsoft announces Office 2019 for customers who don't want to pay forever for Office 365 |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/3228116/software-productivity/microsoft-announces-office-2019-for-customers-who-dont-want-to-pay-forever-for-office-365.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119013503/https://www.pcworld.com/article/3228116/software-productivity/microsoft-announces-office-2019-for-customers-who-dont-want-to-pay-forever-for-office-365.html |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=PCWorld |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Branscombe |first=Mary |title=Microsoft Office has changed, how you use it should too |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-office-has-changed-how-you-use-it-should-too/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618115054/https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-office-has-changed-how-you-use-it-should-too/ |archive-date=June 18, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=ZDNet |language=en}}</ref> Office 365 revenue overtook traditional license sales for Office in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 21, 2017 |title=Microsoft 4Q17: Office 365 revenue surpasses traditional licenses |work=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/07/microsoft-4q17-office-365-revenue-surpasses-traditional-licenses/ |url-status=dead |access-date=February 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201110644/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/07/microsoft-4q17-office-365-revenue-surpasses-traditional-licenses/ |archive-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref>

=== Editions ===
Microsoft Office is available in several editions, which regroup a given number of applications for a specific price. Primarily, Microsoft sells Office as Microsoft 365. The editions are as follows:

* Microsoft 365 Personal
* Microsoft 365 Family
* Microsoft 365 Business Basic
* Microsoft 365 Business Standard
* Microsoft 365 Business Premium
* Microsoft 365 apps for business
* Microsoft 365 apps for enterprise
* Office 365 E1, E3, E5
* Office 365 A1, A3, A5 (for education)
* Office 365 G1, G3, G5 (for government)
* Microsoft 365 F1, F3, Office 365 F3 (for frontline)

Microsoft sells Office for a one-time purchase as Home & Student and Home & Business, however, these editions do not receive major updates.

=== Education pricing ===
Post-secondary students may obtain the University edition of Microsoft Office 365 subscription. It is limited to one user and two devices, plus the subscription price is valid for four years instead of just one. Apart from this, the University edition is identical in features to the Home Premium version. This marks the first time Microsoft does not offer physical or permanent software at academic pricing, in contrast to the University versions of [[Microsoft Office 2010|Office 2010]] and [[Microsoft Office for Mac 2011|Office 2011]]. In addition, students eligible for [[DreamSpark]] program may receive select standalone Microsoft Office apps free of charge.

==Discontinued applications and features==
* [[Microsoft Binder|Binder]] was an application that can incorporate several documents into one file and was originally designed as a container system for storing related documents in a single file. The complexity of use and learning curve led to little usage, and it was discontinued after Office XP.
* [[Microsoft Bookshelf|Bookshelf]] was a [[Reference work|reference]] collection introduced in 1987 as part of [[Microsoft]]'s extensive work in promoting [[CD-ROM]] technology as a distribution medium for [[electronic publishing]].
* [[Microsoft Data Analyzer|Data Analyzer]] was a [[business intelligence]] program for graphical visualization of data and its analysis.
* [[Docs.com]] was a public document sharing service where Office users can upload and share Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Sway and [[PDF]] files for the whole world to discover and use.
* [[Microsoft Entourage|Entourage]] was an Outlook counterpart on macOS, Microsoft discontinued it in favor of extending the Outlook brand name.
* [[Microsoft FrontPage|FrontPage]] was a [[WYSIWYG]] HTML editor and website administration tool for Windows. It was branded as part of the Microsoft Office suite from 1997 to 2003. FrontPage was discontinued in December 2006 and replaced by [[Microsoft SharePoint Designer]] and [[Microsoft Expression Web]].
* [[Microsoft InfoPath|InfoPath]] was a Windows application for designing and distributing rich [[XML]]-based forms. The last version was included in Office 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2014 |title=Update on InfoPath and SharePoint Forms |url=http://blogs.office.com/2014/01/31/update-on-infopath-and-sharepoint-forms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905003752/http://blogs.office.com/2014/01/31/update-on-infopath-and-sharepoint-forms/ |archive-date=September 5, 2014 |access-date=July 25, 2014 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
* [[Microsoft InterConnect|InterConnect]] was a business-relationship database available only in Japan.
* [[Internet Explorer]] was a graphical [[web browser]] and one of the main participants of the first [[Browser wars|browser war]]. It was included in Office until [[Microsoft Office XP|Office XP]] when it was removed.
* [[Microsoft Mail|Mail]] was a mail client (in old versions of Office, later replaced by [[Microsoft Schedule Plus]] and subsequently [[Microsoft Outlook]]).
* [[Microsoft Office Accounting|Office Accounting]] (formerly Small Business Accounting) was an [[accounting]] software application from [[Microsoft]] targeted towards [[small businesses]] that had between 1 and 25 employees.
* [[Office Assistant]] (included since [[Microsoft Office 97|Office 97 on Windows]] and [[Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition|Office 98 on Mac]] as a part of [[Microsoft Agent]] technology) was a system that uses [[animated]] characters to offer [[context-sensitive help|context-sensitive]] suggestions to users and access to the [[help system]]. The Assistant is often dubbed "Clippy" or "Clippit", due to its default to a [[paper clip]] character, coded as <code>CLIPPIT.ACS</code>. The latest versions that include the Office Assistant were Office 2003 (Windows) and Office 2004 (Mac).
* Office Document Image Writer was a [[virtual printer]] that takes documents from Microsoft Office or any other application and prints them, or stores them in an image file as TIFF or [[Microsoft Document Imaging Format]] format. It was discontinued with Office 2010.<ref name="modi_office2010">{{Cite web |date=May 31, 2010 |title=Alternative methods to regain the functionalities of Microsoft Office Document Imaging (MODI) |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/982760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030030311/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/982760 |archive-date=October 30, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
* [[Microsoft Office Document Imaging|Office Document Imaging]] was an application that supports editing scanned documents. Discontinued Office 2010.<ref name="modi_office2010" />
* [[Microsoft Office Document Scanning|Office Document Scanning]] was a [[Image scanning|scanning]] and [[Optical character recognition|OCR]] application. Discontinued Office 2010.<ref name="modi_office2010" />
* [[Microsoft Office Picture Manager|Office Picture Manager]] was a basic photo management software (similar to [[Google]]'s [[Picasa]] or [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]'s [[Photoshop Elements]]), that replaced [[Microsoft Photo Editor]].
* [[Microsoft PhotoDraw 2000|PhotoDraw]] was a graphics program that was first released as part of the Office 2000 Premium Edition. A later version for [[Windows XP]] compatibility was released, known as PhotoDraw 2000 Version 2. Microsoft discontinued the program in 2001.
* [[Microsoft Photo Editor|Photo Editor]] was photo-editing or raster-graphics software in older Office versions up to Office XP. It was supplemented by Microsoft PhotoDraw in Office 2000 Premium edition.
* [[Microsoft Schedule Plus|Schedule Plus]] (also shown as Schedule+) was released with Office 95. It featured a planner, to-do list, and contact information. Its functions were incorporated into Microsoft Outlook.
* [[Microsoft SharePoint Designer|SharePoint Designer]] was a WYSIWYG HTML editor and website administration tool. Microsoft attempted to turn it into a specialized HTML editor for SharePoint sites, but failed on this project and wanted to discontinue it.
* [[Microsoft SharePoint Workspace|SharePoint Workspace]] (formerly Groove) was a proprietary [[peer-to-peer]] document collaboration software designed for teams with members who are regularly offline or who do not share the same network security clearance.
* [[Skype for Business]] was an integrated communications client for conferences and meetings in real-time; it is the only Microsoft Office desktop app that is neither useful without a proper network infrastructure nor has the "Microsoft" prefix in its name.
* [[Microsoft Streets & Trips|Streets & Trips]] (known in other countries as Microsoft AutoRoute) is a discontinued mapping program developed and distributed by [[Microsoft]].
* Unbind is a program that can extract the contents of a [[Microsoft Binder|Binder]] file. Unbind can be installed from the Office XP CD-ROM.
* [[Microsoft Virtual PC|Virtual PC]] was included with Microsoft Office Professional Edition 2004 for Mac. Microsoft discontinued support for Virtual PC on the Mac in 2006 owing to new Macs possessing the same Intel architecture as Windows PCs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Peter |date=August 7, 2006 |title=WWDC: Microsoft kills Virtual PC for Mac |work=MacWorld |url=https://www.macworld.com/news/2006/08/07/vpc/ |url-status=dead |access-date=October 8, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007065557/http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/08/07/vpc/ |archive-date=October 7, 2012}}</ref> It emulated a standard PC and its hardware.
* [[Microsoft Vizact 2000|Vizact]] was a program that "activated" documents using HTML, adding effects such as animation. It allows users to create dynamic documents for the Web. The development has ended due to unpopularity.

===Discontinued server applications===
* [[Microsoft Office Forms Server]] lets users use any browser to access and fill InfoPath forms. Office Forms Server is a standalone server installation of InfoPath Forms Services.
* [[Microsoft Office Groove Server]] was centrally managing all deployments of [[Microsoft Office Groove]] in the enterprise.
* [[Microsoft Office Project Portfolio Server]] allows creation of a project portfolio, including workflows, which is hosted centrally.
* [[Microsoft Office PerformancePoint Server]] allows customers to monitor, analyze, and plan their business.

===Discontinued web services===
* [[Microsoft Office Live|Office Live]]
** Office Live Small Business had [[web hosting]] services and online collaboration tools for small businesses.
** Office Live Workspace had online storage and collaboration service for documents, which was superseded by Office on the web.
* [[Microsoft Office Live Meeting|Office Live Meeting]] was a web conferencing service.

== Criticism ==
=== Data formats ===
Microsoft Office has been criticized in the past for using proprietary file formats rather than [[open standard]]s, which forces users who share data into adopting the same software platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=gnu.org |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020311/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |access-date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> However, on February 15, 2008, Microsoft made the entire documentation for the binary Office formats freely available under the [[Microsoft Open Specification Promise|Open Specification Promise]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2008 |title=Open Specifications Developer Center |url=https://www.microsoft.com/interop/docs/OfficeBinaryFormats.mspx |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218212338/http://www.microsoft.com/interop/docs/officebinaryformats.mspx |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Also, [[Office Open XML]], the document format for the latest versions of Office for Windows and Mac, has been standardized under both [[Ecma International]] and [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]. Ecma International has published the Office Open XML specification free of copyrights and Microsoft has granted patent rights to the formats technology under the Open Specification Promise<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Open Specification Promise |url=https://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/default.mspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229194811/http://www.microsoft.com/interop/osp/default.mspx |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |access-date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> and has made available free downloadable converters for previous versions of Microsoft Office including Office 2003, Office XP, Office 2000 and Office 2004 for the [[Macintosh|Mac]]. Third-party implementations of Office Open XML exist on the Mac platform (iWork 08) and [[Linux]] ([[OpenOffice.org]] 2.3 – Novell Edition only).

=== Unicode and bi-directional texts ===
Another point of criticism Microsoft Office has faced was the lack of support in its Mac versions for [[Unicode]] and [[Bi-directional text]] languages, notably [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]. This issue, which had existed since the first release in 1989, was addressed in the 2016 version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paquin |first=Eric |title='Velkommen, Tervetuloa, Velkommen' and 'Bienvenue à Paris' |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/macmojo/archive/2007/09/25/velkommen-tervetuloa-velkommen-and-bienvenue-paris.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211175607/http://blogs.msdn.com/macmojo/archive/2007/09/25/velkommen-tervetuloa-velkommen-and-bienvenue-paris.aspx |archive-date=December 11, 2007 |access-date=December 19, 2007 |website=Mac Mojo |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Type in a bi-directional language in Office 2016 for Mac |url=https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Type-in-a-bi-directional-language-in-Office-2016-for-Mac-d7bb1d52-4d82-4482-910f-d74b7c3bd468 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916203229/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Type-in-a-bi-directional-language-in-Office-2016-for-Mac-d7bb1d52-4d82-4482-910f-d74b7c3bd468 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |access-date=September 10, 2016 |website=Office Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

=== Privacy ===
On November 13, 2018, a report initiated by the Government of the Netherlands concluded that Microsoft Office 2016 and Office 365 do not comply with [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]], the European law which regulates data protection and privacy for all citizens in and outside the EU and EFTA region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Impact assessment shows privacy risks Microsoft Office ProPlus Enterprise - Blogpost |url=https://www.privacycompany.eu/blogpost-en/impact-assessment-shows-privacy-risks-microsoft-office-proplus-enterprise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216085843/https://www.privacycompany.eu/blogpost-en/impact-assessment-shows-privacy-risks-microsoft-office-proplus-enterprise |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=www.privacycompany.eu}}</ref> The investigation was initiated by the observation that Microsoft does not reveal or share publicly any data collected about users of its software. In addition, the company does not provide users of its (Office) software an option to turn off diagnostic and telemetry data sent back to the company. Researchers found that most of the data that the Microsoft software collects and "sends home" is diagnostics. Researchers also observed that Microsoft "seemingly tried to make the system GDPR compliant by storing Office documents on servers based in the EU". However, they discovered the software packages collected additional data that contained private user information, some of which was stored on servers located in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Netherlands Ministry of Justice |title=Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Microsoft Office 2016 and 365 |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623094153/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> The Netherlands Ministry of Justice hired Privacy Company to probe and evaluate the use of Microsoft Office products in the public sector.<ref name="The Register" /> "Microsoft systematically collects data on a large scale about the individual use of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook. Covertly, without informing people", researchers of the Privacy Company stated in their blog post. "Microsoft does not offer any choice with regard to the amount of data, or possibility to switch off the collection, or ability to see what data are collected, because the data stream is encoded."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Privacy Company |title=The impact assessment shows privacy risks in Microsoft Office ProPlus Enterprise |url=https://www.privacycompany.eu/en/impact-assessment-shows-privacy-risks-microsoft-office-proplus-enterprise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164531/https://www.privacycompany.eu/en/impact-assessment-shows-privacy-risks-microsoft-office-proplus-enterprise/ |archive-date=November 28, 2018 |access-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>

The researchers commented that there is no need for Microsoft to store information such as IPs and email addresses, which are collected automatically by the software. "Microsoft should not store these transient, functional data, unless the retention is strictly necessary, for example, for security purposes", the researchers conclude in the final report by the Netherlands Ministry of Justice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Netherlands Ministry of Justice |title=Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Microsoft Office 2016 and 365 |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623094153/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref>

As a result of this in-depth study and its conclusions, the Netherlands regulatory body concluded that Microsoft has violated GDPR "on many counts" including "lack of transparency and purpose limitation, and the lack of a legal ground for the processing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Netherlands Ministry of Justice |title=Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Microsoft Office 2016 and 365 |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623094153/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> Microsoft has provided the Dutch authorities with an "improvement plan" that should satisfy Dutch regulators that it "would end all violations". The Dutch regulatory body is monitoring the situation and states that "If progress is deemed insufficient or if the improvements offered are unsatisfactory, SLM Microsoft Rijk will reconsider its position and may ask the Data Protection Authority to carry out a prior consultation and to impose enforcement measures."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data Protection Impact Assessment op Microsoft Office |date=November 7, 2018 |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524051346/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> When asked for a response by an IT professional publication, a Microsoft spokesperson stated: We are committed to our customers’ privacy, putting them in control of their data and ensuring that Office ProPlus and other Microsoft products and services comply with GDPR and other applicable laws. We appreciate the opportunity to discuss our diagnostic data handling practices in Office ProPlus with the Dutch Ministry of Justice and look forward to a successful resolution of any concerns."<ref name="The Register">{{Cite web |last=The Register |title=Microsoft menaced with GDPR mega-fines in Europe for 'large scale and covert' gathering of people's info via Office |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/11/16/microsoft_gdpr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624154253/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/11/16/microsoft_gdpr |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> The user privacy data issue affects ProPlus subscriptions of Microsoft Office 2016 and Microsoft Office 365, including the online version of Microsoft Office 365.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Netherlands Ministry of Justice |title=Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) Microsoft Office 2016 and 365 |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623094153/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/rapporten/2018/11/07/data-protection-impact-assessment-op-microsoft-office/Update+on+negotiations+between+Dutch+central+government+and+Microsoft+on+GDPR+compliance+November+7.pdf |archive-date=June 23, 2019 |access-date=June 24, 2019}}</ref>

== History of releases ==
{{Version|l|show=111111}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Windows
|-
! rowspan="2" | Office version
! rowspan="2" | Version number
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Minimum [[operating system]] version
! colspan="2" | Office support end date
|-
! Mainstream
! Extended
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2021|2021]]
| 16.0
| rowspan="13" | [[Windows]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Windows 10|10]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2018 |title=Microsoft Office 2019 will only work on Windows 10 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/1/16960640/microsoft-office-2019-windows-10-support |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204051806/https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/1/16960640/microsoft-office-2019-windows-10-support |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=February 4, 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref>
| {{version|c|October 13, 2026}}<ref name="support-2021-windows">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 2021 Support Lifecycle |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/office-2021 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| N/A<ref name="support-2021-windows" />
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2019|2019]]
| 16.0<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Daniel H. Brown |last2=msft-bcorob |date=March 1, 2019 |title=Supported scenarios for installing different versions of Office, Project, and Visio on the same computer |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployoffice/install-different-office-visio-and-project-versions-on-the-same-computer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320204223/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployoffice/install-different-office-visio-and-project-versions-on-the-same-computer |archive-date=March 20, 2019 |access-date=March 20, 2019 |publisher=Microsoft.com |quote=Office 365, Office 2019, and Office 2016 all have the same version: 16.0}}</ref>
| {{version|c|October 10, 2023}}<ref name="support-2019-windows">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 2019 Support Lifecycle |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-office-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125062422/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-office-2019 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| {{version|c|October 14, 2025}}<ref name="support-2019-windows" />
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2016|2016]]
| 16.0
| [[Windows 7|7 SP1]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2015 |title=System requirements for Office 2016 |url=https://products.office.com/en-us/office-system-requirements#SUITES |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925115345/http://products.office.com/en-us/office-system-requirements#SUITES |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |access-date=July 6, 2016 |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| {{version|o|October 13, 2020}}<ref name="support-2016-windows">{{Cite web |title=Office 2016 Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/18412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011655/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/18412 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=September 22, 2015 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| {{version|co|October 14, 2025}}<ref name="support-2016-windows" />
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2013|2013]]
| 15.0
| [[Windows 7|7]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-07-16 |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2013-resource-kit/ee624351(v=office.15)#standard-system-requirements-for-office-2013 |title=System requirements for Office 2013 |department=[[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]] |website=[[Microsoft Docs]] |at=Standard system requirements for Office 2013 |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>
| {{version|o|April 10, 2018}}<ref name="support-2013-windows">{{Cite web |title=Office 2013 Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/16674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011549/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/16674 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 9, 2017 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
| {{version|co|April 11, 2023}}<ref name="support-2013-windows" />
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2010|2010]]
| 14.0
| [[Windows XP|XP SP3]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2010/ee624351(v=office.14) |title=System requirements for Office 2010 |department=[[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]] |website=[[Microsoft Docs]] |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>
| {{version|o|October 13, 2015}}
| {{version|o|October 13, 2020}}
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2007|2007]]
| 12.0
| [[Windows XP SP2|XP SP2]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/office/office-2007-resource-kit/dd188670(v=office.12)#system-requirements-for-the-2007-office-release |title=Getting started with the 2007 Office system |department=[[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]] |website=[[Microsoft Docs]] |at=System requirements for the 2007 Office release |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>
| {{version|o|October 9, 2012}}<ref name="support-2007" />
| {{version|o|October 10, 2017}}<ref name="support-2007">{{Cite web |title=Office 2007 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/8753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011607/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/8753 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2003|2003]]
| 11.0
| [[Windows 2000|2000 SP3]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of system requirements for Microsoft Office 2003 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/822129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060443/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/822129 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2015 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
| {{version|o|April 14, 2009}}
| {{version|o|April 8, 2014}}
|-
| [[Microsoft Office XP|XP]]
| 10.0
| [[Windows 98|98]] or [[Windows NT 4.0|NT 4 SP6a]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of system requirements for Microsoft Office XP |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/285342 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045223/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/285342 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Description of the versions of Office that are supported on Windows Vista |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/932087 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913064941/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/932087 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |access-date=April 29, 2016 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
| {{version|o|July 11, 2006}}<ref name="support-xp" />
| {{version|o|July 12, 2011}}<ref name="support-xp">{{Cite web |title=Office XP |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011703/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2533 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2000|2000]]
| 9.0
| [[Windows 95|95]] or [[Windows NT 4|NT 4 SP3]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description of the system requirements for all editions of Office 2000 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/217883 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055425/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/217883 |archive-date=July 15, 2015 |access-date=September 2, 2015 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
| {{version|o|June 30, 2004}}
| {{version|o|July 14, 2009}}
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 97|97]]
| 8.0
| [[Windows NT 3.51|NT 3.51 SP5]] or [[Windows 95|95]]
| {{version|o|August 31, 2001}}<ref name=support-97 />
| {{version|o|February 28, 2002}}<ref name="support-97">{{Cite web |title=Office 97 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2507 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729185912/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2507 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 95|95]]
| 7.0
| [[Windows NT 3.51|NT 3.51]] or [[Windows 95|95]]
| {{version|o|December 31, 2001}}<ref name="support-95" />
| {{N/A}}<ref name="support-95">{{Cite web |title=Office 95 |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011711/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2503 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| 4.x
| 6.0
| [[Windows 3.1|3.1]]
| {{version|o|November 1, 2000}}<ref name="support-4.x" />
| {{N/A}}<ref name="support-4.x">{{Cite web |title=Office 4.x |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search?alpha=Office%204. |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| 3.x
| {{N/A|Various}}
| [[Windows 3.0|3.0]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 31, 1992 |title=Microsoft Office now has Mail, PowerPoint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ |url-status=live |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |volume=14 |issue=35 |page=15 |issn=0199-6649 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805233314/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ |archive-date=August 5, 2020 |access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>
| {{version|o|September 30, 1998}}<ref name="support-3.x" />
| {{N/A}}<ref name="support-3.x">{{Cite web |title=Office 3.x |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search?alpha=Office%203. |access-date=June 18, 2017 |website=Search product lifecycle |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Mac
|-
! Office version
! Version number
! colspan="2" | Minimum [[operating system]]
! Office support end date
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2021|2021]]
| 16.0
| rowspan="7" | [[macOS]]
| [[macOS Catalina|10.15]] – [[macOS Big Sur|11]]
| {{tba}}
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2019|2019]]
| 16.0
| [[macOS Sierra|10.12]] – [[macOS Big Sur|11]]
| {{version|c|October 10, 2023}}<ref name="support-2019-mac">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 2019 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-office-2019-for-mac |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021025404/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/microsoft-office-2019-for-mac |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |website=Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2016|2016]]
| 15.0 – 16.16.x
| [[OS X Yosemite|10.10]] – [[macOS High Sierra|10.13]]<ref name="OfficeHighSierra">{{Cite web |last=Weir |first=Andy |date=June 5, 2017 |title=Microsoft says Office for Mac 2011 will not be supported on macOS 10.13 High Sierra |url=https://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-says-office-for-mac-2011-will-not-be-supported-on-macos-1013-high-sierra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606030326/https://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-says-office-for-mac-2011-will-not-be-supported-on-macos-1013-high-sierra |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=June 6, 2017 |website=Neowin |language=en}}</ref>
| {{version|o|October 13, 2020}}<ref name="support-2016-mac">{{Cite web |title=Office 2016 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/18335 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011709/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/18335 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=September 17, 2015 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office for Mac 2011|2011 for Mac]]
| 14.0
| [[Mac OS X Leopard|10.5]] (Intel) – [[macOS Sierra|10.12]]<ref name="OfficeHighSierra" />
| {{version|o|October 10, 2017}}<ref name="support-2011">{{Cite web |title=Office 2011 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/15627 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011625/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/15627 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac|2008 for Mac]]
| 12.0
| [[Mac OS X Tiger|10.4]] (PPC) – [[macOS Sierra|10.12]]<ref name="OfficeHighSierra" />
| {{version|o|April 9, 2013}}<ref name="support-2008">{{Cite web |title=Office 2008 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/12853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011556/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/12853 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Office 2004 for Mac|2004 for Mac]]
| 11.0
| [[Mac OS X 10.2|10.2]] – [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|10.6]]
| {{version|o|January 10, 2012}}<ref name="support-2004">{{Cite web |title=Office 2004 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011610/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2490 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| v. X
| 10.0
| [[Mac OS X 10.1|10.1]] – [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|10.6]]
| {{version|o|January 9, 2007}}<ref name="support-x">{{Cite web |title=Office X for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011635/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2532 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 2001|2001]]
| 9.0
| rowspan="4" | [[Classic Mac OS|Classic Mac OS]]
| [[Mac OS 8|8.1]] (PPC)
| {{version|o|December 31, 2005}}<ref name="support-2001">{{Cite web |title=Office 2001 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011601/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2487 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| [[Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition|98 Macintosh Edition]]
| 8.0
| [[System 7|7.5]] (PPC)
| {{version|o|June 30, 2003}}<ref name="support-98">{{Cite web |title=Office 98 for Mac Support Lifecycle |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424011706/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/search/2508 |archive-date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Support |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>
|-
| 4.2
| 7.0
| [[System 7|7.0]] (68K)
| {{version|o|December 31, 1996}}<ref name="support-4.x" />
|-
| 3.0
| 6.0
| {{Dunno}}
| {{version|o|June 1, 2001}}<ref name="support-3.x" />
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ iOS & Android
|-
! Office version
! Version number
! colspan="2" | Minimum [[operating system]]
|-
| Android<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.word |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324095012/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.word |archive-date=March 24, 2017 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Google Play}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Excel |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.excel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309180632/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.excel |archive-date=March 9, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Google Play}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft PowerPoint |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.powerpoint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220065725/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.powerpoint |archive-date=February 20, 2020 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=Google Play}}</ref> for Word, Excel, PowerPoint
| 16.0
| [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| [[Android Oreo|8.0 Oreo]]
|-
| iOS<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word |url=https://itunes.apple.com/app/microsoft-word/id586447913/ |website=App Store |publisher=Apple}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Excel |url=https://itunes.apple.com/app/microsoft-excel/id586683407/ |website=App Store |publisher=Apple}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft PowerPoint |url=https://itunes.apple.com/app/microsoft-powerpoint/id586449534/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055754/https://itunes.apple.com/app/microsoft-powerpoint/id586449534/ |archive-date=April 11, 2017 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |website=App Store |publisher=Apple}}</ref> for Word, Excel, PowerPoint
| 2.35
| [[iOS]]
| [[iOS 13|13]]
|}

==Version history==
{{Main|History of Microsoft Office}}

===Windows versions===
[[File:Office 4.0 Suite.jpg|thumb|Microsoft Office 4.0, inside [[Windows 3.1]]|240x240px]]

====Microsoft Office for Windows====
Microsoft Office for Windows<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 1990 |title=The Microsoft Office for Windows Advertisement |page=50 |work=[[InfoWorld]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50 |url-status=live |access-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227091753/https://books.google.com/books?id=wFAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50 |archive-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> started in October 1990 as a bundle of three applications designed for Microsoft Windows 3.0: Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft Excel for Windows 2.0, and Microsoft PowerPoint for Windows 2.0.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Stuart J. |date=October 1, 1990 |title=Office for Windows Bundles Popular Microsoft Applications |page=16 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227022720/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

Microsoft Office for Windows 1.5 updated the suite with Microsoft Excel 3.0.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 1991 |title=Microsoft ships updated Office for Windows |page=16 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT15 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227025235/https://books.google.com/books?id=rlAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT15 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

Version 1.6<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 8, 1991 |title=The Microsoft Office for Windows 1.6 Advertisement |pages=18–19 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> added Microsoft Mail for PC Networks 2.1 to the bundle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eva |first=Elizabeth |date=May 27, 1991 |title=Microsoft Incorporates Mail for PC Networks Into Office for Windows |page=16 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT13 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227022504/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT13 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

====Microsoft Office 3.0====
[[Microsoft Office 3.0]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 1993 |title=The Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0 Advertisement |pages=18–19 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227005354/https://books.google.com/books?id=ODwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> also called Microsoft Office 92, was released on August 30, 1992, and<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 31, 1992 |title=Microsoft Office now has Mail, PowerPoint |page=15 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227081835/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> contained Word 2.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail 3.0. It was the first version of Office also released on CD-ROM.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 15, 1993 |title=Pipeline |page=16 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227001650/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> In 1993, '''Microsoft Office Professional'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 5, 1993 |title=The Microsoft Office Professional Advertisement |pages=17–19 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227024317/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref> was released, which added Microsoft Access 1.1.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Willett |first1=Shawn |last2=Barney |first2=Doug |date=May 10, 1993 |title=Microsoft Office gets Access |page=111 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111 |url-status=live |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227024040/https://books.google.com/books?id=QTsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111 |archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

====Microsoft Office 4.x====
Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing Word 6.0, Excel 4.0a, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail in 1993.<ref>[http://www.intowindows.com/microsoft-office-history-in-brief/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829165451/http://www.intowindows.com/microsoft-office-history-in-brief/|date=August 29, 2012}}</ref> Word's version number jumped from 2.0 to 6.0 so that it would have the same version number as the MS-DOS and Macintosh versions (Excel and PowerPoint were already numbered the same as the Macintosh versions).

Microsoft Office 4.2 for Windows NT was released in 1994 for i386, Alpha,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Windows NT/2000 Commercial Screen Shot Gallery: Dan's 20th Century Abandonware |url=http://d2ca.org/ss-gallery-winnt2k-commercial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725214705/http://d2ca.org/ss-gallery-winnt2k-commercial.html |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=D2ca.org}}</ref> MIPS and PowerPC<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 19, 1994 |title=Microsoft announced Word 6.0 and Microsoft Excel 5.0 for Windows NT Workstation |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MICROSOFT+ANNOUNCES+WORD+6.0+AND+MICROSOFT+EXCEL+5.0+FOR+WINDOWS+NT...-a015839910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022143002/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MICROSOFT+ANNOUNCES+WORD+6.0+AND+MICROSOFT+EXCEL+5.0+FOR+WINDOWS+NT...-a015839910 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> architectures, containing Word 6.0 and Excel 5.0 (both 32-bit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 1995 |title=Microsoft readies supporting versions of Microsoft Excel and Word for Windows NT The PowerPC |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MICROSOFT+READIES+SUPPORTING+VERSIONS+OF+MICROSOFT+EXCEL+AND+WORD+FOR...-a017013735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022142956/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MICROSOFT+READIES+SUPPORTING+VERSIONS+OF+MICROSOFT+EXCEL+AND+WORD+FOR...-a017013735 |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> PowerPoint 4.0 (16-bit), and Microsoft Office Manager 4.2 (the precursor to the Office Shortcut Bar)).

====Microsoft Office 95====
'''[[Microsoft Office 95]]''' was released on August 24, 1995. Software version numbers were altered again to create parity across the suite{{snd}}every program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word missed out versions. Office 95 included new components to the suite such as [[Microsoft Schedule+|Schedule+]] and [[Microsoft Binder|Binder]]. Office for Windows 95 was designed as a fully [[32-bit]] version to match [[Windows 95]] although some apps not bundled as part of the suite at that time - [[Microsoft Publisher|Publisher]] for Windows 95 and [[Microsoft Project|Project]] 95 had some 16-bit components even though their main program executable was 32-bit.

Office 95 was available in two versions, Office 95 Standard and Office 95 Professional. The standard version consisted of Word 7.0, Excel 7.0, PowerPoint 7.0, and Schedule+ 7.0. The professional edition contained all of the items in the standard version plus [[Microsoft Access|Access]] 7.0. If the professional version was purchased in [[CD-ROM]] form, it also included [[Microsoft Bookshelf|Bookshelf]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

The logo used in Office 95 returns in Office 97, 2000 and XP. [[Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition]] also uses a similar logo.

==== Microsoft Office 97 ====
'''[[Microsoft Office 97]]''' (Office 8.0) included hundreds of new features and improvements, such as introducing command bars, a paradigm in which menus and toolbars were made more similar in capability and visual design. Office 97 also featured Natural Language Systems and grammar checking. Office 97 featured new components to the suite including [[Microsoft FrontPage|FrontPage 97]], [[Microsoft Streets & Trips|Expedia Streets 98]] (in Small Business Edition), and [[Internet Explorer|Internet Explorer 3.0 & 4.0]].

Office 97 was the first version of Office to include the Office Assistant. In [[Brazil]], it was also the first version to introduce the Registration Wizard, a precursor to [[Microsoft Product Activation]]. With this release, the accompanying apps, [[Microsoft Project|Project 98]] and [[Microsoft Publisher|Publisher 98]] also transitioned to fully 32-bit versions. [[Microsoft Exchange Server|Exchange Server]], a [[mail server]] and [[Calendaring software|calendaring]] server developed by [[Microsoft]], is the server for [[Microsoft Outlook|Outlook]] after discontinuing Exchange Client.

====Microsoft Office 2000====
'''[[Microsoft Office 2000]]''' (Office 9.0) introduced [[adaptation (computer science)|adaptive]] menus, where little-used options were hidden from the user. It also introduced a new security feature, built around [[digital signature]]s, to diminish the threat of macro viruses. The [[Microsoft Script Editor]], an optional tool that can edit script code, was also introduced in Office 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-30 |title=DLL Help Database More Information MSE.EXE |url=http://support.microsoft.com/dllhelp/default.aspx?l=55&fid=113784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130071911/http://support.microsoft.com/dllhelp/default.aspx?l=55&fid=113784 |archive-date=January 30, 2009 |access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Office 2000 automatically trusts [[macro (computer science)|macros]] (written in VBA 6) that were digitally signed from authors who have been previously designated as trusted. Office 2000 also introduces [[Microsoft PhotoDraw|PhotoDraw]], a [[Raster graphics|raster]] and [[Vector graphics|vector]] imaging program, as well as [[Microsoft Office shared tools#Office Web Components|Web Components]], [[Microsoft Visio|Visio]], and [[Microsoft Vizact|Vizact]].

The Registration Wizard, a precursor to [[Microsoft Product Activation]], remained in Brazil and was also extended to Australia and New Zealand, though not for volume-licensed editions. Academic software in the United States and Canada also featured the Registration Wizard.

==== Microsoft Office XP ====
'''[[Microsoft Office XP]]''' (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in conjunction with [[Windows XP]], and was a major upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office 2000. Office XP introduced the [[Safe Mode]] feature, which allows applications such as Outlook to boot when it might otherwise fail by bypassing a corrupted [[Windows registry|registry]] or a faulty add-in. [[Smart tag (Microsoft)|Smart tag]] is a technology introduced with Office XP in Word and Excel and discontinued in Office 2010.

Office XP also introduces new components including [[Microsoft Office shared tools#Microsoft Office Document Imaging|Document Imaging]], [[Microsoft Office shared tools#Microsoft Office Document Scanning|Document Scanning]], [[Microsoft Office shared tools#Clip Organizer|Clip Organizer]], [[Microsoft MapPoint|MapPoint]], and [[Microsoft Data Analyzer|Data Analyzer]]. [[Microsoft Office shared tools#Binder|Binder]] was replaced by Unbind, a program that can extract the contents of a Binder file. Unbind can be installed from the Office XP CD-ROM.

Office XP includes integrated voice command and text dictation capabilities, as well as [[handwriting recognition]]. It was the first version to require [[Microsoft Product Activation]] worldwide and in all editions as an anti-piracy measure, which attracted widespread controversy.<ref name="winitpro_activation">{{Cite news |last=Chernicoff |first=David |date=June 22, 2001 |title=Office XP Product Activation: A Personal Saga |work=Windows IT Pro |url=http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windows-2000/office-xp-product-activation-a-personal-saga.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=November 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209112950/http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windows-2000/office-xp-product-activation-a-personal-saga.aspx |archive-date=February 9, 2013}}</ref> Product Activation remained absent from Office for Mac releases until it was introduced in [[Microsoft Office for Mac 2011|Office 2011 for Mac]].

==== Microsoft Office 2003 ====
'''[[Microsoft Office 2003]]''' (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It featured a new logo. Two new applications made their debut in Office 2003: Microsoft InfoPath and [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]]. It is the first version to use new, more colorful icons. Outlook 2003 provides improved functionality in many areas, including [[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos]] authentication, [[Remote procedure call|RPC]] over HTTP, Cached Exchange Mode, and an improved junk mail filter.

Office 2003 introduces three new programs to the Office product lineup: [[Microsoft InfoPath|InfoPath]], a program for designing, filling, and submitting electronic [[structured data]] forms; [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]], a [[note-taking]] program for creating and organizing diagrams, graphics, handwritten notes, recorded audio, and text; and the [[Microsoft Office Picture Manager|Picture Manager]] [[graphics software]] which can open, manage, and share digital images.

[[SharePoint]], a web [[collaboration]] platform codenamed as Office Server, has integration and compatibility with Office 2003 and so on.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2011 |title=7 Years of SharePoint - A History Lesson |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/joelo/archive/2007/12/28/7-years-of-sharepoint-a-history-lesson.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110813183416/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/joelo/archive/2007/12/28/7-years-of-sharepoint-a-history-lesson.aspx |archive-date=August 13, 2011 |access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref>

====Microsoft Office 2007====
'''[[Microsoft Office 2007]]''' (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. Office 2007's new features include a new [[graphical user interface]] called the Fluent User Interface,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Use the Ribbon instead of toolbars and menus |url=https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Use-the-Ribbon-instead-of-toolbars-and-menus-D946B26E-0C8C-402D-A0F7-C6EFA296B527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617194550/https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Use-the-Ribbon-instead-of-toolbars-and-menus-D946B26E-0C8C-402D-A0F7-C6EFA296B527 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> replacing the menus and toolbars that have been the cornerstone of Office since its inception with a [[tabbed toolbar]], known as the [[Ribbon (computing)|Ribbon]]; new XML-based file formats called Office Open XML; and the inclusion of [[Microsoft Office Groove|Groove]], a [[collaborative software]] application.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Rick |last2=DeJean |first2=David |last3=Yegulalp |first3=Serdar |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Review: A Comprehensive Look At Microsoft Office 2007 |work=InformationWeek |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/reviews/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=194400938 |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919025109/http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/reviews/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=194400938 |archive-date=September 19, 2009}}</ref>

While [[Microsoft]] removed [[Microsoft Data Analyzer|Data Analyzer]], [[Microsoft FrontPage|FrontPage]], [[Microsoft Vizact|Vizact]], and [[Microsoft Schedule+|Schedule+]] from Office 2007; they also added [[Skype for Business|Communicator]], [[Microsoft SharePoint Workspace|Groove]], [[Microsoft SharePoint Designer|SharePoint Designer]], and Office Customization Tool (OCT) to the suite.

====Microsoft Office 2010====
'''[[Microsoft Office 2010]]''' (Office 14.0, Microsoft [[triskaidekaphobia|skipped 13.0]] due to fear of 13<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flynn |first=David |date=March 29, 2007 |title=Microsoft to skip 'unlucky' Office 13 |url=http://apcmag.com/microsoft_to_skip_unlucky_office_13.htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206073052/http://apcmag.com/microsoft_to_skip_unlucky_office_13.htm/ |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |access-date=September 10, 2016 |website=APC |publisher=[[Future plc|Future]]}}</ref>) was finalized on April 15, 2010, and made available to consumers on June 15, 2010.<ref name="office2010_pr">{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Office 2010 Now Available for Consumers Worldwide |date=June 10, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2010/jun10/06-152010OfficeLaunchPR.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014163335/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2010/jun10/06-152010officelaunchpr.mspx |archive-date=October 14, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 15, 2007 |title=Office 14 slated for a 2009/2010 Release |work=Neowin.net |url=http://www.neowin.net/news/office-14-slated-for-a-20092010-release |url-status=live |access-date=December 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231135816/http://www.neowin.net/news/office-14-slated-for-a-20092010-release |archive-date=December 31, 2011}}</ref> The main features of Office 2010 include the backstage file menu, new collaboration tools, a customizable ribbon, protected view and a navigation panel. [[Skype for Business|Office Communicator]], an [[instant messaging]] and [[videotelephony]] application, was renamed into Lync 2010.

This is the first version to ship in [[32-bit]] and [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] variants. Microsoft Office 2010 featured a new logo, which resembled the 2007 logo, except in gold, and with a modification in shape.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittaker |first=Zack |date=April 18, 2009 |title=Office 2010: new logo, Outlook, and user interface |url=https://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/office-2010-new-logo-outlook-and-user-interface/1475 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717104816/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/igeneration/office-2010-new-logo-outlook-and-user-interface/1475 |archive-date=July 17, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> Microsoft released Service Pack 1 for Office 2010 on June 28, 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 2010 – Service Pack 1 |url=http://www.officeforlawyers.com/tips/Office2010SP1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208131255/http://www.officeforlawyers.com/tips/Office2010SP1.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |access-date=March 10, 2012 |publisher=Officeforlawyers.com}}</ref> and Service Pack 2 on July 16, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-16 |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/office_sustained_engineering/office-2010-and-sharepoint-2010-service-pack-2-availability |title=Office 2010 and SharePoint 2010 Service Pack 2 Availability |department=[[Microsoft TechNet|TechNet]] |website=[[Microsoft Docs]] |access-date=2021-10-20}}</ref> Office Online was first released online along with [[Microsoft OneDrive|SkyDrive]], an online storing service.

====Microsoft Office 2013====
A technical preview of [[Microsoft Office 2013]] (Build 15.0.3612.1010) was released on January 30, 2012, and a Customer Preview version was made available to consumers on July 16, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hough |first=PJ |date=January 30, 2013 |title='Office 15' Begins Technical Preview |url=http://blogs.office.com/b/office-exec/archive/2012/01/30/quot-office-15-quot-begins-technical-preview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131014100/http://blogs.office.com/b/office-exec/archive/2012/01/30/quot-office-15-quot-begins-technical-preview.aspx |archive-date=January 31, 2012 |access-date=April 24, 2013 |website=Office Exec |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> It sports a revamped application interface; the interface is based on [[Metro (design language)|Metro]], the interface of [[Windows Phone]] and [[Windows 8]]. Microsoft Outlook has received the most pronounced changes so far; for example, the Metro interface provides a new visualization for scheduled tasks. PowerPoint includes more templates and transition effects, and OneNote includes a new splash screen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2011 |title=Microsoft Office 2012 15.0.2703.1000: First Look with Full Screenshots – Office 2012 |url=http://www.office-2012.com/microsoft-office-2012-15-0-2703-1000-first-look-with-full-screenshots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623094440/http://www.office-2012.com/microsoft-office-2012-15-0-2703-1000-first-look-with-full-screenshots/ |archive-date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=Office-2012.com}}</ref>

On May 16, 2011, new images of Office 15 were revealed, showing Excel with a tool for filtering data in a timeline, the ability to convert Roman numerals to Arabic numerals, and the integration of advanced trigonometric functions. In Word, the capability of inserting video and audio online as well as the broadcasting of documents on the Web were implemented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office 15 Build 15.0.2703.1000 images leak |url=http://www.neowin.net/news/office-15-build-15027031000-images-leak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043712/http://www.neowin.net/news/office-15-build-15027031000-images-leak |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=August 29, 2011 |publisher=Neowin.net}}</ref> Microsoft has promised support for Office Open XML Strict starting with version 15, a format Microsoft has submitted to the ISO for interoperability with other office suites, and to aid adoption in the public sector.<ref name="Doug Mahugh blog">{{Cite web |last=Doug Mahugh |title=Office's Support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dmahugh/archive/2010/04/06/office-s-support-for-iso-iec-29500-strict.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202145136/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dmahugh/archive/2010/04/06/office-s-support-for-iso-iec-29500-strict.aspx |archive-date=December 2, 2010 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |publisher=MSDN blogs}}</ref> This version can read and write [[ODF]] 1.2 (Windows only).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 15 to support ODF 1.2 |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Microsoft-Office-15-to-support-ODF-1-2-1560464.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69IV1bhEY?url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Microsoft-Office-15-to-support-ODF-1-2-1560464.html |archive-date=July 20, 2012 |access-date=April 26, 2012}}</ref>

On October 24, 2012, Office 2013 Professional Plus was [[released to manufacturing]] and was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers for download.<ref name="WinBeta">{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2012 |title=Microsoft releases Office 2013 Professional Plus RTM to TechNet and MSDN subscribers |url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/microsoft-releases-office-2013-professional-plus-technet-and-msdn-users |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CI00Vjp3?url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/microsoft-releases-office-2013-professional-plus-technet-and-msdn-users |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2012 |publisher=WinBeta}}</ref> On November 15, 2012, the 60-day trial version was released for public download.<ref name="winbeta.org">{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2012 |title=Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2013 60-day trial now available for download |url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/microsoft-office-professional-plus-2013-60-day-trial-now-available-download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CI0C9ZMb?url=http://www.winbeta.org/news/microsoft-office-professional-plus-2013-60-day-trial-now-available-download |archive-date=November 19, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2012 |publisher=WinBeta}}</ref> Office 2013 was released to [[general availability]] on January 29, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Carly |date=January 28, 2013 |title=Microsoft says Office 2013 will arrive on 29 January |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2239580/microsoft-says-office-2013-arrives-on-29-january |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619062843/https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2239580/microsoft-says-office-2013-arrives-on-29-january |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 |website=[[The Inquirer]] |publisher=[[Incisive Media]]}}</ref> Service Pack 1 for Office 2013 was released on February 25, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2014 |title=List of all Service Pack 1 (SP1) updates for Microsoft Office 2013 and related desktop products |url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2850036/list-of-all-service-pack-1-sp1-updates-for-microsoft-office-2013-and-r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805142952/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/2850036/list-of-all-service-pack-1-sp1-updates-for-microsoft-office-2013-and-r |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |access-date=August 5, 2018 |website=Microsoft Support |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Some applications were completely removed from the entire suite including [[Microsoft SharePoint Workspace|SharePoint Workspace]], [[Microsoft Clip Organizer|Clip Organizer]], and [[Microsoft Office Picture Manager|Office Picture Manager]].

==== Microsoft Office 2016 ====
{{Main|Microsoft Office 2016}}
On January 22, 2015, the Microsoft Office blog announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2016, was in development. On May 4, 2015, a public preview of Microsoft Office 2016 was released.<ref name="office-2016announce">{{Cite web |title=The next chapter of Office on Windows |url=http://blogs.office.com/2015/02/04/next-chapter-office-windows/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002844/http://blogs.office.com/2015/02/04/next-chapter-office-windows/ |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=February 6, 2015 |website=Office Blog |date=February 4, 2015 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref><ref name="pcw-touchfriendlyoffice">{{Cite web |title=Microsoft's touch-friendly Office apps now available to download for Windows 10 |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2879587/microsofts-touch-friendly-office-apps-now-available-to-download-for-windows-10.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206084218/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2879587/microsofts-touch-friendly-office-apps-now-available-to-download-for-windows-10.html |archive-date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=February 6, 2015 |website=PC World |date=February 4, 2015 |publisher=IDG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Mary |title=Microsoft delivers public preview of Office 2016 for Windows desktops |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-delivers-public-preview-of-office-2016-for-windows-desktops/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505080352/http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-delivers-public-preview-of-office-2016-for-windows-desktops/ |archive-date=May 5, 2015 |access-date=May 5, 2015 |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> Office 2016 was released for Mac OS X on July 9, 2015<ref name="office2016-mac">{{Cite web |last=Koenigsbauer |first=Kirk |date=July 9, 2015 |title=Office 2016 for Mac is here! |url=https://blogs.office.com/2015/07/09/office-2016-for-mac-is-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726022909/https://blogs.office.com/2015/07/09/office-2016-for-mac-is-here/ |archive-date=July 26, 2015 |access-date=July 9, 2015 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> and for Windows on September 22, 2015.<ref name="office2016-windows">{{Cite web |last=Koenigsbauer |first=Kirk |date=September 22, 2015 |title=The new Office is here |url=https://blogs.office.com/2015/09/22/thenewoffice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607140741/https://blogs.office.com/2015/09/22/thenewoffice/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=September 22, 2015 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

Users who had the Professional Plus 2016 subscription have the new [[Skype for Business]] app. [[Microsoft Teams]], a team collaboration program meant to rival [[Slack (software)|Slack]], was released as a separate product for business and enterprise users.

==== Microsoft Office 2019 ====
{{Main|Microsoft Office 2019}}
On September 26, 2017, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2019, was in development. On April 27, 2018, Microsoft released Office 2019 Commercial Preview for Windows 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2018 |title=Microsoft releases Office 2019 preview |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/27/17290112/microsoft-office-2019-preview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614135229/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/27/17290112/microsoft-office-2019-preview |archive-date=June 14, 2018 |access-date=May 1, 2018 |publisher=The Verge}}</ref> It was released to general availability for [[Windows 10]] and for [[macOS]] on September 24, 2018.<ref name="release-announcement">{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2018 |title=Office 2019 is now available for Windows and Mac |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2018/09/24/office-2019-is-now-available-for-windows-and-mac/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003213924/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2018/09/24/office-2019-is-now-available-for-windows-and-mac/ |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2018 |website=Microsoft 365 Blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

==== Microsoft Office 2021 ====
{{Main|Microsoft Office 2021}}
On February 18, 2021, Microsoft announced that the next version of the suite for Windows desktop, Office 2021, was in development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Upcoming commercial preview of Microsoft Office LTSC |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2021/02/18/upcoming-commercial-preview-of-microsoft-office-ltsc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218235114/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2021/02/18/upcoming-commercial-preview-of-microsoft-office-ltsc/ |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=February 18, 2021 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> This new version will be supported for five years and was released on October 5, 2021.<ref name="Office2021Rel"/>

===Mac versions===
Prior to packaging its various office-type Mac OS software applications into Office, Microsoft released Mac versions of [[Microsoft Word|Word]] 1.0 in 1984, the first year of the Macintosh computer; Excel 1.0 in 1985; and [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] 1.0 in 1987.<ref name="history">{{Cite web |date=August 2009 |title=History of the Microsoft Macintosh Business Unit |url=http://download.microsoft.com/download/4/E/0/4E01F3E7-53CF-4744-9BBB-876F69FA1683/MacBUHistoryFS.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515193937/http://download.microsoft.com/download/4/E/0/4E01F3E7-53CF-4744-9BBB-876F69FA1683/MacBUHistoryFS.doc |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |publisher=Microsoft |format=Microsoft Word format |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Microsoft does not include its Access database application in Office for Mac.

Microsoft has noted that some features are added to Office for Mac before they appear in Windows versions, such as Office for Mac 2001's Office Project Gallery and PowerPoint Movie feature, which allows users to save presentations as QuickTime movies.<ref name="macfirst">{{Cite press release |title=Office Macintosh Edition: A History of 'Mac-First' Technology |date=April 26, 1999 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/1999/04-26macoffice.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113050058/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/1999/04-26macoffice.mspx |archive-date=January 13, 2009}}</ref><ref name="morefirsts">{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Available Nationwide |date=October 11, 2000 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2000/Oct00/Office2001PR.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112090432/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2000/Oct00/Office2001PR.mspx |archive-date=January 12, 2009}}</ref> However, Microsoft Office for Mac has been long criticized for its lack of support of [[Unicode]] and for its lack of support for [[Bi-directional text|right-to-left]] languages, notably [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heard |first=Chris |date=September 27, 2007 |title=It's official: no RTL support in Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac |url=http://www.heardworld.com/higgaion/?p=774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011134743/http://www.heardworld.com/higgaion/?p=774 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |website=Higgaion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paquin |first=Eric |date=August 3, 2010 |title=I know I've spelled this right! |url=http://www.officeformac.com/ms/blogs/blog1/I-know-I-ve-spelled-this-right |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817065302/http://www.officeformac.com/ms/blogs/blog1/I-know-I-ve-spelled-this-right |archive-date=August 17, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2010 |website=Mac Mojo: The Office for Mac Team Blog}}</ref>

====Early Office for Mac releases (1989–1994)====
Microsoft Office for Mac was introduced for Mac OS in 1989, before Office was released for Windows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wildstrom |first=Stephen H. |date=January 3, 2008 |title=Microsoft and Mac, Happy Together |work=Business Week |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_02/b4066000498753.htm |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611000338/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_02/b4066000498753.htm |archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> It included Word 4.0, Excel 2.2, PowerPoint 2.01, and Mail 1.37.<ref name="infoworld_macoffice1">{{Cite news |last=Flynn |first=Laurie |date=June 19, 1989 |title=The Microsoft Office Bundles 4 Programs |page=37 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112152905/http://books.google.com/books?id=lzAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17 |archive-date=November 12, 2012}}</ref> It was originally a limited-time promotion but later became a regular product. With the release of Office on CD-ROM later that year, Microsoft became the first major Mac publisher to put its applications on CD-ROM.<ref name="infoworld_macoffice2">{{Cite news |last=Flynn |first=Laurie |date=August 7, 1989 |title=Microsoft Office Programs Will Be Available on CD ROM |page=5 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT4 |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911050245/http://books.google.com/books?id=vDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT4 |archive-date=September 11, 2011}}</ref>

Microsoft Office 1.5 for Mac was released in 1991 and included the updated Excel 3.0, the first application to support Apple's [[System 7]] [[operating system]].<ref name=history/>

Microsoft Office 3.0 for Mac was released in 1992 and included Word 5.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and Mail Client. Excel 4.0 was the first application to support new [[AppleScript]].<ref name=history/>

Microsoft Office 4.2 for Mac was released in 1994. (Version 4.0 was skipped to synchronize version numbers with Office for Windows) Version 4.2 included Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0 and Mail 3.2.<ref name="infoworld_office42mac_1">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Ilan |date=August 4, 1994 |title=Microsoft set to unveil Office for Power Mac |page=21 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112204823/http://books.google.com/books?id=pjgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21 |archive-date=November 12, 2012}}</ref> It was the first Office suite for [[Power Macintosh]].<ref name=history/> Its user interface was identical to Office 4.2 for Windows<ref name="infoworld_office42mac_2">{{Cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Christopher |last2=Tews |first2=Carey |date=November 7, 1994 |title=Mac Office matches Windows – almost |page=117 |work=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117 |url-status=live |access-date=November 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112192841/http://books.google.com/books?id=ejgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA117 |archive-date=November 12, 2012}}</ref> leading many customers to comment that it wasn't Mac-like enough.<ref name=macfirst/> The final release for Mac [[Motorola 68000 family|68K]] was Office 4.2.1, which updated Word to version 6.0.1, somewhat improving performance.

====Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition====
[[Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition]] was unveiled at [[Macworld – iWorld#1998|MacWorld Expo/San Francisco]] in 1998. It introduced the [[Internet Explorer]] 4.0 [[web browser]] and [[Outlook Express]], an Internet e-mail [[client (computing)|client]] and [[usenet newsgroup]] reader.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Unveils Office 98 Macintosh Edition and Internet Explorer 4.0 for Macintosh; Apple Introduces Mac OS 8.1 With Internet Explorer as Default Browser |date=January 6, 1998 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1998/jan98/applepr.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112215855/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1998/jan98/applepr.mspx |archive-date=January 12, 2009}}</ref> Office 98 was re-engineered by Microsoft's [[Macintosh Business Unit]] to satisfy customers' desire for software they felt was more Mac-like.<ref name=macfirst/> It included [[Drag-and-drop|drag–and-drop]] installation, self-repairing applications and Quick [[Thesaurus]], before such features were available in Office for Windows. It also was the first version to support [[QuickTime]] movies.<ref name=macfirst/>

====Microsoft Office 2001 and v. X====
[[File:OfficeMac v X.PNG|thumb|125px|right|Microsoft Office v. X box art]]
[[Microsoft Office 2001]] was launched in 2000 as the last Office suite for the [[classic Mac OS]]. It required a PowerPC processor. This version introduced Entourage, an e-mail client that included information management tools such as a calendar, an address book, task lists and notes.<ref name="morefirsts" />

Microsoft Office v. X was released in 2001 and was the first version of Microsoft Office for [[macOS|Mac OS X]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Office v. X for Mac Hits U.S. Retail Stores |date=November 19, 2001 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2001/nov01/11-19retailpr.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113042103/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2001/nov01/11-19retailpr.mspx |archive-date=January 13, 2009}}</ref> Support for Office v. X ended on January 9, 2007, after the release of the final update, 10.1.9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office v. X for Mac 10.1.9 Update |url=https://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=2415 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026195649/http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=2415 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> Office v.X includes Word X, Excel X, PowerPoint X, Entourage X, [[MSN Messenger for Mac]] and [[Windows Media Player|Windows Media Player 9 for Mac]]; it was the last version of Office for Mac to include [[Internet Explorer for Mac]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negrino |first=Tom |date=February 1, 2002 |title=Microsoft Office v. X |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1001393/office.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210231150/http://www.macworld.com/article/1001393/office.html |archive-date=December 10, 2012 |access-date=June 28, 2013 |website=[[Macworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG]]}}</ref>

====Office 2004====
[[Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac]] was released on May 11, 2004.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Work Just Got Better: Introducing Microsoft Office 2004 for Mac |date=January 6, 2004 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/Jan04/01-06Office2004IntentPR.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629130013/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/Jan04/01-06Office2004IntentPR.mspx |archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> It includes Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage and [[Microsoft Virtual PC|Virtual PC]]. It is the final version of Office to be built exclusively for [[PowerPC]] and to officially support [[PowerPC 7xx|G3]] processors, as its sequel lists a [[PowerPC G4|G4]], [[PowerPC 970|G5]], or [[Apple–Intel architecture|Intel]] processor as a requirement. It was notable for supporting [[Visual Basic for Applications]] (VBA), which is unavailable in Office 2008. This led Microsoft to extend support for Office 2004 from October 13, 2009, to January 10, 2012. VBA functionality was reintroduced in Office 2011, which is only compatible with Intel processors.

====Office 2008====
[[Microsoft Office 2008 for Mac]] was released on January 15, 2008. It was the only Office for Mac suite to be compiled as a [[universal binary]], being the first to feature native [[Apple–Intel architecture|Intel]] support and the last to feature PowerPC support for [[PowerPC G4|G4]] and [[PowerPC 970|G5]] processors, although the suite is unofficially compatible with [[PowerPC 7xx|G3]] processors. New features include native Office Open XML file format support, which debuted in Office 2007 for Windows,<ref name="history" /> and stronger [[Microsoft Office password protection]] employing [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES-128]] and [[SHA-1]]. Benchmarks suggested that compared to its predecessor, Office 2008 ran at similar speeds on Intel machines and slower speeds on PowerPC machines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2008 |title=MS Mactopia Blog |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/131943/2008/02/office_benchmarks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117161519/http://www.macworld.com/article/131943/2008/02/office_benchmarks.html |archive-date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=April 17, 2020}}</ref> Office 2008 also lacked [[Visual Basic for Applications]] (VBA) support, leaving it with only 15 months of additional mainstream support compared to its predecessor. Nevertheless, five months after it was released, Microsoft said that Office 2008 was "selling faster than any previous version of Office for Mac in the past 19 years" and affirmed "its commitment to future products for the Mac."<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Microsoft Mac BU Delivers Strongest Launch in History of Office for Mac |date=May 13, 2008 |publisher=Microsoft |url=https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2008/may08/05-13MacBU2008PR.mspx |access-date=October 30, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218151825/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2008/may08/05-13MacBU2008PR.mspx |archive-date=December 18, 2010}}</ref>

====Office 2011====
[[Microsoft Office for Mac 2011]] was released on October 26, 2010,.<ref name="macworld_office_2011">{{Cite news |last=Tabini |first=Marco |date=October 26, 2010 |title=Microsoft launches Office 2011 |work=Macworld |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/155197/2010/10/office2011_released.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029134026/http://www.macworld.com/article/155197/2010/10/office2011_released.html |archive-date=October 29, 2010}}</ref> It is the first version of Office for Mac to be compiled exclusively for [[Apple–Intel architecture|Intel]] processors, dropping support for the [[PowerPC]] architecture. It features an OS X version of Outlook to replace the Entourage email client. This version of Outlook is intended to make the OS X version of Office work better with Microsoft's Exchange server and with those using Office for Windows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Neil |date=August 13, 2009 |title=Microsoft says Office 2010, Outlook for Mac coming next year |url=https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/13/microsoft_announces_outlook_for_mac_coming_next_year.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212121603/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/13/microsoft_announces_outlook_for_mac_coming_next_year.html |archive-date=February 12, 2010 |access-date=December 19, 2009 |publisher=AppleInsider}}</ref> Office 2011 includes a Mac-based Ribbon similar to Office for Windows.

====OneNote and Outlook release (2014)====
[[Microsoft OneNote]] for Mac was released on March 17, 2014. It marks the company's first release of the note-taking software on the Mac. It is available as a free download to all users of the [[Mac App Store]] in [[OS X Mavericks]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Terrence |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Microsoft's OneNote goes completely free, launches for Macs |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/17/onenote-goes-free-launches-on-mac/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104121422/http://www.engadget.com/2014/03/17/onenote-goes-free-launches-on-mac/ |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |publisher=Engadget}}</ref>

[[Microsoft Outlook]] 2016 for Mac debuted on October 31, 2014. It requires a paid [[Office 365]] subscription, meaning that traditional Office 2011 retail or volume licenses cannot activate this version of Outlook. On that day, Microsoft confirmed that it would release the next version of Office for Mac in late 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steele |first=Billy |date=October 31, 2014 |title=Microsoft releases new Outlook for Mac to Office 365 subscribers |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/10/31/outlook-for-mac/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103173210/http://www.engadget.com/2014/10/31/outlook-for-mac/ |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |publisher=Engadget}}</ref>

Despite dropping support for older versions of OS X and only keeping support for 64-bit-only versions of OS X, these versions of OneNote and Outlook are 32-bit applications like their predecessors.

====Office 2016====
{{Main|Microsoft Office 2016}}
The first Preview version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac was released on March 5, 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sams |first=Brad |date=March 5, 2015 |title=Microsoft announces Office 2016 for Mac Preview, download now available |work=Neowin |url=http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-announces-office-2016-for-mac-preview-download-now-available |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306055745/http://www.neowin.net/news/microsoft-announces-office-2016-for-mac-preview-download-now-available |archive-date=March 6, 2015}}</ref> On July 9, 2015, Microsoft released the final version of Microsoft Office 2016 for Mac which includes Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and OneNote. It was immediately made available for Office 365 subscribers with either a Home, Personal, Business, Business Premium, E3 or ProPlus subscription. A non–Office 365 edition of Office 2016 was made available as a one-time purchase option on September 22, 2015.<ref name=office2016-windows/>

====Office 2019====
{{Main|Microsoft Office 2019}}

===Mobile versions===
[[File:OfficeMobile2013 WP8.png|left|thumb|Office Hub on [[Windows Phone 8]] and [[Windows Phone 8.1|8.1]] ]]
Office Mobile for [[iPhone]] was released on June 14, 2013, in the United States.<ref name="Office iPhone">{{Cite web |last=Pete Pachal |date=June 14, 2013 |title=Microsoft Office Finally Comes to the iPhone |url=http://mashable.com/2013/06/14/office-iphone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404011704/http://mashable.com/2013/06/14/office-iphone/ |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |publisher=Mashable}}</ref> Support for 135 markets and 27 languages was rolled out over a few days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2014 |title=Office Mobile for iPhone |url=http://blogs.office.com/2013/06/14/office-mobile-for-iphone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529182218/http://blogs.office.com/2013/06/14/office-mobile-for-iphone/ |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> It requires [[iOS 8]] or later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office Mobile |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/microsoft-office-mobile/id541164041?mt=8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822111947/https://itunes.apple.com/in/app/microsoft-office-mobile/id541164041?mt=8 |archive-date=August 22, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=iTunes App Store |publisher=Apple}}</ref> Although the app also works on [[iPad]] devices, excluding the first generation, it is designed for a small screen.<ref name="Office iPhone" /> Office Mobile was released for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] phones on July 31, 2013, in the United States. Support for 117 markets and 33 languages was added gradually over several weeks.<ref name="Office Android">{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2013 |title=Office Mobile for Android phones |url=http://blogs.office.com/2013/07/31/office-mobile-for-android-phones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703042756/http://blogs.office.com/2013/07/31/office-mobile-for-android-phones/ |archive-date=July 3, 2014 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> It is supported on [[Android 4.0]] and later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tom Warren |date=July 31, 2013 |title=Microsoft Office for Android now available, but not for tablets |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/31/4571912/microsoft-office-for-android-features-screenshots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708203714/https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/31/4571912/microsoft-office-for-android-features-screenshots |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |access-date=September 5, 2017 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

Office Mobile is or was also available, though no longer supported, on [[Windows Mobile]], [[Windows Phone]] and [[Symbian]]. There was also [[Office RT]], a touch-optimized version of the standard desktop Office suite, pre-installed on [[Windows RT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office 365 for Mobile Devices, Tablets, Phones |url=https://products.office.com/en-us/mobile/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617184850/https://products.office.com/en-us/mobile/ |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |access-date=June 8, 2016 |website=[[Microsoft Office website|office.com]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

====Early Office Mobile releases====
Originally called Office Mobile which was shipped initially as "Pocket Office", was released by Microsoft with the [[Windows CE]] 1.0 operating system in 1996. This release was specifically for the [[Handheld PC]] hardware platform, as [[Windows Mobile Smartphone]] and [[Pocket PC]] hardware specifications had not yet been released. It consisted of Pocket Word and Pocket Excel; PowerPoint, Access, and Outlook were added later. With steady updates throughout subsequent releases of Windows Mobile, Office Mobile was rebranded as its current name after the release of the Windows Mobile 5.0 operating system. This release of Office Mobile also included PowerPoint Mobile for the first time.<ref>Utter, David. [http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/05/12/windows-mobile-now-with-powerpoint ''Windows Mobile Now With PowerPoint!''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208161806/http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/05/12/windows-mobile-now-with-powerpoint |date=December 8, 2007 }}. WebProNews.com. Retrieved September 13, 2007.</ref> Accompanying the release of [[Microsoft OneNote|Microsoft OneNote 2007]], a new optional addition to the Office Mobile line of programs was released as OneNote Mobile.<ref name="Out and About">Pratley, Chris. [http://blogs.msdn.com/chris_pratley/archive/2005/11/21/494990.aspx ''Out and About with OneNote Mobile''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101148/http://blogs.msdn.com/chris_pratley/archive/2005/11/21/494990.aspx |date=August 25, 2007 }}. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved September 13, 2007.</ref> With the release of Windows Mobile 6 Standard, Office Mobile became available for the Smartphone hardware platform, but unlike Office Mobile for the Professional and Classic versions of Windows Mobile, creation of new documents is not an added feature.<ref>Langridge, Jason. [http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/02/08/windows-mobile-6-what-s-new-and-what-s-cool.aspx ''Windows Mobile 6 – What's New and What's Cool?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218021810/http://blogs.msdn.com/jasonlan/archive/2007/02/08/windows-mobile-6-what-s-new-and-what-s-cool.aspx |date=February 18, 2007 }}. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved September 14, 2007.</ref> A popular workaround is to create a new blank document in a desktop version of Office, synchronize it to the device, and then edit and save on the Windows Mobile device.

In June 2007, Microsoft announced a new version of the office suite, Office Mobile 2007. It became available as "Office Mobile 6.1" on September 26, 2007, as a free upgrade download to current Windows Mobile 5.0 and 6 users. However, "Office Mobile 6.1 Upgrade" is not compatible with Windows Mobile 5.0 powered devices running builds earlier than 14847. It is a pre-installed feature in subsequent releases of Windows Mobile 6 devices.<ref name="Office Mobile 2007">Chan, John. [http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/handhelds/ontheradar/0,39050970,62019010,00.htm ''Japanese WM6 and Office Mobile 2007''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610174022/http://asia.cnet.com/reviews/handhelds/ontheradar/0%2C39050970%2C62019010%2C00.htm |date=June 10, 2007 }}. Crave – CNET Asia. Retrieved September 13, 2007.</ref> Office Mobile 6.1 is compatible with the [[Office Open XML]] specification like its desktop counterpart.<ref name="Office Mobile 2007" />

On August 12, 2009, it was announced that Office Mobile would also be released for the [[Symbian]] platform as a joint agreement between Microsoft and [[Nokia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Montalbano |first=Elizabeth |date=August 12, 2009 |title=Microsoft, Nokia Team to Put Office Apps on Mobile Phones |url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/170080/microsoft_nokia_team_to_put_office_apps_on_mobile_phones.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816053407/http://www.pcworld.com/article/170080/microsoft_nokia_team_to_put_office_apps_on_mobile_phones.html |archive-date=August 16, 2009 |access-date=August 12, 2009 |website=[[PC World]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2012 |title=Get Microsoft Office for Symbian |url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2012/04/10/get-microsoft-office-for-symbian/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725112248/http://conversations.nokia.com/2012/04/10/get-microsoft-office-for-symbian/ |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=April 28, 2014 |website=Conversations |publisher=[[Nokia]]}}</ref> It was the first time Microsoft would develop Office mobile applications for another smartphone platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Office coming to Nokia mobiles |url=https://phys.org/news/2009-08-microsoft-office-nokia-mobiles.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804013409/https://phys.org/news/2009-08-microsoft-office-nokia-mobiles.html |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=2021-03-26 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> The first application to appear on Nokia [[Eseries]] smartphones was Microsoft Office Communicator. In February 2012, Microsoft released OneNote, Lync 2010, Document Connection and PowerPoint Broadcast for Symbian.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Litchfield |first1=Steve |last2=Gilson |first2=David |date=February 24, 2012 |title=Microsoft Apps released for Nokia Belle |url=http://www.allaboutsymbian.com/news/item/14313_Microsoft_Apps_released_for_No.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214010209/http://www.allaboutsymbian.com/news/item/14313_Microsoft_Apps_released_for_No.php |archive-date=December 14, 2016 |access-date=April 28, 2014 |website=All About Symbian}}</ref> In April, Word Mobile, PowerPoint Mobile and Excel Mobile joined the Office Suite.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 11, 2012 |title=Microsoft Office Suite Coming To Symbian Smartphones |url=http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/April2012/microsoft-office-suite-coming-to-symbian-smartphones.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427232659/http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/April2012/microsoft-office-suite-coming-to-symbian-smartphones.html |archive-date=April 27, 2014 |access-date=April 28, 2014 |website=3g.co.uk}}</ref>

On October 21, 2010, Microsoft debuted Office Mobile 2010 with the release of [[Windows Phone 7]]. In Windows Phone, users can access and edit documents directly off of their [[SkyDrive]] or [[Office 365]] accounts in a dedicated Office hub. The Office Hub, which is preinstalled into the operating system, contains Word, PowerPoint and Excel. The operating system also includes OneNote, although not as a part of the Office Hub. Lync is not included, but can be downloaded as standalone app from the [[Windows Phone Store]] free of charge.

In October 2012, Microsoft released a new version of Microsoft Office Mobile for [[Windows Phone 8]] and [[Windows Phone 7.8]].

====Office for Android, iOS and Windows 10 Mobile====
Office Mobile was released for iPhone on June 14, 2013, and for Android phones on July 31, 2013.

In March 2014, Microsoft released [[Office Lens]], a scanner app that enhances photos. Photos are then attached to an Office document. Office Lens is an app in the Windows Phone store, as well as built into the camera functionality in the OneNote apps for iOS and Windows 8.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2014 |title=Office Lens: A OneNote scanner for your pocket |url=http://blogs.office.com/2014/03/17/office-lens-a-onenote-scanner-for-your-pocket/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303211756/http://blogs.office.com/2014/03/17/office-lens-a-onenote-scanner-for-your-pocket/ |archive-date=March 3, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |website=Office Blogs}}</ref>

[[File:Word on iPhone.jpg|thumb|right|Word on the iPhone]]
On March 27, 2014, Microsoft launched Office for [[iPad]], the first dedicated version of Office for [[tablet computer]]s. In addition, Microsoft made the Android and iOS versions of Office Mobile free for 'home use' on phones, although the company still requires an Office 365 subscription for using Office Mobile for business use.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emil Protalinski |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Office for iPhone and Android phones is now completely free, Android tablet version coming 'in the future' |url=https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/03/27/office-iphone-android-phones-now-free-home-use-office-365-subscription-longer-required/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422102121/https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/03/27/office-iphone-android-phones-now-free-home-use-office-365-subscription-longer-required/ |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=The Next Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Microsoft CEO Unveils Office for IPad in Mobile-App Push |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-27/microsoft-ceo-unveils-office-for-ipad-in-mobile-app-push |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828014819/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-27/microsoft-ceo-unveils-office-for-ipad-in-mobile-app-push |archive-date=August 28, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |website=bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnalindan |first=JP |title=Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella announces Office for iPad at public debut |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2014/03/27/microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-announces-office-for-ipad-at-public-debut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327232807/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2014/03/27/microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-announces-office-for-ipad-at-public-debut/ |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |website=CNN Money}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brustein |first=Joshua |title=Microsoft CEO Nadella Pulls the Trigger on Long-Gestating Office Apps for iPad |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03-27/microsoft-ceo-nadella-pulls-the-trigger-on-long-gestating-office-apps-for-ipad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327230248/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03-27/microsoft-ceo-nadella-pulls-the-trigger-on-long-gestating-office-apps-for-ipad |archive-date=March 27, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2014 |website=BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref name="iOS and Android">{{Cite web |last=Protalinski |first=Emil |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Office for iPhone and Android phones is now completely free, Android tablet version coming 'in the future' |url=https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/03/27/office-iphone-android-phones-now-free-home-use-office-365-subscription-longer-required/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422102121/https://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2014/03/27/office-iphone-android-phones-now-free-home-use-office-365-subscription-longer-required/ |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2018 |website=The Next Web}}</ref> On November 6, 2014, Office was subsequently made free for personal use on the iPad in addition to phones. As part of this announcement, Microsoft also split up its single "Office suite" app on iPhones into separate, standalone apps for Word, Excel and PowerPoint, released a revamped version of Office Mobile for iPhone, added direct integration with [[Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]], and previewed future versions of Office for other platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office for iPad and iPhone go free-to-use, now supports the iPhone too [Updated] |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/11/office-for-ipad-goes-free-to-use-now-supports-the-iphone-too/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224091321/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/11/office-for-ipad-goes-free-to-use-now-supports-the-iphone-too/ |archive-date=February 24, 2017 |access-date=April 18, 2020 |website=Ars Technica|date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Case |first=John |date=November 6, 2014 |title=More Office. Everywhere you need it. |url=http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/11/06/office-everywhere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630003305/http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/11/06/office-everywhere/ |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |website=The Official Microsoft Blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

Office for Android tablets was released on January 29, 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koenigsbauer |first=Kirk |date=January 29, 2015 |title=The Office you love is now on your Android tablet |url=http://blogs.office.com/2015/01/29/office-love-now-android-tablet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201140938/http://blogs.office.com/2015/01/29/office-love-now-android-tablet/ |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |access-date=January 29, 2015 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> following a successful two-month preview period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2014 |title=Bringing Office to everyone |url=http://blogs.office.com/2014/11/06/bringing-office-everyone/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218232901/http://blogs.office.com/2014/11/06/bringing-office-everyone/ |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |access-date=December 18, 2014 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> These apps allow users to edit and create documents for free on devices with screen sizes of 10.1 inches or less, though as with the iPad versions, an Office 365 subscription is required to unlock premium features and for commercial use of the apps. Tablets with screen sizes larger than 10.1 inches are also supported, but, as was originally the case with the iPad version, are restricted to viewing documents only unless a valid Office 365 subscription is used to enable editing and document creation.

On January 21, 2015, during the "Windows 10: The Next Chapter" press event, Microsoft unveiled Office for [[Windows 10]], [[Windows Runtime]] ports of the Android and iOS versions of the Office Mobile suite. Optimized for smartphones and tablets, they are [[universal app]]s that can run on both Windows and Windows for phones, and share similar underlying code. A simplified version of [[Microsoft Outlook|Outlook]] was also added to the suite. They will be bundled with Windows 10 [[Windows 10 (mobile)|mobile devices]], and available from the [[Windows Store]] for the PC version of [[Windows 10]].<ref name=pcw-touchfriendlyoffice/><ref name=office-2016announce/> Although the preview versions were free for most editing, the release versions will require an Office 365 subscription on larger tablets (screen size larger than 10.1 inches) and desktops for editing, as with large Android tablets. Smaller tablets and phones will have most editing features for free.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keizer |first=Gregg |date=July 15, 2015 |title=Office for Windows 10 will require Office 365 subscription on PCs, larger tablet |publisher=Computerworld |url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2948755/windows-apps/office-for-windows-10-will-require-office-365-subscription-on-pcs-larger-tablets.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715220248/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2948755/windows-apps/office-for-windows-10-will-require-office-365-subscription-on-pcs-larger-tablets.html |archive-date=July 15, 2015}}</ref>

On June 24, 2015, Microsoft released Word, Excel and PowerPoint as standalone apps on [[Google Play]] for Android phones, following a one-month preview.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koenigsbauer |first=Kirk |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Office for Android phone is here! |url=https://blogs.office.com/2015/06/24/office-for-android-phone-is-here/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630020827/https://blogs.office.com/2015/06/24/office-for-android-phone-is-here/ |archive-date=June 30, 2015 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |website=Office Blogs |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> These apps have also been bundled with Android devices from major OEMs, as a result of Microsoft [[Tying (commerce)|tying]] distribution of them and [[Skype]] to [[patent]]-licensing agreements related to the Android platform.<ref name="supersite-androidpatents">{{Cite web |last=Trent |first=Rod |title=Microsoft Inside: 20 New Android Device Manufacturers Sign-on to Pre-Install Office and Skype |url=http://winsupersite.com/mobile/microsoft-inside-20-new-android-device-manufacturers-sign-pre-install-office-and-skype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828093727/http://winsupersite.com/mobile/microsoft-inside-20-new-android-device-manufacturers-sign-pre-install-office-and-skype |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2016 |website=SuperSite for Windows |publisher=Penton}}</ref><ref name="verge-xiaomims">{{Cite web |title=Xiaomi will bundle Microsoft's Office and Skype apps on its Android devices |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/1/11827268/microsoft-xiaomi-skype-office-android-apps-patent-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216110327/http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/1/11827268/microsoft-xiaomi-skype-office-android-apps-patent-deal |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |access-date=August 23, 2016 |website=The Verge|date=June 2016 }}</ref> The Android version is also supported on certain [[Chrome OS]] machines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoon |first=Ben |date=November 10, 2016 |title=Microsoft Office for Android will be supported on Chrome OS after all, but you may need a subscription… |url=https://9to5google.com/2016/11/09/office-for-android-supported-on-chrome-os/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112025850/https://9to5google.com/2016/11/09/office-for-android-supported-on-chrome-os/ |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>

On February 19, 2020, Microsoft announced a new unified Office mobile app for Android and iOS. This app combines Word, Excel, and PowerPoint into a single app and introduces new capabilities as making quick notes, signing PDFs, scanning QR codes, and transferring files.<ref name="Microsoft" />

===Online versions===
Office Web Apps was first revealed in October 2008 at [[Professional Developers Conference|PDC]] 2008 in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chartier |first=David |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Microsoft Office will float to the cloud with Office Web |url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/10/microsoft-office-will-float-to-the-cloud-with-office-web/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233920/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2008/10/microsoft-office-will-float-to-the-cloud-with-office-web/ |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> [[Chris Capossela]], senior vice president of Microsoft business division, introduced Office Web Apps as lightweight versions of [[Microsoft Word|Word]], [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]], [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] and [[Microsoft OneNote|OneNote]] that allow people to create, edit and collaborate on Office documents through a web browser. According to Capossela, Office Web Apps was to become available as a part of [[Office Live Workspace]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Microsoft to Extend Office to the Browser |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/2008/oct08/10-28PDCOffice.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222072408/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/2008/oct08/10-28PDCOffice.aspx |archive-date=February 22, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=News Center |publisher=Microsoft |location=[[Los Angeles]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Office Web Apps was announced to be powered by [[AJAX]] as well as [[Silverlight]]; however, the latter is optional and its availability will only "enhance the user experience, resulting in sharper images and improved rendering."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=November 10, 2008 |title=Microsoft Office Web Applications: Your Burning Questions Answered |url=http://channel9.msdn.com/blogs/coolstuff/microsoft-office-web-applications-your-burning-questions-answered |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910062951/http://channel9.msdn.com/blogs/coolstuff/microsoft-office-web-applications-your-burning-questions-answered |archive-date=September 10, 2012 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=[[Channel 9 (MSDN)|Channel 9]] |publisher=Microsoft |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Microsoft's Business Division President [[Stephen Elop]] stated during PDC 2008 that "a technology preview of Office Web Apps would become available later in 2008".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fried |first=Ina |date=October 28, 2008 |title=Next version of Office heads to the browser |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10076883-56.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328215029/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10076883-56.html |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=[[CNet News]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps was not released until 2009.

On July 13, 2009, Microsoft announced at its Worldwide Partners Conference 2009 in New Orleans that [[Microsoft Office 2010]] reached its "Technical Preview" development milestone and features of Office Web Apps were demonstrated to the public for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2009 |title=Microsoft Office 2010 Hits Major Milestone and Enters Technical Preview |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2009/jul09/07-13Office2010WPCPR.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129082700/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2009/jul09/07-13Office2010WPCPR.aspx |archive-date=November 29, 2012 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=News Center |publisher=Microsoft |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, Microsoft announced that Office Web Apps would be made available to consumers online and free of charge, while [[Microsoft Software Assurance]] customers will have the option of running them on premises. Office 2010 beta testers were not given access to Office Web Apps at this date, and it was announced that it would be available for testers during August 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foley |first=Mary Jo |date=July 13, 2009 |title=Microsoft Office Web Apps: No test build until August |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-office-web-apps-no-test-build-until-august/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716201142/http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=3316 |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, in August 2009, a Microsoft spokesperson stated that there had been a delay in the release of Office Web Apps Technical Preview and it would not be available by the end of August.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mary Jo |first=Foley |date=August 29, 2009 |title=No Microsoft Office Web Apps test build in August, after all |url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/no-microsoft-office-web-apps-test-build-in-august-after-all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208180839/http://www.zdnet.com/article/no-microsoft-office-web-apps-test-build-in-august-after-all/ |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>

Microsoft officially released the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps on September 17, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2009 |title=Microsoft Web Apps: Office Goes to the Web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/2009/Sep09/09-17OfficeWebApps.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223085149/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/features/2009/Sep09/09-17OfficeWebApps.aspx |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=News Center |publisher=Microsoft |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Office Web Apps was made available to selected testers via its [[OneDrive]] (at the time Skydrive) service. The final version of Office Web Apps was made available to the public via [[Windows Live Office]] on June 7, 2010.<ref name="released">{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Klint |date=June 8, 2010 |title=Microsoft Rolls Out Office Web Apps |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/enterprise/2010/06/microsoft-rolls-out-office-web.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611074759/http://www.readwriteweb.com/enterprise/2010/06/microsoft-rolls-out-office-web.php |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=January 21, 2013 |website=[[ReadWrite]] Enterprise |publisher=[[SAY Media]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On October 22, 2012, Microsoft announced the release of new features including co-authoring, performance improvements and touch support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahine |first=Omar |date=October 22, 2012 |title=Updated Office Web Apps on SkyDrive |url=http://blogs.windows.com/skydrive/b/skydrive/archive/2012/10/22/updated-office-web-apps-on-skydrive.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116094329/http://blogs.windows.com/skydrive/b/skydrive/archive/2012/10/22/updated-office-web-apps-on-skydrive.aspx |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On November 6, 2013, Microsoft announced further new features including ''real-time'' co-authoring and an Auto-Save feature in Word (replacing the save button).<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2013 |title=What's new in the Word Web App? |url=http://blogs.office.com/2013/11/06/whats-new-in-the-word-web-app/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724075717/http://blogs.office.com/2013/11/06/whats-new-in-the-word-web-app/ |archive-date=July 24, 2014 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |quote=Where's the Save Button? There's no Save button because we're automatically saving your document (quote appears as a screenshot). |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="real time co-authoring and auto-save1">{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2013 |title=Get It Done Day and Office 365 help balance life's demands |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2013/nov13/11-06getitdone.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110024709/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2013/nov13/11-06getitdone.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |quote=Microsoft has updated Office Web Apps with two highly anticipated features — the introduction of Auto-Save in the Word Web App and real-time co-authoring, a feature that allows multiple people to contribute to and edit documents simultaneously in the Word Web App, PowerPoint Web App or Excel Web App. |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="real time co-authoring and auto-save2">{{Cite web |last=Lefebvre |first=Amanda |date=November 6, 2013 |title=Collaboration just got easier: Real-time co-authoring now available in Office Web Apps |url=http://blogs.office.com/b/office365tech/archive/2013/11/06/collaboration-just-got-easier-real-time-co-authoring-now-available-in-microsoft-office-web-apps.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110023907/http://blogs.office.com/b/office365tech/archive/2013/11/06/collaboration-just-got-easier-real-time-co-authoring-now-available-in-microsoft-office-web-apps.aspx |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In February 2014, Office Web Apps were re-branded Office Online and incorporated into other Microsoft web services, including [[Outlook.com#Calendar|Calendar]], [[OneDrive]], [[Outlook.com]], and [[Outlook.com#People|People]].<ref name="pcworld-officeonline">{{Cite web |title=Meet Office Online, Microsoft's slightly tweaked Office Web Apps replacement |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2099502/meet-office-online-microsofts-slightly-tweaked-office-web-apps-replacement.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225004112/http://www.pcworld.com/article/2099502/meet-office-online-microsofts-slightly-tweaked-office-web-apps-replacement.html |archive-date=February 25, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2014 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]]}}</ref> Microsoft had previously attempted to unify its online services suite (including [[Microsoft account|Microsoft Passport]], Hotmail, [[MSN Messenger]], and later SkyDrive) under a brand known as [[Windows Live]], first launched in 2005. However, with the impending launch of [[Windows 8]] and its increased use of cloud services, Microsoft dropped the Windows Live brand to emphasize that these services would now be built directly into Windows and not merely be a "bolted on" add-on. Critics had criticized the Windows Live brand for having no clear vision, as it was being applied to an increasingly broad array of unrelated services.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stross |first=Randall |date=May 27, 2012 |title=Goodbye to Windows Live (and Whatever It Meant) |work=[[nytimes.com|New York Times Online]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/business/windows-live-brand-fades-into-the-sunset-digital-domain.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131943/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/27/business/windows-live-brand-fades-into-the-sunset-digital-domain.html?_r=0 |archive-date=December 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="msbuilding8-cloud">{{Cite web |title=Cloud services for Windows 8 and Windows Phone: Windows Live, reimagined |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/05/02/cloud-services-for-windows-8-and-windows-phone-windows-live-reimagined.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216162040/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/b8/archive/2012/05/02/cloud-services-for-windows-8-and-windows-phone-windows-live-reimagined.aspx |archive-date=February 16, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2014 |website=Building Windows 8 |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> At the same time, Windows Live Hotmail was re-launched as Outlook.com (sharing its name with the [[Microsoft Outlook]] [[personal information manager]]).<ref name="IntroductionBlog">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Chris |date=July 31, 2012 |title=Introducing Outlook.com – Modern Email for the Next Billion Mailboxes |url=http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-outlook/archive/2012/07/31/introducing-outlook-com-modern-email-for-the-next-billion-mailboxes.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6A0YklgFd?url=http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-outlook/archive/2012/07/31/introducing-outlook-com-modern-email-for-the-next-billion-mailboxes.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |access-date=July 31, 2012 |website=Outlook Blog |publisher=Microsoft}}</ref>

In July 2019, Microsoft announced that they were retiring the "Online" branding for Office Online. The product is now Office, and may be referred to as "Office for the web" or "Office in a browser".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2019 |title=Why Office Online is Now Simply Office |url=https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/Office-Apps-Blog/Why-Office-Online-is-Now-Simply-Office/ba-p/760207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808195533/https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/Office-Apps-Blog/Why-Office-Online-is-Now-Simply-Office/ba-p/760207 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2019 |website=TECHCOMMUNITY.MICROSOFT.COM |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Microsoft Azure]]
* [[Microsoft Dynamics]]
* [[Microsoft Power Platform]]
* [[List of Microsoft software]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|https://office.com}}
* {{curlie|Computers/Software/Office_Suites/Microsoft_Office}}

{{Microsoft Office|state=open}}
{{Microsoft|state=collapsed}}
{{Office suites}}
{{Windows Phone}}
{{Windows Mobile}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Microsoft Office| ]]
[[Category:1989 software]]
[[Category:Bundled products or services]]
[[Category:Classic Mac OS software]]
[[Category:Office suites for macOS]]
[[Category:Office suites for Windows]]
[[Category:Office suites]]
[[Category:Pocket PC software]]
[[Category:Windows Mobile Standard software]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]

Microsoft Office 2021

2021-10-28T13:50:53Z

Herobrine:

{{Short description|Version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Office 2021
| screenshot = Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 screenshots.png
| caption = Microsoft Office 2021 for Mac apps from top left to bottom right: Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = October 5, 2021
| operating system = Microsoft Windows, macOS
| platform = [[Windows 11]]
| included with = Office 365
| genre = [[Office suite]]
}}

'''Microsoft Office 2021''' is a version of the [[Microsoft Office]] suite of applications for the [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[macOS]] [[operating system]]s. It is the successor to [[Microsoft Office 2019|Office 2019]]. It was released alongside [[Windows 11]] on October 5, 2021. It introduces new dynamic arrays, XLOOKUP features for Excel, full dark mode support, and performance improvements.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2021|title=Microsoft rolls out Windows 11; Office 2021 in line: Here's how to upgrade|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/microsoft-rolls-out-windows-11-office-2021-in-line-here-s-how-to-upgrade-101633395779990.html|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gralla|first=Preston|date=October 6, 2021|title=What's new in Office 2021?|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/3635689/what-s-new-in-office-2021.html|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Computerworld|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Office 2021 starts at $150 and arrives on October 5th|url=https://www.engadget.com/microsoft-office-2021-price-164633781.html|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Engadget|language=en-US}}</ref> Support for retail versions of Office 2021 will end on October 13, 2026.<ref>https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/office-2021</ref>

== Development ==
The office suites updates includes better support for the [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] [[OpenDocument]] file format. The version update adds features to let function, has better search for XMatch function, dynamic arrays, XLOOKUP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's new in Office 2021|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/what-s-new-in-office-2021-43848c29-665d-4b1b-bc12-acd2bfb3910a|access-date=October 21, 2021|website=Microsoft|language=en-us}}</ref> It enhances Ink for Translate in [[Microsoft Outlook]] and [[PowerPoint]].

It also has better co-authoring features.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 7, 2021|title=New features in Microsoft Office 2021|url=https://www.thewindowsclub.com/new-features-in-microsoft-office-2021|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=The Windows Club|language=en-us}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Microsoft Office}}
{{Microsoft}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 software]]
[[Category:Microsoft Office|2021]]
[[Category:Microsoft software|Office 2021]]
[[Category:Office suites for Windows]]

{{Microsoft-stub}}

File:Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 screenshots.png

2021-10-28T13:48:44Z

Herobrine:

== Summary ==
{{non-free no reduce}}
==Summary==
{{Non-free media data
| Description = Four screenshots of Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 applications, clockwise from top left: Word, Excel, Outlook and PowerPoint. The apps are being used as per their intentional uses in each of the screenshots, rather than the default starting screens, to illustrate the uses of each of the applications. Each screenshot is accompanied by each of their respective icons, shown in Windows. Used with permission from Microsoft.
| Source = Screenshots created by [[User:Herobrine]].
| Date = 28 October 2021
| Author = [[Microsoft]]
| Portion = Full screenshots of all four software are used.
| Low_resolution = The screenshots are of half of the original resolution that Microsoft provided. The text would be illegible upon downsizing.
| other_information =
}}

==Licensing==
{{Non-free Microsoft screenshot|Screenshots of Microsoft Office for Mac|image has rationale=yes}}

== Use rationale ==
{{Non-free media rationale
|Article = Microsoft Office 2021
|Purpose = To illustrate Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 for identification and critical commentary.
|Replaceability = Irreplaceable. Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 and all its screenshots are properties of Microsoft Corporation and therefore no less-restrictively licensed alternative is available.
}}
{{Non-free media rationale
|Article = Microsoft Office
|Purpose = To illustrate the primary subject of the article for identification and critical commentary. This image improves the reader's understanding of the article.
|Replaceability = Irreplaceable. Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 and all its screenshots are properties of Microsoft Corporation and therefore no less-restrictively licensed alternative is available.
}}

File:Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 screenshots.png

2021-10-28T13:47:49Z

Herobrine: {{non-free no reduce}} ==Summary== {{Non-free media data | Description = Four screenshots of Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 applications, clockwise from top left: Word, Excel, Outlook and PowerPoint. The apps are being used as per their intentional uses in each of the screenshots, rather than the default starting screens, to illustrate the uses of each of the applications. Each screenshot is accompanied by each of their respective icons, shown in Windows. Used with permission from Micros...

== Summary ==
{{non-free no reduce}}
==Summary==
{{Non-free media data
| Description = Four screenshots of Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 applications, clockwise from top left: Word, Excel, Outlook and PowerPoint. The apps are being used as per their intentional uses in each of the screenshots, rather than the default starting screens, to illustrate the uses of each of the applications. Each screenshot is accompanied by each of their respective icons, shown in Windows. Used with permission from Microsoft.
| Source = Screenshots created by [[User:Herobrine]].
| Date = 22 June 2015
| Author = [[Microsoft]]
| Portion = Full screenshots of all four software are used.
| Low_resolution = The screenshots are of half of the original resolution that Microsoft provided. The text would be illegible upon downsizing.
| other_information =
}}

==Licensing==
{{Non-free Microsoft screenshot|Screenshots of Microsoft Office for Mac|image has rationale=yes}}

== Use rationale ==
{{Non-free media rationale
|Article = Microsoft Office 2021
|Purpose = To illustrate Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 for identification and critical commentary.
|Replaceability = Irreplaceable. Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 and all its screenshots are properties of Microsoft Corporation and therefore no less-restrictively licensed alternative is available.
}}
{{Non-free media rationale
|Article = Microsoft Office
|Purpose = To illustrate the primary subject of the article for identification and critical commentary. This image improves the reader's understanding of the article.
|Replaceability = Irreplaceable. Microsoft Office for Mac 2021 and all its screenshots are properties of Microsoft Corporation and therefore no less-restrictively licensed alternative is available.
}}

User:Herobrine

2021-10-28T13:46:11Z

Herobrine: ←Blanked the page

Microsoft Rewards

2021-06-17T03:04:23Z

Herobrine: ←Changed redirect target from Xbox network to Microsoft Bing#Bing Rewards

#REDIRECT [[Microsoft Bing#Bing Rewards]]

HarmonyOS

2021-01-20T03:33:24Z

Herobrine: add citations

{{short description|IoT operating system by Huawei}}
{{distinguish|Harmony (operating system)}}
{{Infobox OS
| name = HarmonyOS
| logo =
| logo_size = 80px
| logo caption = logo of HarmonyOS
| logo alt =
| screenshot = 
| caption =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| version of = 
| developer = [[Huawei]]
| Owner = [[Huawei]]
| family = [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| working state = Current 
| source model = [[Closed source]], will become open source when officially released
| released = {{Start date and age|2019|8|9}}
| discontinued = 
| RTM date = 
| GA date = 
| latest release version = 1.0.1.66SP3
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2020|10|20}}
| latest preview version = 2.0.0.612
| latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2020|12|16}}
| marketing target = [[Smartphone|Smartphones]], [[Smart TV|Smart TVs]]
| programmed in = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| language = 
| language count =
| language footnote =
| package manager = 
| supported platforms = 
| kernel type = 
| userland =
| preceded by =
| succeeded by =
| website = {{URL|https://www.harmonyos.com/en/home}}
| support status = 
| other articles = 
}}

{{Infobox OS
| name = OpenHarmony
| logo = 
| logo size =
| logo caption =
| logo alt =
| screenshot = 
| caption =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| version of = 
| developer = [[Huawei]]
| family = [[LiteOS]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2019|9|10}}
| discontinued = 
| RTM date = 
| GA date = 
| latest release version = 1.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2020|9|10}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| marketing target = [[Internet of Things]]
| programmed in = [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]]
| language = 
| language count =
| language footnote =
| update model = 
| package manager = 
| supported platforms = 
| kernel type = 
| userland =
| ui =
| license =
| preceded by =
| succeeded by =
| website = {{URL|https://www.harmonyos.com/en/home}}
| support status = 
| other articles =
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 鴻蒙
| s = 鸿蒙
| l =
| tp = Hóng Méng
| p = Hóngméng
| mi =
| bpmf = ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄥ
| y = Hùhng Mùhng
| j = Hung4 Mung4
| ci =
| c =
| altname =
| order = st
}}
'''HarmonyOS''' ({{zh|s=鸿蒙|p=Hóngméng}}) is a family of [[operating system|operating systems]] developed by [[Huawei]]. It is designed for [[Smart device|smart devices]] such as [[Smart TV|smart TVs]] and it has been used as a [[mobile operating system]]. It is expected to become an [[Open-source software|open-source]], [[Free software|free]], and [[microkernel]]-based [[distributed operating system]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Phelan|first=David|title=Huawei's Ambitious Alternative To Google May Be Coming For These Huawei & Honor Phones|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidphelan/2020/10/06/huaweis-ambitious-alternative-to-google-may-be-coming-soon-for-these-huawei--honor-phones/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

Unveiled on 9 August 2019, the platform is designed primarily for [[Internet of things|Internet of Things]] (IoT) devices. Version 1.0 of HarmonyOS was first adopted in September 2019 in its smart screen products launched only in China. Version 2.0 of HarmonyOS was then announced in September 2020 with support for smartphones, head units, watches and smart TVs. Its first developer beta was released to selected developers on 16 December 2020 via OTA updates, which also allows developers to roll back their phones to EMUI 11.

== History ==

=== Origins ===
Reports surrounding an in-house operating system being developed by Huawei date back as far as 2012. They intensified in May 2019 after Huawei was subjected to export restrictions by the United States government for alleged violations of [[United States sanctions against Iran]]. Huawei executive Richard Yu described an in-house platform as a "plan B" in case it is prevented from using [[Android (operating system)|Android]] on future [[smartphone]] products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list|title=Addition of Entities to the Entity List|date=2019-05-21|website=Federal Register|access-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070718/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/05/21/2019-10616/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us|title=Huawei confirms it has its own OS on back shelf as a plan B|date=14 March 2019|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521023511/https://www.scmp.com/tech/big-tech/article/3001685/huawei-confirms-it-has-built-its-own-operating-system-just-case-us|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html|title=Huawei built software for smartphones and laptops in case it can't use Microsoft or Google|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=15 March 2019|website=CNBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522193246/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/15/huawei-has-built-its-own-operating-system-for-smartphones-laptops.html|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

Prior to its unveiling, it was originally speculated to be a [[mobile operating system]] that could replace [[Android (operating system)|Android]] on future Huawei devices (in response to financial sanctions imposed on Huawei by the United States government in May 2019), but by July 2019, some Huawei executives were describing Harmony as being an "industrial" [[embedded operating system]] designed for IoT hardware, discarding the previous statements for it to be a mobile operating system. These details were confirmed upon the official unveiling of the platform in 2019, with Huawei listing use cases such as [[Smart TV|smart TVs]], [[in-car entertainment]], and [[wearable device]]s.

Some media outlets reported that this OS, referred to as "Hongmeng OS", could be released in China in either August or September 2019, with a worldwide release in the second quarter of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/huawei-our-own-operating-system-could-be-ready-this-year.html|title=Huawei says its own operating system could be ready this year if it can't use Google or Microsoft|first=Arjun|last=Kharpal|date=May 23, 2019|website=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/huaweis-os-to-be-rolled-out-next-month|title=Huawei says its Android OS replacement launch date is still undecided [Updated]|first1=Naushad K.|last1=Cherrayil|first2=John McCann 2019-05-28T15:33:46Z Mobile|last2=phones|website=TechRadar}}</ref> On 24 May 2019, Huawei registered "Hongmeng OS" as a [[trademark]] in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-os-reportedly-far-from-ready-after-android-ban-software/|title=Huawei OS may be called 'Hongmeng,' but it's reportedly 'far from ready'|first=Corinne|last=Reichert|website=CNET}}</ref> The name "[[Hong Meng|Hongmeng]]" ({{zh|s=鸿蒙|p=|c=|t=|l=Vast Mist}}) came from Chinese mythology that symbolizes primordial chaos or the world before creation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Uy |first1=Ed |title=No Google, no problem? Huawei unveils its own OS - Ed Uy |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/08/17/no-google-no-problem-huawei-unveils-its-own-os/ |access-date=19 August 2019 |work=BusinessMirror |date=17 August 2019}}</ref> The same day, Huawei registered trademarks surrounding "Ark OS" and variants with the [[European Union Intellectual Property Office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.androidheadlines.com/2019/05/hauweis-android-alternative-possible-name-ark-os.html|title=Huawei's Android Alternative May Be Called "Ark OS"|first=Kristijan|last=Lucic|date=2019-05-27|access-date=2019-05-30|publisher=Android Headlines}}</ref> In July 2019, it was reported that Huawei had also registered trademarks surrounding the word "Harmony" for desktop and mobile operating system software, indicating either a different name or a component of the OS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2019/07/15/huawei-wants-to-name-its-android-os-replacement-harmony-in-europe/|title=Huawei wants to name its Android OS replacement 'Harmony' in Europe|last=Lakshmanan|first=Ravie|date=2019-07-15|website=The Next Web|language=en-us|access-date=2019-07-16}}</ref>

In June 2019, Huawei communications VP Andrew Williamson told [[Reuters]] that the company was testing HongMeng in China, and that it could be ready "in months". However, in July 2019, chairman [[Liang Hua]] and senior vice president Catherine Chen stated that Hongmeng OS was not actually intended as a mobile operating system for smartphones, and was actually an [[embedded operating system]] designed for [[Internet of things]] (IoT) hardware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://technode.com/2019/07/12/huawei-chairman-android-remains-our-first-choice/|title=Android remains our 'first choice': Huawei chairman|date=2019-07-12|website=TechNode|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719185147/https://technode.com/2019/07/12/huawei-chairman-android-remains-our-first-choice/|archive-date=19 July 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-says-hongmeng-os-isnt-designed-as-android-replacement/|title=Huawei says Hongmeng OS isn't designed as an Android replacement|last=Keane|first=Sean|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719184715/https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-says-hongmeng-os-isnt-designed-as-android-replacement/|archive-date=19 July 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/19/20700411/huawei-hongmeng-os-android-replacement-not|title=Huawei says its Hongmeng OS isn't an Android replacement after all|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=2019-07-19|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719100812/https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/19/20700411/huawei-hongmeng-os-android-replacement-not|archive-date=19 July 2019|url-status = live}}</ref> In July 2019, Huawei chairman [[Liang Hua]] stated that the OS was intended for "industrial" use and that Huawei "[had not] decided yet if the Hongmeng OS can be developed as a [[Mobile operating system|smartphone operating system]] in the future" (preferring the continued use of Android for these devices).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://technode.com/2019/07/12/huawei-chairman-android-remains-our-first-choice/|title=Android remains our 'first choice': Huawei chairman|date=2019-07-12|website=TechNode|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> Building upon the statement, Huawei's senior vice president Catherine Chen stated that it was an [[embedded operating system]] designed for [[Internet of things]] (IoT) hardware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/huawei-says-hongmeng-os-isnt-designed-as-android-replacement/|title=Huawei says HarmonyOS isn't designed as an Android replacement|last=Keane|first=Sean|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/19/20700411/huawei-hongmeng-os-android-replacement-not|title=Huawei says its HarmonyOS isn't an Android replacement after all|last=Byford|first=Sam|date=2019-07-19|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 9 August 2019, Huawei officially unveiled HarmonyOS at its inaugural developers' conference in [[Dongguan]]. Huawei described HarmonyOS as a [[Free software|free]], [[microkernel]]-based distributed operating system for various types of hardware, with faster [[inter-process communication]] than [[QNX]] or Google's [[Google Fuchsia|Fuchsia]] microkernel, and [[real-time computing|real-time]] resource allocation. The ARK compiler can be used to optimize Android [[Android application package|APK packages]] on the OS. Huawei stated that developers would be able to "flexibly" deploy HarmonyOS software across various device categories; the company focused primarily on IoT devices, including smart TVs, [[wearable device]]s, and [[in-car entertainment]] systems, and did not explicitly position HarmonyOS as a mobile OS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/08/09/huawei-harmony-os-hongmeng-android/|title=Huawei reveals HarmonyOS, its alternative to Android|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref><ref name="verge-harmony">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android|title=Huawei's new operating system is called HarmonyOS|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-08-09|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref>

HarmonyOS 2.0 launched at the Huawei Developer Conference on 10 September 2020. Huawei announced it intended to ship the operating system on its smartphones in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kharpal |first1=Arjun |title=Huawei says its own operating system HarmonyOS will come to smartphones next year |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/10/huawei-opens-harmonyos-to-third-party-smartphone-makers-after-google-ban.html |website=CNBC |date=10 September 2020 |access-date=21 September 2020}}</ref>

The first developer beta of HarmonyOS 2.0 was launched on 16 December 2020. Along with the beta, Huawei announced a developer competition with awards that total up to 1.5 million CNY. They also released an IDE, based on [[IntelliJ IDEA]], and a cloud emulator for developers in early access. <ref name=":2" />

== Devices ==
Huawei stated that HarmonyOS would initially be used on devices targeting the Chinese market. The company's subsidiary brand, [[Honor (brand)|Honor]], unveiled the Honor Vision line of [[Smart TV|smart TVs]] as the first consumer electronics devices to run HarmonyOS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/10/20798260/huawei-honor-smart-tv-vision-pro-harmonyos-china|title=The Honor Vision TV is Huawei's first HarmonyOS device|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-08-10|website=The Verge|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref><ref name="verge-harmony"/> Honor Vision, Honor Vision Pro, Huawei Vision (65/75), Huawei Router AX3 are the first devices to run HarmonyOS 1.0.

HarmonyOS 2.0 will support cross development for smartphones, in-car head units, smart watches and smart TVs. A single user interface can be developed that will automatically adapt between different devices.

The HarmonyOS 2.0 beta launched on 16 December 2020 supports the Huawei P40, Huawei P40 Pro, Huawei Mate 30, Huawei Mate 30 Pro, and Huawei MatePad Pro. While the beta fully supports Android apps,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jeet|date=2020-12-15|title=Huawei's HarmonyOS 2.0 for smartphones get Android apps support; Beta releasing tomorrow|url=https://www.gizmochina.com/2020/12/15/huawei-harmonyos-2-android-app-release-roadmap/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Gizmochina|language=en-US}}</ref> a compatibility layer based on Android Runtime also enables support for HAP packages, HarmonyOS's proprietary package format.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=HarmonyOS Document|url=https://developer.harmonyos.com/en/docs/documentation/doc-guides/build_hap-0000001053342418|access-date=2020-12-20|website=developer.harmonyos.com}}</ref> Selected beta testers in China can download and test HarmonyOS 2.0 via OTA updates. Huawei has also given these beta testers the option to roll back their devices to EMUI 11.

== Relations with Android ==
Huawei claimed that HarmonyOS is a microkernel-based, distributed OS that is completely different from Android and iOS. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Li|first=Deng|date=2020-09-21|title=HarmonyOS/Hongmeng OS: Here's everything you need to know about this new Operating System|url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/harmonyos-hongmeng-os-everything-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Huawei Central|language=en-US}}</ref> However, it was later revealed that HarmonyOS 1.0 was based on Android 9 and supported ADB, the Android Debug Bridge. <ref>{{Cite web|title=欺骗消费者？荣耀智慧屏用的根本不是鸿蒙系统，而是安卓9.0！|url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20190819/20190819A0H6JI00.html|access-date=2020-12-24|website=new.qq.com}}</ref> In September 2020, it was found that HDC, the debug bridge in HarmonyOS 2.0, was again based on ADB. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reverse Analysis of the First HarmonyOS App|url=https://shoewann0402.github.io/2020/09/12/reverse-analysis-of-the-frist-harmonyos-app/index.html|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Shoewann's Personal Blog|language=zh-CN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=華為鴻蒙 2.0 被質疑僅是「換皮」系統底層基礎仍是 Android - ezone.hk - 科技焦點 - 5G流動|url=https://ezone.ulifestyle.com.hk/article/2752710|access-date=2020-12-24|website=ezone.hk 即時科技生活}}</ref> A video of HarmonyOS 2.0 developer beta running on mobile was then posted, showing that the beta was just the same as Android 10 and no significant changes have been made in the name of HarmonyOS operating system. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Li|first=Deng|date=2020-12-18|title=Here's what Android cannot do but HarmonyOS 2.0 can, the power of distributed technology [Video]|url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/heres-what-android-cannot-do-but-harmonyos-2-0-can-the-power-of-distributed-technology-video/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Huawei Central|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=自由電子報 3C科技|date=2020-12-17|title=華為「鴻蒙」手機介面揭曉！網友狠酸：只是換名字的 Android - 自由電子報 3C科技|url=https://3c.ltn.com.tw/news/42671|access-date=2020-12-24|website=自由時報電子報}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-26|title=Huawei's Harmony OS 2.0 beta appears to be based on Android after all|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/harmony-os-2-0-initial-version-based-on-android/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=xda-developers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=What you need to know about Huawei’s Android alternative, Harmony OS|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/gear/article/3104176/harmony-os-everything-you-need-know-about-huaweis-android-alternative|access-date=2021-01-20|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

The future architecture, however, would be based only on HarmonyOS microkernel, according to the HarmonyOS roadmap. <ref name=":0" />

== OpenHarmony ==
OpenHarmony is the open-source implementation of HarmonyOS launched by the OpenAtom Foundation. The project, hosted on Gitee, only targeted IoT platforms as of December 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=OpenHarmony|url=http://gitee.com/openharmony|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Gitee|language=zh-CN}}</ref> According to the HarmonyOS roadmap, implementations of HarmonyOS on smartphones and smart TVs would become fully open-source before October 2021. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Li|first=Deng|date=2020-12-14|title=HarmonyOS 2.0 Mobile Beta launch event set for December 16, check full event schedule|url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/harmonyos-2-0-mobile-beta-launch-event-set-for-december-16-1/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Huawei Central|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[EulerOS]]
*[[AliOS]]
* [[Comparison of mobile operating systems]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Huawei}}{{Android (operating system)}}{{Mobile operating systems}}
[[Category:2019 software]]
[[Category:Embedded operating systems]]
[[Category:Huawei products]]
[[Category:Internet of things]]

Talk:2020 United States presidential election

2020-11-09T13:02:45Z

Herobrine: /* Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 November 2020 */ new section

{{Skip to talk}}
{{Talk header|search=yes}}
{{American English}}
{{article history
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|action1=AFD |action1date = 2 March 2006 |action1result = delete |action1link = Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United States presidential election, 2012
|action2=AFD |action2date = 30 October 2015 |action2result = keep |action2link = Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United States presidential election, 2020 |action2oldid=688299150
|action3=GAN |action3date = 1 November 2015 |action3result = fail |action3link = Talk:United_States_presidential_election,_2020/GA1 |action3oldid=688560797
|action4=AFD |action4date = 1 March 2017 |action4result= keep |action4link = Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/United States presidential election, 2020 (2nd nomination) |action4oldid=768018073
|dykdate = 22 November 2015 |dykentry=... that potential candidates in the '''[[United States presidential election, 2020|United States presidential election of 2020]]''' include [[Tom Cotton]], [[Hillary Clinton]], and [[Kanye West]]?

|itndate = 7 November 2020 |itnlink = Special:Diff/987526983
}}
{{WikiProject banner shell|blpo=yes|1=
{{WikiProject Donald Trump |class=b|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Elections and Referendums |class=C|importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Joe Biden|class=C|importance=Top}}
{{WikiProject Politics |class=C |importance=High |American=yes |American-importance=Top}}
{{WikiProject United States |class=C |importance=Mid |USGov=Yes |USGov-importance=High |USPE=yes |USPE-importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject United States History |class=C |importance=Low}}
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{{not a vote}}
{{American politics AE}}

{{consensus|Consensuses reached for the 2012 and 2016 elections apply for the 2020 election as well, unless these consensuses are reversed. Regarding the infobox: A [[Talk:2016 United States presidential election/Archive 11#Order of the list of candidates in the infobox|consensus]] has been reached to make it so that the political parties that earned at least one electoral vote in the previous election are to, by default, be included in the infobox of the article about the next election. This means that, as of right now, only the Republican and Democratic parties are to be included in the infobox. Currently, third parties are only to be included in the infobox prior to the election if they are polling, on average, over 5% per this consensus: [[Talk:2020 United States presidential election/Archive 12#Rfc on inclusion for the infobox|Rfc on inclusion for the infobox]].
}}
{{consensus|'''Consensus on infobox inclusion criteria for state subpages:''' 
A [[WP:CONSENSUS|consensus]] has been reached to include candidates in the infoboxes of state subpages who are polling at an average of at least 5% in a state or are the nominees of parties whose candidates received 5% in a state in the last election: [[Talk:2020 United States presidential election/Archive 12#Individual state pages]]. This consensus is an extension of the RfC that developed the same criteria for inclusion in the national infobox: [[Talk:2020 United States presidential election/Archive 12#Rfc on inclusion for the infobox]].}}
{{consensus|'''Consensus on the order of candidates in the infobox:'''
*Parties that got at least one electoral vote in the 2016 election will be the first to appear in the infobox and will be ordered by how many electoral votes they got in 2016. Since the Republican Party got 306 electoral votes and the Democratic Party got 232, the Republican Party will be the first to appear in the infobox and the Democratic Party will be the second.
*Some political parties that may in the future be qualified to appear in the infobox did not get any electoral votes in 2016. They will be ordered by the total amount of electoral votes in the states that have ballot access. Write-in access counts too.
**If two or more parties have access to the same amount of electoral votes, they will be sorted by how many popular votes they got in 2016. If one of the parties did not participate in the 2016 election, they will be be ordered after the parties (with the access to the same amount of electoral votes) that did. If two or more parties both have access to the same amount of electoral votes and did not participate in the 2016 election, they will be sorted alphabetically by the candidates' names.
}}
{{consensus|'''Consensus on the criteria for a potential candidate to be included in the article:'''
* The "Publicly expressed interest" section requires only one source from the last six months where the individual is quoted as being interested in running in 2020. Social media posts do not count as public expressions of interest.
* The "Potential candidates" section requires at least two sources speculating that an individual may run or where an individual talks about the 2020 election from any point after the 2016 election (since November 9, 2016). The sources must not be a list of several potential candidates nor a persuasive article about why a candidate ''should'' run.
* The "Declined candidates" section requires at least two sources from any point after the 2016 election (since November 9, 2016). One source must be speculative in the same vein as the "Potential candidates" section, while the second must be a quoted denial from the individual in question.
}}
{{consensus|'''The following images have been discussed:'''{{multiple images
| image1= Joe Biden 2013.jpg | caption1='''Joe Biden ''([[Talk:2020 United_States presidential election/Archive 8#Bidens Photo|consensus link]])''''' {{Done|Consensus}}
| align=center | width1=150 | total_width=150 | height1=206}} }}
{{consensus|'''Consensus on when to update the popular vote:'''
* The popular vote tally and percentage should be updated twelve hours after polls close, and then every six hours thereafter.
}}
{{Annual Readership|scale=log}}
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{{Press
| author = [[Noam Cohen]]
| title = Wikipedia's Plan to Resist Election Day Misinformation
| org = ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''
| url = https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-plan-to-resist-election-day-misinformation/
| date = October 26, 2020

| author2 = Sara Morrison
| title2 = How Wikipedia is preparing for Election Day
| org2 = ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]''
| url2 = https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/11/2/21541880/wikipedia-presidential-election-misinformation-social-media
| date2 = November 2, 2020
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== Should "President Trump" be replaced with either "Trump" or "Donald Trump"? ==

I feel President Trump makes it feel like a news article. I'm in favor of "Trump". Should it be replaced? [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 22:59, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 23:14, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Just "Trump" is fine after the first mention in the lede. Wikipedia does not use honorific prefixes before names per [[MOS:HONORIFIC]]. I think "President" is included within that category. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 23:20, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
:I am not supporting or agreeing, just noting that some if not all of the mentions are relevant about Trump as the president of the time not just a mere candidate like Joe Biden or Kayne West. [[User:Emir of Wikipedia|Emir of Wikipedia]] ([[User talk:Emir of Wikipedia|talk]]) 23:24, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
::Is Kanye West still running? [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 00:29, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
:::{{u|Thanoscar21}}, he says he is, although he only has access to 237 electoral votes, even including write-in access, which is not enough to win. Every voter in the country could write him in and he still wouldn't win. It's therefore accurate to say he's lost and is no longer a candidate. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 00:48, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
:*'''Support''' per [[MOS:HONORIFIC]]. First reference President Trump/Former Vice President Biden, and then just Trump/Biden. In cases where the office is relevant, we still know Trump is currently president or the sentence can be recast in some way. [[User:Tcr25|Carter]] ([[User talk:Tcr25|talk]]) 01:33, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''', per [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] and on the same argument as laid out above by [[User:Tcr25|Tcr25]]. --[[User:Jgstokes|Jgstokes]] ([[User talk:Jgstokes|talk]]) 01:49, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - How is it done on the other US prez election articles, where an incumbent president is running for re-election? [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 02:14, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
:*'''Comment''', looking at 2012, "President Obama" is used only three times in the prose, two of those in captions. By contrast "Obama" by itself is used 99 times. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 03:23, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

he's still president until and/or if biden wins and is officially sworn in on inauguration day — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2605:E000:110E:4A9D:45AC:1CFB:C051:9797|2605:E000:110E:4A9D:45AC:1CFB:C051:9797]] ([[User talk:2605:E000:110E:4A9D:45AC:1CFB:C051:9797#top|talk]]) 09:21, 5 November 2020 (UTC) 
:*'''Oppose''' As argued in the previous comment, President Trump is still President until January 20th, 2021. For this reason, I do not support changing the term "President Trump" [[User:Jurisdicta|Jurisdicta]] ([[User talk:Jurisdicta|talk]]) 04:25, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== RfC: What sources should be used for calling states? ==

{{rfc|pol|rfcid=C4B39E4}}
What sources should be used for calling states? Below are three of the (consensus) options from the section [[Talk:2020 United States presidential election#Election night prep|above]].
* '''The Associated Press''', which is used by many other news sources
* '''The AP and a couple of other sources that ''don't'' rely on the AP'''
* '''The AP and a couple of other sources that ''do'' rely on the AP'''
* '''Don't call anything'''
[[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 02:28, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
===Responses===
* '''AP only''', as the AP is considered the gold standard of calling elections. Many other news sources use the AP, as well as HRC's campaign in 2016. [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 02:28, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''The AP and a couple of other sources that ''don't'' rely on the AP'''. <s>Preferably 2 other sources who DO rely on the AP but this RfC does not have that as an option</s>. I would like to have a broader catch of RS consensus than just the AP, and/or a show of faith in a call by the AP from other RS. Failing that, would prefer only AP to not calling anything until there is a clear and distinct winner because I feel that the infobox should be updated with as reliable as information as can be garnered. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 02:39, 3 November 2020 (UTC)</s>
:Yeah, sorry about that, I've added that as an option now. Thanks, [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 02:53, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::Actually, I have changed my mind and I do support my original statement. I misunderstood the options, my apologies. Up to you if you want to keep that option, but I no longer need it. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 03:21, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''The AP and a couple of other sources that ''don't'' rely on the AP''' We are a tertiary source, not a secondary one. It's best to rely on multiple sources in case AP turns out to be incorrect; in other words, better safer than sorry. [[User:Zoozaz1|'''Zoozaz1''']] [[User talk:Zoozaz1|talk]] 02:51, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:I'll also add that there is a dispute whether to show the overall electoral tally according to AP or according to the called state races on Wikipedia, which themselves are the subject of this discussion, so maybe you could work that into the rfc? [[User:Zoozaz1|'''Zoozaz1''']] [[User talk:Zoozaz1|talk]] 03:33, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::I support attempting to include all of this in the RfC seeing as the election is literally tomorrow. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 03:38, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''AP only'''. They've been accurately and properly calling elections since 1848 and I think they're the most reliable source when it comes to this.[[User:Herbfur|Herbfur]] ([[User talk:Herbfur|talk]]) 03:45, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''AP only''', the second (and possibly third) option has [[WP:VERIFY]] issues as well as borderline [[WP:SYNTH]] concerns. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 03:52, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*For information purposes only: [https://twitter.com/TwitterSupport/status/1323265835738320900 Twitter] will "consider a result official" when at least two of the following have made the call: [[ABC News]], [[Associated Press|AP]], [[CBS News]], [[CNN]], [https://twitter.com/DecisionDeskHQ DecisionDeskHQ], [[Fox News]], [[NBC News]]. My personal opinion is that you're not going to get the 3 reliable sources that you talked about above if you're only going to accept AP. [[User:Risker checklist|Risker checklist]] ([[User talk:Risker checklist|talk]]) 04:16, 3 November 2020 (UTC) (Note this is an alternate account of mine - [[User:Risker|Risker]] ([[User talk:Risker|talk]]) 05:48, 3 November 2020 (UTC))
*'''Option 2'''. I like the idea of relying on any two sources from a predetermined list of high-quality news organizations (including the AP), sort of like what Risker mentioned Twitter is doing. Per Zoozaz1, we should also specify that the sources should be independently reporting, not, say, the AP saying "X has won" and another source saying "The AP has called the race for X". [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 05:14, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Option 2''', as I have said previously, relying only on the AP is a bad idea, since that organisation is by no means infallible. We should instead have a predetermined list of reliable organisations, and since the clear consensus we had was buried among endless procrastinating, we should follow Twitter's lead as a last resort. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 05:08, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
**No projection is infallible, that's why it's called a projection. In 2018, most news outlets projected a House candidate for the wrong candidate, so option 2 doesn't necessarily ensure complete accuracy either. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 05:17, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::Just a note, with 15 minutes to polls closing, Google has put up a map, and it says that they use the AP only. [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 22:45, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*It's a little late to be holding a RfC on this question. I mean by this time tomorrow, the voting will be over on the West Coast and the counting will be continuing. This RfC probably should have been done in September, not the night before the election. You can't hold an RfC for 12 hours and consider it definitive or say it's "the consensus". [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 05:27, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
**Good point. Since we probably won't come to a consensus by tomorrow- it looks like we are going to have to hold off on updating the infobox and map altogether. And most people at the noticeboard actually said they preferred not updating the map and infobox. So it looks like that will be the consensus by default. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 05:34, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*ALL of the results that will be released on November 3-4 will be provisional. None of them will have been certified by the end of November 4. Some states will have projected winners, but most news outlets have indicated they will be very conservative in "calling" races this year, so it is quite possible that there will still be many states without projected winners by the end of November 4. I think it is wise to hold off on the infobox/map updating until then, and insist that any state results also meet the same standard of a minimum of 2 or 3 reliable sources for projected winners. [[User:Risker checklist|Risker checklist]] ([[User talk:Risker checklist|talk]]) 05:46, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
**I disagree. If we are going to hold off on updating, we should either update once 1 source (i.e. the AP) has projected all states and districts or we should wait until all states and districts have been unanimously projected by every major media outlet. Your proposal has [[WP:SYNTH]] and [[WP:VERIFY]] concerns. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 05:56, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

* '''Option 1''' even though it seems like consensus won't be reached in the next 12 hours, I think that relying on just AP will give us less of a headache of each result being subject to interpretation. Sidenote: {{ping|Prcc27}} do you know which other news sources rely on AP? I know at least [[NPR]] and some NBC local affiliates do but I can't find a definitive list. [[User:Sixula|'''Sixula''']][[User_Talk:Sixula|'''''Talk''''']] 13:06, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
**I think the New York Times and Bloomberg also rely on them? [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 15:39, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Option 2''' per GW. I'd separately support not calling any states until 0600 UTC, when the final polls close. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 17:45, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::On the map, GorillaWarfare said that "results should not be added until 12h after polls close at minimum." I want to clarify that this was the possible consensus for the popular vote tally only. The electoral vote consensus was to either update the map immediately or hold off on it indefinitely. The 12 hour suggestion wasn't really every proposed for the map. The only reason we haven't updated the map is because consensus is still split. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 02:33, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''AP only:''' The AP is the most reliable single source for this, and I think relying on multiple sources at the same time would quickly get very complicated. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 22:23, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''AP only'''. We are lucky to have them. Used by PBS. P.S. Thanks to Nate Silver for link to [https://www.ap.org/en-us/topics/politics/elections/how-we-call-races AP criteria]. -[[User:SusanLesch|SusanLesch]] ([[User talk:SusanLesch|talk]]) 15:55, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''AP only'''. Although I feel that [[WP:SYNTH]] does not apply (as "a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources" is not the case), the AP has long been held to be the leader in calling elections. [[User:Sdrqaz|Sdrqaz]] ([[User talk:Sdrqaz|talk]]) 18:10, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Option 2'''*. AP made a mistake when they called Arizona for Biden way too soon. [[User:Count Iblis|Count Iblis]] ([[User talk:Count Iblis|talk]]) 17:54, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Option 2''' Per above. [[User:VZkN9|VZkN9]] ([[User talk:VZkN9|talk]]) 15:34, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''AP only''' given their long track record, and the fact that most RS are using their data (many of them using it unchanged). We write reliable, verifiable stuff to be useful to the readers. For US election results, that's AP. [[User:ProcrastinatingReader|ProcrastinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrastinatingReader|talk]]) 02:55, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

====Post Election day discussion====

Given that we were unable to update the map and infobox on election night, due to a split consensus- we now need to decide ''when'' we will add states to the map and infobox. I think we should hold off on adding states until all major media organizations have projected a winner for every single state and district (where applicable) race. However, I would be open to adding states/districts with unanimous projections by the media right this second, even though some states are outstanding. But I would prefer that we ultimately hold off on updating it until every state and ME-2 has been projected- even if we get an overall projected winner beforehand. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 17:47, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:Seconded. [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 19:12, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:Thirded. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 20:33, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 22:25, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
* I think it is safe to color in some called states. AZ, MI and WI should probably be left alone for now, but I think some have obvious winners. Possibly all states with a 5% or higher lead? [[User:Lsw2472|Lsw2472]] ([[User talk:Lsw2472|talk]]) 22:54, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:I would prefer to color in states/districts with unanimous projections by the media right now, but would not be opposed to a consensus for waiting until every state/ME-2 has unanimously been projected if that is where consensus goes, which is where it seems to be going. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 23:50, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:Agree with adding unanimous calls to the page.  [[User:Nixinova|Nixinova]]  [[User talk:Nixinova|T]]   [[Special:Contribs/Nixinova|C]]   00:46, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:*{{reply|Nixinova}} Could you please clarify whether you support waiting until all races are called before adding them or whether you support adding them right now? [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 00:57, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:*:I support adding them now if they have been unanimously called.  [[User:Nixinova|Nixinova]]  [[User talk:Nixinova|T]]   [[Special:Contribs/Nixinova|C]]   01:58, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' updating page to reflect states that have been called unanimously. (At this point, I believe this would leave AZ, GA, ME-02, NV, NC, and PA. [[User:Whackyasshackysack|Whackyasshackysack]] ([[User talk:Whackyasshackysack|talk]]) 04:57, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*<s>'''Technically Opposed'''</s> I think that if all sources say X won a state, then we should be able to include it in the article as long as it isn't controversial. (Basically agreeing with Lsw2472 and Nixinova) I can say that the 5% or higher lead by Lsw2472 is a good cutoff, but I do want to suggest a second cutoff on percentage of expected votes in. Something like 85%, 90%, or 95+% should be good in my opinion if others agree. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 05:39, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*:(Amended) '''Support adding [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]]''' to the article. It has the states that are unanimous and further discussions can be held later as to if something needs to be added or removed. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 00:15, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support.''' If all or most media outlets have called a state, it meets [[WP:RS]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html This] is a good summary of the calls that have been made. [[User:Antony-22|Antony–'''''22''''']] ([[User talk:Antony-22|talk]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/Antony-22|contribs]]) 05:46, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including those states called by the AP. Both the AP and [https://www.foxnews.com/elections/2020/general-results Fox News(!)] have called [https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/associated-press-calls-wisconsin-for-joe-biden-trump-campaign-vows-recount/article_af050aa2-8329-5ebc-ab1b-3c8b937ffab3.html Wisconsin] and [https://apnews.com/article/ap-explains-arizona-joe-biden-bb16f91b04456b2513f40436248eb62d Arizona] for Biden and have displayed 264/214 for about 18 hours now. Fox News viewers are unhappy with their favorite channel for doing that. The only states not called by the AP are Alaska, Nevada, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Georgia. [https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/results/president CNN is more conservative] and not counting Arizona yet. [https://apnews.com/article/ap-explains-states-still-in-play-56dbf7c0c4c155facf7920f0a3099509 AP EXPLAINER: States still in play and what makes them that way] -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 15:08, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
** I'd caution against including Arizona at this point; it's been called only by Fox News and AP (which I believe are using a different exit polling system than everyone else) and there's been a lot of commentary even in the mainstream media about whether the call was appropriate. Since reliable sources disagree, it should either be excluded or be colored differently to indicate that there's not consensus among the media organizations about it. [[User:Antony-22|Antony–'''''22''''']] ([[User talk:Antony-22|talk]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/Antony-22|contribs]]) 22:19, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. There are numerous states that have been called and are not in question at all. I would prefer that the AP projections are added as well, but would advocate for the addition of unanimously-called states since that seems to be a matter of some contention. [[User:Sdrqaz|Sdrqaz]] ([[User talk:Sdrqaz|talk]]) 18:10, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
* Comment: I think we have consensus for adding all states/districts minus AK, AZ, GA, ME-02, NV, NC, and PA, as every other state/district has been unanimously called. I cant figure out how to mess with the map but I think we should be able to update the map at this point. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 22:00, 5 November 2020 (UTC) Edit: Added Alaska per comment underneath.
** At this point AK hasn't been called either, but ME-2 has been called for Trump by most but not all media outlets. See [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html]. FYI, the image already exists at [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]]. [[User:Antony-22|Antony–'''''22''''']] ([[User talk:Antony-22|talk]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/Antony-22|contribs]]) 22:19, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::I still prefer waiting until we can fill in the entire map before adding it, rather than uploading an incomplete map right now. Quite a few users did say they agreed with me, but of course, this isn't a vote, and consensus seems to be shifting towards updating the map with states that have been unanimously called ASAP. That being said, I feel like we should wait at least 24 hours before updating the map, to give those users and other users time to weigh in. I know how to update the map and could do so tomorrow, if consensus doesn't change. We can't use the file that Antony-22 provided because ME-2 has not been unanimously called. Nonetheless, would we also update the infobox with a projected electoral vote tally too? [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 22:23, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Yes of course we should wait 24 hours, just wanted to start discussion on how to move forward now that this has been up a bit and weve got some responses. Also, I presume we would update the infobox with EVs as well. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 22:32, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''', this is obviously what we should do. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 06:55, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
**{{reply|Devonian Wombat}} Can you please clarify if you support updating the map/infobox soon vs. updating the map once we can fill every state and district in. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 07:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
***I support updating right this second. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 07:08, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
****Thank you for clarifying. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 07:17, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
{{OD}}
* '''Not just AP''' – Wiki should have more than one major media source for calling the election. I suggest we wait at least for [https://www.nytimes.com/ ''NYT'']', and ideally also for the [https://www.washingtonpost.com/ WX ''Post'']. I say this as one who has tremendous respect for the Associated Press – and one who once actually worked for the AP as a news writer. – [[User:Sca|Sca]] ([[User talk:Sca|talk]]) 16:19, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
**{{Reply|Sca}} I don't think only using the AP is being supported by many users anymore now that we are post election day. Most people here seem to support adding a state only if it is unanimously projected by major media organizations. But we still need to decide if we want to update the map now, or if we want to wait for every state (and ME-2) to be called before updating the map. The consensus seems to be leaning significantly towards the former. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 16:27, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Ah. 10-4 and thanks. – [[User:Sca|Sca]] ([[User talk:Sca|talk]]) 16:33, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Update immediately''', with caveats. We should '''include all calls by any major network, even when not unanimous, but should use some different color, pattern, shade, or indicator when there is a split decision or when only some major networks have made a call'''. In a situation like this, we should absolutely note stuff like the AP + Fox calls, because they are major parts of the story, and because failing to note them at all will cause confusion from readers who follow those sources; but we also need to absolutely make it clear that it's just a those two rather than a unanimous call. During an election, we should also revise the table of called states in order to list calls by major networks instead of the current breakdown by party (which seems useless to readers - at the moment it is almost entirely empty, with just a ton of wasted space.) Something like [https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/tv-network-calls/ Politico's] graph of network calls would be more useful; just have each cell colored by the network's call, and list the total at the bottom. In practice implementing this mid-election-count would be tricky (and unnecessary since it seems like this will be over in a few hours anyway), but for future elections we should go with a system like this because otherwise we run into this debate over which calls to use ''every single time'', even if this time was particularly stark, and because given how significant this is it's important to keep our maps, tables, etc. as up to date as possible with as much accurate information as possible. This means both unambiguously registering all "partial" calls, and making it clear somehow, at a glance, that they are not yet unanimous - ignoring them entirely and presenting them identically to unanimous calls both strike me as unworkable options. (Also, of course all ''unanimous'' calls for individual states need to be added immediately - failing to do so is just absurd and serves no purpose.) --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 20:00, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
** Fully agree. One of our important functions is to document the flow of history, not just document that A moved to G. We should document ''how'' A got to G. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 20:52, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
Information about the so-called red and blue mirages should be included in this article in order to explain why the vote counts were changed and the result of the election was not immediately clear. I think these details are relevant because they explain why the vote went a certain way in the states that we are discussing here. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Lshane23|Lshane23]] ([[User talk:Lshane23#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lshane23|contribs]]) 21:26, 8 November 2020 (UTC) 
* '''Support updating immediately and either 1) only coloring on consensus across all sources, or 2) Aquillion's proposal to use a different color to indicate how many RS have called the state, with preference for option 2.''' We may have a lack of consensus for a while, so not showing anything is't really helpful. [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 20:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Removal of material w claim of “ dubious relevance” ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&diff=next&oldid=986825860 here].

That the material is relevant is evident [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/amphtml/jasonleopold/judge-orders-more-mueller-report-unredacted here]. @{{u| Devonian Wombat}}, kindly revert your removal. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 07:10, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:Why is it here exactly? As far as I can tell, that material should be at [[2016 United States presidential election]]. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 07:53, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

:: E.g., https://apnews.com/article/5e14adfdd3f24f03b6944b778751a650. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 09:22, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::: The only reference to 2020 in this article is the title and a sentence in the introduction: {{tq| "the ultimate verdict on President Donald Trump will be rendered by voters in the 2020 election"}}, which could be said in relation to the election had the Mueller report never existed. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 09:30, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::@{{u|Przemysl15}}, also {{tq|Ahead of the 2020 election, both [parties] are trying to reach the slice of Americans who have not hardened to partisan positions. A June poll by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found 31% of Americans said they didn’t know enough to say whether Mueller’s report had completely cleared Trump of coordination with Russia and 30% didn’t know whether it had not completely cleared Trump of obstruction. A CNN poll found that just 3% said they had read the whole report. Perhaps Mueller’s testimony, with his button-down lawyer’s approach, reached some of them.}} [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 09:54, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::@{{u|Przemysl15}}, I provided evidence that your claim is incorrect. Please respond. The text I offered is appropriate here.[[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]])<

::@{{u|Devonian Wombat}}, also https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-politics/us-voters-have-mueller-report-final-say-2020-election. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 10:00, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I still see no indication that this is relevant to the 2020 election at all. One off-hand comment in one news article is not enough. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 10:04, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::That’s not ‘off-hand’. That’s -analysis- by AP. Did you read the VOA article? [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 10:14, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::From VOA:
:::::#Wednesday, President Trump made sure to remind his supporters about the outcome of the Mueller report.
:::::#The Mueller rreport found insufficient evidence of a criminal conspiracy between the Trump campaign and Russia to meddle in the 2016 election.
:::::#Congressional Democrats have also vowed to keep the pressure on with oversight hearings and investigations.
:::::#They are also moving toward citing Attorney General William Barr with contempt of Congress for not producing an un-redacted version of the Mueller report.
:::::#House Judiciary Committee Chair Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., moves ahead with a vote to hold Attorney General William Barr in contempt of Congress after last-minute negotiations stalled with the Justice Department over access to the full, unredacted version of the Mueller report.
:::::#As a political issue, many analysts said the Russia investigation appears far from over and could figure prominently in next year’s presidential campaign.
:::::#Both Republicans and Democrats expect Trump will continue to proclaim vindication in the Russia investigation right through next year’s presidential campaign.}}
:::::[[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 10:52, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{re|Devonian Wombat}} I have provided additional evidence the material is appropriate to include. Pls respond. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 11:21, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

{{re|Devonian Wombat|Przemysl15}} I have provided more than sufficient evidence to counter your objections, which seem to approach [[WP:IDL]]. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 11:53, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Also note [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/judge-orders-more-mueller-report-unredacted this] re timing. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 12:55, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

With that, I propose {{tqb| One day prior to the November 3, 2020 election, the Special Counsel's office released previously redacted portions of the Mueller report per the federal judge’s order in the lawsuit mentioned above filed by [[BuzzFeed News]] and the [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]], while allowing other portions to remain redacted.<ref name="Buzz1102">{{Cite web|last=Leopold|first=Jason|last2=Bensinger|first2=Ken|title=New: Mueller Investigated Julian Assange, WikiLeaks, And Roger Stone For DNC Hacks|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/new-mueller-investigated-julian-assange-wikileaks-and-roger|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.buzzfeednews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Leopold|first=Jason|last2=Bensinger|first2=Ken|title=A Judge Has Ordered The Justice Department To Release More Portions Of The Mueller Report Before Election Day|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/judge-orders-more-mueller-report-unredacted|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.buzzfeednews.com|language=en}}</ref>}} [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 13:35, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

At this point, this amounts to [[WP:Stonewalling]]. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 13:42, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:I will remind you, as others have reminded me before, that pieces like Stonewalling are not WP policy, while [[WP:AGF]] is. More importantly, it has been less than 12 hours since my last response, so I think it is a bit premature to begin asking for responses and then citing IDL and Stonewalling when none are given. For the point that my claim is incorrect, you are right and I apologize. I did not read the source appropriately. You also have since provided more than enough reliable sources that consider this to be relevant to the election, so I would support a short piece in the foreign interference section. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 02:57, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::I had missed the non-P&G aspect — thx; tired eyes on my part. And on reflection, I was premature on the assertion of IDL and Stonewalling; and so, apologies. Thank you for your further review, consideration, approval, and contribution to the RfC. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 03:38, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

{{Reflist-talk}}

== An admittedly quite pedantic suggestion ==

"Voters will select presidential electors who in turn will vote on December 14, 2020, to either elect a new president and vice president or reelect the incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence respectively."

to

"States will nominate presidential electors who will vote on December 14, 2020, to either elect a new president and/or vice president or reelect the incumbents Donald Trump and/or Mike Pence respectively."

Reasoning:

1. The votes of the people technically don't matter. So "States will nominate" is more accurate.

2. It is possible for a new president to be elected while the old vice president remains or the other way around. It is highly unlikely that it would happen, as it would rely on faithless electors, but it is possible.

[[User:Dieknon|Dieknon]] ([[User talk:Dieknon|talk]]) 14:21, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

:Per your first point, they do matter according to the laws of all 50 states. [[User:Mossypiglet|mossypiglet]] ([[User talk:Mossypiglet|talk]]) ''quote or something'' 16:17, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

== RFC on newly redacted portions of the Mueller report ==
{{rfc|pol|rfcid=65F9473}}
Should the following be appended to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election#Foreign_interference Foreign interference §]?

{{tqb| One day prior to the November 3, 2020 election, the Special Counsel's office released previously redacted portions of the Mueller report per the federal judge’s order in the lawsuit mentioned above filed by [[BuzzFeed News]] and the [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]], while allowing other portions to remain redacted.<ref name="Buzz1102">{{Cite web|last=Leopold|first=Jason|last2=Bensinger|first2=Ken|title=New: Mueller Investigated Julian Assange, WikiLeaks, And Roger Stone For DNC Hacks|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/new-mueller-investigated-julian-assange-wikileaks-and-roger|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.buzzfeednews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Leopold|first=Jason|last2=Bensinger|first2=Ken|title=A Judge Has Ordered The Justice Department To Release More Portions Of The Mueller Report Before Election Day|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/jasonleopold/judge-orders-more-mueller-report-unredacted|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.buzzfeednews.com|language=en}}</ref> The newly released passages indicated that "federal prosecutors could not establish that the hacked emails amounted to campaign contributions benefitting Trump’s election chances."<ref name="Buzz1102" />}}

For relevance, pls see my comment in Discussion, below.

[[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 17:33, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
{{Reflist-talk}}
===Survey===
* '''No''' It's about the 2016 election. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 17:39, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:*Pls see my comment in Discussion below. Thx, [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 17:50, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''No''' Not unless there's any evidence that this has any impact. It seems to belong on [[Mueller report]], not here. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 19:03, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:*Has the criterion of {{tq|evidence that this has any impact}} rather than straightforward relevance been applied to anything else in this article? [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 20:16, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''No''' Does not appear pertinent to this election cycle. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:13, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:*It seems that experts anticipated (see points #6 and 7 in Discussion below) the Mueller investigation (of which this is part-and-parcel) would, in fact, be pertinent to this election cycle. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 20:16, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''No''', completely irrelevant to the election, also the quote you added to the article previously was not the quote that was actually in the article. While I do not wish to throw aspersions, I must call into question the motives of Humanegr in this particular situation, given he, as far as I can tell, made up a quote and added it to the article. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 21:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:*{{re|Devonian Wombat}} Link please [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 22:04, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Yes''' Reliable sourcing below and in the thread two above clearly believe that this may have an effect on voters in the 2020 election, even though the report is about the 2016 election. I do not think it is of monumental importance, but given the importance of the Muller Report in general, the inclusion of the report in the article already, and the length (or lack there of) of this proposed addition, I think this is perfectly weighted for the article. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 03:01, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''No''', obviously. Coverage connecting this to the election is too slight to justify inclusion here. If we included every single news item that anyone tangentially brought up as an argument related to the election in the immediate runup to it, we would have every news item from the month before the election listed. --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 20:08, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''No''', I'm not seeing good enough evidence that it had any impact on the 2020 election whatsoever. I follow this stuff VERY closely and in fact was unaware until reading this Talk page. This is really just a coda on 2016. [[User:Denzera|Denzera]] ([[User talk:Denzera|talk]]) 21:52, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

===Discussion===
Relevance to this article is indicated by [https://apnews.com/article/5e14adfdd3f24f03b6944b778751a650 this] July AP analysis:

{{tqb|Ahead of the 2020 election, both [parties] are trying to reach the slice of Americans who have not hardened to partisan positions. A June poll by The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found 31% of Americans said they didn’t know enough to say whether Mueller’s report had completely cleared Trump of coordination with Russia and 30% didn’t know whether it had not completely cleared Trump of obstruction. A CNN poll found that just 3% said they had read the whole report. Perhaps Mueller’s testimony, with his button-down lawyer’s approach, reached some of them.}}

and by the following points from [https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-politics/us-voters-have-mueller-report-final-say-2020-election this] earlier VOA article, in particular, points #6 and 7:
{{tqb|
#Wednesday, President Trump made sure to remind his supporters about the outcome of the Mueller report.
#The Mueller rreport found insufficient evidence of a criminal conspiracy between the Trump campaign and Russia to meddle in the 2016 election.
#Congressional Democrats have also vowed to keep the pressure on with oversight hearings and investigations.
#They are also moving toward citing Attorney General William Barr with contempt of Congress for not producing an un-redacted version of the Mueller report.
#House Judiciary Committee Chair Jerrold Nadler, D-N.Y., moves ahead with a vote to hold Attorney General William Barr in contempt of Congress after last-minute negotiations stalled with the Justice Department over access to the full, unredacted version of the Mueller report.
#As a political issue, many analysts said the Russia investigation appears far from over and could figure prominently in next year’s presidential campaign.
#Both Republicans and Democrats expect Trump will continue to proclaim vindication in the Russia investigation right through next year’s presidential campaign.}}
[[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 17:49, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

== Why this deletion? ==

Due to the "consensus required" provision for this article, I won't immediately revert [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&diff=next&oldid=986880809 this absurd deletion], with no edit summary, by [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] of a good sentence added by [[User:Snooganssnoogans|Snooganssnoogans]]. Here is the deleted sentence:

: "In the lead-up to the election, Trump made frequent false claims intended to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the election, as well as refusing to commit to a peaceful transfer of power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Republicans publicly silent, privately disgusted by Trump’s election threats|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/03/republicans-trump-election-threats-433910|access-date=2020-11-03|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-09-24|title=US election: Trump won't commit to peaceful transfer of power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54274115|access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref>

This is a very well-documented phenomenon with Trump. He lies constantly about the election, doing everything he can to weaken confidence in its legitimacy and to make it harder for citizens to exercise their constitutional voting rights. That sentence is factual, important, and very properly-sourced. What are the policy-based objections for complete deletion, without any attempt to follow the [[WP:PRESERVE]] policy? Let's hear them. If there is some background for this such as a previous/existing discussion or consensus, then please explain. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 18:17, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:Mostly because it is a standard POV push and cherry picking. For example he is noted for saying he would in fact accept a peaceful transition.[https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-election-integrity/index.html] Just an undue mess of contradictions. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 18:24, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:: Then how should it be improved? -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 19:11, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Just leave it in. Trump has a tendency to admit something and then change his mind and deny it later (or half walk it back anyway). It is clear from many reports that Trump, his administration and campaign officials, have made contradicting statements about whether they will respect the results of the election. It is undue to omit this, or to say "he took it back... nothing to see here."--[[User:Darryl Kerrigan|Darryl Kerrigan]] ([[User talk:Darryl Kerrigan|talk]]) 20:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I did improve it with my revert. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 20:49, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::: Properly-sourced content is not improved by deleting it. PRESERVE is explicitly about NOT deleting, but keeping and improving content by tweaking, revising, adding more and better sources, etc. Deletion is not improvement. That only applies to vandalism, clearly (to ALL) dubious content that is not properly sourced, or content that is clearly (to ALL) a violation of policies. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 21:03, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:I've seen as a counterpoint to your {{tq|make it harder for citizens to exercise their constitutional voting rights}} a similar objection from Greens objecting to Dems efforts to keep them off ballots. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 18:27, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:: Which has nothing to do with voting rights. Infighting between political parties is par for the course. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 19:11, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::: Keeping a party off the ballot {{tq|has nothing to do with voting rights}}? You're saying {{tq|[[wikt:infighting|infighting]]}}: {{tq|Fighting or quarreling among the members of a single group or side}}? Very confusing. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 19:57, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:I agree completely, Trump has repeatedly refused to commit to a peaceful transfer of power, and has undermined voting rights constantly. To claim otherwise is a ridiculous display of bothsidesism that is not backed up even the slightest by the facts. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 20:43, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:I agree. It's literally on tape and it's widely known that he refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power and has repeatedly said false things about the voting process. Being neutral means reporting the facts as they are, reporting this doesn't violate [[WP:NPOV]]. I think if the editor wishes to say that Trump later did commit to a peaceful transition of power, the editor should instead expand on the already-existing portions of text and cite reliable sources.[[User:Herbfur|Herbfur]] ([[User talk:Herbfur|talk]]) 20:55, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::But he has committed to it, repeatedly. The purposed addition is basically just partisan talking points. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 20:48, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::From what I gather about the source you cited, I think the source is saying that Trump initially refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power before later committing to it. I think this should've been an addition to the added text, not a deletion, I think it would make more sense to say that Trump refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power in September 2020 before making the commitment in October. [[User:Herbfur|Herbfur]] ([[User talk:Herbfur|talk]]) 20:58, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::: PME, no, that backtracking has to be seen in light of his initial denial. That initial denial as his real opinion. He does this all the time, and his denials are usually blatant lies. [[User:Darryl Kerrigan|Darryl Kerrigan]] (comment above) is right. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 21:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::No, he has repeatedly made vague statements implying that he might accept election results, just as he then repeatedly declares that he will not. Saying that he will accept a peaceful transfer of power is a partisan violation of NPOV. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 21:08, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I agree that the sentence should be included. Trump's false claims and relucatance to commit to a peaceful transition of power are well-documented and clearly notable as a major issue during this election. As others have noted, it's not POV to report the facts. Even in the CNN article about Trump backtracking, it says he "continued to sow doubt on the election results and making baseless claims." -[[User:Avial Cloffprunker|Avial Cloffprunker]] ([[User talk:Avial Cloffprunker|talk]]) 22:38, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::So we are in agreement that he has disagreed with that and other RS note it. Yet you all continue the original research saying that it has not happened? Again lets stay away from talking points and making statements about BLPs when RS have noted otherwise. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 22:52, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*It should be included, since a wide range of reliable sources state it as fact and describe it in the way that text does. The objection here seems to basically amount to "yes, but those sources are wrong or biased for not emphasizing this other aspect", which isn't an appropriate way to weigh sourcing or inclusion. --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 22:55, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
*:Well no, the objection is the NPOV way it is presenting. As well as the undue nature of it the whole thing for this article and in general. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 22:58, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::You will have to be more specific; it looks like a reasonable summary of the cited sources to me. In any case, I'm seeing a clear consensus to include here (as far as I can tell you're the only one objecting, out of the roughly nine people who have weighed in on it so far), so I've restored it for now. If you disagree, start an RFC. --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 23:02, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::::The answers you seek are above. Did you read above or just count heads again? [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 23:04, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
{{sources-talk}}{{clear}}

== Campaign issues section ==

I added a new [[2020_United_States_presidential_election#Campaign_issues|campaign issues section]]. It's important to describe what the election was about. This is one of the most important things this article can do.—[[User:Naddruf|Naddruf]] ([[User talk:Naddruf|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Naddruf|'''contribs''']]) 19:58, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:It looks good. I started to nitpick over the Defense Production Act funding but decided not to click save. It seems to give the impression that 45 has not funded medical equipment, and I don't think that is correct. - [[User:Bri.public|Bri.public]] ([[User talk:Bri.public|talk]]) 20:05, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
::Thanks for the suggestion. I changed it a bit. —[[User:Naddruf|Naddruf]] ([[User talk:Naddruf|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Naddruf|'''contribs''']]) 20:18, 3 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I would also suggest adding immigration as one of the election's hotly contested issues. Could include links to [[Immigration policy of Donald Trump]] and [[Trump administration family separation policy]], and cite Biden's criticisms. Some examples of news coverage: [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/us/politics/trump-immigration-policies-election.html NYT], [https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/29/politics/biden-immigrant-children/index.html CNN]. -[[User:Avial Cloffprunker|Avial Cloffprunker]] ([[User talk:Avial Cloffprunker|talk]]) 22:40, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

== As to the polling results ==

I would like to build a consciousness as to the most recent information, (election results) discuss what should be included what sources to be used and work how it should be worded. Thanks. [[User:Vallee01|Vallee01]] ([[User talk:Vallee01|talk]]) 00:28, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:Per my current understanding of [[Talk:2020_United_States_presidential_election#Election_night_prep|the ''Election night prep'' section]], we need at least three of the following sources to call a state: ABC, AP, BBC, CBS, CNN, Fox News, NBC, New York Times, NPR, PBS, Politico, Reuters, Wall Street Journal. (There was a note that if one of those sources uses the Associated Press, then it only counts as an AP source since some organizations defer.) --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 00:30, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::NPR and PBS are not calling on their own, only using AP calls. The AP is likely to be the most conservative in calling races, so most other orgs will call a race if the AP does. --[[User:AntiCompositeNumber|AntiCompositeNumber]] ([[User talk:AntiCompositeNumber|talk]]) 01:05, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

== Electoral College svg ==

can someone start colouring in the official colours of the winners in each state which are officially announced now?, this is how we followed the elections in 2016... its impossible to follow it here this time around cause everyone is lazy and refusing to do it, just add those stated confirmed and its that easy..--[[Special:Contributions/27.123.139.73|27.123.139.73]] ([[User talk:27.123.139.73|talk]]) 02:06, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:No, there has been an agreement on this page to wait until results are more solidly determined before adding such data. There are plenty of maps out there (I know ''NYT'' has one) that can be used by those wanting breaking news. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 02:16, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::oh wow GW, you are still around..figured..i didn't say add those where they haven't done a 100% count, only those confirmed... looks like someone is already doing it..--[[Special:Contributions/27.123.139.73|27.123.139.73]] ([[User talk:27.123.139.73|talk]]) 02:24, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::See the various conversations above. <s>Consensus is to wait 12+ hours after polls close.</s> Just see the conversations above... evidently it's more complicated than I said. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 02:25, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Whenever y'all decide that you want it, [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]] has the current consensus results from WaPo, NYT, NPR (AP), Politico, Reuters, and Fox News. I'm not expecting any changes anytime soon, but it's 2020 who knows. --[[User:AntiCompositeNumber|AntiCompositeNumber]] ([[User talk:AntiCompositeNumber|talk]]) 13:11, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::[[WP:V]] governs, not some faux consensus of two editors on this talk page. The electoral numbers and map are incomplete but not in doubt. Post the verifiable facts now and the. Update them when they change. If the stonewalling continues, that’s a behavioral problem to be addressed at [[WP:AE]]. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 11:34, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Archiving? ==

Hi,

Can someone set up archiving for this talk page? It's getting pretty lengthy. Thanks, [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 04:57, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:We have automated archiving, would we want to decrease how many days it takes to archive? Can we do that? [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 05:00, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
: Auto-archiving is at 15 days; there are a few sections which probably could be manually archived but I don't see a strong need. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 06:57, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:: Thanks for the reply. [[User:David O. Johnson|David O. Johnson]] ([[User talk:David O. Johnson|talk]]) 00:57, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

== New § for 'Reactions to election results' ==

This would be presumably eventually morph / blend into 'Post-election events and controversies' as for 2016. I don't have any particular suggestions other than to start us thinking about structure as the pieces roll in. [[User:Humanengr|Humanengr]] ([[User talk:Humanengr|talk]]) 05:39, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
: Lead with your sources. Most of the time, we don't care about people's reaction to the results; the results are the results. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 06:56, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

== Trump's press conference ==

So Trump had just claimed that he's won the election and states that he would be going to Supreme Court to stop the count. Where does this get included? [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 07:33, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

: I personally think, if NY Times claimed Donald Trump to have won the election, that should be the point where everything is settled. One person's claim mean nothing, especially when the speech is delivered at a location he got <10% of the votes.--[[User:1233|1233]] ( [[User Talk:1233|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/1233|C]]） 07:38, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:: I'm not saying Wikipedia says "Trump wins the election", I'm saying Wikipedia should say "Trump claimed that he won the election during the press conference despite [xxx]". NYT and co. definitely has articles about that press conference. [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 07:54, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Then I think it being reasonable, considering the statement and how much backlash he made, directly hours after the election ended.--[[User:1233|1233]] ( [[User Talk:1233|T]] / [[Special:Contributions/1233|C]]） 09:14, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:"Campaign issues"? [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 07:52, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
: I'd wait; especially for Trump, claiming to take it to the Supreme Court is very different from taking it to the Supreme Court. We could say it's combative or unorthodox, anything more will probably need to wait a day for context and sources. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 07:59, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:To be more precise he claimed that he has won states that he is currently leading but where votes are still being counted, including Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Michigan, if I remember correctly. [[User:JackintheBox|JACKINTHEBOX]] • [[User talk:JackintheBox|TALK]] 08:01, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:: Baseless claims of victory in North Carolina and Georgia too, neither of which are called; "pundits" give Trump about a 90% chance in NC but only 50% in GA. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 08:03, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I agree that the entire thing is still a toss-up, but the fact that he makes such claims should be included. [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 08:26, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Agreed, but I think it should be just two or three sentences until his campaign actually engages in litigation. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 08:33, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::Perhaps dump it in "Potential rejection of election results" for now, but a "reactions" section probably has to be added to the Results section to properly showcase this information. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 09:19, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
For some sources: [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/04/trump-tries-to-claim-victory-even-as-ballots-are-being-counted-in-several-states-nbc-has-not-made-a-call.html CNBC], [https://www.forbes.com/sites/joewalsh/2020/11/04/trump-falsely-tries-to-claim-victory-as-votes-still-are-being-counted/?sh=3ca45e347058 Forbes], [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-claims-victory-states-undecided-supreme-court-white-house Fox News], [https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54791113 BBC]. [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 08:34, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
: I think it should be included, but the text should stress that this is a claim made by Donald Trump, not an authoritative statement of fact as described by a neutral RS. Whether or not he actually takes it to the supreme court is actually not all that relevant, what's relevant at the moment is his stated intention to do so. Considering Trump's recent supreme court nominations, RS were already talking about that potential scenario and its potential consequences since before the election. [[User:Goodposts|Goodposts]] ([[User talk:Goodposts|talk]]) 12:44, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::Biden will likely win Nevada, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 270 electors. Trump lost. The winner will be declared before Pennsylvania counts all the votes. [[User:Tgeorgescu|Tgeorgescu]] ([[User talk:Tgeorgescu|talk]]) 13:26, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

We might want to take a look at [[2016 United States presidential election]] for a model. Under "Results" there are a number of prose sections, including "Election night" and "The next day". They include a brief summary of comments made by the two candidates. Currently our "Results" section includes no text, just tables to be filled in, but I think some textual information would be appropriate. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:25, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:I'm going to add such a section. Please feel free to expand it. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:46, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

Re: [[Special:Diff/987078667]]: It should specify the time zone (2:30am EST, I think?). Also, I think some care should be taken with regards to the wording here with regards to the vote counting. Trump specifically says {{tq|we want all voting to stop}}. As [https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-5479111 the BBC article linked above] interprets, most likely his meaning is {{tq|he wants to block the counting of postal ballots, which can be legally accepted by some state election boards after Tuesday's election}}. The wording "all vote counting to stop" conveys a slightly different nuance (something along the lines of "oh since we're ahead in the vote count in these states, we can declare victory here and not count the remaining precincts"). The argument (at face value; no comments on whether Trump intentionally phrased it in a misleading way or not) concerns the validity of ballots ''received'' after election day, not counted after election day. -- [[User:Ununseti|Ununseti]] ([[User talk:Ununseti|talk]]) 20:27, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:I'm not so sure. In the past he has said "We don’t want them to find any ballots at 4 o’clock in the morning and add them to the list." He was implying, as he often does, that there is cheating in the counting - that "they" add false ballots to inflate the other side's score. (It does happen in American elections that the results shift from Republican to Democratic as the mail ballots come in, for perfectly legitimate reasons known as the [[Blue shift (politics)]].) IMO Trump wanted the COUNTING to stop. In the runup to the election he said several times that the winner should be declared on Election Night and no further counting should take place. Apparently his followers think that's what he meant too, because there is now a demonstration outside the Detroit election center with people shouting "Stop the count!" -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 22:05, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

:The text at this point makes a false characterization that "and that all vote counting should stop." He instead referred specifically to voting. Here is an exact quote from his 2:30 a.m. speech, with the actual statement in italic: "We were getting ready to win this election. Frankly, we did win this election,” Trump claimed, adding: “''We want all voting to stop''. We don’t want them to find any ballots at 4 o’clock in the morning and add them to the list. It’s a very sad moment. We will win this, and as far as I’m concerned we already have won.” Please use his words, not a false paraphrasis. [[User:Tgkohn|Tgkohn]] ([[User talk:Tgkohn|talk]]) 23:16, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

::[[User:MelanieN]] I do personally think that this was most likely his intention. But imo putting that in the text directly is kind of a [[WP:SYNTH]], because the currently cited CNBC source doesn't make that connection explicitly, so it may be worth adding some sources to back that up. The [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/04/trump-tries-to-claim-victory-even-as-ballots-are-being-counted-in-several-states-nbc-has-not-made-a-call.html CNBC source] just says: {{tq|“We’ll be going to the U.S. Supreme Court, we want all voting to stop,” Trump continued more than an hour after the final U.S. polls closed in Alaska. “We don’t want them to find any ballots at 4 o’clock in the morning and add them to the list.” It was unclear what Trump meant by “going to the Supreme Court,” given that the nation’s highest court is rarely the first judicial venue for a case, but rather, it reviews lower court rulings.}}.

::The [https://www.forbes.com/sites/joewalsh/2020/11/04/trump-falsely-tries-to-claim-victory-as-votes-still-are-being-counted/?sh=3ca45e347058 Forbes source] does interpret it as {{tq|He promised to go to the Supreme Court to stop late vote-counting}}, though. The [https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-claims-victory-states-undecided-supreme-court-white-house Fox News source] interprets it as {{tq|Trump hinted the White House would push the Supreme Court to rule over disputed ballots, warning that a “very sad group of people” was trying to “disenfranchise” voters}}. This [https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/america-votes/biden-confident-he-ll-win-after-all-votes-counted-1.5174191 CTV source] interprets it as {{tq|Earlier Wednesday, Trump attacked media organizations for not declaring him the winner, saying in an early-morning appearance that it was "a major fraud on our nation." "As far as I'm concerned, we already have won this," he said, calling for outstanding ballots not to be counted.}} Meanwhile this [https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-campaigns-elections-203d1bc1ad56b10d42638c77749cfa07 AP News source] just kinda snarks a bit on Trump's word choice: {{tq|Trump says: “We’ll be going to the U.S. Supreme Court — we want all voting to stop.” In fact, there is no more voting — just counting.}} -- [[User:Ununseti|Ununseti]] ([[User talk:Ununseti|talk]]) 22:34, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:::If there is clear sourcing supporting the idea that Trump wants vote counting to stop, which there appears to be, we should say so, but for clarity and context should also include the direct quote about voting from Trump himself. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 23:45, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

== How biased ==

Any edit suggested by a leftist, is confirmed. Yet when it comes from the right wing, it's removed and complaints are deleted. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040|2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040]] ([[User talk:2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040#top|talk]]) 17:17, 4 November 2020 (UTC) 

:If you have any actual information you would like to change for what you consider to be [[WP:NPOV]] violations, please format them properly and source them. [[User:Sixula|'''Sixula''']][[User_Talk:Sixula|'''''Talk''''']] 17:20, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
:Yes, poorly sourced edits and complaints are removed. If you are interested in collaborating with other editors regardless of their political views(which you have no way of knowing), you are welcome to propose an edit properly sourced to a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 17:21, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

I completely agree with the original poster. It seems that Wikipedia has gone the same way as Yahoo and many other media outlets - no commenting allowed, or, if you are commenting, anything that you write and the owners of the site don't agree with (even if what you had written wasn't at all contentious) will simply be deleted. Also, look at section 5 of this Wikipedia article - the State predictions. Wikipedia has chosen to compile this list using mostly reports from the media which are clearly left-leaning. Of the 14 projections, 1 is tossup, 1 predicts Trump's Win, while 12 predict Biden as the winner, with five of these polls predicting a win with 290 electoral votes or more. Of course, Wikipedia will just cop out by saying they were 'simply summarizing what others were reporting', conveniently forgetting that they could also have included many other polls which predicted Trump would win, but they didn't. This shows a clear bias and an attempt to become 'an influencer' in the political arena. I have been on Wikipedia for almost 20 years and have been a regular donor to Wikipedia for over 10. No more. They are not an unbiased encyclopedia and are not doing enough to make sure that some of the important articles are balanced and unimpeded with political bias.— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:NoWikiNoLife|NoWikiNoLife]] ([[User talk:NoWikiNoLife#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/NoWikiNoLife|contribs]]) 
:{{u|NoWikiNoLife}} Wikipedia does not claim to be free of bias. Nothing is free of bias. The sources are provided so readers can judge them for themselves. If you have information that is sourced to independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that is missing from this article, such as scientific polls, please offer it. Whether you donate money or not is your decision, but donations or withholding donations does not affect article content as donations are not collected by us editors.
:Just as you can dictate what is said and done in your residence, Wikipedia can determine what happens on its computers. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 17:37, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
::(Not true, actually. This is a tax-free 503(c), not a private residence, so there are restrictions [[Special:Contributions/2600:8800:2C00:3CA:383F:605A:91BF:EF55|2600:8800:2C00:3CA:383F:605A:91BF:EF55]] ([[User talk:2600:8800:2C00:3CA:383F:605A:91BF:EF55|talk]]) 18:09, 4 November 2020 (UTC))
:::Yes, there are. And the main restriction is found at [[WP:Verifiability]] - we only published what has been reported in [[WP:42|independent reliable sources]], not people's opinions. And we publish in relation to how widespead the coverage of the material is as well as how reliable the source is; that explains our coverage of published polls, which you appear to have some kind of issue with. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:10, 4 November 2020 (UTC)

== Shouldn't there be a part about how Trump is pushing for undemocratic ideas in the introduction/lead section of this article? ==

It just seems so historical. America, the country that was once known for its democratic freedom around the globe, may be throwing it all away. If Trump loses to Joe, he may take it to the state OR supreme court. If they agree with him and his reason, he may actually be awarded the presidency by the court despite Joe winning. Don't you understand? This has never happened in America before! I would really like to recommend that you include his statements on calling the election a "fraud" and "rigged." He may refuse to concede if he suffers defeat. Maybe include voter suppression as well. Let's not forget he wanted to stop the counting of ballots. [[User:SweetMilkTea13|SweetMilkTea13]] ([[User talk:SweetMilkTea13|talk]]) 01:43, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

:If you believe that ''[[Bush v. Gore]]'' was voter suppression, then no, it actually has happened before. This obviously is not an excuse to do it to the 2020 election. Right now, it just seems speculative about what the president plans to do. I know that American politicians have a reputation for playing dirty, and Mr. Trump is no exception. If I were you, I would wait for future events to unfold. Maybe then, we can add the details. '''[[User:FreeMediaKid!|Free]][[User talk:FreeMediaKid!|Media]][[Special:Contributions/FreeMediaKid!|Kid!]]''' 01:58, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

{{re|SweetMilkTea13}}, if the counting is stopped across the United States, Biden will win the presidency, as he has a lead in Nevada and Arizona. CNN has called 253 electoral college votes for him. Now,With AZ (11) and NV(6), He will have 17 electoral votes, thus winning the race. However, Trump still has a chance in Nevada, AZ, PA, GA, NC. And Biden will not a landslide victory, because Trump won in Florida, Iowa, Ohio. So all the votes need to be counted. I still think Trump has a pathway to victory. Biden needs to win more than 300 electoral college votes to avoid "Bush vs. Gore" scenario! [[User:Ppt2003|Ppt2003]] ([[User talk:Ppt2003|talk]]) 02:44, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
*It's already present, in {{tq|In the lead-up to the election, as well as on election night, Trump made frequent false claims intended to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the election, as well as refusing to commit to a peaceful transfer of power.}} That's sufficient in my view. {{u|[[User:Sdkb|'''Sdkb''']]}} [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 07:00, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:* Does 2:30 AM on Wednesday count as "election night", strictly speaking? [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 09:33, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

{{re|Juxlos}}, I would say -"The morning after election day/The following day. [[User:Ppt2003|Ppt2003]] ([[User talk:Ppt2003|talk]]) 11:25, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

== Edit needed ==

I think its highly relevant, to edit out the slander from the article... I would do it myself, except I am not at that permission level. We do not need a liberal tilt, that is not what wiki is about. I also find it provocative to use politico as a reference source.I feel is a biased foreign interest manifesto and not a valid voice of the US citizen base. I did not get past the quote from politico, stating Trump Trump made frequent false claims intended to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the election, as well as refusing to commit to a peaceful transfer of power.[5][6]g Some of those claims are surfacing in news reports regarding illegal handling of ballots, confirmed by police reports. Plus the fact that politicos quote is absolutely NOT backed by ANY evidence, its merely unsupported slander. I get that its a printed quote. Its absolutely as inappropriate as inserting quotes about Biden touching women in a way they disliked or that he in the past has committed plagiarism and lied about his involvement in apartheid. Both are printed by much more accredited sources than politico. Pretend this is a history book, and not a muck rake. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Krautank|Krautank]] ([[User talk:Krautank#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Krautank|contribs]]) 01:52, 5 November 2020 (UTC) 
:{{u|Krautank}} Please propose the edits that you feel should be made. Note that Politico is considered to be generally a reliable source per [[WP:RSP]]. If you wish to challenge that, please visit the [[WP:RSN|reliable sources noticeboard]]. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 01:55, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Krautank}} Also note that the quotes that you mentioned were said by Trump to a full White House conference room, you can see him say them yourself on video. The article currently lists the BBC is also listed as a source for those quotes. [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 20:25, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Might be a tad bit unrelated, but can an expert in US Politics please create an article titled something like "2020 United States Election Riots" ==

News just came in a few minutes ago, but there were intense clashes between the police and protesters as they demanded to 'count every vote."<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-nyc-protesters-2020-election-count-every-vote-20201104-g5n574jrtzg47a44ouuw4vhkoy-story.html</ref>
Although no one was killed, several people were injured. It would be more informative if someone created an article revolving around this terrible situation. [[User:SweetMilkTea13|SweetMilkTea13]] ([[User talk:SweetMilkTea13|talk]]) 05:57, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:If its just minor incidents then a section on this page would suffice (e.g. "Aftermath") instead of a separate article. [[User:Nixinova|Nixinova]] [[User talk:Nixinova|T]] [[Special:Contribs/Nixinova|C]] 06:04, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

:Certainly not. These protests are something that Trump is encouraging his followers to do, but they in no way approach being a riot. If the Daily News called it a riot - well, that's a good example of why we don't regard the Daily News as a reliable source. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:00, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::P.S. I have added a paragraph about the protests to the "Election Night aftermath" section. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:22, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

:AFAIK, Republicans haven't been protesting over the 2020 results, the way Democrats did over the 2016 results. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 19:27, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::Those protests will come after we actually have results. So far the only protests are against the process (see [[Brooks Brothers riot]] from 2000). Both sides are likely to take to the streets if their guy doesn't win. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:35, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:::There is an article called [[2020 United States election protests]], you can create an RfC if you believe riots are more appropriate. [[User:Albertaont|Albertaont]] ([[User talk:Albertaont|talk]]) 22:26, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

{{reply to|Albertaont}} Well written article! I'm going to leave it at "protests" for now. Yes many have been arrested and there has been some critical injuries as a result of clashes between police, Trump supporters and Biden supporters, but so far no one has died. I really hope we can keep it this way, but if we do see some deaths after the results are finalized then we definitely have to switch the title to "riots." [[User:SweetMilkTea13|SweetMilkTea13]] ([[User talk:SweetMilkTea13|talk]]) 05:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

{{talk reflist}}

== Age superlative in lead ==

I removed the sentence {{tq|This is the first presidential election in which both the major candidates are over 70.}} from the last paragraph in the lead, since it's only [[WP:DUE]] to spend so much time on the ages of the candidates, and the paragraph already mentions that {{tq|If elected, Biden would become the oldest person to serve as president at 78 years old on the day of his inauguration}} and {{tq|If reelected, Trump would be the oldest president to be inaugurated in U.S. history, as he would be 74 at the time of the 2021 inauguration.}}. I noticed that it was back today, and after some digging (a ping rather than a stealth revert would've been appreciated), I found that {{u|Paintspot}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&diff=987005407&oldid=987000679&diffmode=source re-added it] with summary {{tq|Undid removal. It's not redundant – it's an additional fact}}. I'm not persuaded by that. What do others think? {{u|[[User:Sdkb|'''Sdkb''']]}} [[User talk:Sdkb|'''talk''']] 06:51, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:A trivial fact. It'll be better to remove it. [[User:Enjoyer of World|Enjoyer of World]][[User talk:Enjoyer of World|💬]] 10:07, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::It being the first time something happened does not sound trivial to me. However, this does not seem to be widely discussed in RS, so I agree with DUE concerns. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 10:41, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:The age of the candidates are covered in quite a few sources, [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/11/politics/2020-candidate-ages/index.html 1], [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/28/the-age-of-the-elderly-candidate-how-two-septuagenarians-came-to-be-running-for-president 2], with [https://prospect.org/blogs/tap/the-septuagenarian-sweepstakes-presidential-race/ this source] even drawing attention to the fact that {{tq|Never before in our history has the nation been confronted with a choice of leaders all of whom were 70 or more}}. I would suppose this fact is far from trivial. -- [[User:Dps04|Dps04]] ([[User talk:Dps04|talk]]) 17:43, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

== Popular vote in Infobox ==

I understand the countroversy around the EC and the states yet to be called, etc. But why shouldn't we post the Popular Vote total as it's being updated? Said number isn't going to change the state of the race and I see no reason why we shouldn't put it in the Infobox. Apologies if a consensus was reached about it, I didn't find it before posting this. --[[User:Yeah 93|yeah_93]] ([[User talk:Yeah 93|talk]]) 17:30, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::Looks like it is already there. Be sure to keep it updated. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 18:57, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Actually, the consensus was to only update it at 6-hour intervals. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 20:18, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:FWIW, why was Biden & Trump images switched? Trump's still the ''incumbent'', so should be on the left side, ''until'' we know who won the election. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 18:26, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::I agree. I think they should be switched back to Trump on the left and Biden on the right. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 18:56, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

==Edit request==
Mention that Joe Biden got more votes than any other presidential candidate in history (you could also mention he was first to 70 million votes but that may be too trivial) [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 18:35, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:Too early IMO. Wait for a final count. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 18:53, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:should definitely be included for the section on how fraud was so easily assumed and identified -- [[User:Flynnwasframed|Flynnwasframed]] ([[User talk:Flynnwasframed|talk]]) 02:52, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 5 November 2020 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=yes}}
Article states that Biden, if inaugurated, would be the 2nd former vice-president to be elected president & first since Richard Nixon. This is false, George H. W. Bush won the 1988 presidential election and served as Ronald Reagan’s Vice President from 1981-1989. [[Special:Contributions/147.226.73.199|147.226.73.199]] ([[User talk:147.226.73.199|talk]]) 19:04, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:Former, not current. H. W. was the incumbent VP when he was elected whereas Biden and Nixon were in an election after having already left office as VP. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 19:10, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done for now:''' please establish a [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] for this alteration '''[[Wikipedia:Edit requests|before]]''' using the {{tlx|edit extended-protected}} template. I have changed "former" to "non-incumbent", however, after re-reading the sentence and seeing the potential for confusion. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 19:35, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::I think this should be removed from the lead as it is not significant. Defeating an incumbent president is significant, but being a former instead of current vice president is not. —[[User:Naddruf|Naddruf]] ([[User talk:Naddruf|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Naddruf|'''contribs''']]) 19:52, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Being a ''former'' vice president upon being elected president, is quite rare though. As mentioned, only Nixon has accomplished feat, so far. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 19:58, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Nixon was the 3rd VP of any kind per the [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]] election page. It makes no reference to him being the 1st non-incumbent VP. Maybe too nuanced to be notable. [[User:ErieSwiftByrd|ErieSwiftByrd]] ([[User talk:ErieSwiftByrd|talk]]) 22:39, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::According to [[List of vice presidents of the United States by other offices held#Presidents|this section of the Vice President list,]] Nixon was the {{tq|Only former vice president to become president in a non-immediate fashion}} while under Bush is says he was the {{tq|Fourth sitting vice president elected president}}. I would say it might be fair to include as long as the wording is clear. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 02:31, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== A couple of things ==

In the second sentence, perhaps it should be changed to {{tq|Voters select'''ed''' [[Electoral College of the United States|presidential electors]] who in turn will vote on December 14, 2020...}}, as voting is done. We could also de-bold the popular vote results. I know that Biden is, in all likelihood, going to win the popular vote, but it's still a possibility for Trump (though low) to win the popular vote, with ~10% of ballots outstanding. Thoughts? Thanks, [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 20:22, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:I adjusted the tense per your suggestion, since that ought to be uncontroversial. I didn't change the popular vote bolding, though I agree that we should not bold the numbers until a result has been called. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 20:30, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|Thanoscar21|GorillaWarfare}} I just undid the popular vote bolding. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 21:07, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

== Demographic trends ==

Now that the election (the voting, but not the counting) is over, what should we do about the [[2020_United_States_presidential_election#Demographic_trends|Demographic trends section]]? Some of it is speculation on the impact of demographic changes on the result. Should the actual results be included in this section, or not? If we do include information about results, do we wait until the media starts publishing stories like "suburban women cost Trump the election", etc.? —[[User:Naddruf|Naddruf]] ([[User talk:Naddruf|''talk'']] ~ [[Special:Contributions/Naddruf|'''contribs''']]) 22:46, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:Yes, we should wait until the result is final and the analysis articles start to be written. And IMO we should only include the demographic issues on which there appears to be general agreement. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 00:13, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Gender rights ==

Please add a section on LGBT rights. --[[Special:Contributions/2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A]] ([[User talk:2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|talk]]) 23:23, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
:Could you elaborate on that? [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 23:26, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
::Whereas Trump is transphobic, [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-town-hall-transgender-rights-zero-discrimination/ Biden tells mother of transgender daughter there should be "zero discrimination"]. --[[Special:Contributions/2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A]] ([[User talk:2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|talk]]) 00:06, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::This article is about the election; it's not a biography of either of them. Gender rights is something on which they may disagree, but it has not been a big issue in the election. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 00:11, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::::LGBT rights should be under [[2020_United_States_presidential_election#Campaign_issues]].--[[Special:Contributions/2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A]] ([[User talk:2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|talk]]) 00:22, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::::Whereas, for example, Michael Bloomberg said that trans right mean nothing to the people in the Midwest[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/dominicholden/michael-bloomberg-2020-transgender-comments-video], the Governor of a midwestern state [[Gretchen Whitmer]] praises the ''[[R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission|Harris Funeral Homes]]'' decision [https://wwmt.com/news/local/whitmer-issues-statement-on-supreme-court-ruling-protecting-lgbtq-americans].--[[Special:Contributions/2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A]] ([[User talk:2601:C4:C300:1BD0:B12E:7FE8:276:C4A|talk]]) 00:27, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:::::This was not a major campaign issue by any means. There is no more reason to add a 'LGBT rights' section to this article than it would to add a 'Soybean Farming Subsidies' section. [[User:Thereppy|Thereppy]] ([[User talk:Thereppy|talk]]) 01:00, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

*Joe Biden acknowledge LGBT people in his speech today: "I am proud of the coalition we put together, the broadest and most diverse in history.[...] '''Gay, straight, transgender'''." [https://www.nytimes.com/article/biden-speech-transcript.html Read Joe Biden’s President-Elect Acceptance Speech: Full Transcript] --[[Special:Contributions/24.99.88.86|24.99.88.86]] ([[User talk:24.99.88.86|talk]]) 03:04, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::No one is saying that gender issues haven’t been mentioned at all but simply that it was not a significant factor in the race as a whole.--[[Special:Contributions/65.92.160.124|65.92.160.124]] ([[User talk:65.92.160.124|talk]]) 05:07, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Historical firsts ==

What about an own section listing all the historical firsts or records this election comes with by now already? Record participation, Biden receiving more votes than any other candidate in US history, historical record of number or percentage of mail-in voting, and if I understand CNN right, Biden may be the first Democrat presidential candidate winning Arizona and Trump may be the first Republican candidate winning Ohio but losing the election. Of course, it's too early to call the latter two, but once they're called, I think they should be mentioned in such a section. --[[Special:Contributions/2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5|2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5]] ([[User talk:2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5|talk]]) 03:02, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Sorry, but Biden ''would not'' be the first Democrat to win Arizona & Trump ''would not'' be the first Republican to win Ohio, but lose the election. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 03:35, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::We also have no reason to believe Biden was the one responsible for drawing that influx of new voters (or any old state's core) to the anti-Trump ticket. Fans of strong black women had their first choice for "most likely to succeed" this year. No mere coincidence. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 03:50, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I didn't claim Biden would be personally responsible for the high turnouts or the fact he has received more votes than any other candidate in US history. Personally, I believe that's solely due to an alienating push factor from Trump rather than any personal pull factor on behalf of Biden himself, and that if Biden will be elected, he will probably be one of the mediocre Presidents and not win a re-election, as was the case in recent decades especially with Ford and Bush, sr. (as a European, my view on Carter is probably more positive than that of many Americans). All I'm saying is, the turnout, the number or percentage of mail-in votes, and the number of votes won by Biden are unprecedented in US history. --[[Special:Contributions/2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5|2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5]] ([[User talk:2003:EF:1703:A528:D960:9B1:48A9:97E5|talk]]) 04:35, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::As a Canadian, I agree, Carter's the best! And I didn't mean to put words in your mouth. More just a note that, should this section happen, we should be clear that Biden and Harris were a package. They both got/won/received the same number of votes from the same people. Call them the Democrats, call theirs a ticket, however works best. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 05:05, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Bias in wording of information ==

This article states that Trump is making false claims of fraud. Maybe the claims are false or maybe they aren’t, but either way, it is not the job of Wikipedia to determine whether the claims are false or not. This page should objectively state information about a candidate, not determine whether a candidates claims are true or false, and another thing, since when did Trump refuse to commit to a peaceful transfer of power? That is blatantly false and that claim should be removed from this article. [[User:Jay72091(2)|Jay72091(2)]] ([[User talk:Jay72091(2)|talk]]) 03:29, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Many sources they say Trump claims are false. Do you have any sources that support Trump's claims? [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 03:36, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:Trump is making claims that differ from what every major media outlet is reporting, the outlets we depend on as [[WP:RS|reliable sources]]. He is providing no new, independent evidence for those claims. He has made statements suggesting he will not accept the result of the election. He has made no statements saying he will. I see nothing wrong with the wording we are using. [[User:HiLo48|HiLo48]] ([[User talk:HiLo48|talk]]) 03:38, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:{{ec}}[https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-54274115 "US President Donald Trump has refused to commit to a peaceful transfer of power if he loses November's election. "Well, we'll have to see what happens," the president told a news conference at the White House. "You know that."] If you think we need different examples, just searching "Trump has refused to commit to a peaceful transfer of power" gives examples from [https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/23/politics/trump-election-day-peaceful-transition/index.html CNN], [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/us/politics/trump-power-transfer-2020-election.html New York Times], [https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-refuses-to-commit-to-peaceful-transfer-of-power-2020-9 Business Insider], [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/23/trump-wont-commit-to-peaceful-transfer-of-power-if-he-loses-the-election.html CNBC], [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/09/23/trump-declined-commit-peaceful-transfer-power-if-he-loses-election/3510914001/ USA Today], etc. The BBC is a more Worldwide source, so I believe that is why it was picked. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 03:42, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::{{ping|Jay72091(2)}} We even have this today from CBS News' Twitter that says [https://twitter.com/CBSNews/status/1324549627421609987 CBS News has learned that President Trump does not plan to concede even if Joe Biden declares victory in the coming days]. I know that per [[WP:TWITTER]] it is difficult to use a source on Twitter, but we can do so using {{Template|Twitter}} or {{Template|Cite tweet}} if we must and if we follow all of the instruction to do so. (Though I would imagine that CBS News will make an article within 24 hours.) Jay72091(2), I ask that you provide a source for the changes that you want to make. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 04:59, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Map and Electoral Vote Update ==

Hello. I have looked through this page and tried to find all the relevant discussions. What I've done is posted the least speculative information about the electoral vote total (Decision Desk HQ, which powers many news organizations, and the NYT). Some sources (AP, Fox) project AZ to Biden. Other's don't. When in doubt, leave it out.

This should be good overnight. Tomorrow morning the total and map may need to be updated. The remaining number of updates will be few and easily accomplished. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 04:30, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:All good with me! Good to finally get the certain states up on the page. [[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]]) 05:54, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Infobox edit request===
Underneath the map, add "Red denotes states won by Trump/Pence and blue denotes those won by Biden/Harris [and grey denotes too close or early to call]. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia." as per tradition. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 04:52, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
: Done. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 04:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:: {{ping|Nojus R|Jehochman}} I am informing you here that I have removed the addition because all of the states are grey on the default map and the text is claiming that they are all "too close or early to call" underneath. I think the chance should wait until it is decided that [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]] should be added to the article, whenever it is. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 05:52, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::: I am open to discussing what the text below the map should say. There appears to be a consensus at this time to have the map and the electoral vote count. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 05:59, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::The consensus is to wait until tomorrow afternoon before updating the map, to give users time to weigh in at the RfC. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 06:16, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::Two editors is a thin consensus and consensus can change. Let me be perfectly clear: this article is on the home page of Wikipedia and getting high volume of traffic. It should be updated with current reliable facts that are readily available. The information I posted is in no way disputed or disputable. On your talk page I proposed letting the information go live now, but agreed that you could remove it if there are complaints. Also, we could use your help to craft a nice explanation of the map. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 06:20, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::Many users have expressed [[WP:NOTNEWS]] concerns, both on this talk page and at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research/Noticeboard#2020_United_States_presidential_election_WP%3ASYNTH%2FWP%3ACALC No original research noticeboard]. Consensus may be shifting away from that view, but you have to wait for others to weigh in before rushing and changing the Wikipedia article. I have not damaged the article by suggesting that we wait and see if we can get a stronger consensus before updating the map. The consensus for updating the map and article ASAP is weak at best. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 06:35, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::I agree that WP should be updated with current, reliable facts, but I want to make sure there is consensus on what currently are reliable facts. Obviously information like Trump being projected to win North Dakota is a reliable fact, but it is not so clear on information like projections for ME-2 and Arizona. While we could simply say anything not clear shouldn't be added, if we updated the map to exclude ME-2 and Arizona that would indicate WP does not consider those projections to be reliable enough for inclusion on the page, and although I believe this is what should be done, that may not be a proper reflection of consensus opinion on this page. We should at least have a preliminary indication of consensus on this issue before committing any changes. We are an encyclopedia, not a breaking news source. There is no rush. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 07:03, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::{{ping|Prcc27}} I can understand you have a different viewpoint, but could you please not revert every edit at [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]]. Editing the infobox to link to [[:ElectoralCollege2020.svg]] is fine, but as a reminder, this article and related ones are subject to discretionary sanctions. You made two edits to the "with results" map that blanked the whole map. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 10:35, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::*{{Reply|Super Goku V}} I don't think [[:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]] should have even been created. It seems redundant, and we have [[:File:Test.svg]] for a reason. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 15:37, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::While that is your opinion, there seem to be five users over there that disagree with your thoughts along with myself here. Again, I feel that the "with results" map is under discretionary sanction and that reverts should not be done. Especially with discussion on this page pending about including it in the article. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 15:50, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::Commons administrator who created the file here. Commons doesn't have DS, but we do have [[c:COM:OVERWRITE]]. Edit warring over file revisions is much more disruptive compared to text revisions. I expected there to be significant disagreement over whether to include results at all, making adding results to the existing file a "controversial or contested change". For that reason, I decided to split the files and to use page protection to enforce Commons guidelines on edit warring and overwriting files. That forced the decision on whether to include results *at all* to be held not on Commons, but enwiki [[c:COM:NPOV|where it belongs]]. The working consensus has been that the results map should only contain races that have been called by major news organizations and where there is no dispute between those organizations on if or how to call the race. If a clear consensus develops over time here to include more results, then and only then should those results be included. --[[User:AntiCompositeNumber|AntiCompositeNumber]] ([[User talk:AntiCompositeNumber|talk]]) 18:43, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* [[WP:NOTNEWS]] is not relevant to this discussion. This map and electoral count have been the same since Wednesday -- they aren't news; these are established, widely reported facts. It could be days and days before we get final results. It does not serve the reader's interest to hide verifiable and relevant information from them because a couple random editors on a Wikipedia talk page decide to invent novel editing process. I strongly urge that the map and the electoral count be restored. There is no basis to challenge the accuracy or verifiability or relevancy of that information. Therefore, it goes in the article now. Just because some facts aren't known does not mean that other facts must be removed. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 12:15, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

The edits needed are these, for the avoidance of doubt:
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&diff=987302776&oldid=987295660&diffmode=source]
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election_imagemap&diff=prev&oldid=987303030&diffmode=source], but change "file" to "image"
Thank you. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 13:09, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Merger proposal ==

It was suggested above that a "2020 United States presidential election riots" page be created – assuming that things play out like they did [[Protests against Donald Trump|last time]]. As an apparent compromise, [[2020 United States election protests]] was created to list a few broken windows. The basic premise of this page's existence is flawed. There cannot be true "protests" against/in response to the election until votes are counted and a winner is announced. Until then, this page clearly violates [[WP:NOTNEWS]] and [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. It should be merged to the aftermath section of this page. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 08:17, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:I think this is missing a few templates. One sec. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 09:34, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Ok, I guess that for merging, only two templates and a talk page discussion is needed so we are fine. :) --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 09:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

===Survey===
*'''Support merge''' per [[WP:NOTNEWS]] and [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. Protests are minimal right now, likely because there isn't a result to protest yet, as {{u|KidAd}} pointed out. The assumption that these will expand—which seems a central premise of the article—is unverifiable speculation. ― [[User:Tartan357|'''''Tartan357''''']] ([[User talk:Tartan357|'''Talk''']]) 09:54, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Opposed''' - Based on what I have read, there is [https://www.npr.org/2020/11/05/931688625/-count-every-vote-large-post-election-protests-seen-in-many-cities 600+ people cited], at least 33 arrested with [https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/8-arrested-seattle-election-night-protests/DH2EH2QE5VFHXN5KKMKOR4NC2U/ 8 for Seattle] and 25 for New York (using the NPR citation), and the Oregon National Guard had to be called in. I would say that it sounds notable enough to have a standalone article for now. If anything, the only thing I currently would support is spinning some content from this article into an "Aftermath of the 2020 US presidential election" and merge the "election protests" article. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 09:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per the precedent set by the existence of the [[Brooks Brothers riot]] page. There is no way that this this article can cover the election protests in a manner that would both satisfy the sourcing that currently exists and that satisfies [[WP:UNDUE]], so it should be split off. I believe that these protests are almost certain to pass [[WP:10YT]]. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 10:40, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
**''"There is no way that this this article can cover the election protests"'' that's pure speculation on your part and even if there were a lot of protests that did happen, it doesn't necessarily mean that they need to be included. At this point it's best to adopt a wait and see approach. Merge the article for now, but reinstate it if something big happens. [[User:Flickotown|Flickotown]] ([[User talk:Flickotown|talk]]) 11:51, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
***Uhhh no, I’m saying that if we take coverage that already exists I do not see a way for this article to cover it properly, no speculation there. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 14:01, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now'''. There is nothing that is on that page that can't go (with proper citation and citations of course) into the "election protests" section of this one, which makes a lot of sense as the protests are confined to a handful of places and have by and large been peaceful, especially when compared to the George Floyd protests. But if anything serious happens comes of the protests (e.g. a killing) then we can reinstate it. [[User:Flickotown|Flickotown]] ([[User talk:Flickotown|talk]]) 11:40, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
**[[User:KidAd]] Be [[WP:BOLD|bold]] and just merge it. [[User:Flickotown|Flickotown]] ([[User talk:Flickotown|talk]]) 11:51, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
**:Perhaps being bold was okay before starting this discussion. But when it has been started with 2 opposes and 3 supports (counting the OP), clearly being bold was no longer on the table. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:24, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now''' Until/unless widespread protests develop, having a separate page for them is unnecessary. [[User:Nightenbelle|Nightenbelle]] ([[User talk:Nightenbelle|talk]]) 14:30, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*Comment: This discussion is probably going to be moot within a day or two when the results are finalized and it becomes more obvious that either (a) there are significant protests warranting an individual page or (b) there aren't significant protests and the pages should be merged. In other words, we will likely know more concretely whether the pages should be merged before this discussion will even be finished; and when that information comes out in a day or two, everything said here up to that point will be rendered useless by the new information. For me, this raises the question of whether discussion right now is productive, since the discussion may become meaningless quite soon. [[User:Ikjbagl|Ikjbagl]] ([[User talk:Ikjbagl|talk]]) 14:42, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*:Back in 2012, we had a situation like this regarding the NFL Referee strike. The [[2012 Green Bay Packers–Seattle Seahawks game]] was put up for an [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2012 Green Bay Packers–Seattle Seahawks game|AfD]] the day after the game for a claim of lack of notability. Initially, the arguments were over if it deserved a spot because of it being such a bad call and there were other bad calls that had been deemed notable enough to have articles. Then there was the politician threatening to ban replacement officials for sporting events a few hours prior being brought up, the NFL resuming talks with the NFL Referees Association that evening, and an agreement to end the lockout being reached the next day. The AfD was closed hours later with a note that merging discussion could be brought up later. (I already stated above my opposition to merging.) --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 15:43, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose for now''' ---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 15:39, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
* In order for my answer to not be too [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]-y, I'll say this: if there's a lot more protests that will go on beyond this election, '''Oppose the merge''', and if the article content remains this small with no expansion, '''Support the merge'''. [[User:HumanxAnthro|HumanxAnthro]] ([[User talk:HumanxAnthro|talk]]) 16:37, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
** This seems like a sensible approach to me. As mentioned above, there's enough notability and sources that I'm inclined to say '''Oppose for now''' and see if the article expands in the near future. [[User:MagPlex|MagPlex]] ([[User talk:MagPlex|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/MagPlex|contribs]]) 16:51, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
** Same here. If the relative size of this page to the main page stays as about now, '''support''', otherwise '''oppose'''. [[User:BACbKA|BACbKA]] ([[User talk:BACbKA|talk]]) 19:36, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per [[WP:SIZE]]. Either keep the article where it is or place it up for AfD. - [[User:Knowledgekid87|Knowledgekid87]] ([[User talk:Knowledgekid87|talk]]) 18:18, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::The decision of whether or not to initiate the AfD process is contingent upon the results of this discussion. If the page was nominated for deletion, a winner was declared, and people ''actually'' started throwing bricks through Walmart windows and lighting things on fire, the page would likely be kept. Right now it seems a bit premature. No need to predict turmoil when little has occurred. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:36, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge and draftify''' per [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]] [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 19:39, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*:{{u|Nojus R}}, How does CRYSTALBALL apply? The protests are ongoing, not ''planned''. ---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 22:11, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*::Read the proposal: {{quote|text=It was suggested above that a "2020 United States presidential election riots" page be created – assuming that things play out like they did [[Protests against Donald Trump|last time]]. As an apparent compromise, [[2020 United States election protests]] was created to list a few broken windows.}}
:::[[WP:CRYSTALBALL]] states the following: {{quote|text=Articles that present original research in the form of extrapolation, ''speculation'', and "future history" are inappropriate.}} The entire point of the [[2020 United States election protests|article]] is a prediction.
:::[[User:Orcaguy|Orcaguy]] ([[User talk:Orcaguy|talk]]) 14:29, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::: Still disagree. Protests have already happened, so not understanding the ''speculation'' or ''future'' argument. ---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 18:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', this article is already huge, and there's plainly enough sources there to support a separate article. Additionally, while the protests are plainly being treated as ''significant'' based on the coverage (and therefore deserve an article), they are not a major part of the broader and much larger 2020 presidential election topic, which makes them more appropriate to cover separately. --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 20:12, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now'''. As mentioned, a handful relatively peaceful. Doesn't seem to warrant separate article. | [[User:Mk17b|MK17b]] | ([[User talk:Mk17b|talk]]) 20:34, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now'''. Let's see what happens after a winner is called. If that results in massive nationwide protests, OK, we may need an article. Or maybe not. Recall that there actually were huge, days-long protests against the election of Trump in 2016, and all that activity is summarized in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election#Protests a few paragraphs] at the 2016 election article. I favor the same thing happening here. Right now this amounts to small protests in a few cities, and so far only Portland (lucky Portland) seems to have had serious activities like damage to property. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 21:02, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge'''. There is presently little evidence that this is a distant event from the election. I would also recommend that we give more distinction to what is happening. There is a large group of pro-Trump protests, a minor group of pro-Biden protests, and a few riots in cities like Portland that seem to oppose anyone being elected president. These should be subdivided or described in detail, and a bullet point list is far less effective than what the article could be. Rioting has been damaging, but it does not affiliate so much with a side; the Trump protests are intending to stop vote counts and many groups are armed. Both of these are stories, but (a) they have different levels of importance, and (b) they are from different sides. Nevertheless, it is probably best to merge unless these protests start doing anything other than building upon the election info. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:PickleG13|PickleG13]] ([[User talk:PickleG13#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/PickleG13|contribs]]) 22:26, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose for now''' it's best to not have to argue over inclusion of every thrown brick here; if there are substantial notable protests in the future the article will surely be kept separately, otherwise it can be selectively merged or deleted later. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 23:04, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::Appears you made a mistake with your vote. {{tq|it's best to not have to argue over inclusion of every thrown brick here}} did you mean to say you support the merger? [[User:BCEVERYWHERE|BCEVERYWHERE]] ([[User talk:BCEVERYWHERE|talk]]) 07:54, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose for now''' can always delete later per [[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]]. First wait for announcement of actual winner, and if no significant protests post-announce, can merge. [[User:Albertaont|Albertaont]] ([[User talk:Albertaont|talk]]) 01:26, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose for now'''.--[[User:Namnguyenvn|Namnguyenvn]] ([[User talk:Namnguyenvn|talk]]) 06:11, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' we have had a couple of days of these protests now and they've turned out to be....your run of the mill ones. The normal kind of stuff that, you know, goes with every election. Is there a reason why we acting like this article will be gone forever if it gets taken off? [[User:BCEVERYWHERE|BCEVERYWHERE]] ([[User talk:BCEVERYWHERE|talk]]) 07:54, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per BCEVERYWHERE's point. I'll note that most of the votes above are prior to today's changes that trimmed the article to a bullet-pointed list. [[User:Reywas92|Reywas92]][[User talk:Reywas92|Talk]] 08:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Any protests are part of the larger overall election event. We have precedent to merge based off [[2016_United_States_presidential_election#Protests]].   [[User:Knowledgeable Raven|Knowledgeable Raven]] [[User talk:Knowledgeable Raven|Comments?]]  08:40, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]; the protests are currently not noteworthy enough to have their own article, and predicting them to be is pointless. If they do become noteworthy, the article can always be recreated again at some later point. [[User:Orcaguy|Orcaguy]] ([[User talk:Orcaguy|talk]]) 14:29, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' I don't see any reason this wouldn't be included in the main article instead. Turning on the TV, I see much, much bigger crowds celebrating Biden's victory than those protesting - and I don't think that deserves an article either. [[User:Nfitz|Nfitz]] ([[User talk:Nfitz|talk]]) 17:59, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. These protests are merely part of the res gestae of the election, to borrow a legal expression. Frankly the only reason there are so many sources about them is that the media have been looking for things to talk about while the votes are being counted. Now that the election has been called, there's a real story to talk about.[[User:Lordrosemount|Lordrosemount]] ([[User talk:Lordrosemount|talk]]) 18:03, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now''' [[WP:HASTE]] and [[WP:NOTE]]. If the protests are as large and widespread as they were last time, it would be appropriate to make it its own page. But right now, they are small and localized. Additionally, the current article is mainly documenting arrests and groups with very few details. In my opinion, not enough detail is present to warrant a seperate article. [[User:Please call me Blue|Please call me Blue]] ([[User talk:Please call me Blue|talk]]) 18:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now''' I see that section vastly growing within the next few days. But currently it's too small. [[User:Neovu79|Neovu79]] ([[User talk:Neovu79|talk]]) 18:37, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. The protests are clearly of a different scale than in 2016, and may yet rise to being comparable to 1968. It's not merely a difference of degree, it's a difference of type, especially given that they're being centrally pushed by right-wing leaders when the reverse was not the case in 2016 and prior. We can always merge later, but right now they're notable all on their own and seem likely to remain so. [[User:Denzera|Denzera]] ([[User talk:Denzera|talk]]) 21:48, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. This is an unprecedented historical reaction (both protesting and celebrating) that warrants more attention rather than being merged into the main article. [[User:Scott218|Scott218]] ([[User talk:Scott218|talk]]) 22:19, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support for now''' Until the article meets it's criteria, it should be merged for now. [[User:BattleshipMan|BattleshipMan]] ([[User talk:BattleshipMan|talk]]) 22:31, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' The reaction to Biden's victory has been unprecedented in an election where more Americans voted than ever before. Meets notability. [[User:Pennsylvania2|Pennsylvania2]] ([[User talk:Pennsylvania2|talk]]) 22:40, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' – 2016 also saw protests, but those are included in other articles, not on their own page. Moreover, beyond simply listing every known instance of protests, the article offers no insights; it does not offer any explanation for the protests or background on the topic, so it fails to stand on its own. [[User:RunningTiger123|RunningTiger123]] ([[User talk:RunningTiger123|talk]]) 23:11, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - both articles are large, and merge would make reading and understanding more difficult to the casual reader. The protests are notable by themselves to justify the current stand-alone article. Regards, [[User:DPdH|DPdH]] ([[User talk:DPdH|talk]]) 23:18, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - 2020 article is already quite long without including coverage of protests - if included I'd probably argue to split the articles. [[User:Elliot321|Elliot321]] ([[User_talk:Elliot321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elliot321|contribs]]) 00:58, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

* '''Support for now''' [[User:Ytpks896|Ytpks896]] ([[User talk:Ytpks896|talk]]) 04:11, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - seems like the wisest option for now. [[User:Feudonym|Feudonym]] ([[User talk:Feudonym|talk]]) 04:44, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Opposed''' - They seem to be growing by the day i would say keep the page. [[User:WoodLay|WoodLay]] ([[User talk:WoodLay|talk]]) 06:06, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - The protests have had minimal to no impact, especially after the election was called. Unless something significant occurs, there's no reason to have separate pages. [[User:Darrenr72|Darrenr72]] ([[User talk:Darrenr72|talk]]) 07:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' because the [[2020 United States presidential election]] article is already huge and the [[2020 United States election protests]] article is only going to continue growing in size. As per [[WP:SIZE]], this is a merger I will not support. '''[[User:Quahog|Quahog]]''' ([[User talk:Quahog|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Quahog|contribs]]) 09:47, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' — The article is too small to have its own page. Moving it to the main page would also make things more consistent and less confusing. [[User:Icantthinkofausernames|Icantthinkofausernames]] ([[User talk:Icantthinkofausernames|talk]]) 10:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
*'''Opposed''' There is too many separate sources and protests in the other article. Adding them to this article makes it unwieldy. [[Special:Contributions/104.243.98.96|104.243.98.96]] ([[User talk:104.243.98.96|talk]]) 15:48, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' There are enough sources on the protests to establish notability. There is no reason for them to become a footnote in the election article. [[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 15:51, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per [[WP:SIZE]], for reasons already stated. [[User:AlexKitfox|AlexKitfox]] ([[User talk:AlexKitfox|talk]]) 18:55, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support per now''' I agree with the prior sentiment that we can not predict whether these protests will be notable per [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. ~ [[User:HAL333|'''HAL''']][[User talk:HAL333|'''333''']] 00:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' Many of the so-called "protests" are actually just rallies by Trump supporters. There is always some degree of opposition to any election result, but these are not on the scale seen in 2016 and per [[WP:NOTABILITY]] therefore do not merit their own article. [[User:Vrrajkum|Vrrajkum]] ([[User talk:Vrrajkum|talk]]) 05:36, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for now per [[WP:SIZE]] and [[WP:SUMMARY]]. A reasonable sub-topic to be split out given the length of this article. --[[User:Jayron32|Jayron]][[User talk:Jayron32|''32'']] 12:33, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== 'False' claims ==

''Trump made frequent '''false''' claims intended to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the election, as well as refusing to commit to a peaceful transfer of power'' - not objective and proven. It should be double checked later. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Cichy93|Cichy93]] ([[User talk:Cichy93#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Cichy93|contribs]]) 11:03, 6 November 2020 (UTC) 
:{{u|Cichy93}} Wikipedia summarizes what independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] state, and they are saying this. If you have reliable sources that state Trump has told the truth about everything, and said he will peacably transfer power if needed, please offer them. Wikipedia does not claim to be free of bias; any bias in sources will be reflected in Wikipedia, as everything has biases. Wikipedia presents the sources so readers can evaluate them and judge them for themselves as to bias or other factors. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 11:12, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|331dot|331dot}}, Wikipedia should be written from a [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point of View]]. Perhaps a different word, such as "unsubstantiated" would assist this sentence in sounding more objective? [[User:Humusamirs|Humusamirs]] ([[User talk:Humusamirs|talk]]) 06:28, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::: [[User:Humusamirs|Humusamirs]], NPOV does not mean "no point of view". It means no "editorial" POV. Our sources and content are not required to be neutral, but must accurately reflect the POV and bias of the sources. It is editors who must be neutral in their editing and get out of the way by not interfering with the accurate documentation of the source's content, including its opinions. You can read more about this in my essay: [[Wikipedia:NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content|NPOV means neutral editing, not neutral content]]. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 17:06, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

How about "'Trump has made statements of doubt as to the legitimacy of the election ..."? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Terry Thorgaard|Terry Thorgaard]] ([[User talk:Terry Thorgaard#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Terry Thorgaard|contribs]]) 19:33, 8 November 2020 (UTC) 
: No, that would violate NPOV by not showing how RS make clear that Trump's statements are false. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 23:36, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Candidate table ==

{{re|Devonian Wombat}} There are some inconsistencies in the table:
#Joe McHugh and Kyle Kopitke had more ballot access than some of the candidates listed. Should they be included too?
#Princess Khadijah and Cancer Scott had the same ballot access as Mark Charles and Joseph Kishore, although they had less write-in access. Should they be included too? What criteria should be used for inclusion in the table? Should write-in access be considered at all? The text above the table also needs to change accordingly.
#The Birthday Party was not a real political party, it was only a label that Kanye West invented and it was listed on the ballot only in Louisiana, which allows labels freely. A similar situation occurs with Brock Pierce, who used label Freedom and Prosperity only in Louisiana, and Jade Simmons, who used label Becoming One Nation only in Louisiana and in Wisconsin's write-in list. Should those candidates' labels be included, or should we mark all of them as independent? Should Kanye West's label be treated differently because it includes the word party? In addition, Brock Pierce was listed with political parties in two states, Gloria La Riva and Rocky De La Fuente were listed with different parties in some states, and Donald Trump and Joe Biden were listed with additional minor parties in New York. Should any of these parties be mentioned in notes?
#Should we add colors to other political parties such as Bread and Roses and Approval Voting? Should we add different colors also to each independent candidate?
#Rocky De La Fuente's two vice presidential candidates are listed in separate rows, but Gloria La Riva's and Jade Simmons's alternative vice presidential candidates are mentioned only in notes. Is there a reason to split only the first case? Is it because Kanye West was also a presidential candidate? Also, his home state in the vice presidential column is shown as Illinois but in the presidential column as Wyoming. He had residences in both states but voted in Wyoming and ran his campaign from there.
#Rocky De La Fuente lives in California, Bill Hammons lives in Texas, and Adrian Wallace lives in Kentucky.
#Dario Hunter's party is the Oregon Progressive Party. I suggest keeping the name in the table as simply Progressive but adding a wikilink.
#The hyphen in vice-presidential, in the table header, is more common in British spelling. I suggest removing the hyphen.
[[User:Heitordp|Heitordp]] ([[User talk:Heitordp|talk]]) 12:00, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Currently, the inclusion criteria is "Any candidate with ballot access (not write-in) who has a Wikipedia page or is the nominee of a party with a Wikipedia page is in the table". I would suggest changing that to be consistent with [[Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election]], with an exception for Jade Simmons as she is in the ballot access table, meaning that Segal, Huber, Charles and Kishore would be removed.

:I would support using the colours over at the Third-party page for candidates in the table.

:No objections to fixing home states, or the hyphen.

:Not sure on the Hunter Oregon Progressive link, since he was also on the ballot in Colorado.

:With the whole De La Fuente-West situation, Peltier officially withdrew from the vice-presidential nomination, so I don't think that that situation is comparable. Maybe Simmons should have a two-colspan as well, but her alternative vp only had write-in access in Florida so I doubt it is necessary. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 13:09, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::{{re|Devonian Wombat}} Thanks for explaining the current criteria. Based on that, [[Tom Hoefling]] and [[Jesse Ventura]] would have to be added too, but I prefer your suggestion. The criteria in the minor candidate article is to have ballot access to more than 15 electoral votes, while in the ballot access table it's to have ballot access in more than one state and ballot plus write-in in most states. I'll combine both for the candidate table.
::You're right, Dario Hunter was listed in Colorado as simply Progressive. I also agree that the other vice presidential candidates are not comparable to Kanye West because they withdrew or only had write-in access. However, Kanye West was listed for vice president by the American Independent Party, not the Alliance Party, so the party row should be split too. And what do you think about item 3 above? [[User:Heitordp|Heitordp]] ([[User talk:Heitordp|talk]]) 14:04, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Once the final results are in, [[2020_United_States_presidential_election#Candidate_table]] should be consistent with [[2016_United_States_presidential_election#Electoral_results]], which has a threshold of 0.05% of the popular vote or electoral votes received. It should not list each person who received zero coverage in the media and less than one vote in two thousand. Ballot access is undue. [[User:Reywas92|Reywas92]][[User talk:Reywas92|Talk]] 08:25, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:I second that. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 09:47, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:I agree. The other criteria are temporary. [[User:Heitordp|Heitordp]] ([[User talk:Heitordp|talk]]) 02:46, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

==Elected President==

This should not be updated until more news sources agree on the final results. As of now, most sources are still not saying there is a clear winner.[[User:Nightenbelle|Nightenbelle]] ([[User talk:Nightenbelle|talk]]) 14:26, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

: Decision Desk HQ has called it, and that is the information source used by most of the media. The media need to write a story and they need to get all kinds of clearance before publishing something so significant. This creates a bit of delay, but they will arrive at the same conclusion soon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 14:46, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::Decision Desk HQ (DDHQ) appears to be independent organization that was formed in 2012 and does not seem to work with ABC, NBC, Fox News, CBS, AP, nor the BBC. I doubt that "clearance" is actually needed and it is more that the networks do not want to call it without it being 100% guaranteed. Regardless, no one has stated that DDHQ should be a reliable source for the Wikipedia article counts to my knowledge. So, any information from them should not be used to verify who won the presidency, though I am not opposed to a mention in the text that they were the first to make a call. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 15:06, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::We need more than one source calling the election, I think, in order for us to say so. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 15:13, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

::: I agree. If a fact this important is verifiable, it should be reported widely. Nate Silver has praised Decision Desk HQ's call as correct, but that's also not enough. This information is really a preview of what's coming soon. [[User:Jehochman|Jehochman]] [[User talk:Jehochman|Talk]] 15:15, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Shouldn't we wait until Biden actually reaches 270 anyway? [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 15:55, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::[https://www.270towin.com/news/2020/11/06/biden-elected-pennsylvania-puts-him-across-270-electoral-votes_1126.html 270towin] has also called the election, but I don't know if it makes an independent projection or repeats Decision Desk. {{re|Nojus R}} ''Actually'' reaching 270 only occurs when the states certify results, assuming no faithless electors, or when the electoral college votes on December 14. Until then everything is a projection, which varies by source. Decision Desk does project Biden over 270. [[User:Heitordp|Heitordp]] ([[User talk:Heitordp|talk]]) 16:09, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::The EC vote is a formality only. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 16:13, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Last time 7 electors voted for other candidates, so if the expected count is very close the EC could make a difference. But I agree that we can report the result here when multiple sources agree with the projection. [[User:Heitordp|Heitordp]] ([[User talk:Heitordp|talk]]) 16:18, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:::{{ping|Heitordp}} - Seems like a repeat, but if not, it still isn't part of the sources agreed upon in the sections above. I would only support a brief mention of [[270toWin]] calling it in the text. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 16:26, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

[https://www.businessinsider.com/why-ddhq-and-business-insider-called-the-election-for-biden-2020-11 Decision Desk HQ and Business Insider] have called it for Biden.

[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html The New York Times] has noted this. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 16:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Once a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] projects a winner, then we can update the article. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 17:20, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::I believe based on the above sections that we would be a combination of AP and another one of the reliable sources listed elsewhere on the talk page. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 17:59, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::In one of the above sections, we agreed to update the article even if only one major media outlet projects a winner. But we would have to note that the other networks have not called it. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 18:22, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::I'll reiterate: Aye. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 23:44, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
I think we should wait until the results are certified per [[WP:NPOV]]. I have never seen a case where the vote has been overturned, but we also don't have the state results up for the same reason (I assume). - [[User:Knowledgekid87|Knowledgekid87]] ([[User talk:Knowledgekid87|talk]]) 18:26, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

:Vox uses Decision Desk HQ. The TV networks are being ridiculously slow. We should declare the winner (the Dem ticket defeated the GOP ticket) and cite DDHQ as a source. We should also mention Trump's reaction to the results in the first paragraph. [[User:Philosopher Spock|Philosopher Spock]] ([[User talk:Philosopher Spock|talk]]) 21:25, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::The AP, which most major news organizations defer to, will not call a race if the race will go to a recount. They will also not call a race if a candidate's lead is smaller than the number of ballots left to count. [https://apnews.com/article/ap-explains-states-still-vote-counting-80c8894292be0b4ec652ce9088af0624] That's definitely the case here, and calling a presidential election is nothing to rush into -- being prudent isn't "ridiculous". --[[User:AntiCompositeNumber|AntiCompositeNumber]] ([[User talk:AntiCompositeNumber|talk]]) 22:40, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I read the AP article and you misunderstood the part about the lead being less than the uncounted ballots. DDHQ was actually founded by a Republican precisely because AP and everyone else is so slow. Last time, they were slow to declare Trump the winner. This is beyond prudence. At this point, declaring the winner would be stating the obvious, not rushing into anything. [[User:Philosopher Spock|Philosopher Spock]] ([[User talk:Philosopher Spock|talk]]) 01:40, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::::We are an encyclopaedia not a news site, so being conservative and slow is entirely in our bailwick. IMO we can mention the DDHQ declaration but we should wait for multiple independent sources to make a declaration before we suggest Biden is president elect in wikivoice. We should not be declaring anyone the winner when most of the media are still not doing so. That isn't "stating the obvious", that's getting ahead of reliable sources. It's not like this is a highly obscure story where no one else has reported it because they didn't notice it or they don't care. Sources aren't reporting it precisely because they feel it's too soon. You're welcome to head over to Wikinews or some other news site and argue about how a news site should handle it. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 02:52, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::I'd further note that even sources that use DDHQ don't always seem to be treating their call as sacrosanct. Buzzfeed News does, but their page [//www.buzzfeednews.com/] still just says the US is edging closer to knowing [https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/clarissajanlim/pennsylvania-election-result-biden-trump]. The Economist uses DDHQ and they are perhaps a bit closer to accepting their call [//www.economist.com/united-states/2020/11/06/joe-biden-is-set-to-capture-the-white-house] including an old story they headline as "Hello 46" on their main page [//www.economist.com/us-election-2020], but weirdly their results table [//www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/11/03/the-us-2020-election-results] hasn't been updated for 21 hours so of course doesn't have Pennsylvania called or even Biden leading. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 03:20, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::I'd add that Biden himself is not declaring victory, so not only are we getting ahead of the reliable sources, we're getting ahead of the supposed winner themselves. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::I take your point that this is an encyclopedia, but the current article feels outdated. How about we add the word "apparently" in order to be "prudent", and remove the "if Trump wins" references? IMO sources aren't officially reporting it because they're afraid. Everyone implicitly acknowledges Biden has won. [[User:Philosopher Spock|Philosopher Spock]] ([[User talk:Philosopher Spock|talk]]) 04:06, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::It's not our place to judge why sources aren't reporting something. We don't [[WP:OR]] what sources supposedly implicitly acknowledge. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 09:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::AP clearly doesn't refuse to call a race if the lead is smaller than the number of ballots left to count. If that was the case, they wouldn't have called Arizona on Wednesday US EST morning, a few hours after Fox News, a state which a number of media organisations have still notably refuse to call now on Friday US EST night in part because there is still more ballots to be counted than the lead [//apnews.com/article/ap-explains-arizona-joe-biden-bb16f91b04456b2513f40436248eb62d] [//www.bloombergquint.com/politics/arizona-results-draw-different-conclusions-by-news-outlets] [//www.washingtonpost.com/media/2020/11/04/fox-ap-arizona-biden/] [//www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/upshot/arizona-election-call.html] [//www.thecentersquare.com/arizona/previously-called-for-biden-ap-giving-arizona-a-closer-look/article_15858650-1faf-11eb-8681-5b05d291b3f8.html]. AP came to the conclusion based on their data that Trump would not be able to gain enough net votes from the remaining ballots to win early on, but as the lead has narrowed their call has come under increasing question and I don't mean by Trump supporters. Assuming that it ends with Biden winning in Arizona but with a fairly narrow lead it's possible that each side will stick with their views. AP will say they were right in the end. Others will say the lead narrowed so much that it could have easily reversed if their assumption about how much it would narrow was off by even a small percent. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 02:22, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Not yet. The election is considered "called" when the major networks call it and not until then. They each have their own decision desk and this year they are being very conservative. In any case, they will not "call" the presidential elections until they have "called" enough states to amount to 270 electoral college votes. ([[Decision Desk HQ]] seems to be a self-appointed referee that provides election information to a few news organizations that can't afford their own coverage team or decision desk.) -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 03:00, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:I feel a need to offer my two cents here. As someone who, on the one hand, has had extensive overall experience in Wikipedia (I've been editing here in various capacities for just under 1.5 decades now), I am also one who is relatively new in contributing to dscussions, deliberations, and decisions as they relate specifically to political articles. With that background in mind, on the one hand, Wikipedia is [[WP:NOTCRYSTAL|not a crystal ball]], and should not use one, two, or even a few isolated sources as justification to provide information that is not confirmed in a majority of the [[WP:Rs|reliable sources]] we have used for content up to this point. So there needs to be a balance as far as content here is concerned to ensure that we avoid going above and beyond what a majority of the reliable sources are saying. But that being said, we are also living in an unsual period of time where the call on some states may be delayed by legal proceedings, voting recounts, and, in the worst-case sceanrio, investigations of fraud. There is a lot at stake here, and my thought is that it would be wiser for us to be more prudent, cautious, and reserved in how we approach what to say and the manner in which it is said.
:At the same time, with most of the major television networks in the United States reticent to make even the calls on states where votes are still being tabulated, or where the outcomes may face a legal challenge, and with many of those networks not yet declaring a winner, I'd say it would be more prudent for us to recognize that the nation is in an unprecedented situation that is constantly in flux, and is likely to be so for a while. As a result, my personal feeling is that patience, and reticence regarding what is said and the manner in which it is said will go a long way. I will take my comment further: I am not personally comfortable with the idea of this article using any wording that would indicate a conclusion any readers of this article should draw. I am far more comfortable with the idea of letting things play out. In instances like this, it's easier to be cautious and reserved in things for the time being than it would be to try after the fact to fix something put into this or other articles that is eventually verified as inaccurate or untrue. Just my two cents here, for whatever they may be worth to any of you reading them here. --[[User:Jgstokes|Jgstokes]] ([[User talk:Jgstokes|talk]]) 05:17, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:IMO we could probably update it now. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 16:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Pastor Paula White calls on angels from Africa and South America to bring Trump victory ==

[https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/11/05/paula-white-trumps-spiritual-adviser-african-south-american-angels/6173576002/ See here:]

"Megachurch pastor and televangelist Paula White-Cain, who is spiritual adviser to President Donald Trump, delivered a prayer service Wednesday night in an effort to secure Trump's reelection."

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUmMUmLYT1Y Video fragment of prayer service]

[[User:Count Iblis|Count Iblis]] ([[User talk:Count Iblis|talk]]) 18:20, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
: LOL! She's a bit late. Does she expect God to destroy ballots after they have been cast? -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 20:58, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
::Most Christians expect God to [[Christian eschatology|destroy almost everything]] on Earth, at some point, some doubting even the rule of law can can stop a [[Great Tribulation]]. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 22:57, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Has PA been called yet? ==

The only states that weren't definitively called last time I checked were PA, AZ, NV, GA, NC, and AK, where Biden had 253 electoral votes and Trump had 214, therefore making PA have more than the 17 Biden needs to win. 270ToWin says PA is called for Biden, but IDK if it officially, definitively is called for Biden. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/135.180.2.61|135.180.2.61]] ([[User talk:135.180.2.61#top|talk]]) at 18:26, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:It varies by source, but the majority say it's too close to call. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 19:37, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
: Biden has pulled ahead in Pennsylvania, but it has not been called yet. [[User:Nixinova|Nixinova]] [[User talk:Nixinova|T]] [[Special:Contribs/Nixinova|C]] 19:54, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:Only Decision Desk has called it, the others haven't made a call yet. Biden holds a narrow lead at the time of writing. [[User:Herbfur|Herbfur]] ([[User talk:Herbfur|talk]]) 23:12, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Quick question ==

Greetings! I was just curious; how come on this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&type=revision&diff=987370863&oldid=987368692 edit] the pictures were swapped from left to right? Thanks kindly! (Keep up the good work) [[User:1holeinmysock|1holeinmysock]] ([[User talk:1holeinmysock|talk]]) 19:53, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:I would assume because Biden is the likely winner, however the page probably shouldn't be reordered until the winner is actually declared. [[User:Nixinova|Nixinova]] [[User talk:Nixinova|T]] [[Special:Contribs/Nixinova|C]] 19:56, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:: Thanks! [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&type=revision&diff=987401098&oldid=987398011 fixed it]! [[User:1holeinmysock|1holeinmysock]] ([[User talk:1holeinmysock|talk]]) 21:26, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== BuzzFeed, reliable source? ==

Why is it considered so? Especially given its large amounts of bias and other issues with the site? [[User:Aardwolf68|Aardwolf68]] ([[User talk:Aardwolf68|talk]]) 22:59, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Aardwolf68}}, see [[WP:RSP]] for more information. Buzzfeed News is a reliable source. Buzzfeed (regular) is not. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 23:05, 6 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{ec}} {{re|Aardwolf68}} [[WP:RSP#BuzzFeed News]], and the multitude of discussion links in its table row, ought to answer your question. Note that it is distinct from [[WP:RSP#BuzzFeed]]. [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 23:06, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

== Revert Edit on Ages of Candidates ==

I think the edit made at 20:40, 6 November 2020 should be reverted. While Joe Biden and Donald Trump would both be the oldest candidates to have been inaugurated, at 78 and 74, respectively, this shouldn't be merged into the same sentence, as the previous versions of the article made a clear distinction between them: If Joe Biden is elected president, he would be the oldest person not just to be inaugurated as president, but to also serve as president in general, as no other president has reached the age of 78 while in office (Ronald Reagan left office at 77 years of age). [[Special:Contributions/2600:8802:800:E4:49A8:CE00:8D10:7369|2600:8802:800:E4:49A8:CE00:8D10:7369]] ([[User talk:2600:8802:800:E4:49A8:CE00:8D10:7369|talk]]) 00:20, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:Agreed. Working on phrasing it clearer, though. [[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]]) 00:57, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Candidate table ==

Something is messed up with the Don Blankenship row in this table. I am not confident in my ability to edit this, so I am leaving this note here in case someone with more skill comes along. --[[User:Khajidha|Khajidha]] ([[User talk:Khajidha|talk]]) 00:27, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 7 November 2020 ==
{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=yes}}
According to Fox News and Politico: Arizona has been called for Joe Biden, and Maine District 2 has been called for Donald Trump. That brings the electoral votes to 264 (Biden) - 214 (Trump). [[User:Kerim123456|Kerim123456]] ([[User talk:Kerim123456|talk]]) 02:03, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{Not done}}. Per the discussions above, the consensus is to wait for news organizations to unanimously project a winner for a state/district. Most news organizations have not called Arizona, and CNN still hasn't called ME-2. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 02:07, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== North Carolina is........BLUE ???? ==

North Carolina is........BLUE ???? Really ?? Just look at the map. And look at the results - Trump is leading there !!!! [[Special:Contributions/76.21.97.234|76.21.97.234]] ([[User talk:76.21.97.234|talk]]) 08:18, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:What map are you referring to? AFAICT, North Carolina has never been blue in the map in the infobox, and I checked all revisions [//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ElectoralCollege2020_with_results.svg&offset=&limit=500#filehistory] [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 09:19, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::If you're referring to the results by state table I also cannot see where it's ever been blue going back to this revision [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_United_States_presidential_election&diff=987461776&oldid=987459701#Results_by_state] [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 09:31, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== For the first time in history, most Americans are cast their ballots before Election Day ==

According to Washington Post - "For the first time in history, most Americans are expected to cast their ballots before Election Day.". This is an interesting info. Source - [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/26/timing-election-results/]. [[User:Миша Карелин|M.Karelin]] ([[User talk:Миша Карелин|talk]]) 08:30, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== General turnout ==

Maybe it's early yet, but I think the article should mention something about general turnout, I have the impression it was historically high. Compare [[2016_United_States_presidential_election#Statistical_analysis]]. [[User:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|Gråbergs Gråa Sång]] ([[User talk:Gråbergs Gråa Sång|talk]]) 12:11, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:Yes, there hasn't been turnout (measured by percent of eligible voters who voted) since like 1900, is what I heard. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/elections/voter-turnout/ Graphic representation]. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 13:37, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== A new section on disinformation? ==

I just uploaded the following press conference from November 5:

[[File:11 05 20 President Trump Delivers Remarks.webm|thumb|center|400px|11 05 20 President Trump Delivers Remarks]]

This press conference is notable because almost every sentence that the president says is demonstrably false, and there are many sources that have noted this particular conference for that fact. I also suggest that the disinformation coming from the White House<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=MSNBC, NPR and NBC and cut away from Trump's election press conference|url=https://www.newsweek.com/msnbc-npr-other-networks-cut-away-trumps-election-press-conference-1545300|access-date=2020-11-07|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref>, Rudy Giuliani<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Giuliani releases bizarre video claiming Fox News won election for Biden|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/url-giuliani-youtube-fox-trump-biden-b1654284.html|access-date=2020-11-07|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref>, Alex Jones<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Jones Tried to Start a Riot Outside an Election Office in Arizona|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/4advwj/alex-jones-tried-to-start-a-riot-outside-an-election-office-in-arizona|access-date=2020-11-07|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref>, etc. regarding the election be noted in the article.

{{reflist}}

[[User:Victorgrigas|Victor Grigas]] ([[User talk:Victorgrigas|talk]]) 13:50, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:{{ping|Victorgrigas}} if there is significant coverage and you have already uploaded the video, may I suggest you build an article for it? There may be a lot more coverage of it if Trump doesn't make any public statements this weekend. You can title it something like "Donald trump press conference of 5 November 2020". I am not a regular editor of this page, but I would think that may bog down the article a bit too much, Trump uses a lot of disinformation when it suits his purposes, though this was a particularly egregious case that was perhaps best summed up by Jake Tapper who called it "pathetic" on CNN. [[User:Footlessmouse|Footlessmouse]] ([[User talk:Footlessmouse|talk]]) 19:23, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Add into the lead in ==

I take it once this is all over, we can add a bit saying, Trump is the most successful president* ( * in the respect of his lost... compared to bush snr, carter etc etc) who failed reelection, as he managed to increase his share of the vote while picking up 8 million more voters overall from his 1st election, and only lost the states he required by 61'000 vote.

Remember this is in the current context, of his lose, IE he must be the only person seeking re-election to increase vote and still lose. --[[User:Crazyseiko|Crazyseiko]] ([[User talk:Crazyseiko|talk]]) 14:12, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:Great? Voter turnout is higher on both sides, due in large part to polarization/rising extremism. This looks like nothing but partisan trivia. [[User:Ɱ|'''ɱ''']] [[User talk:Ɱ|(talk)]] 15:01, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:: I never said Great.. now whos using partisan trivia? The simple fact, even with increase turnout across the broad trump share of the vote shouldn't have gone up. --[[User:Crazyseiko|Crazyseiko]] ([[User talk:Crazyseiko|talk]]) 15:08, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

As he has now lost, does anyone with a neutral point have a input? no other one term president who losted has never managed to keep or go above there original share of the route. Thats is the point. how else do you skirt around the main points, he was successful in that point, he still lost. --[[User:Crazyseiko|Crazyseiko]] ([[User talk:Crazyseiko|talk]]) 17:19, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

::The increase in turnout is interesting and notable. The full context is that both candidates won a very large number of votes. Biden won, I believe, more than any other candidate in the U.S. presidential election. Is the fact that Trump's very large number was the largest increase of a losing candidacy interesting? Maybe, but not in the lead section. And the word "success" is not the right word to use. It's not neutral nor the fitting term. Is there a reliable source that uses it that way? [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 17:35, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:(EC) IMO we should mention the historically high turn out and nothing else about record votes for any candidate. Biden may have received more votes than any previous candidate. Trump may have received more votes than any losing candidate. Etc etc. All means is that turnout was particularly high for a US election in a very long time, and also that US population/eligible voters has been increasing. Biden is likely to be far from a popular vote winning margin even in recent times. Trump is obviously far from a popular vote closeness margin for a losing candidate since as we all know, Hillary Clinton and Al Gore both won the popular vote (albeit neither one was an incumbent). Even in terms of percentage, Trump will probably still lose to Hillary Clinton and Al Gore and really that relates more other candidates. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 17:40, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:: Thank you for your points, Im just asking some Q's: Another point is on the 2012 page "Obama was the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote margin than had been won in the previous election," Trump is the opp, he increase popular vote margin yet lost. That might be a better way to write it?
::: For broad summary of what was notable about this election, we can wait a bit and see what the sources say. It's too early right now because while we know enough for the race to be called we don't know all the formal details, so sources aren't making that sort of in-depth analysis of what voting patterns mean. --[[User:Aquillion|Aquillion]] ([[User talk:Aquillion|talk]]) 18:22, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

It's not accurate, though, since John Quincy Adams in 1828 increased both his vote count and percentage share compared to 1824 despite losing reelection. [[Special:Contributions/170.55.23.174|170.55.23.174]] ([[User talk:170.55.23.174|talk]]) 22:13, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

: Every day is school day, mind you it was a four horse race. If there was point was added, it would have to say Trump is the first president since John Quincy Adams, to increased both his vote count and percentage share while still lose the election.--[[User:Crazyseiko|Crazyseiko]] ([[User talk:Crazyseiko|talk]]) 22:55, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== APT ==

{{edit-request|D}}
Iranian apt targeted US voter registration data https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-304a [[User:Baratiiman|Baratiiman]] ([[User talk:Baratiiman|talk]]) 14:48, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:Targeting registration data does not directly connect to the election. —'''[[User:C.Fred|C.Fred]]''' ([[User_talk:C.Fred|talk]]) 16:00, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|C.Fred}} the source clearly mentions election.[[User:Baratiiman|Baratiiman]] ([[User talk:Baratiiman|talk]]) 18:03, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Re-read. It does mention voter-intimidation emails. Not sure how or where to integrate this into the article, though. —'''[[User:C.Fred|C.Fred]]''' ([[User_talk:C.Fred|talk]]) 18:40, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== BOLD edit to change electoral votes ==

Per [https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-biden-election-results-11-07-20/h_1e0e91d050d44ff57754643e6d9008d2]. [[User:P,TO 19104|P,TO 19104]] ([[User talk: P,TO 19104|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/P,TO 19104|contribs]]) 16:31, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== AP calls presidential race for Joe Biden ==

[https://www.abc10.com/article/news/politics/elections/ap-calls-presidential-race-for-joe-biden/507-0b004523-a4ed-4965-9154-c3c9b1cb071f AP calls presidential race for Joe Biden]

It looks like Fox News may follow suit any moment. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 16:41, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:CNN has called the race as well [[User:VZkN9|VZkN9]] ([[User talk:VZkN9|talk]]) 16:43, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::As has the New York Times. [[User:WP Ludicer|WP Ludicer]] ([[User talk:WP Ludicer|talk]]) 16:45, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Pretty much all major US networks except for Fox News have called it. See e.g. [//www.rte.ie/news/us-election-2020/2020/1107/1176553-us-election-biden-trump/]. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 16:46, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Fox has called the election. As has ABC. [[User:Jcoolbro|<big>J</big>coolbro]] ([[User talk:Jcoolbro|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Jcoolbro|(c)]] 16:47, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

So it would be okay to update the article then and declare Biden winner? [[User:IllQuill|IllQuill]] ([[User talk:IllQuill|talk]]) 16:47, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

Fox News has called for Biden per YouTube and their website [[User:Sau226|Sau226]] ([[User talk:Sau226|talk]]) 16:48, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

::BBC too. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2020-54836636]. [[Special:Contributions/109.159.88.9|109.159.88.9]] ([[User talk:109.159.88.9|talk]]) 16:48, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html EVERYONE] does it now. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 16:49, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

If our past consensus was to reflect this consensus, it seems like it might be time? [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 16:58, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

[https://www.foxnews.com/elections/2020/general-results Fox News is now the first one to give Nevada to Biden (290).] -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 17:02, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:(EC) AP have also given Nevada to Biden [//apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-nevada-38798ed448592b25b7752fd90d01c40f] [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 17:28, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html AP gives Nevada to Biden (290).] -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 17:27, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Most networks have called the election ==

Should the line “ Some outlets, such as [[Fox News]], and [[Reuters]], have yet to call the election.” be changed due to the fact both of these outlets have put Biden over 270? [[User:Jcoolbro|<big>J</big>coolbro]] ([[User talk:Jcoolbro|talk]]) [[Special:Contributions/Jcoolbro|(c)]] 16:52, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::I moved Fox to the projections sentence and deleted that sentence. What do we do with Reuters? They haven't project but have a headline saying "Biden will be the next president"? [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election/biden-wins-presidential-race-in-a-deeply-divided-united-states-several-networks-say-idUSKBN27N08J] [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 16:57, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Never mind, they have called it, was just hard to find. [https://www.reuters.com/live-events/election-2020-15-id2942501] [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 17:11, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Infobox consistency ==

Howdy. Didn't we hold off from using '''Elected President''' in the infobox until the Electoral College voted, in the [[2016 United States presidential election]] article, four years ago? Are we going to do the same, here? [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 17:01, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

::You are correct... and should know, since you're the one who changed in last time after the Electoral College met and voted. Following prior practice, and the correct definition of the term, have changed it to President Elect in the inbox. [[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 20:19, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Updating the map ==

Could someone update the electoral college map to add ME-2 for republican?

:At present, two outlets have not called it, so not yet.[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/upshot/network-race-call-tracker.html][[User:Chrisvls|Chris vLS]] ([[User talk:Chrisvls|talk]]) 17:39, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

::Map and EC number for Biden are inconsistent, current map listed adds up to 273 and it says 279 under his name. I’m assuming Nevada was added to the Biden column to reflect that, or 6 EC votes were added by mistake.
- [[Special:Contributions/2605:8D80:602:3C82:E4A5:B21E:D812:88B6|2605:8D80:602:3C82:E4A5:B21E:D812:88B6]] ([[User talk:2605:8D80:602:3C82:E4A5:B21E:D812:88B6|talk]]) 17:50, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

:::Fixed all of them. ME-2 is not called by CNN yet... [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 18:22, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

== Reactions; ==

I suggest the creation of a new section of reactions to Biden victory; here the first 5 international reactions (in chronological order)
#https://twitter.com/fijipm/status/1324941240731840512 (11 hours before)
#https://twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1325114530159075328 (first to announcement)
#https://twitter.com/michealmartintd/status/1325115676873388035
#https://twitter.com/ibusolih/status/1325119483799887873
#https://twitter.com/justintrudeau/status/1325121342568505346
--[[User:KajenCAT|KajenCAT]] ([[User talk:KajenCAT|talk]]) 17:46, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
== Nevada ==

AP has called Nevada for Biden.[https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-2020-election-results/2020/11/07/932481031/ap-calls-nevada-for-joe-biden] [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 19:14, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:So has CNN and NBC. Updated accordingly. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 19:27, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::AP called Nevada for Biden about 2 hours ago, see above. No idea about CNN and NBC. [[User:Nil Einne|Nil Einne]] ([[User talk:Nil Einne|talk]]) 19:34, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::They called it right before I sent that message above yours, so it's pretty clear consensus on news. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 19:45, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

==Map==
Everything on the map is correct, except AZ, which hasn't yet been called by NY Times or CNN. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 19:36, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:I reverted, but this unfortunately also undoes NV. Hopefully somebody fixes it. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 19:43, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::Who keeps changing it back? I thought protecting the page would stop edit warring. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 19:46, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::If you're talking about arizona, just a few people who don't know we need full media consensus for it to appear here. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 19:48, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::: Does "full media consensus" mean unanimity from all outlets? That's a pretty extreme standard that I don't think has been used before. — [[User:Redxiv|Red XIV]] ([[User talk:Redxiv|talk]]) 16:47, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Also {{ping|Nojus R}} The map has been fixed. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 20:06, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:::{{replyto|Nojus R}} extended confirmed protecting the page only stops people removing or replacing which image is used here. It doesn't affect the image [[:Commons:File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg]]. AFAICT, the image is not and has never been protected [//commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=File%3AElectoralCollege2020+with+results.svg]. Even if the image was hosted on en.wikipedia, it would make no difference since I'm fairly sure [[WP:cascade protection]] is disabled for extended confirmed like it is for semi protection. The only thing is its protection would depend only on our policies. However I don't know if anyone has even asked for the image to be protected on commons. But frankly, I'm unconvinced the image needs protection. Yes there have been some premature changes but the number is small, something which should be handled via normal reversion and discussion. 07:32, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Referring to Biden as the President-elect ==

I noticed that the article's infobox refers to Biden as the President-elect. The article for [[President-elect of the United States]] itself says (in opening paragraph) "If the result of an election is unclear or disputed, no person is normally referred to as president-elect until the dispute is resolved." As the Trump campaign continues to dispute the election result, is it correct to continue to refer to Biden conclusively as the President-elect? Or at least should there be a tag that this is currently in dispute? [[User:Kidburla|Kidburla]] ([[User talk:Kidburla|talk]]) 23:45, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
:Trump has no cogent legal argument that is making any headway in the courts. What's the dispute? Trump does not have to agree with the result or give a formal concession speech for Biden to be president-elect. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 23:47, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
::A guy with executive power doesn't need a cogent legal argument to start, prolong or win a political dispute, he commands the same military and paramilitary that overruled several sitting presidents this century, some without congressional approval and in violation of international agreements. All he really needs to suspend civil liberties is a perceived worthwhile threat to national security. So if anybody is happy to see him go down easily, '''don't''' destroy your own commercial and industrial hubs before spring! [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 02:25, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::To be clear, I find the idea of a hardcore crackdown unfair, unwise and rather unlikely. Just saying that until a sitting president admits defeat, he or she has certain advantages and can drag a dispute indefinitely (or to the death, anyway). The real snafu could come when Trump does say he's done, but the news decides he's lying (or even more awkward, repeats his "claim" as a fact!). [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 04:35, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I don't see how your comments help resolve this question, Hulk. They seem more appropriate for a message board discussion. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 05:13, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::::I thought 331 was arguing that we could consider this election dispute resolved, and go ahead with calling Biden president-elect. It's not over when the news thinks the legal approach is weak. Over when Trump concedes convincingly, because he has other potentially useful evidence and options, just via incumbency. Sorry. A bit unwell today! [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 05:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for the explanation and sorry you are feeling unwell. This subject is just fraught with division and stress and it's best to avoid snark and commentary right now. The only way we can make progress with the many opinions editors have about this article is to stick to what reliable sources say is factually true. I hope you feel better tomorrow. [[User:Liz|'''''L'''''iz]] [[Special:Contributions/Liz|'''''Read!''''']] [[User talk:Liz|'''''Talk!''''']] 06:44, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::Aye, could've used fewer words and been clear enough the first time. No snark intended, though. I was pretty sarcastic in "controversy" below, kinda regret that, might delete. Should be feeling worse tomorrow, if history repeats, but better in four days. Thanks. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 07:17, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Dissonance with front page quote. ==

The front page states:

"Joe Biden wins the United States presidential election."

While the article avoids claiming that:
"All major news outlets '''projecting''' the race have '''projected''' that Biden has won the election, including ABC News, the Associated Press, Business Insider, CNN, Decision Desk HQ, Fox News, MSNBC, NBC News, The New York Times, Reuters, and Vox.[5] Counting continues to determine the '''final''' results. "

and

" Joe Biden, the '''presumptive''' winner of the 2020 presidential election, pending the formal voting by the Electoral College in mid-December, is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2021"

Please fix this by either stating that Biden has won the election, or explain why the claim is avoided.
Thank you.--[[User:TZubiri|TZubiri]] ([[User talk:TZubiri|talk]]) 00:02, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Note: The page [[Joe Biden]] claims the win, while [[Donald Trump]] avoids it. Whatever decision you take is ok, I just want to see where this article stands, and take that up to the front page if necessary.--[[User:TZubiri|TZubiri]] ([[User talk:TZubiri|talk]]) 00:06, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:It is now on the Donald Trump page too. That page had to be full-protected for a few hours, and all recent edits including the election call were removed. We are in the process of restoring the information, describing it as a news organization call rather than asserting it as an official done deal. BTW the Biden article also had to be full-protected because of vandalism, but it already had a lot of information and it does state his election as fact. At this article, "presumptive" and "pending" set the perfect tone IMO. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 00:30, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 8 November 2020 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=yes}}
The Prime minister of Nepal has Congratulated Joe Biden via Twitter say "Heartiest congratulations to President-elect
@JoeBiden
and Vice-President-elect
@KamalaHarris
on your impressive and historic election victory. I look forward to working closely with the new US leadership in further strengthening friendly ties between our two countries."

<ref>https://twitter.com/kpsharmaoli/status/1325232163336249345</ref> [[Special:Contributions/174.21.108.255|174.21.108.255]] ([[User talk:174.21.108.255|talk]]) 00:59, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{Not done}} because this is too specific for the main article and instead belongs at [[International reactions to the 2020 United States presidential election]]—that page is unprotected so you're very welcome to add this content there. — [[User:Bilorv|Bilorv]] ('''[[User talk:Bilorv|talk]]''') 13:29, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
{{Talk reflist}}

== International reactions ==

I am saddened to see a flag salad international reactions section cluttering up this already overlong article. It has no encyclopedic value, and it is a quotefarm. Should it be deleted? Or be spun off? [[User:Abductive|'''Abductive''']] ([[User talk:Abductive|reasoning]]) 01:01, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
: I feel it should be deleted. As you say, there's no encyclopedic value in collecting tweets about this. [[User:power~enwiki|power~enwiki]] ([[User talk:Power~enwiki|π]], [[Special:Contributions/Power~enwiki|ν]]) 01:13, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:: I agree, especially since it's mostly just a list of people who reacted, without specifying what those reactions were. Also, the page for the 2016 election doesn't have an international reactions section. [[User:Emmablowgun|Emmablowgun]] ([[User talk:Emmablowgun|talk]]) 01:42, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::That's not correct, the section makes clear that all these country leaders congratulated Biden and Harris.
:::And actually there's an entire page regarding the 2016 election: [[International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election]], in stark contrast to the claims above that such reactions to an election are not encyclopedic. Regards, [[User:HaeB|HaeB]] ([[User talk:HaeB|talk]]) 01:53, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:Such reactions by foreign leaders are entirely encyclopedic and relevant, as evidenced by the fact that numerous reliable sources have dedicated coverage specifically to this part of the article topic - e.g. [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/foreign-leaders-offer-well-wishes-to-joe-biden-and-kamala-harris-after-projected-win/ CBS], [https://apnews.com/article/election-2020-joe-biden-donald-trump-elections-anne-hidalgo-a4f71db8bab46c4dbc00bf02fe5ef3c1 Associated Press], [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/world/americas/biden-international-reaction.html New York Times], [https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/07/americas/biden-global-reaction-election-intl/index.html CNN], [https://www.axios.com/world-leaders-congratulate-biden-election-victory-bf6c14e4-f7ce-4ca2-acde-611036f88b17.html Axios], [https://ca.reuters.com/article/instant-article/idUSKBN27N0OZ Reuters], [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54845979 BBC]. It's clear that their judgment about this aspect starkly diverges from the argument-free snarking above ("tweets", "cluttering").
:Personally I don't have a strong opinion on whether each entry needs to be accompanied by a flag, but there too it's worth noting that Abductive's snark ("salad") is not reflected in [[MOS:FLAG]].
:Regards, [[User:HaeB|HaeB]] ([[User talk:HaeB|talk]]) 01:53, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== First few sentences formatting ==

The 2016 presidential election page has its second line as "The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former secretary of state Hillary Clinton and U.S. senator from Virginia Tim Kaine." Since we're already treating Biden as the president-elect on his page, would it not be consistent to use the same formatting here now, obviously replacing names and such? [[User:Stavd3|Stavd3]] ([[User talk:Stavd3|talk]]) 01:08, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

:I say that would be appropriate when actual electoral vote occurs. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 02:08, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Nebraska congressional districts ==

I noticed that on the infobox under "states carried" we have Biden carrying Nebraska's 2nd and Trump caring Maine 2nd, but don't have Trump carrying Nebraska's 1st and 3rd or Biden carrying Maine 1st. Should we add Nebraska 1 and 3 and Maine 1 to "states carried" in infobox? [[User:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|Iamreallygoodatcheckers]] ([[User talk:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|talk]]) 02:28, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:'''No''' because we didn't do that on [[2016 United States presidential election]], nor on [[2008_United_States_presidential_election|2008]]. For consistency, we shouldn't do it here either. --'''''[[User:NYKevin|N]][[User talk:NYKevin|Y]][[Special:Contributions/NYKevin|Kevin]]''''' 02:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{ec}}We do not do so based on the other presidential election articles where there were times where Nebraska and Maine had their electoral votes split. I would be okay with a note if we must explain it in the infobox, but the concept is decently explained on Wikipedia to my knowledge. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 02:40, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

==Central Issues Lead Paragraph==
I know there's a lot happening on this page and this probably isn't near the top of the list right now, but I think the "Central issues of the election included..." paragraph in the lead is too long and overly detailed right now. IMO, the focus of the paragraph should be limited to COVID, the George Floyd protests and the Supreme Court, as those were clearly the three biggest political issues in the U.S. this year. Honestly I could see an argument that even the Supreme Court shouldn't be there considering the issue of Ginsberg's vacancy was settled by the time of the election. Thoughts? [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]] ([[User talk:Basil the Bat Lord|talk]]) 03:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:I would argue that LGBT rights deserves a mention considering that Trump turned out to be the most transphobic president in U.S. history while [https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/11/07/joe-biden-lgbt-transgender-gay-elected-us-president-kamala-harris-donald-trump/ Joe Biden will champion LGBT+ rights]. In fact, a key underlying issue of Amy Barrett's hearing was her stance on LGBT rights. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/amy-coney-barrett-gay-rights/2020/10/24/55064586-153b-11eb-ba42-ec6a580836ed_story.html Barrett’s evasiveness alarms LGBTQ advocates]--[[Special:Contributions/24.99.88.86|24.99.88.86]] ([[User talk:24.99.88.86|talk]]) 03:54, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

::That stood out for me too. I trimmed it a bit, and shortened some sentences. I hate semi-colons. Bullet points in a lead? I think the Supreme Court thing should stay, as Trump was talking about defying the Constitution, and he would then have been stacking the court. After reading your thoughts, I'll tighten it up some more, but leave each concept. I love collaboration! cheers [[User:Billyshiverstick|Billyshiverstick]] ([[User talk:Billyshiverstick|talk]]) 03:53, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::If I were to take a crack at revising the paragraph it would be something like: ''"Central issues of the election included the public health and economic impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, protests in reaction to the police killing of George Floyd and others and the future of the Supreme Court following the confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett."'' I definitely do not think the ACA should be mentioned, or if it is it should be a very brief mention. There were other presidential elections (namely 2012 and 2016) where the ACA was a way bigger and more relevant issue to the election. [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]] ([[User talk:Basil the Bat Lord|talk]]) 04:40, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:Given that there are entire sections of the article devoted to the environment and health care, I'd say that the old paragraph is better at summarising the contents of the article, which is what leads are supposed to do. I support it being added back. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 21:05, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:: I take a similar position to [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]]... the relative importance of various issues in an election is a matter for scholarly debate among those people who can do original research, that is, not us. We should just try to include every issue that is plausible and only leave out completely outlandish issues; the old paragraph was good for this. [[User:Airbornemihir|Airbornemihir]] ([[User talk:Airbornemihir|talk]]) 23:31, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::My concern is that including "every issue that is plausible" will lead to a large and unwieldy paragraph which doesn't accurately summarize the issues of the election, which is what I feel that the old paragraph is getting close to. Regarding those specific issues, you can argue that health care has been a major issue in every U.S. election for the past 15~20 years and I would argue that the ACA was a much bigger and more relevant issue in previous elections (2012 and 2016) instead of this one. I'm sure we can find relevant sources for anything under the sun, but when I think of the 2020 election, global warming and environmental issues definitely do not come to the forefront for me as issues which had a huge impact on the race or were heavily discussed. I signaled out the three issues of COVID, race riots and Supreme Court because I believe those were by far the three biggest political issues in the U.S. this year. [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]] ([[User talk:Basil the Bat Lord|talk]]) 03:14, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::"The economy" is still very hot, but like "the environment" and "the government", the general public tends to assume they've heard it all before, understand the main problems well enough and can probably zone out for ten minutes while someone else rambles on about whatever, then get back to what matters most...simplicity! I, for one, '''Support''' your idea of a Big Three. Let the bank's article worry about homelessness and drought and gross honey yield! [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 05:08, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Voter Turnout? ==

Voter Turnout deserves a sub heading in results, can someone please add? Tx [[User:Billyshiverstick|Billyshiverstick]] ([[User talk:Billyshiverstick|talk]]) 03:49, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:But with a lowercase "turnout", please! [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 04:58, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:On that note I noticed the voter turnout in the infobox still says TDB. I suggest changing it to the currently reported one (with an "as of" on the side so people know it is still being updated). On the page [[Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections]] they cite the source http://www.electproject.org/2020g for this year's numbers. [[User:Skordiac|Skordiac]] ([[User talk:Skordiac|talk]]) 07:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== controversy ==

There is no mention of the massive voter machine fraud - which is being reported on local news. See https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/04/michigan-antrim-county-election-results-trump-biden-blue/6162541002/ Why is that? --[[User:Massintel|Massintel]] ([[User talk:Massintel|talk]]) 03:50, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{re|Massintel}} Because that is a [[WP:FRINGE|fringe theory]] not supported by reliable sources. Furthermore, your source describes an "apparent glitch" that "could add a few thousand votes to the tallies", not "massive voter machine fraud". [[User:GorillaWarfare|GorillaWarfare]] [[User talk:GorillaWarfare|(talk)]] 03:54, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

Thousands of reliable sources, can I post them here? This is one example, there are many - only on local news. https://www.azfamily.com/news/politics/election_headquarters/possible-voter-fraud-in-chandler-area-after-woman-asks-to-take-peoples-ballots/article_9dc88e54-14d3-11eb-b15d-7fdb0ac0a4ec.html --[[User:Massintel|Massintel]] ([[User talk:Massintel|talk]]) 14:19, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:"Possible" fraud is not fraud or evidence of fraud. Anything is "possible". It's still a fringe theory, sorry. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 14:25, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:Donald Trump seems to consider any vote that is not for him as fraudulent, keep that in mind. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 14:25, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::The four or five thousand sketchy ones here were for Trump and Republican Senate loser [[John E. James]]. I have no idea if Trump ghostwrites for the ''[[Detroit Free Press]]'' in order to hurt his own party, but haven't read anything suggesting he might. The "fringe theory" in the Arizona story originated from the [[Chandler Police Department]], which may or may not be captained by a Russian trollbot, but is known to investigate and eventually disclose evidence of suspected criminal activity in open court. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 01:33, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{U|Massintel}}, yes, you can post them here. Thousands may be overkill, but dozens might make the vastness of the alleged fraud clearer. If you put the URL in single brackets, [https://fr.wikipedia.org like this], more can fit easier. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 01:51, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 8 November 2020 (2) ==

{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=no}}
Change:

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, and won by Joe Biden.

To:

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. Former vice-president Joe Biden and US Senator from California Kamala Harris defeated incumbents President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence. [[User:Miss Show Business|Miss Show Business]] ([[User talk:Miss Show Business|talk]]) 05:30, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
* I think there is some form of statement above that indicates this will be changed after the electors actually cast their vote - technically speaking, Biden isn't elected yet because the people doesn't technically vote. [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 11:22, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
*: Can the first sentence be accepted at least. It does seem odd to seperate the date from it being the 59th election and instead include it in the sentence where Biden won. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 21:44, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Uninformative state results ==

It could be more informative and visual to replace the gray states in the electoral map at the top right of the article with light blue and light red states according to the latest count. This vote count is current objective, official true data, regardless of how the counting of the remaining in-mail votes will turn out. The map would be updated anyway if the voting trend switches.

Similarly, the "Results by state" table is rather useless: It's mostly blank, it does not even show the number of Electors for pending states, or the latest number of votes for any state. A better layout might also allow to view all states on one screen in 2/3 columns for all states, and moving other candidates to a more detailed table. The "Sort ascending" icons could be removed and this functionality moved to clicking on the column header, changing its tooltip.
This table could use the same color coding as the electoral map, i.e. light blue or red to reflect the latest count of votes, and there could be 2 "Total" lines, the current one with all state counts that are officially closed, and one according to the latest vote counts. Eventually, as state counts get closed, these 2 totals will become identical, so it's not a political projection to provide this true data and update it regularly. Even so, wikipedia could perform projections, as long as they are based on objective mathematical formulas, not subjective opinions or polls. For instance, projecting what the final count would be based on the known or estimated remaining number of votes to count and the latest average percentage of the latest votes counted. Sure, it could change depending on specific counties, but the table averages would be updated as soon as the data for these counties are integrated, so the table can only turn more and more precise, and at the end, would be strictly identical to the official data.
But really, not displaying such basic information as the number of Electors for pending states and the latest official count for every state is not helpful at all. The same table would work great for both the on-going election and the archived elections once all results are officially in. You would just need to remove the useless projected total line at that time. [[User:Chimel31|Chimel31]] ([[User talk:Chimel31|talk]]) 09:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

:Most of this would be [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 10:33, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

::No it wouldn't. The current count is what it is - these numbers are available, as they go along. Reflecting the current count on the map with lighter shades as the OP suggested would not be to predict the outcome in those States that are currently grey. [[User:Firejuggler86|Firejuggler86]] ([[User talk:Firejuggler86|talk]]) 14:33, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

:: Unless you meant the second paragraph of the OP...I had only really read the first part. The second part..TLDR. [[User:Firejuggler86|Firejuggler86]] ([[User talk:Firejuggler86|talk]]) 14:38, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Second paragraph is [[WP:CRYSTALBALL]]. First goes against consensus, so cannot do much there. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2020_with_results.svg#filehistory Someone tried doing that before but got reverted.] [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 15:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Registered voters? ==

Is there any source that will eventually give us a total of registered voters for this election, so that we can calculate the exact turnout? --[[User:Aréat|Aréat]] ([[User talk:Aréat|talk]]) 10:06, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:[https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/voting.html The Census Bureau] keeps track of this. From the looks of page in the link, it might be available by April of 2021.[[User:LuciusAreliusVerus|LuciusAreliusVerus]] ([[User talk:LuciusAreliusVerus|talk]]) 17:00, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Biased writing ==

"Trump made frequent false claims... " - only the courts would decide if that's true or not. This should be rewritten to "Trump claims...". — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040|2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040]] ([[User talk:2A00:A040:19B:31A9:D928:DA6A:7406:6040#top|talk]]) 12:26, 8 November 2020 (UTC) 
:Wikipedia summarizes what independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] state, not necessarily what is official or legal or a finding of a court. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 12:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

== Most votes ever cast sentence bias ==

In the first paragraph, we find the following sentence:

"Biden received the most votes ever cast for a presidential candidate in an American election, beating Barack Obama's record, as did Trump."

This seems to place bias in favor of Biden. As Biden is shown to be the winner of the election earlier in the paragraph, perhaps

"Biden and Trump each surpassed Barack Obama's record of the most votes ever cast for a presidential candidate in an American election."

would be better; attempting to show equal footing for the two major candidates. [[User:LuciusAreliusVerus|LuciusAreliusVerus]] ([[User talk:LuciusAreliusVerus|talk]]) 13:08, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::I agree it can be worded better to convey that both Biden and Trump surpassed Obama's record for most votes, however I do think Biden should ultimately get a specific mention in the sentence considering that he is going to end up with the actual record total once all votes are counted. So for example something like ''"Biden's total of [insert final vote count here] is the most votes cast for a presidential candidate in an American election, with both Biden and Trump surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million in 2008."'' I wonder if we could also tie this sentence in with a sentence about the election's record breaking turnout, once the votes are counted and the final turnout percentage is known? [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]] ([[User talk:Basil the Bat Lord|talk]]) 13:42, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:We should say Biden ''and Harris'' received the most votes ever cast in an American presidential ''election''. They couldn't have and did not tie for first place alone. Of course the news outlets that called her "unelectable" this summer may still favour Biden in word choice now, but facts are Wikipedia's thing, not preference. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 02:19, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Most votes ever cast proportion ==

Perhaps it would be worth the research to find the proportion of votes cast per the population of the US. According to [https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/allocation National Archives] the electoral college in this election is based on the 2010 census. Seems it would be more accurate to use population figures for 2020, which can be found at the [https://www.census.gov/popclock/ Population Clock]. Would need to find out how many people are eligible voters, though. Or, if a good source can be found, number of registered voters? [[User:LuciusAreliusVerus|LuciusAreliusVerus]] ([[User talk:LuciusAreliusVerus|talk]]) 13:21, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
Edited to add signature. [[User:LuciusAreliusVerus|LuciusAreliusVerus]] ([[User talk:LuciusAreliusVerus|talk]]) 13:21, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|LuciusAreliusVerus}}, we don't do [[WP:original research]] here; instead we report what reliable secondary sources say. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 13:53, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

==Ohio==

Should we mention how this could be the first time since 1960 that Ohio hasn't gone to the winner? '''[[User:Cards84664|Cards]][[User talk:Cards84664|84664]]''' 15:22, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:That would be trivia to me, but its noteworthiness could be argued. I would mention one line and that's it. [[User:Admanny|Admanny]] ([[User talk:Admanny|talk]]) 15:34, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::It could definitely go into the Ohio 2020 elections article.[[User:NightFire19|NightFire19]] ([[User talk:NightFire19|talk]]) 16:39, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::Ohio's status as a bellwether is discussed a lot during presidential elections. Of the 204 presidential elections Ohio has participated in, it has only voted for the losing candidate three times, so I'd say it is noteworthy. [[User:BWellsOdyssey|BWellsOdyssey]] ([[User talk:BWellsOdyssey|talk]]) 17:21, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
::::Where are you getting 204 presidential elections?--[[User:Khajidha|Khajidha]] ([[User talk:Khajidha|talk]]) 18:57, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::I don't things like this are noteworthy. They are used as a predictor of the result, but in this case they are wrong. Statistically speaking it is meaningless.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 02:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::And I don't see 1960 or sixty years as possessing any faint numerical oomph, as things that last happened a hundred years ago on a night like this (arguably) do. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 05:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Other Wikipedia articles on presidential elections include info on bellwethers, and elections that are first to break a bellwether. For example, the article on 2008 mentions that Obama was the first winning candidate to lose Missouri since 1956. [[User:Marbehraglaim|marbeh raglaim]] ([[User talk:Marbehraglaim|talk]]) 06:54, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
{{od}}I am not opposed to including it, since we include something similar for Missouri in the 2008 article. [[User:Prcc27|Prcc27]] ([[User talk:Prcc27|talk]]) 07:40, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:I don't oppose it, either. It's not a bad thing to learn, just far from important or useful, in context. Same goes for a lot of stuff that's already here, or in similar articles, go for it! [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 08:37, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 8 November 2020 (3) ==

{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=yes}}
Under the "Racial unrest: section I would like the first sentence changed from "As a result of the killing of George Floyd and other incidents of police brutality against African Americans, combined with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of protests and a wider period of racial unrest erupted in mid-2020." to "As a result of the killing of George Floyd and other incidents of accused "police brutality" against African Americans, combined with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of protests and a wider period of racial unrest erupted in mid-2020." because the left calls actions done by police "Police Brutality" regardless if it was necessary or not. If a police officer is being attacked and kills the person the left says "Lets riot because this is 'Police Brutality' " so to keep this partisan please make that edit because many "Police brutality" claims this year is just the effort of the left to have the police removed for free reign as we've seen in various cities. [[User:Baseplate RBLX|Baseplate RBLX]] ([[User talk:Baseplate RBLX|talk]]) 16:57, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

:{{notdone}} Please cite [[WP:RS|reliable secondary sources]] to support your change. [[User:Sixula|'''Sixula''']][[User_Talk:Sixula|'''''Talk''''']] 17:23, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:: {{re|Baseplate RBLX}} While the edit request is satisfactorily answered, I should also add that we don't use [[sneer quotes]], or any other variations of scare quotes, in article prose. Especially as the primary purpose of such quotes is typically to provide a false balance, in giving a prominent place for minority viewpoints relative to what a majority of reliable sources say. This should be avoided in future edit requests. While reliable sources differ in their reporting on individual events as to how they characterize a specific incident, there's general agreement that the protests are in response to a larger documented phenomenon of police brutality. The last part of your edit proposal is clearly a partisan opinion, and thus falls into [[WP:NOTFORUM]] territory. This isn't the place for political rhetoric and a subjective interpretation of events. [[User:Symmachus Auxiliarus|Symmachus Auxiliarus]] ([[User talk:Symmachus Auxiliarus|talk]]) 22:20, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

==Central issues of the election==
Hi everybody, what do you think about inserting this paragraph in the head of the article?

"''Central issues of the election included the impact of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]], which has left more than [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|230,000 Americans dead]], as well as its [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|economic impact]]; [[George Floyd protests|protests in reaction]] to the [[police killing of George Floyd]] and others; the [[Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination|confirmation]] of [[Amy Coney Barrett]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], after the [[Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg|death]] of Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]; Trump's [[United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement|withdrawal]] from the [[Paris Agreement]]; and Biden arguing for protecting and expanding the [[Affordable Care Act]], with Trump pushing for its repeal.''"

I ping [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]], who wanted to start a discussion about that, and [[User:Davide King|Davide King]], who thanked me for the edit which was later reverted by Basil :) -- [[User:Nick.mon|Nick.mon]] ([[User talk:Nick.mon|talk]]) 17:13, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:@[[User: Nick.mon|Nick.mon]] Please see the discussion further up on this page. [[User:Basil the Bat Lord|Basil the Bat Lord]] ([[User talk:Basil the Bat Lord|talk]]) 03:09, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== First time a party has held the White House for one term since Carter ==

"This was the first election since 1992 in which an incumbent president failed to win re-election to a second term"

It should also be noted that this is the first time that a party has held the White House for one term since Jimmy Carter for the Democrats.

The one problem that George H.W. Bush had coming into the 1992 campaign was that he was a President who had followed on from a member of his party Ronald Reagan who had served for two terms.

This was a problem that neither Carter nor Trump had when they lost.[[Special:Contributions/49.3.72.79|49.3.72.79]] ([[User talk:49.3.72.79|talk]]) 17:37, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

* The fact that one political party failed to be elected to a second consecutive presidential term may be more notable -- certainly it's a less recent occurrence -- but I don't think we should be filling the article lead with trivia, so this election should be compared to either the 1992 election or 1980 election but not both. I think it's easier to convey that "the incumbent failed to win a second term" though if we want to keep the trivia concise. [[User:Corporal|Corporal]] ([[User talk:Corporal|talk]]) 05:14, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
It is not trivia it is about how long people waited until they voted for change since Carter -
12 years for Reagan and George H.W. Bush, 8 each for Clinton, George W. Bush and Obama and finally only 4 for Trump.
There is also the fact of the 22nd amendment which prevents anyone from running for a third term.
That is why Reagan could not run and H.W. Bush did and won in 1988 and why it added to the total of 12 years of Republican control of the White House.
That is why because of 12 years H.W. Bush lost as a one-term president in 1992 because Clinton made a strong case for change.[[Special:Contributions/49.3.72.79|49.3.72.79]] ([[User talk:49.3.72.79|talk]]) 05:48, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:It may be worth mentioning in the [[Presidency of Donald Trump]] article, but probably not here. --[[User:Jayron32|Jayron]][[User talk:Jayron32|''32'']] 12:35, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Edit request ==

Even though the media has declared a winner (and are probably right) the wording here infers that they actually have the authority to call the election.

“By November 7, Biden and Harris were declared winners by all major news outlets projecting the results, including ABC, the Associated Press, CNN, Fox News, NBC, The New York Times, and Reuters.[11]” [[User:Rthonginh|Rthonginh]] ([[User talk:Rthonginh|talk]]) 23:46, 8 November 2020 (UTC)
:And? There doesn't seem to be an actual edit request here. We go by what reliable sources say, i.e., what's verifiable. When reliable sources unanimously call him the President-Elect, that's what we say as well. Did you have a suggestion as to how to word this, or something? [[User:Symmachus Auxiliarus|Symmachus Auxiliarus]] ([[User talk:Symmachus Auxiliarus|talk]]) 00:09, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:No, it doesn't. It says ''x media sources declared the winner'', which is true and not misleading. [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 00:51, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Symmachus Auxaliarus and Nojus R,
I know media outlets have called a winner, has it been officially confirmed by government officials, such as a Secretary of State’s office or a returning officer, who the winner is in each state? I would rather go with that for the actual result, and not merely mass media.[[User:AlJenko98|AlJenko98]] ([[User talk:AlJenko98|talk]]) 01:15, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:{{replyto|AlJenko98}} please read [[WP:OR]] and [[WP:RS]] which outlines our policy of following what news sources say. Thanks, [[User:Sixula|'''Sixula''']][[User_Talk:Sixula|'''''Talk''''']] 01:20, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Here in Wikipedia we repeat what the mainstream media says. We do not wait for official statements. [[Special:Contributions/2001:14B8:1810:9A7:7DE1:97EC:B734:32C9|2001:14B8:1810:9A7:7DE1:97EC:B734:32C9]] ([[User talk:2001:14B8:1810:9A7:7DE1:97EC:B734:32C9|talk]]) 08:32, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Should Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania really be shaded blue on the map? ==
{{Atop|This is be asked over and over, so here's an answer: we go by what [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] say. If there is clear agreement among them, we reflect that here. If not, we reflect that disagreement. In this case, there is clear agreement. And yes, "mainstream media" are what we use as reliable sources on this encyclopedia (see [[WP:RSP]]). [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 05:17, 9 November 2020 (UTC)}}

I don’t think these 3 states should be shaded for Biden, in light of the fact that Trump is/has been litigating the result in these 3 states. I’m not sure if there will be an appeal for the Michigan results, and unless there is no appeal within the next couple of weeks, I don’t think it should be called either way, at least at the moment. There could be an appeal, even up to SCOTUS, so I think it’s best if they are shaded grey, like the states that haven’t been called for either side.[[User:AlJenko98|AlJenko98]] ([[User talk:AlJenko98|talk]]) 01:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

:{{replyto|User:AlJenko9}} we do not call results, we simply report what media sources are saying. In this case, every major news source (AP, CNN, NBC, CBS, Fox) has called Michigan, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania for Biden. Therefore, they are showed as being for Biden. Thanks, [[User:Sixula|'''Sixula''']][[User_Talk:Sixula|'''''Talk''''']] 01:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::I agree with [[User:Sixula]], we cite to what major news sources are reporting and it is undisputed that all the major news sources are reporting. It appears only one news source is disputing the results and at most should have a citation in the article explaining the counterargument. [[User:Jurisdicta|Jurisdicta]] ([[User talk:Jurisdicta|talk]]) 03:56, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Jurisdicta}} What source are you speaking of? [[User:Nojus R|Nojus R]] ([[User talk:Nojus R|talk]]) 04:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)`
:::::{{ping|Nojus R}} Newsmax (https://www.newsmax.com/), see cnn.com/2020/11/08/media/conservative-media-trump-reliable/index.html [[User:Jurisdicta|Jurisdicta]] ([[User talk:Jurisdicta|talk]]) 04:22, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::[[:File:ElectoralCollege2020_with_results.svg]] goes by what [https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map ABC News], [https://www.cnn.com/election/2020/results/president CNN], [https://www.foxnews.com/elections/2020/general-results Fox News], [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html New York Times], [https://apps.npr.org/elections20-interactive/ NPR], [https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/president/ Politico], and [https://graphics.reuters.com/USA-ELECTION/RESULTS-LIVE-US/jbyprxelqpe/index.html Reuters]. (Plus, there was talk of using AP as well, but they don't publish their own electoral maps; instead [https://www.wusa9.com/elections-2020-map they sell access] to the [https://www.khou.com/elections-2020-map API from what] I can tell.) Newsmax, was given a [[Wikipedia:RSP|no consensus]] as a source, but [https://www.newsmax.com/newsfront/election-2020-newsmax-trump/2020/11/07/id/995928/ this] does not read as "Generally reliable" to me. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 04:37, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{ping|Nojus R}} I think that [https://www.newsmax.com/josepheschmitz/electoral-count/2020/11/06/id/995773/ articles like this] should make it clear that my opinion is Newsmax belongs in the "Generally unreliable" side of things, but even so I did find [https://www.newsmax.com/election-maps/#president Newsmax's electoral maps]. Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin are all called for Biden. (So far as I can tell, their map is currently the same as ABC News, CNN, New York Times, and Reuters.) I don't think Newsmax matters with regards to the map. --[[User:Super Goku V|Super Goku V]] ([[User talk:Super Goku V|talk]]) 04:55, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:We went through this stuff 4 years ago, when folks wouldn't accept Trump's election. As others have said, we go by the sources. [[User:GoodDay|GoodDay]] ([[User talk:GoodDay|talk]]) 04:59, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
{{abot}}

== Fireworks and celebrations in European cities ==

{{tq|On November 7, the projected win of Biden and Harris triggered celebrations in multiple European cities including London, Paris, Munich and Edinburgh, with several celebrations featuring church bells or fireworks.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/europe-celebrates-biden-win-with-fireworks-church-bells|title=Europe celebrates Biden win with fireworks, church bells|last=Conklin|first=Audrey|date=November 7, 2020|work=Fox News|accessdate=November 8, 2020}}</ref>}}

I've marked this as dubious. People do know that this is the weekend after [[Guy Fawkes Night]], right? (and the source is Fox, and Fox's source is a bunch of tweets making the assertion based on seeing fireworks being used, which were shot because it's Guy Fawkes Night...?). Also, what is up with the insane amount of talk page banners here? Even [[Donald Trump]] has less. [[User:ProcrastinatingReader|ProcrastinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrastinatingReader|talk]]) 02:53, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:Fireworks in Edinburgh and London could {{s|easily}} be for Guy Fawkes. But for whom the bells toll in Munich and Paris churches is a mystery. Possibly celebrating an even higher, but mundane and daily, power. Anyway, it's stuff like this that Reaction articles are built to accumulate. Even there though, dubious (also, the Fox guy mistook "ook" for "took"). [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 03:25, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::It could be Guy but If I remember that would need to of been the [[Guy Fawkes Night|5th of November]]? [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 03:30, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::No idea, around here our Guy heroes rhyme with "gee". I apologize for mistaking Audrey Conklin for a Fox guy, though won't let the truth get in the way of a bad pun. Sorry. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 03:36, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::After closer inspection, yeah, that "Fifth of November" rhyme ''does'' ring a bell. But weekends ''are'' more convenient. Article says the fireworks coincided with [[Diwali]] in 2010. That starts in three days this year, so could still be taken as Hindus lighting up for Harris. Stay discerning, people. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 04:06, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::If this happened there should be more sources. If no other sources are found, I think this should be left out as a probable mistake.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 04:09, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::I too would like to see more sources. Fox News and The Hill are the only vaguely RS i see reporting it. Both are not top tier sources though. If BBC or AFP report it, then yes it should stay. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 05:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::I'd say The Hill reporting on it is good enough for it to stay. [[User:Devonian Wombat|Devonian Wombat]] ([[User talk:Devonian Wombat|talk]]) 06:02, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::If we're reading the same story, Seipel attributes this to "people reported", not her own voice. And nobody mentions Paris. [[Andrew Trask|The guy mentioning Munich bells]] heard it from a friend, not his ears, third-hand hearsay (the friend didn't apparently say why they were ringing, buddy maybe assumed). [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 06:23, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::True, it seems to be gossip. It's not reporters on the ground saying they witnessed celebrations. It's journalists reporting tweets by people who saw fireworks and heard bells and who appear to be presuming this was in response to the US election. Church bells (generally) don't get rung spontaneously. Who authorised this?--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 06:49, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::First, someone on Twitter needs to ask Trask which church his supposed friend was near at the time of the incident, Wikipedia has 26 notable potential hotspots. Then one of us gets on the horn with the appropriate rector/vicar/prelate and asks what his bellringer was thinking. Or we agree that's too much work and delete this confusion. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 07:16, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::I am sure I will have to do penance for this as it is original sin, but I have checked Trask's tweet, and several people have told him the bells were not ringing because of the US presidential election. Apparently in Munich they ring regularly.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 07:37, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::Well that just about settles it for me. It should certainly be removed. [[User:Przemysl15|Przemysl15]] ([[User talk:Przemysl15|talk]]) 08:11, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::I wrote a rousing and thoughtfelt victory speech based on a Metallica song and Jim Duggan promo, in which I properly thanked everyone personally (and justified leading Jack headlong into temptation) but was edit-conflicted. The horror! But yeah, good job, everyone. Forgive Jack eventually, eh? [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 11:01, 9 November 2020 (UTC)
{{reftalk}}
{{reflist}}

== Jumping the gun? ==

The voting is over. One side has come out victorious in the count. The other side has disputed the counting, as per the statutory provisions in the US election codes.

So, the election result is still under dispute.

Let the dispute get settled, through the statutory procedures. Till then, it would be most unwise to proclaim anyone as the winner.

Why should Wikipedia jump the gun? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2409:4073:309:B47F:7DD3:B9D5:4C82:7BAB|2409:4073:309:B47F:7DD3:B9D5:4C82:7BAB]] ([[User talk:2409:4073:309:B47F:7DD3:B9D5:4C82:7BAB#top|talk]]) 10:17, 9 November 2020 (UTC) 
:Wikipedia summarizes what independent [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] state, and almost all of then state that Biden has won and that any legal challenges have little chance of success. If sources state Biden is the winner, then that's what we state. You are free to believe as you wish. [[User:331dot|331dot]] ([[User talk:331dot|talk]]) 10:20, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

== Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 9 November 2020 ==

{{edit extended-protected|2020 United States presidential election|answered=no}}
Biden electoral votes 279 -> 290, popular votes 75,551,684 -> 75,404,182, Trump popular votes 71,189,789 -> 70,903,094 (data from Associated Press) [[User:Herobrine|Herobrine]] ([[User talk:Herobrine|talk]]) 13:02, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/Subscribe

2020-10-24T08:20:50Z

Herobrine: Added :User talk:Herobrine/Signpost

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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Captain Almighty Nutz"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:CatcherStorm"
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{
"title": "User talk:Catfish Jim and the soapdish"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Celestina007"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Ceyockey"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chamal N"
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{
"title": "User talk:ChamithN"
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{
"title": "User talk:Checkingfax"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chess"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chewings72"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chicdat"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chlod"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chris G"
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{
"title": "User talk:Chris Mason/SignPost"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Ckatz/Signpost"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Cloud atlas"
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{
"title": "User talk:Clovermoss"
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{
"title": "User talk:Clpo13"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Cocoaguy"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Codl"
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{
"title": "User talk:Colonel Wilhelm Klink"
},
{
"title": "User talk:CommanderOzEvolved/Newsletters"
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{
"title": "User talk:Compassionate727"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Confermusearename"
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{
"title": "User talk:Conifer"
},
{
"title": "User talk:ContinueWithCaution"
},
{
"title": "User talk:CookieMonster755"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Coretheapple"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Courcelles"
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{
"title": "User talk:CptViraj"
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{
"title": "User talk:Crash Underride"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Crazynas"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Creffett"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Crosstemplejay"
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{
"title": "User talk:Cryptic Canadian"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Cube lurker"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Culex"
},
{
"title": "User talk:CupcakePerson13"
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{
"title": "User talk:Curtisk404"
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{
"title": "User talk:Cwmhiraeth"
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{
"title": "User talk:CycloneYoris"
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{
"title": "User talk:Cyclonebiskit"
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{
"title": "User talk:Cyclopia"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Cyde"
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{
"title": "User talk:Cyfraw"
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{
"title": "User talk:DBetancourt (WMF)"
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{
"title": "User talk:DDupard"
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{
"title": "User talk:DRAGON BOOSTER"
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{
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},
{
"title": "User talk:Daniel"
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{
"title": "User talk:Daniel Mietchen"
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{
"title": "User talk:DannyH (WMF)"
},
{
"title": "User talk:DannyS712"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Danre98/news"
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{
"title": "User talk:DariuZzandor"
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{
"title": "User talk:DarthBotto"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dartslilly"
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{
"title": "User talk:Darwinian Ape"
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{
"title": "User talk:Davejohnsan/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Davey2010"
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{
"title": "User talk:David Fuchs"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Daylen"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dcflyer/Newsletters"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dcheagle"
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{
"title": "User talk:De la Marck"
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{
"title": "User talk:DePiep"
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{
"title": "User talk:Deepfriedokra"
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{
"title": "User talk:Deisenbe"
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{
"title": "User talk:Deskana"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dexterfung"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Dey subrata/signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Diannaa"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dibbydib"
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{
"title": "User talk:Diego Moya"
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{
"title": "User talk:Difficultly north"
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{
"title": "User talk:Disavian"
},
{
"title": "User talk:DiscantX"
},
{
"title": "User talk:DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Djr xi/Signpost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Dlthewave"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Dmartin969/Signpost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Doc James"
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{
"title": "User talk:DoggieTimesTwo"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Donald Albury"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Donald Trung"
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{
"title": "User talk:Doug Weller"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dr. Sroy"
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{
"title": "User talk:Drcrazy102"
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{
"title": "User talk:Drjmarkov"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dumelow"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dutchy45"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dwaipayanc"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dwayne/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Dylan620/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:EMP"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Eat me, I'm an azuki"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Ebe123/News"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ecritures"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Ed Erhart (WMF)"
},
{
"title": "User talk:EdSaperia"
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{
"title": "User talk:Eddie891"
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{
"title": "User talk:Edgars2007"
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{
"title": "User talk:Edison"
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{
"title": "User talk:EdisonLin27"
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{
"title": "User talk:Editorofthewiki"
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{
"title": "User talk:Edmund Patrick"
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{
"title": "User talk:Edwardx"
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{
"title": "User talk:EggRoll97"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Elliot321"
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{
"title": "User talk:Elmssuper"
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{
"title": "User talk:Emha"
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{
"title": "User talk:Emphrase"
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{
"title": "User talk:EnPassant"
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{
"title": "User talk:Enjoyer of World"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Erachima"
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{
"title": "User talk:Eric-Wester"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:ErrantX"
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{
"title": "User talk:Esowteric"
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{
"title": "User talk:Eternal Shadow"
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{
"title": "User talk:Eug"
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{
"title": "User talk:Eumat114"
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{
"title": "User talk:Extabulis"
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{
"title": "User talk:FMecha"
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{
"title": "User talk:FULBERT"
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{
"title": "User talk:Fabrictramp"
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{
"title": "User talk:Faendalimas"
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{
"title": "User talk:FairlyFlatFoot"
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{
"title": "User talk:Farpen"
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{
"title": "User talk:Fcbcampnou"
},
{
"title": "User talk:FeRDNYC"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Felipe da Fonseca"
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{
"title": "User talk:Feminist"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Fenix down"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Fgnievinski"
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{
"title": "User talk:Figureskatingfan"
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{
"title": "User talk:Finell"
},
{
"title": "User talk:FiveFaintFootprints"
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{
"title": "User talk:Fixman/Signpost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Flori4nK"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Floul1/SignPost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Fluffernutter"
},
{
"title": "User talk:FlyingAce"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Fox"
},
{
"title": "User talk:FrankDev"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Freakmighty"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Frickeg"
},
{
"title": "User talk:FriyMan"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Froggydame"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Froid"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Frood"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Frosty"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Frotz/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Froztbyte"
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{
"title": "User talk:Funplussmart"
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{
"title": "User talk:FuriouslySerene"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gaelan"
},
{
"title": "User talk:GalaxyDog"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ganeshk"
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{
"title": "User talk:Garagepunk66"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gareth Griffith-Jones"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gatoclass"
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{
"title": "User talk:GavinTing"
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{
"title": "User talk:Geartooth/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ged UK"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gehenna1510"
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{
"title": "User talk:Georgewilliamherbert"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gestrid"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gharouni"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ghmyrtle"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gigs"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gilderien"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gilliam"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gillyweed"
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{
"title": "User talk:Giraffer"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Girona7"
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{
"title": "User talk:GlassCobra"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gleeanon409"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Glen"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gluons12"
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{
"title": "User talk:Go Phightins!"
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{
"title": "User talk:GoatLordServant"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gobonobo"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Godot13"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gog the Mild"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Golbez"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Goldsztajn"
},
{
"title": "User talk:GrahamHardy"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Green Mostaza"
},
{
"title": "User talk:GreenMeansGo"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Greengreengreenred"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Greenrd"
},
{
"title": "User talk:GretLomborg"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Grue"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gulmammad"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Guy Macon/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Guywan/News/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gwen Gale"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Gwenhope/News"
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{
"title": "User talk:Gökhan"
},
{
"title": "User talk:HAL333"
},
{
"title": "User talk:HHill"
},
{
"title": "User talk:HJ Mitchell"
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{
"title": "User talk:HJKeats"
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{
"title": "User talk:HaEr48"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Hagnat"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hallward's Ghost"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Haminoon"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Happily888"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hawkeye7"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:HeartGlow30797/Subscriptions"
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{
"title": "User talk:Heartfox"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Hello world 6"
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{
"title": "User talk:Helloimahumanbeing"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Helpful Cat/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hemlock Martinis"
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{
"title": "User talk:Herobrine/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hhkohh"
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{
"title": "User talk:HickoryOughtShirt?4"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Howcheng"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Hunter Kahn"
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{
"title": "User talk:Huntster/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hurricanehink"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hydnjo"
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{
"title": "User talk:Hydriz"
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{
"title": "User talk:I JethroBT"
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{
"title": "User talk:I dream of horses"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Icebob99"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment"
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{
"title": "User talk:Imzadi1979"
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{
"title": "User talk:Incagnito"
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{
"title": "User talk:Innisfree987"
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{
"title": "User talk:Innotata"
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{
"title": "User talk:Insertcleverphrasehere"
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{
"title": "User talk:Inteloff"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Iryna Harpy"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Ismashed"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ita140188"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Iwan Novirion"
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{
"title": "User talk:Iñaki LL"
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{
"title": "User talk:J Milburn"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Jakob.scholbach"
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{
"title": "User talk:JakobSteenberg"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Jamesjpk"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:JohnChrysostom"
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{
"title": "User talk:Jonashtand"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Jordan 1972"
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{
"title": "User talk:Jorm"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:JoshuaZ"
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{
"title": "User talk:Joshualouie711"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Jowaninpensans"
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{
"title": "User talk:Jreferee"
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{
"title": "User talk:Jtamad"
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{
"title": "User talk:Juanm"
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{
"title": "User talk:Julyo"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Justus Nussbaum"
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{
"title": "User talk:K.e.coffman"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:KDTW Flyer"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Kadane"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kanogul/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:KarasuGamma"
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{
"title": "User talk:Karthikndr"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kb03"
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{
"title": "User talk:Keahapana"
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{
"title": "User talk:Keilana"
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{
"title": "User talk:Keira1996"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ken987654156"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kerry Raymond"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kevin McE"
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"title": "User talk:Kevon kevono"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kewlgrapes"
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{
"title": "User talk:Killarnee"
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{
"title": "User talk:KillerChihuahua"
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{
"title": "User talk:Killiondude"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kiltpin"
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{
"title": "User talk:King of Hearts"
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"title": "User talk:Kingboyk"
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"title": "User talk:Klemen Kocjancic"
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"title": "User talk:Kndimov/Wikipedia Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:KnightLago"
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{
"title": "User talk:Knope7"
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{
"title": "User talk:Knucklepuff"
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{
"title": "User talk:Koavf/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kosack"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kosboot"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kostajh"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kreiny"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ks0stm"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kusma"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kwj2772/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Kylekieran/subpage"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Launchballer"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Lcawte"
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{
"title": "User talk:Leaky caldron"
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{
"title": "User talk:Learnerktm"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lectonar"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lee Vilenski"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lefcentreright"
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{
"title": "User talk:Legoktm"
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{
"title": "User talk:Leiem"
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"title": "User talk:LemonOrangeLime"
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{
"title": "User talk:Leschnei"
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{
"title": "User talk:Leutha"
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{
"title": "User talk:LiAnna (Wiki Ed)"
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{
"title": "User talk:Libcub"
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{
"title": "User talk:Librarygurl"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lid"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Liz"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ljcool2006/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:LlamaAl"
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{
"title": "User talk:Llll5032"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lord Roem"
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{
"title": "User talk:Loriendrew"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lourdes"
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"title": "User talk:Lova Falk"
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{
"title": "User talk:Lucky102"
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{
"title": "User talk:Luk"
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{
"title": "User talk:LukeSurl"
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{
"title": "User talk:Luístro"
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{
"title": "User talk:M-Mustapha"
},
{
"title": "User talk:M.O.X"
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{
"title": "User talk:MBisanz"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Mabeenot"
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{
"title": "User talk:Macdonald-ross"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MadGuy7023"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Majavah"
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{
"title": "User talk:Majora"
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{
"title": "User talk:Malayala Sahityam"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mandruss"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Manning Bartlett"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marchije"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Margin1522"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marie D Martel"
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{
"title": "User talk:Marioedit8"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mark Chung"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mark Miller"
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{
"title": "User talk:MarkZusab"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marksomnian"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marquardtika"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Martha Forsyth"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marvinthefish"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Marx01"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mary Mark Ockerbloom"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Masem"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MasqueOfTheRedDeath"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MassiveEartha"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Masssly"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Masumrezarock100"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mathmitch7"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mathmo"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mattbuck"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MatthewRMiller2"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Matthewrbowker"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Maunus/Signpost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Maury Markowitz"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Md. Golam Mukit Khan"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mdaniels5757"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Meanderingbartender"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Meno25"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Merbabu"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mercurywoodrose"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Meters"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mgasparin"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mgiganteus1"
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{
"title": "User talk:Mgreason"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MichaelMaggs/Subscriptions"
},
{
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{
"title": "User talk:Mifter/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Mike Peel"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MikeLynch"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mikemoral"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mikeylito/Signpost"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mikhailov Kusserow"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Millahnna"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Miniapolis"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Minna Sora no Shita"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Minorax"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mkdw/News"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Moksha88"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Monty845"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Moonriddengirl"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Moonythedwarf"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mortee"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Morvram"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mr Robot 2020"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mr. Stradivarius"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Mr.Sarcastic"
},
{
"title": "User talk:MrClog"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:MrDolomite"
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{
"title": "User talk:Muboshgu"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
"title": "User talk:Mz7"
},
{
"title": "User talk:N0n3up"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NVDELHm"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Nahnah4"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Nannochloropsis"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Narutolovehinata5/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nathan2055"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NegMawon"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Netherzone"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Newshunter12"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Newyorkadam"
},
{
"title": "User talk:NiciVampireHeart"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Nick2crosby"
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{
"title": "User talk:NickPenguin"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Nightdevil"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nightstallion"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nigos"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nikkimaria"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nishkid64"
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{
"title": "User talk:NitRav/SignPost"
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{
"title": "User talk:No Swan So Fine"
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{
"title": "User talk:NoSeptember"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nomian"
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{
"title": "User talk:North8000"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:NorthwestPassage"
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{
"title": "User talk:Not Wilkins"
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{
"title": "User talk:Nricardo"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Ocaasi"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Ohmyerica"
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{
"title": "User talk:Oiyarbepsy"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Olaf Kosinsky"
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{
"title": "User talk:Oldosfan"
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{
"title": "User talk:Olidog"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Osomite"
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{
"title": "User talk:OwenBlacker"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:PNSMurthy"
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{
"title": "User talk:PPelberg (WMF)"
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{
"title": "User talk:Paine Ellsworth"
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{
"title": "User talk:PamD"
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{
"title": "User talk:Parabolist"
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{
"title": "User talk:Parent5446"
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{
"title": "User talk:Parkwells"
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{
"title": "User talk:Patar knight"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Patient Zero"
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{
"title": "User talk:Patrick"
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{
"title": "User talk:Patsagorn Y./ξ"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Paul Benjamin Austin"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Paulmnguyen"
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{
"title": "User talk:Paulscrawl"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pdcook"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pelagic"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Pelagic/Newsletters"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Penguinmlle"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Peppy Paneer"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Peripatetic"
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{
"title": "User talk:Perumalism"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Peteforsyth"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Phantomsteve"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Philippe"
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{
"title": "User talk:PhillyAce92"
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{
"title": "User talk:Philosopher"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pi"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Pigsonthewing"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pine"
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{
"title": "User talk:Piotrus"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Piranha249"
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{
"title": "User talk:Platy11"
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{
"title": "User talk:Polyamorph"
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{
"title": "User talk:PonyToast"
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{
"title": "User talk:PorkchopGMX/SignpostFeed"
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{
"title": "User talk:Prairie Astronomer"
},
{
"title": "User talk:PratyushSinha101"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pratyya Ghosh"
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{
"title": "User talk:Primaler/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:ProcrastinatingReader"
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{
"title": "User talk:Prodego"
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{
"title": "User talk:ProgrammingGeek"
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{
"title": "User talk:Promethean"
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{
"title": "User talk:Proscribe"
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{
"title": "User talk:PrussianOwl"
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{
"title": "User talk:PutriAmalia1991"
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{
"title": "User talk:Puzzledvegetable"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pymouss"
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{
"title": "User talk:Pythoncoder/News"
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{
"title": "User talk:Qaei"
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{
"title": "User talk:Quenhitran"
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{
"title": "User talk:Quetzal1964"
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{
"title": "User talk:QuickWhitt7/Newsletters"
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{
"title": "User talk:Quiddity"
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{
"title": "User talk:QuiteUnusual"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:RP459"
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{
"title": "User talk:RWbake"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ragesoss"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rainclaw7"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ravenzing"
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{
"title": "User talk:Ravichandar84"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Reach Out to the Truth"
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{
"title": "User talk:RealFakeKim"
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{
"title": "User talk:Reaper Eternal"
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{
"title": "User talk:Reb1981"
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{
"title": "User talk:Recury"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Reimu chan"
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{
"title": "User talk:Remagoxer"
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{
"title": "User talk:Reo On"
},
{
"title": "User talk:RetroCraft314"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rhain/Newsletters"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rhododendrites"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rich Farmbrough"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rich Smith"
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{
"title": "User talk:Richhaddon"
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{
"title": "User talk:RicoCorinth"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rijinatwiki"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rlin8"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rob3512"
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{
"title": "User talk:Robert32315"
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{
"title": "User talk:Roberticus/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Robvanvee"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rock drum"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rockstone35"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rodrigo Valequez"
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{
"title": "User talk:Roger Davies"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rogerd"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rohini"
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{
"title": "User talk:RolandR"
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{
"title": "User talk:Rosiestep"
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{
"title": "User talk:RossO/Newsletters"
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{
"title": "User talk:Roundtheworld"
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{
"title": "User talk:RoySmith"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:RuiyuShen"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Ryan Postlethwaite"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Sabrebd"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sachinvenga"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sahara4u"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sailawen"
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{
"title": "User talk:Salvio giuliano"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sam Sailor"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Sandiooses"
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{
"title": "User talk:Santoshdts"
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{
"title": "User talk:SarekOfVulcan"
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{
"title": "User talk:Saucy"
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{
"title": "User talk:SaxTeacher/Signpost"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Schierbecker"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Scottyoak2/Subscriptions"
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{
"title": "User talk:ScoutHarris"
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{
"title": "User talk:Segenay"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Sheila1988"
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{
"title": "User talk:ShelfSkewed"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Shypoetess"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sigehelmus"
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{
"title": "User talk:Silent Billy"
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{
"title": "User talk:Simon Adler"
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{
"title": "User talk:SimonD/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sir Magnus Fluffbrains"
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{
"title": "User talk:SixTwoEight"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Sjb72"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Softlavender"
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{
"title": "User talk:SoldatenLieder 3"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Soman"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Spirit of Eagle"
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{
"title": "User talk:Spiritia"
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{
"title": "User talk:Spock3301/News"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Stamptrader/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stanistani"
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{
"title": "User talk:Staxringold"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stefan/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stickee/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stickymatch"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stonkaments"
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{
"title": "User talk:StudiesWorld"
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{
"title": "User talk:StuffOfInterest"
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{
"title": "User talk:Stwalkerster"
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{
"title": "User talk:Sukey"
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{
"title": "User talk:SuperGoose007"
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{
"title": "User talk:SuperHamster"
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{
"title": "User talk:Surturz"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Syed"
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{
"title": "User talk:TCN7JM"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tamanoeconomico"
},
{
"title": "User talk:Tamravidhir"
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{
"title": "User talk:TapefaceYT"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tariqabjotu"
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Telsho"
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{
"title": "User talk:Terasail"
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{
"title": "User talk:TerraCodes"
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{
"title": "User talk:Thanoscar21"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tharthan/Mailbox"
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{
"title": "User talk:Thatoneweirdwikier"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:The Rambling Man"
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{
"title": "User talk:The boss 1998"
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{
"title": "User talk:The creeper2007"
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{
"title": "User talk:The4lines"
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{
"title": "User talk:TheDoctorWho"
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{
"title": "User talk:TheGGoose"
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{
"title": "User talk:TheSLEEVEmonkey"
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{
"title": "User talk:TheVirginiaHistorian"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Thekillerpenguin"
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{
"title": "User talk:Theonesean"
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{
"title": "User talk:Theopolisme"
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{
"title": "User talk:Theory42"
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{
"title": "User talk:There'sNoTime"
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{
"title": "User talk:Thine Antique Pen"
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{
"title": "User talk:Thingofme"
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{
"title": "User talk:This is Paul"
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{
"title": "User talk:This, that and the other"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Tigerboy1966"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tikuko"
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{
"title": "User talk:Timbaaa"
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{
"title": "User talk:Timdwilliamson/signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Timotheus Canens"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tinucherian"
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{
"title": "User talk:Titodutta"
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{
"title": "User talk:ToBeFree"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Toandanel49/signpost"
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:TodorBozhinov"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tolly4bolly"
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{
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{
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{
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{
"title": "User talk:Tommyang"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tone"
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{
"title": "User talk:TonyTheTiger"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tonywalton"
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{
"title": "User talk:Toreightyone"
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{
"title": "User talk:Touchatou"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tpbradbury"
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{
"title": "User talk:Trainsandtech"
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{
"title": "User talk:Trex2001"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tribe of Tiger"
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{
"title": "User talk:Triptothecottage"
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{
"title": "User talk:Trivialist/updates"
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{
"title": "User talk:True Pagan Warrior"
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{
"title": "User talk:TrueCRaysball"
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{
"title": "User talk:TryKid"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tuanminh01/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tulada"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tutelary/Signpost"
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{
"title": "User talk:Tvol"
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{
"title": "User talk:TylerDurden8823"
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{
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{
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{
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User talk:Herobrine/Signpost

2020-10-24T08:20:35Z

Herobrine: ←Created blank page

Talk:Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg

2020-09-21T05:50:23Z

Herobrine: /* Necessary */

{{talk header}}
{{Old AfD multi |date=20 September 2020 |result='''speedy keep''' |page=Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg}}
{{WikiProject banner shell |1=
{{WikiProject Death |class=Start |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Law |class=Start |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject United States |class=Start |importance=Low}}
}}

== Reaction ==

*https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/a34081115/reactions-ruth-bader-ginsburg-dead/
*https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/18/thank-you-rbg-leaders-react-with-sadness-shock-to-ruth-bader-ginsburgs-death.html
*https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/supreme-court-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-death-reactions-1063370/
*https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-supreme-court-justice-ruth-bader-ginsburg-dies-illinois-reaction-20200919-st3fo77b65ggrpndxra5z5sghu-story.html
*https://www.deseret.com/u-s-world/2020/9/18/21446188/ruth-bader-ginsburg-rbg-death-age-reactions-health
*https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/10/trump-white-house-urging-allies-to-prepare-for-possible-rbg-departure-1096102
* https://www.npr.org/sections/death-of-ruth-bader-ginsburg/2020/09/18/914666608/trump-reacts-to-justice-ginsburgs-amazing-life-on-tarmac-after-rally
*https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2020/sep/18/donald-trump-joe-biden-minnesota-us-election-coronavirus-covid-live-updates
---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 15:03, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

== Necessary ==

Is an article like this really necessary, [[Antonin Scalia]] and [[William Rehnquist]] didn't have specific articles on their deaths, and this one just repeats info from [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] [[User:Lochglasgowstrathyre|Lochglasgowstrathyre]] ([[User talk:Lochglasgowstrathyre|talk]]) 15:29, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
: I say let's let the article expand for a while and see what happens. I'd rather not see a tag slapped on this from the start. ---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 15:30, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:I'm also not convinced on it's necessity. I'm not a deletionist, but this just seems redundant. [[User:QoopyQoopy|QoopyQoopy]] ([[User talk:QoopyQoopy|talk]]) 15:37, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:The only thing here not in the bio are the [[WP:NOTNEWS]] memorial comments. Anything substantive should be in the bio in a "Legacy" section.—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 18:43, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:I think it's probably necessary. There is already significant coverage about the significance of this death at this time. It's more than just coverage of her. It's coverage of the what the fallout already is and may be. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 18:52, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Valereee}}, won't that be captured at [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]]?—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 18:56, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:::{{u|Bagumba}}, maybe...the redirect seems odd, for sure. I would think your title would be a lot more precise. There's always going to be a next vacancy/nomination. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 19:24, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
::::{{u|Valereee}}, I just blindly copied the "main" link that was in the article. —[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 19:28, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:Wikpedians, please, let's not be driven by feverish [[WP:RECENTISM|recentism]]. Death comes to all notable people, very few of them warrant a devoted article. I think this should be tactfully merged to the main article, but if it remains it should not be clogged with every tribute, tweet, or run-of-the-mill announcements. Wikipedia is not a newspaper, and does not need to be a play-by-play of details that won't matter in 2 months or 20 years. Think of the big picture. [[User:Animalparty|--Animalparty!]] ([[User talk:Animalparty|talk]]) 20:52, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Animalparty}}, fwiw, I don't think the issue is tributes, tweets, run-of-the-mill announcements. IMO it's about the significance of the event. As Bagumba points out, it may be better covered at 2020 US Supreme Court Vacancy; I'm neutral on that. I do think it's worth covering somewhere. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 21:34, 19 September 2020 (UTC)
:::In my limited experience, Death of ... articles tend to focus on the death itself and investigations/legal proceedings around it, particularly if lots of details about it are known, details are contested or the proceedings are highly publicized. I doubt we're ever going to learn much about exactly how she died, and even if we did that wouldn't be that notable. I'd suggest merging this article into the Ginsburg or Court Vacancy article. Cheers, [[User:Ovinus Real|Ovinus]] ([[User talk:Ovinus Real|talk]]) 02:26, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::That is not true. See [[Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Death of Nelson Mandela]]. This is a one that will require a separate article. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 14:50, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
Do any other U.S. Supreme Court Justices have a "Death of..." article on Wikipedia? This seems like a completely unnecessary article to me. I think the useful content in this article should just be merged into her main biography article. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 02:54, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::I agree that death of... articles focus on the death itself. If the death is contested or in mysterious circumstances then this article may later serve a purpose but as the story and news develop there is not yet good reason to stop this page from growing. I think in the coming weeks or months this page and Ginsburg's main page will take the form of [[Ted Kennedy]] and have the importance of her death noted but not formed into an article separately. [[User:koalafied1]] 06:03, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*I have placed a merge template on the page. It is a blatant [[WP:CONTENTFORK]]. If necessary, the page should be nominated for deletion [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 04:33, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
Definitely agree that this content can be split between [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] and [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]] (which itself should eventually be renamed/merged into <nowiki>[[X Supreme Court nomination]]</nowiki>).--[[User:Pokelova|Pokelova]] ([[User talk:Pokelova|talk]]) 11:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Delete''' - not necessary. I don't know who thought this article was a good idea. There is nothing unique or controversial about her death. I will put in a request for deletion. The overwhelming majority of the comments here appear supportive unless I've missed some. [[User:MartinezMD|MartinezMD]] ([[User talk:MartinezMD|talk]]) 14:24, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose merge''' – There is a lot about her death we have not yet covered. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/19/us/politics/ginsburg-funeral-services.html She is also expected to lie in repose at the Supreme Court]. There are still memorials and services.
*'''Oppose merge''' With all due respect, this article shouldn't be merged into the Ruth Bader Ginsburg's main article; Ginsburg's death has spiraled into a massive political controversy. It might need to be renamed but the article itself is necessary. [[User:R. J. Dockery|R. J. Dockery]] ([[User talk:R. J. Dockery|talk]]) 23:50, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

:The main article does not even come close to covering her life in full. The [[Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg#Litigation and advocacy|§ Litigation and advocacy]] is wholly inadequate. (That section itself would require its own article.) The [[Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg#U.S. Court of Appeals|§ U.S. Court of Appeals]] section supposedly covering 13 years is wholly inadequate. If we merge this into the main article, we will put an undue weight on her death in that article. We will damage that GA to a point that on its eventual move to FA, this will have to be split anyway. The main article is at 38955 and that is without the expansion I plan to do to the sections I have mentioned and a new section on her dissents that will be necessary. This article is already at 6939 and likely to double. It doesn't take a crystal ball to know that.

:Consider for comparison the [[Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Death of Nelson Mandela]]. Should those be merged? Both in advanced age and not unexpected deaths. I am not saying we do this with every notable person (for example [[John Lewis]]). However, some will require a separate page to deal will properly. Besides an article on her death, Ginsburg would require about half a dozen separate articles to cover life and career properly. Please do not overburden the main article. This not recenticism. [[Template:George Washington|George Washington]] has several dozen articles about him. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 14:29, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support move''' to [[Death and funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. More appropriate title. --[[User:Enos733|Enos733]] ([[User talk:Enos733|talk]]) 16:47, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

*'''Oppose''' One of the most notable American figures and the battle to replace her is already politically notable. [[User:Pennsylvania2|Pennsylvania2]] ([[User talk:Pennsylvania2|talk]]) 16:51, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

*'''Strongly support merge''': nobody could deny Justice Ginsburg's importance in American politics, however this article's importance is grossly over-exaggerated. The death of Justice Scalia caused what I would argue is a similar political impact on the 2016 SCOTUS vacancy and subsequent election, yet he never had a separate article on his death because he died in quite a similar fashion to virtually every Supreme Court justice in history, some with quite equal influence as Ginsburg. Other figures who died of natural causes such as Thatcher and Mandela had their own articles because they were some of the most influential people of the century. As stated previously, the article regarding the [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]] already covers the political impact that her death has had on the current American political climate, and, much like all previous justices, any information ''directly'' regarding her death can be covered in the death and legacy sections of her main article. It's not surprising that people would want to create separate articles to account for and detail the constant bombardment of developments, however, this is an encyclopedia, and I would argue that if we already have a section in a bio article detailing the circumstances of and reactions to a natural death, and another article detailing the further impact of the death beyond the person themselves, why another one seemingly just for extra blue links? [[User:GN-z11|'''GN-z11''']] [[User talk:GN-z11|'''☎''']] [[Special:Contributions/GN-z11|'''★''']] 18:23, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*:Ginsburg was one "of the most influential people of the [past] century", before she was even a justice. Half the population of the US, and perhaps of the world, has benefited from her work on ''[[Reed v. Reed]]'', ''[[Frontiero v. Richardson]]'', and ''[[Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld]]''. Her majority opinion in ''[[United States v. Virginia]]'' was a major precedent that ended the court's allowance of sex discrimination for centuries. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 18:55, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::: Sorry, but saying she was one "of the most influential people of the century" is a bit of an exaggeration in my opinion. As crucial as she was in the US, her impact in the rest of the world was much more modest. [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 19:06, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::There are many issues being conflated here. The article should really be titled [[Political effects of the Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. Her death is about as ordinary and routine as one can be. Celebrity deaths warrant a separate page when the deaths ''themselves'' are notable separate from the celebrity. Examples include [[Death of Jeffrey Epstein]], [[The Day the Music Died]], [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi]], etc. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:16, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::[[Political effects of the Death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] is fails CONCISE. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 19:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::You misunderstand. I suggested the hypothetical title only because it more accurately communicates the nature of the article. No such form of this article should exist or have ever existed. It should me merged, redirected, or outright deleted as soon as possible. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:51, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::::See [[Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher]]. I wish I could delete the section on succession but a side glance at that is also necessary. And as for {{tq|as soon as possible}}, why? What is the rush? --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 20:15, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::::You only utilize [[WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS]] when it suits you. You reference the [[Death and funeral of Margaret Thatcher]] to make a point that the death of a public figure can warrant a [[WP:FORK]] even when the death itself is non-notable, but shrug off the death of [[John Lewis]] because {{tq|The world is not fair}}. There is a flaw in that logic. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 20:33, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::If you started an article about the death of Lewis and properly sourced it. I would not oppose. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 21:59, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::: {{ping|Coffeeandcrumbs}} John Lewis' work in the civil rights movement helped virtually every African-American alive today, and has been one of the pioneers of ending the discrimination of Black people worldwide. Yet, we haven't created an article on his death because... it wasn't necessary. His article had plenty of space to cover both his death, funeral, and reactions to his passing. Look, Justice Ginsburg's death is certainly one of the most heartbreaking and consequential deaths in American politics in a long time, but as I've previously stated, Justice Scalia's death was also extremely pivotal in 2016, yet its impact was more than properly covered by the articles about the 2016 SCOTUS vacancy and subsequently the appointment of Neil Gorsuch. You do make valid points, but their validity becomes less and less when they're inflated to that much of an extent. I think it's common knowledge that Ginsburg was not as influential as Thatcher and Mandela, and as such, her death alone does not require a separate article unless recentism just became an official Wikipedia guideline. [[User:GN-z11|'''GN-z11''']] [[User talk:GN-z11|'''☎''']] [[Special:Contributions/GN-z11|'''★''']] 20:22, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::The world is not fair. Lewis's death did not cause the same level of reaction from the media and public. We can only represent notability as it exists, not how it should exist. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 20:30, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::: are you joking... Lewis' passing was one of the biggest news stories in American politics of the year; his body lay in the Capitol, 3 former presidents and thousands of people attended his funeral, and several world leaders paid their respects. Sounds... remarkably similar to this situation. Also, I would love to know how notability is not presented in the way it exists with a dedicated section to Ginsburg's death and legacy on her page, and a page on the political impact that her death caused in the form of the 2020 SCOTUS vacancy article. Remember, there's a reason that Justice Scalia doesn't have a whole page about his death despite the media attention being pretty much the same. We can only represent notability as it should be represented on an encyclopedia, not how it should be represented on a news page. We have a comfortable amount of those around. [[User:GN-z11|'''GN-z11''']] [[User talk:GN-z11|'''☎''']] [[Special:Contributions/GN-z11|'''★''']] 21:44, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge'''. Totally agree with [[User:Pokelova|Pokelova]], content can be split between [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] and [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]]. [[User:Vpab15|Vpab15]] ([[User talk:Vpab15|talk]]) 18:55, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' with [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:03, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose merge''' per C&C. Her death is a notable event in its own right, and this article will surely be expanded as the political ramifications of her death become clearer. It is much better not to merge into the main article, which is already long. [[User:Davey2116|Davey2116]] ([[User talk:Davey2116|talk]]) 19:36, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Wait a week and revisit'''. Since it has been proposed that [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] should be substantially expanded in other areas, I would put this on hold for a week to see 1) if that actually happens, and 2) if substantial additional material about the subject's death develops. [[User:BD2412|'''''BD2412''''']] [[User talk:BD2412|'''T''']] 19:37, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Merge to main''' the main article isnt long, what is covered here can be covered there as it has been for all supreme court justices articles [[User:Lochglasgowstrathyre|Lochglasgowstrathyre]] ([[User talk:Lochglasgowstrathyre|talk]]) 20:14, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' per my comments above. [[User:Rreagan007|Rreagan007]] ([[User talk:Rreagan007|talk]]) 20:15, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' unnecessary content fork. There is nothing unique or controversial about her death. I actually !voted delete with no prejudice against merging or redirecting. [[User:Lightburst|Lightburst]] ([[User talk:Lightburst|talk]]) 22:12, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Support merge''' Intsta-creation of separate page was completely inappropriate, write in main article and split when necessary, and without the news fluff like lists of places and people. [[User:Reywas92|Reywas92]][[User talk:Reywas92|Talk]] 00:32, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support split-merge'''; I've been mostly pottering away at {{la|2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy}}, and apart from the tzadik sentence (which can go in the RBG main article), nearly everything I inserted in this article is a close duplication of what's already in the article about the vacancy. '''[[User:Sceptre|Sceptre]]''' ([[User talk:Sceptre|talk]]) 02:59, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' I just don't see why a separate article is necessary for her death. It can be merged into a separate section of the main article quite easily. [[User:TJD2|TJD2]] ([[User talk:TJD2|talk]]) 03:12, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strongly support merge:''' Her death itself is only notable for the political effects it may/will have. Anything here can be merged with [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]] or her biographical article. This cult of personality that some people have built up is creepy. -- [[User:Veggies|Veggies]] (''[[User talk:Veggies|talk]]'') 04:18, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' Trim the [[WP:NOTNEWS]] memorial comments. Anything substantive should be in the bio in a "Legacy" section. [[2020 United States Supreme Court vacancy]] is already a subpage, and we don't need this page to act as a subpage wrapper. Per [[WP:AVOIDSPLIT]]: {{tq|... editors are encouraged to work on further developing the parent article first ...|q=yes}}—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 04:49, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strongly support merge:''' No other supreme court justice has a page on their death. Not even [[William Howard Taft]], who was also president. RBG doesn't deserve to be treated any differently. [[User:GamerKiller2347|GamerKiller2347]] ([[User talk:GamerKiller2347|talk]]) 05:00, 21 September 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': This article is a notable event. [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 05:50, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

== lede ==

I disagree with adding back in "upended the political environment in the United States" to the lede ''at this time''. Even if the claim is sourced this is an editorial claim with absolutely no evidence to back it up. There are no polls that show a change in the dynamics of the 2020 presidential race and the increase in fundraising reported by ActBlue is not any indication of an "upended" race. As we get a better picture of the political ramifications of the death of the Justice, that can be in the lede, but at at this time, there is nothing to indicate the statement is correct, see [[WP:CRYSTAL]]. --[[User:Enos733|Enos733]] ([[User talk:Enos733|talk]]) 19:31, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:I have removed the material. Editors who support inclusion of the line must gain consensus per [[WP:ONUS]]. If it is re-included in the article, it will need many more sources. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 19:37, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::Fine by me. Feel free to write the lead. I have never been good at writing lead sections. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 19:56, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:::I agree that the lede is too short. But the line I removed was problematic. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 20:00, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
::::I do not think so. The statement was about the "political environment", not actual ramifications. Of course, we do not know the ramifications, but we do know the political discourse has completely changed. --- [[User talk:Coffeeandcrumbs|C]]&[[Special:Contributions/Coffeeandcrumbs|C (]][[User:Coffeeandcrumbs|Coffeeandcrumbs]]) 20:10, 20 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::I disagree that the {{tq|political discourse has completely changed}} within the span of a weekend. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] [[User talk:KidAd|talk]] 20:23, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

DingTalk

2020-09-14T07:22:53Z

Herobrine: Logo

{{short description|Instant messaging software}}
{{Infobox software
| name = DingTalk
| logo = [[File:DingTalk.png|100px]]
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| developer = [[Alibaba Group]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2014|12|01}}
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| operating system = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Mac OS]], [[Windows]], web
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| language = [[Simplified Chinese]], [[Traditional Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Thai language|Thai]]
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| genre = [[Instant messaging]] [[client (computing)|client]]
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| website = {{url|https://www.dingtalk.com}}
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}}

DingTalk' ({{lang-zh|c=钉钉|p=Dīngdīng}}) is an enterprise communication and collaboration platform developed by [[Alibaba Group]]. It was founded in 2014. By 2018 it was one of the world's largest professional communication and management mobile apps in China with over 100 million users.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://work.qz.com/1087614/alibaba-ding-ding-china-slack/|title=China's Orwellian version of Slack is tracking workers as they arrive at and leave the office|work=Quartz at Work|access-date=2018-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref> International market intentions were announced in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mobilityindia.com/enterprise-collaboration-app-dingtalk-introduces-english-version/|title=Enterprise Collaboration App DingTalk Introduces English Version - Mobility India|last=mobility|date=2018-01-16|work=Mobility India|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref> DingTalk provides iOS and Android apps as well as Mac and PC clients.

== History ==
On January 16, 2015, DingTalk launched the testing version 1.1.0.

On May 26, 2015, V2.0 was released, adding Ding Mail, Smart OA and shared storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmtpost.com/1490901.html|title=DingTalk: The Fight To Become The Gateway To A Trillion RMB Market|last=tmtpost|website=tmtpost.com|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

On September 19, 2016, V3.0 was released, focusing on B2B communication and collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alizila.com/ding-talk-alibabas-messaging-app-aims-change-business/|title=Ding Talk, Alibaba’s messaging app, aims to change business {{!}} Alizila.com|date=2016-09-20|work=Alizila.com|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref>

On January 15, 2018, DingTalk launched the English version of its application in Malaysia, its first market outside of China (although it can be downloaded and used in other markets such as India, US, etc.). At the same time, DingTalk noted that in November 2017 it had launched hardware devices such as the “smart receptionist” that enables employee check-in by fingerprint or facial recognition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alizila.com/dingtalk-launches-malaysia-new-hardware-products/|title=DingTalk Launches English Version, New Hardware Products {{!}} Alizila.com|date=2018-01-15|work=Alizila.com|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

During the [[2019–20 coronavirus outbreak in Hubei|COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan]], the app was the target of rating [[Spamming|spam]] after it was used to send homework to quarantined school children.<ref name="Cuthbertson2020">{{cite web | last=Cuthbertson | first=Anthony | title=Quarantined school children in China spammed a homework app with 1-star reviews | website=The Independent | date=2020-03-09 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/coronavirus-quarantine-children-china-homework-app-dingtalk-a9387741.html | access-date=2020-03-10}}</ref>

== Features ==

* All messaging types including [[Text messaging|text messages]], [[voice message]]s, [[Image|pictures]], [[Computer file|file]]s, DingMails. The Unique Read/Unread Mode is to improve communication efficiency and messages can be delivered with DING, which can alert the recipients through phone call, [[SMS]], and the app itself.<ref name="tech"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://work.qz.com/1087614/alibaba-ding-ding-china-slack/|title=China's Orwellian version of Slack is tracking workers as they arrive at and leave the office|work=Quartz at Work|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}</ref>
* All organizational contacts are unified into one online platform<ref name=tech/>
* Audio conference call support for up to 30 parties<ref name=tech>{{Cite news|url=https://technave.com/gadget/DingTalk-by-Alibaba-offers-enterprise-inter-company-collaboration-communication-and-management-online-for-free-11455.html|title=DingTalk by Alibaba offers enterprise inter-company collaboration, communication and management online for free {{!}} TechNave|date=2018-01-23|work=TechNave|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>
* SmartWork OA for managing internal workflows such as employee leaves, travel applications, and reimbursement. Records can be summed up and exported.<ref name=":0" /> In the future, more 3rd party applications and functions will be integrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/enterprise-services-and-applications/alibaba-backed-chat-app-dingtalk-enters-india-to-optimize-corporate-communication/62510385|title=Alibaba backed chat app DingTalk enters India to optimize corporate communication - ET CIO|last=www.ETCIO.com|website=ETCIO.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>
* DingTalk is one of the first Chinese apps to have obtained the [[ISO/IEC 27001]]:2013 standard. Data are encrypted at [[Transport Layer Security|SSL/TLS]] security standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.in/media-releases/enterprise-collaboration-app-dingtalk-launches-its-english-version|title=Enterprise collaboration app DingTalk launches its English version|website=computerworld.in/|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>
* Smart hardware C1 and M2, "smart" applications<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/dingtalk/why-did-alibaba-bring-dingtalk-to-ces-bcfe12159075|title=Why did Alibaba bring DingTalk to CES?|last=DingTalk|date=2018-01-08|website=DingTalk|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telecommunication}}
{{Portal|Technology}}
* [[Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients]]
*[[Comparison of instant messaging protocols]]
*[[Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients]]
*[[Comparison of LAN messengers]]
*[[Comparison of VoIP software]]
*[[List of SIP software]]
*[[List of video telecommunication services and product brands]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.dingtalk.com/en?spm=a2o40.10132828.848933.1.58884eebOasoJJ Official Website]

{{Instant messaging}}
{{Alibaba Group}}

[[Category:Alibaba Group]]
[[Category:Instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]

File:DingTalk.png

2020-09-14T07:21:06Z

Herobrine: {{logo fur  |Article = DingTalk |Use = Infobox  |Source = https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.alibaba.android.rimet&hl=en  |Used for = |Owner = |Website = |History = |Commentary =  |Description = DingTalk app logo. |Portion = |Low_resolution = |Purpose...

== Summary ==
{{logo fur

|Article = DingTalk
|Use = Infobox

|Source = https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.alibaba.android.rimet&hl=en

|Used for =
|Owner =
|Website =
|History =
|Commentary =

|Description = DingTalk app logo.
|Portion =
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{{Non-free computer icon}}

Wikipedia:Changing username/Usurpations

2020-09-13T08:37:15Z

Herobrine: /* Herobrine303 → Herobrine */ specific reason

{{/Front matter}}
{{NOINDEX}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

=== August 30, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 7, 2020.''

====Wulverine claws → AbdofAllah====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Wulverine claws | 2=AbdofAllah }}
*Datestamp: 07:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: misspelling wlvrnclws 07:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=no|dcontribs=no|logs=no|new=no|notified=no|email=no|sul-primary=enwiki|sul-other-edits=0|note=Target user has 0 undeleted edits and 0 deleted edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the target user, with 0 total edits on 5 wikis. Requesting user has 1664 undeleted edits and 14 deleted edits, for a total of 1678 edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the requesting user, with 1975 total edits on 22 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 07:28, 30 August 2020 (UTC) 
:{{CHUR|note}} Please explain your reason for usurpation. I don't understand how new username fixes issue with spelling. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 04:46, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 5, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 13, 2020.''

====Sandiskplayer34 → TheGoodSandy====

{{status|onhold}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Sandiskplayer34 | 2=TheGoodSandy }}
*Datestamp: 13:33, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: Wish to use new username with old account. I created a new account was created with this username, but now I wish to have my old edits be preserved. [[User:Sandiskplayer34|Sandiskplayer34]] ([[User talk:Sandiskplayer34|talk]]) 13:33, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
*Moved from [[Special:Diff/976857589|WP:CHUS]]. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 02:43, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=yes|dcontribs=yes|logs=yes|new=yes|notified=no|email=yes|interwiki=commonswiki|sul-primary=commonswiki|sul-other-edits=9|edited since request=yes|note=Target user has 4 undeleted edits and 1 deleted edit, for a total of 5 edits. An SUL account (primary commonswiki) exists for the target user, with 14 total edits on 5 wikis. Requesting user has 42 undeleted edits and 6 deleted edits, for a total of 48 edits. An SUL account (primary simplewiki) exists for the requesting user, with 50 total edits on 22 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 02:46, 6 September 2020 (UTC) 
:{{CHUR|note}} {{ping|Sandiskplayer34}} After the rename your edits on TheGoodSandy will be transferred to TheGoodSandy (usurped) so under the new name you will not have edits that are made with TheGoodSandy. If you are ok with it, please sign below my comment using account TheGoodSandy. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 02:52, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 7, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 15, 2020.''

====Pandey Family → Utkarsh Pandey====

{{status|onhold}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Pandey Family | 2=Utkarsh Pandey }}
*Datestamp: 06:04, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: I want to use my original name. I am fed up of using my 'Pandey Family' name as user name. PLEASE CHANGE MY USERNAME TO MY ORIGINAL NAME, "UTKARSH PANDEY"! [[User:Pandey Family|Pandey Family]] ([[User talk:Pandey Family|talk]]) 06:04, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=no|dcontribs=no|logs=no|new=no|notified=yes|email=yes|sul-primary=enwiki|sul-other-edits=0|note=Target user has 0 undeleted edits and 0 deleted edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the target user, with 0 total edits on 4 wikis. Requesting user has 242 undeleted edits and 19 deleted edits, for a total of 261 edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the requesting user, with 268 total edits on 15 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 06:09, 7 September 2020 (UTC) 
:{{u|Pandey Family}}, do you still have access to your original account? If so, could you post on this page from that account that you consent to the username change? [[User:Sam-2727|Sam-2727]] ([[User talk:Sam-2727|talk]]) 17:13, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
*{{onhold}} until 15 Sept. {{ping|Sam-2727}} I think by "original name" they meant to say that it's their real name. It doesn't look like it was their old account. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 05:16, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
*{{ping|Pandey Family}} {{CHUR|realname}} ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 05:16, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 10, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 18, 2020.''

====6ky8 → AnIcyWikiUser====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=6ky8 | 2=AnIcyWikiUser }}
*Datestamp: 13:45, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: I want to change my user. [[User:6ky8|6ky8]] ([[User talk:6ky8|talk]]) 13:45, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{Clerk note}} The requested username "AnIcyWikiUser" is not registered. Please see [[WP:CHU/S]] instead. [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 13:52, 10 September 2020 (UTC) 

=== September 12, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 20, 2020.''

====Paper Art Digital → R D Lutfar====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Paper Art Digital | 2=R D Lutfar }}
*Datestamp: 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: The name was chosen as per business name, which is not existing as a business now [[User:Paper Art Digital|Paper Art Digital]] ([[User talk:Paper Art Digital|talk]]) 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{Clerk note}} The requested username "R D Lutfar" is not registered. Please see [[WP:CHU/S]] instead. [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC) 

=== September 13, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 21, 2020.''

====Herobrine303 → Herobrine====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Herobrine303 | 2=Herobrine }}
*Datestamp: 08:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: I want a shorter username, without a random number at the end. The account I am usurping has no edits since 2011. [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=no|dcontribs=no|logs=no|new=no|notified=no|email=no|sul-primary=enwiki|sul-other-edits=0|note=Target user has 0 undeleted edits and 0 deleted edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the target user, with 0 total edits on 1 wiki. Requesting user has 119 undeleted edits and 21 deleted edits, for a total of 140 edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the requesting user, with 3324 total edits on 60 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 08:16, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Changing username/Usurpations

2020-09-13T08:13:20Z

Herobrine:

{{/Front matter}}
{{NOINDEX}}
__NEWSECTIONLINK__

=== August 30, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 7, 2020.''

====Wulverine claws → AbdofAllah====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Wulverine claws | 2=AbdofAllah }}
*Datestamp: 07:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: misspelling wlvrnclws 07:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=no|dcontribs=no|logs=no|new=no|notified=no|email=no|sul-primary=enwiki|sul-other-edits=0|note=Target user has 0 undeleted edits and 0 deleted edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the target user, with 0 total edits on 5 wikis. Requesting user has 1664 undeleted edits and 14 deleted edits, for a total of 1678 edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the requesting user, with 1975 total edits on 22 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 07:28, 30 August 2020 (UTC) 
:{{CHUR|note}} Please explain your reason for usurpation. I don't understand how new username fixes issue with spelling. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 04:46, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 5, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 13, 2020.''

====Sandiskplayer34 → TheGoodSandy====

{{status|onhold}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Sandiskplayer34 | 2=TheGoodSandy }}
*Datestamp: 13:33, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: Wish to use new username with old account. I created a new account was created with this username, but now I wish to have my old edits be preserved. [[User:Sandiskplayer34|Sandiskplayer34]] ([[User talk:Sandiskplayer34|talk]]) 13:33, 5 September 2020 (UTC)
*Moved from [[Special:Diff/976857589|WP:CHUS]]. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 02:43, 6 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=yes|dcontribs=yes|logs=yes|new=yes|notified=no|email=yes|interwiki=commonswiki|sul-primary=commonswiki|sul-other-edits=9|edited since request=yes|note=Target user has 4 undeleted edits and 1 deleted edit, for a total of 5 edits. An SUL account (primary commonswiki) exists for the target user, with 14 total edits on 5 wikis. Requesting user has 42 undeleted edits and 6 deleted edits, for a total of 48 edits. An SUL account (primary simplewiki) exists for the requesting user, with 50 total edits on 22 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 02:46, 6 September 2020 (UTC) 
:{{CHUR|note}} {{ping|Sandiskplayer34}} After the rename your edits on TheGoodSandy will be transferred to TheGoodSandy (usurped) so under the new name you will not have edits that are made with TheGoodSandy. If you are ok with it, please sign below my comment using account TheGoodSandy. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 02:52, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 7, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 15, 2020.''

====Pandey Family → Utkarsh Pandey====

{{status|onhold}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Pandey Family | 2=Utkarsh Pandey }}
*Datestamp: 06:04, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: I want to use my original name. I am fed up of using my 'Pandey Family' name as user name. PLEASE CHANGE MY USERNAME TO MY ORIGINAL NAME, "UTKARSH PANDEY"! [[User:Pandey Family|Pandey Family]] ([[User talk:Pandey Family|talk]]) 06:04, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{CUU|contribs=no|dcontribs=no|logs=no|new=no|notified=yes|email=yes|sul-primary=enwiki|sul-other-edits=0|note=Target user has 0 undeleted edits and 0 deleted edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the target user, with 0 total edits on 4 wikis. Requesting user has 242 undeleted edits and 19 deleted edits, for a total of 261 edits. An SUL account (primary enwiki) exists for the requesting user, with 268 total edits on 15 wikis.}} [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 06:09, 7 September 2020 (UTC) 
:{{u|Pandey Family}}, do you still have access to your original account? If so, could you post on this page from that account that you consent to the username change? [[User:Sam-2727|Sam-2727]] ([[User talk:Sam-2727|talk]]) 17:13, 7 September 2020 (UTC)
*{{onhold}} until 15 Sept. {{ping|Sam-2727}} I think by "original name" they meant to say that it's their real name. It doesn't look like it was their old account. ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 05:16, 8 September 2020 (UTC)
*{{ping|Pandey Family}} {{CHUR|realname}} ‐‐[[User:1997kB|1997kB]] ([[User_talk:1997kB|talk]]) 05:16, 8 September 2020 (UTC)

=== September 10, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 18, 2020.''

====6ky8 → AnIcyWikiUser====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=6ky8 | 2=AnIcyWikiUser }}
*Datestamp: 13:45, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: I want to change my user. [[User:6ky8|6ky8]] ([[User talk:6ky8|talk]]) 13:45, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{Clerk note}} The requested username "AnIcyWikiUser" is not registered. Please see [[WP:CHU/S]] instead. [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 13:52, 10 September 2020 (UTC) 

=== September 12, 2020 ===
''Requests left here should be addressed on or before September 20, 2020.''

====Paper Art Digital → R D Lutfar====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Paper Art Digital | 2=R D Lutfar }}
*Datestamp: 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: The name was chosen as per business name, which is not existing as a business now [[User:Paper Art Digital|Paper Art Digital]] ([[User talk:Paper Art Digital|talk]]) 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{Clerk note}} The requested username "R D Lutfar" is not registered. Please see [[WP:CHU/S]] instead. [[User:AnomieBOT|AnomieBOT]][[User talk:AnomieBOT|⚡]] 16:55, 12 September 2020 (UTC) 

====Herobrine303 → Herobrine====

{{status}}
{{Usurp2| 1=Herobrine303 | 2=Herobrine }}
*Datestamp: 08:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
*Reason: The account I am usurping has no edits since 2011. [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:13, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

User talk:WESMASTER

2020-09-06T05:36:10Z

Herobrine: Welcome to Wikipedia!

== Welcome ==


<div style="text-align:center; padding:1em; border:solid 2px darkblue; background-color:darkblue; border-radius:25px 25px 0 0;">
Hello, WESMASTER, and [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|Welcome to Wikipedia!]]   [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|50px]]</div>
<div style="align:left; padding:1em; border:solid 2px darkblue; background-color:white; border-radius:0 0 25px 25px;">
'''''Welcome to Wikipedia!''''' I hope you enjoy the encyclopedia and want to [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|stay]]. As a first step, you may wish to read the [[Help:Introduction|Introduction]].

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* Please sign your messages on [[Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines|talk pages]] with four [[tilde]]s (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). This will automatically insert your "[[Wikipedia:Signatures|signature]]" (your username and a date stamp). The [[File:OOUI JS signature icon LTR.png|22px|link=WP:~]] button, on the tool bar above Wikipedia's text editing window, also does this.
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''WESMASTER, '''good luck, and have fun.''''' [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 05:36, 6 September 2020 (UTC)</div>

User talk:Triangulator566

2020-09-06T05:35:02Z

Herobrine: Welcome to Wikipedia!

== Welcome ==


<div style="text-align:center; padding:1em; border:solid 2px darkblue; background-color:darkblue; border-radius:25px 25px 0 0;">
Hello, Triangulator566, and [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|Welcome to Wikipedia!]]   [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|50px]]</div>
<div style="align:left; padding:1em; border:solid 2px darkblue; background-color:white; border-radius:0 0 25px 25px;">
'''''Welcome to Wikipedia!''''' I hope you enjoy the encyclopedia and want to [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|stay]]. As a first step, you may wish to read the [[Help:Introduction|Introduction]].

If you have any questions, feel free to ask at the [[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]].

-------
Here are some more resources to help you as you explore and contribute to [[Wikipedia|the world's largest encyclopedia...]]

Finding your way around:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''[[Wikipedia:Contents|Table of contents]] / [[Wikipedia:Department directory|Department directory]]'''
{{col-2}}
* '''[[Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Adventure|The Wikipedia Adventure]]''' (a tutorial orienting you with Wikipedia)
* '''''[[Wikipedia:The Signpost|The Signpost]]''''', our newspaper
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Need help?
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* '''[[Wikipedia:Questions|Questions]]''' – a guide on where to ask questions
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''Triangulator566, '''good luck, and have fun.''''' [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 05:35, 6 September 2020 (UTC)</div>

Li-Meng Yan

2020-08-04T04:11:23Z

Herobrine: Add photo

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{short description|Chinese virologist}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Li-Meng Yan
| image = Li-Meng_Yan.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{PRC}}, [[Qingdao]] city
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known_for = [[Whistleblower]]
| education = [[Southern Medical University]] PhD
| profession = Post-Doctoral Researcher
| field = [[Medicine]]
| work_institutions = [[The University of Hong Kong]] School of [[Public Health]]
| specialism = [[Immunology]]
| research_field = [[Influenza vaccine]], [[Cell-mediated immunity]]
}}
{{Chinese name|[[Yan (surname)|Yan]]}}
'''Li-Meng Yan''' ({{zh|s=闫丽梦|t=閆麗夢}}) or Limeng Yan, is a Chinese [[virologist]] and whistleblower<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus Whistleblower: Exclusive Fox News Interview |url=https://ca.movies.yahoo.com/coronavirus-whistleblower-exclusive-fox-news-125736509.html |agency=Fox News Videos |date=July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Amy |title=Former MI6 chief claims there is 'close linkage' between Huawei and Chinese military |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/07/12/former-mi6-chief-claims-close-linkage-huawei-chinese-military/ |agency=The Telegraph |date=July 12, 2020|quote=Meanwhile, a Chinese virologist claimed authorities in Beijing knew about the coronavirus outbreak in December, weeks before admitting it to the world. Dr Li-Meng Yan said she was one of the first experts asked to examine a cluster of cases emerging in Wuhan last year. The whistleblower alleges she was given the task by Professor Leo Poon, her supervisor at the Hong Kong School of Public Health.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Whistleblower says China has been lying about coronavirus the whole time |url=https://bgr.com/2020/07/13/coronavirus-origin-human-to-human-spread-china-coverup-whistleblower/ |agency=Boy Genius Report |date=July 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='We don't have much time': Doctor's disturbing claims about China's virus 'cover-up' |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/we-dont-have-much-time-doctor-reveals-truth-behind-chinas-virus-coverup-111553991.html |agency=Yahoo Australia |publisher=Yahoo Australia |date=July 14, 2020|quote=Claiming to have “chatlogs” with telling communication with others in China, Dr Yan said she was willing to “provide all the evidence to the US government”. She was also aware however of the danger this could put her in, given her knowledge of how China treats whistleblowers.}}</ref> who believes the Chinese government and the [[World Health Organization]] knew about person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 much earlier than reported.<ref name="nypost2">{{cite news|last1=Bowden|first1=Ebony|date=10 July 2020|title=Chinese virologist in hiding after accusing Beijing of coronavirus cover-up|work=[[New York Post]]|url=https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/|url-status=live|accessdate=11 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710205222/https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/|archive-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> She said the Wuhan virus(COVID-19)’ E protein shares 100% similarity with that from the Zhoushan bat virus, which is stored in Chinese military lab.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GM35|date=2020-07-11|title=The story behind heroic scientist Li-Meng Yan's Fox News Interview|url=https://gnews.org/259731/|access-date=2020-08-04|website=Gnews|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
Yan received her MD degree from XiangYa Medical College of [[Central South University]], China, and her PhD from [[Southern Medical University]], China. Her research includes the study of ''The inhibition effect of propranolol on the corneal neovascularization in an alkali-induced injury mouse model''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=普萘洛尔对小鼠角膜碱烧伤模型中新生血管抑制作用的实验研究|url=https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CDFD&dbname=CDFDLAST2015&filename=1015569677.nh&v=MDI1MTlBVkYyNkc3YStGOWZMcUpFYlBJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWU9kckZDdmhXcno=}}</ref> At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic she was employed at the Hong Kong School of Public Health, Hong Kong University, conducting research specialised in virology and immunology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/ks/speakers/view/1097 |website=Keystone Symposia |title=Li-Meng Yan MD, PhD, The University of Hong Kong |accessdate=July 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711055340/https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/ks/speakers/view/1097 |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== COVID-19 ==
Yan says she was one of the first scientists in the world to study the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, after Dr. Leo Poon, her supervisor at the [[Hong Kong University]] (a WHO reference lab), asked her to look into a cluster of [[SARS]]-like cases in Wuhan, in December 2019.<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chinese virologist accuses Beijing of coronavirus cover-up, flees Hong Kong: 'I know how they treat whistleblowers' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |accessdate=July 11, 2020 |work=[[Fox News]] |date=July 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060629/https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Fox, Yan maintained an extensive network of medical professionals from mainland China, one of whom told Yan about human-to-human transmission of the novel disease on December 31, 2019.<ref name="nypost"/>. According to Yan, she reported her findings about the virus multiple times to her superiors, including one on January 16, after which she says she was warned by her supervisor "to keep silent and be careful."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chinese virologist accuses Beijing of coronavirus cover-up, flees Hong Kong: 'I know how they treat whistleblowers' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |accessdate=July 11, 2020 |quote=She said she reported her findings to her supervisor again on Jan. 16 but that's when he allegedly told her "to keep silent, and be careful." "As he warned me before, 'Don't touch the red line,'" Yan said referring to the government. "We will get in trouble and we'll be disappeared."}}</ref>

In interviews with Fox News, Yan accused the Chinese government of knowing about the novel coronavirus before it publicly said that it did and said that lives could have been saved if they had not censored her work.<ref name="foxnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong virologist claiming coronavirus cover-up tells 'Bill Hemmer Reports': 'We don't have much time' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/li-meng-yan-virologist-china-coronavirus-coverup |agency=Fox}}</ref> She also accused her supervisors for ignoring research that she was doing at the onset of the pandemic that she says could have also saved lives.<ref name="foxnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong virologist claiming coronavirus cover-up tells 'Bill Hemmer Reports': 'We don't have much time' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/li-meng-yan-virologist-china-coronavirus-coverup |agency=Fox}}</ref> Feeling that she and her colleagues had an obligation to tell the world of their research<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chinese virologist accuses Beijing of coronavirus cover-up, flees Hong Kong: 'I know how they treat whistleblowers' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |accessdate=July 11, 2020 |quote=She adds that they likely had an obligation to tell the world, given their status as a World Health Organization reference laboratory specializing in influenza viruses and pandemics, especially as the virus began spreading in the early days of 2020.}}</ref> given their status as a World Health Organization reference laboratory, Yan fled for the United States on April 28 with what she said was her intention of delivering "the message of the truth of COVID," adding if she tried to tell her story in China, she said that she would be "disappeared and killed."<ref name="foxnews"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong virologist claiming coronavirus cover-up tells 'Bill Hemmer Reports': 'We don't have much time' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/li-meng-yan-virologist-china-coronavirus-coverup |agency=Fox}}</ref> Yan's interviews and accusations were subsequently cited in other media outlets.<ref name="nypost">{{cite news |last1=Bowden |first1=Ebony |title=Chinese virologist in hiding after accusing Beijing of coronavirus cover-up |url=https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/ |accessdate=July 11, 2020 |work=[[New York Post]] |date=July 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710205222/https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/ |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hong Kong virologist, who fled to US, accuses China of covering up Covid threat |url=https://theprint.in/health/hong-kong-virologist-accuses-china-of-covering-up-covid-threat-says-was-told-to-keep-silent/459005/ |agency=The Print |date=July 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese virologist, who fled Hong Kong, accuses Beijing of coronavirus cover-up |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/world/chinese-virologist-who-fled-hong-kong-accuses-beijing-of-coronavirus-cover-up/ar-BB16Df0A?li=AAggbRN |agency=MSN India |publisher=Wion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jones |first1=Amy |title=Former MI6 chief claims there is 'close linkage' between Huawei and Chinese military |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/07/12/former-mi6-chief-claims-close-linkage-huawei-chinese-military/ |agency=The Telegraph |date=July 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Whistleblower says China has been lying about coronavirus the whole time |url=https://bgr.com/2020/07/13/coronavirus-origin-human-to-human-spread-china-coverup-whistleblower/ |agency=Boy Genius Report |date=July 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='We don't have much time': Doctor's disturbing claims about China's virus 'cover-up' |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/we-dont-have-much-time-doctor-reveals-truth-behind-chinas-virus-coverup-111553991.html |agency=Yahoo Australia |publisher=Yahoo Australia |date=July 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese Virologist Details Beijing’s Lies about the Contagiousness of the Coronavirus |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/chinese-virologist-details-beijings-lies-about-the-contagiousness-of-the-coronavirus/ |agency=National Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Virologist who fled to US from Hong Kong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/virologist-who-fled-to-us-from-hong-kong-accuses-china-of-coronavirus-cover-up/articleshow/76905704.cms |agency=Times of India |publisher=ANI |date=July 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinese govt knew about coronavirus, tried to cover it up: Hong Kong scientist who fled to US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/chinese-govt-knew-about-coronavirus-tried-to-cover-it-up-hong-kong-scientist-who-fled-to-us-1699536-2020-07-11 |agency=India Today |date=July 11, 2020}}</ref>

In July 2020, a press release from the [[University of Hong Kong]] (HKU) denied her claim and stated that "HKU notes that the content of the said news report does not accord with the key facts as we understand them. Specifically, Dr Yan never conducted any research on human-to-human transmission of the novel coronavirus at HKU during December 2019 and January 2020, her central assertion of the said interview. We further observe that what she might have emphasised in the reported interview has no scientific basis but resembles hearsay."<ref>{{cite news|title=HKU responds to the media concerning a former staff member’s TV interview |accessdate=July 12, 2020||date=July 11, 2020 |url=https://www.hku.hk/press/press-releases/detail/21274.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

She co-authored a paper called "Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters", published in May 2020, regarding transmission of the virus in hamsters. This paper was co-authored by her now former colleagues at HKU.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341378309_Pathogenesis_and_transmission_of_SARS-CoV-2_in_golden_hamsters|access-date=July 17, 2020|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2019-nCoV|state=expanded}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yan, Li-Meng}}
[[Category:Chinese virologists]]
[[Category:Chinese women scientists]]
[[Category:Chinese whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Coronavirus researchers]]

User talk:Jimbo Wales

2020-07-24T07:53:34Z

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== Scrub a dub dub ==

[https://theintercept.com/2020/07/02/kamala-harris-wikipedia/ The Intercept] article about the scrubbing of the [[Kamala Harris]] BLP. Getting as close to being whitewashed as [[Joe Biden]]. Oh, and almost forgot [https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-1-scrubs-its-image-online-11576233000 WSJ] article. Nice press. [[File:SMirC-facepalm.svg|x20px|m(]] [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 16:18, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
:This isn't exactly a new phenomenon. I'm old enough to remember how [[Sarah Palin]]'s biography was carefully scrubbed and buffed, likely by a political operative, shortly before she was announced as John McCain's running mate in 2008 ([https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94118849]). If you think political biographies are rough, try inserting anything remotely negative—no matter how relevant & well-sourced—into the biography of a high-profile college football coach. In terms of bad press, I'd actually be more concerned that the media will pick up on what's going on at the [[Ronald Reagan]] article; the concerted effort to suppress anything remotely honest, unflattering, or nuanced about Reagan and race wouldn't hold up to outside scrutiny very well. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 21:59, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|MastCell}}, on Harris, these look like reasonable removals - weak sourcing. A documentcloud link, for example. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 22:14, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
:::Guy, I looked at your diff over there [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamala_Harris&type=revision&diff=965871483&oldid=965870420], the page describing use of the tags that you left [[Template:Better source needed]], and the link on that page [[WP:NOTRS|insufficiently reliable sources]]. Do those 2 sources belong in the category described by that link [[WP:NOTRS|insufficiently reliable sources]]? [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 22:41, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
::::According to ''The Intercept'', "In 2016, Mnuchin donated $2,000 to her campaign, making her the only 2016 Senate Democratic candidate to get cash from Mnuchin, but as senator, she voted against the confirmation of Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury." Sounds good to me! [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 22:57, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
::::{{u|Bob K31416}}, normally I'd have removed it per BLP, but in this case it'll probably pass. Single-sourcing to The Intercept is a bad idea IMO. Fortunately we have many progressive editors, and the progressives I know ''really'' don't like Harris, so it's likely to improve. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 23:24, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::Guy, I was asking about your opinion according to Wikipedia policy or guidelines that are linked in the template description regarding reliable sources, not your own personal preferences. Never mind. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 23:38, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{u|Bob K31416}}, and the answer to that is that there is no violation of policy other than by inclusion of unreliable sources, one of which I removed. The rest is a matter for editorial discretion, as always.
::::::If you have a problem with Bnguyen1114 then the correct venue is [[WP:AE]], since this article is under two overlapping sets of discretionary sanctions. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 17:46, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::I just noticed there's a mess going on over there at Kamala Harris on the article and talk pages regarding the tags. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 07:14, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::(ec) Well, MastCell...I'm old enough to remember the phrase [[Barefoot and pregnant|barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen]], and it came with no labels unlike all the politically motivated labels attached to people today. I remember the Reagan years well, and a time when it wasn't at all unusual for a mom to lovingly tell her rambunctious kids to stop running around barefoot, to go put shoes on and stop acting like "little monkeys" - no labels of racism attached. In fact, I'd wager that it's still said today with no racist connotation. And then there's the 500lb gorilla picture we use on WP today, with no racist label whatsoever, and Trump being [https://i.pinimg.com/474x/0d/f0/15/0df015970b7e8ee82b92d7eb86fdd954.jpg compared to] and having the intelligence of an [https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-4a02fb50a9787c1cf92d16529b30a730 orangutan] but that isn't racist. Nope - what WP considers racist is Reagan's private recorded phone conversation, and a phrase he used to express his frustration - not about the people necessarily, but about the country in what I would consider the same intent as the aforemented phrases, but because he's a Republican, his words are automatically labeled racist. We [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2020/may/22/joe-biden-charlamagne-you-aint-black-trump-video censored] Biden's "you ain't black" gaffe, and whitewashed his article of notable criticisms while we pretend it's compliant with NPOV. Right - don't pay any mind to mainstream media's criticism - nothing to worry about - remember, WP is too big to fail. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 23:08, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
::::So when Reagan said, of a group of African diplomats: [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/31/us/politics/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-racist.html "To see those monkeys from those African countries, damn them...They are still uncomfortable wearing shoes"]... you don't see anything racist in that? You find that comparable to a mom lovingly scolding her children? I mean, I know you just said all of that, but I want to make sure I understand. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 23:51, 3 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::MastCell, do not make it personal. The only thing you need to understand where I'm concerned has nothing to do with my personal beliefs or yours, and everything to do with our understanding of and compliance with NPOV as it relates to WP and the Reagan article. Since you brought up the "concerted effort" at the Reagan article, I will add that {{u|Levivich}} [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ronald_Reagan&diff=next&oldid=965942133 broke it down] quite well and it aligns with my understanding of [[WP:PAG]]. UNDUE is the common denominator, but his explanation was much better than mine. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 16:43, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::I suggest that Atsme think carefully before answering MastCell's question, and then to answer it with an acknowledgment of the pernicious results of the racism that permeates our society. Trivializing is not helpful. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 02:58, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::I was wondering when this would devolve into subtle accusations of racism against fellow editors. Glad to see I wasn't disappointed I suppose. Don't be that guy. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 04:04, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::I guess that I do not agree with you, {{u|PackMecEng}}, that me pointing out a comparison that trivializes racism is somehow equivalent to an accusation of racism against a colleague. I was commenting on the content of the comment rather than the character of the editor. I hope that I have made the distinction clear. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 04:35, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::No, you did not. I need you to explain that you are not making such a heinous implication because from what I can tell you made no distinction. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 04:44, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::I have made my point and clarified. Now it is time for other voices to comment. I will certainly take criticism by other productive editors very seriously. Nothing I said was heinous if you read my words accurately as written. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 04:50, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
{{od|:::::::::}} I will agree with you there, you have made some kind of point. The rest I guess we agree to disagree. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 04:53, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::{{u|PackMecEng}}, but isn't this the core of the issue with accusations of racism? Stefan Molyneux is clearly a racist, but Donald Trump is not obviously a racist, he just doesn't care enough to push back on racist messaging from his followers and staff. Responding to the George Floyd protests with ten year sentences for tearing down statues of traitors erected by racists in the 20th Century is not, of itself, racist, but the racists love it and their victims do not.
:::::::Yesterday Trump went full culture war in his speech at Mount Rushmore, and in that context he is positioning the protection of confederate statues on the "right" side along with transphopbia and Dominionism - and, like it or not, that puts Black Americans on the "wrong" side. Add that to the disproportionate impact of coronavirus on Black Americans (who are more likely to work hourly-paid customer-facing jobs) and the already significant problem of income inequality, where again Black Americans have not seen a hint of the income rises that the top 1% and 10% have experienced, and you have a pretty incendiary situation. To respond to this with brutality, as he has, is really quite concerning.
:::::::I'm sure he doesn't really want a second civil war, but you wonder if his campaign is setting up a strategy of running as a law and order candidate against a background of race riots. The only reason I personally discount malice here is that one should always start from a default assumption of incompetence, and, while his response would indeed require it to a quite staggering degree, the Trump administration is generally recognised as uniquely gifted in that department. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 18:11, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::My issue was with Cullen implying Atsme is racist. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 18:15, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::{{u|Atsme}}, eh? "Barefoot, pregnant and in the kitchen" has been associated with the religious right since I first became aware of US politics, which was during Ford's presidency. It was code for anti-abortion activism before that was socially acceptable. It was only racially charged in as much as the religious right has always encompassed the Southern Baptists, who, as we all know, enabled and fought for segregation to the bitter end and beyond ([[Wayne Flint]] called it the "last bastion of segregation").
::::Do you actually understand why people see a crucial difference between Joe's gaffe and Trump's ten year sentences for pulling down Confederate statues? Hint: "very fine people". '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 17:57, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Oh, I see..."religious right"...thanks for that new "today label", Guy. All these years I thought it was misogyny which has extreme negative effects on women of all colors but now you've earmarked it with a politically charged designer label that denigrates nearly half the people in the US, a potential pitfall that may lead to losing readership and financial support. Historically, misogyny has been swept under the rug since the beginning of time, and is in full bloom to this day. We can thank our lucky stars for editors like Rosiestep who, along with many other hard working contributors, have done so much in the fight against [[Systemic bias in Wikipedia]]. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 20:55, 4 July 2020 (UTC) 
::::::::{{u|Atsme}}, we have an article: [[religious right]]. In fact it's most closely associated with the "[[moral majority]]". This is just how it is, denying it is a bit pointless. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 22:02, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::Guy, there's more than one alleged racist statement/action by Biden - he's all over the place: [https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/03/joe-biden-record-on-busing-incarceration-racial-justice-democratic-primary-2020-explained.html NYMag], [https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/biden-racial-jungle-quote/ Snopes], [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/22/us/biden-aint-black-remarks-reaction-blake/index.html CNN], [https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/05/biden-breakfast-club-you-aint-black-crime-bill-factcheck-misleading/ Mother Jones], and [https://www.npr.org/2020/05/22/861007175/biden-pulls-back-on-cavalier-remarks-about-black-voters NPR]. I couldn't help but laugh at NPR's headline: ''Biden Pulls Back On 'Cavalier' Remarks About Black Voters.'' It's cavalier when it's Biden saying it, but a racist slur when it's Trump. We see more labels on Trump than we see in WalMart. The real question here is do you not understand why such remarks have been whitewashed from [[Joe Biden]]? As for the statues, I'm not going anywhere near that topic. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 19:44, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{u|Atsme}}, so, do you see the difference between Joe Biden's gaffes (which are a decades-long theme) and Donald Trump, a man who chose white nationalist Stephen Miller as an adviser, defended literal Nazis as "very fine people", and reacted to race riots by introducing ten year sentences for tearing down statues of traitors erected by racists in the 20th Century?
::::::Here's a clue: Biden shows contrition and is criticised by his own side anyway, while Trump resorts to DARVO and is defended by his supporters regardless. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 22:05, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::That law already exists and the penalties can range from nothing if acquitted but anywhere fron a fine to 10 years imprisonment if convicted. Please get an education before you regurgitate opinions masquerading as facts about a country you are not native of.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 23:16, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::{{u|MONGO}}, I never knew Andrew Jackson or Ulysses S. Grant were traitors. I'm thankful our friend from the UK is here to educate us dumb Americans. [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 01:27, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::{{u|Sir Joseph}}, I am taslking, obviously, about confederate monuments, whihc are the main focus of BLM activists.
::::::::::Most of them were erected in thge 20th Century by racists. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 23:30, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::{{u|JzG}}, [https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia-protests-matthias-baldwin-statue-abolitionist-twitter-photos-20200612.html] That's not Grant, Jackson, Lincoln, Washington or Jefferson either. The fact that you think this is the focus of BLM is more proof that you really ought not to comment on US matters since you are so far out of what is going on on a daily basis in the US. [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 01:11, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::JzG is obviously referring to Confederate monuments, most of which were erected in the 20th Century by racists, and which are the main focus of BLM activists. {{mdash}}[[User:ArtifexMayhem|ArtifexMayhem]] ([[User talk:ArtifexMayhem|talk]]) 02:25, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::Sorry, I also forgot Columbus, and reiterate my point about you being ignorant about daily protests in the US and what statues are being protested. [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 03:04, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::and the statue of Frederick Douglas, who also wasn't a racist. [https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2020/07/05/frederick-douglass-statue-rochester-ny-removed-defaced-anniversary-july-4th-speech/5380432002/ Frederick Douglass statue vandalized on anniversary of his famous Fourth of July Rochester speech] so tell me again how it's only racists who they are targeting? [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 04:14, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::{{u|Sir Joseph}}, The issue of statues is well documented. Most of the targets are confederate monuments erected during the 20th Century. Some noted slave owners are also being targeted, along with Columbus, for reasons that are again well documented.
::::::::::::And yes, some outliers exist: people who either don't know what they are doing, or have a particularly absolutist view. But the major focus, absolutely clearly, is confederate monuments (and indeed confederate names on US Army bases).
::::::::::::You imply that the edge cases are the entirety of the thing, and suggest that any other interpretation is indicative of unfitness to comment. That is a viewpoint, I guess. The irony of course is that the issue of statues would not exist (and hence the edge cases would not even be in question) if the confederate monuments had been torn down last time, or the time before that, or the time before that, instead of pandering to the "very fine people". '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 08:42, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::It's [[List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests|more than just a few outliers]], maybe more like 25% are in the same camp as the Douglass statue. [[User:Pelirojopajaro|Pelirojopajaro]] ([[User talk:Pelirojopajaro|talk]]) 13:03, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::{{u|Pelirojopajaro}}, yep, but Guy is so sure of everything, he knows all the local news of all the local cities and all the statues, that he knows that most of the statues are all Confederates, and if we, in the US see differently, it must be because we're stupid Americans. [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 14:04, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::{{u|MONGO}}, and how copmfortable were you with a speech that made two laudatory mentions of Andrew "Trail Of Tears" Jackson, on a site stolen from the Lakota Sioux? And which was in fact a campaign speech but funded by the American taxpayer as a presidential address? Are you OK with the statue park, which will include one of the most notorious bigots in American history, as well as Columbus?
:::::::::This is beyond dog whistles. It's beyond tone deaf. He needs the racists or he will be humilioated ion November, and he is openly courting them with taxpayer's money. That seems bad to me. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 23:08, 5 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::JzG...why aren't you protesting in Trafalgar Square and agitating to pull down that statue of slave owner and traitor to the British Empire, namely, George Washington. It was given to the UK by that nasty southern US state of Virginia, you know, where Richmond the capital of the Confederacy once was? And they gave it at the height of what you refer to as the KKK period, back in 1924...probably by racists of course. The US "stole" all the land from native American tribes...we also broke nearly every treaty we ever signed with them. The US is evil and full of racists. But we can always overlook such things as the [[British concentration camps]], or the infamous [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] both of which occurred much more recently than when the US "stole" the Black Hills from the Sioux Nation in the 1870s. That land actually belonged to the Arikawa starting around the year 1100 and was subsequently "owned" by the Crow, Pawnee, Kiowa, Cheyenne and then the Lakota but now, since most of the Black Hills is within [[Black Hills National Forest]] and there are 4 National Park sites within the region, it now belongs to the "American" tribe, or namely, every US citizen. The US Government therefore "stole" the land and gave it to everyone.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 05:33, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::{{u|MONGO}}, the canonical example in the UK is Churchill: venerated as a national hero, but actually profoundly morally ambiguous. I am not a fan. He was responsible for millions of deaths, and his favourite adviser, Lindemann, seems to me to have been a racist. I'd be happy if the statues of Churchill were removed.
:::::::::::Arguing over the rights of stealing a Native American reservation on the basis that it had changed hands between warring tribes is a viewpoint, I guess. But it also misses the point: this is an area that is sensitive and sacred to Native Americans, and laudatory mentions of Andrew Jackson are at best tone deaf and quite posibly, in context, deliberate race-baiting. That's what you get when you have a white nationalist as a speechwriter.
:::::::::::I am not in favour of removing statues of Washington (anywhere). Yes, he was a slave owner, but redemption is a thing. He, more than any other single person, brought down slavery in the US, and I think history justly gives him credit for that. But there should be no statues of Lee (and he said that himself), or Forrest, or any of the other Confederates. Statues of Columbus are inflammatory. The Emancipation Memorial is... problematic. Why portray the Black man as a supplicant in a memorial that should be celebrating his elevation to equal rights, the right to stand tall? I can see why some people are upset by that.
:::::::::::I would say that a mature discussion over the disputed or ambiguous monuments cannot take place in the context of an "all monuments matter" narrative. Everyone should agree that statues of confederate "heroes" have no place in the public square. They were traitors, the statues were almost all erected by racists, and many of them were erected as a deliberate rebuke to civil rights. Everybody should agree on this. Coinfederate statues should go from all public lands. And then you stand some chance of a rational discussion about the rest. I do not think people would be tearing down statues of anybody if the confederate monuments had been demolished after the many previous protests. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 08:56, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::Meh...while I can appreciate why a statue of a confederate general would offend especially those looking for a reason to feel offended, most of those offended truly need to do some better research rather than paint such a broad brush and gloss over the facts. The easily offended can surely come up with various levels of anguish in their efforts to appear as good social justice warriors, but most don't actually do a damn thing that truly makes a difference. I highly doubt a tour of Gettysburg would make much sense if we struck everything Confederate about it. Besides, those confederate monuments there are protected by federal law, as they are on every other federal battlefield. What lies in a city under the jurisdiction of local or state auspices is usually outside the realm of federal oversight unless the monument or location is listed under the National Register of Historic Places. I do not see how the removal of confederate statues in Baltimore has done one thing to reduce the violent crime that is so prolific there. People were not going around shooting each other there just because a statue of Lee and Jackson stood in the city...and the violent crime rate there has even had an uptick since it was removed in 2017. I have no idea why in the US and Europe one can go see tanks, planes and other wartime paraphernalia that the Nazi's made and used against the allies. Maybe these relics of such an evil regime should not be kept in places where the public can be offended? Maybe we should resink the [[H. L. Hunley (submarine)|Hunley]]?--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 23:42, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::{{u|MONGO}}, confederate statues and confederate flags are monuments to racism and slavery, and should not be in the public square. There are lots of issues on which reasonable people may differ, but this isn't one of them. The history of the monuments tells you all you need to know about what they are really about. Most were erected during the Jim Crow era, a period of resurgent white supremacy that saw for example Virginia's [[Racial Integrity Act of 1924|Racial Integrity Act]] enacted.
:::::::::::::This isn't about Gettysburg, any more than Nazi memorabilia is about Normandy museums. There's a world of difference between presenting the sides in conflict on a historical battlefield, and glorifying people who waged bloody war to preserve slavery.
:::::::::::::Of course confederate monuments are not a cause of race riots or crime, but they are a powerful symbol of the fact that, more than half a century after the Civil Rights Act, Black people still do not have equality.
:::::::::::::No politician should be going to bat for confederate symbols. Give them back to the United Daughters of the Confederacy to put in their "museum" and be done with it. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 09:02, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::{{u|JzG|Guy}}, seriously...you're throwing stones at {{u|MONGO}} from a glass house? [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/oct/06/race.world1 The Guardian] ''Britain: land of thieves'' {{xt|But, more importantly, without acknowledging its past wrongs, Britain lacks the moral authority to lecture others on the domestic and international scene.}} [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 00:34, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::{{u|Atsme}}, you don't seem to be aware that I have argued for, for example, the return of the "Elgin" marbles. Perhaps because you have assumed that I only care about one form of social justice? I don't. I want the Rhodes statue gone from Oxford, too, and I support the return of the shrunken heads from the Pitt Rivers Collection in Oxford (one of my favourite museums). As above, I would be happy if statues of Churchill were removed. England has an appalling legacy of slavery, many of our richest families are rich because the government paid them huge sums for their slaves - we were still paying this until 2015.
:::::::::::The problem is, though, one of double negatives. The current US administration is anti-anti-fascists and anti-anti-racist. The current poresident numbers among his vociferous supporters both fascists and racists. Our Prime Minister is an arse who thinks he should quote Kipling in Myanmar, and Brexit was promoted largely through racist dog-whistles. Boris and Trump both make tone-deaf comments to appeal to a racist base. The main difference is that Boris can string together a coherent sentence and has at least some level of self-awareness (in fact his USP is that he knows he is a buffoon). '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 09:08, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::Anyone who has a ''neater, sweeter maiden in a cleaner, greener land'' is entitled to quote Kipling in Myanmar or anywhere else for that matter. [[Special:Contributions/70.181.40.210|70.181.40.210]] ([[User talk:70.181.40.210|talk]]) 22:26, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::I will speak only to your Brexit issue - it appears [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/15/brexit-how-a-fringe-idea-took-hold-tory-party your POV] is now considered "fringe" in a similar manner to the way the opposite POV was considered fringe prior to the Brexit victory. Neither whining, denigrating and labeling people, nor soapboxing on WP is a productive way to spend our busy volunteer time as WP editors. I really, really hate politics but when I'm wearing my WP editor's hat, the need for accuracy and NPOV summon me. Consider applying everything you've taught me over the years and tweak it as needed to apply to your reality. Funny how things change with the societal tide - ''consensus can change''...and by golly, it does. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 12:59, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::{{u|Atsme}}, what on earth are you talking about? Do you think I was ever in favour of leaving the EU?
:::::::::::::Fringe does not mean minority. The Democratic Party does not become fringe when the Republicans win or vice-versa. When we talk about fringe views on Wikipedia we mean things like QAnon, not merely minority ideas. Even racism is mainstream. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 08:44, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::{{u|JzG|Guy}}, per the linked article's title: ''Brexit: how a fringe idea took hold of the Tory party'' - what was the fringe idea in your view? I didn't see it as a minority party but rather, the idea of Brexit which was described as a fringe idea...was it not? If I'm not mistaken, the idea to remain in the EU was overruled in favor of Brexit; therefore, logic says with that reversal of ideas, remaining in the EU is now the fringe idea. You disagree? [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 14:03, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::{{u|Atsme}}, you said: {{tpq|I will speak only to your Brexit issue - it appears your POV is now considered "fringe" in a similar manner to the way the opposite POV was considered fringe prior to the Brexit victory}}.
:::::::::::::::Up until about five years ago, the idea of leaving the EU was fringe (it scored nowhere on lists of public concerns). It was promoted to the mainstream by the usual unholy alliance of racists, dark money think tanks, and hedge funds. Now it's mainstream. But that hasn't converted Remain to a fringe view. Most polls show that Brexit has only minority support, since the costs became apparent. Something that has substantial support is, pretty much by definition, not a fringe political position.
:::::::::::::::A 52:48 vote to leave the EU does not convert remaining to a fringe position. As I said, the Democratic Party does not become fringe when Republicans have control, or vice-versa. Fringe does not mean minority. Fringe means delusional and ''super'' minority. With sufficient effort even a truly delusional tiny-minority view can be mainstreamed for a while at least. That's often how dictators get started. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 14:28, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::Seriously, Guy - as I said, I'm not talking about the party or the people; rather, I am talking about the "idea" - the '''idea of Brexit''' was considered "fringe", and now that Brexit was adopted, the '''idea of going back to the EU''' is "fringe" since it was not adopted or supported in that vote. Whatever - <s>I don't have a dog in that fight</s> as a member of Project Dogs, I need a better analogy. [[File:SMirC-rolleyes.svg|x20px|8)]] [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 14:45, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::{{u|Atsme}}, seriously, Atsme, you seem not to understand what fringe means.
:::::::::::::::::A fringe idea is one that is on the fringes, that is, held by very few, usually roundly dismissed by informed research, and has no significant traction. That was Brexit in 2010. A fringe idea can be mainstreamed, as Brexit was. Mainstreaming racist ideas is a hugely successful ploy for right wing populists.
:::::::::::::::::An idea that has [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/25/uk/uk-supports-eu-four-years-after-brexit-intl-gbr/index.html 56.8% support] is not fringe, pretty much by definition. The idea of rejoining the EU is not fringe. It is far too soon to say [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-rejoin-future-uk-leave-countries-a9308081.html whether it is inevitable or, conversely, inconceivable]. Geographically, the UK is part of Europe, and in about six months' time people will realise what Brexit actually means - at this point nothing has changed, but public debate over the effects of being effectively at the mercy of the US shows that the penny has started to drop. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 14:59, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::{{u|JzG}}, I thought it was stolen from the Cheyenne? [[User:Sir Joseph|Sir Joseph]] [[User_talk:Sir Joseph|(talk)]] 01:11, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:I'm not going to take your ill-willed bait, Cullen. You were [[User talk:Cullen328/Archive_55#I've removed your obnoxious comment from my talk page|warned by Jimmy]] about this type of behavior in the past, and now you are here repeating it. I have lived around the world, not just in my cozy little corner of the US. For a big part of my life, I have lived as a white minority, and that happens to be where I am [[Bonaire|living today]] with much love and understanding, and surrounded by beautiful people who help make my humble existence on this planet worth living. The love I have shared and received around the globe extends beyond words, and I certainly don't owe you or anyone else an explanation. My island family and I have had long discussions about the allegations of racism in the US. Personal views, much like what you expressed here along with a few others, brings an article to mind that was published by [https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/24/us/smollett-race-blake-analysis/index.html CNN] wherein the author quoted Tanya Hernandez (professor at Fordham University's School of Law): {{xt|Blacks are becoming more savvy about the difference between "authentic blackness" and "strategic blackness".}} Our [[WP:BLP|BLP policy]] attempts to prevent, and dutifully so, opinions based on false facts, and why I tend to write for the opposition, especially considering my 35+ years as a media professional in America's highly litigious society. Keep in mind what the [https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/trump-campaign-sues-new-york-times-for-libel-over-opinion-article.html NYTimes] and [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/03/business/media/trump-washington-post-libel-lawsuit.html WaPo] are now having to defend. Regardless of the allegations, be they true or false, I have learned from experience that defamation cases can be extremely expensive which makes me more sensitive to our obligations as editors and to the WMF. It is easy to understand why I strictly adhere to BLP policy, US Laws, and our 3 core content policies. Accusations of racism, as what you alluded to in this discussion, are opinion-based and while we are entitled to our opinions per the 1st Amendment, there are caveats to how we express them. As editors of WP, we are obligated to avoid [[WP:OR]] which you are attempting to do. We are also obligated to state the facts accurately, and properly cite them to multiple high quality RS with special attention to [[WP:REDFLAG]] and [[WP:LABEL]] because opinions based on false facts create problems as explained in the [https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2610&context=caselrev Case Western Reserve Law Review]. I will always choose to err in favor of policy and the WMF. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 14:26, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::Thank you very much, {{u|Atsme}}, for reminding me of Jimbo's "warning" on my talk page. It was very pleasurable reading again the many comments by respected editors coming to my defense and also the following section where Jimbo came back to make peace with me. That was great for my morale. [[User:Cullen328|Cullen328]] [[User talk:Cullen328|''Let's discuss it'']] 20:59, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::You are quite welcome - and be mindful that losing respect is much easier than it was to gain. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 21:19, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::"the allegations of racism in the US"??Allegations? You think the history of slavery, redlining, discrimination, and prejudice are not actually ''evidence'' of pervasive and institutional racism but that it's only a bunch of yet-to-be-proven allegations? That's textbook white privilege, to be able to pretend and argue that racism in the US might not exist. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2605:8D80:62A:62F0:B6D:20D9:8935:5BB4|2605:8D80:62A:62F0:B6D:20D9:8935:5BB4]] ([[User talk:2605:8D80:62A:62F0:B6D:20D9:8935:5BB4#top|talk]]) 15:02, 4 July 2020 (UTC) 
:::2605:8D80:62A:62F0:B6D:20D9:8935:5BB4, The allegations Atsme was referring to were those by President Trump against the WaPo and NYT. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 15:50, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Recommended reading - ''Why identity politics benefits the right more than the left'' by Sheri Berman, associate professor of political science at Barnard College, Columbia University, published 14 July 2018 in [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jul/14/identity-politics-right-left-trump-racism The Guardian], a year or so after [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/04/25/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-exits-guardian-board-conflict/ Jimmy resigned] from their Board, but who knows to what degree his influence may have had positive effects even after he left. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 17:20, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::No, Bob K31416. "My island family and I have had long discussions about the allegations of racism in the US" follows some words about how Atsme has lived all over the world and loves people and is in the minority wherever they are living. It's only after that where Atsme pivots to litigation and mentions WaPo and NYT, which, I might add, are suits regarding libel, not racism. Atsme does probably refer to the particular allegations against WaPo and NYT in a following sentence ("Regardless of the allegations, be they true or false"), but the initial "allegations of racism in the US" comes before any of that. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2605:8D80:62A:62F0:BD60:3E25:EFE7:DC58|2605:8D80:62A:62F0:BD60:3E25:EFE7:DC58]] ([[User talk:2605:8D80:62A:62F0:BD60:3E25:EFE7:DC58#top|talk]]) 19:05, 4 July 2020 (UTC) 
:::::Thanks for the correction. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 19:19, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::The IP misconstrued my use of "allegations of racism in the US", so for the sake of proper sentence comprehension see the following examples of allegations of racism (my bold):
::::::*[https://www.wsj.com/articles/disney-suspends-investigates-abc-news-executive-barbara-fedida-11592244093 WSJ] - ''"Walt Disney Co. DIS -0.73% suspended top ABC News executive Barbara Fedida and launched an investigation into her behavior after '''allegations of racist remarks and other questionable practices''' were raised in a recent HuffPost article."''
::::::*[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-05-26/doja-cat-denies-allegations-of-racism-instagram LATimes] - ''Doja Cat Denies '''Allegations of Racism''''',
::::::*[https://abcnews.go.com/US/national-black-law-enforcement-group-slams-alleged-racism/story?id=68611060 ABC] - ''National black law enforcement group slams '''alleged racism''' in St. Louis police department'',
::::::*[https://www.cpsbc.ca/response-allegations-racism-er CPSBC] - ''Response to '''allegations of racism''' in the ER'' (this one is Canada)
::::::*[https://www.kcrg.com/2020/06/09/hawkeye-football-players-voice-unity-amid-racism-allegations-in-program/ KCRG] - ''Hawkeye football players voice unity amid '''racism allegations''' in program''
::::::*[https://dailygazette.com/article/2020/06/09/former-proctors-employee-comes-forward-with-allegations-of-racism Daily Gazette] - ''Former Proctors employee comes forward with '''allegations of racism'''''
::::::Hopefully that's enough, but I've got more if needed. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 20:08, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::[[User:Atsme|Atsme]], in respones to your [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=965877113&diffmode=source comment above]: Comparing Donald Trump to an orangutan is not, in any way, shape, or form, racist. However, comparing any person of color to an orangutan, or any [[simian]], is a despicable and [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] racial slur without defense.
:::::::Recommended reading,
:::::::* [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/17/opinion/roseanne-racism-blacks-apes.html The Racist Trope That Won’t Die]
:::::::* [https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2008/pr-eber-021308.html Discrimination against blacks linked to dehumanization]
:::::::* [https://www.slj.com/?detailStory=The-problem-with-picture-book-monkeys-racist-imagery-libraries The Problem with Picture Book Monkeys: Racist imagery associating simians with Black people has a long history]
:::::::* [https://books.google.com/books?id=HnZBCwAAQBAJ Simianization: Apes, Gender, Class, and Race]
:::::::* [https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102 Comparing black people to monkeys has a long, dark simian history]
:::::::* [https://theconversation.com/the-ape-insult-a-short-history-of-a-racist-idea-14808 The ape insult: a short history of a racist idea]
::::::: Please do not take this as any sort of accusation, I just want to make sure we are clear on this. {{mdash}}{{nbsp}}[[User:ArtifexMayhem|ArtifexMayhem]] ([[User talk:ArtifexMayhem|talk]]) 02:03, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

[[File:Bonaire Red Slave Huts.jpg|thumb|[https://www.uncommoncaribbean.com/bonaire/uncommon-attraction-bonaire-slave-huts/ Protected to serve as "...poignant reminders] of the darkest period in our region's history..."]]
::::::::Artifex, you and I appear to be products of different times in history, different cultures, [https://www.britannica.com/place/City-of-the-Dead environments], [[User_talk:Atsme#Schooling|educations]] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=nvoI3EwRK4cC&pg=PA7 experiences] in life. I am a realist or pragmatist, if you will, and did not/will not allow hatred, animosity or guilt to consume my life, especially for something that neither I nor my ancesters took part in; the exact opposite is true. Granted, my being female influences my perspective, and I have experienced misogyny, abuse and oppression, and have seen what women of all colors around the world have to live under. Living as chattel is ugly, as sex slaves is worse, but it's only a small part of what so many woman globally are having to endure to this day. Our own beloved encyclopedia has [[Systemic bias in Wikipedia|gender issues]]. I'm of the mind that the US has made great strides to correct injustices - much more needs to be done - but when I'm logged-in, I am wearing my WP editor's hat, and as such am mentally focused on my work which means I'm not here to [[WP:RGW]], [[WP:ADVOCATE]], or [[WP:SOAPBOX]]. I'm here to build an encyclopedia, and that should be your purpose as well. If you want more, I highly recommend joining one of the non-profit advocacies where you can actually help make change. On WP, our obligation is compliance with NPOV, which means we include all prominent views in our articles – regardless of whether or not we agree with them. I have provided a few different perspectives to consider when editing articles about the situation in the US: [https://thefederalist.com/2019/06/13/an-interview-with-thomas-sowell-on-discrimination-race-and-social-justice/ Thomas Sowell], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFqVNPwsLNo Larry Elder], and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5GCetbP7Fg Anthony Peterson] for starters. Look for better sources but keep in mind, the people being interviewed have weight when the sources are not ideal. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 12:30, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::Reliable sources confirm that comparing a Black person to an ape is a classic racist trope, as ArtifexMayhem points out. You are—for whatever reason—determined to deny, dispute, and suppress that. If you were truly wearing what you call your "Wikipedian hat", you'd be capable of following the sources even when they point to an uncomfortable truth. Instead, ''you'' are the one trying to right what you perceive as a Great Wrong, and then opportunistically reframing your actions as a defense of Wikipedian principles when they are the exact opposite. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 18:11, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::MastCell, you said: {{xt|"You are—for whatever reason—determined to deny, dispute, and suppress that."}} That is a blatantly false accusation, and it is even more shameful that you stated it matter-of-factly despite my asking you to not make your comments personal. Now it appears that you are bullying me with false accusations and spewing nonsense based entirely on your misconceptions of what I said. Why don't you back-up your aspersions by quoting exactly what I said, in context, and support your accusations that I am '''''"determined to"''''' : (1) deny a racist trope... (2) dispute a racist trope... (3) suppress a racist trope. This is not unlike what you did to me in the relatively recent past over your misconceptions about my position regarding clickbait headlines, notnews, breaking news, recentism and news org. If you have a bone to pick, I suggest that you go to the supermarket and buy a chicken; they have plenty of bones you can pick. Stop projecting what you are doing to RGW onto me. Looking at your past year's worth of edit contributions, you've made under 150 edits total vs my 6,800+ edits, and who is here to build an encyclopedia? You know, MastCell, if suppressing racist tropes was truly an issue for you in your quest to RGW, why aren't you at the [[Joe Biden]] BLP helping to put an end to the ''denials, disputes and suppression'' of his racist connotations and gaffes, and the fact that he was against busing, or that his respected friend and close associate was Senator Byrd, head of a KKK chapter? Why aren't you doing more damage control to protect WP's reputation as a neutral encyclopedia by paying closer attention to what the critics are saying about us, which is exactly why I started this entire discussion in the first place? How in the hell did it end-up with a focus on racism? Who diverted my discussion to racism?
::::::::::::*'''Wow!''' Nevermind that last question...I just scrolled up the page and saw your [[User_talk:Jimbo_Wales#Concrete examples|tl;dr discussion]] about the Reagan article. What was that you were saying about me being determined, or the part about RGW? You are way off the charts, MastCell. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 22:37, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::You argue that calling Black people "monkeys" isn't necessarily or inherently racist; you describe it as just an expression of "frustation"; and you compare it to a mother lovingly scolding her small children. I mean, you realize that we can see what you wrote [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=965877113 here], right? And you helpfully [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=965878070 added a picture of an ape to the discussion], to make your point.The fact that you've made 6,800+ edits is exactly the problem. You're a prolific editor and ''de facto'' content gatekeeper, so when you simply refuse to acknowledge the racist context of a comment or trope, no matter how obvious, then there's a direct link between your denialism and the systemic biases in our content. That's a problem that I find worth addressing in the portion of my time that I choose to spend here. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 01:45, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Given your history this sounds like [[The pot calling the kettle black]] kind of situation at best. Perhaps it is time you take another break and cool off. Is this really the road you want to go down? Just something to think about. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 02:51, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::I'm quite proud of my history, so you'll have to spell out whatever you have in mind rather than insinuating it. I'm also comfortable with what I've said here—I'd be more uncomfortable listening to this horseshit and ''not'' speaking up, your efforts to run interference notwithstanding. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 17:42, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::You have consistently been wrong about me, MastCell, and nothing has changed over the years except that you are more wrong now than you have ever been where I'm concerned. I'll spell it out for you because you need to STOP your PAs and the ill-will you've shown toward me for something I did not do. Following is exactly what I told you from the very beginning about how I felt about Reagan's racist comment and our PAGs. I said to you, '''do not make it personal''' - and the rest of my quote follows: {{xt|"Since you brought up the "concerted effort" at the Reagan article, I will add that Levivich broke it down quite well and '''it aligns with my understanding of WP:PAG.''' UNDUE is the common denominator, but his explanation was much better than mine."}}<ref name="Wikipedia 2020">{{cite web | title=User talk:Jimbo Wales: Difference between revisions | website=Wikipedia | date=2020-07-04 | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965991299&oldid=965982487 | access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref> I expected you to read that diff because it "aligns with my understanding" - nowhere have I ever denied that it was a racist comment. I simply tried to put things in historic perspective regarding the insensitivity to certain phrases back then that today we consider racist. I even stated that Levivich's explanation was much better than mine. (following are a few excerpts that I align with):
:::::::::::::::::*''But one racist comment... seriously? Why are we highlighting ''this'' racist comment?''
:::::::::::::::::*''Is this the only racist comment Reagan ever made in his life? Of course not.''
:::::::::::::::::*''Is this comment indicative of Reagan's views? How do we know? Well, if there are a lot of other comments like this one, then we can say "Reagan made a lot of racist comments".''
:::::::::::::::::*''By the way, "Reagan was racist" is not some kind of revelation. You can pretty much bet that every single white man in power has said something like that at some point. It's not really a revelation that white people are racist or call black people monkey's. Do we think there's a problem with race in America because no Americans are racist?''
:::::::::::::::::Is there a little egg dripping off your chin, MastCell, or are you so ''"proud of [your] history"'' that your ego won't let you see the harm you've done by the ill-will you've cast upon me? [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 19:44, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::::[[User:Atsme]], you taunt MastCell with comments like, quote, ''"Is there a little egg dripping off your chin, MastCell"'', and in the same comment have the nerve to accuse them of making [[WP:NPA|personal attacks]]??? You're way out of line. Again. But please, by all means, keep going.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 23:07, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

{{sources-talk}}
::::::::::::::Atsme, you [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965877113&oldid=965876180 clearly claimed] Reagan's "[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/31/us/politics/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-racist.html ...monkeys from those African countries...]" statement should not be considered racist and that doing so is just politically motivated "labeling"; {{xt|I'm old enough to remember the phrase barefoot and pregnant in the kitchen, and it came with no labels unlike all the politically motivated labels attached to people today. I remember the Reagan years well, and a time when it wasn't at all unusual for a mom to lovingly tell her rambunctious kids to stop running around barefoot, to go put shoes on and stop acting like "little monkeys" - no labels of racism attached. In fact, I'd wager that it's still said today with no racist connotation. And then there's the 500lb gorilla picture we use on WP today, with no racist label whatsoever, and Trump being compared to [an orangutan] and having the intelligence of an orangutan but that isn't racist.}}
::::::::::::::When [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965881377&oldid=965880085 MastCell questioned] you on this [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965991299&oldid=965982487 you responded] by accusing him of making {{xt|"it personal"}} and then proceeded to dodge the question entirely. Cullen328 [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965902021&oldid=965881377 also questioned] your comment and suggested you {{xt|"think carefully before answering"}} MastCell's question because you were at risk of trivializing {{xt|"the racism that permeates our society"}}. To which [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965969072&oldid=965923218 you responded] with {{xt|"I'm not going to take your ill-willed bait"}}, brought up some two-year-old event between Cullen328 and Jimbo {{mdash}}an event that resulted in one of the most [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&oldid=857515559#A_simple_request genuine apologies] I've ever read{{mdash}}, some stuff about living on an island and discussing {{xt|"allegations of racism in the US"}} with your {{xt|"island family"}}, an odd reference that makes claims about "authentic blackness" and "strategic blackness", etc. None of which addresses the original question, or even acknowledges Cullen328's concerns or advice.
::::::::::::::At this point, I figured I would make a [[WP:AGF|good faith assumption]], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=966088433&oldid=966083803 supply some sources], and a very brief explanation. Maybe you had no idea that referring to a group of African diplomats as "...those monkeys from African countries..." was one of the most racist remarks one could possibly make about Africans (or people of color in general, regardless of diplomatic status). You responded with {{mdash}}ignoring your personal attacks against me{{mdash}} claims that {{xt|"[l]iving as chattel is ugly, as sex slaves is worse"}}, really? Just ugly? And being a sex slave is worse? Do you really not understand what being another person's property entails? That being a slave includes being a sex slave...or anything else your owner wishes? Owned. Property. Non-human. No rights. Nothing.
::::::::::::::It sure looks like you are indeed, as MastCell stated [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=966365707&oldid=966365138 above], {{xt|" determined to deny, dispute, and suppress"}} a well known racist trope. Regardless of what you may truly believe, racism does not require intent. It just doesn't. {{mdash}}[[User:ArtifexMayhem|ArtifexMayhem]] ([[User talk:ArtifexMayhem|talk]]) 03:54, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Eh to me it looks like Mast and Cull just had no argument so attacked the person. Rather telling on their own beliefs I suppose. Unfortunate. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 04:18, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

::::::{{od}} Agreed PME, the arguments are based on a logical fallacy that is influenced by the opposition's POV and bias, perceived or otherwise. It's a shame that this discussion has devolved the way it has after being purposely diverted from its original intent; i.e., media criticism over the scrubbing of [[Kamala Harris]], and [[Joe Biden]] articles. But instead of expressing concern over Biden's racist comments,<ref name="The Intercept 2019-09-13">{{cite web | title=Joe Biden’s Stunningly Racist Answer on the Legacy of Slavery Has Been Overlooked | website=The Intercept | date=2019-09-13 | url=https://theintercept.com/2019/09/13/joe-biden-democratic-debate-slavery/ | access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref><ref name="Viser Sullivan 2019-06-20">{{cite web | last=Viser | first=Matt | last2=Sullivan | first2=Sean | title=Biden faces backlash over comments about the ‘civility’ of his past work with racist senators | website=Washington Post | date=2019-06-20 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-faces-backlash-over-comments-about-the-civility-of-his-past-work-with-racist-senators/2019/06/19/c0375d2a-92a8-11e9-b58a-a6a9afaa0e3e_story.html | access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref><ref name="CBS News 2006-07-07">{{cite web | title=Biden's Comments Ruffle Feathers | website=CBS News | date=2006-07-07 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bidens-comments-ruffle-feathers/ | access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref><ref name="Kincaid Selepak 2007">{{cite web | last=Kincaid | first=Cliff | last2=Selepak | first2=Andy | title=Why the Media Excuse Biden’s Racism | website=Accuracy in Media | date=2007-02-06 | url=https://www.aim.org/aim-column/why-the-media-excuse-bidens-racism/ | access-date=2020-07-09}}</ref> sexual misconduct or the scrubbing, denials, suppression of material in some of WP's BLPs that have received wide-spread criticism in the media, he pulls a fast one, and ironically paints me as a racist in a rather domineering fashion, and then twists my words to fit his narrative. I will repeat what I actually said to him when he first asked me about my iVote in that RfC not what he thought I said that has him all riled up. I asked him to quote me, not summarize what he thinks I said. I pointed to opposing inclusion of a single racist statement made 50+/- yr. ago by a now dead US president who can't defend himself. MastCell's diversion tactic worked, for a short while anyway. I'm turning the focus back to my reason for starting this discussion, rather than focus on MastCell's advocacy as evidenced [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=961886260&oldid=961705081 here], a day after the [[Talk:Ronald_Reagan#RfC_Should_Reagan's 1971 audio recording which included racists comments be added to the article text?|Reagan RfC]] was opened. In his argument, he invited everyone to take a look at [[Talk:Ronald Reagan]] and proceeds to describe what's going on there to his dismay. Isn't that considered [[WP:CANVASSING]]? And now he's here bullying me in a very domineering fashion which I don't appreciate one bit. What have you got to say about your canvassing, and why you are so focused on a single comment and not the racist statements by [[Joe Biden]] or his association with [[Robert Byrd]]? Is it too "today" for you, not to mention his displays of racism and the racist comments he's made? Sorry, but I considered the scrubbing of Harris & Biden to be a higher priority than a single 50+/- yr. old comment made by a now dead US president who can't defend himself. '''Adding original source from July 4, 2020: [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=966019324&oldid=966018306 see diff]; and more: <ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/biden-launches-presidential-bid-then-walks-into-race-row-over-obama-slur-434578.html</ref><ref>https://reason.com/2014/09/17/biden-apologizes-for-anti-semitic-slur/</ref><ref>https://time.com/3394403/shylock-biden/</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ireland-biden/northern-irish-mp-asks-for-apology-over-biden-st-patricks-day-joke-idUSKBN0MD2HY20150317</ref><ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-lawmakers-demand-biden-disavow-surrogate-s-racist-comments-n1131531</ref><ref>https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2020/05/22/biden-says-you-aint-black-if-youd-vote-for-trump-over-him-uproar-ensues/</ref><ref>https://www.npr.org/2020/05/22/861007175/biden-pulls-back-on-cavalier-remarks-about-black-voters</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/bidens-history-of-controversial-racial-comments</ref> [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 17:22, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Atsme says ''" the arguments are based on a logical fallacy that is influenced..."''. '''No'''. As has been repeatedly pointed out and what Atsme refuses to acknowledge is that the problem was that she genuinely tried to pretend [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=965877113&oldid=965876180] that comparing black people to "monkeys" was not racist, and no different than a mother telling her children to stop acting like monkeys. This is so extremely disingenuous that I'm surprised that no action has been taken here. Add on top of that these ridiculous attempts at deflection (like bringing up this invented fantasy that Harris and Biden articles have been "scrubbed"), blatant BLP violations and personal insults Atsme has thrown around and I think we seriously have a problem here. This isn't just a single isolated instance but a whole pattern showing [[WP:NOTHERE]] behavior, regardless of how many "hugs" or "cookies" or such she gives out to admins.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 23:13, 9 July 2020 (UTC)

:::::: MastCell is trying to make me out to be something I'm not with his holier than thou attitude. I am actually on the same page as he is with regards to racism, but with a slightly different approach. I'm on board for sure, especially for extreme cases of racism. It doesn't get much more extreme than being the chapter leader and member of the KKK, so if we're going back in time 50 some odd years, we need to fully expose [[Robert C. Byrd]] for what he was, and possibly even remove his WP article as a show of solidarity with Bethany College. There's an article about it at [https://www.wdtv.com/content/news/Robert-C-Byrds-name-removed-from-a-college-health-center-571341251.html WDTV]: ''Robert C. Byrd’s name removed from a college health center''. What if his crisis of conscience was politically motivated but over time he really didn't change. What is the cut-off point and what qualifies for total desecretion of a person's existence? "Exalted Cyclops" in the KKK? [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 01:36, July 8, 2020 (UTC)
{{sources-talk}}
:::::::The above comment contains multiple unsourced unbacked and false [[WP:BLP]] violations (ex. ''" Biden's racist comments"'') and is being made by a user who has been repeatedly warned about this behavior.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 05:23, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::* Atsme, don't you think 15 [[WP:PA|personal attacks]] (minimum) is a good place to stop? I mean, I understand that this is Jimbo's page and that allowances are made and everything. But I'm pretty sure there is a limit. (And, yes, I can produce the diffs.) {{mdash}}[[User:ArtifexMayhem|ArtifexMayhem]] ([[User talk:ArtifexMayhem|talk]]) 03:24, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
{{od}}Feel free to tag any other comments you feel need sources using the {{cn}} tag. I already sourced it once when I opened this discussion, and I'm not aware of any policy or guideline that says we have to source repeat sentences that have already been sourced when it's in the same UTP discussion. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 17:27, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::Atsme and I are both women, we are both about the same age, though I think I'm a little older, and no ancestors of mine had arrived on our shores prior to the year that slavery was officially ended (and note that I say "officially" because that proclamation was far from the end of slavery in our country). But I found ArtifexMayhem's suggestions of articles that would help one to see discrimination from an African American's perspective extremely helpful and I was surprised with how much I still had to learn, especially information about children's books. I believe that we are living in a long-awaited age of the beginning of what African Americans have been praying and hoping for for a very long time. There are all sorts of well-educated speakers of great renown, but I look to the wisdom of [[Mohammad Ali]], who is well known for speaking the plain down-to-earth truth while expressing these truths with the art and beauty of an accomplished poet. See here on this 2017 presentation by ACLU attorney Jeffery Robsinson where he "discusses the dark history of Confederate symbols across the country and outlines what we can do to learn from our past and combat systemic racism". [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOPGpE-sXh0] Ali speaks shorty into the presentation but if one sets aside a little time and watches the entire presentation I can guarantee that their lives will be enriched with a lot of needed information about how it feels to be a person of color living in this land. [[User:Gandydancer|Gandydancer]] ([[User talk:Gandydancer|talk]]) 18:16, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

:::::::::::{{u|Gandydancer}}, I'm older than you but if you want the credit for being older, I will relent as my gift to you. [[File:SMirC-chuckle.svg|x20px|^_^]] [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 22:37, 6 July 2020 (UTC) 
:::::::::::{{u|Gandydancer}}, we can dream, I guess, but with Trump tweeting in defence of the confederate flag today I think it may be a long haul. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 23:02, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
Just as a general much broader comment, after lugging out my NOTNEWS/RECENTISM soapbox, is that much of the conflict that is encompassed by the above comes down, yet again, to that we have far too many editors in this "hyperreporting" mode, trying to document way too much about what people are saying about things ''now'' on topics - particularly BLP - rather than to wait for dust to settle and figure out the longer-term view of that person documented by more academic and distant sources from the events that actually transpired. I can easily feel the draw to take to Trump related articles and document every little squabble that comes up as I otherwise feel powerless to do anything else as the US degrades further and further under his presidency, but being able to write in a key important website gives me a tiny bit of feeling of power to control a narrative. But just as myself (and I'm certain many other editors) feel that way, there are also those seeing what they see is a downplaying and suppression of conservative speech by mass media, and again, editing WP is a way to give them back that bit of control. These feel that hyperreporting cycle. We need editors not to do that, and that goes back to my long-standing points that across the board, we need to be less worried about how much focus we give what's reported "now" outside of key, fundamental facts in a story, and instead consider coming back to it a year, 5 years, 10 years later when more retrospective can be had and more sane and less details summaries can be written. This is the same type of idea applied to the Reagan story as well, seeing what affect those tapes, nearly a year now since revealed, have had on the views of Reagan and how that affects the article. Those types of discussions need to be much more commonplace but we need a wiki-wide shift of attitude to achieve that. --[[User:Masem|Masem]] ([[User Talk:Masem|t]]) 19:54, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:This resonates a lot with what I think an encyclopedia needs to take into account. Regarding "consider coming back to it a year, 5 years, 10 years later", I still agree, but here, I think, the mechanisms (as far as they exist) should be in place in terms of ''re-visiting''. In the mean time, certain facts, acts, statements still can be reported and explained, but maybe give it a while (that while may well be less than "a year, 5 years, 10 years", however). ---[[User:Sluzzelin|Sluzzelin]] [[User talk:Sluzzelin|talk]] 21:46, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Masem}}, what comes to mind are the real ''denials, disputes and suppression'' that inspired me to start this discussion in the first place. I came here initially to draw attention to the scrubbing of material in Wikipedia and by some freak turn of events, I get accused of doing it, which is totally absurd. Biden's unacceptable actions and how the media quickly accepted and focused on his apologies, rather than his racial insensitivity (aka the spin) are what I find disconcerting. Imagine what his private telephone conversations will be like 50 years from now. His association with [[Robert Byrd#Ku Klux Klan|Robert Byrd]] was downplayed despite Byrd having been a leader of a KKK chapter. While I oppose ''guilt by association'', the exception here is the fact that Biden and Byrd served together in the US Senate, which makes that association far more notable considering the policy decisions they made which effected the entire American citizenry. The media accepted Byrd's apology for being a KKK chapter leader - they were actually kind to him which helped him become the longest serving member of Congress. The Democratic party was quite forgiving of his racism, as they are of Biden's inappropriate behavior - and to think...all it took was an apology. Would the opposition get the same consideration? How about a dead man who cannot apologize? Will the historians and academics who will eventually provide their retrospectives be biased or neutral? Reagan never donned a white robe or burned a cross to my knowledge. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/27/the-day-president-reagan-comforted-a-black-family-who-had-a-kkk-cross-burned-on-their-lawn/ WaPo] published an article in 2017 about Reagan and the First Lady showing up at the home of a Black family in 1982. There is also an audio recording in that article. The family had been terrorized in 1977 by the KKK. To my knowledge, there's no mention of that visit in the Reagan article. Perhaps both incidents should be included from a NPOV. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 01:05, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

:::One thing that strikes me a as rather odd about editors such as [[User:MastCell|MastCell]] and [[User:JzG|JzG]] getting quite upset with other editors for not wanting to include Reagan's racially insulting remarks into the Reagan Bio is that MastCell and company, for some strange reason, seem focused solely on Reagan to the exclusion of other modern presidents. Several post WWII US presidents are known to have insulted Blacks in their private conversation, Truman in particular, seems to have made something of a habit of it [[https://apnews.com/ab0d537a112c3554373a97dff54c0e60]]. Of course, Truman, for his time was politically progressive on racial issues, but if we are going to include examples of private racist language in their bios, I don't see why he and all the other "racist" presidents besides Reagan should be exempt. [[Special:Contributions/70.181.40.210|70.181.40.210]] ([[User talk:70.181.40.210|talk]]) 02:56, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Don't count me in there, I have no strong views either way with Reagan, certainly not sufficient to be "upset". Obviously we should not whitewash articles, regardless of the politics of the subject. That said, I would wager that the most progressive person in the 19th Century would have used terminology that would today be considered grossly inappropriate - context does matter. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 08:32, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::Truman's letters indicate that he held racist views; the discrepancy between those privately expressed views and his policies as President (which, as you note, were progressive), as outlined [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/07/26/how-harry-s-truman-went-from-being-a-racist-to-desegregating-the-military/ here], is an important aspect of his biography that we should absolutely cover. Here's the thing you're missing with your "gotcha" attempts: I'm confident that if I drafted material about Truman and race, I could get it included in his biography. In contrast, if anyone proposes acknowledging Reagan's well-sourced, relevant racist discourse, they're met with a brick wall of tendentious obstructionism from Atsme and other gatekeepers—to the ridiculous extreme that they're seriously arguing that there's nothing racist about comparing Black people to monkeys. ''That's'' the difference—the obstructionism and denial of blatantly obvious racist context—and whether due to colossal ignorance, a massive blind spot, reflexive partisan loyalty, or something more sinister, it's inimical to our efforts to build a comprehensive and reputable reference work. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 17:37, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::Actually, [[User:MastCell|MastCell]], I am now a little more sympathetic to your cause after reading some of the fluff in the Reagan bio [see my comment below]. No wonder you got pissed off. However, I don't think that ''direct quoting'' of the Reagan phone insults is the answer. In the case of presidents such as Truman, Johnson, Nixon, and Reagan quick, dignified, summary description of their ethnic slurs might be in order. ex. ''Nixon frequently castigated Jews and African-Americans in his private musings.'' ''In private conversation and letters Truman often referred to Blacks with racial slurs''. ''With Congressional colleagues from the South Johnson often casually referred to African-Americans with familiar racial slurs.'' See the idea? [[Special:Contributions/70.181.40.210|70.181.40.210]] ([[User talk:70.181.40.210|talk]]) 18:49, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::Thanks for your sympathy. (I guess I'd assumed that you had already read the article before forming an opinion about the validity of my concerns, but better late than never). I'm not attached to any particular wording—we never got as far as discussing that, because there is a brick wall of obstructionism on the talkpage forbidding ''any'' mention of the topic. Because, see, it would be "undue weight"—in an article that is 90% corn-fed hagiographic fluff. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 18:56, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Let me get this straight [[User:MastCell|MastCell]]. Are you really saying Atsme has, "colossal ignorance, a massive blind spot, reflexive partisan loyalty, or something more sinister" or am I reading that wrongly?--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 18:28, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::She's determinedly denying that there's anything racist about referring to Black people as "monkeys". Those are the explanations that occur to me. If you can think of others, I'm open to hearing them. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 18:52, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::So, you, an admin on this site, wontonly violates our No Personal Attacks because you disagree with someone over content? I noticed you referring to "gatekeepers"...I assume that means me because I also opposed your suggestion at that Rfc? I also saw you infer that Atsme is racist for adding the image of the gorilla? That image was uploaded by me long ago and adorns my userpage and I do not see either that image nor her caption was in any way a racist trope.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 19:10, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::: {{ping|MONGO}} just a point of clarification. [[User:MastCell|Mastcell]] never <s>said anything about the gorilla or Atsme's adding of that image.</s> (See response below about this striking of my comment.) She added it to make an unnecessary [[straw man]]/diversionary point, as no one had implied that every single possible mention of apes is racist. It obviously isn't, and I think that image is great. That's a pretty noble relative to humans.
::::::::::: BTW, the "personalization" of the discussion in a negative manner was not originally made by MastCell, but in the immediate response to his quesiton, as if his asking a question of Atsme, a specific editor, was improper. (Conversations usually involve such direct questions, in case you had forgotten.) He was just seeking clarity about her meaning. That's all, and the personal attacks on him that followed were truly improper. ''That'' is the point at which the civil discussion went downhill. Don't blame him for those overly sensitive and personalizing reactions. Thicker skin really helps to avoid these things. Taking offense where none is intended (AGF) is not conducive to civil discussion. Taking the high road never hurts. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 00:41, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::: Yes Mastcell did question the image that Atsme added...right [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AJimbo_Wales&type=revision&diff=966426854&oldid=966421453 here].--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 14:26, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::: Okay, {{ping|MONGO}} I have stricken that part of my comment and will get very specific about your unfounded accusation against [[User:MastCell|MastCell]]: "you infer that Atsme is racist for adding the image of the gorilla". That is not true. MastCell inferred no such thing. AGF. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 15:52, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::Be careful of what you say and how you word it. Your comment about apes, "That's a pretty noble relative to humans. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 01:15, July 9, 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::: I was simply expressing my admiration for that image. That's a beautiful animal. I was also expressing my belief in evolution, and that we are related to the great apes. Nothing more. What has happened to AGF? It's this type of oversensitivity that creates disputes. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 02:59, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::::That is exactly what's been happening to me - a clusterfrap, all stemming from an innocent statement I made about a time in our history, and you joined in on the pile-on. What has happened to AGF, indeed. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 07:53, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::It is Jimbo's talk page but such personal attacks against another editor, at least to me, are beyond the pale even here. [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]] ([[User talk:PackMecEng|talk]]) 21:38, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::: {{ping|PackMecEng}} please read my comment immediately above yours. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 00:44, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::Not true, Valjean. MastCell made his comments personal despite my asking him to stop. He has implied that editors are racist if they don't agree with him that Reagan's racist comment belongs in his biography. He is obviously on a mission to RGW and has been projecting his behavior onto others. His behavior in this discussion is very unbecoming an admin of his stature, especially when the editors he is falsely accusing of noncompliance are actually of the same mind he is about racism to lesser, non-advocacy degree per NPOV, and have provided strong arguments against inclusion of Regean's private telephone discussion that support RECENTISM and DUE. Do the research and read his comments. Most editors already know that you and MastCell are strong allies so we expect you to defend him, right or wrong, not that there is anything wrong with that; just saying. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 13:37, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::You've insisted that there is nothing harmful about even the most blatant of racial slurs. ''That'' is deeply uncivil, and, for many people, a personal attack. Site policy doesn't give you the right to minimize or deny racist insults without accountability, and my concerns about this harmful behavior don't constitute "personal attacks".I think that even your enablers here realize how indefensible your conduct has been—notice that they studiously avoid engaging with the underlying concern, and instead focus on attacking me for bringing attention to it. Before you say anything else about how awful I am, [[User:MONGO|MONGO]], [[User:Levivich|Levivich]], [[User:PackMecEng|PackMecEng]]: do you agree with Atsme that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=965877113 there's nothing inherently racist about comparing Black people to monkeys]? '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 20:14, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
{{od}}
That's not what she said. You keep saying that's what she said, but that's not what the paragraph you're linking to says. A better question is: do I think the Reagan quote is racist? Yes, I do. Do I think it should be included in the article [[Ronald Reagan]]? No, I don't. Does that make me racist, or an apologist, or an enabler? No, it doesn't.

You ''have'' been making personal attacks, {{u|MastCell}}. Repeatedly for the last month, against multiple editors, including myself, when you accused me of being part of an effort to whitewash Reagan's biography because of my !vote in an RFC. You need to stop insulting our colleagues. You can't come on this website to blow off steam by picking fights with people, which is basically what you've been doing for the last month. You're entitled to your opinions, but you're not entitled to call editors who disagree with you racist, and you're not entitled to call editors who agree with them enablers. It's got to stop now, please. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 20:25, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:It's exactly what she said. I linked to her comment, because I figured you'd keep trying to gaslight me about it. After all, you're the guy who just tried to convince me that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case&diff=prev&oldid=966431506 there's nothing "racially charged" about the term "lynching"]. As for the rest, I'm comfortable with what I've said. I'd feel worse if I saw this kind of thing and ''didn't'' speak up about it. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 20:42, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::Accusing me of gaslighting and implying I'm racist is not cool. This is the last time I ask you to stop before I escalate. I understand you're saying it makes you feel better to act this way, but that's no justification. There are other editors' feelings to consider as well, not just your own. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 20:53, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::I feel that MastCell is considering the feelings of other editors. ---[[User:Sluzzelin|Sluzzelin]] [[User talk:Sluzzelin|talk]] 21:03, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Well he ain't considering mine when he insinuates I'm racist. Look, I've easily donated over 100 hours this last month working on articles like [[Killing of George Floyd]] and [[Killing of Rayshard Brooks]] and I am not going to have some asshole call me a racist because I disagree with him over the inclusion of a Reagan quote. I'm not going to donate my time here and then put up with being accused of enabling or gaslighting because of my views in a content dispute. No other volunteer here should have to put up with this, either, especially not from anyone with +sysop. MastCell has been carrying on like this for like a month; enough is enough. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 22:29, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::I'm not calling you, or anyone else, a racist. I ''am'' saying that if someone is capable of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case&diff=prev&oldid=966431506 denying that the term "lynching" is racially fraught], or of [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=965877113 making up benign explanations to deny the harmfulness of the most blatant racial slurs], then that person has a major blind spot. These blind spots end up excluding people from the project for whom these matters are deeply personal and existential, and not just a topic of bloodless intellectual debate or a platform for defensive chest-beating. Look at how you shouted down [[User:Sluzzelin|Sluzzelin's]] relatively mild effort to broaden the discussion, and re-centered your own personal anger at being questioned. That dynamic silences a wider range of voices and perpetuates your (our) blind spots, the sum of which is systemic bias in our coverage. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 17:50, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::You ''are'' calling me racist. You've accused me of whitewashing racism, of minimizing racism, and of perpetuating systemic racism. You accused me of being an enabler. An enabler of what? Racism. You accused me of gaslighting because I disagreed with you. You're damn right I'm pissed off at you, I am one of the targets of the hateful things you've been saying on multiple pages for the last month. Have you considered the possibility, remote as it may seem to you, that I'm right? That "lynching" doesn't always have a racial connotation? That most dictionaries back me up on that? More specifically, that the use of the word "lynching" in [[Special:Diff/962814548|this edit summary]] did ''not'' have any racist implication as you allege? And that I do not have a blind spot because I disagree with you about whether or not that comment has a racist connotation? Have you considered that I don't think that Reagan quote should be included because it's not what's best for the article? Because it's actually [[WP:UNDUE]]? Not that I'm using DUE as a cover for racism--which is another thing you've recently accused me of--but that I honestly, sincerely, feel that this one quote should not be included verbatim in the biography? And that this ''doesn't'' mean I'm racist, or perpetuating systemic racism, or have a blind spot, or any of it. Have you given any of these possibilities any thought? Is there any room in your self-righteous worldview for others to disagree with you? Or do you just have all the answers figured out, and you're here to judge the rest of us? If you really wanted dialogue, you could start by apologizing for the hateful things you've been saying for this past month about me and others. But if you don't want to do that, that's fine. But what you ''do'' need to stop doing - and what you continue to do, again today - is to '''stop talking about my motivations'''. You don't get to comment on what's in my heart or what's in my head. You don't get to speculate about the state of my knowledge or morality. That's what makes it a personal attack and a violation of [[WP:NPA]] policy. You might think I have a blind spot, you might think I'm racist, whatever, I don't really care what you think. But I do care about you trash talking me and other editors. ''Comment on content not contributors.'' Your persistence day after day is only going to boil over at some point. Stop. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 18:04, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
Yup. For, for me, at least, it sure was a racial slur. Now why don't the two of you stop worrying about who gets the last word and put a lid on it. [[Special:Contributions/70.181.40.210|70.181.40.210]] ([[User talk:70.181.40.210|talk]]) 20:30, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
*[[User:MastCell|Mastcell]], I definitely feel that comparing African-Americans to monkeys is inherently racist. Absolutely. But I do not think that is what Atsme said, and I still do not support inclusion in the Reagan article as it is UNDUE. This is an opinion I have based on many years of peer reviewed article work here and elsewhere in real life. Making everyone that disagrees with you out to be a racist is undermining your argument...its definitely akin to violation of [[Godwin's law]].--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 21:29, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::It is such a relief to have woke editors with critical thinking skills and good reading comprehension ability explaining accurately the course of events. This was all about diverting attention away from Biden's racial slurs (<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/biden-launches-presidential-bid-then-walks-into-race-row-over-obama-slur-434578.html</ref><ref>https://reason.com/2014/09/17/biden-apologizes-for-anti-semitic-slur/</ref><ref>https://time.com/3394403/shylock-biden/</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-ireland-biden/northern-irish-mp-asks-for-apology-over-biden-st-patricks-day-joke-idUSKBN0MD2HY20150317</ref><ref>https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-lawmakers-demand-biden-disavow-surrogate-s-racist-comments-n1131531</ref><ref>https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2020/05/22/biden-says-you-aint-black-if-youd-vote-for-trump-over-him-uproar-ensues/</ref><ref>https://www.npr.org/2020/05/22/861007175/biden-pulls-back-on-cavalier-remarks-about-black-voters</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/bidens-history-of-controversial-racial-comments</ref> Sources added by [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] 05:43, July 9, 2020) and the media's criticism of WP editors scrubbing the Harris and Biden articles. It was swept under the rug so MastCell could focus on his obsessions with a dead president, and a racial comment that was made a half-century ago. Now isn't that par for the course? He was the first to comment after I opened the discussion, and it devolved from there. He hijacked the discussion to focus on his issue at the Reagan RfC, and his "enablers" quickly steered the discussion away from the "today" racial slurs by Biden and the scrubbing to focus on a single racial comment from 50 years ago by Gov Reagan who later became president and is now dead. He can't defend himself or apologize for that racial slur in a private telephone discussion that was made public after his death. Let Consensus decide what happens. What I think should be a priority and truly noble and worthy endeavor, like what MastCell has undertaken, is to consider the following: [https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Robert-C-Byrds-name-removed-from-a-college-health-center-571345761.html WHSV], ''Robert C. Byrd's name removed from a college health center''. Perhaps Wikipedia should stand in solidarity with Bethany College, and remove all mention of [[Robert Byrd]] from the encyclopedia, not unlike what is happening with the confederate monuments, etc. and other white supremacists, slave owners, etc. Byrd's past ties as a the leader of a KKK chapter is unforgivable. Take your pick - advocate or encyclopedia? [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 23:30, 8 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::Good points. Frankly, there are too many people here here grinding axes politically. And it's making the rest of us look like advocates ourselves trying to make this something resembling a encyclopedia.[[User:Rja13ww33|Rja13ww33]] ([[User talk:Rja13ww33|talk]]) 01:35, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{ping|Atsme}} Atsme, first I'm not sure why [[User:Levivich]] is editing your comment for you. Regardless, your claim that Biden used racial slurs is a false attack and a BLP violation (neither your sources nor Levivich's support that claim) and I'm going to ask you, one more time, to strike it.
::::::Insulting other editors by sarcastically calling them "woke", falsely accusing them of being "obsessed", falsely labeling any criticism of your own actions as "personal attack" as well as the weird attempts at sabotaging the discussion by suggesting we remove all mentions of Robert Byrd (wtf does that have to do with anything?) are not a good look either. I think you've crossed the line into [[WP:NOTHERE]] and [[WP:TEND]] several times there.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 17:16, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::VM, you've been here long enough to know those policies don't apply to personal talk pages. Of course we're "not here" to talk about building specific articles, nor are we obliged to. Jimmy's talk page is often used to discuss meta-issues, and the one Atsme opened this thread with is important, it involves the integrity of the encyclopedia.
:::::::The issue at hand is that, over and over, Wikipedia is being called out for having obvious bias. While it's common these days to be partisan, an encyclopedia stands alone and above it all. So readers face a delimna (and [[cognitive dissonance]]) when they see blatant partisanship on WP: how to know which articles here can be trusted to convey unblemished facts, if any. We don't want to put readers in that position. Atsme values the encyclopedia enough to bring these issues to a wider audience, and this is a perfect place for that. [[User:Petrarchan47|petrarchan47]][[User talk:Petrarchan47|คุ]][[Special:Contribs/Petrarchan47|ก]] 23:37, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::WP:BLP most certainly applies to talk pages as does, usually, WP:NPA. And usually "valuing the encyclopedia" means "following the encyclopedia's policies and guidelines".[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 08:26, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::It seems like a solution involves moving power from partisan editors to nonpartisan editors. The policies, guidelines, and dispute resolution structures don't seem to be adequate. The only way I can see is establishing a group of trustworthy nonpartisan editors who are given enough power so that even partisan administrators can be overcome. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 01:10, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::Riiiggghhhhttt. And who decides who these "nonpartisan editors" are? You? Atsme? Me? MasCell? [[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 08:26, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::{{U|Volunteer Marek}}, The question of who would decide who is a nonpartisan editor is difficult to answer. The question of how one can tell if someone's editing is unbiased, there could be evidence that an editor has a history of having diffs on different sides of the same issue. As an example, on this talk page I know of an editor who has restored edits of other editors that were deleted for being anti-Biden in one case and anti-Trump in another. Also, that editor criticized another editor as wrongfully making accusations of racism in the AFC process, yet also worked hard to edit an African-American article that the accusing editor had created. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 18:34, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::That is ''exactly'' what I have been thinking. Someone mentioned on Atsme's TP that WP should just avoid covering politics altogether. But the only reason there is an issue, is that partisan editors are ''allowed'' (from one side, whilst editors from the 'wrong side' are often topic banned). For truly dispassionate, NPOV editors, it is not a challenge to cover contentious topics. <strike>But there must be a deafening demand from the community for those in power to stop allowing partisan editors to control political articles. A simple first step would be for admins heavily involved in this topic area to step aside, allowing apolitical admins to take over, at least during election years.</strike> [22 July] I regret making this comment and retract it as ill-conceived. [[User:Petrarchan47|petrarchan47]][[User talk:Petrarchan47|คุ]][[Special:Contribs/Petrarchan47|ก]] 01:25, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::The very fact that you think that "editors from the 'wrong side' are often topic banned" is pretty clear evidence that you've got a "party" here too. Every editor thinks they're NPOV... even as they tendentiously push their POV. Same goes for these "apolitical admins", which are about as frequent as yetis and unicorns. And seriously, why would you want someone who's "apolitical" to edit political articles, even if you could find such a chimera? Such a person is likely going to be pretty clueless about the topic you're asking them to admin or edit. Which means they'll be easily taken advantage of by editors who are good at brown nosing and cloaking their POV pushing in layers of [[WP:CPUSH]]. Finally, why should editors who actually follow our guidelines and policies be punished? Because you think they're "partisan"? No.
::::::::::Humans are fallible. That's why it's about the sources. Those are fallible too but it keeps us honest. If an editor follows WP:RS, WP:NOR etc then who cares whether they're "partisan" or not? If another editor routinely tries to dismiss reliable sources or misrepresents them, if they push fringe or unreliable sources, if they try to substitute their own original research for sourcing, THAT's the problem.[[User:Volunteer Marek|''' Volunteer Marek ''']] 08:26, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::The problem with that is: you can follow RS and NOR.....and still have NPOV issues. That's a problem in a lot of what I see. Stacking the deck can happen because a lot of these rules are fairly subjective. (That's why we have RFCs.)[[User:Rja13ww33|Rja13ww33]] ([[User talk:Rja13ww33|talk]]) 22:16, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::: {{u|Petrarchan47}}, partisan editors are allowed from both sides. However, any editor who routinely asserts fiction as fact, will often end up topic banned. Hence we ban homeopathists, young-Earth creationists, and "All Lives Matter" activists - not because of their viewpoint, but because of their unwillingness to accept a real-world consensus that contradicts their personal beliefs. Anyone who comes here agitating to remove the Washington Post or New York Times because they are "fake news", is going to be in trouble not because they are conservative but because they repudiate [[WP:RS]]. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 14:22, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::{{u|JzG}} I don't think it's that simple. Know that I have never suggested the removal of any source from [[WP:RS]], but at the same time I do push back against the idea that any of them are sacred cows. I do that by showing, via RS, how that position is unsubstantiated. Since it is the NYT that is considered gold standard RS on WP, and because the number of times it is cited here dwarfs that of all other sources, I have made an effort to show that they cannot always be trusted, that they too must be judged on a case-by-case basis. [[User:Petrarchan47|petrarchan47]][[User talk:Petrarchan47|คุ]][[Special:Contribs/Petrarchan47|ก]] 00:39, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
*I know you are all worried about BLP and stuff but... is there not some sort of real basis behind images like [https://i.postimg.cc/j2MsBPY5/Biden-Trump-shirt.jpg this]? I would have thought it would have been in the article if there was, you know, like evidence of some sort of previous complaint or something ... [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yx8cD8fqLDk]. ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 11:57, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

=== Back to the Reagan article ===

For reference regarding the Reagan article,

Text currently in article:
:Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people; this faith stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother[19] and the Disciples of Christ faith,[19]into which he was baptized in 1922.[20] For that period, which was long before the civil rights movement, Reagan's opposition to racial discrimination was unusual. He recalled the time when his college football team was staying at a local hotel which would not allow two black teammates to stay there, and he invited them to his parents' home 15 miles (24 kilometers) away in Dixon. His mother invited them to stay overnight and have breakfast the next morning.[21] [22] His father was strongly opposed to the Ku Klux Klan due to his Catholic heritage, but also due to the Klan's anti-semitism and anti-black racism.[16] After becoming a prominent actor, Reagan gave speeches in favor of racial equality following World War II.[23]

Proposed addition to article:
:In July of 2019 a previously undisclosed tape recorded in the Nixon White House was released. In the audio recording, made in 1971 and documenting a phone conversation between then-President Nixon and then-Governor Reagan, Mr. Reagan can be heard saying, “To see those, those monkeys from those African countries—damn them, they’re still uncomfortable wearing shoes!“ [1] This statement was made in reference to a United Nations delegation from Tanzania, which opposed the United States in a vote to officially recognize the People’s Republic of China. When the tape was initially released in 2000, the racist portion had been edited out. Subsequent to Reagan’s passing, the original recording was restored and released to the public.

[[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 17:16, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

Instead of the proposed addition above, I would add the following as a Note:
: In 2019, a recording was released of a private conversation between Governor Reagan and President Nixon in 1971, with Reagan referring to U.N. delegates from Tanzania as "monkeys".
[[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 17:55, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:So our discussion of Reagan and race expansively covers a college-football memory, and focuses heavily on the progressive views of Reagan's early career, before his rightward shift. But we confine blatantly racist political conversations to a footnote, and completely ignore the role of race in the War on Drugs, the [[Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech|Neshoba speech]], the creation of the "welfare queen" trope, and the central role of white resentment in Reagan's political career—all of which are well-sourced subjects of scholarly historiography. The most charitable explanation would be that we have a colossal blind spot, although it's hard not to view this as actively dishonest writing. '''[[User:MastCell|MastCell]]''' [[User Talk:MastCell|Talk]] 18:15, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::Actively dishonest, indeed.
::If you're ever in Simi Valley, you should go to the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum]]. I make it a point to go to every presidential library that exists if I ever get near it in my travels. When I visited the Reagan Library I noticed that it stood alone among presidential libraries as a wholly partisan and positive representation of the president in question, obviously having been founded by or perhaps taken over by those who wish to sanctify the myth of the man. Did you know Reagan alone was responsible for breaking up the USSR? Other libraries show at least some of the controversy, some of the ugly side, some of the opposition to programs. Simi Valley will have none of that.
::Is there a parallel here on Wikipedia? Absolutely. Reagan fans have written and are defending a hagiography. Truly neutral scholarship is diminished in power or completely absent. [[User:Binksternet|Binksternet]] ([[User talk:Binksternet|talk]]) 18:32, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

::Wow! I didn't realize that our Reagan Bio contained such hagiographic copy . . . "''Reagan had a particularly strong faith in the goodness of people . . . [which] stemmed from the optimistic faith of his mother . . . ''" Jeez!! No wonder MastCell and other liberals want to add the bad stuff to it. I would suggest that the subsection on Reagan's religious background be rewritten with a few objective statements rather than with flattering speculation and that the rest of the article be combed for fluff. As for Reagan's deeply insulting references to African diplomats when he thought he was having a private phone conversation with Nixon, no, it should not go in; not unless were're also going to mention the (apparently far more frequent) racist language of Presidents such as Truman, Lyndon Johnson, and Nixon; but I wouldn't advise that either. [[Special:Contributions/70.181.40.210|70.181.40.210]] ([[User talk:70.181.40.210|talk]]) 18:13, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
::Well, a lot of the incidents/items you list are very much open to interpretation. (As to how much race played a role in them.) A lot of Presidents (for example) have played a role in the War on Drugs. And I just have a hard time picturing Bill Clinton or President Obama (for example) plotting the downfall of black America. Furthermore, a lot of Presidential bios in Encyclopedias are like this. Please point out one bio that dwells on stuff like this. I just looked at Harry Truman's bio in my old set of Britannica(s) (and World Book).....you don't see this stuff. (Same for Reagan's bio.) In fact look at Britannica's (current) article on the 1980 election. You see any of that neshoba crap mentioned? Yeah, me neither. I guess it boils down to what anyone wants: something encyclopedic.....or the dingy [under]world of partisan politics with editors grinding axes. I do what I can.[[User:Rja13ww33|Rja13ww33]] ([[User talk:Rja13ww33|talk]]) 22:25, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
Too bad that we're in a situation where some (most?) editors opt for the adversarial approach to editing instead of the collaborative. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 19:07, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

I started a section for this proposal at [[Talk:Ronald_Reagan#Alternate_proposal_of_a_briefer_version_as_a_Note]]. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 19:43, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Update: I withdrew the alternate proposal. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 14:39, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

=== It's time to stop paying so much attention to what happens in the U.S.A. ===

I get it. I wasted an hour or so last night watching another [[Jim Jones]] type USA leader preach to his sardine packed cult with lots of wide gold armbands flashing under the lights and heard about a brand new garden of monuments to be built for the Cultsters to go and worship.
So I totally get how its a normal human condition to feel a need to respond to advertising and "news" and gossip, even when its about the most stupid and predictable people and circumstances.
But, maybe, for the purpose of having a higher quality product, we should put "everything USA" in the same boat as "everything North Korea", and give the former about the same attention as the latter? Just an idea. [[User:Nocturnalnow|Nocturnalnow]] ([[User talk:Nocturnalnow|talk]]) 19:38, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Nocturnalnow}}, I am curious though. That was 100% a political rally, but it appears to have been funded by the taxpayer as a presidential event. Leeaving aside the grossly inappropriate tone, I wonder when he will be reimbursing the costs? '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 22:10, 4 July 2020 (UTC)
:: You & several dozen million other US citizens. -- [[User:Llywrch|llywrch]] ([[User talk:Llywrch|talk]]) 18:07, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
:I'd like to agree, but, paraphrasing [[John Connally]]'s succinctness: He's their President, but our problem. That will probably change in the future, when other nations/leader/currencies become 'our problem', but meanwhile, we're dealing with a superpower headed by something unprecedented. ---[[User:Sluzzelin|Sluzzelin]] [[User talk:Sluzzelin|talk]] 22:04, 6 July 2020 (UTC)
::To your point, [[User:Sluzzelin|Sluzzelin]], a news reporter recently made a very good argument that something has no strategy or strategies so it's a waste of time trying to figure out what it's strategy is. She argued that something simply watches T.V. and reacts to what it sees in whatever way it feels like is best for it at that moment in time...that it said it never read a book ( or any national security papers ) and describes itself as being "visual".
::So, yeah, I agree it's a superpower headed by something unprecedented that we're all dealing with. Now, there were likely similar leaders/controllers many years ago, e.g. in the Roman Empire, [[Caligula]] springs to mind, and now that I'm looking at his bio for the first time I see quite a few creepy similarities like ''"Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor, as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate.''"
::and this: "wanting a statue of himself in the Temple of Jerusalem for his worship" seems not so far beyond the pale with something.
::But what makes our problem uniquely/existentially worrisome is its access to nuclear weapons; especially if it gets 4 more years. [[User:Nocturnalnow|Nocturnalnow]] ([[User talk:Nocturnalnow|talk]]) 14:18, 7 July 2020 (UTC)
:::What do you see as a possible scenario with nuclear weapons if President Trump is reelected? [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 01:23, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
::::[[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]], to answer that, even with a vague opinion, I want to mention that his niece says he's dangerous and I'm starting to wonder, for the 1st. time because of a recent [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1281206354334625793 tweet], whether he is not only a psychopath but also as stupid as a pile of bricks. I'm talking about his mistaken usage of "1/100th." (instead of "100th." or "hundredth" or "one hundredth"). There are some mistakes that a not stupid person could not make....I mean, you'd actually have to add a 1 and a / to do this. Maybe he really did cheat on all his tests; and it was really stupid for him to keep believing the Central Park 5 were guilty after DNA exoneration.
::::It would not be the first time that a really stupid and mentally messed up person obtained a lot of monetary success just by following in his father's footsteps, pushing people around, and cheating like hell....all the way through life.
::::So, to my vague opinion, I'd say such a scenario is completely unpredictable in its details. His niece claims Donald's dad was a “high-functioning sociopath”; and I've come to the opinion that is exactly what he has become, except perhaps with even higher functionality.
::::What's scary, to me, is that since COVID hit he appears to be sliding into something akin to a psychotic episode in very slow motion. Even though the details of a nightmare scenario are not predictable, I would guess it would be something impulsive. The good news is that his inner circle and spokespeople appear to becoming more concerned themselves about his state of mind, I think/hope. [[User:Nocturnalnow|Nocturnalnow]] ([[User talk:Nocturnalnow|talk]]) 22:03, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::I can see that you are very concerned about many issues regarding President Trump and that for the use of nuclear weapons "such a scenario is completely unpredictable in its details". All I can say with regard to nuclear weapons is that in his 3 1/2 years as president it looks like he has tended to avoid military conflict. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 01:31, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::That's true. [[User:Nocturnalnow|Nocturnalnow]] ([[User talk:Nocturnalnow|talk]]) 14:09, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::However, I'm thinking about "the nature of the beast"; in the context of something inside of something that can come out when least expected. e.g., with Caligula he was just fine for his early days as emperor, and there is a man who seemed harmless up until he was 30 years old when he [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38945061 decapitated and ate a young guy sitting in front of him on a bus].
::::::There are tons of credible people who now believe that keeping him in power is like playing with fire. And there are many who see him as someone useful for philosophical purposes, like appointing conservative judges, and feel as if, even if he is a basket case, that he can be kept under control.
::::::From an optimistic standpoint, maybe it's close enough to November where the Pentagon and Congress will step in to stop any type of reckless moves he might make, and since many Independents and even many Republicans are now of the opinion he is too dangerous to continue in power....perhaps all of us having to be subject to his behaviour will be over as of election day. [[User:Nocturnalnow|Nocturnalnow]] ([[User talk:Nocturnalnow|talk]]) 16:17, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

{{reflist talk}}

== “Anyone Can Edit Wikipedia” ==

I think someone has raised this point before & id like to echo that individual. Although the “anyone can edit Wikipedia” is a fundamental principle of this collaborative project, I feel that principle is what has brought upon us the general misconception that Wikipedia isn’t a reliable source for information. Although I don’t have, nor propose any way to remedy anything, I feel there should be a mechanism whereby “not just anyone” can edit Wikipedia. If random people/Ip addresses try to edit Wikipedia for fun & see that they cannot (due to any future mechanism built which prevents them to) people would begin to realize Wikipedia isn’t childs play & take it a tad bit more serious & would also help correct the popular misconception that Wikipedia isn’t a reliable source for information. However like I earlier stated, I do not have a proposal or anything but I just thought to let you know that. Volunteers on this collaborative project work too hard to ensure [[WP:V|verifiability]] of information, usuage of reliable sources to ensure veracity of information & listening to colleagues of mine(who have no idea that I am a Wikipedian) say inane things like “Wikipedia isn’t reliable as anyone can edit it” really gets me annoyed to put it mildly. [[User:Celestina007|Celestina007]] ([[User talk:Celestina007|talk]]) 21:36, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
:Wiki isn't reliable for that and a few other reasons. (And I say that as someone who has edited here for quite sometime.) I've felt a remedy would be to have a subject matter expert in charge of a article or a particular set/type of articles.....and they would have to clear any changes before they could be made. These people in charge would have to clearly be objective and have a idea as to what a encyclopedia article looks like. I don't know if there is enough personnel here for that though.[[User:Rja13ww33|Rja13ww33]] ([[User talk:Rja13ww33|talk]]) 21:53, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
::This is like [[Ratatouille]]: "anyone can edit" means a great editor can come from anywhere, that doesn't mean everyone is a great editor. We let folks from anywhere edit to begin with, and show them the door if they aren't being helpful. We very much do have a mechanism where "not just anyone" can edit Wikipedia, its in the form of community processes and admins that ban and block troublemakers. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 22:47, 10 July 2020 (UTC)
::::RAT-tat-TOO-ee! That would be Nice! (proving once again that they do let anybody edit here) [[User:Smallbones|Smallbones]]([[User talk:Smallbones|smalltalk]]) 18:50, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
:::The problem is: it can be quite sometime before a lot of these issues are discovered and addressed for certain articles. (The less popular ones...and sometimes even the more popular ones.)[[User:Rja13ww33|Rja13ww33]] ([[User talk:Rja13ww33|talk]]) 23:02, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

::::The way to solve that is to build better bots and tools, and get more editors, which is what we're doing already, IMV. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 00:00, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

== An opaque resolution ==

According to the foundationwiki, on May 22, the Board approved the "Abstract Wikipedia" efforts, but this was not reflected anywhere on-wiki until July 2, when the Executive Director made a big announcement about it and the wiki was finally updated. Also on May 22, two other resolutions were made, and they were both posted to the wiki within days. During the intervening period, people closely involved with the project were editing the Abstract Wikipedia page on Meta, yet in each edit left the page falsely saying that the Board had yet to approve the project, until July 2, right after the Executive Director made the announcement.

I would like to know: Was the lack of transparency deliberate? --[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]] ([[User talk:Yair rand|talk]]) 04:22, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
:If I were you, I'd ask this @[[User_talk:Maherkr|mrs Maher]] herself and/or someone in [[:m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees#Current_members|WMF's boardroom]] since mr Wales is "only" ''emeritus''. Kind regards, [[User_talk:Klaas van Buiten|Klaas]] `Z4␟` [[User:Klaas van Buiten|V]] 08:52, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
::Jimbo is, in fact, currently a member of the board. It would not make sense to ask the Executive Director about this, given that it's regarding the actions and intentions of the board itself. --[[User:Yair rand|Yair rand]] ([[User talk:Yair rand|talk]]) 03:48, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Special Barnstar Hires.png|100px]]
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''The Special Barnstar'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Wow... [[User:Dương Triệu|Dương Triệu]] ([[User talk:Dương Triệu|talk]]) 03:32, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
|}

== Wikipedia literally takes us on a journey toward philosophy... ==

[[File:Talk Philosophy history tree.png|thumb|right|220px|A word cloud based on history of en:Talk:Philosophy, this is what the words look like after people spend years discussing what words define philosophy itself.]]

So I am sure Jimbo will have seen this, but apparently the instance is continuing to spike. There is something profound about this connection...

See this:

* [[Wikipedia:Getting to Philosophy]]

Wikipedia is much more than an encyclopaedia. Wikipedia embodies our collective [[soul]], as best as we have been able to manage so far as a species. Thanks again for the device, Jimbo and co., it is a great toy and more. ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 03:47, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
:In a [https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Wikipedia-always-end-up-with-Philosophy-when-you-keep-clicking-on-the-first-real-link-in-each-article-not-in-parentheses-or-italics discussion at Quora], a post by Mark Hetherington says that the reason it works has to do with "...the first sentence of an article is almost always a definitional statement, a direct answer to the question 'what is [the subject]?' " and he goes on to explain.

:So one can test this by, for example, going to the first link that appears in non-parenthesis text that is after the first paragraph in an article, instead of the first non-parenthesis link in the article. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 15:20, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
::Here's one data point. From the random article generator, I got [[Fear of the Dark (Gordon Giltrap album)]]. I then used the method I described above of going to the first link that appears in non-parenthesis text that is after the first paragraph in an article. I did this 88 times without coming to [[Philosophy]] or loops, etc., and gave up. [[User:Bob K31416|Bob K31416]] ([[User talk:Bob K31416|talk]]) 15:49, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
:::If you used the first link on the page [[Gordon Giltrap]], you would have ended up on [[philosophy]] Here is one that ends in a loop between [[knowledge]] and [[propositional knowledge]] ... [[Mary Katherine Fechtel]] (but of course knowledge concepts are philosophical concepts) ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 07:51, 16 July 2020 (UTC)

== Wikipedia quiz app ==

Has the foundation ever considered creating a Wikipedia general knowledge quiz app? It occurred to me that it might help raise more money. Obviously the facts would have to be double checked but I think it would be a good thing.† [[User:Encyclopædius|'''''Encyclopædius''''']] 06:26, 18 July 2020 (UTC)

== An announcement ==

Institutional racism is a huge problem, and because of it, African Americans are under represented on Wikipedia. That’s why I’m creating the [[Wikipedia:The African-American 1000 Challenge]], aiming to improve and create articles related to African Americans. Feedback is requested to prepare for the start of this challenge, which is planned to begin August 1st. [[User:Eternal Shadow|Eternal Shadow]] [[User talk:Eternal Shadow|Talk]] 20:15, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
::I look forward to seeing it, but, remember, it is better to start at the top, with people so notable that nobody will question them., rather than start with those more at the margins Onece you;ve established the top, you can see how far further consensus will support you. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 11:23, 22 July 2020 (UTC) '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 11:23, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Eternal Shadow}}, I echo {{u|DGG}}'s sound advice. Establish a track record for unquestionably notable topics first, and that will give you capital when dealing with griefers and more marginal cases. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 11:52, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
:Getting consensus is a problem, and I’m considering delaying it for a while. I try to find the most notable topics but referencing is lacking. I’m mainly focusing on state legislatures and politics and I’m looking there. [[User:Eternal Shadow|Eternal Shadow]] [[User talk:Eternal Shadow|Talk]] 15:26, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

== ...or not to see also... ==

Dear Jimbo, and fans and addicts of Wikipedia, did you realise the see also section is being phased out by a small group of contributors who see the section as an indication of a substandard article? Is it just me, or is a see also section a valid and valued part of Wikipedia? I've started [[Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Layout#...or_not_see_also...|a section on the relevant guideline]], but similar complaints have arisen before and been snowballed out by a small number of contributors, and I want a good opinion, not simply a red flag and a reference. Sure, a see also section should not be wild and unmanageable, but it should not exist at all?

As an example, the main page featured article section today leads directly to five featured articles, such as [[Manchester]]. Between those five articles, the see also sections amount to five total items. How can that be qualitative for the encyclopaedia? ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 10:38, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
::it works most effectively when it is selective. For most possible see alsos. the ordinary hypertext links do the job. '''[[User:DGG| DGG]]''' ([[User talk:DGG| talk ]]) 11:21, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
:::Perhaps I am in the minority but I really appreciate a lot of links and have felt "badly" when an editor goes though my articles and deletes them saying they are already linked in the text. But knowing they are technically correct I can't revert their changes. Now I need to say, I use Wikipedia ''a lot'' and according to research I am one of the few people that reads more than the lead--and even more unusual in that I usually check out a few sources as well. But even still, very often I am looking for information that I need to tease out from articles on related subjects and find the links extremely helpful. It is odd that practically every article has something like "bread" or "potato" linked and yet one would be concerned about a few words to link a related Wikipedia article. [[User:Gandydancer|Gandydancer]] ([[User talk:Gandydancer|talk]]) 16:35, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
::::++ Totally. Focus on the readers should be fundamental and of no concern to respect for the editors. ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 20:44, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

*Generally, if a topic is in a see also, I'm of the opinion that it should probably deserve a note [and thus a link] in the article body. Not always of course, but I do actually agree that a see also is sometimes an indicator of an unfinished article. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 17:18, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
::It shouldn't be. It is a navigation tool, and one with no valid alternative. I cannot see where this idea comes from that anybody who goes to an article must there to read the text more importantly than learn about the subject? ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 20:44, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
::I mean, where did this idea come from that there is some kind of insult if the focus of the article is upon the reader perspective? It's baffling, it forces the reader to make connections off the site, and capitalism ''is'' coming for it. Britannica is reading this and cleaning its eyeballs with its hands because when the time is right, they are just going to shoot WP right in the middle and munch that sucker up, with teeth made of its own content. You realise that is available, don't you? Wikipedia owns none of the content. All we have is reader focus... I mean, you know how stuff like Facebook and Steam took over the internet don't you? By swallowing up all of the readership... right? When stuff like MySpace and Gamespy thought it was all over, sleeping giants awoke and devoured them. From Wookieepedia: "In his belly, you will find a new definition of pain and suffering as you are slowly digested over a thousand years." The sarlacc becomes one with the consciousness of its victims, extending supper time beyond their natural lifespan. Sarlacc says, "That's kind of tasty. A bit salty at first... but I'd eat the rest of it eventually." The sarlacc ''always'' says that. "Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us."[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq5vZ1I0HAU] ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 00:27, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
:::{{u|RTG}}, What I'm saying is: those links should be in the body of the article. Its not that we remove them entirely, its that we integrate them into the content. Now, for sure, "see also" sections have definitely gotten me down wiki-rabbit holes before. But we don't need click-through to survive, we don't need the ad revenue for page views like social media sites do. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 02:32, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
::::Wikipedia is the king of encyclopedias because it is the best at doing such job. If Britannica would do it better, then Britannica would become king. We should not be egoistic: let the best man (or encyclopedia) win. Our purpose is to offer freely to the world the knowledge of the world. Our purpose isn't amassing most wealth or most clicks, it is spreading knowledge. Wikipedia is simply the means to-that-end. Let Britannica become "Wikipedia vetted by experts" if they so wish. [[User:Tgeorgescu|Tgeorgescu]] ([[User talk:Tgeorgescu|talk]]) 03:41, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{Re|CaptainEek}} <s>I think you are not getting it... at FA... see also is being de facto phased out, not debated or anything like that, but avoided anyway, as an indicator of poor article quality, based on ''clearly unintentional'' wording inference in the guidelines. It has been complained about year on year for the very reason, that it may be worded in a way which will depreciate the see also section. The words have been protected by people who didn't want to see a fuss or something (you know, it's Wikipedia, don't ask questions, don't change anything). It's an ever popular attitude these days for people who think some big fuss sort of thing, that happened at the start, is all over. Anyways, 10 years after this rewording, that was clearly stated in summary as an act of concision intending no change, it is starting to become apparent... (what is the name of that thing where WP eventually references a publication that is originated on a faulty WP statement? It is like that more or less) and see also is literally dying from the top down as the result... So, it is kind of dangerous and deconstructive to drop the key nav tool, based on keeping WP the best, best branding or whatever.</s> Wait, it is not simply about generating clicks. It is a key navigation tool which has no valid alternative. It is been phased out with no address to the practicality, and I am keen to see that practicality acknowledged (hence misplaced and struck plea, apologies).
:::::Tgeorgescu, that is clearly misguided. I appreciate that you may be trying to state a neutral position, but Wikipedia is not a series of accidents. It depends on an ocean of purposeful and determined refinement. That ocean is the only reason it is even relevant to compare with Britannica. Refinement should not stop upon the feeling of comfort, the ''worst'' excuse to stop, but when refinement becomes difficult to perceive... Not wild, uninformed, unreasoned changes for change sake... but the gradual and considerate march into the future that was started so long ago should continue, unchallenged by either the politics of awaiting threat, or demands for proposals which cannot be refused. When Britannica next challenges Wikipedia, it will not be a competition. It will be a goodbye song. I'm not sure if I want to include the pamphlet on corporate takeover to explain that last part, but you can be sure, that'll be the move if there is indeed a move. ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 04:51, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
::::::{{u|RTG}} If somebody else can do it better, they should get the chance. If you cannot beat them, join them. Wikipedia is not an end in itself, we're not a clique defending our turf. Anyway, to have a "Wikipedia vetted by experts" would require shiploads of money. Our rules of the game is that all editors are volunteers, they work unselfishly, and anyone may reuse their work for any purpose, including commercial purposes. So, behaving selfishly about our content would be against the rules of the game. WMF is a charity, not a business making shareholders rich. WMF isn't selling a product. In fact, others trust Wikipedia precisely because it is not based upon advertisement. That WMF does not own the content is precisely what protects the freedom of the content. [[User:Tgeorgescu|Tgeorgescu]] ([[User talk:Tgeorgescu|talk]]) 07:52, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::{{re|Tgeorgescu}} you are totally off base. I am vouching for the perspective of the reader, and against none of those concerns. ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 11:20, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Except the complacency, which is dangerous and superfluous, but I cannot connect the implications you are suggesting. See also is a good thing, and without such good things, Wikipedia is nothing, amen.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNxNwvjzGM0] ~ [[User:RTG|R]].[[User_Talk:RTG|T]].[[Special:Contributions/RTG|G]] 11:29, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

== Right Angles / Paul Blanchard ==

Hello. Are you aware of https://www.right-angles.global/wikipedia-creation-rebuild/ which contains a link to a podcast interview you gave to Blanchard, the founder of Right Angles? Given your stance on undisclosed paid editing, I would imagine you wouldn't be happy about them using that to make it appear as if you support their services. [[User:Smartse|SmartSE]] ([[User talk:Smartse|talk]]) 15:53, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Smartse}}, "Our SEO specialists will build a personal page that references your achievements and activities and ultimately provides a complete and comprehensive profile."
:For that statement alone, the company and its associates should be banned from all WMF properties. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 11:54, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

::I concur. I mean we know for a fact that this has been the tactic of UPE at the lower end of the market and I'd suspected this at the higher end too. [[User:Smartse|SmartSE]] ([[User talk:Smartse|talk]]) 12:01, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Hi Jimmy,

I'd guess you know that there is news about Paul Blanchard going around that has a pretty ugly side, e.g. in ''[[The Times]]'' https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/pr-guru-paul-blanchard-wasted-charity-money-and-failed-to-pay-his-staff-j7hnb2lcj# I'd link to a couple more critical stories, but I don't know if they are from reliable sources. One type of story in The Times and the others is something like selling knighthoods. Well not quite -that would be illegal. Rather he formats nomination forms, finds somebody to nominate the client (self noms are not allowed), lines up reference letters, contacts people in government about what to emphasize, or what's missing from the portfolio. Cost given as 80,000 pounds in one proposal, which was not accepted. If the stories are to be believed (and The Times is getting sued), it all seems pretty sleazy.

Given the controversy and the amount of news coming out, I'm sure we'll all be patient in getting your reply, but ultimately it would reassure everybody if you stated that you're not endorsing his Wikipedia paid editing service.

Finally, some free personal advice (and worth every penny), don't go looking for any knighthoods - that game isn't going to be working for awhile! (bad joke - sorry).

[[User:Smallbones|Smallbones]]([[User talk:Smallbones|smalltalk]]) 02:22, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

== A kitten for you! ==

[[File:Kitten (06) by Ron.jpg|left|150px]]

[[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 07:53, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Coleman–Liau index

2020-07-22T09:21:24Z

Herobrine: Added {{One source}} tag (TW)

{{Multiple issues|
{{No footnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{One source|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Reading}}
The '''Coleman–Liau index''' is a [[readability test]] designed by [[Meri Coleman]] and [[T. L. Liau]] to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the [[Flesch–Kincaid Readability Test|Flesch–Kincaid]] Grade Level, [[Gunning fog index]], [[SMOG index]], and [[Automated Readability Index]], its output approximates the U.S. [[Educational stages|grade level]] thought necessary to comprehend the text.

Like the ARI but unlike most of the other indices, Coleman–Liau relies on characters instead of syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllable/word and complex word indices, characters are more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than are syllables.

The Coleman–Liau index was designed to be easily calculated mechanically from samples of hard-copy text. Unlike syllable-based readability indices, it does not require that the character content of words be analyzed, only their length in characters. Therefore, it could be used in conjunction with theoretically simple mechanical scanners that would only need to recognize character, word, and sentence boundaries, removing the need for full [[optical character recognition]] or manual keypunching.

==Formula==

The Coleman–Liau index is calculated with the following formula:

:<math>CLI = 0.0588{L} - 0.296{S} - 15.8\,\!</math>

''L'' is the average number of letters per 100 words and ''S'' is the average number of sentences per 100 words.

As an example, we shall use the abstract from Coleman and Liau's original 1975 paper introducing the index:

<blockquote>Existing computer programs that measure readability are based largely upon subroutines which estimate number of syllables, usually by counting vowels. The shortcoming in estimating syllables is that it necessitates keypunching the prose into the computer. There is no need to estimate syllables since word length in letters is a better predictor of readability than word length in syllables. Therefore, a new readability formula was computed that has for its predictors letters per 100 words and sentences per 100 words. Both predictors can be counted by an optical scanning device, and thus the formula makes it economically feasible for an organization such as the U.S. Office of Education to calibrate the readability of all textbooks for the public school system.</blockquote>

The abstract contains 5 sentences, 119 words, and 639 letters or digits; ''L'' is 537 and ''S'' is 4.20 obtained by the formulas:

''L'' = Letters ÷ Words × 100 = 639 ÷ 119 × 100 ≈ 537

''S'' = Sentences ÷ Words × 100 = 5 ÷ 119 × 100 ≈ 4.20

:<math>CLI = 0.0588 \times 537 - 0.296 \times 4.20 - 15.8 = 14.5\,\!</math>

Therefore, the abstract is at a grade level of 14.5, or roughly appropriate for a second-year undergraduate.

==See also==

* [[Readability]]
* [[Zipf's law]]

==References==

* Coleman, Meri; and Liau, T. L. (1975); ''A computer readability formula designed for machine scoring'', Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 283–284

{{Readability tests}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coleman-Liau index}}
[[Category:Readability tests]]

Coleman–Liau index

2020-07-22T09:20:48Z

Herobrine: Added {{No footnotes}} tag (TW)

{{No footnotes|date=July 2020}}
{{Reading}}
The '''Coleman–Liau index''' is a [[readability test]] designed by [[Meri Coleman]] and [[T. L. Liau]] to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the [[Flesch–Kincaid Readability Test|Flesch–Kincaid]] Grade Level, [[Gunning fog index]], [[SMOG index]], and [[Automated Readability Index]], its output approximates the U.S. [[Educational stages|grade level]] thought necessary to comprehend the text.

Like the ARI but unlike most of the other indices, Coleman–Liau relies on characters instead of syllables per word. Although opinion varies on its accuracy as compared to the syllable/word and complex word indices, characters are more readily and accurately counted by computer programs than are syllables.

The Coleman–Liau index was designed to be easily calculated mechanically from samples of hard-copy text. Unlike syllable-based readability indices, it does not require that the character content of words be analyzed, only their length in characters. Therefore, it could be used in conjunction with theoretically simple mechanical scanners that would only need to recognize character, word, and sentence boundaries, removing the need for full [[optical character recognition]] or manual keypunching.

==Formula==

The Coleman–Liau index is calculated with the following formula:

:<math>CLI = 0.0588{L} - 0.296{S} - 15.8\,\!</math>

''L'' is the average number of letters per 100 words and ''S'' is the average number of sentences per 100 words.

As an example, we shall use the abstract from Coleman and Liau's original 1975 paper introducing the index:

<blockquote>Existing computer programs that measure readability are based largely upon subroutines which estimate number of syllables, usually by counting vowels. The shortcoming in estimating syllables is that it necessitates keypunching the prose into the computer. There is no need to estimate syllables since word length in letters is a better predictor of readability than word length in syllables. Therefore, a new readability formula was computed that has for its predictors letters per 100 words and sentences per 100 words. Both predictors can be counted by an optical scanning device, and thus the formula makes it economically feasible for an organization such as the U.S. Office of Education to calibrate the readability of all textbooks for the public school system.</blockquote>

The abstract contains 5 sentences, 119 words, and 639 letters or digits; ''L'' is 537 and ''S'' is 4.20 obtained by the formulas:

''L'' = Letters ÷ Words × 100 = 639 ÷ 119 × 100 ≈ 537

''S'' = Sentences ÷ Words × 100 = 5 ÷ 119 × 100 ≈ 4.20

:<math>CLI = 0.0588 \times 537 - 0.296 \times 4.20 - 15.8 = 14.5\,\!</math>

Therefore, the abstract is at a grade level of 14.5, or roughly appropriate for a second-year undergraduate.

==See also==

* [[Readability]]
* [[Zipf's law]]

==References==

* Coleman, Meri; and Liau, T. L. (1975); ''A computer readability formula designed for machine scoring'', Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 283–284

{{Readability tests}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coleman-Liau index}}
[[Category:Readability tests]]

Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism

2020-07-20T08:56:37Z

Herobrine: Reporting 103.134.42.28. (TW)

User talk:103.134.42.28

2020-07-20T08:56:05Z

Herobrine: Final warning: Vandalism on :Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/swipeidea.com. (TW)

== July 2020 ==
[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] This is your '''only warning'''; if you insert a [[Wikipedia:Spam|spam]] link to Wikipedia again, as you did at [[:Business idea]], you may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further notice'''. Persistent spammers may have their websites [[Wikipedia:Spam blacklist|blacklisted]], preventing anyone from linking to them from all [[FoundationSite:our-work/wikimedia-projects|Wikimedia sites]] as well as potentially being penalized by search engines. ''[https://spam.swipeidea.com/]''[[Category:User talk pages with Uw-spam4im notices|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[User:GermanJoe|GermanJoe]] ([[User talk:GermanJoe|talk]]) 17:17, 19 July 2020 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia, as you did at [[:Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/swipeidea.com]]. {{Z189}} [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:56, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/Local/swipeidea.com

2020-07-20T08:54:29Z

Herobrine: Reverted 2 edits by 103.134.42.28 (talk) to last revision by COIBot (TW)

{{User:COIBot/Summary/SpecificReports}}
{{User:COIBot/linksaverdatabases|||||}}

{{NOINDEX}}[[Category:Local COIBot Reports|swipeidea.com]]
== Links ==
* {{LinkSummary|swipeidea.com}}
:* swipeidea.com resolves to [//51.178.7.76 51.178.7.76]
:*: {{LinkSummary|51.178.7.76}}
:* {{GoogleAnalyticsSummary|171266021}}
:* Link is not on the [[en:User:COIBot#Blacklist|blacklist]].
:* Link is not on the [[en:User:COIBot#Domainredlist|domainredlist]].
:* Link is not on the [[en:User:COIBot#Monitorlist|Monitorlist]].
:* None of the mentioned users is on the [[en:User:COIBot#Blacklist|blacklist]].
:* Link is not on the [[en:User:COIBot#Whitelist|whitelist]].
:* Link is not on the [[en:User:COIBot#Monitor list|monitor list]].
== Users ==
* {{IPSummary|103.134.42.11}}
* {{IPSummary|103.134.42.21}}
* {{IPSummary|103.134.42.28}}
* {{IPSummary|103.199.169.207}}

== Selected additions ==
{{User:COIBot/Additionlist_top}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=935312564|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Protective Life|username=103.134.42.21|link=www.swipeidea.com/is-life-insurance-worst/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=967262928&oldid=964804342|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-12|time=06:22:40|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=967262928|oldid=964804342|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=2|top=0|deleted=0|there=0|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/is-life-insurance-worst/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}{{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/is-life-insurance-worst/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=935624806|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Work from Home (disambiguation)|username=103.134.42.11|link=www.swipeidea.com/work-from-home-in-a-pandemic/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=967446396&oldid=958154806|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-13|time=08:55:50|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=967446396|oldid=958154806|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=2|top=0|deleted=0|there=0|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/work-from-home-in-a-pandemic/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}{{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/work-from-home-in-a-pandemic/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=936162581|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Business opportunity|username=103.134.42.28|link=www.swipeidea.com/business-opportunities-2020-2021/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=967821534&oldid=961833230|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-15|time=14:32:23|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=967821534|oldid=961833230|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=3|top=0|deleted=0|there=1|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/business-opportunities-2020-2021/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=3|L=9|UL=3|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=936738625|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Reseller|username=103.134.42.28|link=www.swipeidea.com/what-is-reselling-how-to-start-reselling/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=968122894&oldid=931834559|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-17|time=11:04:12|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=968122894|oldid=931834559|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=3|top=0|deleted=0|there=1|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/what-is-reselling-how-to-start-reselling/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=3|L=9|UL=3|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=937239386|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Business opportunity|username=103.199.169.207|link=www.swipeidea.com/business-opportunities-2020-2021/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=968429329&oldid=968428996|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-19|time=10:16:20|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=968429329|oldid=968428996|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=2|top=0|deleted=0|there=1|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/business-opportunities-2020-2021/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}{{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/business-opportunities-2020-2021/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=2|L=9|UL=2|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/EditSummary|id=937333911|lang=en|wikidomain=w|namespace=|pagename=Business idea|username=103.134.42.28|link=www.swipeidea.com/my-startup-idea-2021-will-succeed-or-fail/|sortdomain=com.swipeidea.|domain=swipeidea.com|origdiff=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=968462153&oldid=967933325|edit_id=-2|resolved=X|isIP=1|date=2020-07-19|time=15:07:14|wiki=en.wikipedia.org|revid=968462153|oldid=967933325|whitelisted=0|blacklisteduser=0|whitereason=|blackreason=|usercount=3|top=0|deleted=0|there=1|checked=1|coiflag=0|otherlinks={{User:COIBot/OtherLinks|link=www.swipeidea.com/my-startup-idea-2021-will-succeed-or-fail/|domain=swipeidea.com|U=3|L=9|UL=3|WUL=1|analytics=171266021}}}}
{{User:COIBot/Additionlist_bottom}}
* Displayed 6 additions out of 6 total. For more info see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/swipeidea.com]]
== Entry ==
[[MediaWiki talk:Spam-blacklist/log|Log]] entry for the [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]:

\bswipeidea\.com\b           # ADMINNAME # see <nowiki>[[</nowiki>[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/Local/swipeidea.com]]<nowiki>]]</nowiki>
== Discussion ==

{{LinkStatusLocal|en.wikipedia.org|Open}}

See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spam/LinkReports/swipeidea.com|COIBot report]] for more details.

New data reported. --[[User:COIBot|COIBot]] ([[User talk:COIBot|talk]]) 14:40, 15 July 2020 (UTC)
No links left in here mentioned edits. Marked stale. . --[[User:COIBot|COIBot]] ([[User talk:COIBot|talk]]) 20:00, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

New data reported. --[[User:COIBot|COIBot]] ([[User talk:COIBot|talk]]) 11:06, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

New data reported. --[[User:COIBot|COIBot]] ([[User talk:COIBot|talk]]) 10:23, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

New data reported. --[[User:COIBot|COIBot]] ([[User talk:COIBot|talk]]) 15:15, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism

2020-07-13T08:11:48Z

Herobrine: Reporting 69.209.30.94. (TW)

<noinclude>{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}|autoconfirmed|{{pp|1=vandalism|action=edit|small=yes|expiry=}}}}[[Category:Pages that should not be manually archived]]
{{/Header}}
{{adminbacklog|bot=HBC AIV helperbot5}}</noinclude>

==Reports==
{{Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism/TB2}}

===User-reported===

*{{vandal|Ilikebutter21}} – actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account. [[User:Flix11|Flix11]] ([[User talk:Flix11|talk]]) 04:31, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
::{{ping|Flix11}} {{AIV|nv}} [[User:Callanecc|Callanecc]] ([[User talk:Callanecc|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Callanecc|contribs]] • [[Special:Log/Callanecc|logs]]) 05:23, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Sky-ads}} – On {{No redirect|:Gender reveal party}} ({{diff|Gender reveal party|967405029|967259937|diff}}): actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account; account is being used only for promotional purposes. User with "ads" in their name whose only contributions are literally advertising aerial types of advertising by injecting them into pages, often sneakily as large edits marked minor, without sourcing or documentation. [[User:Gwenhope|'''Gwen Hope''']] ([[User_talk:Gwenhope|talk]]) ([[Special:Contributions/Gwenhope|contrib]]) 07:02, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
* {{IPvandal|185.244.152.156}} vandalism after final warning. --[[User:Serols|Serols]] ([[User talk:Serols|talk]]) 07:17, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Sheikh Hira.bot}} – Unauthorized "bot". [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:29, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

*{{IPvandal|2605:A601:ADE4:1100:5911:3A38:6B31:146}} Vandalism after final warning --[[User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] ([[User talk:TheImaCow#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/TheImaCow|contribs]]) 07:32, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Chloejerrison}} – account is evidently a spambot or a compromised account. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:32, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Mshahnawa}} – account is evidently a spambot or a compromised account. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:32, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|BlairBacon3}} – account is evidently a spambot or a compromised account. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:33, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Ricardogamer12345 is back}} – Appears to be a sock of [[User:Ricardogamer12345]]. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:35, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Pmpm9090}} – On {{No redirect|:Persepolis F.C.}}: actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account. User has vandalized multiple football club articles, switching player nationalities for no reason. [[User:CycloneYoris|CycloneYoris]] [[User talk:CycloneYoris|''talk!'']] 07:37, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
* {{Vandal|Nataraj Vishnu}} Sock of [[Special:Contributions/Albin369|Albin369]] and [[Special:Contributions/William3699|William3699]] - [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasathanthram&diff=966665287&oldid=966470751][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasathanthram&diff=966668568&oldid=966665287][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasathanthram&diff=966920398&oldid=966870463][https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasathanthram&diff=966920597&oldid=966920398]. Created same day after their block. [[Special:Contributions/137.97.169.50|137.97.169.50]] ([[User talk:137.97.169.50|talk]]) 07:37, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Prevest-Denpro}} – account is being used only for promotional purposes. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:40, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|ThienDe98 Xam lon}} – On {{No redirect|:COVID-19 pandemic in France}} ({{diff|COVID-19 pandemic in France|967438053|967393802|diff}}):. NOTHERE. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 07:44, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|Wackydummy}} – actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account. LTA. [[User:DannyS712|DannyS712]] ([[User talk:DannyS712|talk]]) 08:01, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{vandal|No18club}} – account is being used only for promotional purposes. [[User:Cahk|Cahk]] ([[User talk:Cahk|talk]]) 08:11, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*{{IPvandal|69.209.30.94}} – On {{No redirect|:Li-Meng Yan}}:. apparently destructing the article. [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:11, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Li-Meng Yan

2020-07-13T08:08:13Z

Herobrine: /* Li-Meng Yan */

===[[:Li-Meng Yan]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|B}}
<div class="infobox" style="width:33%">AfDs for this article:<ul class="listify">{{Special:Prefixindex/Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Li-Meng Yan}}</ul></div>
<noinclude>{{AFD help}}</noinclude>
:{{la|Li-Meng Yan}} – (<includeonly>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Li-Meng Yan|View AfD]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2020 July 12#{{anchorencode:PageName}}|View log]]</noinclude>{{int:dot-separator}} [https://tools.wmflabs.org/jackbot/snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Li-Meng_Yan Stats])
:({{Find sources AFD|Li-Meng Yan}})
This article is the product of a one off news story which has been ignored by mainstream credible journalism, and only cited by non-reputable right wing and conspiracy based news sources. Her testimony as a so called whistleblower has very serious, gaping credibility problems including an outright denial from the University she was working for (which is not based in Wuhan or mainland China) that she ever undertaken such research on "human to human transmission", and dubious claims about being a so called defector. The latter is why verifiable, mainstream media sources have ignored it. There is no proof she has any ties to the Chinese government or has any kind of insider information. As a result, I am nominating this page for deletion on the dual grounds of '''notability''' and '''reputability''' [[User:Antonian Sapphire|Antonian Sapphire]] ([[User talk:Antonian Sapphire|talk]]) 10:52, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
:Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/People|list of People-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Synoman Barris|Megan Barris]] [[User talk:Synoman Barris|''(Lets talk📧)'']] 11:15, 12 July 2020 (UTC)
:Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/China|list of China-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Synoman Barris|Megan Barris]] [[User talk:Synoman Barris|''(Lets talk📧)'']] 11:15, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

i feel like overwhelming public interest should allow it to stay up; however wikipedia should point out she carries no evidence. also, the above poster says that "verifiable, mainstream media sources have ignored it", which is not true. fox news has covered it, and while the network leans right, it is a serious media organization that doesn't purposefully publish fake news. [[User:Matayo41|Matayo41]] ([[User talk:Matayo|talk]]) 10:52, 12 July 2020 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Matayo41|Matayo41]] ([[User talk:Matayo41#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Matayo41|contribs]]) 14:49, 12 July 2020 (UTC) 

'''Keep''' may I remind you that Wikipedia has deemed Fox News (website) a reliable source ([[WP:FOXNEWS]]) and so the subject meets [[WP:GNG]]. Of course the target of her exposé would deny her claims, that's to be expected. It's not up to Wikipedia to decide whether her claim is factual or not -- we only ought to verify what can be verified outright, including her background and the fact that her story was picked up not only by Fox News but multiple other news sources. --[[User:MewMeowth|MewMeowth]] ([[User talk:MewMeowth|talk]]) 20:55, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

::Hong Kong University is not in Mainland China, is a reputable, independent university and is not under political control (yet). Given that the same University had a very active role in determining the course and scale of the original pandemic far beyond the mainland's wishes indicates this is not the type of institution that would pursue a cover-up. The creation of this story is also linked to [[Steve Bannon]], who is known for being a perpetrator of fake and misleading news.-[[User:Antonian Sapphire|Antonian Sapphire]] ([[User talk:Antonian Sapphire|talk]]) 21:05, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

::::If one reads the [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8510747/Chinese-virologist-claims-Beijing-DID-cover-coronavirus-outbreak.html Mail on Sunday] account of her story, she offers no direct evidence to her claims whatsoever. It's all hearsay and speculation. She's not a whistleblower, she doesn't know anything [[User:Antonian Sapphire|Antonian Sapphire]] ([[User talk:Antonian Sapphire|talk]]) 21:12, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Do not delete. Let her talk, she can have her page and all her claims can be called out to what it is just claims till she is able to showcase herself. Till then deleting won’t do anything except to silence a potential whistlblower (if the information she shares turns out to be true). — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/67.169.166.237|67.169.166.237]] ([[User talk:67.169.166.237#top|talk]]) 01:39, 13 July 2020 (UTC) 

I think that this article should be deleted as mentioned by users above, this article and the person mentioned produces no evidence, no major news organization then Fox News have reported on this issue, as such, as this page relates to current and conflicting information, it should be deleted. [[User:Jdmdk|Jdmdk]] ([[User talk:Jdmdk|talk]]) 02:26, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

:Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Science|list of Science-related deletion discussions]]. [[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 07:25, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
:Note: This discussion has been included in the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Academics and educators|list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions]]. —[[User:David Eppstein|David Eppstein]] ([[User talk:David Eppstein|talk]]) 07:32, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
*'''Keep'''. She doesn't have a google-scholar profile which makes calculating the h-index more difficult, but it appears to me to be above 20, so she is not an insignificant researcher. Furthermore, her escape from China has been covered by the international press, not just Fox News, I see Indian, British, American, Hong Kong, Portuguese, and others all covering this.--'''[[User:Eostrix |Eostrix ]]''' ([[User talk:Eostrix|🦉 hoot hoot🦉]]) 07:41, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

'''Keep''' same answer as {{u|MewMeowth}}. --[[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:08, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

User talk:69.209.30.94

2020-07-13T08:07:48Z

Herobrine: General note: Unconstructive editing on :Li-Meng Yan. (TW)

== Welcome! ==

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Happy editing!  [[User:Kj cheetham|Kj cheetham]] ([[User talk:Kj cheetham|talk]]) 07:28, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

== July 2020 ==
[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/69.209.30.94|your recent contributions]], such as the edit you made to [[:Li-Meng Yan]], did not appear constructive and has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]]. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines]]. You can find information about these at our [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|welcome page]] which also provides further information about [[Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia|contributing constructively to this encyclopedia]]. If you only meant to make test edits, please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 08:07, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
:''If this is a [[Network address translation|shared IP address]], and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider [[Wikipedia:Why create an account?|creating an account]] for yourself or [[Special:UserLogin|logging in with an existing account]] so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.''

Li-Meng Yan

2020-07-12T04:21:14Z

Herobrine: Correct name.

{{Chinese name|[[Yan (surname)|Yan]]}}
'''Dr. Li-Meng Yan''' MD, PhD ({{zh|s=闫丽梦|t=閆麗夢}}), is a Chinese virologist, researcher, and [[whistleblower]] who fled [[Hong Kong]] after her supervisors silenced her and mandated her to stop her research on [[COVID-19]]. Yan believes the Chinese government and the [[World Health Organization]] knew about person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 much earlier than reported, even before releasing reports to the contrary.<ref name="nypost">{{cite news |last1=Bowden |first1=Ebony |title=Chinese virologist in hiding after accusing Beijing of coronavirus cover-up |url=https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/ |accessdate=11 July 2020 |work=[[New York Post]] |date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710205222/https://nypost.com/2020/07/10/chinese-virologist-flees-after-accusing-beijing-of-covid-19-cover-up/ |archive-date=10 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> She is currently living in hiding in the U.S.<ref name="foxnews">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Barnini |title=EXCLUSIVE: Chinese virologist accuses Beijing of coronavirus cover-up, flees Hong Kong: 'I know how they treat whistleblowers' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |accessdate=11 July 2020 |work=[[Fox News]] |date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060629/https://www.foxnews.com/world/chinese-virologist-coronavirus-cover-up-flee-hong-kong-whistleblower |archive-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
Yan received her MD degree from XiangYa Medical College of [[Central South University]], China, and her PhD from [[Southern Medical University]], China. Her research includes the study of a universal influenza vaccine, cross-reactive antibodies and cellular immunology. At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic she was employed at the Hong Kong School of Public Health, Hong Kong University, conducting research specialised in virology and immunology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/ks/speakers/view/1097 |website=Keystone Symposia |title=Li-Meng Yan MD, PhD, The University of Hong Kong |accessdate=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711055340/https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/ks/speakers/view/1097 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== COVID-19 ==
Yan says she was one of the first scientists in the world to study the coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, after Dr. Leo Poon, her supervisor at the [[Hong Kong University]] (a WHO reference lab), asked her to look into the cluster of [[SARS]]-like cases in Wuhan, in December 2019. Yan says she maintained an extensive network of medical professionals from mainland China, one of them told Yan about human-to-human COVID-19 transmission on December 31, 2019.<ref name="nypost"/> On January 9, 2020, the WHO released a statement saying that there was "no evidence" of person-to-person transmission of COVID-19. Yan continued her research on the novel disease and reported her findings back to her superiors on January 16, after which she was warned not to continue, and "to keep silent and be careful," otherwise she "will get in trouble and [will] be disappeared."<ref name="foxnews"/>

In April, Yan fled Hong Kong and traveled to the United States to raise awareness about the pandemic and the Chinese government's role in it. She arrived at [[LAX]] and was allegedly questioned by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] for hours after which she was released.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Towers |first1=Tom |title=Chinese virus expert who defected to the US claims to know 'the truth of Covid' |url=https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/chinese-virus-expert-who-defected-22336769 |accessdate=11 July 2020 |work=[[Dailystar.co.uk|Dailystar]] |date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711062427/https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/world-news/chinese-virus-expert-who-defected-22336769 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2019-nCoV|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Chinese whistleblowers]]

High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World

2020-07-05T11:57:48Z

Herobrine:

{{Notability|Books|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World
| image = High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World light novel volume 1 cover.jpg
| caption = First light novel volume cover featuring Lyrule.
| ja_kanji = 超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!
| ja_romaji = Chōjin-Kokoseitachi wa Isekai demo Yoyu de Ikinuku Yōdesu!
| genre = [[Fantasy]], [[isekai]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = light novel
| author = Riku Misora
| illustrator = Sacraneco
| publisher = [[SB Creative]]
| demographic = Male
| imprint = [[GA Bunko]]
| first = October 15, 2015
| last =
| volumes = 9
| volume_list = #Light novels
|publisher_en={{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = Riku Misora
| illustrator = Kōtarō Yamada
| publisher = [[Square Enix]]
| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}
| demographic = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]''
| magazine = [[Young Gangan]]
| first = May 2016
| last =
| volumes = 9
| volume_list = #Manga
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director = Shinsuke Yanagi
| producer =
| writer = Deko Akao
| music = Hiromi Mizutani
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA=[[Crunchyroll]]}} {{small|(Worldwide rights excluding Asia)}}
| studio = [[Project No.9]]
| network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[AT-X (company)|AT-X]], [[BS Fuji]]
| first = October 3, 2019
| last = December 19, 2019
| episodes = 12
| episode_list = #Anime
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Nihongo|'''''High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World '''''|超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!|Chōjin-Kokoseitachi wa Isekai demo Yoyu de Ikinuku Yōdesu!}}, abbreviated as {{Nihongo|'''''Chōyoyū'''''|超余裕}}, is a Japanese [[light novel]] series written by Riku Misora and illustrated by Sacraneco. [[SB Creative]] have published eight volumes since 2015 under their [[GA Bunko]] imprint. A [[manga]] adaptation with art by Kōtarō Yamada has been serialized in [[Square Enix]]'s [[Seinen manga|''seinen'' manga]] magazine ''[[Young Gangan]]'' since May 2016. It has been collected in six ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes. Both the light novel and manga are licensed in North America by [[Yen Press]]. An [[anime]] television series adaptation by [[Project No.9]] aired from October 3 to December 19, 2019.

==Plot==
{{No footnotes|section}}
The series revolves around seven high school students who are internationally renowned for their exceptional abilities. They include Prime Minister Tsukasa Mikogami, genius inventor Ringo Ohoshi, former ninja and journalist Shinobu Sarutobi, world renowned doctor Keine Kanzaki, swordswoman Aoi Ichijo, skilled magician Prince Akatsuki and multi millionaire Masato Sanada. One day, they survive a plane crash only to find themselves in a medieval fantasy world called Freyjagard.

In this world, two human races live side by side in a somewhat feudal society: the Byuma, who possess animal features and formidable strength, and the Hyuma, who possess limited magical aptitude. After being rescued by a Byuma named Winona and her adopted Elven daughter Lyrule, the group decides to repay the people of Elm Village by using their advanced skills and knowledge to revolutionize the village and its culture.

The group also learn of an ancient legend, that narrates how an evil dragon was slain by seven heroes who came from another world. Believing that there is a connection between the legend and their present situation, Tsukasa, who is also the leader of the group, directs the others to learn about this new world and also search for any clues that could lead them back to Earth. However, the group's ideas become a threat to the ruling Freyjagard Empire, who promote atheism and social darwinist belief that only the strong nobility shall rule and the weak commoners must obey the nobles or suffer punishment. The conflict with the Empire soon leads the Seven Prodigies to create a new nation with equal rights and democracy for the people.

==Characters==
;{{Nihongo|Tsukasa Mikogami|御子神司|Mikogami Tsukasa}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yūsuke Kobayashi (voice actor)|Yūsuke Kobayashi]]<ref name="announcement"/>|Chris Hackney<ref name="dub">{{cite web |title=Crunchyroll Announces Premiere Dates for Two New Dubs |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/11/07/crunchyroll-announces-premiere-dates-for-two-new-dubs |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]] |accessdate=November 7, 2019 |date=November 7, 2019}}</ref>}}
:Tsukasa is a [[prime ministers of Japan|prime minister]] while still in high school. His father was a former prime minister who used corrupted means to provide luxury for the family and holds absolute power, until Tsukasa disapproved of his actions and exposed his faults leading to his execution and his mother disowning him. Tsukasa is childhood friends with Masato and Shinobu. Tsukasa chooses benefiting others over self, family, friends & associates. After conquering the empire, Tsukasa takes charge in politics to avert foreseen war affairs. He has [[Heterochromia iridum|heterochromia]].
;{{Nihongo|Lyrule|リルル|Riruru}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yūki Kuwahara]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Cassandra Lee Morris]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Lyrule is the lead heroine. A beautiful and mysterious elf, she treated the seven prodigies' injuries when they arrived in the other world. She is Winona's adoptive daughter. The villagers intend to keep her secret since the nobles would want her as a concubine. Tsukasa suspects Lyrule might hold the reason for their presence in the world. Lyrule appears to have feelings for Tsukasa.
;{{Nihongo|Ringo Ōhoshi|大星林檎|Ōhoshi Ringo}}
:{{voiced by|[[Rina Hidaka]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erika Harlacher]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Ringo is a very intelligent inventor who is able to invent nuclear reactors that produce practically no radiation on her own. She is usually targeted by criminals who want her capabilities for profit, and lives in isolation in outer space. She has a computer companion named Kumausa. Ringo was born out of [[artificial insemination]] with her DNA modified, making her rather intelligent from a young age. Ringo was estranged from humanity since her genetic mother, a scientist, was arrested for abusing her out of jealousy, until meeting Tsukasa in middle school who gave her a reason to live.
;{{Nihongo|Shinobu Sarutobi|猿飛忍|Sarutobi Shinobu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Natsumi Hioka]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Kira Buckland]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Shinobu is a descendant of ninjas and a top journalist who is able to uncover any scoop and information. Her ancestor is [[Sarutobi Sasuke]]. She tends to manipulate her opponents through her charms. She seems to dote on Elch.
;{{Nihongo|Keine Kanzaki|神崎桂音|Kanzaki Keine}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hisako Kanemoto]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erica Mendez]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Keine is the most miraculous doctor in the world, so much so that she can even cure those from latent cancer. Her patients have never died in her hands. Her knowledge to produce medicine from coal or tar rivals those using elixirs. She can also defend herself from foes by injecting them with anesthesia. Keine is beautiful, gorgeous even, but her looks hide a psychotic mind. She despises how easily the human body succumbs to sickness and curses God for creating weak beings, declaring her desire to kill God. At one point, Keine tries to give Ringo a drug so she can use it to basically rape Tsukasa and doesn’t see a problem with that behavior. She lobotomizes Count Celenteus, with a saw, in order to reform him into an honest doctor.
;{{Nihongo|Aoi Ichijō|一条葵|Ichijō Aoi}}
:{{voiced by|Sayaka Kaneko<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Cristina Vee]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Aoi is the strongest swordswoman carrying a [[katana]]. Her physical abilities are so immense that she is proven to solely defeat entire armies of terrorists; a monstrous lord, and maneuver a missile physically. She and Keine went to the same middle school together.
;{{Nihongo|Prince Akatsuki|プリンス暁|Purinsu Akatsuki}}
:{{voiced by|[[Shizuka Ishigami]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erica Mendez]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Akatsuki is the best magician ever, capable of levitation; smokescreen; and making big monuments such as the [[Statue of Liberty]] or even mountains vanish. He is often mistaken for a girl due to his feminine figure. Tsukasa forces Akatsuki to pose as a god to persuade civilians that change is indeed possible.
;{{Nihongo|Masato Sanada|真田勝人|Sanada Masato}}
:{{voiced by|[[Junji Majima]]<ref name="announcement"/>|Nicolas Roye<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Masato is the most successful businessman in the world while still in high school. He has rescued industries from near bankruptcy. His multi-listening ability allows him to fathom people's movement. He has a thing for Winona despite her already being a mother. After increasing finances to survive the winter when setting up a successful trading company in the other world, Masato took in Roo as his apprentice.
;{{Nihongo|Winona|ウィノナ}}
:{{voiced by|[[Mai Nakahara]]<ref name="more-cast">{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World Anime Reveals More Cast, October 3 Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-06/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-3-debut/.150797 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=September 6, 2019 |date=September 6, 2019}}</ref>|[[Tara Sands]]}}
:Elch's mother and Lyrule's adoptive mother. She was her village's top hunter before settling down.
;{{Nihongo|Elch|エルク|Eruku}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hiro Shimono]]}}<ref name="more-cast"/>(Japanese) Billy Kametz (English)
:Winona's son. He acts as the [[treasurer]] of his village and often means to go straightforward in protecting its position and people. Elch hates the nobles because of their greed and bad treatment on the commoners. After handling Masato's success in permitting money business and Tsukasa's proclamation to usurp the empire, Elch gains more confidence.
;{{Nihongo|Roo|ルー|Rū}}
:{{voiced by|[[Chinami Hashimoto]]<ref name="announcement"/>}}
:An escaped slave who pleaded Masato to take her in after seeing his strong determination. Roo hopes to one day reunite with her parents while becoming a brilliant money-maker.
;{{Nihongo|Jeanne du Leblanc|ジャンヌ・ド・ルブラン|Jannu do Ruburan}}
:{{voiced by|[[Sayaka Senbongi]]<ref name="more-cast"/>|[[Kira Buckland]]}}
:A lady knight whom Shinobu befriends with after witnessing her bravery in saving a child despite being an outsider. Jeanne is a member of the Azure Brigade, a group of reformist nobles within the Empire who want to change the Empire to ensure the commoners are treated well and not like animals. Jeanne and Shinobu team up to confront Gustav and his despotism.
;{{Nihongo|Oslo El Gustav|オスロー・エル・ギュスターヴ|Osurō Eru Gusutāvu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Jouji Nakata]]}}<ref name="more-cast"/>
: Also known as "Duke Fastidious", Gustav was a mage who gained recognition during the Freyjagard Empire's war with the Yamato Empire and was granted the title of Duke and lands to rule. Despite being a powerful mage, Gustav is revealed to be a horrible ruler where he confiscated money and starves his people to build statues and towns as a sign of his devotion to the Emperor, not caring that many people died or forced themselves into cannibalism just to survive. He is madly loyal to the Emperor to the point that he considers any slights to be a major offense that deserves death. Due his poor leadership skills where he sent his army to crush the Seven-Light Faith despite lacking winter gear, his army is defeated by the better armed and prepared army of the Seven-Light faith, allowing the Azure Brigade to attack his castle unopposed.
;{{Nihongo|Zest Do Bernard|ゼスト・バーナード|Zesuto bānādo}}
:{{voiced by|Masaaki Mizunaka}}

==Media==
===Light novels===
{{Graphic novel list/header
| OneLanguage = Japanese
| Width = 75%
|LineColor=FF83FA|SecondLanguage=English}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 1
| RelDate = October 15, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797385052/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8505-2
| LicensedRelDate = TBA (2020)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Rachel |title=NEW YEN PRESS LICENSES ANNOUNCED AT ANIME NYC 2019! |url=https://yenpress.com/2019/11/new-yen-press-licenses-announced-at-anime-nyc-2019/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 2
| RelDate = February 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797386912/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！2|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8691-2
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 3
| RelDate = June 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797388442/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 3|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8844-2
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 4
| RelDate = October 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797389418/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 4|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8941-8
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 5
| RelDate = June 15, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797392784/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！5|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9278-4
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 6
| RelDate = December 15, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797395266/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 6|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9526-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 7
| RelDate = June 15, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797396256/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 7|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797396249/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 7　ドラマCD付き限定特装版|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9625-6
| ISBN_note = {{ISBN|978-4-7973-9624-9}} (limited edition)
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 8
| RelDate = March 15, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4815601416/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 8|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-8156-0141-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 9
| RelDate = October 12, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4815603793/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！9|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-8156-0379-3
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Manga===
{{Graphic novel list/header
| OneLanguage = Japanese
| Width = 75%
|LineColor=FF83FA|SecondLanguage=English}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 1
| RelDate = October 13, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757551220/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 1|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5122-0
| LicensedRelDate = October 30, 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 1 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301347/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-1-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0134-7}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 2
| RelDate = March 25, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757552944/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 2|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5294-4
| LicensedRelDate = January 29, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 2 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301378/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-2-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0137-8}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 3
| RelDate = June 13, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757553705/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 3|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5370-5
|LicensedRelDate=April 30, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 3 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301408/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-3-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN=978-1-9753-0140-8}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 4
| RelDate = December 13, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757555471/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 4|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5547-1
| LicensedRelDate = August 6, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 4 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301439/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-4-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0143-9}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 5
| RelDate = June 13, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757557444/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 5|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5744-4
| LicensedRelDate = November 5, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 5 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975384876/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-5-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-8487-6
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 6
| RelDate = January 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757559462/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 6|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5946-2
| LicensedRelDate = January 21, 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 6 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975332891/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-6-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-3289-1
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 7
| RelDate = July 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757561366/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 7|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6136-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 8
| RelDate = September 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757563148/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 8|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6314-8
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 9
| RelDate = December 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757564459/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 9|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=January 7, 2020|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6445-9
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Anime===
An [[anime]] television series adaptation was announced by [[GA Bunko]] on March 13, 2019. The series is animated by [[Project No.9]] and directed by Shinsuke Yanagi, with Deko Akao handling series composition, and Akane Yano designing the characters. Hiromi Mizutani is composing the series' music. It aired from October 3 to December 19, 2019 on [[Tokyo MX]], [[AT-X (company)|AT-X]], and [[BS Fuji]].<ref name="announcement">{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World Light Novel Series Gets TV Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-12/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-light-novel-series-gets-tv-anime/.144467 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=March 13, 2019 |date=March 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="more-cast"/> DIALOGUE+ performed the series' opening theme song "Hajimete no Kakumei", while [[Akari Kitō]] performed the series' ending theme song "dear my distance."<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World TV Anime's Video Reveals Theme Song Artists, October Premiere |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-19/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-tv-anime-video-reveals-theme-song-artists-october-premiere/.149133 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=July 19, 2019 |date=July 19, 2019}}</ref> [[Crunchyroll]] has licensed the series with an English dub currently in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/en-gb/anime-news/2019/10/01-1/crunchyroll-adds-english-dubs-for-isekai-cheat-magician-and-to-the-abandoned-sacred-beasts|title=Crunchyroll Adds English Dubs for Isekai Cheat Magician and To the Abandoned Sacred Beasts|date=|website=Crunchyroll|language=en-gb|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>

{|class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;
|- style="border-bottom: 3px solid #CCF;"
! style="width:4em;" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Title<ref>{{cite web|url=http://choyoyu.com/story/|title=ストーリー|accessdate=October 3, 2019|language=Japanese}}</ref>{{efn|All English titles are taken from [[Crunchyroll]].}}
! style="width:12em;" | Original air date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = High School Prodigies Have Arrived in Another World!
| TranslitTitle = Chōjin kōkōseitachi wa isekai ni kiteshimatta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 超人高校生たちは異世界に来てしまったようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|3}}
| ShortSummary = Seven Japanese high schoolers who are prodigies in their fields; Politician and Prime Minister of Japan Tsukasa Mikogami, Genius inventor Ringo Ōhoshi, Ninja Journalist Shinobu Sarutobi, Medical Doctor Keine Kanzaki, Samurai swordswoman Aoi Ichijō, Magician Prince Akatsuki and Businessman Masato Sanada, survives a plane crash only to find themselves in another world with magic where a race of humans with animal-like features called Bumas live alongside humans. The Prodigies are rescued and treated by a Buma named Winona and her elven daughter Lyrule. As the people of Elm Village celebrate the Prodigies recovery, they learn of the legend about seven heroes from another world who saved the continent from an evil dragon. Believing there might be a connection, Tsukasa instructs his friends to learn more about the Freyjagard Empire and its culture so they might find a way to get back home and also help improve the welfare of Elm Village using their advanced knowledge and skills to repay them. When soldiers of a local feudal lord tries to extort Elm villagers for food and wine, the Prodigies defeat and scare them into leaving the villagers alone and never tell their lord about the incident. Despite this, the Prodigies continue their plan while they help in their own way.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Masato is Serious About Making Money!
| TranslitTitle = Masato wa honki de kanemōke wo suru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 勝人は本気で金儲けをするようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|10}}
| ShortSummary = Masato and Elch run into trouble acquiring money and supplies for Elm Village when they discover the Neutscheland Company has a virtual monopoly on the flow of commerce throughout Dormundt. While the rest of the high schoolers do various odd jobs at the village, Shinobu uses her skills to dig up scandalous information on the Mayor of Dormundt, allowing Masato to acquire a permit to trade under the name "Elm Trading Company." After taking in a homeless girl named Roo, Masato and Elch visit some local merchants and offer to help them sell their wares in Dormundt through a [[consignment]] shop, where they'd undercut Neutscheland by charging less and only taking 10% of the profits from each sale, as long as the merchants stock and man the stores themselves. Masato's shop quickly becomes popular, selling everything from rugs to Tsukasa's homemade mayonnaise, and sends money and supplies to Elm Village. Neutscheland dismisses the Elm Trading Company as a nuisance at first, but when the Sea Serpent maritime merchant company begins trading with Masato, Neutscheland decides to take the threat seriously, setting up a rival store to undercut Elm's prices and drive them out of business. Masato shows Elch several Buma standing outside, hinting that they are part of his plan to destroy Neutscheland for good.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = It Seems Roo Can Decide Her Own Worth!
| TranslitTitle = Rū wa jibun no kachi wo jibun de kimeta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = ルーは自分の価値を自分で決めたようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|17}}
| ShortSummary = Neutscheland’s attempt to destroy Elm Trading Company backfires as the merchants they fired to save money ends with the angry merchants boycotting Neutscheland and signing a contract with Masato to supply Elm Trading Company instead, which the head of the Neutscheland Company admits defeat and makes a deal with Masato over sharing trading rights in Findolf. Slave traders attempt to capture back Roo only for Masato to buy her freedom after the young girl promises to Masato she will become a great merchant to free her parents from slavery. Tsukasa and the other Prodigies build a public bathhouse for Elm Village but when a giant bear attacks the villagers including Winona's father, Village Chief Ulga, Tsukasa leads the others to help while Aoi defeats the bear and Keine heals Ulga's wounds. Meanwhile, Masato and his companions return to Elm Village only for them and the rest of the villagers to get arrested by soldiers of Marquis Findolf led by his knight, Inzagi. Inzagi falsely charges the villagers for treason with his absurd claim that peasants that try to rise above their station and having gold coins is considered a crime against the nobility. Inzagi orders the villagers to be burned inside their homes as punishment but Akatsuki manages to free the villagers before Tsukasa and the others arrive where they learn Inzagi has kidnapped Lyrule.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = It Seems Tsukasa has Resolved to Change the World!
| TranslitTitle = Tsukasa wa isekai wo kaeru kakugo wo kimeta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 司は異世界を変える覚悟を決めたようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|24}}
| ShortSummary = Lyrule is kidnapped by Inzagi and is forced to become Marquis Findolf's concubine in exchange for the lives of Elm Village but a mysterious magic protects her when Findolf tries to kiss her. Meanwhile, Tsukasa and the Prodigies help the Elm Villagers rescue Lyrule and start a revolution to overthrow the Freyjagard Empire and make it into an advanced, modern democratic nation where everyone is equal and has rights. Thanks to Ringo's Rail cannon, metal arrows and [[Duralumin]] shields, the Prodigies and Elm Villagers are able to storm into Findolf's castle and fight his soldiers easily while Shinobu and Tsukasa sneaks in to rescue Lyrule. While Shinobu holds off Inzagi, Tsukasa enters Findolf's room where Lyrule is but is shot by Findolf's flintlock pistol. However, Tsukasa survives unhurt thanks to his suit being made of bulletproof fibers and takes out his own handgun. The Marquis begs for his life but Tsukasa shoots him with a rubber bullet instead since the Prodigies actions and ideals have already made them enemies of the Empire and they will not stop until the revolution is complete. A mysterious being later uses Lyrule body to tell Tsukasa and the Prodigies they must save the continent before disappearing. As everyone celebrates rescuing Lyrule and defeating Findolf's army, Tsukasa plans his next task of forming an independent nation.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = It Seems Akatsuki's Becoming God Akatsuki!
| TranslitTitle = Akatsuki wa Goddo Akatsuki ni naru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 暁はゴッド暁になるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|31}}
| ShortSummary = The Prodigies start a religion called "The Seven-Light Faith" with Akatsuki as the God and the rest of the Prodigies as his Angels in order to easily convince the people to accept them and their new nation. Using Akatsuki's magic tricks and free gifts of Mayonnaise, they are able to convince the people of Dormundt to switch their allegiance from the Empire to the Seven-Light Faith. Tsukasa later makes a deal with the Mayor of Dormundt, Walter von Haizerad, to peacefully have the city defect to the Seven-Light Faith with his position intact and talks with Zest Do Bernard, the former Captain of the Dormundt Watch, to become the leader of the newly formed Seven-Light Knight Order, after convincing Bernard that his daughter's future in their new nation is worth fighting against the Empire. Meanwhile, Shinobu and Elch travel to Buchwald where they learn the Empire is sending an army to reclaim Findolf from the Prodigies led by Duke Oslo El Gustav, a war hero and notorious control freak. At his castle, Gustav kills Inzagi for running away rather than fighting the rebels and vows to burn them.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = It Seems Lyrule's Growing Closer to Him!
| TranslitTitle = Riruru wa kyori wo chijimeru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = リルルは距離を縮めるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|7}}
| ShortSummary = As Tsukasa implements his political reforms and modernize the livelihoods of the people, his ministers and friends are worried he is working too hard. With the Empire planning to attack Findolf in the Spring, Tsukasa modernizes the Seven-Light's army by having Ringo build a power plant and a factory to mass-produce guns in order to prepare for the upcoming invasion. Lyrule believes Tsukasa hates her as he is declining her attempts to repay him for saving her but Masato assures her that Tsukasa is keeping his distance out of guilt when he at first told the Elm Villagers not to rescue her from Marquis Findolf. Later that night, Lyrule confronts Tsukasa in his office where he reveals he used to admire his father, the previous Japanese Prime Minister until he learned how corrupt his father was and with the help of his friends, exposed his father's corruption which got him arrested and then executed but this damaged his relationship with his mother since she loved her husband and never forgave Tsukasa. Since then, Tsukasa devoted himself to becoming a selfless politician for the people which saddens Lyrule who tells him that she will be there for him and never hate him. Elsewhere, Roo is having a hard time learning multiplication but with help from the other Prodigies, she manages to figure it out. Meanwhile, Shinobu and Elch discover a dark secret of a village.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = It Seems Shinobu Has a Shinobi's Intuition!
| TranslitTitle = Nin wa shinobi no kan ga hataraku yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 忍はシノビの勘がはたらくようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|14}}
| ShortSummary = Shinobu and Elch stays at an inn run by Emerada and her daughter Melinda at Coconono village in Gustav's lands. Despite the villagers proclaiming how great their village is, Shinobu becomes suspicious after noticing none of the villagers are eating the food they serve despite starving themselves and she and Elch soon discover Coconono's dark secret, the villagers have been secretly drugging travelers before killing and eating them. When Duke Gustav’s soldiers punishes Melinda for having dirt on her clothes during an inspection, Shinobu gives herself up to their leader, Silver Knight Jeanne Do Leblanc, in exchange for sparing Melinda after learning the girl tried to warn Shinobu and Elch to leave the village. Elch confronts Emerada over the dead travellers, which Emerada apologizes and explains that Coconono was once a normal farming village but when Duke Gustav took over their lands, he forced the villagers to turn Coconono into a beautiful town using the villagers own money and ordered them to always keep their clothes clean, meaning they could no longer farm for food or earn money. His obsessive rules put a toll on the villagers lives to the point where they were forced into cannibalism just to survive, which many of them regret. Meanwhile, Jeanne frees Shinobu and reveals that she is actually a member of the Azure Brigade, whom opposes Duke Gustav's tyranny and asks for her help. Elsewhere, Duke Gustav becomes angry upon learning his army has yet to attack the rebels at Findolf and decides to take action by using his magic spear, Heaven's Flames, to destroy Dormundt. Tsukasa and Ringo learn about the attack and uses the many anti-aircraft missiles in Findolf to redirect the spear into the ocean but the spear manages to evade the last missile and hits Dormundt.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = It Seems Aoi's Specs are Greater Than Imagined!
| TranslitTitle = Aoi wa sōzō ijō no Supekku wo hakki suru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 葵は想像以上のスペックを発揮するようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|21}}
| ShortSummary = The spear hits Dormundt's noble district and starting a fire, which Mayor Walter orders an evacuation of civilians as instructed in Tsukasa's emergency manual. Despite managing to evacuate the people and preventing the fire from spreading, Duke Gustave summons fire spirits from his spear to kill the people of Dormundt and spread the fire further. Lyrule reveals to the Prodigies the being that possessed her has told her they need to destroy the spear to stop Heaven's Flames from spreading. Using Ringo's last missile, Aoi volunteers to escort the missile and protect it from Gustav fire spirits so it can destroy the spear. The missile destroys the spear and stops the Heaven's Flames, which is felt by Duke Gustav, who vows revenge on the rebels. As the Prodigies help the people of Dormundt, Lyrule reveals the being that possessed her also gave her knowledge of magic and the ability to speak with spirits so she wants to learn how to use magic to help. Thanks to information by Shinobu that Duke Gustav won't be able to use another Heaven's Flames for some time and working with the Azure Brigade, Tsukasa orders a surprise attack on Gustav's army led by Zest and fifty soldiers armed with winter gear and semi-automatic rifles.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = It Seems Tsukasa Has Seen Through Everything!
| TranslitTitle = Tsukasa wa subete wo mitōshiteiru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 司は全てを見通しているようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|28}}
| ShortSummary = Gustav orders Marquis Arclide and Marquis Buchwald and their forces to invade Findolf now despite their protests as attacking unprepared during the winter is a horrible idea. Arclide and Buchwald's forces are forced to retreat after being driven back by Zest's forces thanks to their semi-automatic rifles and grenades before both Marquis surrender to the Seven-Light faith. At the same time, the Azure Brigade attack Duke Gustav and his men at his castle. Jeanne and Shinobu confronts Gustav and orders him to surrender but he refuses, leading to the fight between them. They defeat Gustav but not before the Duke blows himself with his magic, seemingly killing himself. After the Seven-Light faith and Azure Brigade take over Gustav's lands and restore order, the Prodigies have a meeting on whether the Azure Brigade can be trusted and become allies.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = It Seems Ringo's Worked Up the Courage to Become a Hunter!
| TranslitTitle = Ringo wa yūki wo dashite karyūdo ni naru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 林檎は勇気を出して狩人になるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|5}}
| ShortSummary = Tsukasa comes to the conclusion that the Azure Brigade is hiding something from the Prodigies and aren't to be trusted, especially their new leader, Count Conrad. Before they can move forward with their plans, Keine tells Tsukasa and Ringo to take some time off before they collapse in exhaustion from their overworked schedules. They agree and Tsukasa asks Ringo to accompany him around town to a popular food spot, causing her to believe it is a date. Ringo asks Aoi and Keine for advice on approaching boys, but their experience is limited to their skills and not in romance. Shinobu offers the best advice when she says to follow a multi-step plan that involves holding hands and indirect kisses. They begin their tour of the town and are forced to wear disguises in order to fend off the attention of the commoners. Before Ringo is able to implement her plan to hold hands with Tsukasa, they arrive at the restaurant, foiling the first step. When she switches drinks with Tsukasa to share an indirect kiss, she passes out in embarrassment when it ends up being successful. She ends up dreaming about her upbringing with her mother, who was [[artificial insemination|artificially inseminated]] in order to create a prodigy child. However, her mother abandoned her out of spite when Ringo began winning awards for her genius at such a young age. Left with nothing, she contemplated her existence before Tsukasa appeared at her school one day and kept giving her broken objects to fix. This gave her a reason to live and caused her to fall in love with him. She awakens from her dream on Tsukasa's lap and happily states that it is thanks to him that she is where she is today. Overlooking the seaport of the town, Tsukasa admires its beauty before giving Ringo an important task.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = It Seems Keine Can't Stand Naughty Boys!
| TranslitTitle = Katsura oto wa warui ko wo kesshite yurushi tari wa shinai yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 桂音は悪い子を決して許したりはしないようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|12}}
| ShortSummary = Shinobu discovers Conrad is planning to have the Azure Brigade rejoin the Freyjagard Empire, just as Tsukasa predicted of their betrayal. Elsewhere, a [[Sepsis|Septicaemia]] epidemic has spread amongst the commoners which Keine attempts to cure despite suffering a [[Penicillin]] shortage due to Ringo's newest project. However, Count Serentius of the Medical Guild demands Keine allows his Guild to sell opium to the sick, but Keine refused. She instead makes a deal with Serentius that she will cure the sick using coal, and if she fails, she will allow him to sell opium. With the help of Lyrule's magic and Keine's knowledge of chemistry, they turn the coal into [[sulfonamide]], making enough to cure all of the patients. Count Serentius and his men attempt to poison the sulfonamide to ruin the Seven-Light faith reputation, but is stopped by Keine, who subsequently lobotomizes them into faithful people. Meanwhile, Ringo finally finishes her latest work, an [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]]. At the Empire, General Neuro allows Conrad and the Azure Brigade to rejoin the Empire but wants them to destroy the Seven-Light Faith, whose ideas of equality goes against the Empire's survival of the fitness mantra by providing them with an army and a mysterious mage named Tanganika. Elsewhere, Conrad's Knight Raisenach and his men attempt to kill Jeanne, but is saved by Shinobu, who then kills the assassins, including Raisenach, after Jeanne learns he killed her mentor and the previous leader of the Azure Brigade, Count Blumhardt. Jeanne is devastated after learning her comrades have betrayed her mentor's original goals of the Azure Brigade of improving the welfare of the people, but is assured by Shinobu that Seven-Light Faith will help achieve those goals. While Jeanne and Shinobu discovers Gustav's golden statue in Conrad's castle, Conrad returns with Tanganika who Shinobu recognizes.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = It Seems High School Prodigies Have It Easy In Another World!
| TranslitTitle = Chōjin-kokoseitachi wa isekai demo yoyu de ikinuku yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|19}}
| ShortSummary = Tanganika is revealed to be Gustav in disguise and kills Conrad for smashing his golden statue. He then turns his attention to Jeanne and Shinobi and attacks them, who he knew were hiding in the same room. They escape, but not before Gustav destroys the castle, killing every guard in his wake. As he marvels his new powers, Gustav is suddenly blown up by Ringo's newly built ballistic missile. The sight of the blast is seen from Dormundt, where the Prodigies contemplate the use of the weapon. Ringo comforts Tsukasa, who believes he will be hated for using such destructive means to negotiate diplomacy with the other nations. The next day, the Prodigies give a speech to their citizens, where Tsukasa reveals that they are now one nation, known as the Elm Republic, and must defend themselves as a republic, not under a dictatorship. While giving the speech, a pillar of fire suddenly appears, revealing Gustav, who transforms into a demon and attacks the Prodigies. Aoi and Shinobu attempt to dispatch of him, using the mysterious gem protruding from Gustav's chest as their target, but are knocked back. Gustav leaps toward Tsukasa, who pulls out a handgun and destroys the gem as the demon reaches him. As he dies, Gustav warns Tsukasa of the trials ahead of him and boasts that the Prodigies will never succeed. Elsewhere, a trio from the Yamato Empire and General Neuro observe the events in Dormundt with the latter proposing that the Seven-Light Faith may be an obstacle for him. The next day, Tsukasa, believing himself to be inferior to the abilities of the other Prodigies, contemplates Gustav's warning. He is greeted by the other Prodigies, who have developed a biodegradable container to sell mayonnaise, and rejoice the defeat of Gustav and the birth of the Elm Republic with the townsfolk.
}}
|}

==Reception==
''Gadget Tsūshin'' listed Mayotarō (a fan nickname for Tsukasa Mikogami referring to the first episode mayonnaise) in their 2019 anime buzzwords list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-12-04/demon-slayer-dr-stone-zombie-land-saga-buzzwords-make-gadget-tsushin-2019-list/.153903|title=Demon Slayer, Dr. Stone, Zombie Land Saga Buzzwords Make Gadget Tsūshin 2019 List|work=[[Anime News Network]]|first1=Lynzee|last1=Loveridge|first2=Kim|last2=Morrissy|date=December 4, 2019|accessdate=December 14, 2019}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*''[[Chivalry of a Failed Knight]]'' – Another light novel series by the same author

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://ga.sbcr.jp/sp/chojin/|Light novel official website}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{Official website|http://choyoyu.com/|Anime official website}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{ann|manga|21843}}
* {{ann|light novel|22499}}
* {{ann|anime|22498}}

{{Gangan Comics manga franchises}}
{{Project No.9}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World}}
[[Category:2015 Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Anime and manga based on light novels]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime and manga]]
[[Category:GA Bunko]]
[[Category:Gangan Comics manga]]
[[Category:Isekai anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Light novels]]
[[Category:Project No.9]]
[[Category:Seinen manga]]
[[Category:Yen Press titles]]

High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World

2020-07-05T11:53:59Z

Herobrine: Added {{Notability}} tag: Didn't meet any of the five criteria? (TW)

{{Notability|Books|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name = High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World
| image = High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World light novel volume 1 cover.jpg
| caption = First light novel volume cover featuring Lyrule.
| ja_kanji = 超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!
| ja_romaji = Chōjin-Kokoseitachi wa Isekai demo Yoyu de Ikinuku Yōdesu!
| genre = [[Fantasy]], [[isekai]]
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = light novel
| author = Riku Misora
| illustrator = Sacraneco
| publisher = [[SB Creative]]
| demographic = Male
| imprint = [[GA Bunko]]
| first = October 15, 2015
| last =
| volumes = 9
| volume_list = #Light novels
|publisher_en={{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type = manga
| author = Riku Misora
| illustrator = Kōtarō Yamada
| publisher = [[Square Enix]]
| publisher_en = {{English manga publisher|NA=[[Yen Press]]}}
| demographic = ''[[Seinen manga|Seinen]]''
| magazine = [[Young Gangan]]
| first = May 2016
| last =
| volumes = 9
| volume_list = #Manga
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type = tv series
| director = Shinsuke Yanagi
| producer =
| writer = Deko Akao
| music = Hiromi Mizutani
| licensee = {{English anime licensee|NA=[[Crunchyroll]]}} {{small|(Worldwide rights excluding Asia)}}
| studio = [[Project No.9]]
| network = [[Tokyo MX]], [[AT-X (company)|AT-X]], [[BS Fuji]]
| first = October 3, 2019
| last = December 19, 2019
| episodes = 12
| episode_list = #Anime
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{Nihongo|'''''High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World '''''|超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!|Chōjin-Kokoseitachi wa Isekai demo Yoyu de Ikinuku Yōdesu!}}, abbreviated as {{Nihongo|'''''Chōyoyū'''''|超余裕}}, is a Japanese [[light novel]] series written by Riku Misora and illustrated by Sacraneco. [[SB Creative]] have published eight volumes since 2015 under their [[GA Bunko]] imprint. A [[manga]] adaptation with art by Kōtarō Yamada has been serialized in [[Square Enix]]'s [[Seinen manga|''seinen'' manga]] magazine ''[[Young Gangan]]'' since May 2016. It has been collected in six ''[[tankōbon]]'' volumes. Both the light novel and manga are licensed in North America by [[Yen Press]]. An [[anime]] television series adaptation by [[Project No.9]] aired from October 3 to December 19, 2019.

==Plot==
The series revolves around seven high school students who are internationally renowned for their exceptional abilities. They include Prime Minister Tsukasa Mikogami, genius inventor Ringo Ohoshi, former ninja and journalist Shinobu Sarutobi, world renowned doctor Keine Kanzaki, swordswoman Aoi Ichijo, skilled magician Prince Akatsuki and multi millionaire Masato Sanada. One day, they survive a plane crash only to find themselves in a medieval fantasy world called Freyjagard.

In this world, two human races live side by side in a somewhat feudal society: the Byuma, who possess animal features and formidable strength, and the Hyuma, who possess limited magical aptitude. After being rescued by a Byuma named Winona and her adopted Elven daughter Lyrule, the group decides to repay the people of Elm Village by using their advanced skills and knowledge to revolutionize the village and its culture.

The group also learn of an ancient legend, that narrates how an evil dragon was slain by seven heroes who came from another world. Believing that there is a connection between the legend and their present situation, Tsukasa, who is also the leader of the group, directs the others to learn about this new world and also search for any clues that could lead them back to Earth. However, the group's ideas become a threat to the ruling Freyjagard Empire, who promote atheism and social darwinist belief that only the strong nobility shall rule and the weak commoners must obey the nobles or suffer punishment. The conflict with the Empire soon leads the Seven Prodigies to create a new nation with equal rights and democracy for the people.

==Characters==
;{{Nihongo|Tsukasa Mikogami|御子神司|Mikogami Tsukasa}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yūsuke Kobayashi (voice actor)|Yūsuke Kobayashi]]<ref name="announcement"/>|Chris Hackney<ref name="dub">{{cite web |title=Crunchyroll Announces Premiere Dates for Two New Dubs |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2019/11/07/crunchyroll-announces-premiere-dates-for-two-new-dubs |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]] |accessdate=November 7, 2019 |date=November 7, 2019}}</ref>}}
:Tsukasa is a [[prime ministers of Japan|prime minister]] while still in high school. His father was a former prime minister who used corrupted means to provide luxury for the family and holds absolute power, until Tsukasa disapproved of his actions and exposed his faults leading to his execution and his mother disowning him. Tsukasa is childhood friends with Masato and Shinobu. Tsukasa chooses benefiting others over self, family, friends & associates. After conquering the empire, Tsukasa takes charge in politics to avert foreseen war affairs. He has [[Heterochromia iridum|heterochromia]].
;{{Nihongo|Lyrule|リルル|Riruru}}
:{{voiced by|[[Yūki Kuwahara]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Cassandra Lee Morris]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Lyrule is the lead heroine. A beautiful and mysterious elf, she treated the seven prodigies' injuries when they arrived in the other world. She is Winona's adoptive daughter. The villagers intend to keep her secret since the nobles would want her as a concubine. Tsukasa suspects Lyrule might hold the reason for their presence in the world. Lyrule appears to have feelings for Tsukasa.
;{{Nihongo|Ringo Ōhoshi|大星林檎|Ōhoshi Ringo}}
:{{voiced by|[[Rina Hidaka]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erika Harlacher]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Ringo is a very intelligent inventor who is able to invent nuclear reactors that produce practically no radiation on her own. She is usually targeted by criminals who want her capabilities for profit, and lives in isolation in outer space. She has a computer companion named Kumausa. Ringo was born out of [[artificial insemination]] with her DNA modified, making her rather intelligent from a young age. Ringo was estranged from humanity since her genetic mother, a scientist, was arrested for abusing her out of jealousy, until meeting Tsukasa in middle school who gave her a reason to live.
;{{Nihongo|Shinobu Sarutobi|猿飛忍|Sarutobi Shinobu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Natsumi Hioka]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Kira Buckland]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Shinobu is a descendant of ninjas and a top journalist who is able to uncover any scoop and information. Her ancestor is [[Sarutobi Sasuke]]. She tends to manipulate her opponents through her charms. She seems to dote on Elch.
;{{Nihongo|Keine Kanzaki|神崎桂音|Kanzaki Keine}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hisako Kanemoto]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erica Mendez]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Keine is the most miraculous doctor in the world, so much so that she can even cure those from latent cancer. Her patients have never died in her hands. Her knowledge to produce medicine from coal or tar rivals those using elixirs. She can also defend herself from foes by injecting them with anesthesia. Keine is beautiful, gorgeous even, but her looks hide a psychotic mind. She despises how easily the human body succumbs to sickness and curses God for creating weak beings, declaring her desire to kill God. At one point, Keine tries to give Ringo a drug so she can use it to basically rape Tsukasa and doesn’t see a problem with that behavior. She lobotomizes Count Celenteus, with a saw, in order to reform him into an honest doctor.
;{{Nihongo|Aoi Ichijō|一条葵|Ichijō Aoi}}
:{{voiced by|Sayaka Kaneko<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Cristina Vee]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Aoi is the strongest swordswoman carrying a [[katana]]. Her physical abilities are so immense that she is proven to solely defeat entire armies of terrorists; a monstrous lord, and maneuver a missile physically. She and Keine went to the same middle school together.
;{{Nihongo|Prince Akatsuki|プリンス暁|Purinsu Akatsuki}}
:{{voiced by|[[Shizuka Ishigami]]<ref name="announcement"/>|[[Erica Mendez]]<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Akatsuki is the best magician ever, capable of levitation; smokescreen; and making big monuments such as the [[Statue of Liberty]] or even mountains vanish. He is often mistaken for a girl due to his feminine figure. Tsukasa forces Akatsuki to pose as a god to persuade civilians that change is indeed possible.
;{{Nihongo|Masato Sanada|真田勝人|Sanada Masato}}
:{{voiced by|[[Junji Majima]]<ref name="announcement"/>|Nicolas Roye<ref name="dub"/>}}
:Masato is the most successful businessman in the world while still in high school. He has rescued industries from near bankruptcy. His multi-listening ability allows him to fathom people's movement. He has a thing for Winona despite her already being a mother. After increasing finances to survive the winter when setting up a successful trading company in the other world, Masato took in Roo as his apprentice.
;{{Nihongo|Winona|ウィノナ}}
:{{voiced by|[[Mai Nakahara]]<ref name="more-cast">{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World Anime Reveals More Cast, October 3 Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-09-06/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-3-debut/.150797 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=September 6, 2019 |date=September 6, 2019}}</ref>|[[Tara Sands]]}}
:Elch's mother and Lyrule's adoptive mother. She was her village's top hunter before settling down.
;{{Nihongo|Elch|エルク|Eruku}}
:{{voiced by|[[Hiro Shimono]]}}<ref name="more-cast"/>(Japanese) Billy Kametz (English)
:Winona's son. He acts as the [[treasurer]] of his village and often means to go straightforward in protecting its position and people. Elch hates the nobles because of their greed and bad treatment on the commoners. After handling Masato's success in permitting money business and Tsukasa's proclamation to usurp the empire, Elch gains more confidence.
;{{Nihongo|Roo|ルー|Rū}}
:{{voiced by|[[Chinami Hashimoto]]<ref name="announcement"/>}}
:An escaped slave who pleaded Masato to take her in after seeing his strong determination. Roo hopes to one day reunite with her parents while becoming a brilliant money-maker.
;{{Nihongo|Jeanne du Leblanc|ジャンヌ・ド・ルブラン|Jannu do Ruburan}}
:{{voiced by|[[Sayaka Senbongi]]<ref name="more-cast"/>|[[Kira Buckland]]}}
:A lady knight whom Shinobu befriends with after witnessing her bravery in saving a child despite being an outsider. Jeanne is a member of the Azure Brigade, a group of reformist nobles within the Empire who want to change the Empire to ensure the commoners are treated well and not like animals. Jeanne and Shinobu team up to confront Gustav and his despotism.
;{{Nihongo|Oslo El Gustav|オスロー・エル・ギュスターヴ|Osurō Eru Gusutāvu}}
:{{voiced by|[[Jouji Nakata]]}}<ref name="more-cast"/>
: Also known as "Duke Fastidious", Gustav was a mage who gained recognition during the Freyjagard Empire's war with the Yamato Empire and was granted the title of Duke and lands to rule. Despite being a powerful mage, Gustav is revealed to be a horrible ruler where he confiscated money and starves his people to build statues and towns as a sign of his devotion to the Emperor, not caring that many people died or forced themselves into cannibalism just to survive. He is madly loyal to the Emperor to the point that he considers any slights to be a major offense that deserves death. Due his poor leadership skills where he sent his army to crush the Seven-Light Faith despite lacking winter gear, his army is defeated by the better armed and prepared army of the Seven-Light faith, allowing the Azure Brigade to attack his castle unopposed.
;{{Nihongo|Zest Do Bernard|ゼスト・バーナード|Zesuto bānādo}}
:{{voiced by|Masaaki Mizunaka}}

==Media==
===Light novels===
{{Graphic novel list/header
| OneLanguage = Japanese
| Width = 75%
|LineColor=FF83FA|SecondLanguage=English}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 1
| RelDate = October 15, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797385052/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8505-2
| LicensedRelDate = TBA (2020)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Rachel |title=NEW YEN PRESS LICENSES ANNOUNCED AT ANIME NYC 2019! |url=https://yenpress.com/2019/11/new-yen-press-licenses-announced-at-anime-nyc-2019/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN =
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 2
| RelDate = February 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797386912/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！2|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8691-2
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 3
| RelDate = June 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797388442/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 3|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8844-2
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 4
| RelDate = October 15, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797389418/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 4|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-8941-8
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 5
| RelDate = June 15, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797392784/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！5|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9278-4
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 6
| RelDate = December 15, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797395266/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 6|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9526-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
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}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 7
| RelDate = June 15, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797396256/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 7|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4797396249/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 7　ドラマCD付き限定特装版|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7973-9625-6
| ISBN_note = {{ISBN|978-4-7973-9624-9}} (limited edition)
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 8
| RelDate = March 15, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4815601416/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！ 8|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-8156-0141-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
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{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 9
| RelDate = October 12, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbcr.jp/product/4815603793/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです！9|publisher=[[SB Creative]]|accessdate=September 9, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-8156-0379-3
| LicensedRelDate = —
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{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Manga===
{{Graphic novel list/header
| OneLanguage = Japanese
| Width = 75%
|LineColor=FF83FA|SecondLanguage=English}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 1
| RelDate = October 13, 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757551220/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 1|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5122-0
| LicensedRelDate = October 30, 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 1 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301347/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-1-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0134-7}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 2
| RelDate = March 25, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757552944/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 2|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5294-4
| LicensedRelDate = January 29, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 2 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301378/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-2-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0137-8}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 3
| RelDate = June 13, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757553705/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 3|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5370-5
|LicensedRelDate=April 30, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 3 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301408/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-3-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
|LicensedISBN=978-1-9753-0140-8}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 4
| RelDate = December 13, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757555471/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 4|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5547-1
| LicensedRelDate = August 6, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 4 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975301439/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-4-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-0143-9}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 5
| RelDate = June 13, 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757557444/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 5|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5744-4
| LicensedRelDate = November 5, 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 5 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975384876/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-5-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-8487-6
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 6
| RelDate = January 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757559462/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 6|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-5946-2
| LicensedRelDate = January 21, 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even in Another World!, Vol. 6 (manga) |url=https://yenpress.com/9781975332891/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-vol-6-manga/ |website=Yen Press |publisher=Yen Press |accessdate=16 December 2019}}</ref>
| LicensedISBN = 978-1-9753-3289-1
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 7
| RelDate = July 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757561366/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 7|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6136-6
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 8
| RelDate = September 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757563148/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 8|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=September 6, 2019|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6314-8
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list
| VolumeNumber = 9
| RelDate = December 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazine.jp.square-enix.com/top/comics/detail/9784757564459/|title=超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです! 9|publisher=[[Square Enix]]|accessdate=January 7, 2020|language=ja}}</ref>
| ISBN = 978-4-7575-6445-9
| LicensedRelDate = —
| LicensedISBN =
}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

===Anime===
An [[anime]] television series adaptation was announced by [[GA Bunko]] on March 13, 2019. The series is animated by [[Project No.9]] and directed by Shinsuke Yanagi, with Deko Akao handling series composition, and Akane Yano designing the characters. Hiromi Mizutani is composing the series' music. It aired from October 3 to December 19, 2019 on [[Tokyo MX]], [[AT-X (company)|AT-X]], and [[BS Fuji]].<ref name="announcement">{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World Light Novel Series Gets TV Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-12/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-light-novel-series-gets-tv-anime/.144467 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=March 13, 2019 |date=March 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="more-cast"/> DIALOGUE+ performed the series' opening theme song "Hajimete no Kakumei", while [[Akari Kitō]] performed the series' ending theme song "dear my distance."<ref>{{cite web |title=High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World TV Anime's Video Reveals Theme Song Artists, October Premiere |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-07-19/high-school-prodigies-have-it-easy-even-in-another-world-tv-anime-video-reveals-theme-song-artists-october-premiere/.149133 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |accessdate=July 19, 2019 |date=July 19, 2019}}</ref> [[Crunchyroll]] has licensed the series with an English dub currently in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/en-gb/anime-news/2019/10/01-1/crunchyroll-adds-english-dubs-for-isekai-cheat-magician-and-to-the-abandoned-sacred-beasts|title=Crunchyroll Adds English Dubs for Isekai Cheat Magician and To the Abandoned Sacred Beasts|date=|website=Crunchyroll|language=en-gb|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref>

{|class="plainrowheaders wikitable" style="width:98%; margin:auto; background:#FFF;
|- style="border-bottom: 3px solid #CCF;"
! style="width:4em;" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Title<ref>{{cite web|url=http://choyoyu.com/story/|title=ストーリー|accessdate=October 3, 2019|language=Japanese}}</ref>{{efn|All English titles are taken from [[Crunchyroll]].}}
! style="width:12em;" | Original air date
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = High School Prodigies Have Arrived in Another World!
| TranslitTitle = Chōjin kōkōseitachi wa isekai ni kiteshimatta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 超人高校生たちは異世界に来てしまったようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|3}}
| ShortSummary = Seven Japanese high schoolers who are prodigies in their fields; Politician and Prime Minister of Japan Tsukasa Mikogami, Genius inventor Ringo Ōhoshi, Ninja Journalist Shinobu Sarutobi, Medical Doctor Keine Kanzaki, Samurai swordswoman Aoi Ichijō, Magician Prince Akatsuki and Businessman Masato Sanada, survives a plane crash only to find themselves in another world with magic where a race of humans with animal-like features called Bumas live alongside humans. The Prodigies are rescued and treated by a Buma named Winona and her elven daughter Lyrule. As the people of Elm Village celebrate the Prodigies recovery, they learn of the legend about seven heroes from another world who saved the continent from an evil dragon. Believing there might be a connection, Tsukasa instructs his friends to learn more about the Freyjagard Empire and its culture so they might find a way to get back home and also help improve the welfare of Elm Village using their advanced knowledge and skills to repay them. When soldiers of a local feudal lord tries to extort Elm villagers for food and wine, the Prodigies defeat and scare them into leaving the villagers alone and never tell their lord about the incident. Despite this, the Prodigies continue their plan while they help in their own way.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Masato is Serious About Making Money!
| TranslitTitle = Masato wa honki de kanemōke wo suru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 勝人は本気で金儲けをするようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|10}}
| ShortSummary = Masato and Elch run into trouble acquiring money and supplies for Elm Village when they discover the Neutscheland Company has a virtual monopoly on the flow of commerce throughout Dormundt. While the rest of the high schoolers do various odd jobs at the village, Shinobu uses her skills to dig up scandalous information on the Mayor of Dormundt, allowing Masato to acquire a permit to trade under the name "Elm Trading Company." After taking in a homeless girl named Roo, Masato and Elch visit some local merchants and offer to help them sell their wares in Dormundt through a [[consignment]] shop, where they'd undercut Neutscheland by charging less and only taking 10% of the profits from each sale, as long as the merchants stock and man the stores themselves. Masato's shop quickly becomes popular, selling everything from rugs to Tsukasa's homemade mayonnaise, and sends money and supplies to Elm Village. Neutscheland dismisses the Elm Trading Company as a nuisance at first, but when the Sea Serpent maritime merchant company begins trading with Masato, Neutscheland decides to take the threat seriously, setting up a rival store to undercut Elm's prices and drive them out of business. Masato shows Elch several Buma standing outside, hinting that they are part of his plan to destroy Neutscheland for good.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = It Seems Roo Can Decide Her Own Worth!
| TranslitTitle = Rū wa jibun no kachi wo jibun de kimeta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = ルーは自分の価値を自分で決めたようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|17}}
| ShortSummary = Neutscheland’s attempt to destroy Elm Trading Company backfires as the merchants they fired to save money ends with the angry merchants boycotting Neutscheland and signing a contract with Masato to supply Elm Trading Company instead, which the head of the Neutscheland Company admits defeat and makes a deal with Masato over sharing trading rights in Findolf. Slave traders attempt to capture back Roo only for Masato to buy her freedom after the young girl promises to Masato she will become a great merchant to free her parents from slavery. Tsukasa and the other Prodigies build a public bathhouse for Elm Village but when a giant bear attacks the villagers including Winona's father, Village Chief Ulga, Tsukasa leads the others to help while Aoi defeats the bear and Keine heals Ulga's wounds. Meanwhile, Masato and his companions return to Elm Village only for them and the rest of the villagers to get arrested by soldiers of Marquis Findolf led by his knight, Inzagi. Inzagi falsely charges the villagers for treason with his absurd claim that peasants that try to rise above their station and having gold coins is considered a crime against the nobility. Inzagi orders the villagers to be burned inside their homes as punishment but Akatsuki manages to free the villagers before Tsukasa and the others arrive where they learn Inzagi has kidnapped Lyrule.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = It Seems Tsukasa has Resolved to Change the World!
| TranslitTitle = Tsukasa wa isekai wo kaeru kakugo wo kimeta yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 司は異世界を変える覚悟を決めたようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|24}}
| ShortSummary = Lyrule is kidnapped by Inzagi and is forced to become Marquis Findolf's concubine in exchange for the lives of Elm Village but a mysterious magic protects her when Findolf tries to kiss her. Meanwhile, Tsukasa and the Prodigies help the Elm Villagers rescue Lyrule and start a revolution to overthrow the Freyjagard Empire and make it into an advanced, modern democratic nation where everyone is equal and has rights. Thanks to Ringo's Rail cannon, metal arrows and [[Duralumin]] shields, the Prodigies and Elm Villagers are able to storm into Findolf's castle and fight his soldiers easily while Shinobu and Tsukasa sneaks in to rescue Lyrule. While Shinobu holds off Inzagi, Tsukasa enters Findolf's room where Lyrule is but is shot by Findolf's flintlock pistol. However, Tsukasa survives unhurt thanks to his suit being made of bulletproof fibers and takes out his own handgun. The Marquis begs for his life but Tsukasa shoots him with a rubber bullet instead since the Prodigies actions and ideals have already made them enemies of the Empire and they will not stop until the revolution is complete. A mysterious being later uses Lyrule body to tell Tsukasa and the Prodigies they must save the continent before disappearing. As everyone celebrates rescuing Lyrule and defeating Findolf's army, Tsukasa plans his next task of forming an independent nation.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = It Seems Akatsuki's Becoming God Akatsuki!
| TranslitTitle = Akatsuki wa Goddo Akatsuki ni naru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 暁はゴッド暁になるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|31}}
| ShortSummary = The Prodigies start a religion called "The Seven-Light Faith" with Akatsuki as the God and the rest of the Prodigies as his Angels in order to easily convince the people to accept them and their new nation. Using Akatsuki's magic tricks and free gifts of Mayonnaise, they are able to convince the people of Dormundt to switch their allegiance from the Empire to the Seven-Light Faith. Tsukasa later makes a deal with the Mayor of Dormundt, Walter von Haizerad, to peacefully have the city defect to the Seven-Light Faith with his position intact and talks with Zest Do Bernard, the former Captain of the Dormundt Watch, to become the leader of the newly formed Seven-Light Knight Order, after convincing Bernard that his daughter's future in their new nation is worth fighting against the Empire. Meanwhile, Shinobu and Elch travel to Buchwald where they learn the Empire is sending an army to reclaim Findolf from the Prodigies led by Duke Oslo El Gustav, a war hero and notorious control freak. At his castle, Gustav kills Inzagi for running away rather than fighting the rebels and vows to burn them.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = It Seems Lyrule's Growing Closer to Him!
| TranslitTitle = Riruru wa kyori wo chijimeru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = リルルは距離を縮めるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|7}}
| ShortSummary = As Tsukasa implements his political reforms and modernize the livelihoods of the people, his ministers and friends are worried he is working too hard. With the Empire planning to attack Findolf in the Spring, Tsukasa modernizes the Seven-Light's army by having Ringo build a power plant and a factory to mass-produce guns in order to prepare for the upcoming invasion. Lyrule believes Tsukasa hates her as he is declining her attempts to repay him for saving her but Masato assures her that Tsukasa is keeping his distance out of guilt when he at first told the Elm Villagers not to rescue her from Marquis Findolf. Later that night, Lyrule confronts Tsukasa in his office where he reveals he used to admire his father, the previous Japanese Prime Minister until he learned how corrupt his father was and with the help of his friends, exposed his father's corruption which got him arrested and then executed but this damaged his relationship with his mother since she loved her husband and never forgave Tsukasa. Since then, Tsukasa devoted himself to becoming a selfless politician for the people which saddens Lyrule who tells him that she will be there for him and never hate him. Elsewhere, Roo is having a hard time learning multiplication but with help from the other Prodigies, she manages to figure it out. Meanwhile, Shinobu and Elch discover a dark secret of a village.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = It Seems Shinobu Has a Shinobi's Intuition!
| TranslitTitle = Nin wa shinobi no kan ga hataraku yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 忍はシノビの勘がはたらくようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|14}}
| ShortSummary = Shinobu and Elch stays at an inn run by Emerada and her daughter Melinda at Coconono village in Gustav's lands. Despite the villagers proclaiming how great their village is, Shinobu becomes suspicious after noticing none of the villagers are eating the food they serve despite starving themselves and she and Elch soon discover Coconono's dark secret, the villagers have been secretly drugging travelers before killing and eating them. When Duke Gustav’s soldiers punishes Melinda for having dirt on her clothes during an inspection, Shinobu gives herself up to their leader, Silver Knight Jeanne Do Leblanc, in exchange for sparing Melinda after learning the girl tried to warn Shinobu and Elch to leave the village. Elch confronts Emerada over the dead travellers, which Emerada apologizes and explains that Coconono was once a normal farming village but when Duke Gustav took over their lands, he forced the villagers to turn Coconono into a beautiful town using the villagers own money and ordered them to always keep their clothes clean, meaning they could no longer farm for food or earn money. His obsessive rules put a toll on the villagers lives to the point where they were forced into cannibalism just to survive, which many of them regret. Meanwhile, Jeanne frees Shinobu and reveals that she is actually a member of the Azure Brigade, whom opposes Duke Gustav's tyranny and asks for her help. Elsewhere, Duke Gustav becomes angry upon learning his army has yet to attack the rebels at Findolf and decides to take action by using his magic spear, Heaven's Flames, to destroy Dormundt. Tsukasa and Ringo learn about the attack and uses the many anti-aircraft missiles in Findolf to redirect the spear into the ocean but the spear manages to evade the last missile and hits Dormundt.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = It Seems Aoi's Specs are Greater Than Imagined!
| TranslitTitle = Aoi wa sōzō ijō no Supekku wo hakki suru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 葵は想像以上のスペックを発揮するようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|21}}
| ShortSummary = The spear hits Dormundt's noble district and starting a fire, which Mayor Walter orders an evacuation of civilians as instructed in Tsukasa's emergency manual. Despite managing to evacuate the people and preventing the fire from spreading, Duke Gustave summons fire spirits from his spear to kill the people of Dormundt and spread the fire further. Lyrule reveals to the Prodigies the being that possessed her has told her they need to destroy the spear to stop Heaven's Flames from spreading. Using Ringo's last missile, Aoi volunteers to escort the missile and protect it from Gustav fire spirits so it can destroy the spear. The missile destroys the spear and stops the Heaven's Flames, which is felt by Duke Gustav, who vows revenge on the rebels. As the Prodigies help the people of Dormundt, Lyrule reveals the being that possessed her also gave her knowledge of magic and the ability to speak with spirits so she wants to learn how to use magic to help. Thanks to information by Shinobu that Duke Gustav won't be able to use another Heaven's Flames for some time and working with the Azure Brigade, Tsukasa orders a surprise attack on Gustav's army led by Zest and fifty soldiers armed with winter gear and semi-automatic rifles.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = It Seems Tsukasa Has Seen Through Everything!
| TranslitTitle = Tsukasa wa subete wo mitōshiteiru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 司は全てを見通しているようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|28}}
| ShortSummary = Gustav orders Marquis Arclide and Marquis Buchwald and their forces to invade Findolf now despite their protests as attacking unprepared during the winter is a horrible idea. Arclide and Buchwald's forces are forced to retreat after being driven back by Zest's forces thanks to their semi-automatic rifles and grenades before both Marquis surrender to the Seven-Light faith. At the same time, the Azure Brigade attack Duke Gustav and his men at his castle. Jeanne and Shinobu confronts Gustav and orders him to surrender but he refuses, leading to the fight between them. They defeat Gustav but not before the Duke blows himself with his magic, seemingly killing himself. After the Seven-Light faith and Azure Brigade take over Gustav's lands and restore order, the Prodigies have a meeting on whether the Azure Brigade can be trusted and become allies.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = It Seems Ringo's Worked Up the Courage to Become a Hunter!
| TranslitTitle = Ringo wa yūki wo dashite karyūdo ni naru yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 林檎は勇気を出して狩人になるようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|5}}
| ShortSummary = Tsukasa comes to the conclusion that the Azure Brigade is hiding something from the Prodigies and aren't to be trusted, especially their new leader, Count Conrad. Before they can move forward with their plans, Keine tells Tsukasa and Ringo to take some time off before they collapse in exhaustion from their overworked schedules. They agree and Tsukasa asks Ringo to accompany him around town to a popular food spot, causing her to believe it is a date. Ringo asks Aoi and Keine for advice on approaching boys, but their experience is limited to their skills and not in romance. Shinobu offers the best advice when she says to follow a multi-step plan that involves holding hands and indirect kisses. They begin their tour of the town and are forced to wear disguises in order to fend off the attention of the commoners. Before Ringo is able to implement her plan to hold hands with Tsukasa, they arrive at the restaurant, foiling the first step. When she switches drinks with Tsukasa to share an indirect kiss, she passes out in embarrassment when it ends up being successful. She ends up dreaming about her upbringing with her mother, who was [[artificial insemination|artificially inseminated]] in order to create a prodigy child. However, her mother abandoned her out of spite when Ringo began winning awards for her genius at such a young age. Left with nothing, she contemplated her existence before Tsukasa appeared at her school one day and kept giving her broken objects to fix. This gave her a reason to live and caused her to fall in love with him. She awakens from her dream on Tsukasa's lap and happily states that it is thanks to him that she is where she is today. Overlooking the seaport of the town, Tsukasa admires its beauty before giving Ringo an important task.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = It Seems Keine Can't Stand Naughty Boys!
| TranslitTitle = Katsura oto wa warui ko wo kesshite yurushi tari wa shinai yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 桂音は悪い子を決して許したりはしないようです！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|12}}
| ShortSummary = Shinobu discovers Conrad is planning to have the Azure Brigade rejoin the Freyjagard Empire, just as Tsukasa predicted of their betrayal. Elsewhere, a [[Sepsis|Septicaemia]] epidemic has spread amongst the commoners which Keine attempts to cure despite suffering a [[Penicillin]] shortage due to Ringo's newest project. However, Count Serentius of the Medical Guild demands Keine allows his Guild to sell opium to the sick, but Keine refused. She instead makes a deal with Serentius that she will cure the sick using coal, and if she fails, she will allow him to sell opium. With the help of Lyrule's magic and Keine's knowledge of chemistry, they turn the coal into [[sulfonamide]], making enough to cure all of the patients. Count Serentius and his men attempt to poison the sulfonamide to ruin the Seven-Light faith reputation, but is stopped by Keine, who subsequently lobotomizes them into faithful people. Meanwhile, Ringo finally finishes her latest work, an [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]]. At the Empire, General Neuro allows Conrad and the Azure Brigade to rejoin the Empire but wants them to destroy the Seven-Light Faith, whose ideas of equality goes against the Empire's survival of the fitness mantra by providing them with an army and a mysterious mage named Tanganika. Elsewhere, Conrad's Knight Raisenach and his men attempt to kill Jeanne, but is saved by Shinobu, who then kills the assassins, including Raisenach, after Jeanne learns he killed her mentor and the previous leader of the Azure Brigade, Count Blumhardt. Jeanne is devastated after learning her comrades have betrayed her mentor's original goals of the Azure Brigade of improving the welfare of the people, but is assured by Shinobu that Seven-Light Faith will help achieve those goals. While Jeanne and Shinobu discovers Gustav's golden statue in Conrad's castle, Conrad returns with Tanganika who Shinobu recognizes.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| Title = It Seems High School Prodigies Have It Easy In Another World!
| TranslitTitle = Chōjin-kokoseitachi wa isekai demo yoyu de ikinuku yōdesu!
| NativeTitle = 超人高校生たちは異世界でも余裕で生き抜くようです!！
| NativeTitleLangCode = ja
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|12|19}}
| ShortSummary = Tanganika is revealed to be Gustav in disguise and kills Conrad for smashing his golden statue. He then turns his attention to Jeanne and Shinobi and attacks them, who he knew were hiding in the same room. They escape, but not before Gustav destroys the castle, killing every guard in his wake. As he marvels his new powers, Gustav is suddenly blown up by Ringo's newly built ballistic missile. The sight of the blast is seen from Dormundt, where the Prodigies contemplate the use of the weapon. Ringo comforts Tsukasa, who believes he will be hated for using such destructive means to negotiate diplomacy with the other nations. The next day, the Prodigies give a speech to their citizens, where Tsukasa reveals that they are now one nation, known as the Elm Republic, and must defend themselves as a republic, not under a dictatorship. While giving the speech, a pillar of fire suddenly appears, revealing Gustav, who transforms into a demon and attacks the Prodigies. Aoi and Shinobu attempt to dispatch of him, using the mysterious gem protruding from Gustav's chest as their target, but are knocked back. Gustav leaps toward Tsukasa, who pulls out a handgun and destroys the gem as the demon reaches him. As he dies, Gustav warns Tsukasa of the trials ahead of him and boasts that the Prodigies will never succeed. Elsewhere, a trio from the Yamato Empire and General Neuro observe the events in Dormundt with the latter proposing that the Seven-Light Faith may be an obstacle for him. The next day, Tsukasa, believing himself to be inferior to the abilities of the other Prodigies, contemplates Gustav's warning. He is greeted by the other Prodigies, who have developed a biodegradable container to sell mayonnaise, and rejoice the defeat of Gustav and the birth of the Elm Republic with the townsfolk.
}}
|}

==Reception==
''Gadget Tsūshin'' listed Mayotarō (a fan nickname for Tsukasa Mikogami referring to the first episode mayonnaise) in their 2019 anime buzzwords list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2019-12-04/demon-slayer-dr-stone-zombie-land-saga-buzzwords-make-gadget-tsushin-2019-list/.153903|title=Demon Slayer, Dr. Stone, Zombie Land Saga Buzzwords Make Gadget Tsūshin 2019 List|work=[[Anime News Network]]|first1=Lynzee|last1=Loveridge|first2=Kim|last2=Morrissy|date=December 4, 2019|accessdate=December 14, 2019}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*''[[Chivalry of a Failed Knight]]'' – Another light novel series by the same author

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://ga.sbcr.jp/sp/chojin/|Light novel official website}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{Official website|http://choyoyu.com/|Anime official website}} {{in lang|ja}}
* {{ann|manga|21843}}
* {{ann|light novel|22499}}
* {{ann|anime|22498}}

{{Gangan Comics manga franchises}}
{{Project No.9}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World}}
[[Category:2015 Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Anime and manga based on light novels]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime and manga]]
[[Category:GA Bunko]]
[[Category:Gangan Comics manga]]
[[Category:Isekai anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Light novels]]
[[Category:Project No.9]]
[[Category:Seinen manga]]
[[Category:Yen Press titles]]

User talk:L.Corvus

2020-07-04T03:17:05Z

Herobrine: Welcome to Wikipedia! (TW)

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''L.Corvus, '''good luck, and have fun.''''' [[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 03:17, 4 July 2020 (UTC)</div>

Guddiyan Patole

2020-07-02T13:24:31Z

Herobrine: Reverted 2 edits by 122.173.193.72 (talk) to last revision by Visioncurve (TW)

{{short description|Punjabi language family drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guddiyan Patole
| image = Guddiyan Patole.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Rajesh Singh
| producer = Jatin Taak
| writer = Harshdeep Singh
| screenplay = [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Gurnam Bhullar]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]] [[Nirmal Rishi]]
| narrator =
| music = Sahil Singh
| cinematography = Jalesh Oberoi
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| studio = [[Villagers Film Studio]]
| distributor = In House Group (India) [[Rhythm Boyz Entertainment]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|3|8|India}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India Canada
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = ₹17 crore
}}

'''''Guddiyan Patole''''' is a 2019 Indian Punjabi language family drama film written by [[Jagdeep Sidhu]] and directed by Vijay Kumar Arora. The film stars [[Gurnam Bhullar]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]], and [[Nirmal Rishi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/guddiyan-patole-gurnam-bhullar-and-sonam-bajwa-break-the-monday-monotony-with-the-title-track/articleshow/68043971.cms|title=Guddiyan Patole: Gurnam Bhullar and Sonam Bajwa break the Monday monotony with the title track|date=18 February 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/upcoming-punjabi-movies-this-week-sonam-bajwa-gurnam-bhullars-guddiyan-patole-will-keep-you-entertained/378624|title=Upcoming Punjabi Movies This Week: Sonam Bajwa, Gurnam Bhullar's Guddiyan Patole will keep you entertained {{!}} Entertainment News|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Kashmeer ‘Kash’ Kaur
*[[Tania (Indian actress)|Tania]] as Nicole
* [[Nirmal Rishi]] as Naani Jal Kaur
* [[Gurnam Bhullar]] as Amreek
* Rupinder Rupi as Maami Mukho
* [[Gurmeet Saajan]] as Ajaib Singh
* [[Happy Gupta]] as Beauty. He is son of movie's producer

== Production ==

[[Principal photography]] of the film took place between November 2018 and December 2018. Happy Gupta invested Rs200 crore in movie.

== Soundtrack ==
The film's music was composed by V Rakx, Ikwinder Singh, and [[Sukh-E Musical Doctorz|Sukh-E]], with lyrics by [[Gurnam Bhullar]], Garry Vinder, [[Vicky Dhaliwal]], and Harinder Kaur
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Guddiyan Patole
| extra1= Gurnam Bhullar
| length1=3:32
| title2= Mohobatt
| extra2 = Gurnam Bhullar
| title3 = Athri Jawani
| extra3=[[Ammy Virk]], Gulrez Akhtar
| extra4=Gurnam Bhullar
| extra5=Gurnam Bhullar
| extra6 =Gurnam Bhullar
| extra7 =Gurnam Bhullar
| title4= Lakk De Hulare
| title5= Ishq Diya Shuruvatan
| title6=Maye Ni
| title7= Lakk De Hulare
| note7 = Remix
}}

== Reception ==
As of 17 March 2019, the film has grossed ₹15 crore worldwide, including {{estimation}} ₹6 crore at overseas. In Canada and Australia the film trended in its second weekend even after new releases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/badla-collects-3-7-mil-usd-rs-25-32-cr-in-overseas/|title=Badla collects 3.7 mil. USD [Rs. 25.32 cr.] in overseas - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2019-03-19|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> The film is also one of the [[List of highest-grossing Punjabi films#Canada|highest grossing Punjabi films in Canada]].

In India, ''Guddiyan Patole'' was expected to earn ₹50 lakh on its opening day<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsx.com/entertainment/guddiyan-patole-box-office-collection-prediction-sonam-bajwa-gurnam-bhullars-film-expected-to-earn-rs-50-lakh-on-opening-day|title=Guddiyan Patole box office collection prediction: Sonam Bajwa, Gurnam Bhullar's film expected to earn Rs 50 lakh on opening day|date=2019-03-07|website=NewsX|language=en|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> but earned ₹65 lakhs and became the highest grossing Punjabi female lead film. The film collected ₹2.51 crore in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/guddiyan-patole-gets-highest-opening-for-female-lead-punjabi-film/|title='Guddiyan Patole' Gets Highest Opening For Female Lead Punjabi Film|date=2019-03-09|website=PTC Punjabi|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daahfilms.com/guddiyan-patole-giving-new-shape-to-pollywood/|title=Guddiyan Patole giving new shape to Pollywood|last=Admin|date=2019-03-09|website=DAAH Films|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>
At overseas the film grossed ₹2.25 crore in its opening weekend including ₹1.35 crore from Unites States and Canada only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/march-8th-to-march-10th-top-10-indian-films-at-north-america-box-office/|title=March 8th to March 10th : Top 10 Indian Films at North America Box-Office|last=Telugu360|date=2019-03-11|website=Telugu360.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref> In its second weekend the collections just dropped by 15% at North America and the screens were also increased from 25 to 36.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/march-15th-to-march-17th-top-10-indian-films-at-north-america-box-office/|title=March 15th to March 17th : Top 10 Indian Films at North America Box-Office|last=Telugu360|date=2019-03-18|website=Telugu360.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]

Werewolf

2020-07-02T13:20:36Z

Herobrine: There is no Loup garou (disambiguation)

{{other uses}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{short description|Mythological human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or an anthropomorphic wolflike creature}}
:''"Wolf man", "Lycanthrope", "Lycanthropy", and "Loup garou" redirect here. For other uses, see [[Wolf man (disambiguation)]], [[Lycanthrope (disambiguation)]], and [[Lycanthropy (disambiguation)]].''

{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Werewolf
|image = Werwolf.png
|caption = [[Woodcut]] of a werewolf attack by [[Lucas Cranach der Ältere]], 1512
|Grouping = Mythology
|Sub_Grouping =
|AKA = Lycanthrope
|Similar_creatures = [[Skinwalker]]
|Mythology = Worldwide
}}

In [[folklore]], a '''werewolf'''{{efn|1=Also spelled '''werwolf'''. Usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɛər|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}}, but also sometimes {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪər|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɜr|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}}.}} ({{lang-ang|werwulf}}, "man-wolf"), or occasionally '''lycanthrope''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|k|ə|n|ˌ|θ|r|oʊ|p}} ({{lang-grc-gre|λυκάνθρωπος}} ''lukánthrōpos'', "wolf-person"), is a human with the ability to [[Shapeshifting|shapeshift]] into a [[wolf]] (or, especially in modern film, a [[Therianthropy|therianthropic]] [[mythological hybrid|hybrid]] wolflike creature), either purposely or after being placed under a [[curse]] or affliction (often a bite or scratch from another werewolf) with the transformations occurring on the night of a [[full moon]]. Early sources for belief in this ability or affliction, called '''lycanthropy''' {{IPAc-en|l|aɪ|ˈ|k|æ|n|θ|r|ə|p|i}}, are [[Petronius]] (27–66) and [[Gervase of Tilbury]] (1150–1228).

The werewolf is a widespread concept in [[European folklore]], existing in many variants, which are related by a common development of a [[Christianization|Christian interpretation]] of underlying European folklore developed during the [[Christendom|medieval period]]. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the [[New World]] with [[colonialism]]. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in [[European witchcraft|witches]], in the course of the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the [[Early Modern period]]. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now [[Switzerland]] (especially the [[Valais]] and [[Vaud]]) in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century.

The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "[[witch-hunt]]" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of lycanthropy being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials.{{efn|1=Lorey (2000) records 280 known cases; this contrasts with a total number of 12,000 recorded cases of executions for witchcraft, or an estimated grand total of about 60,000, corresponding to 2% or 0.5% respectively. The recorded cases span the period of 1407 to 1725, peaking during the period of 1575–1657.}} During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of [[Peter Stumpp]] (1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and [[Werewolf witch trials|persecution of supposed werewolves]], primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of [[Wolfssegen|wolf-charmer]]s recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in [[Carinthia]] and [[Styria]].{{efn|1=Lorey (2000) records six trials in the period 1701 and 1725, all in either Styria or Carinthia; 1701 Paul Perwolf of Wolfsburg, Obdach, Styria (executed); 1705 "Vlastl" of Murau, Styria (verdict unknown); 1705/6 six beggars in Wolfsberg, Carinthia (executed); 1707/8 three shepherds in Leoben and Freyenstein, Styria (one lynching, two probable executions); 1718 Jakob Kranawitter, a mentally retarded beggar, in Rotenfel, Oberwolz, Styria (corporeal punishment); 1725: Paul Schäffer, beggar of St. Leonhard im Lavanttal, Carinthia (executed).}}

After the end of the witch-trials, the werewolf became of interest in [[folklore studies]] and in the emerging [[Gothic horror]] genre; [[werewolf fiction]] as a genre has pre-modern precedents in medieval [[Romance (heroic literature)|romances]] (e.g. ''[[Bisclavret]]'' and ''[[Guillaume de Palerme]]'') and developed in the 18th century out of the "semi-fictional" [[chap book]] tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern [[popular culture]].

==Names==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2019}}
{{Further|Therianthropy}}
The word ''werewolf'' continues a late [[Old English language|Old English]] ''wer(e)wulf'', a compound of ''[[were]]'' "man" and ''wulf'' "wolf". The only [[Old High German]] testimony is in the form of a given name, ''Weriuuolf'', although an early [[Middle High German]] ''werwolf'' is found in [[Burchard of Worms]] and [[Berthold of Regensburg]]. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, gaining popularity only from the 15th century. Middle Latin ''gerulphus'' Anglo-Norman ''garwalf'', [[Old Frankish]] ''*wariwulf''.<ref name="werwolf">
"Werwolf" in Grimm, ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]''. {{cite web |url=http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/?sigle=DWB&mode=Vernetzung&lemid=GW18183 |title=online version |publisher= uni-trier.de|accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/7/L0260700.html |chapter=loup-garou |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4 |year=2000 |access-date=2005-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113115529/http://www.bartleby.com/61/7/L0260700.html |archive-date=2006-01-13 |url-status=dead }} {{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE588.html |chapter=Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: w-ro- |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |year=2000 |edition=4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075921/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE588.html |archivedate=2008-05-12 }}</ref>
Old Norse had the cognate ''varúlfur'', but because of the high importance of werewolves in [[Norse mythology]], there were alternative terms such as ''[[Berserker#Ulfhednar - wolf warriors|ulfhéðinn]]'' ("one in wolf-skin", referring still to the totemistic or cultic adoption of wolf-nature rather than the superstitious belief in actual shapeshifting). In modern Scandinavian also used was ''kveldulf'' "evening-wolf", presumably after the name of [[Kveldulf Bjalfason]], a historical berserker of the 9th century who figures in the Icelandic sagas.

The term ''lycanthropy'', referring both to the ability to transform oneself into a wolf and to the act of so doing, comes from [[Ancient Greek]] λυκάνθρωπος ''lukánthropos'' (from λύκος ''lúkos'' "wolf" and ἄνθρωπος, ''ánthrōpos'' "human").<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first= C. |year=2000 |title=Giants, Monsters & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend and Myth |location=New York |publisher= Norton |isbn= 0-393-32211-4 |page=230}}</ref>
The word does occur in ancient Greek sources, but only in [[Late Antiquity]], only rarely, and only in the context of [[clinical lycanthropy]] described by [[Galen]], where the patient had the ravenous appetite and other qualities of a wolf; the Greek word attains some currency only in [[Byzantine Greek]], featuring in the 10th-century encyclopedia ''[[Suda]]''.<ref>In the entry on [[Marcellus of Side]], stating that this 2nd-century author wrote about the topic of lycanthropy. {{lang|grc|(Μ 205) Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, ἰατρός, ἐπὶ Μάρκου Ἀντωνίνου. οὗτος ἔγραψε δι’ ἐπῶν ἡρωϊκῶν βιβλία ἰατρικὰ δύο καὶ μʹ, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ λυκανθρώπου.}} (cited after A. Adler, '' Suidae lexicon'', Leipzig: Teubner, 1928-1935); see [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=mu,205 Suda Online]</ref>
Use of the Greek-derived ''lycanthropy'' in English occurs in learned writing beginning in the later 16th century (first recorded 1584 in ''[[The Discoverie of Witchcraft]]'' by [[Reginald Scot]], who argued ''against'' the reality of werewolves; "Lycanthropia is a disease, and not a transformation." v. i. 92), at first explicitly for [[clinical lycanthropy]], i.e. the type of insanity where the patient imagines to have transformed into a wolf, and not in reference to supposedly real shapeshifting. Use of ''lycanthropy'' for supposed shapeshifting is much later, introduced ca. 1830.

Slavic uses the term ''vlko-dlak'' (Polish ''wilkołak'', Czech ''vlkodlak'', Slovak ''vlkolak'', Serbo-Croatian ''вукодлак'' - ''vukodlak'', Slovenian ''volkodlak'', Bulgarian ''върколак/vrkolak'', Belarusian ''ваўкалак/vaukalak'', Ukrainian ''вовкулака/vovkulaka''), literally "wolf-skin", paralleling the Old Norse ''[[ulfhéðinn]]''. However, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as ''[[Vrykolakas]]''. Baltic has related terms, Lithuanian ''vilkolakis'' and ''vilkatas'', Latvian ''vilkatis'' and ''vilkacis''. The name ''vurdalak'' (вурдалак) for the Slavic [[vampire]] ("ghoul, revenant") is a corruption due to [[Alexander Pushkin]], which was later widely spread by [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy|A.K. Tolstoy]] in his novella ''[[The Family of the Vourdalak]]'' (composed in French, but first published in a Russian translation in 1884).

==History==
===Indo-European comparative mythology===
[[File:Lekythos Dolon Louvre CA1802.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dolon (mythology)|Dolon]] wearing a wolf-skin. Attic red-figure vase, c. 460 BC.]]
[[File:Bronsplåt pressbleck Öland vendeltid.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vendel period]] depiction of a warrior wearing a wolf-skin (''[[Tierkrieger]]'').]]

The werewolf folklore found in Europe harks back to a common development during the [[Middle Ages]], arising in the context of [[Christianization|Christianisation]], and the associated interpretation of pre-Christian mythology in Christian terms. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to [[Proto-Indo-European mythology]], where ''lycanthropy'' is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the warrior class. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the ''[[Tierkrieger]]'' depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987).<ref>Kim R. McCone, "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen" in W. Meid (ed.), Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, Innsbruck, 1987, 101-154</ref>
Such transformations of "men into wolves" in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective.

The concept of the werewolf in Western and Northern Europe is strongly influenced by the role of the wolf in [[Germanic paganism]] (e.g. the French ''loup-garou'' is ultimately a loan from the Germanic term), but there are related traditions in other parts of Europe which were not necessarily influenced by Germanic tradition, especially in [[Slavic Europe]] and the [[Balkans]], and possibly in areas bordering the Indo-European sphere (the Caucasus) or where Indo-European cultures have been replaced by military conquest in the medieval era (Hungary, Anatolia).{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}

In his ''[[Man into Wolf]]'' (1948), [[Robert Eisler]] tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning "wolf" or "wolf-men" in terms of "the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting."{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}
<ref name="Eisler">{{cite book |author=Eisler, Robert |title=Man Into Wolf - An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism, and Lycanthropy |year=1948 |id= ASIN B000V6D4PG}}</ref>

===Classical antiquity===
[[File:Lycaon Transformed into a Wolf LACMA M.71.76.9.jpg|thumb|[[Zeus]] turning [[Lycaon of Arcadia|Lycaon]] into a [[wolf]], engraving by [[Hendrik Goltzius]].]]

A few references to men changing into wolves are found in [[Ancient Greek literature]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]]. [[Herodotus]], in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'',<ref>{{cite book| author=Herodotus| title=Histories| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero_1| chapter=IV.105}}</ref> wrote that the [[Neuri]], a tribe he places to the north-east of [[Scythia]], were all transformed into wolves once every year for several days, and then changed back to their human shape. This tale was also mentioned by [[Pomponius Mela]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pomponius Mela |title=Description of the world |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015042048507&view=1up&seq=84 |chapter=2.14}}</ref>

In the second century BC, the Greek geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] related the story of King [[Lycaon of Arcadia]], who was transformed into a wolf because he had sacrificed a child in the altar of Zeus Lycaeus.<ref name="pausanias-8.2">{{cite book |author1=Pausanias |authorlink1=Pausanias (geographer)|title=Description of Greece |chapter=8.2|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.2.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160}}</ref> In the version of the legend told by [[Ovid]] in his ''[[Metamorphoses]]'',<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ovid |authorlink1=Ovid |title=Metamorphoses |url=https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph.php#anchor_Toc64105461 |chapter=I 219-239}}</ref>, when [[Zeus]] visits Lycaon disguised as a common man, Lycaon wants to test if he is really a god. To that end, he kills a Molossian hostage and serve his entrails to Zeus. Disgusted, the god turns Lycaon into a wolf. However, in other accounts of the legend, like that of [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus' ''Bibliotheca'']]<ref name="apollod-3.8">{{cite book |author1=Apollodorus |authorlink1=Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus) |title=Bibliotheca |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#8|chapter=3.8.1}}</ref>, Zeus blasts him and his sons with thunderbolts as punishment.

Pausanias also relates the story of an Arcadian man called [[Damarchus]] of Parrhasia, who was turned into a wolf after tasting the entrails of a human child sacrificed to [[Zeus]] Lycaeus. He was restored to human form 10 years later and went on to become an Olympic champion.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+6.8.2 Pausanias 6.8.2]</ref> This tale is also recounted by [[Pliny the Elder]], who calls the man Demaenetus quoting [[Agriopas]].<ref name="pliny-latin" /><ref name="pliny-english" /> According to Pausanias, this wasn't a one-off event, but that men have been transformed into wolves during the sacrifices to Zeus Lycaeus since the time of Lycaon. If they abastain of tasting human flesh while being wolves, they would be restored to human form nine years later, but if they do they will remains wolves forever.<ref name="pausanias-8.2" />

Pliny the Elder likewise recounts another tale of lycanthropy. Quoting Euanthes,<ref name="pliny-latin">{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/8*.html#81 |title=Historia Naturalis |author=Pliny the Elder |chapter=VIII |page=81}} 22/34.</ref><ref name="pliny-english">{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D34 |title=The Natural History |author=Pliny the Elder |chapter=VIII |page=81}} 34/22.</ref> he mentions that in [[Arcadia]], once a year a man was chosen by lot from the Anthus' clan. The chosen man was escorted to a marsh in the area, where he hung his clothes into an [[oak]] tree, swam across the marsh and transformed into a wolf, joining a [[Pack (canine)|pack]] for nine years. If during these nine years he refrained from tasting human flesh, he returned to the same marsh, swam back and recovered his previous human form, with nine years added to his appearance.<ref>The tale probably relates to a rite of passage for Arcadian' youths.{{cite book |last1=Ogden |first1=Daniel |title=Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-513575-X |page=178}}</ref> Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of [[Arcadia]] in the form of wolves.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |title=Metamorphoses |chapter=I|pages=|title-link=Metamorphoses (poem) }}</ref><ref name="menard">{{cite book|last=Ménard|first=Philippe|title=Symposium in honorem prof. M. de Riquer|year=1984|publisher=Barcelona UP|language=French|pages=209–38|chapter=Les histoires de loup-garou au moyen-âge}}</ref>

[[Virgil]], in his poetic work ''[[Eclogues]]'', wrote of a man called Moeris, who used herbs and poisons picked in his native [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] to turn himself into a wolf.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virgil |title=Eclogues |chapter=viii |page=98|title-link=Eclogues }}</ref> In [[prose]], the ''[[Satyricon]]'', written circa AD 60 by [[Petronius|Gaius Petronius Arbiter]], one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61-62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods."<ref>{{cite book |author=Petronius |authorlink= Petronius |title=Satyrica |year= 1996 |publisher= University of California |location= Berkeley |isbn= 0-520-20599-5 |page=56|others= R. Bracht Branham and Daniel Kinney}}</ref>

Early christian authors also mentioned werewolves. In ''The City of God'', [[Augustine of Hippo]] gives an account similar to that found in Pliny the Elder. Augustine explains that "It is very generally believed that by certain witches spells men may be turned into wolves..."<ref>Augustine of Hippo, ''The City of God'', XVIII.17</ref> Physical metamorphosis was also mentioned in the ''Capitulatum Episcopi'', attributed to the [[Synod of Ancyra|Council of Ancyra]] in the 4th century, which became the Church's doctrinal text in relation to magic, witches, and transformations such as those of werewolves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/witch/canon.html|title=Canon Episcopi|website=www.personal.utulsa.edu|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> The ''Capitulatum Episcopi'' states that "Whoever believes that anything can be...transformed into another species or likeness, except by God Himself...is beyond doubt an infidel.'<ref name=":0" />

In these works of Roman writers, werewolves often receive the name ''versipellis'' ("turnskin"). Augustine instead uses the phrase "in lupum fuisse mutatum" (changed into the form of a wolf) to describe the physical metamorphosis of werewolves, which is similar to phrases used in the medieval period.

===Middle Ages===
There is evidence of widespread belief in werewolves in medieval Europe. This evidence spans much of the Continent, as well as the British Isles. Werewolves were mentioned in Medieval law codes, such as that of [[Cnut the Great|King Cnut]], whose ''Ecclesiastical Ordinances'' inform us that the codes aim to ensure that “…the madly audacious werewolf do not too widely devastate, nor bite too many of the spiritual flock.’<ref>{{Cite book|last=Otten|first=Charlotte F.|title=The Lycanthropy Reader: Werewolves in Western Culture|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=0815623844|location=Syracuse|pages=5-6}}</ref> [[Liutprand of Cremona]] reports a rumour that Bajan, son of [[Simeon I of Bulgaria]], could use magic to turn himself into a wolf.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_41/index.htm#page/88/mode/1up ''Antapodosis'' 3.29]</ref> The works of Augustine of Hippo had a large influence on the development of Western Christianity, and were widely read by churchmen of the medieval period; and these churchmen occasionally discussed werewolves in their works. Famous examples include [[Gerald of Wales]]'s ''[[Werewolves of Ossory]]'', found in his ''Topographica Hibernica'', and in [[Gervase of Tilbury|Gervase of Tilbury's]] ''[[Otia Imperialia|Otia Imperiala]],'' both written for royal audiences.

Gervase reveals to the reader that belief in such transformations (he also mentions women turning into cats and into snakes) was widespread across Europe; he uses the phrase "que ita dinoscuntur" when discussing these metamorphoses, which translates to "it is known". Gervase, who was writing in Germany, also tells the reader that the transformation of men into wolves cannot be easily dismissed, for "...in England we have often seen men change into wolves" ("Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari…").<ref>Gervase of Tilbury, ''Otia Imperiala'', Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 86 - 87.</ref> Further evidence of the widespread belief in werewolves and other human-animal transformations can be seen in theological attacks made against such beliefs; [[Conrad of Hirsau]], writing in the 11th century, forbids the reading of stories in which a person's reason is obscured following such a transformation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Georg Schepss|first=Conradus Hirsaugiensis|url=http://archive.org/details/conradihirsaugi00hirsgoog|title=Conradi Hirsaugiensis Dialogus super Auctores sive Didascalon: Eine Literaturgeschichte aus den XII.|date=1889|publisher=A. Stuber|others=Harvard University|language=Latin}}</ref> Conrad specifically refers to the tales of Ovid in his tract. Pseudo-Augustine, writing in the 12th century, follows Augustine of Hippo's argument that no physical transformation can be made by any but God, stating that "...the body corporeally [cannot], be changed into the material limbs of any animal.'<ref>Pseudo-Augustine, ''Liber de Spiritu et Anima'', Chapter 26, XVII</ref>

[[Marie de France]]'s poem ''[[Bisclavret]]'' (c. 1200) is another example, in which the eponymous nobleman Bisclavret, for reasons not described, had to transform into a wolf every week. When his treacherous wife stole his clothing needed to restore his human form, he escaped the king's wolf hunt by imploring the king for mercy and accompanied the king thereafter. His behaviour at court was gentle, until his wife and her new husband appeared at court, so much so that his hateful attack on the couple was deemed justly motivated, and the truth was revealed. This ''[[Breton lai|lai]]'' (a type of Breton sung-poem) follows many themes found within other werewolf tales - the removal of clothing and attempting to refrain from the consumption of human flesh can be found in Pliny the Elder, as well as in the second of Gervase of Tilbury's werewolf stories, about a werewolf by the name of Chaucevaire. Marie also reveals to us the existence of werewolf belief in Breton and Norman France, by telling us the Franco-Norman word for werewolf: ''garwulf,'' which, she explains, are common in that part of France, where "...many men turned into werewolves".<ref>Marie de France, "Bisclavret", translated by Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, in ''The Lais of Marie de France'' (London: Penguin Books, 1999), 68.</ref> Gervase also supports this terminology when he tells us that the French use the term "''gerulfi"'' to describe what the English call "werewolves".<ref>Gervase of Tilbury, ''Otia Imperiala'', Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 87.</ref> ''[[Melion]]'' and ''Biclarel'' are two anonymous lais that share the theme of a werewolf knight being betrayed by his wife.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=Amanda |title=Melion and Biclarel: Two Old French Werewolf Lays |date=2005 |publisher=The University of Liverpool |isbn=0-9533816-9-2 |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/modern-languages-and-cultures/research/research-activities/liverpool-online-series/ |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref>

The German word ''werwolf'' is recorded by [[Burchard von Worms]] in the 11th century, and by [[Bertold of Regensburg]] in the 13th, but is not recorded in all of medieval German poetry or fiction. While Baring-Gould argues that references to werewolves were also rare in England, presumably because whatever significance the "wolf-men" of Germanic paganism had carried, the associated beliefs and practices had been successfully repressed after Christianization (or if they persisted, they did so outside of the sphere of literacy available to us), we have sources other than those mentioned above.<ref>Baring-Gould, p. 100.</ref> Such examples of werewolves in Ireland and the British Isles can be found in the work of the 9th century Welsh monk [[Nennius]]; female werewolves appear in the Irish work ''[[Acallam na Senórach|Tales of the Elders]]'', from the 12th century; and Welsh werewolves in the 12th-13th century ''[[Mabinogion]].''

In 1539, [[Martin Luther]] used the form ''[[beerwolf]]'' to describe a hypothetical ruler worse than a tyrant who must be resisted.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cynthia Grant Schonberger|title=Luther and the Justification of Resistance to Legitimate Authority|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|volume=40|issue=1|pages=3–20|doi=10.2307/2709257|date=January–March 1979|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|jstor=2709257|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bba699b1e88ebe768f8c88a1c121e1427a287578}}; as specified in Luther's Collected Works, 39(ii) 41-42</ref>

The Germanic pagan traditions associated with wolf-men persisted longest in the Scandinavian [[Viking Age]]. [[Harald I of Norway]] is known to have had a body of ''[[Berserker|Úlfhednar]]'' (wolf-coated [men]), which are mentioned in the Vatnsdœla saga, Haraldskvæði, and the [[Volsunga saga|Völsunga saga]], and resemble some werewolf legends. The Úlfhednar were fighters similar to the berserkers, though they dressed in [[Wolf hunting#Pelts|wolf hides]] rather than those of bears and were reputed to channel the spirits of these animals to enhance effectiveness in battle.<ref name="Woodward" /> These warriors were resistant to pain and killed viciously in battle, much like wild animals. Úlfhednar and berserkers are closely associated with the Norse god [[Odin]].

The Scandinavian traditions of this period may have spread to [[Kievan Rus']], giving rise to the Slavic "werewolf" tales. The 11th-century [[Belarus]]ian Prince [[Vseslav of Polotsk]] was considered to have been a werewolf, capable of moving at superhuman speeds, as recounted in ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'':

"Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew, Tmutorokan. The path of Great Sun, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed. For him in Polotsk they rang for matins early at St. Sophia the bells; but he heard the ringing in Kiev."

The situation as described during the medieval period gives rise to the dual form of werewolf folklore in Early Modern Europe. On one hand the "Germanic" werewolf, which becomes associated with the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|witchcraft panic]] from around 1400, and on the other hand the "Slavic" werewolf or ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьlkolakъ|vlkolak]]'', which becomes associated with the concept of the [[revenant]] or "vampire". The "eastern" werewolf-vampire is found in the folklore of Central and Eastern Europe, including Hungary, Romania and the Balkans, while the "western" werewolf-sorcerer is found in France, German-speaking Europe and in the Baltic.

===Early modern history===
{{Further|Werewolf witch trials|Wolfssegen}}
There were numerous reports of werewolf attacks – and consequent court trials – in 16th-century France. In some of the cases there was clear evidence against the accused of murder and [[cannibalism]], but none of association with wolves; in other cases people have been terrified by such creatures, such as that of [[Gilles Garnier]] in [[Dole, Jura|Dole]] in 1573, there was clear evidence against some wolf but none against the accused.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Werewolvery was a common accusation in witch trials throughout their history, and it featured even in the [[Valais witch trials]], one of the earliest such trials altogether, in the first half of the 15th century. Likewise, in the [[Vaud]], child-eating werewolves were reported as early as 1448. A peak of attention to lycanthropy came in the late 16th to early 17th century, as part of the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|European witch-hunts]].
A number of treatises on werewolves were written in France during 1595 and 1615. Werewolves were sighted in 1598 in [[Anjou]], and a teenage werewolf was sentenced to life imprisonment in [[Bordeaux]] in 1603. [[Henry Boguet]] wrote a lengthy chapter about werewolves in 1602. In the Vaud, werewolves were convicted in 1602 and in 1624. A treatise by a Vaud pastor in 1653, however, argued that lycanthropy was purely an illusion. After this, the only further record from the Vaud dates to 1670: it is that of a boy who claimed he and his mother could change themselves into wolves, which was, however, not taken seriously. At the beginning of the 17th century [[witchcraft]] was prosecuted by [[James I of England]], who regarded "warwoolfes" as victims of delusion induced by "a natural superabundance of melancholic".<ref>{{cite book |title=Demonologie |chapter=iii}}</ref>
After 1650, belief in Lycanthropy had mostly disappeared from French-speaking Europe, as evidenced in [[Diderot's Encyclopedia]], which attributed reports of lycanthropy to a "disorder of the brain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoyt|first1=Nelly S.|last2=Cassierer|first2=Thomas, trans.|title=The Encyclopedia: Selections: Diderot, d'Alembert and a Society of Men of Letters|date=1965|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|location=Indianapolis}}</ref> although there were continuing reports of extraordinary wolflike beasts (but not werewolves). One such report concerned the [[Beast of Gévaudan]] which terrorized the general area of the [[Provinces of France|former province]] of [[Gévaudan]], now called [[Lozère]], in south-central France; from the years 1764 to 1767, it killed upwards of 80 men, women, and children.
The only part of Europe which showed vigorous interest in werewolves after 1650 was the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. At least nine works on lycanthropy were printed in Germany between 1649 and 1679. In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, belief in werewolves persisted well into the 18th century.<ref>E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in France and Switzerland" in Otten (ed.) ''A Lycanthropy reader'' (1986), 161-167.</ref>

Until the 20th century, [[Wolf attack|wolf attacks on humans]] were an occasional, but still widespread feature of life in Europe.<ref name="NO">{{cite web |url=http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Baltic/Linnell%20AZL%20Wolf%20attacks%20in%20Fennoscandia.pdf |title=Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective |publisher=Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2003, Volumen 13, Numerus 1 |accessdate=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307025815/http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Baltic/Linnell%20AZL%20Wolf%20attacks%20in%20Fennoscandia.pdf |archivedate=2008-03-07 }}</ref>
Some scholars have suggested that it was inevitable that wolves, being the most feared predators in Europe, were projected into the folklore of evil shapeshifters. This is said to be corroborated by the fact that areas devoid of wolves typically use different kinds of predator to fill the niche; ''[[werehyena]]s'' in Africa, ''[[weretiger]]s'' in India,<ref name="Woodward" /> as well as ''werepumas'' ("''runa uturuncu''")<ref>[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/p243/12479418822381506109435/p0000001.htm Facundo Quiroga, "The Tiger of the Argentine Prairies" and the Legend of the "''runa uturuncu''".] {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://quipucultural.galeon.com/uturuncu.htm The Legend of the ''runa uturuncu'' in the Mythology of the Latin-American Guerilla.] {{in lang|es}}</ref> and ''werejaguars'' ("''yaguaraté-abá''" or "''tigre-capiango''")<ref>[http://www.temakel.com/leyendayaguarete.htm The Guaraní Myth about the Origin of Human Language and the Tiger-men.] {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>J.B. Ambrosetti (1976). Fantasmas de la selva misionera ("''Ghosts of the Misiones Jungle''"). Editorial Convergencia: Buenos Aires.</ref> in southern South America.

An idea is explored in [[Sabine Baring-Gould]]'s work ''The Book of Werewolves'' is that werewolf legends may have been used to explain [[serial killer|serial killings]]. Perhaps the most infamous example is the case of [[Peter Stumpp]] (executed in 1589), the German farmer, and alleged serial killer and [[Cannibalism|cannibal]], also known as the Werewolf of Bedburg.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P1cs7mq_kxgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Werewolf%20Book%3A%20The%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Shape-Shifting%20Beings%202nd%20Edition&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=bedburg&f=false|title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings|last=Steiger|first=Brad|publisher=Visible Ink Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578593675|location=|pages=267}}</ref>

===Asian cultures===

In Asian Cultures{{which|date=October 2014}}, the "were" equivalent is a weretiger or wereleopard. (See [[werecat]]s)

Common [[Turkic mythology|Turkic folklore]] holds a different, reverential light to the werewolf legends in that Turkic Central Asian [[Shamanism|shamans]] after performing long and arduous rites would voluntarily be able to transform into the humanoid "Kurtadam" (literally meaning Wolfman). Since the wolf was the totemic ancestor animal of the Turkic peoples, they would be respectful of any shaman who was in such a form.

(See [[Asena]])

==Lycanthropy as a medical condition==
{{see also|Hypertrichosis|Clinical lycanthropy}}
Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. Dr Lee Illis of [[Guy's Hospital]] in London wrote a paper in 1963 entitled ''On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves'', in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have in fact been referring to victims of congenital [[porphyria]], stating how the symptoms of [[photosensitivity]], reddish teeth and [[psychosis]] could have been grounds for accusing a sufferer of being a werewolf.<ref name="Illis-1964">{{cite journal |last1=Illis |first1=L |title=On Porphyria and the Ætiology of Werwolves |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=23–6 |date=Jan 1964 |pmid=14114172 |pmc=1897308}}</ref> This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims.<ref name="Woodward" /> Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been sufferers of [[hypertrichosis]], a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth. However, Woodward dismissed the possibility, as the rarity of the disease ruled it out from happening on a large scale, as werewolf cases were in medieval Europe.<ref name="Woodward" /> People suffering from [[Down syndrome]] have been suggested by some scholars to have been possible originators of werewolf myths.<ref name="SAM" /> Woodward suggested [[rabies]] as the origin of werewolf beliefs, claiming remarkable similarities between the symptoms of that disease and some of the legends. Woodward focused on the idea that being bitten by a werewolf could result in the victim turning into one, which suggested the idea of a transmittable disease like rabies.<ref name="Woodward" /> However, the idea that lycanthropy could be transmitted in this way is not part of the original myths and legends and only appears in relatively recent beliefs. Lycanthropy can also be met with as the main content of a delusion, for example, the case of a woman has been reported who during episodes of acute psychosis complained of becoming four different species of animals.<ref>Dening T R & West A (1989) Multiple serial lycanthropy. ''Psychopathology'' 22: 344-347</ref>

==Folk beliefs==
[[File:GermanWoodcut1722.jpg|thumb|right|A German woodcut from 1722]]

===Characteristics===
The beliefs classed together under lycanthropy are far from uniform, and the term is somewhat capriciously applied. The transformation may be temporary or permanent; the were-animal may be the man himself metamorphosed; may be his [[Doppelgänger|double]] whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged; may be his [[soul]], which goes forth seeking whomever it may devour, leaving its body in a [[altered state of consciousness|state of trance]]; or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being, a real animal or a [[familiar spirit]], whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed, by a phenomenon known as repercussion, to cause a corresponding injury to the human being.

Werewolves were said in European folklore to bear tell-tale physical traits even in their human form. These included the [[Unibrow|meeting of both eyebrows]] at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a swinging stride. One method of identifying a werewolf in its human form was to cut the flesh of the accused, under the pretense that fur would be seen within the wound. A Russian superstition recalls a werewolf can be recognised by bristles under the tongue.<ref name="Woodward">{{cite book |title=The Werewolf Delusion |last=Woodward |first=Ian |year=1979 |publisher= Paddington Press |location= |isbn=0-448-23170-0 }}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2013}}{{page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though it is most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that it has no tail (a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form), is often larger, and retains human eyes and a voice. According to some Swedish accounts, the werewolf could be distinguished from a regular wolf by the fact that it would run on three legs, stretching the fourth one backwards to look like a tail.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Varulv|url=http://svt.se/2.150216/vasen|accessdate=2011-05-16|series=Väsen|credits=[[Ebbe Schön]]|network=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]]|airdate=2011-05-16|language=Swedish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414121333/http://svt.se/2.150216/vasen|archivedate=2011-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> After returning to their human forms, werewolves are usually documented as becoming weak, debilitated and undergoing painful nervous depression.<ref name="Woodward" />
One universally reviled trait in medieval Europe was the werewolf's habit of devouring recently buried corpses, a trait that is documented extensively, particularly in the ''Annales Medico-psychologiques'' in the 19th century.<ref name="Woodward" />
[[Fennoscandia]]n werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison-coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Becoming a werewolf===
Various methods for becoming a werewolf have been reported, one of the simplest being the removal of clothing and putting on a belt made of wolfskin, probably as a substitute for the assumption of an entire animal skin (which also is frequently described).<ref name="Fate">Bennett, Aaron. “So, You Want to be a Werewolf?” [[Fate (magazine)|Fate]]. Vol. 55, no. 6, Issue 627. July 2002.</ref> In other cases, the body is rubbed with a [[Flying ointment|magic salve]].<ref name="Fate" /> Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal in question or from certain enchanted streams were also considered effectual modes of accomplishing metamorphosis.<ref>O'Donnell, Elliot. ''Werwolves''. Methuen. London. 1912. pp. 65-67.</ref>
The 16th-century Swedish writer [[Olaus Magnus]] says that the [[Livonia]]n werewolves were initiated by draining a cup of specially prepared beer and repeating a set formula. Ralston in his ''Songs of the Russian People'' gives the form of incantation still familiar in Russia. In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.<ref name="Woodward" />

In other cases, the transformation was supposedly accomplished by [[Satanism|Satanic]] allegiance for the most loathsome ends, often for the sake of sating a craving for human flesh. "The werewolves", writes [[Richard Verstegan]] (''Restitution of Decayed Intelligence'', 1628), <blockquote>are certayne sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodies with an ointment which they make by the instinct of the devil, and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, does not only unto the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as they wear the said girdle. And they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying and killing, and most of humane creatures.</blockquote>

The phenomenon of repercussion, the power of animal [[metamorphosis]], or of sending out a [[Familiar spirit|familiar]], real or spiritual, as a messenger, and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar, are also attributed to the [[magic (paranormal)|magician]], male and female, all the world over; and [[Witchcraft|witch]] superstitions are closely parallel to, if not identical with, lycanthropic beliefs, the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature. In another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush-soul of the West African and the ''[[nagual]]'' of [[Central America]]; but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds, the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush-soul or the ''nagual'' with a human being are not termed lycanthropy.

The curse of lycanthropy was also considered by some scholars as being a divine punishment. Werewolf literature shows many examples of [[God]] or saints allegedly cursing those who invoked their wrath with lycanthropy. Such is the case of [[Lycaon of Arcadia|Lycaon]], who was turned into a wolf by [[Zeus]] as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were [[excommunicate]]d by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] were also said to become werewolves.<ref name="Woodward" />

The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to [[List of saints|Christian saints]] as well. ''Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra'' ("All angels, good and [[fallen angel|bad]] have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]. [[St. Patrick]] was said to have transformed the [[Wales|Welsh]] King Vereticus into a wolf; [[Natalis of Ulster|Natalis]] supposedly cursed an illustrious Irish family whose members were each doomed to be a wolf for seven years. In other tales the divine agency is even more direct, while in Russia, again, men supposedly became werewolves when incurring the wrath of the Devil.

A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of an 80-year-old man named [[Thiess of Kaltenbrun|Thiess]]. In 1692, in [[Jürgensburg]], [[Livonia]], Thiess testified under oath that he and other werewolves were the Hounds of God.<ref>Gershenson, Daniel. ''Apollo the Wolf-God''. (Journal of Indo- European Studies, Monograph, 8.) McLean, Virginia: Institute for the Study of Man, 1991, {{ISBN|0-941694-38-0}} pp. 136-7.</ref>
He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons. Their efforts ensured that the Devil and his minions did not carry off the grain from local failed crops down to hell. Thiess was steadfast in his assertions, claiming that werewolves in Germany and Russia also did battle with the devil's minions in their own versions of hell, and insisted that when werewolves died, their souls were welcomed into heaven as reward for their service. Thiess was ultimately sentenced to ten lashes for idolatry and [[Superstition|superstitious belief]].

===Remedies===
Various methods have existed for removing the werewolf form. In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy. The victim would be subjected to long periods of physical activity in the hope of being purged of the malady. This practice stemmed from the fact that many alleged werewolves would be left feeling weak and debilitated after committing depredations.<ref name="Woodward" />

In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of lycanthropy; medicinally (usually via the use of [[Aconitum|wolfsbane]]), surgically, or by [[exorcism]]. However, many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails. Sometimes, less extreme methods were used. In the German lowland of Schleswig-Holstein, a werewolf could be cured if one were to simply address it three times by its Christian name, while one Danish belief holds that merely scolding a werewolf will cure it.<ref name="Woodward" /> Conversion to Christianity is also a common method of removing lycanthropy in the medieval period; a devotion to [[Hubertus|St. Hubert]] has also been cited as both cure for and protection from lycanthropes.

===Connection to revenants===
{{Further|Revenant}}
Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life in the form of wolves or hyenas which prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers. In the same vein, in some rural areas of Germany, Poland and Northern France, it was once believed that people who died in mortal sin came back to life as blood-drinking wolves.
These "undead" werewolves would return to their human corpse form at daylight. They were dealt with by decapitation with a spade and exorcism by the parish priest. The head would then be thrown into a stream, where the weight of its sins was thought to weigh it down. Sometimes, the same methods used to dispose of ordinary vampires would be used. The [[vampire]] was also linked to the werewolf in East European countries, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as ''vulkodlak''.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Hungary and Balkans===
In [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] folklore, the werewolves used to live specially in the region of [[Transdanubia]], and it was thought that the ability to change into a wolf was obtained in the infant age, after the suffering of abuse by the parents or by a curse. At the age of seven the boy or the girl leaves the house, goes hunting by night and can change to a person or wolf whenever he wants. The curse can also be obtained when in the adulthood the person passed three times through an arch made of a [[Birch]] with the help of a wild [[rose]]'s spine.

The werewolves were known to exterminate all kind of farm animals, especially sheep. The transformation usually occurred during the [[winter solstice]], [[Easter]] and a full moon. Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary not only were conducted against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist creating connections between both kinds. Also the vampires and werewolves are closely related in Hungary, being both feared in the antiquity.<ref>Szabó, György. Mitológiai kislexikon, I-II., Budapest: Merényi Könyvkiadó (év nélkül) Mitólogiai kislexikon.</ref>

Among the [[South Slavs]], and also among the [[Kashub]]s of what is now northern Poland,{{Clarify|date=May 2013}} there was the belief that if a child was born with hair, a birthmark or a caul on their head, they were supposed to possess shapeshifting abilities. Though capable of turning into any animal they wished, it was commonly believed that such people preferred to turn into a wolf.<ref name="willis">{{Cite book
|title = World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide
|last = Willis
|first = Roy
|authorlink = Roy Willis
|last2 = Davidson
|first2 = Hilda Ellis
|author2-link = Hilda Ellis Davidson
|publisher = Piaktus
|year = 1997
|isbn = 0-7499-1739-3
|oclc = 37594992}}</ref>

[[Serbia]]n ''vukodlak''s traditionally had the habit of congregating annually in the winter months, when they would strip off their wolf skins and hang them from trees. They would then get a hold of another ''vulkodlak''{{'}}s skin and burn it, releasing from its curse the ''vukodlak'' from whom the skin came.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Caucasus===
According to [[Armenia]]n lore, there are women who, in consequence of deadly sins, are condemned to spend seven years in wolf form.<ref>The Fables of Mkhitar Gosh (New York, 1987), translated with an introduction by R. Bedrosian, edited by Elise Antreassian and illustrated by Anahid Janjigian</ref> In a typical account, a condemned woman is visited by a wolfskin-toting spirit, who orders her to wear the skin, which causes her to acquire frightful cravings for human flesh soon after. With her better nature overcome, the she-wolf devours each of her own children, then her relatives' children in order of relationship, and finally the children of strangers. She wanders only at night, with doors and locks springing open at her approach. When morning arrives, she reverts to human form and removes her wolfskin. The transformation is generally said to be involuntary, but there are alternate versions involving voluntary metamorphosis, where the women can transform at will.

===Americas and Caribbean===
{{Main|Skin-walker}} {{See also|Soucouyant|Rougarou}}
The Naskapis believed that the [[Reindeer|caribou]] afterlife is guarded by giant wolves which kill careless hunters venturing too near. The [[Navajo people]] feared witches in wolf's clothing called "Mai-cob".<ref name="SAM">{{cite book
|author = Lopez, Barry
|title = Of Wolves and Men
|year = 1978
|pages =
|isbn = 0-7432-4936-4
|publisher = Scribner Classics
|location = New York
|oclc = 54857556}}</ref>

Woodward thought that these beliefs were due to the [[Norse colonization of North America|Norse colonization of the Americas]].<ref name="Woodward" />
When the [[European colonization of the Americas]] occurred, the pioneers brought their own werewolf folklore with them and were later influenced by the lore of their neighbouring colonies and those of the Natives. Belief in the ''loup-garou'' present in [[Canada]], the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of [[Michigan]]<ref>

[http://www.gphistorical.org/legends03.html Legends of Grosse Pointe].</ref> and upstate [[New York (state)|New York]], originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the [[Wendigo]]. In [[Mexico]], there is a belief in a creature called the ''nahual'', which traditionally limits itself to stealing [[cheese]] and raping women rather than murder.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} In [[Haiti]], there is a superstition that werewolf spirits known locally as ''Jé-rouge'' (red eyes) can possess the bodies of unwitting persons and nightly transform them into cannibalistic lupine creatures. The Haitian ''jé-rouges'' typically try to trick mothers into giving away their children voluntarily by waking them at night and asking their permission to take their child, to which the disoriented mother may either reply yes or no. The Haitian ''jé-rouges'' differ from traditional European werewolves by their habit of actively trying to spread their lycanthropic condition to others, much like vampires.<ref name="Woodward" />

==Modern reception==
===Werewolf fiction===
{{Main|Werewolf fiction}}
[[File:The Were-Wolf by Clemence Housman.jpg|thumbnail|right|''The Were-Wolf'' by [[Clemence Housman]]]]
Most modern fiction describes werewolves as vulnerable to [[silver]] weapons and highly resistant to other injuries. This feature appears in German folklore of the 19th century.<ref>[[D. L. Ashliman|Ashliman, D.L.]] (1997-2010) ''Werewolf Legends from Germany''. http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/werewolf.html#temmezarnow</ref> The claim that the [[Beast of Gévaudan]], an 18th-century wolf or wolflike creature, was shot by a silver bullet appears to have been introduced by novelists retelling the story from 1935 onwards and not in earlier versions.<ref>Robert Jackson (1995) ''Witchcraft and the Occult''. Devizes, Quintet Publishing: 25.</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first1=Benoît|last1=Baud'huin|first2=Alain|last2=Bonet|year=1995|title=Gévaudan: petites histoires de la grande bête|publisher= Ex Aequo Éditions|page=193|isbn=978-2-37873-070-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first=Guy|last=Crouzet|year=2001|title=La grande peur du Gévaudan|publisher= Guy Crouzet|pages=156–158|isbn=2-9516719-0-3}}</ref> English folklore, prior to 1865, showed shapeshifters to be vulnerable to silver. "...till the publican shot a silver button over their heads when they were instantly transformed into two ill-favoured old ladies..."<ref>S. Baring-Gould. "The Book of Were-Wolves". (1865)</ref> c. 1640 the city of Greifswald, Germany was infested by werewolves. "A clever lad suggested that they gather all their silver buttons, goblets, belt buckles, and so forth, and melt them down into bullets for their muskets and pistols. ... this time they slaughtered the creatures and rid Greifswald of the lycanthropes."<ref>Temme, J.D.H. Die Volkssagen von Pommern und Rugen. Translated by [[D.L. Ashliman]]. Berlin: In de Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, 1840.</ref>

The 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]'' and the short story "[[Dracula's Guest]]", both written by [[Bram Stoker]], drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late [[Victorian age|Victorian]] [[patriarchy]]".<ref name=Sellers>Sellers, Susan. ''Myth and Fairy Tale in Contemporary Women's Fiction'', Palgrave Macmillan (2001) p. 85.</ref> In "Dracula's Guest," a band of military horsemen coming to the aid of the protagonist chase off Dracula, depicted as a great wolf stating the only way to kill it is by a "Sacred Bullet".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Brett|title=Dracula's Guest|page=11|url=http://www.bramstoker.org/pdf/stories/03guest/01guest.pdf|quote="A wolf--and yet not a wolf!" ... "No use trying for him without the sacred bullet," a third remarked}}</ref> This is also mentioned in the main novel Dracula as well. [[Count Dracula]] stated in the novel that legends of werewolves originated from his [[Székelys|Szekely]] racial bloodline,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Bram|title=Dracula|location=Ch 3, Johnathon Harker's Journal|page=42|url=http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Dracula.pdf|quote=‘We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, aye, and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come.}}</ref> who himself is also depicted with the ability to [[shapeshifting|shapeshift]] into a wolf at will during the night but is unable to do so during the day except at noon.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Bram|title=Dracula|location=Ch 18, Mina Harker's Journal|url=http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Dracula.pdf|quote=His power ceases, as does that all of all evil things, at the coming of the day. Only at certain times can he have limited freedom. If he be not at the place whither he is bound, he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset.}}</ref>

The first feature film to use an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] werewolf was ''[[Werewolf of London]]'' in 1935. The main werewolf of this film is a dapper London scientist who retains some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation,<ref name=FoSFF>{{cite book |title=Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy |author=Searles B |pages=165–67 |year=1988 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=0-8109-0922-7}}</ref> as lead actor [[Henry Hull]] was unwilling to spend long hours being made up by makeup artist [[Jack Pierce (makeup artist)|Jack Pierce]].<ref>Clemens, pp. 119-20.</ref> [[Universal Studios]] drew on a Balkan tale of a plant associated with lycanthropy as there was no literary work to draw upon, unlike the case with vampires. There is no reference to silver nor other aspects of werewolf lore such as cannibalism.<ref>Clemens, pp. 117-18.</ref>

A more tragic character is [[Lawrence Talbot]], played by [[Lon Chaney Jr.]] in 1941's ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]''. With Pierce's makeup more elaborate this time,<ref name=Clem120>Clemens, p. 120.</ref> the movie catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness.<ref name=FoSFF/> Sympathetic portrayals are few but notable, such as the comedic but tortured protagonist [[David Naughton (actor)|David Naughton]] in ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger|first= Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings|publisher=Visible Ink |location=Farmington Hills, MI |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057 |page=12}}</ref> and a less anguished and more confident and charismatic [[Jack Nicholson]] in the 1994 film ''[[Wolf (1994 film)|Wolf]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger |first= Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings |publisher=Visible Ink |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057 |page= 330}}</ref> Over time, the depiction of werewolves has gone from fully malevolent to even heroic creatures, such as in the ''[[Underworld (film series)|Underworld]]'' and ''[[Twilight (novel series)|Twilight]]'' series, as well as ''[[Blood Lad]]'', ''[[Dance in the Vampire Bund]]'', ''[[Rosario + Vampire]]'', and various other movies, [[anime]], [[manga]], and [[comic book]]s.

Other werewolves are decidedly more willful and malevolent, such as those in the novel ''[[The Howling]]'' and its subsequent sequels and [[The Howling (film)|film adaptations]]. The form a werewolf assumes was generally anthropomorphic in early films such as ''The Wolf Man'' and ''Werewolf of London'', but a larger and powerful wolf in many later films.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger |first=Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings |publisher=Visible Ink |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057}} p. 17.</ref>

Werewolves are often depicted as immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to [[silver]] objects, such as a silver-tipped cane, [[Silver bullet|bullet]] or blade; this attribute was first adopted cinematically in ''The Wolf Man''.<ref name=Clem120/> This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like an [[infectious disease]] by the bite of another werewolf. In some fiction, the power of the werewolf extends to human form, such as invulnerability to conventional injury due to their healing factor, superhuman speed and strength and falling on their feet from high falls. Also aggressiveness and animalistic urges may be intensified and more difficult to control (hunger, sexual arousal). Usually in these cases the abilities are diminished in human form. In other fiction it can be cured by medicine men or antidotes.

Along with the vulnerability to the silver bullet, the full moon being the cause of the transformation only became part of the depiction of werewolves on a widespread basis in the twentieth century.<ref name="WicherSpyra2014">{{cite book|author1=Andrzej Wicher|author2=Piotr Spyra|author3=Joanna Matyjaszczyk|title=Basic Categories of Fantastic Literature Revisited|date=19 November 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-7143-3|pages=95–96}}</ref> The first movie to feature the transformative effect of the full moon was ''[[Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man]]'' in 1943.<ref name="Cook2011">{{cite book|first=Donald F.|last=Glut|title=The Frankenstein Archive|date=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786413530|page=19}}</ref>

Werewolves are typically envisioned as "working-class" monsters, often being low in socio-economic status, although they can represent a variety of social classes and at times were seen as a way of representing "aristocratic decadence" during 19th century horror literature.<ref>Crossen, Carys Elizabeth. The Nature of the Beast: Transformations of the Werewolf from the 1970s to the Twenty-first Century. University of Wales Press, 2019, p.206</ref><ref>Senn, Bryan. The Werewolf Filmography: 300+ Movies. McFarland, 2017, p.8</ref><ref>Wilson, Natalie. Seduced by Twilight: The allure and contradictory messages of the popular saga. McFarland, 2014, p.39</ref>

===Nazi Germany===
Nazi Germany used ''Werwolf'', as the mythical creature's name is spelled in German, in 1942–43 as the codename for [[Werwolf (Wehrmacht HQ)|one of Hitler's headquarters]]. In the war's final days, the Nazi "Operation [[Werwolf]]" aimed at creating a commando force that would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany itself.

Two fictional depictions of "Operation Werwolf"—the US television series ''[[True Blood]]'' and the 2012 novel ''Wolf Hunter'' by J. L. Benét—mix the two meanings of "Werwolf" by depicting the 1945 diehard Nazi commandos as being actual werewolves.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/nazi-werewolves-who-terrorized-allied-soldiers-end-wwii-180970522/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=The Smithsonian |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Damarchus]]
* [[Kitsune]]
* [[Nagual]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Secondary sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Baring-Gould|first= Sabine |title=The Book of Werewolves: Being an Account of a Terrible Superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/thebookofwerewol05324gut|publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.]] |location=London |year= 1865}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MrAz3l7VrqMC&lpg=PT7&dq=sabine%20baring-gould%20the%20book%20of%20werewolves&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=true Google Books]
* {{cite book |title=The Beast Within: A History of the Werewolf |url=https://archive.org/details/beastwithin0000doug |url-access=registration |last=Douglas |first=Adam |year=1992 |publisher= Chapmans |location= London|isbn=0-380-72264-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Goens|first= Jean |title=Loups-garous, vampires et autres monstres : enquêtes médicales et littéraires |url=https://archive.org/details/originofwerewolf00stewrich|publisher= CNRS Editions|location= Paris |year= 1993}}
* Grimm, ''[[Deutsche Mythologie]]'', 4, ii. and iii.
* Hertz, ''Der Werwolf'' (Stuttgart, 1862)
* [[Claude Lecouteux|Lecouteux, Claude]], ''Fées, Sorcières et Loups-garous'', Éditions Imago, Paris (1992), trans. Clare Frock, ''Witches, Werewolves, and Fairies: Shapeshifters and Astral Doubles in the Middle Ages'', Inner Traditions International, Rochester, Vermont (2003), {{ISBN|0-89281-096-3}}
* Leubuscher, ''Über die Wehrwölfe'' (1850)
* {{cite book |last=O'Donnell|first= Elliot |title=Werewolves|url=https://archive.org/details/werwolves26629gut|publisher= |location= |year= 1912}}
* Otten, Charlotte (ed.), ''A Lycanthropy reader: werewolves in Western culture'', Syracuse University Press, 1986.
* {{cite book |last=Sconduto|first= Leslie A. |title=Metamorphoses of the ''werewolf'': a literary study from antiquity through the Renaissance}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart|first= Caroline Taylor |title=The origin of the werewolf superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/originofwerewolf00stewrich|publisher= University of Missouri Studies|location= |year= 1909}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Werwolf}}

=== Primary sources ===
* Wolfeshusius, Johannes Fridericus. ''De Lycanthropia: An vere illi, ut fama est, luporum & aliarum bestiarum formis induantur. Problema philosophicum pro sententia Joan. Bodini ... adversus dissentaneas aliquorum opiniones noviter assertum...'' Leipzig: Typis Abrahami Lambergi, 1591. (In Latin; microfilm held by the [[United States National Library of Medicine]])
* Prieur, Claude. ''Dialogue de la Lycanthropie: Ou transformation d'hommes en loups, vulgairement dits loups-garous, et si telle se peut faire''. Louvain: J. Maes & P. Zangre, 1596.
* Bourquelot and [[Jean de Nynauld]], ''De la Lycanthropie, Transformation et Extase des Sorciers'' (Paris, 1615).
* [[Montague Summers|Summers, Montague]], ''The Werewolf'' London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933. (1st edition, reissued 1934 New York: E. P. Dutton; 1966 New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books; 1973 Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press; 2003 Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, with new title ''The Werewolf in Lore and Legend''). {{ISBN|0-7661-3210-2}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary|loup-garou}}
{{wiktionary|lycanthropy}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Werewolves}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lycanthropy|volume=17|pages=149–150|short=x}}

{{Living things in culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Werewolves| ]]
[[Category:Indo-European legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Mythic humanoids]]
[[Category:Mythological canines]]
[[Category:Mythological monsters]]
[[Category:Therianthropy]]
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]

Werewolf

2020-07-02T13:11:55Z

Herobrine: Loup garou Redirects here

{{other uses}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{short description|Mythological human with the ability to shapeshift into a wolf or an anthropomorphic wolflike creature}}
{{redirect-multi|4|Wolf man|Lycanthrope|Lycanthropy|Loup garou}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Werewolf
|image = Werwolf.png
|caption = [[Woodcut]] of a werewolf attack by [[Lucas Cranach der Ältere]], 1512
|Grouping = Mythology
|Sub_Grouping =
|AKA = Lycanthrope
|Similar_creatures = [[Skinwalker]]
|Mythology = Worldwide
}}

In [[folklore]], a '''werewolf'''{{efn|1=Also spelled '''werwolf'''. Usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɛər|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}}, but also sometimes {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪər|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɜr|ˌ|w|ʊ|l|f}}.}} ({{lang-ang|werwulf}}, "man-wolf"), or occasionally '''lycanthrope''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|k|ə|n|ˌ|θ|r|oʊ|p}} ({{lang-grc-gre|λυκάνθρωπος}} ''lukánthrōpos'', "wolf-person"), is a human with the ability to [[Shapeshifting|shapeshift]] into a [[wolf]] (or, especially in modern film, a [[Therianthropy|therianthropic]] [[mythological hybrid|hybrid]] wolflike creature), either purposely or after being placed under a [[curse]] or affliction (often a bite or scratch from another werewolf) with the transformations occurring on the night of a [[full moon]]. Early sources for belief in this ability or affliction, called '''lycanthropy''' {{IPAc-en|l|aɪ|ˈ|k|æ|n|θ|r|ə|p|i}}, are [[Petronius]] (27–66) and [[Gervase of Tilbury]] (1150–1228).

The werewolf is a widespread concept in [[European folklore]], existing in many variants, which are related by a common development of a [[Christianization|Christian interpretation]] of underlying European folklore developed during the [[Christendom|medieval period]]. From the early modern period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the [[New World]] with [[colonialism]]. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in [[European witchcraft|witches]], in the course of the [[Late Middle Ages]] and the [[Early Modern period]]. Like the witchcraft trials as a whole, the trial of supposed werewolves emerged in what is now [[Switzerland]] (especially the [[Valais]] and [[Vaud]]) in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe in the 16th, peaking in the 17th and subsiding by the 18th century.

The persecution of werewolves and the associated folklore is an integral part of the "[[witch-hunt]]" phenomenon, albeit a marginal one, accusations of lycanthropy being involved in only a small fraction of witchcraft trials.{{efn|1=Lorey (2000) records 280 known cases; this contrasts with a total number of 12,000 recorded cases of executions for witchcraft, or an estimated grand total of about 60,000, corresponding to 2% or 0.5% respectively. The recorded cases span the period of 1407 to 1725, peaking during the period of 1575–1657.}} During the early period, accusations of lycanthropy (transformation into a wolf) were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of [[Peter Stumpp]] (1589) led to a significant peak in both interest in and [[Werewolf witch trials|persecution of supposed werewolves]], primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe. The phenomenon persisted longest in Bavaria and Austria, with persecution of [[Wolfssegen|wolf-charmer]]s recorded until well after 1650, the final cases taking place in the early 18th century in [[Carinthia]] and [[Styria]].{{efn|1=Lorey (2000) records six trials in the period 1701 and 1725, all in either Styria or Carinthia; 1701 Paul Perwolf of Wolfsburg, Obdach, Styria (executed); 1705 "Vlastl" of Murau, Styria (verdict unknown); 1705/6 six beggars in Wolfsberg, Carinthia (executed); 1707/8 three shepherds in Leoben and Freyenstein, Styria (one lynching, two probable executions); 1718 Jakob Kranawitter, a mentally retarded beggar, in Rotenfel, Oberwolz, Styria (corporeal punishment); 1725: Paul Schäffer, beggar of St. Leonhard im Lavanttal, Carinthia (executed).}}

After the end of the witch-trials, the werewolf became of interest in [[folklore studies]] and in the emerging [[Gothic horror]] genre; [[werewolf fiction]] as a genre has pre-modern precedents in medieval [[Romance (heroic literature)|romances]] (e.g. ''[[Bisclavret]]'' and ''[[Guillaume de Palerme]]'') and developed in the 18th century out of the "semi-fictional" [[chap book]] tradition. The trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern [[popular culture]].

==Names==
{{more citations needed section|date=September 2019}}
{{Further|Therianthropy}}
The word ''werewolf'' continues a late [[Old English language|Old English]] ''wer(e)wulf'', a compound of ''[[were]]'' "man" and ''wulf'' "wolf". The only [[Old High German]] testimony is in the form of a given name, ''Weriuuolf'', although an early [[Middle High German]] ''werwolf'' is found in [[Burchard of Worms]] and [[Berthold of Regensburg]]. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, gaining popularity only from the 15th century. Middle Latin ''gerulphus'' Anglo-Norman ''garwalf'', [[Old Frankish]] ''*wariwulf''.<ref name="werwolf">
"Werwolf" in Grimm, ''[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]''. {{cite web |url=http://woerterbuchnetz.de/DWB/?sigle=DWB&mode=Vernetzung&lemid=GW18183 |title=online version |publisher= uni-trier.de|accessdate=2012-12-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/7/L0260700.html |chapter=loup-garou |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4 |year=2000 |access-date=2005-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113115529/http://www.bartleby.com/61/7/L0260700.html |archive-date=2006-01-13 |url-status=dead }} {{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE588.html |chapter=Appendix I: Indo-European Roots: w-ro- |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |year=2000 |edition=4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075921/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE588.html |archivedate=2008-05-12 }}</ref>
Old Norse had the cognate ''varúlfur'', but because of the high importance of werewolves in [[Norse mythology]], there were alternative terms such as ''[[Berserker#Ulfhednar - wolf warriors|ulfhéðinn]]'' ("one in wolf-skin", referring still to the totemistic or cultic adoption of wolf-nature rather than the superstitious belief in actual shapeshifting). In modern Scandinavian also used was ''kveldulf'' "evening-wolf", presumably after the name of [[Kveldulf Bjalfason]], a historical berserker of the 9th century who figures in the Icelandic sagas.

The term ''lycanthropy'', referring both to the ability to transform oneself into a wolf and to the act of so doing, comes from [[Ancient Greek]] λυκάνθρωπος ''lukánthropos'' (from λύκος ''lúkos'' "wolf" and ἄνθρωπος, ''ánthrōpos'' "human").<ref>{{cite book |last=Rose |first= C. |year=2000 |title=Giants, Monsters & Dragons: An Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend and Myth |location=New York |publisher= Norton |isbn= 0-393-32211-4 |page=230}}</ref>
The word does occur in ancient Greek sources, but only in [[Late Antiquity]], only rarely, and only in the context of [[clinical lycanthropy]] described by [[Galen]], where the patient had the ravenous appetite and other qualities of a wolf; the Greek word attains some currency only in [[Byzantine Greek]], featuring in the 10th-century encyclopedia ''[[Suda]]''.<ref>In the entry on [[Marcellus of Side]], stating that this 2nd-century author wrote about the topic of lycanthropy. {{lang|grc|(Μ 205) Μάρκελλος Σιδήτης, ἰατρός, ἐπὶ Μάρκου Ἀντωνίνου. οὗτος ἔγραψε δι’ ἐπῶν ἡρωϊκῶν βιβλία ἰατρικὰ δύο καὶ μʹ, ἐν οἷς καὶ περὶ λυκανθρώπου.}} (cited after A. Adler, '' Suidae lexicon'', Leipzig: Teubner, 1928-1935); see [http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?field=adlerhw_gr&searchstr=mu,205 Suda Online]</ref>
Use of the Greek-derived ''lycanthropy'' in English occurs in learned writing beginning in the later 16th century (first recorded 1584 in ''[[The Discoverie of Witchcraft]]'' by [[Reginald Scot]], who argued ''against'' the reality of werewolves; "Lycanthropia is a disease, and not a transformation." v. i. 92), at first explicitly for [[clinical lycanthropy]], i.e. the type of insanity where the patient imagines to have transformed into a wolf, and not in reference to supposedly real shapeshifting. Use of ''lycanthropy'' for supposed shapeshifting is much later, introduced ca. 1830.

Slavic uses the term ''vlko-dlak'' (Polish ''wilkołak'', Czech ''vlkodlak'', Slovak ''vlkolak'', Serbo-Croatian ''вукодлак'' - ''vukodlak'', Slovenian ''volkodlak'', Bulgarian ''върколак/vrkolak'', Belarusian ''ваўкалак/vaukalak'', Ukrainian ''вовкулака/vovkulaka''), literally "wolf-skin", paralleling the Old Norse ''[[ulfhéðinn]]''. However, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as ''[[Vrykolakas]]''. Baltic has related terms, Lithuanian ''vilkolakis'' and ''vilkatas'', Latvian ''vilkatis'' and ''vilkacis''. The name ''vurdalak'' (вурдалак) for the Slavic [[vampire]] ("ghoul, revenant") is a corruption due to [[Alexander Pushkin]], which was later widely spread by [[Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy|A.K. Tolstoy]] in his novella ''[[The Family of the Vourdalak]]'' (composed in French, but first published in a Russian translation in 1884).

==History==
===Indo-European comparative mythology===
[[File:Lekythos Dolon Louvre CA1802.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dolon (mythology)|Dolon]] wearing a wolf-skin. Attic red-figure vase, c. 460 BC.]]
[[File:Bronsplåt pressbleck Öland vendeltid.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Vendel period]] depiction of a warrior wearing a wolf-skin (''[[Tierkrieger]]'').]]

The werewolf folklore found in Europe harks back to a common development during the [[Middle Ages]], arising in the context of [[Christianization|Christianisation]], and the associated interpretation of pre-Christian mythology in Christian terms. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to [[Proto-Indo-European mythology]], where ''lycanthropy'' is reconstructed as an aspect of the initiation of the warrior class. This is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the ''[[Tierkrieger]]'' depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone (1987).<ref>Kim R. McCone, "Hund, Wolf, und Krieger bei den Indogermanen" in W. Meid (ed.), Studien zum indogermanischen Wortschatz, Innsbruck, 1987, 101-154</ref>
Such transformations of "men into wolves" in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective.

The concept of the werewolf in Western and Northern Europe is strongly influenced by the role of the wolf in [[Germanic paganism]] (e.g. the French ''loup-garou'' is ultimately a loan from the Germanic term), but there are related traditions in other parts of Europe which were not necessarily influenced by Germanic tradition, especially in [[Slavic Europe]] and the [[Balkans]], and possibly in areas bordering the Indo-European sphere (the Caucasus) or where Indo-European cultures have been replaced by military conquest in the medieval era (Hungary, Anatolia).{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}

In his ''[[Man into Wolf]]'' (1948), [[Robert Eisler]] tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning "wolf" or "wolf-men" in terms of "the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting."{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}
<ref name="Eisler">{{cite book |author=Eisler, Robert |title=Man Into Wolf - An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism, and Lycanthropy |year=1948 |id= ASIN B000V6D4PG}}</ref>

===Classical antiquity===
[[File:Lycaon Transformed into a Wolf LACMA M.71.76.9.jpg|thumb|[[Zeus]] turning [[Lycaon of Arcadia|Lycaon]] into a [[wolf]], engraving by [[Hendrik Goltzius]].]]

A few references to men changing into wolves are found in [[Ancient Greek literature]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]]. [[Herodotus]], in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'',<ref>{{cite book| author=Herodotus| title=Histories| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero_1| chapter=IV.105}}</ref> wrote that the [[Neuri]], a tribe he places to the north-east of [[Scythia]], were all transformed into wolves once every year for several days, and then changed back to their human shape. This tale was also mentioned by [[Pomponius Mela]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pomponius Mela |title=Description of the world |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015042048507&view=1up&seq=84 |chapter=2.14}}</ref>

In the second century BC, the Greek geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] related the story of King [[Lycaon of Arcadia]], who was transformed into a wolf because he had sacrificed a child in the altar of Zeus Lycaeus.<ref name="pausanias-8.2">{{cite book |author1=Pausanias |authorlink1=Pausanias (geographer)|title=Description of Greece |chapter=8.2|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.2.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160}}</ref> In the version of the legend told by [[Ovid]] in his ''[[Metamorphoses]]'',<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ovid |authorlink1=Ovid |title=Metamorphoses |url=https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Metamorph.php#anchor_Toc64105461 |chapter=I 219-239}}</ref>, when [[Zeus]] visits Lycaon disguised as a common man, Lycaon wants to test if he is really a god. To that end, he kills a Molossian hostage and serve his entrails to Zeus. Disgusted, the god turns Lycaon into a wolf. However, in other accounts of the legend, like that of [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus' ''Bibliotheca'']]<ref name="apollod-3.8">{{cite book |author1=Apollodorus |authorlink1=Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus) |title=Bibliotheca |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#8|chapter=3.8.1}}</ref>, Zeus blasts him and his sons with thunderbolts as punishment.

Pausanias also relates the story of an Arcadian man called [[Damarchus]] of Parrhasia, who was turned into a wolf after tasting the entrails of a human child sacrificed to [[Zeus]] Lycaeus. He was restored to human form 10 years later and went on to become an Olympic champion.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+6.8.2 Pausanias 6.8.2]</ref> This tale is also recounted by [[Pliny the Elder]], who calls the man Demaenetus quoting [[Agriopas]].<ref name="pliny-latin" /><ref name="pliny-english" /> According to Pausanias, this wasn't a one-off event, but that men have been transformed into wolves during the sacrifices to Zeus Lycaeus since the time of Lycaon. If they abastain of tasting human flesh while being wolves, they would be restored to human form nine years later, but if they do they will remains wolves forever.<ref name="pausanias-8.2" />

Pliny the Elder likewise recounts another tale of lycanthropy. Quoting Euanthes,<ref name="pliny-latin">{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/8*.html#81 |title=Historia Naturalis |author=Pliny the Elder |chapter=VIII |page=81}} 22/34.</ref><ref name="pliny-english">{{cite book
|chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D34 |title=The Natural History |author=Pliny the Elder |chapter=VIII |page=81}} 34/22.</ref> he mentions that in [[Arcadia]], once a year a man was chosen by lot from the Anthus' clan. The chosen man was escorted to a marsh in the area, where he hung his clothes into an [[oak]] tree, swam across the marsh and transformed into a wolf, joining a [[Pack (canine)|pack]] for nine years. If during these nine years he refrained from tasting human flesh, he returned to the same marsh, swam back and recovered his previous human form, with nine years added to his appearance.<ref>The tale probably relates to a rite of passage for Arcadian' youths.{{cite book |last1=Ogden |first1=Daniel |title=Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Sourcebook |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-513575-X |page=178}}</ref> Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of [[Arcadia]] in the form of wolves.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |title=Metamorphoses |chapter=I|pages=|title-link=Metamorphoses (poem) }}</ref><ref name="menard">{{cite book|last=Ménard|first=Philippe|title=Symposium in honorem prof. M. de Riquer|year=1984|publisher=Barcelona UP|language=French|pages=209–38|chapter=Les histoires de loup-garou au moyen-âge}}</ref>

[[Virgil]], in his poetic work ''[[Eclogues]]'', wrote of a man called Moeris, who used herbs and poisons picked in his native [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] to turn himself into a wolf.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virgil |title=Eclogues |chapter=viii |page=98|title-link=Eclogues }}</ref> In [[prose]], the ''[[Satyricon]]'', written circa AD 60 by [[Petronius|Gaius Petronius Arbiter]], one of the characters, Niceros, tells a story at a banquet about a friend who turned into a wolf (chs. 61-62). He describes the incident as follows, "When I look for my buddy I see he'd stripped and piled his clothes by the roadside... He pees in a circle round his clothes and then, just like that, turns into a wolf!... after he turned into a wolf he started howling and then ran off into the woods."<ref>{{cite book |author=Petronius |authorlink= Petronius |title=Satyrica |year= 1996 |publisher= University of California |location= Berkeley |isbn= 0-520-20599-5 |page=56|others= R. Bracht Branham and Daniel Kinney}}</ref>

Early christian authors also mentioned werewolves. In ''The City of God'', [[Augustine of Hippo]] gives an account similar to that found in Pliny the Elder. Augustine explains that "It is very generally believed that by certain witches spells men may be turned into wolves..."<ref>Augustine of Hippo, ''The City of God'', XVIII.17</ref> Physical metamorphosis was also mentioned in the ''Capitulatum Episcopi'', attributed to the [[Synod of Ancyra|Council of Ancyra]] in the 4th century, which became the Church's doctrinal text in relation to magic, witches, and transformations such as those of werewolves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/witch/canon.html|title=Canon Episcopi|website=www.personal.utulsa.edu|access-date=2020-03-27}}</ref> The ''Capitulatum Episcopi'' states that "Whoever believes that anything can be...transformed into another species or likeness, except by God Himself...is beyond doubt an infidel.'<ref name=":0" />

In these works of Roman writers, werewolves often receive the name ''versipellis'' ("turnskin"). Augustine instead uses the phrase "in lupum fuisse mutatum" (changed into the form of a wolf) to describe the physical metamorphosis of werewolves, which is similar to phrases used in the medieval period.

===Middle Ages===
There is evidence of widespread belief in werewolves in medieval Europe. This evidence spans much of the Continent, as well as the British Isles. Werewolves were mentioned in Medieval law codes, such as that of [[Cnut the Great|King Cnut]], whose ''Ecclesiastical Ordinances'' inform us that the codes aim to ensure that “…the madly audacious werewolf do not too widely devastate, nor bite too many of the spiritual flock.’<ref>{{Cite book|last=Otten|first=Charlotte F.|title=The Lycanthropy Reader: Werewolves in Western Culture|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=1986|isbn=0815623844|location=Syracuse|pages=5-6}}</ref> [[Liutprand of Cremona]] reports a rumour that Bajan, son of [[Simeon I of Bulgaria]], could use magic to turn himself into a wolf.<ref>[https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_germ_41/index.htm#page/88/mode/1up ''Antapodosis'' 3.29]</ref> The works of Augustine of Hippo had a large influence on the development of Western Christianity, and were widely read by churchmen of the medieval period; and these churchmen occasionally discussed werewolves in their works. Famous examples include [[Gerald of Wales]]'s ''[[Werewolves of Ossory]]'', found in his ''Topographica Hibernica'', and in [[Gervase of Tilbury|Gervase of Tilbury's]] ''[[Otia Imperialia|Otia Imperiala]],'' both written for royal audiences.

Gervase reveals to the reader that belief in such transformations (he also mentions women turning into cats and into snakes) was widespread across Europe; he uses the phrase "que ita dinoscuntur" when discussing these metamorphoses, which translates to "it is known". Gervase, who was writing in Germany, also tells the reader that the transformation of men into wolves cannot be easily dismissed, for "...in England we have often seen men change into wolves" ("Vidimus enim frequenter in Anglia per lunationes homines in lupos mutari…").<ref>Gervase of Tilbury, ''Otia Imperiala'', Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 86 - 87.</ref> Further evidence of the widespread belief in werewolves and other human-animal transformations can be seen in theological attacks made against such beliefs; [[Conrad of Hirsau]], writing in the 11th century, forbids the reading of stories in which a person's reason is obscured following such a transformation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Georg Schepss|first=Conradus Hirsaugiensis|url=http://archive.org/details/conradihirsaugi00hirsgoog|title=Conradi Hirsaugiensis Dialogus super Auctores sive Didascalon: Eine Literaturgeschichte aus den XII.|date=1889|publisher=A. Stuber|others=Harvard University|language=Latin}}</ref> Conrad specifically refers to the tales of Ovid in his tract. Pseudo-Augustine, writing in the 12th century, follows Augustine of Hippo's argument that no physical transformation can be made by any but God, stating that "...the body corporeally [cannot], be changed into the material limbs of any animal.'<ref>Pseudo-Augustine, ''Liber de Spiritu et Anima'', Chapter 26, XVII</ref>

[[Marie de France]]'s poem ''[[Bisclavret]]'' (c. 1200) is another example, in which the eponymous nobleman Bisclavret, for reasons not described, had to transform into a wolf every week. When his treacherous wife stole his clothing needed to restore his human form, he escaped the king's wolf hunt by imploring the king for mercy and accompanied the king thereafter. His behaviour at court was gentle, until his wife and her new husband appeared at court, so much so that his hateful attack on the couple was deemed justly motivated, and the truth was revealed. This ''[[Breton lai|lai]]'' (a type of Breton sung-poem) follows many themes found within other werewolf tales - the removal of clothing and attempting to refrain from the consumption of human flesh can be found in Pliny the Elder, as well as in the second of Gervase of Tilbury's werewolf stories, about a werewolf by the name of Chaucevaire. Marie also reveals to us the existence of werewolf belief in Breton and Norman France, by telling us the Franco-Norman word for werewolf: ''garwulf,'' which, she explains, are common in that part of France, where "...many men turned into werewolves".<ref>Marie de France, "Bisclavret", translated by Glyn S. Burgess and Keith Busby, in ''The Lais of Marie de France'' (London: Penguin Books, 1999), 68.</ref> Gervase also supports this terminology when he tells us that the French use the term "''gerulfi"'' to describe what the English call "werewolves".<ref>Gervase of Tilbury, ''Otia Imperiala'', Book I, Chapter 15, translated and edited by S.E. Banks and J.W. Binns, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 87.</ref> ''[[Melion]]'' and ''Biclarel'' are two anonymous lais that share the theme of a werewolf knight being betrayed by his wife.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=Amanda |title=Melion and Biclarel: Two Old French Werewolf Lays |date=2005 |publisher=The University of Liverpool |isbn=0-9533816-9-2 |url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/modern-languages-and-cultures/research/research-activities/liverpool-online-series/ |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref>

The German word ''werwolf'' is recorded by [[Burchard von Worms]] in the 11th century, and by [[Bertold of Regensburg]] in the 13th, but is not recorded in all of medieval German poetry or fiction. While Baring-Gould argues that references to werewolves were also rare in England, presumably because whatever significance the "wolf-men" of Germanic paganism had carried, the associated beliefs and practices had been successfully repressed after Christianization (or if they persisted, they did so outside of the sphere of literacy available to us), we have sources other than those mentioned above.<ref>Baring-Gould, p. 100.</ref> Such examples of werewolves in Ireland and the British Isles can be found in the work of the 9th century Welsh monk [[Nennius]]; female werewolves appear in the Irish work ''[[Acallam na Senórach|Tales of the Elders]]'', from the 12th century; and Welsh werewolves in the 12th-13th century ''[[Mabinogion]].''

In 1539, [[Martin Luther]] used the form ''[[beerwolf]]'' to describe a hypothetical ruler worse than a tyrant who must be resisted.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cynthia Grant Schonberger|title=Luther and the Justification of Resistance to Legitimate Authority|journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]|volume=40|issue=1|pages=3–20|doi=10.2307/2709257|date=January–March 1979|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|jstor=2709257|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bba699b1e88ebe768f8c88a1c121e1427a287578}}; as specified in Luther's Collected Works, 39(ii) 41-42</ref>

The Germanic pagan traditions associated with wolf-men persisted longest in the Scandinavian [[Viking Age]]. [[Harald I of Norway]] is known to have had a body of ''[[Berserker|Úlfhednar]]'' (wolf-coated [men]), which are mentioned in the Vatnsdœla saga, Haraldskvæði, and the [[Volsunga saga|Völsunga saga]], and resemble some werewolf legends. The Úlfhednar were fighters similar to the berserkers, though they dressed in [[Wolf hunting#Pelts|wolf hides]] rather than those of bears and were reputed to channel the spirits of these animals to enhance effectiveness in battle.<ref name="Woodward" /> These warriors were resistant to pain and killed viciously in battle, much like wild animals. Úlfhednar and berserkers are closely associated with the Norse god [[Odin]].

The Scandinavian traditions of this period may have spread to [[Kievan Rus']], giving rise to the Slavic "werewolf" tales. The 11th-century [[Belarus]]ian Prince [[Vseslav of Polotsk]] was considered to have been a werewolf, capable of moving at superhuman speeds, as recounted in ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'':

"Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew, Tmutorokan. The path of Great Sun, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed. For him in Polotsk they rang for matins early at St. Sophia the bells; but he heard the ringing in Kiev."

The situation as described during the medieval period gives rise to the dual form of werewolf folklore in Early Modern Europe. On one hand the "Germanic" werewolf, which becomes associated with the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|witchcraft panic]] from around 1400, and on the other hand the "Slavic" werewolf or ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьlkolakъ|vlkolak]]'', which becomes associated with the concept of the [[revenant]] or "vampire". The "eastern" werewolf-vampire is found in the folklore of Central and Eastern Europe, including Hungary, Romania and the Balkans, while the "western" werewolf-sorcerer is found in France, German-speaking Europe and in the Baltic.

===Early modern history===
{{Further|Werewolf witch trials|Wolfssegen}}
There were numerous reports of werewolf attacks – and consequent court trials – in 16th-century France. In some of the cases there was clear evidence against the accused of murder and [[cannibalism]], but none of association with wolves; in other cases people have been terrified by such creatures, such as that of [[Gilles Garnier]] in [[Dole, Jura|Dole]] in 1573, there was clear evidence against some wolf but none against the accused.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Werewolvery was a common accusation in witch trials throughout their history, and it featured even in the [[Valais witch trials]], one of the earliest such trials altogether, in the first half of the 15th century. Likewise, in the [[Vaud]], child-eating werewolves were reported as early as 1448. A peak of attention to lycanthropy came in the late 16th to early 17th century, as part of the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|European witch-hunts]].
A number of treatises on werewolves were written in France during 1595 and 1615. Werewolves were sighted in 1598 in [[Anjou]], and a teenage werewolf was sentenced to life imprisonment in [[Bordeaux]] in 1603. [[Henry Boguet]] wrote a lengthy chapter about werewolves in 1602. In the Vaud, werewolves were convicted in 1602 and in 1624. A treatise by a Vaud pastor in 1653, however, argued that lycanthropy was purely an illusion. After this, the only further record from the Vaud dates to 1670: it is that of a boy who claimed he and his mother could change themselves into wolves, which was, however, not taken seriously. At the beginning of the 17th century [[witchcraft]] was prosecuted by [[James I of England]], who regarded "warwoolfes" as victims of delusion induced by "a natural superabundance of melancholic".<ref>{{cite book |title=Demonologie |chapter=iii}}</ref>
After 1650, belief in Lycanthropy had mostly disappeared from French-speaking Europe, as evidenced in [[Diderot's Encyclopedia]], which attributed reports of lycanthropy to a "disorder of the brain.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoyt|first1=Nelly S.|last2=Cassierer|first2=Thomas, trans.|title=The Encyclopedia: Selections: Diderot, d'Alembert and a Society of Men of Letters|date=1965|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|location=Indianapolis}}</ref> although there were continuing reports of extraordinary wolflike beasts (but not werewolves). One such report concerned the [[Beast of Gévaudan]] which terrorized the general area of the [[Provinces of France|former province]] of [[Gévaudan]], now called [[Lozère]], in south-central France; from the years 1764 to 1767, it killed upwards of 80 men, women, and children.
The only part of Europe which showed vigorous interest in werewolves after 1650 was the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. At least nine works on lycanthropy were printed in Germany between 1649 and 1679. In the Austrian and Bavarian Alps, belief in werewolves persisted well into the 18th century.<ref>E. William Monter, "Witchcraft in France and Switzerland" in Otten (ed.) ''A Lycanthropy reader'' (1986), 161-167.</ref>

Until the 20th century, [[Wolf attack|wolf attacks on humans]] were an occasional, but still widespread feature of life in Europe.<ref name="NO">{{cite web |url=http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Baltic/Linnell%20AZL%20Wolf%20attacks%20in%20Fennoscandia.pdf |title=Is the fear of wolves justified? A Fennoscandian perspective |publisher=Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 2003, Volumen 13, Numerus 1 |accessdate=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307025815/http://www.lcie.org/Docs/Regions/Baltic/Linnell%20AZL%20Wolf%20attacks%20in%20Fennoscandia.pdf |archivedate=2008-03-07 }}</ref>
Some scholars have suggested that it was inevitable that wolves, being the most feared predators in Europe, were projected into the folklore of evil shapeshifters. This is said to be corroborated by the fact that areas devoid of wolves typically use different kinds of predator to fill the niche; ''[[werehyena]]s'' in Africa, ''[[weretiger]]s'' in India,<ref name="Woodward" /> as well as ''werepumas'' ("''runa uturuncu''")<ref>[http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/p243/12479418822381506109435/p0000001.htm Facundo Quiroga, "The Tiger of the Argentine Prairies" and the Legend of the "''runa uturuncu''".] {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://quipucultural.galeon.com/uturuncu.htm The Legend of the ''runa uturuncu'' in the Mythology of the Latin-American Guerilla.] {{in lang|es}}</ref> and ''werejaguars'' ("''yaguaraté-abá''" or "''tigre-capiango''")<ref>[http://www.temakel.com/leyendayaguarete.htm The Guaraní Myth about the Origin of Human Language and the Tiger-men.] {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>J.B. Ambrosetti (1976). Fantasmas de la selva misionera ("''Ghosts of the Misiones Jungle''"). Editorial Convergencia: Buenos Aires.</ref> in southern South America.

An idea is explored in [[Sabine Baring-Gould]]'s work ''The Book of Werewolves'' is that werewolf legends may have been used to explain [[serial killer|serial killings]]. Perhaps the most infamous example is the case of [[Peter Stumpp]] (executed in 1589), the German farmer, and alleged serial killer and [[Cannibalism|cannibal]], also known as the Werewolf of Bedburg.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=P1cs7mq_kxgC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Werewolf%20Book%3A%20The%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Shape-Shifting%20Beings%202nd%20Edition&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=bedburg&f=false|title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shape-Shifting Beings|last=Steiger|first=Brad|publisher=Visible Ink Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578593675|location=|pages=267}}</ref>

===Asian cultures===

In Asian Cultures{{which|date=October 2014}}, the "were" equivalent is a weretiger or wereleopard. (See [[werecat]]s)

Common [[Turkic mythology|Turkic folklore]] holds a different, reverential light to the werewolf legends in that Turkic Central Asian [[Shamanism|shamans]] after performing long and arduous rites would voluntarily be able to transform into the humanoid "Kurtadam" (literally meaning Wolfman). Since the wolf was the totemic ancestor animal of the Turkic peoples, they would be respectful of any shaman who was in such a form.

(See [[Asena]])

==Lycanthropy as a medical condition==
{{see also|Hypertrichosis|Clinical lycanthropy}}
Some modern researchers have tried to explain the reports of werewolf behaviour with recognised medical conditions. Dr Lee Illis of [[Guy's Hospital]] in London wrote a paper in 1963 entitled ''On Porphyria and the Aetiology of Werewolves'', in which he argues that historical accounts on werewolves could have in fact been referring to victims of congenital [[porphyria]], stating how the symptoms of [[photosensitivity]], reddish teeth and [[psychosis]] could have been grounds for accusing a sufferer of being a werewolf.<ref name="Illis-1964">{{cite journal |last1=Illis |first1=L |title=On Porphyria and the Ætiology of Werwolves |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=23–6 |date=Jan 1964 |pmid=14114172 |pmc=1897308}}</ref> This is however argued against by Woodward, who points out how mythological werewolves were almost invariably portrayed as resembling true wolves, and that their human forms were rarely physically conspicuous as porphyria victims.<ref name="Woodward" /> Others have pointed out the possibility of historical werewolves having been sufferers of [[hypertrichosis]], a hereditary condition manifesting itself in excessive hair growth. However, Woodward dismissed the possibility, as the rarity of the disease ruled it out from happening on a large scale, as werewolf cases were in medieval Europe.<ref name="Woodward" /> People suffering from [[Down syndrome]] have been suggested by some scholars to have been possible originators of werewolf myths.<ref name="SAM" /> Woodward suggested [[rabies]] as the origin of werewolf beliefs, claiming remarkable similarities between the symptoms of that disease and some of the legends. Woodward focused on the idea that being bitten by a werewolf could result in the victim turning into one, which suggested the idea of a transmittable disease like rabies.<ref name="Woodward" /> However, the idea that lycanthropy could be transmitted in this way is not part of the original myths and legends and only appears in relatively recent beliefs. Lycanthropy can also be met with as the main content of a delusion, for example, the case of a woman has been reported who during episodes of acute psychosis complained of becoming four different species of animals.<ref>Dening T R & West A (1989) Multiple serial lycanthropy. ''Psychopathology'' 22: 344-347</ref>

==Folk beliefs==
[[File:GermanWoodcut1722.jpg|thumb|right|A German woodcut from 1722]]

===Characteristics===
The beliefs classed together under lycanthropy are far from uniform, and the term is somewhat capriciously applied. The transformation may be temporary or permanent; the were-animal may be the man himself metamorphosed; may be his [[Doppelgänger|double]] whose activity leaves the real man to all appearance unchanged; may be his [[soul]], which goes forth seeking whomever it may devour, leaving its body in a [[altered state of consciousness|state of trance]]; or it may be no more than the messenger of the human being, a real animal or a [[familiar spirit]], whose intimate connection with its owner is shown by the fact that any injury to it is believed, by a phenomenon known as repercussion, to cause a corresponding injury to the human being.

Werewolves were said in European folklore to bear tell-tale physical traits even in their human form. These included the [[Unibrow|meeting of both eyebrows]] at the bridge of the nose, curved fingernails, low-set ears and a swinging stride. One method of identifying a werewolf in its human form was to cut the flesh of the accused, under the pretense that fur would be seen within the wound. A Russian superstition recalls a werewolf can be recognised by bristles under the tongue.<ref name="Woodward">{{cite book |title=The Werewolf Delusion |last=Woodward |first=Ian |year=1979 |publisher= Paddington Press |location= |isbn=0-448-23170-0 }}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2013}}{{page needed|date=April 2013}}</ref>
The appearance of a werewolf in its animal form varies from culture to culture, though it is most commonly portrayed as being indistinguishable from ordinary wolves save for the fact that it has no tail (a trait thought characteristic of witches in animal form), is often larger, and retains human eyes and a voice. According to some Swedish accounts, the werewolf could be distinguished from a regular wolf by the fact that it would run on three legs, stretching the fourth one backwards to look like a tail.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Varulv|url=http://svt.se/2.150216/vasen|accessdate=2011-05-16|series=Väsen|credits=[[Ebbe Schön]]|network=[[Sveriges Television|SVT]]|airdate=2011-05-16|language=Swedish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414121333/http://svt.se/2.150216/vasen|archivedate=2011-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> After returning to their human forms, werewolves are usually documented as becoming weak, debilitated and undergoing painful nervous depression.<ref name="Woodward" />
One universally reviled trait in medieval Europe was the werewolf's habit of devouring recently buried corpses, a trait that is documented extensively, particularly in the ''Annales Medico-psychologiques'' in the 19th century.<ref name="Woodward" />
[[Fennoscandia]]n werewolves were usually old women who possessed poison-coated claws and had the ability to paralyse cattle and children with their gaze.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Becoming a werewolf===
Various methods for becoming a werewolf have been reported, one of the simplest being the removal of clothing and putting on a belt made of wolfskin, probably as a substitute for the assumption of an entire animal skin (which also is frequently described).<ref name="Fate">Bennett, Aaron. “So, You Want to be a Werewolf?” [[Fate (magazine)|Fate]]. Vol. 55, no. 6, Issue 627. July 2002.</ref> In other cases, the body is rubbed with a [[Flying ointment|magic salve]].<ref name="Fate" /> Drinking rainwater out of the footprint of the animal in question or from certain enchanted streams were also considered effectual modes of accomplishing metamorphosis.<ref>O'Donnell, Elliot. ''Werwolves''. Methuen. London. 1912. pp. 65-67.</ref>
The 16th-century Swedish writer [[Olaus Magnus]] says that the [[Livonia]]n werewolves were initiated by draining a cup of specially prepared beer and repeating a set formula. Ralston in his ''Songs of the Russian People'' gives the form of incantation still familiar in Russia. In Italy, France and Germany, it was said that a man or woman could turn into a werewolf if he or she, on a certain Wednesday or Friday, slept outside on a summer night with the full moon shining directly on his or her face.<ref name="Woodward" />

In other cases, the transformation was supposedly accomplished by [[Satanism|Satanic]] allegiance for the most loathsome ends, often for the sake of sating a craving for human flesh. "The werewolves", writes [[Richard Verstegan]] (''Restitution of Decayed Intelligence'', 1628), <blockquote>are certayne sorcerers, who having annoynted their bodies with an ointment which they make by the instinct of the devil, and putting on a certayne inchaunted girdle, does not only unto the view of others seem as wolves, but to their own thinking have both the shape and nature of wolves, so long as they wear the said girdle. And they do dispose themselves as very wolves, in worrying and killing, and most of humane creatures.</blockquote>

The phenomenon of repercussion, the power of animal [[metamorphosis]], or of sending out a [[Familiar spirit|familiar]], real or spiritual, as a messenger, and the supernormal powers conferred by association with such a familiar, are also attributed to the [[magic (paranormal)|magician]], male and female, all the world over; and [[Witchcraft|witch]] superstitions are closely parallel to, if not identical with, lycanthropic beliefs, the occasional involuntary character of lycanthropy being almost the sole distinguishing feature. In another direction the phenomenon of repercussion is asserted to manifest itself in connection with the bush-soul of the West African and the ''[[nagual]]'' of [[Central America]]; but though there is no line of demarcation to be drawn on logical grounds, the assumed power of the magician and the intimate association of the bush-soul or the ''nagual'' with a human being are not termed lycanthropy.

The curse of lycanthropy was also considered by some scholars as being a divine punishment. Werewolf literature shows many examples of [[God]] or saints allegedly cursing those who invoked their wrath with lycanthropy. Such is the case of [[Lycaon of Arcadia|Lycaon]], who was turned into a wolf by [[Zeus]] as punishment for slaughtering one of his own sons and serving his remains to the gods as a dinner. Those who were [[excommunicate]]d by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] were also said to become werewolves.<ref name="Woodward" />

The power of transforming others into wild beasts was attributed not only to malignant sorcerers, but to [[List of saints|Christian saints]] as well. ''Omnes angeli, boni et Mali, ex virtute naturali habent potestatem transmutandi corpora nostra'' ("All angels, good and [[fallen angel|bad]] have the power of transmutating our bodies") was the dictum of [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]. [[St. Patrick]] was said to have transformed the [[Wales|Welsh]] King Vereticus into a wolf; [[Natalis of Ulster|Natalis]] supposedly cursed an illustrious Irish family whose members were each doomed to be a wolf for seven years. In other tales the divine agency is even more direct, while in Russia, again, men supposedly became werewolves when incurring the wrath of the Devil.

A notable exception to the association of Lycanthropy and the Devil, comes from a rare and lesser known account of an 80-year-old man named [[Thiess of Kaltenbrun|Thiess]]. In 1692, in [[Jürgensburg]], [[Livonia]], Thiess testified under oath that he and other werewolves were the Hounds of God.<ref>Gershenson, Daniel. ''Apollo the Wolf-God''. (Journal of Indo- European Studies, Monograph, 8.) McLean, Virginia: Institute for the Study of Man, 1991, {{ISBN|0-941694-38-0}} pp. 136-7.</ref>
He claimed they were warriors who went down into hell to do battle with witches and demons. Their efforts ensured that the Devil and his minions did not carry off the grain from local failed crops down to hell. Thiess was steadfast in his assertions, claiming that werewolves in Germany and Russia also did battle with the devil's minions in their own versions of hell, and insisted that when werewolves died, their souls were welcomed into heaven as reward for their service. Thiess was ultimately sentenced to ten lashes for idolatry and [[Superstition|superstitious belief]].

===Remedies===
Various methods have existed for removing the werewolf form. In antiquity, the Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in the power of exhaustion in curing people of lycanthropy. The victim would be subjected to long periods of physical activity in the hope of being purged of the malady. This practice stemmed from the fact that many alleged werewolves would be left feeling weak and debilitated after committing depredations.<ref name="Woodward" />

In medieval Europe, traditionally, there are three methods one can use to cure a victim of lycanthropy; medicinally (usually via the use of [[Aconitum|wolfsbane]]), surgically, or by [[exorcism]]. However, many of the cures advocated by medieval medical practitioners proved fatal to the patients. A Sicilian belief of Arabic origin holds that a werewolf can be cured of its ailment by striking it on the forehead or scalp with a knife. Another belief from the same culture involves the piercing of the werewolf's hands with nails. Sometimes, less extreme methods were used. In the German lowland of Schleswig-Holstein, a werewolf could be cured if one were to simply address it three times by its Christian name, while one Danish belief holds that merely scolding a werewolf will cure it.<ref name="Woodward" /> Conversion to Christianity is also a common method of removing lycanthropy in the medieval period; a devotion to [[Hubertus|St. Hubert]] has also been cited as both cure for and protection from lycanthropes.

===Connection to revenants===
{{Further|Revenant}}
Before the end of the 19th century, the Greeks believed that the corpses of werewolves, if not destroyed, would return to life in the form of wolves or hyenas which prowled battlefields, drinking the blood of dying soldiers. In the same vein, in some rural areas of Germany, Poland and Northern France, it was once believed that people who died in mortal sin came back to life as blood-drinking wolves.
These "undead" werewolves would return to their human corpse form at daylight. They were dealt with by decapitation with a spade and exorcism by the parish priest. The head would then be thrown into a stream, where the weight of its sins was thought to weigh it down. Sometimes, the same methods used to dispose of ordinary vampires would be used. The [[vampire]] was also linked to the werewolf in East European countries, particularly Bulgaria, Serbia and Slovenia. In Serbia, the werewolf and vampire are known collectively as ''vulkodlak''.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Hungary and Balkans===
In [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] folklore, the werewolves used to live specially in the region of [[Transdanubia]], and it was thought that the ability to change into a wolf was obtained in the infant age, after the suffering of abuse by the parents or by a curse. At the age of seven the boy or the girl leaves the house, goes hunting by night and can change to a person or wolf whenever he wants. The curse can also be obtained when in the adulthood the person passed three times through an arch made of a [[Birch]] with the help of a wild [[rose]]'s spine.

The werewolves were known to exterminate all kind of farm animals, especially sheep. The transformation usually occurred during the [[winter solstice]], [[Easter]] and a full moon. Later in the 17th and 18th century, the trials in Hungary not only were conducted against witches, but against werewolves too, and many records exist creating connections between both kinds. Also the vampires and werewolves are closely related in Hungary, being both feared in the antiquity.<ref>Szabó, György. Mitológiai kislexikon, I-II., Budapest: Merényi Könyvkiadó (év nélkül) Mitólogiai kislexikon.</ref>

Among the [[South Slavs]], and also among the [[Kashub]]s of what is now northern Poland,{{Clarify|date=May 2013}} there was the belief that if a child was born with hair, a birthmark or a caul on their head, they were supposed to possess shapeshifting abilities. Though capable of turning into any animal they wished, it was commonly believed that such people preferred to turn into a wolf.<ref name="willis">{{Cite book
|title = World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide
|last = Willis
|first = Roy
|authorlink = Roy Willis
|last2 = Davidson
|first2 = Hilda Ellis
|author2-link = Hilda Ellis Davidson
|publisher = Piaktus
|year = 1997
|isbn = 0-7499-1739-3
|oclc = 37594992}}</ref>

[[Serbia]]n ''vukodlak''s traditionally had the habit of congregating annually in the winter months, when they would strip off their wolf skins and hang them from trees. They would then get a hold of another ''vulkodlak''{{'}}s skin and burn it, releasing from its curse the ''vukodlak'' from whom the skin came.<ref name="Woodward" />

===Caucasus===
According to [[Armenia]]n lore, there are women who, in consequence of deadly sins, are condemned to spend seven years in wolf form.<ref>The Fables of Mkhitar Gosh (New York, 1987), translated with an introduction by R. Bedrosian, edited by Elise Antreassian and illustrated by Anahid Janjigian</ref> In a typical account, a condemned woman is visited by a wolfskin-toting spirit, who orders her to wear the skin, which causes her to acquire frightful cravings for human flesh soon after. With her better nature overcome, the she-wolf devours each of her own children, then her relatives' children in order of relationship, and finally the children of strangers. She wanders only at night, with doors and locks springing open at her approach. When morning arrives, she reverts to human form and removes her wolfskin. The transformation is generally said to be involuntary, but there are alternate versions involving voluntary metamorphosis, where the women can transform at will.

===Americas and Caribbean===
{{Main|Skin-walker}} {{See also|Soucouyant|Rougarou}}
The Naskapis believed that the [[Reindeer|caribou]] afterlife is guarded by giant wolves which kill careless hunters venturing too near. The [[Navajo people]] feared witches in wolf's clothing called "Mai-cob".<ref name="SAM">{{cite book
|author = Lopez, Barry
|title = Of Wolves and Men
|year = 1978
|pages =
|isbn = 0-7432-4936-4
|publisher = Scribner Classics
|location = New York
|oclc = 54857556}}</ref>

Woodward thought that these beliefs were due to the [[Norse colonization of North America|Norse colonization of the Americas]].<ref name="Woodward" />
When the [[European colonization of the Americas]] occurred, the pioneers brought their own werewolf folklore with them and were later influenced by the lore of their neighbouring colonies and those of the Natives. Belief in the ''loup-garou'' present in [[Canada]], the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of [[Michigan]]<ref>

[http://www.gphistorical.org/legends03.html Legends of Grosse Pointe].</ref> and upstate [[New York (state)|New York]], originates from French folklore influenced by Native American stories on the [[Wendigo]]. In [[Mexico]], there is a belief in a creature called the ''nahual'', which traditionally limits itself to stealing [[cheese]] and raping women rather than murder.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} In [[Haiti]], there is a superstition that werewolf spirits known locally as ''Jé-rouge'' (red eyes) can possess the bodies of unwitting persons and nightly transform them into cannibalistic lupine creatures. The Haitian ''jé-rouges'' typically try to trick mothers into giving away their children voluntarily by waking them at night and asking their permission to take their child, to which the disoriented mother may either reply yes or no. The Haitian ''jé-rouges'' differ from traditional European werewolves by their habit of actively trying to spread their lycanthropic condition to others, much like vampires.<ref name="Woodward" />

==Modern reception==
===Werewolf fiction===
{{Main|Werewolf fiction}}
[[File:The Were-Wolf by Clemence Housman.jpg|thumbnail|right|''The Were-Wolf'' by [[Clemence Housman]]]]
Most modern fiction describes werewolves as vulnerable to [[silver]] weapons and highly resistant to other injuries. This feature appears in German folklore of the 19th century.<ref>[[D. L. Ashliman|Ashliman, D.L.]] (1997-2010) ''Werewolf Legends from Germany''. http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/werewolf.html#temmezarnow</ref> The claim that the [[Beast of Gévaudan]], an 18th-century wolf or wolflike creature, was shot by a silver bullet appears to have been introduced by novelists retelling the story from 1935 onwards and not in earlier versions.<ref>Robert Jackson (1995) ''Witchcraft and the Occult''. Devizes, Quintet Publishing: 25.</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first1=Benoît|last1=Baud'huin|first2=Alain|last2=Bonet|year=1995|title=Gévaudan: petites histoires de la grande bête|publisher= Ex Aequo Éditions|page=193|isbn=978-2-37873-070-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|first=Guy|last=Crouzet|year=2001|title=La grande peur du Gévaudan|publisher= Guy Crouzet|pages=156–158|isbn=2-9516719-0-3}}</ref> English folklore, prior to 1865, showed shapeshifters to be vulnerable to silver. "...till the publican shot a silver button over their heads when they were instantly transformed into two ill-favoured old ladies..."<ref>S. Baring-Gould. "The Book of Were-Wolves". (1865)</ref> c. 1640 the city of Greifswald, Germany was infested by werewolves. "A clever lad suggested that they gather all their silver buttons, goblets, belt buckles, and so forth, and melt them down into bullets for their muskets and pistols. ... this time they slaughtered the creatures and rid Greifswald of the lycanthropes."<ref>Temme, J.D.H. Die Volkssagen von Pommern und Rugen. Translated by [[D.L. Ashliman]]. Berlin: In de Nicolaischen Buchhandlung, 1840.</ref>

The 1897 novel ''[[Dracula]]'' and the short story "[[Dracula's Guest]]", both written by [[Bram Stoker]], drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late [[Victorian age|Victorian]] [[patriarchy]]".<ref name=Sellers>Sellers, Susan. ''Myth and Fairy Tale in Contemporary Women's Fiction'', Palgrave Macmillan (2001) p. 85.</ref> In "Dracula's Guest," a band of military horsemen coming to the aid of the protagonist chase off Dracula, depicted as a great wolf stating the only way to kill it is by a "Sacred Bullet".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Brett|title=Dracula's Guest|page=11|url=http://www.bramstoker.org/pdf/stories/03guest/01guest.pdf|quote="A wolf--and yet not a wolf!" ... "No use trying for him without the sacred bullet," a third remarked}}</ref> This is also mentioned in the main novel Dracula as well. [[Count Dracula]] stated in the novel that legends of werewolves originated from his [[Székelys|Szekely]] racial bloodline,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Bram|title=Dracula|location=Ch 3, Johnathon Harker's Journal|page=42|url=http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Dracula.pdf|quote=‘We Szekelys have a right to be proud, for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights, for lordship. Here, in the whirlpool of European races, the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them, which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe, aye, and of Asia and Africa too, till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come.}}</ref> who himself is also depicted with the ability to [[shapeshifting|shapeshift]] into a wolf at will during the night but is unable to do so during the day except at noon.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stoker|first1=Bram|title=Dracula|location=Ch 18, Mina Harker's Journal|url=http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/Dracula.pdf|quote=His power ceases, as does that all of all evil things, at the coming of the day. Only at certain times can he have limited freedom. If he be not at the place whither he is bound, he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset.}}</ref>

The first feature film to use an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] werewolf was ''[[Werewolf of London]]'' in 1935. The main werewolf of this film is a dapper London scientist who retains some of his style and most of his human features after his transformation,<ref name=FoSFF>{{cite book |title=Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy |author=Searles B |pages=165–67 |year=1988 |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=0-8109-0922-7}}</ref> as lead actor [[Henry Hull]] was unwilling to spend long hours being made up by makeup artist [[Jack Pierce (makeup artist)|Jack Pierce]].<ref>Clemens, pp. 119-20.</ref> [[Universal Studios]] drew on a Balkan tale of a plant associated with lycanthropy as there was no literary work to draw upon, unlike the case with vampires. There is no reference to silver nor other aspects of werewolf lore such as cannibalism.<ref>Clemens, pp. 117-18.</ref>

A more tragic character is [[Lawrence Talbot]], played by [[Lon Chaney Jr.]] in 1941's ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]''. With Pierce's makeup more elaborate this time,<ref name=Clem120>Clemens, p. 120.</ref> the movie catapulted the werewolf into public consciousness.<ref name=FoSFF/> Sympathetic portrayals are few but notable, such as the comedic but tortured protagonist [[David Naughton (actor)|David Naughton]] in ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger|first= Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings|publisher=Visible Ink |location=Farmington Hills, MI |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057 |page=12}}</ref> and a less anguished and more confident and charismatic [[Jack Nicholson]] in the 1994 film ''[[Wolf (1994 film)|Wolf]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger |first= Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings |publisher=Visible Ink |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057 |page= 330}}</ref> Over time, the depiction of werewolves has gone from fully malevolent to even heroic creatures, such as in the ''[[Underworld (film series)|Underworld]]'' and ''[[Twilight (novel series)|Twilight]]'' series, as well as ''[[Blood Lad]]'', ''[[Dance in the Vampire Bund]]'', ''[[Rosario + Vampire]]'', and various other movies, [[anime]], [[manga]], and [[comic book]]s.

Other werewolves are decidedly more willful and malevolent, such as those in the novel ''[[The Howling]]'' and its subsequent sequels and [[The Howling (film)|film adaptations]]. The form a werewolf assumes was generally anthropomorphic in early films such as ''The Wolf Man'' and ''Werewolf of London'', but a larger and powerful wolf in many later films.<ref>{{cite book |last=Steiger |first=Brad |title=The Werewolf Book: The Encyclopedia of Shapeshifting Beings |publisher=Visible Ink |year=1999 |isbn=1-57859-078-7 |oclc=41565057}} p. 17.</ref>

Werewolves are often depicted as immune to damage caused by ordinary weapons, being vulnerable only to [[silver]] objects, such as a silver-tipped cane, [[Silver bullet|bullet]] or blade; this attribute was first adopted cinematically in ''The Wolf Man''.<ref name=Clem120/> This negative reaction to silver is sometimes so strong that the mere touch of the metal on a werewolf's skin will cause burns. Current-day werewolf fiction almost exclusively involves lycanthropy being either a hereditary condition or being transmitted like an [[infectious disease]] by the bite of another werewolf. In some fiction, the power of the werewolf extends to human form, such as invulnerability to conventional injury due to their healing factor, superhuman speed and strength and falling on their feet from high falls. Also aggressiveness and animalistic urges may be intensified and more difficult to control (hunger, sexual arousal). Usually in these cases the abilities are diminished in human form. In other fiction it can be cured by medicine men or antidotes.

Along with the vulnerability to the silver bullet, the full moon being the cause of the transformation only became part of the depiction of werewolves on a widespread basis in the twentieth century.<ref name="WicherSpyra2014">{{cite book|author1=Andrzej Wicher|author2=Piotr Spyra|author3=Joanna Matyjaszczyk|title=Basic Categories of Fantastic Literature Revisited|date=19 November 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-7143-3|pages=95–96}}</ref> The first movie to feature the transformative effect of the full moon was ''[[Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man]]'' in 1943.<ref name="Cook2011">{{cite book|first=Donald F.|last=Glut|title=The Frankenstein Archive|date=2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786413530|page=19}}</ref>

Werewolves are typically envisioned as "working-class" monsters, often being low in socio-economic status, although they can represent a variety of social classes and at times were seen as a way of representing "aristocratic decadence" during 19th century horror literature.<ref>Crossen, Carys Elizabeth. The Nature of the Beast: Transformations of the Werewolf from the 1970s to the Twenty-first Century. University of Wales Press, 2019, p.206</ref><ref>Senn, Bryan. The Werewolf Filmography: 300+ Movies. McFarland, 2017, p.8</ref><ref>Wilson, Natalie. Seduced by Twilight: The allure and contradictory messages of the popular saga. McFarland, 2014, p.39</ref>

===Nazi Germany===
Nazi Germany used ''Werwolf'', as the mythical creature's name is spelled in German, in 1942–43 as the codename for [[Werwolf (Wehrmacht HQ)|one of Hitler's headquarters]]. In the war's final days, the Nazi "Operation [[Werwolf]]" aimed at creating a commando force that would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies advanced through Germany itself.

Two fictional depictions of "Operation Werwolf"—the US television series ''[[True Blood]]'' and the 2012 novel ''Wolf Hunter'' by J. L. Benét—mix the two meanings of "Werwolf" by depicting the 1945 diehard Nazi commandos as being actual werewolves.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boissoneault |first1=Lorraine |title=The Nazi Werewolves Who Terrorized Allied Soldiers at the End of WWII |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/nazi-werewolves-who-terrorized-allied-soldiers-end-wwii-180970522/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |publisher=The Smithsonian |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Damarchus]]
* [[Kitsune]]
* [[Nagual]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Secondary sources ===
* {{cite book |last=Baring-Gould|first= Sabine |title=The Book of Werewolves: Being an Account of a Terrible Superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/thebookofwerewol05324gut|publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.]] |location=London |year= 1865}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MrAz3l7VrqMC&lpg=PT7&dq=sabine%20baring-gould%20the%20book%20of%20werewolves&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=true Google Books]
* {{cite book |title=The Beast Within: A History of the Werewolf |url=https://archive.org/details/beastwithin0000doug |url-access=registration |last=Douglas |first=Adam |year=1992 |publisher= Chapmans |location= London|isbn=0-380-72264-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Goens|first= Jean |title=Loups-garous, vampires et autres monstres : enquêtes médicales et littéraires |url=https://archive.org/details/originofwerewolf00stewrich|publisher= CNRS Editions|location= Paris |year= 1993}}
* Grimm, ''[[Deutsche Mythologie]]'', 4, ii. and iii.
* Hertz, ''Der Werwolf'' (Stuttgart, 1862)
* [[Claude Lecouteux|Lecouteux, Claude]], ''Fées, Sorcières et Loups-garous'', Éditions Imago, Paris (1992), trans. Clare Frock, ''Witches, Werewolves, and Fairies: Shapeshifters and Astral Doubles in the Middle Ages'', Inner Traditions International, Rochester, Vermont (2003), {{ISBN|0-89281-096-3}}
* Leubuscher, ''Über die Wehrwölfe'' (1850)
* {{cite book |last=O'Donnell|first= Elliot |title=Werewolves|url=https://archive.org/details/werwolves26629gut|publisher= |location= |year= 1912}}
* Otten, Charlotte (ed.), ''A Lycanthropy reader: werewolves in Western culture'', Syracuse University Press, 1986.
* {{cite book |last=Sconduto|first= Leslie A. |title=Metamorphoses of the ''werewolf'': a literary study from antiquity through the Renaissance}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart|first= Caroline Taylor |title=The origin of the werewolf superstition|url=https://archive.org/details/originofwerewolf00stewrich|publisher= University of Missouri Studies|location= |year= 1909}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Werwolf}}

=== Primary sources ===
* Wolfeshusius, Johannes Fridericus. ''De Lycanthropia: An vere illi, ut fama est, luporum & aliarum bestiarum formis induantur. Problema philosophicum pro sententia Joan. Bodini ... adversus dissentaneas aliquorum opiniones noviter assertum...'' Leipzig: Typis Abrahami Lambergi, 1591. (In Latin; microfilm held by the [[United States National Library of Medicine]])
* Prieur, Claude. ''Dialogue de la Lycanthropie: Ou transformation d'hommes en loups, vulgairement dits loups-garous, et si telle se peut faire''. Louvain: J. Maes & P. Zangre, 1596.
* Bourquelot and [[Jean de Nynauld]], ''De la Lycanthropie, Transformation et Extase des Sorciers'' (Paris, 1615).
* [[Montague Summers|Summers, Montague]], ''The Werewolf'' London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1933. (1st edition, reissued 1934 New York: E. P. Dutton; 1966 New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books; 1973 Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press; 2003 Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, with new title ''The Werewolf in Lore and Legend''). {{ISBN|0-7661-3210-2}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{wiktionary|loup-garou}}
{{wiktionary|lycanthropy}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Werewolves}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Lycanthropy|volume=17|pages=149–150|short=x}}

{{Living things in culture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Werewolves| ]]
[[Category:Indo-European legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Mythic humanoids]]
[[Category:Mythological canines]]
[[Category:Mythological monsters]]
[[Category:Therianthropy]]
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]

Ice cream sandwich

2020-06-28T10:43:24Z

Herobrine: Added {{Lead too short}} tag (TW)

{{short description|Frozen dessert typically composed of ice cream sandwiched between two biscuits, of which are brown}}
{{for|the 4.0 release of the Android operating system|Android Ice Cream Sandwich}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{Lead too short|date=June 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Ice cream sandwich
| image = IceCreamSandwich.jpg
| caption =
| alternate_name =
| country =
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Ice cream]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = Ice cream or [[cookie]]s
| calories =
| other =
}}

An '''ice cream sandwich''' is a frozen [[dessert]] consisting of [[ice cream]] between two [[biscuit]]s, [[wafer]]s, or [[cookies]].

==Australia==
Within [[Australia]], popular brands are ''Giant Sandwich'' (blue and pink wrapper), and ''Monaco Bar'' (gold and black metallic wrapper) in the Eastern states. Other brands include Streets "Cookie", ''Maxibon'' (with one-half ice cream sandwich) and ''Maxibon Cookie'', and ''Pat and Stick's Homemade range'' (recognizable by its circular shape).<ref>Taffel, Jacqui. [http://www.smh.com.au/news/good-living/ice-little-earner/2006/02/06/1139074143859.html "Ice little earner"], ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', February 7, 2006.</ref>

Ice cream sandwiches were formerly known as a "cream between". One purchased a small block of ice cream wrapped in paper and placed it between two wafers.

== Iran ==
[[File:Akbar Mashti.JPG|thumb|250px|Classic [[Iran]]ian bread-ice cream]]
The usual [[Iran]]ian ice cream sandwich is called ''bastani naani'' ({{lang|fa|بستنی نانی}}) meaning "bread-ice cream", and is made with [[Iranian traditional ice cream]] between two [[wafer]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iranchef.com/learning/coffeeshop/000805.php | title=بستنی سنتی زعفرانی | publisher=iranchef | accessdate=9 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025011522/http://www.iranchef.com/learning/coffeeshop/000805.php | archive-date=25 October 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==North America==
In [[North America]], an ice cream sandwich is a block of ice cream, usually vanilla although other flavors can be used, sandwiched between two rectangular cookie wafers (usually chocolate-flavored), and normally rectangular in shape.

The earliest mentions come in 1899. Street vendors in New York previously sold slabs of ice cream between sheets of paper, called "hokey pokeys", until someone had the idea of using cookies instead.<ref name="first">Devra First, "Birth of the cool: The story behind the ice cream sandwich, an icon at 120", ''[[Boston Globe]]'', [https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2019/07/30/the-story-behind-ice-cream-sandwich-icon/YhGZQ0DsHd2TvKgMfMTscN/story.html?s_campaign=breakingnews:newsletter July 30, 2019]</ref> Photos from the Jersey Shore circa 1905 show ice cream sandwiches being sold at 1¢ each.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorpy.com/node/8578 |title=Endless Summer: 1905 | Shorpy Historical Photo Archive |publisher=Shorpy.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref> The earliest US patent having to do with ice cream sandwiches (No. 1,387,613) is by Russell H. Proper for an "Ice Cream Sandwich Machine" in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patent Images |url=https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01387613&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO2%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsearch-bool.html%2526r%3D41%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526co1%3DAND%2526d%3DPALL%2526s1%3D%252522ice%252Bcream%252Bsandwich%252522.TI.%2526OS%3DTTL%2F%252522ice%252Bcream%252Bsandwich%252522%2526RS%3DTTL%2F%252522ice%252Bcream%252Bsandwich%252522&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page |website=United States Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> A [[Chipwich]], where ice cream (usually vanilla) is sandwiched between two [[chocolate chip cookie]]s, is also popular.

A "National Ice Cream Sandwich Day" is set for August 2,<ref name="first"/> and has been celebrated at least since 2005.<ref>Norman Kolpas, ''Practically Useless Information on Food and Drink'', {{isbn|1418553891}}</ref>

==Israel==
In [[Israel]], ice cream sandwiches are commonly known as "kasata" (קסטה). Though the name comes from the Italian [[Cassata#Variations|cassata]], the dessert itself has little to do with Italian cassata, and usually consists of two thick biscuits holding a mix of block of vanilla and chocolate flavored ice cream.

==Philippines==
[[File:ice cream sandwich.jpg|thumb|right|Ice cream sandwich]]
Local ice cream sellers/peddlers with their pushcarts that travel around cities sometimes offer ice cream sandwiches with [[pandesal]] as the bread.

==Singapore==
Wafer ice cream is a type of ice cream popular in [[Singapore]], often known as ''potong'' (cut) ice cream, which consists of two wafers holding together a block of ice cream. (This is not to be confused with commercially available 'ice potong', which is a rectangular prism of ice cream mounted on a wooden stick.) Vendors are commonly found along [[Orchard Road]] and [[Chinatown, Singapore|Chinatown]] and outside schools. A colloquial term for it is "''pia'' ice cream", which translates to "biscuit ice cream" in the Hokkien dialect.

Common flavours offered include ripple, [[Azuki bean|red bean]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], [[sweet corn]], [[durian]], [[Honeydew (melon)|honeydew]], peppermint, chocolate, and chocolate chip.

Wafer ice cream vendors also sell the same blocks of ice cream on slices of multicolored bread, on cones or in cups instead of sandwiched between wafers.

The ice cream block is essentially a huge log of ice cream, which is then cut (hence the name ''potong)'' and sandwiched between two wafers. There are differences between countries: Singaporean street vendors do not offer individually wrapped ice cream sandwiches like Australia does.

==United Kingdom==
In the [[United Kingdom]] an ice cream wafer, consisting of a small block of ice cream between two rectangular wafer biscuits, was a popular alternative to a cone up until the 1980s. Since then it has declined and is now rarely seen.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} A "nougat wafer" was also available, consisting of a layer of nougat sandwiched between two wafers and coated with chocolate around the edges. Typically a vanilla block (or a layer of soft-serve) sandwiched between one plain wafer and one chocolate-covered nougat one. Nougat wafers came in double or triple varieties, depending on the number of nougat wafers in the construction.

==Ireland==
[[File:Pückler-Schnitte.jpg|thumb|A [[neapolitan ice cream]] sandwich prepared with [[wafer]]s]]
In [[Ireland]] they are known as "sliders" or an ice cream [[wafer]], and are usually served as vanilla ice cream sandwiched between two rectangular chocolate wafers. A "double nougat" is ice cream sandwiched between two nougat wafers. The wafers are not covered in chocolate, only the edges.

==Germany==
In [[Germany]] ice cream sandwiches are made with two wafers and the three flavour combination called ''Fürst-Pückler-Eis'', elsewhere known as Neapolitan ice cream. It is based on a recipe introduced in 1839 by the cook of a German nobleman, [[Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau|Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich von Pückler-Muskau]].

==Uruguay==
In [[Uruguay]] an ice cream sandwich (''sánguche helado'') or triple sandwich (''sánguche triple'') is typically a [[neapolitan ice cream]] (''helado triple'') sandwich prepared with [[wafer]]s such as the one in the image.

==Vietnam==
In [[Vietnam]], an ice cream sandwich called ''{{lang|vi|bánh mì kẹp kem}}'' is commonly sold on the street as a snack. It consists of scoops of ice cream stuffed inside a ''{{lang|vi|[[bánh mì]]}}'', topped with crushed peanuts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sài Gòn: Mua 'vé về tuổi thơ' với bánh mì kẹp kem siêu rẻ|trans-title=Saigon: Purchase a "ticket to childhood" with super-cheap ice cream sandwiches|work=Trí Thức Trẻ|publisher=Hội Trí thức Khoa học và Công nghệ Trẻ Việt Nam|date=April 18, 2013|accessdate=March 25, 2014|url=http://afamily.vn/xem-an-choi/sai-gon-mua-ve-ve-tuoi-tho-voi-banh-mi-kep-kem-sieu-re-20130415064319684.chn|language=Vietnamese}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cookie sandwich]]
* [[Ice cream]]
* [[Maxibon]]
* [[It's-It Ice Cream]]
* [[Oreo]]
* [[Chipwich]]
* [[List of sandwiches]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ice cream sandwiches}}
*{{cite web |first1=Devra |last1=First |title=Birth of the cool: The story behind the ice cream sandwich, an icon at 120 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2019/07/30/the-story-behind-ice-cream-sandwich-icon/YhGZQ0DsHd2TvKgMfMTscN/story.html|date=30 July 2019 |website=BostonGlobe.com}}

{{Ice cream}}
{{Sandwiches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ice Cream Sandwich}}
[[Category:Ice cream]]
[[Category:Frozen desserts]]
[[Category:Cookie sandwiches]]

Telephone (disambiguation)

2020-06-27T09:00:19Z

Herobrine: add smartphone

{{wiktionarypar|telephone}}

A '''[[telephone]]''' is a telecommunication device which is used to transmit and receive sound simultaneously.

'''Telephone''' may also refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Telecommunications==
* [[AT&T]], sometimes called "Telephone" due to its U.S. ticker symbol "T" on the New York Stock Exchange
* [[Camera phone]], a mobile phone that is also able to capture either still photographs or video be
* [[Cordless telephone]], a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves to its base station
* [[Mobile phone]], a wireless telecommunications device used for phone and data calls over a cellular network
* [[Smartphone]], a mobile phone and a handheld personal computer.
* [[Radiotelephone]] or radiophone, a telephone that allows two or more people to talk via radio, often referring to an older radio telephone system that predated modern mobile (cellular) phones
* [[Softphone]], a software program for making telephone calls over the Internet using computers
* [[Telephone (application)]], a softphone telecommunication app for Mac OS X, by Alexei Kuznetsov
* [[Tin can telephone]], a type of voice-transmitting device usually made from two tin cans and string or wire
* [[Videophone]], telephones with video displays, which enable their users to see each other as well in real time

==Music, film and the arts==
* [[Téléphone]], a French rock band formed in 1976
* [[Telephone (song)|"Telephone" (song)]], a 2010 song by Lady Gaga and Beyoncé
* "[[Telefone (Long Distance Love Affair)]]", a 1983 song by Sheena Easton
* "Telephone (Won't You Ring)", a 1962 song by [[Shelley Fabares]]
* "Telephone", a 1984 song by [[Diana Ross]]
* "Telephone", a 1992 song by Chaka Khan on her album ''[[The Woman I Am]]''
* "Telephone", a 2008 song by Erykah Badu on her album ''[[New Amerykah Part One (4th World War)]]''
*"Telephone", a 2019 song by Waterparks on their album ''[[Fandom (album)|Fandom]]''
* ''[[The Telephone Album]]'', a 1998 album by the band Lotion
* [[Telephone (album)|''Telephone'' (album)]], a 1984 live album by Ron Carter and Jim Hall
* [[Telefone (mixtape)|''Telefone'' (mixtape)]], a 2016 mixtape by Noname
* [[Telefon (film)|''Telefon'' (film)]], a 1977 spy film directed by Don Siegel

==Other uses==
* [[Telephone (sternwheeler)|''Telephone'' (sternwheeler)]], a steamboat in Oregon in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
* [[Telephone (game)]], also known as Chinese whispers
* [[Telephone, Texas]], an unincorporated community in Fannin County, Texas
* [[Telephone Road]], a major street in Houston, Texas, USA

==See also==
* [[Phone (disambiguation)]]
* [[The Telephone (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Meta key

2020-06-25T04:51:00Z

Herobrine: Added {{Update}} tag (TW)

{{Update|date=June 2020}}
[[Image:Compose_key_on_Sun_Type_5c_keyboard.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Sun Microsystems|Sun]] keyboard with Meta key (between [[space bar]] and [[Compose key]])]]

The '''Meta key''' is a [[modifier key]] on certain [[Computer keyboard|keyboards]]. It first appeared on the [[Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab]] (SAIL) keyboard in 1970<ref name="sail">{{Cite web|title=SAIL Keyboard|url=http://xahlee.info/kbd/sail_keyboard.html|language=en}}</ref> and successors such as the [[Knight keyboard]], [[space-cadet keyboard]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g80P_4v4QbIC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=%22Stanford+keyboard%22+%22meta%22+key&source=bl&ots=6pduqvkmOb&sig=ACfU3U3dYewljZ9zeI6LFrlTPWjYVxEPUA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs6_nIuariAhUBHqwKHcL3DLMQ6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Stanford%20keyboard%22&f=false|title=The New Hacker's Dictionary|last=Raymond|first=Eric S.|last2=Steele|first2=Guy L.|date=1996|publisher=MIT Press|year=|isbn=9780262680929|location=|pages=420|language=en}}</ref>, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] [[Lisp machine]], [[Symbolics keyboard]]s, and on [[Sun Microsystems]] keyboards (where it is marked with a solid diamond “◆”).

Generally, the Meta key worked similar to [[Macintosh]]'s [[Command key]], in that when held down it modified letters and symbols into immediate commands (shortcuts). On all these keyboards, the [[Control key]] was placed closest to the space bar, then the Meta key outside Control. The space-cadet keyboard added the [[Super key (keyboard button)|Super key]] outside Meta, and the [[Hyper key]] outside that. All these keys produced shortcuts (24 of them for every letter), but the Control ones were easiest to type and most popular, and the Meta ones second-easiest and thus second most popular. However, on most modern keyboards, the Control key is ''farthest'' from the space bar, reversing the convenience of shortcuts.

On keyboards that lack a physical Meta key, its functionality may be invoked by other keys such as the [[Windows key]]. However software often provides another workaround, such as using the [[Alt key]] (which does not exist on the Knight keyboard), or using the [[Esc key]] as a prefix (for example in [[Emacs]]). Because of these workarounds the need for Meta, despite being the most-used additional modifier key, was less than for other modifier keys. Thus it is more common today to use the Windows key to emulate the Super key.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Space-cadet.jpg|[[Space-cadet keyboard]]
File:Symbolics-keyboard.jpg|[[Symbolics keyboard]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Modifier key]]

{{keyboard keys}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Computer keys]]

{{compu-hardware-stub}}

Talk:Murder of George Floyd

2020-06-23T13:42:45Z

Herobrine: /* Merge proposal: 8'46" */

{{talk header}}
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{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=yes|blpo=yes|living=no|1=
{{WikiProject African diaspora |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Biography|class=B|living=no|listas=Floyd, Death of George}}
{{WikiProject Black Lives Matter |class=B |importance=High}}
{{WikiProject COVID-19 |class=B |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Crime |class=B |importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Death |class=B |importance=Mid }}
{{WikiProject Law Enforcement |class=B |importance=High}}
{{WikiProject Minnesota |class=B |importance=Mid}}
{{WikiProject Politics |class=B |importance=Low |American=yes}}
{{WikiProject United States |class=B |importance=Low |UShistory=y}}
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{{Old moves
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* RM, Death of George Floyd → Killing of George Floyd, '''Moved''', 2 June 2020, [[Talk:Killing of George Floyd/Archive 4#Requested move 27 May 2020]]
* RM, Killing of George Floyd → Murder of George Floyd , '''Procedural Close''', 2 June 2020, [[Talk:Killing of George Floyd/Archive 5#Requested move 2 June 2020]]
}}
{{Warning|'''[[Special:Diff/960401713|No more requests]] to change the title of the article are permitted''' until July 1, 2020.}}
{{ITN talk|28 May|2020|oldid=959318176}}
{{press|date=June 9, 2020|url=https://slate.com/technology/2020/06/wikipedia-george-floyd-neutrality.html|title=How Wikipedia Became a Battleground for Racial Justice|org=''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''|author=Harrison, Stephen}}
{{WikiProject Black Lives Matter June 2020}}
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__TOC__

== BRD - Officers' previous alleged conduct ==
{{Pin message|next=Header/main Photo}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1593412224}}

Starting a BRD for the edits by {{U|Gobonobo}} which I reverted [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_George_Floyd&curid=64076090&diff=959057304&oldid=959056461 here]

It would see to me to be [[WP:UNDUE]] as these facts are directly unrelated to the ''event'' that is the subject of the article. If, during the course of an investigation, these facts and allegations are later connected to this case by the FBI or others, then we should add them. I think this is similar to when folks tried to add the criminal record of the victim on [[Death of Ahmaud Arbery]]. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 23:35, 26 May 2020 (UTC)
*[[User:EvergreenFir]], don't you mean "directly ''unrelated''"? To me, it seems directly related: there is a man who dies of excessive force, and the cop with his knee on his neck, and a cop standing by doing nothing, were known of having used excessive force. How is that not relevant? And there is no comparison with the Arbery case--Arbery was the victim. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:14, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::Yes, I do mean ''unrelated''. Thank you. And in my view, the general exclusion of "past misdeeds" goes for all parties. While I completely understand why it's being reported, I do not think Wikipedia should include it unless it because part of the [[facts of the case]]. BLP applies to these officers as well (including [[WP:BLPCRIME]]). [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 00:42, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
:::I'm not going to fight over this, and I know the BLP applies, but the facts presented here strike me as directly relevant. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 00:50, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
:::Allegations of excessive force are just that: allegations. It does not mean they were "known of having used excessive force". This might be rebutted if the terms of the settlement acknowledged wrongdoing and, specifically, excessive force. However, this is not a necessary aspect of a settlement. In essence, you have unproven allegations which cannot indicate whether this incident is an instance of excessive force. I do think that if the officer's (unproven) past is retained, then it makes sense to have the decedent's past in the article. Both achieve the same end: allowing the audience to speculate about the incident. If we want speculation, we ought to make it balanced. [[User:Perennial Student|Perennial Student]] ([[User talk:Perennial Student|talk]]) 15:51, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

: '''Oppose''': A victim's criminal record is not relevant to a case like this. A perpetrator's record is directly related and in this case has been properly reported in multiple reliable sources per [[WP:NPOV]]. If OP were taken seriously, we'd have to remove significant portions of [[Jeffrey Dahmer]]'s early life section because he was never convicted of killing animals or underage drinking. [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]]) 01:06, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::Dahmer is long dead, so that comparison falls flat. I'll reiterate that in nearly every case like this, the histories of both parties are often brought up to attempt to paint a character portrait. Often, for black victims, the intent is to show the victim "wasn't a saint" to justify the killing/murder (especially by white officers). I always fight those on the grounds they are UNDUE unless they come up in court (in which case we should mention it in the trial portion, not the biography portion). But what's good for the goose... this should apply to the alleged perpetrators too. IMO, it's just a matter of time before we add that material but we should wait until the presumptive court filings. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 07:04, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::: Facts are facts, per [[WP:CRYBLP]]. Removing these facts because it reflects poorly on some guys who stood on a guy's neck for seven minutes while he was crying "Mama Mama" and did nothing but say "Don't do drugs kids" until he died before they get a chance to defend themselves in court is [[WP:FALSEBALANCE]]. [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]]) 07:19, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
::To be clear, there is the possibility that the decedent's history is relevant (as has been pointed out below iirc). This is if it were known that the victim had a violent past to the officers and in turn caused increased anxiousness on the part of the arresting officers to control the victim. This is not known and, perhaps rightly, it ought not be included unless it demonstrated. But it's not true that criminal history necessarily bears no relevance to the incident. [[User:Perennial Student|Perennial Student]] ([[User talk:Perennial Student|talk]]) 20:23, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

*I've posted on BLPN to seek more input on this. You can find it here: [[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons/Noticeboard#Death_of_George_Floyd_-_Inclusion_of_Officers'_histories]]. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 20:02, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

: '''Oppose'''; agree with {{u|Kire1975}} and their reasoning above. —[[User:Shrinkydinks|Shrinkydinks]] ([[User talk:Shrinkydinks|talk]]) 22:34, 28 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including Chauvin's history. [[Amy Klobuchar]] opted not to prosecute him when she was Hennepin County DA in 2006. This could impact her in the Biden veepstakes. It's getting considerable coverage and seems highly relevant to this case.[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/us/politics/klobuchar-minneapolis-george-floyd.html][https://www.startribune.com/george-floyd-s-death-returns-spotlight-to-sen-amy-klobuchar-prosecutor-past/570851712/] – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 19:09, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support or Oppose''' depends on whether the relevance to the article is clearly established and any material complies with Wiki rules for living persons [[Special:Contributions/2A01:388:390:111:0:0:1:6|2A01:388:390:111:0:0:1:6]] ([[User talk:2A01:388:390:111:0:0:1:6|talk]]) 23:39, 29 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including Chauvin's history. It is relevant and it is covered in multiple RS. It also helps explains Chauvin's action. It is clear from media coverage that this was not a one-off and this article should reflect that. ---[[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 05:43, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including whatever portions of the officers' histories are treated as significant by RSes. I'd say that's at least their professional disciplinary histories, and possibly also matters beyond that. Also, can this be un-pinned and closed? Is it still a live issue? [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 18:06, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' in as much capacity as it is reported in RS. Levivich and Quinn said it well.--[[User:Calthinus|Calthinus]] ([[User talk:Calthinus|talk]]) 22:25, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including police officers history. I think it is important context as they are the aggressor. In contrast as George Floyd was not the aggressor and had the action done to him. I don't feel his past convictions are relevant as his actions are not in dispute. --[[User:Evertent|Evertent]] ([[User talk:Evertent|talk]]) 21:27, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' inclusion of past records of police at this stage, per arguments of EvergreenFir, that consistency demands it pre-trial. In this particular instance, it is very difficult to see what these officers could possibly do to more completely destroy their own credibility than they have already done. However the inclusion of this info cannot serve any useful purpose, except to further prejudice opinion against them - characterise them as bad beyond what they have themselves done and allowed to be witnessed and filmed. In many European countries (inc UK), the publishing of this info before or during a trial would constitute contempt of court, since it makes actual trial little more than a 'rubber-stamp' of the 'court of public opinion'. [[User:Pincrete|Pincrete]] ([[User talk:Pincrete|talk]]) 12:00, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including Chauvin's history. RS reveal that he has had a disciplinary history revealing problematic behavior throughout his career. This is directly relevant to the case. [[User:Dimadick|Dimadick]] ([[User talk:Dimadick|talk]]) 12:05, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' inclusion, less because of what it says about the officers individually than because of what it says about police departments' appalling tolerance of criminals in their own ranks. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 13:09, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
* We should not report allegations of prior misconduct by either the officers or Mr. Floyd. Allegations against the officers where no findings or discipline resulted do not mean that misconduct occurred— anyone can file a complaint. Records of Floyd's prior arrests also mean nothing, especially given the racial disparity in arrests. It is arguable whether actual adverse findings in either situation are relevant, but we should not invite the reader to draw inferences from mere allegations of misconduct. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 13:31, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|Kablammo}}—don't we have a [[Talk:Killing of George Floyd#RFC on Floyd's criminal past|section on this page]] where you can address whether we can address information about George Floyd? Furthermore, [[Incarceration in the United States|prison sentences]] should not be construed as {{tq|"allegations of prior misconduct"}} as they follow on [[Criminal record|convictions legally obtained]]. And additionally you say {{tq|"we should not invite the reader to draw inferences"}}. That is correct. I agree that we should not write in a way that ''invites'' the reader to {{tq|"draw inferences"}}. On the other hand we should not deliberately omit relevant information prominently found in sources. That is ''suppression'' of information. Fortunately Wikipedia is [[WP:NOTCENSORED|not censored]]. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:48, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

*'''Support including information on Chauvin's history as a policeman'''. Obscurely sourced information on Chauvin's history as a policeman should be omitted but prominently sourced information about Chauvin's history as a policeman should be included. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:48, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

*'''Support''' including Chauvin's [https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-05-29/chauvin-shootings-complaints-minneapolis-floyd record of complaints and involvement in the death of several other citizens]. [[User:Terasaface|Terasaface]] ([[User talk:Terasaface|talk]]) 19:51, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

*'''Include relevant''' information. Relevant information would be the two times Chauvin was reprimanded for conduct complaints. The other 16 complaints aren't relevant; anyone can file a complaint. The accident he helped cause is irrelevant. The shootings that were found to be justified are irrelevant. The award for valor...probably irrelevant, unless he got it because he dragged other cops off a suspect they were beating up or something. Oppose including the irrelevant stuff. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 12:51, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Include only relevant''' - agree with valereee. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 13:23, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' including the work-history/background of all the officers involved in killing George Floyd; including, but not limited to officer Tou Thao's court case involving his use of excessive force that was settled out of court. [[User:BetsyRMadison|BetsyRMadison]] ([[User talk:BetsyRMadison|talk]]) 11:15, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

== RFC on Floyd's criminal past ==
{{Not a ballot}}
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1595831553}}
{{rfc|bio|rfcid=9594C01}}
Should we mention George Floyd's past crimes?[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 12:35, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

===Yes===
# Yes of course it should be included because it is notable. If there's going to be a biographical section on Floyd then it is censorship to include only details that tend towards one kind of portrayal. [[Special:Contributions/95.144.47.53|95.144.47.53]] ([[User talk:95.144.47.53|talk]]) 10:31, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
# I think so... biographical details about both Floyd and Chauvin are relevant to the case because they are the primary characters. Biographical details includes their personalities, a brief description of their life, including criminal history if significant. Having info on Floyd, both good and bad, is better than having nothing on him. This is an encyclopedia, and details are often relevant even if they are not directly connected by the article's title. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 15:51, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes. If we are going to have a biography section for the individual, then the fact that {{RBLPV}} is probably a more important biographical detail than the fact that he liked basketball and hip-hop ("essential facts" which we currently deem important enough to include in the biography section of George Floyd). [[User:CrimeChecker|CrimeChecker]] ([[User talk:CrimeChecker|talk]]) 17:20, 31 May 2020 (UTC)— [[User:CrimeChecker|CrimeChecker]] ([[User talk:CrimeChecker|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/CrimeChecker|contribs]]) has made [[Wikipedia:Single-purpose account|few or no other edits]] outside this topic.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 03:24, 1 June 2020 (UTC) 
#:{{U|CrimeChecker}}, how is that relevant to the death of George Floyd?, the topic of this article. Notice that we have a [[WP:BLP|biography of living person]] policy on Wikipedia and that policy also applies to those who recently died. You are not allowed to make accusations without any evidence. The DailyMail is a tabloid and is not allowed to be used on Wikipedia ever. I have removed your [[WP:BLP]] violation. Please don't do that again.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 17:29, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#: ^this editor was created today. Their comment should be ignored. [[User:Snooganssnoogans|Snooganssnoogans]] ([[User talk:Snooganssnoogans|talk]]) 18:43, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#: You can verify the Daily Mail screenshot by going to the Harris County Clerk website yourself. However, it requires creating an account and logging in. [[User:Lcaa9|Lcaa9]] ([[User talk:Lcaa9|talk]]) 23:17, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#:: {{U|Lcaa9}}, actually you don't need to create an account. You can search on [https://www.harriscountyso.org/jailinfo/OffenseInquiry.aspx harriscountyso.org] using SPN 01610509. – [[User:rossj81|RossJ81]] [[User talk:rossj81|Talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/rossj81|Cont]] 21:27, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
# Yes, because it's relevant to even a short account of his life. [[User:Jim Michael|Jim Michael]] ([[User talk:Jim Michael|talk]]) 19:09, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes, because it is an important part of his biography and has been reported widely. There is no reason to suppress it, and in fact suppressing it could be considered POV. BLP certainly does apply to him, as a recently deceased person, but BLP says we can include negative information if it has multiple reliable sources. The officer’s previous record should also be included, as it currently is. See my suggested wording under "discussion" below. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:50, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes. It is important to provide context. If the page mentions Floyd's background as a rapper and high school athlete, it should mention the rest of his life prior to his death. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] ([[User talk:KidAd|talk]]) 20:24, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes, because whole his life should be briefly described and because this is something noted in RS ''on the subject of his death'' [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/29/george-floyd-who-was-he-his-friends-words]. It is relevant because RS say it is relevant. All previous complaints with regards to involved police officers should also be included. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 21:09, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes, unless the biographical summary sticks to the bare basics like at [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin]] (birth & where he lived, studied or worked at the time of his death). As it stands we mention Floyd's sporting and musical interests etc, but not this significant part of his life story. [[User:Jevansen|Jevansen]] ([[User talk:Jevansen|talk]]) 23:07, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#:That's not a reasonable comparison, because [[Trayvon Martin]] has his own article, which is why the article on the event only has a small amount of background info on him. [[User:Jim Michael|Jim Michael]] ([[User talk:Jim Michael|talk]]) 08:36, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
# Yes. If the history of George Floyd is removed, then the police officer's history should also be removed. Otherwise, this page is not neutral. [[User:Lcaa9|Lcaa9]] ([[User talk:Lcaa9|talk]]) 23:08, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, because a reader invests time in reading a Wikipedia article with the expectation of being informed about a topic. Virtually all of the best quality sources include material pertaining to who George Floyd was. He was a person most recently put out of work by the coronavirus pandemic. This is not presently in the article and this should be included in the article. George Floyd was an [[convict|ex-convict]]. Being an ex-convict is not like being a person from a privileged walk of life. The status of ex-convict puts one at a distinct disadvantage in life. George Floyd was an ex-convict since 2014. His life had been a struggle, relative to someone from a privileged walk of life. He worked many odd jobs. This should be noted in the article. George Floyd relocated from Houston to Minneapolis to try to find work. This should be in the article. [https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-george-floyd-the-gentle-giant-who-loved-his-hugs-11997206 "After he struggled to find work in Houston, he left the city for Minneapolis...There, he worked two jobs, one driving trucks and another as a security guard at Latin American restaurant Conga Latin Bistro."] George Floyd literally spoke out on social media against youthful gun violence. [https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-george-floyd-the-gentle-giant-who-loved-his-hugs-11997206 ''In a recent video on social media, he spoke out against gun violence, saying: "Our young generation is clearly lost".''] This should be included in the article. It is normal to include peripheral information in an article of this sort. Furthermore the incarceration rate is extremely high in the US relative to the rest of the world and this population is comprised decidedly of people of color. It is therefore especially problematic that we suppress this information. George Floyd's life was tragic from many perspectives. Five years wasted in prison, only to be unlawfully killed by police 6 years after getting out of prison. Our article should delineate some of these aspects of George Floyd's tragic life as this is amply supported in reliable sources. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 23:26, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# Yes, it is part of his identity and life context explaining his journey that brought him to be in Minneapolis. This is why reliable sources find it notable. I suggest the copy below at the beginning of "Discussion" by Melanie is notable, as a reliable source found it notable. [[User:Jason from nyc|Jason from nyc]] ([[User talk:Jason from nyc|talk]]) 00:16, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, the ''best'' sources we have pretty much have all written about this. We summarize secondary sources; there is no reason to exclude this from our summary of the incident. However, what exactly to include, and how to word it, are all questions that need to handled carefully, following the lead of the top sources. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 02:58, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, were are doing the same for the accused cops why not for the victim. // [[User:Eatcha|Eatcha]] ([[User talk:Eatcha|talk]]) 08:50, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, since people have the right to know and not suspect that Wikisconceals something [[User:Lkitrossky|lkitross]] ([[User talk:Lkitrossky|talk]]) 09:04, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, especially if we are including other BLP details widely reported in RSs, such as Floyd being described as a "gentle giant" and the officer's previous disciplinary records. [[User:NPalgan2|NPalgan2]] ([[User talk:NPalgan2|talk]]) 11:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes, especially since the current version of this page includes the sentence "he was described as a 'gentle giant' by friends and family" with absolutely no mention of the other side of him—his criminal record. Either take out that sentence to better paint a more neutral picture, or include his other life details. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; we should not be trying to paint biased portrayals by omitting details that would change a reader's perspective on a person. [[User:Filia Pirate|Filia Pirate]] ([[User talk:Filia Pirate|talk]]) 15:25, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
# Absolutely. Not only should the coverage on this topic be neutral, but it will also be useful due to the very reason provided above this. The man was not innocent throughout his entire life, and should not be treated as such, while the officer receives a full-on biography over the incident. [[User:180app|180app]] ([[User talk:180app|talk]]) 19:17, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#Yes; if prior actions by a police officer are relevant and included to establish a propensity for violence (ie. Officer X has been involved in three shootings and was now involved in this fatal incident, so his past actions show he may have been violent here too), then the victim's criminal record, especially one indicating violence, is very relevant when the police argue that he was resisting arrest (which would be an issue of the victim using violence against the police). There is no other reason for including the police officer's history if not to argue for a propensity for violence; an otherwise unblemished career would no doubt have gone unremarked. Either way, for balance sake alone, the victim's criminal history is relevant as long as it is relevant to delve into the background of the officer (or officers) involved, and incident is not being described in a vacuum. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/24.178.111.153|24.178.111.153]] ([[User talk:24.178.111.153#top|talk]]) 20:39, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' - it has large [[WP:WEIGHT]] of coverage, is part of his life, and is part of what the Police chief [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/01/bob-kroll-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-union-chief said] about him. Cheers [[User:Markbassett|Markbassett]] ([[User talk:Markbassett|talk]]) 06:18, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes'''; it's a significant part of the story, it's covered by RS, and there is no justification for censorship. That said, [[WP:BDP]] would probably apply to any specific additions. -- [[User:Netwalker3|Netwalker3]] ([[User talk:Netwalker3|talk]]) 07:29, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' absolutely. This is likely irrelevant to the court case, but relevant to the whole story for context. The article includes other biographical details on Floyd (music, basketball, kids) and ends up painting a distorted picture of him. Some would suggest that these details need to be removed too but I think many readers would be interested to know who the alleged victim was. Omitting this widely reported information is censorship. For instance reliable sources claim that from 2014 Floyd had turned his life around. Now this information has been omitted too (for it would have raised questions as to what was there to turn around in the first place). Russian Wikipedia includes one sentence about his criminal record and a reference (to an English newspaper article). That would be reasonable here too. [[User:BorisG|BorisG]] ([[User talk:BorisG|talk]]) 09:04, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' - if there is going to be a biography section in the article, which there is, and which draws on such things as his school athletics record, then it should certainly also mention his prior significant interaction with the legal system. For completeness it should also include the evidence that in more recent years he was reformed and spoke out to turn young people in his community away from crime and violence. Include this huge part of his life, or remove the biographies of persons involved from the article. Can't have it both ways. [[Special:Contributions/79.64.157.123|79.64.157.123]] ([[User talk:79.64.157.123|talk]]) 09:12, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' - it is highly relevant to the death of George Floyd. A significant issue is whether he resisted arrest, and knowing that he had numerous experiences with law enforcement factors factors into the plausibility of this. It would be harder to believe a 46 year old man with no criminal record or history of assault or drug use would be combative with police than someone who does. So in concealing this information, wikipedia would be trying to deceive the reader. It makes the article propaganda, instead of impartial information. It is analogous to if police-supporters tried to delete ex-officer Derek Chauvin's previous complaints, disciplinary record, and shootings. On a human level, it denies the reader to obtain a fuller sense of the tragedy, because Floyd was attempting to turn his life around after being released from prison in 2014, so this facts (and dates) of his criminal past are not entirely negative. They contribute to the big picture of the person who died. Leaving it out would harm the perception of Wikipedia as an objective resource. [[User:Walterego|Walterego]] ([[User talk:Walterego|talk]]) 10:47, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:{{re|Walterego}} Can you point to RS coverage that he resisted arrest? Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 14:26, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:: Yes, it is described in the coverage of the charge against ex-officer Derek Chauvin, the warrant describes Floyd resisting twice and cites the various videos and testimony from the other officers. It says he resisted being handcuffed, then was compliant for a short time once cuffed, and then resisted being put into the police vehicle. "Officer Lane handcuffed Mr. Floyd. Mr. Floyd actively resisted being handcuffed.....officers made several attempts to get Mr. Floyd in the backseat of squad 320 from the driver's side. Mr. Floyd did not voluntarily get in the car and struggled with the officers." https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/29/us/derek-chauvin-criminal-complaint-trnd/index.html https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/05/29/read-murder-complaint-details-george-floyds-last-minutes/ — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Walterego|Walterego]] ([[User talk:Walterego#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Walterego|contribs]]) 21:58, 2 June 2020 (UTC) 
#:{{re|Walterego}}[https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/last-moments-george-floyd-friend/index.html This more recent article from CNN] interviews eyewitness reports that Floyd was not resisting arrest. The owner of Cup Foods, who originally called the police [https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/05/28/owner-of-cup-foods-where-police-first-encountered-george-floyd-calls-for-justice/ said in this interview] that Floyd was not resisting arrest. [[User:Terasaface|Terasaface]] ([[User talk:Terasaface|talk]]) 15:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''', but only briefly. I pondered this for a while but in the end, this is something RS have reported widely and thus needs to be included to maintain NPOV. However, one sentence should be sufficient and the phrasing should make it clear that at the time of his death, he was not under any restrictions or actively under investigation, i.e. that him being picked up by the police was not related to prior felonies (and by all accounts, the officers in question had no knowledge of those prior convictions when they restrained him). Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 14:30, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#Just be sure to point out that repeated scrapes with the law are capital crimes in Minnesota. ←[[User:Baseball Bugs|Baseball Bugs]] ''[[User talk:Baseball Bugs|What's up, Doc?]]'' [[Special:Contributions/Baseball_Bugs|carrots]]→ 14:32, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' This is making Wikipedia look like an unreliable source and people are already making fun of Wikipedia on social media because of this. While the record has been covered by most major news organizations such as BBC, The Guardian, The Telegraph, ABC News, NYT/AP, Global News, Al Jazeera and local Texas Monthly;<ref>{{cite news |title=George Floyd, the man whose death sparked US unrest |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52871936 |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=BBC |date=May 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pereira |first1=Ivan |title=George Floyd remembered by friends and family as hardworking 'gentle giant' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/george-floyd-remembered-friends-family-hardworking-gentle-giant/story?id=70954744 |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=ABC News |date=May 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Joanna |title=An athlete, a father, a 'beautiful spirit': George Floyd in his friends' words |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/29/george-floyd-who-was-he-his-friends-words |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Amore |first1=Rachel |title=George Floyd: What we know about the arrest, video and investigation |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7010572/george-floyd-arrest-explained/ |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=Global News |date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering George Floyd: Devoted father, 'gentle giant' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/remembering-george-floyd-devoted-father-gentle-giant-200531070908430.html |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=Al Jazeera |date=May 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Harriet |title=What happened on the night of George Floyd's arrest and death? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/george-floyd-death-video-what-happened-police-officer/ |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=June 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/27/us/ap-us-minneapolis-police-death-floyd.html |title=Victim in Police Encounter Had Started New Life in Minnesota |work=The New York Times |date=May 27, 2020 |accessdate=June 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Michael |title=The Houston Years of George Floyd |url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/houston-years-george-floyd-dj-screw/ |accessdate=June 2, 2020 |work=Texas Monthly |date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> and added by numerous unaffiliated people and keep getting removed by the same person, remove-arguers have offered no other real argument except it's too unrelated to the case (even though it's obviously related) and belongs at his "upcoming own article". Where as if you look around the spot where people have been adding it, there are long yawnsome details of athletic experiences and musical affiliations and then of the police officers similar past infractions. There has also been a sentence with citation needed there for a long time! The purpose of this from the start doomed "discussion" is only to play time against something that is extremely well-sourced and clearly more relevant than everything surrounding it. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/84.253.205.116|84.253.205.116]] ([[User talk:84.253.205.116#top|talk]]) 17:06, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' Of course. Why was the police called for him in the first place ? Because he was accused of using a fake 20$ bill. Using counterfeit money is a crime. George Floyd's criminal tendencies has led him to commit a crime that would be the cause of the police being called on him and ultimately leading him to his death [[Special:Contributions/51.154.221.239|51.154.221.239]] ([[User talk:51.154.221.239|talk]]) 23:08, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:What? I favor including this information, but not for the reason you are presenting. His death is not because he allegedly committed the offense of using counterfeit money. The police handling the arrest were immediately fired and one was arrested—for good reason. One officer used unjustified force for an extended period of time—that caused death. The other officers stood around idly and did not prevent the officer who was in physical contact with George Floyd from inflicting harm on him. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 03:20, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes to the limited extent''' proposed by SoWhy, '''no more''' than that. --[[User:Mdaniels5757|Mdaniels5757]] ([[User talk:Mdaniels5757|talk]]) 03:07, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes'''. It gives compelling information on the backgrounds of both. Apparently Floyd "had landed five years behind bars in 2009 for an assault and robbery two years earlier, and before that, had been convicted of charges ranging from theft with a firearm to drugs" ([https://nypost.com/2020/06/02/george-floyd-had-violent-criminal-history-minneapolis-union-chief/ NY Post]), and for the Daily Mail "he entered a woman’s home, pressed a gun into her stomach and searched the home for drugs and money, according to court records" ([https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8366533/George-Floyd-moved-Minneapolis-start-new-life-released-prison-Texas.html Daily Mail]). This doesn't look to me as an easy person to deal with—it's important to explain thoroughly, we need to [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons#Avoid victimization|WP:avoid victimization]]. --[[User:Foghe|Foghe]] ([[User talk:Foghe|talk]]) 11:41, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
# '''Yes''', because Floyd's previous experience with police(apprehension/arrest) indicates, that he would know that there are consequences to either complying with or resisting arrest. The officer's handling of Floyd is based on Floyd's behavior (resisted getting into the police car). Whether or not the officer's handling was disproportionate to Floyd's action. [[User:Lechatmarbre|Lechatmarbre]] ([[User talk:Lechatmarbre|talk]]) 18:24, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
# '''Yes''', I do not see why not. His past is very much related and is covered in reliable sources. --''[[User:Nafsadh|nafSadh]] [[special:contributions/Nafsadh|did]] [[User talk:Nafsadh|say]]'' 19:18, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' - His past is covered in reliable sources so I see no reason to not include it here. –[[User:Davey2010|'''Davey''''''2010''']][[User talk:Davey2010|'''Talk''']] 20:04, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''', for [[WP:NPOV]] reasons and to provide a full account, but making clear that the officers who restrained him weren't doing so in relation to his past crimes. [[User:Andysmith248|Andysmith248]] ([[User talk:Andysmith248|talk]]) 20:12, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
# '''Yes''', because it is variable, notable and relevant:
#* It is verifiable through official records.<ref>{{cite web |title=Offense Inquiry |url=https://www.harriscountyso.org/jailinfo/OffenseInquiry.aspx |website=Harris County Sheriff's Office |accessdate=3 June 2020 |location=SPN 01610509}}</ref>
#* It is a notable part of his biography: this wasn't a single misdemeanor in his childhood, there are a number of felony convictions over a long period of time that therefore had a significant impact on his life.
#* It is relevant to the article because he was killed by a police officer after being accused of a crime, so it is indicative of his past experience with the criminal justice system.
#: – [[User:rossj81|RossJ81]] [[User talk:rossj81|Talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/rossj81|Cont]] 21:48, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' reliable sources talk about Floyd being an armed robber: BBC:[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52871936]. He was also arrested accused of using a fake 20 dollar bill. So his crimes are relevant to the article. Also the wikipedia article contains background info about him playing basketball and working at a restaurant, how can someone claim that is relevant to his death but him being an armed robber is not? --[[User:Supreme Deliciousness|Supreme Deliciousness]] ([[User talk:Supreme Deliciousness|talk]]) 04:53, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' credible sources have discussed Floyd's criminal record. As long as remains in his biographical section I don't see a problem with it, Wikipedia is not censored. For those who are saying it's not relevant to his death, you're right its not, but neither is pretty much everything else in his biographical section. That section is supposed to discuss Floyd's background and his past criminal record is part of his background. [[User:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|Iamreallygoodatcheckers]] ([[User talk:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|talk]]) 02:27, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' since factual biographical information that is relevant because if nothing else it speaks to Floyd's familiarity with the police & criminal justice system [[User:TcomptonMA|TcomptonMA]] ([[User talk:TcomptonMA|talk]]) 19:29, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''comment''' I think that if Floyd's criminal history is mentioned as a part of his personal background, then since this is an article about his killing by a police officer we must also include the former officer Chauvin's record as well. [https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/01/us/derek-chauvin-what-we-know-trnd/index.html Chauvin had 18 prior complaints] against him and [https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-05-29/chauvin-shootings-complaints-minneapolis-floyd has been involved in more than one other case of a citizen dying at the hands of police]. [[User:Terasaface|Terasaface]] ([[User talk:Terasaface|talk]]) 15:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' We need to list that information about him. A lot of news media mentions it, and if reliable sources believe its a notable aspect of this situation, we should also include it here. [[User:Dream Focus | '''Dream Focus''']] 22:51, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' He had a violent criminal past. The officers say he was resisting. Some say he wasn't. His violent tendencies may well be considered relevant to readers. [[User:John2510|John2510]] ([[User talk:John2510|talk]]) 18:16, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' {{redacted}} [[Hartley Sawyer|Actor]] on [[The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)|The Flash]] was fired because of him. See the [https://twitter.com/skaijackson/status/1269017350730211329?s=20 tweets] (from 8 years ago) he was fired for, this is insanity. I never cared about all of this. But I love that actor and want to support him. [[Special:Contributions/94.29.3.116|94.29.3.116]] ([[User talk:94.29.3.116|talk]]) 03:00, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
## That's got to be one of the worst cases of victim blaming I've ever seen. The murdered man being blamed for the misdeeds of others (like Sawyer) who have gotten in trouble for their racism. SMH. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 01:07, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
###So fast to jump to conslusions. Sigh. The story also includes cyberbulling of that actor and looking for dirt, the tweets were not racist, only mysogenestic and the only one who liked his videos 8 years ago was black... and gay. Ah yes, the black woman that controlled her big cyberbulling army was already arrested once for that but still continues to do so, to destroy whiteness, racism, etc. The worst part for me is that even "the Flash" actor mocked the guy for that. People are very heartbroken under that mocking post and so am I. I commented in that actor's wiki talk page, if you for a second will forget that you are a liberal or whatever. [[Special:Contributions/2A00:1370:812C:D131:2DBE:3EB:E942:5E8D|2A00:1370:812C:D131:2DBE:3EB:E942:5E8D]] ([[User talk:2A00:1370:812C:D131:2DBE:3EB:E942:5E8D|talk]]) 14:43, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#### Saying that Floyd "destroyed so many lives" because he was killed is just wrong. Don't blame the victim. Take your concerns about Sawyer elsewhere, as this article is about Floyd. -- [[User:Valjean|Valjean]] ([[User talk:Valjean|talk]]) 14:55, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' Numerous RSs detail this and omission here would be noncompliant with NPOV.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] ([[User talk:MONGO|talk]]) 03:24, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''', briefly. Plenty of reliable sources consider his background relevant. Obviously his involvement in the local ministry in the last few years should also be mentioned. [[User:Alaexis|Alaexis]][[User_talk:Alaexis|¿question?]] 05:53, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' per Walterego. Numerous RSs have mentioned this as a part of the background to the topic so it is worth mentioning it in this article. Regards [[User:Spy-cicle| '''Spy-cicle'''💥 ]] [[User talk:Spy-cicle#top|'''''Talk'''''?]] 19:32, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' as it's very relevant to the entire situation. Also mention Chauvin's misdemeanor (or whatever is called) record.[[User:Fendergenderbender|Fendergenderbender]] ([[User talk:Fendergenderbender|talk]]) 13:56, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' to a limited extent, as it was a part of his life. We can mention the conviction without specifically calling him a "criminal". Only use the best sources and don't go into too much detail. ~'''''[[User:Editorofthewiki|EDDY]]'' ([[User talk:Editorofthewiki|talk]]/[[Special:Contributions/Editorofthewiki|contribs]])'''~ 20:15, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' based on all the arguments above. [[User:Octoberwoodland|Octoberwoodland]] ([[User talk:Octoberwoodland|talk]]) 03:16, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' - it is important for the sake of accuracy to publish all pertinent information in an effort to properly inform our readers in an encyclopedic fashion. [[User:Atsme|Atsme]] [[User talk:Atsme|Talk]] [[Special:EmailUser/Atsme|📧]] 11:49, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes''' Floyd's most egregious crime, the home invasion that he plied guilty to, was first in a single isolated paragraph in a reputable Atlanta newspaper. The exact wording was in the Wikipedia article. The next time I saw it was in a Times or Wapo article that was a hagiography where this traumatic armed home invasion was an example of his life challenges that he overcame by helping others in his community. This is relevant as there is a norm of jurisprudence that previous felony convictions are evaluated as increasing sanctions IE: "Three Strikes and You're Out." While, of course, this does not excuse Clauvin's actions, given that he probably knew Floyd's history, this could have influenced his distrust of Floyd. [[User:Arodb|Arodb]] ([[User talk:Arodb|Arodb talk]]) 12:56, 16 June 2020 (UTC)[[User:Arodb|Arodb]] ([[User talk:Arodb|talk]]) 15:34, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Weakest possible yes.''' This is by no means an easy call and I could understand why there would be much disagreement amongst reasonable editors on this one, even if not for the impassioned context and high volume of response. On the one hand, [[WP:NPOV]] is always a compelling argument, but I think some who have advanced that argument here have failed to account for the fact that [[WP:WEIGHT]] is a part of any neutral determination of the appropriateness of a given piece of content. And though I think reference to it is one of the most over-used/abused principles in Wikipedia's toolkit of rhetorics, [[WP:BLP]] remains an important policy, and surely it should apply here, if on any situation in any article. And indeed, the policy has language rather directly on point here, under [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]]. At the end of the day, the past criminal history of the victim here is just not what I would call directly and centrally relevant information to the article regarding his arrest and death while fully restrained and well within the control of the arresting officers. So after a fair deal of balancing of the considerations, I was at first inclined to !vote 'no' on this one.
#:[Indenting rest of post to maintain numbered list formatting.] The problem there is that I just don't think its feasible for this particular article. Some of the defendants in this high-profile case could quite possibly assert partial details of Mr. Floyd's background as a part of their defense, and that information will surely need to be covered here. Indeed, a police union rep has already utilized a hyperbolic variation on such accusations, as the article indeed reports. Because these elements cannot reasonably be excised from the article, it becomes necessary to contend with the issue of Mr. Floyd's criminal past: otherwise we are essentially just creating our own little [[Streisand Effect]] generator, by including references to others attributing nefarious qualities to the victim, but omitting any actual neutral discussion of what the man's past actually looked like. This means that those who would like to avoid this topic to see the victim's dignity preserved could actually end up seeing the opposite happen: he could be vilified in the attributed statements of third parties included in this article, but not balanced by any discussion of the realities and specifics. And the average reader (presuming they are not the type who just assumes the worst case scenario when they are told someone is a "criminal" (which unfortunately describes a great many people), would be thoroughly unsatisfied with just hearing the accusations without knowing more, and will go looking for that information--and who knows about the neutrality and veracity of what they find in a singular source; at least here we are in a position openly summarizing and attributing to a large number of sources and exercising some editorial discretion to present the background in a non-biased fashion, bu representing the weight of the sources faithfully.
#:However, even this reluctant support forced by the pragmatic realities of the situation has its caveats: there needs to be extensive discussion and compromise (erring on the side of BLP/AVOIDVICTIM precautions) as to how his past is described. Details such as those regarding his purported use of a gun in a previous alleged crime would, for example, be wholly inappropriate, prejudicial, and contrary to all policy in this area: let's please remember that this was a man who was after-all clearly restrained and ultimately defenseless against the act that took his life, so details hinting at speculation as to a supposed violent character are fairly irrelevant and should be strictly avoided--except perhaps in the form of naming previous charges in themselves, if that is found to be appropriate content. The only way such information becomes relevant is if those accused of his murder assert that they knew of his criminal past and that it influenced the manner in which they handled him as a detainee. But we can discuss such assertions in the article if and when they actually are made, and within that context; throwing in even mild implication that Floyd was a violent man at this juncture would go strongly against every relevant policy in this area.
#:'''TLDR:''' Reluctant yes to including some description of the victim's criminal past, if only to concede to the reality that those accused of his murder may use it to ameliorate their culpability as a legal or public matter, but at the same time I would strongly oppose any language (aside from any used in a listing of past charges/convictions) which implies a violent nature, as such information would be 1) wildly out of proportion with how a majority of reliable sources describe the nature of the event, 2) incompatible with our policies on [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM|victim blaming]], [[WP:BLP1E|persons notable for only one event]], and other vital [[WP:BLP]] principles, and 3) not covered under any compelling relevancy exception, except as necessary to address claims made by the criminal defendants here, which can be handled on a case by case basis, if and when such incidents arise. ''[[User:Snow Rise|Snow]] [[User talk:Snow Rise|let's rap]]'' 16:06, 16 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''Yes.''' {{sbb}} Relevant to the controversy surrounding his death. Per [[WP:NOTCENSORED]]. [[User:Coretheapple|Coretheapple]] ([[User talk:Coretheapple|talk]]) 03:00, 18 June 2020 (UTC)'
#'''Yes''': including short context is [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]] but anything longer than a very brief summary would not be [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]. [[User:AnomalousAtom|AnomalousAtom]] ([[User talk:AnomalousAtom|talk]]) 04:15, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

===No===
#I can see no relevance to this. It tells us nothing about why this happened or how it could have been avoided. It is just a bit of title tattle.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 14:39, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#It's not relevant to the Death of Georgy Floyd (the arrest for forgery made zero mention of priors). What's more, George, who was killed by Derek, has no recourse to appeal his past convictions, and the police are notorious for making false arrests on the back of bigoted policing. Police records should not be considered as a reflection of reality. --[[User:Shadybabs|Shadybabs]] ([[User talk:Shadybabs|talk]]) 15:27, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#Irrelevant.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 16:56, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# I don't see any relevance whatsoever to the article subject, which is [[Death of George Floyd]]. This is not a George Floyd biography article. If it becomes a notable part of the death (e.g. the US President starts tweeting about Floyd's criminal past), then it can be reconsidered. [[User:Snooganssnoogans|Snooganssnoogans]] ([[User talk:Snooganssnoogans|talk]]) 18:42, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
# No, and why are we discussing this again? Isn't this the third go-round? His past had nothing to do with this incident, and did not affect in the least the behavior of the police or anyone else. It is offered here, and promoted elsewhere, for the purpose of prejudicing the public against him. The incident happened 13 years ago and is not relevant to this event. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 21:21, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' - I can't see the relevance of his past crimes to his murder. I also question whether this would meed [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]. I've been following this story pretty closely in the news and I haven't heard anything about it so far. - [[user:MrX|MrX]][[user talk:MrX| 🖋]] 22:00, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' It is not at all relevant to the situation and only serves to blame the victim. Adding this attempt at [[WP:FALSEBALANCE]] serves only to blame the victim. – [[User:Muboshgu|Muboshgu]] ([[User talk:Muboshgu#top|talk]]) 23:19, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' It is irrelevant to this topic and Floyd's death. Such information would contravene DUEWEIGHT and introduce a FALSEBALANCE, essentially a rationale for blaming the victim. I think we need to impose a moratorium on this question. It seems editors have been over it enough.times already. This might be going into [[WP:DE]] territory. [[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 01:39, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#<s>'''No''' - Irrelevant to the context behind the murder. Adding it would only create a [[WP:FALSEBALANCE|false sense of balance]] and a sense of blame against the victim, which is a [[WP:BLP]] policy violation. --[[User:letcreate123|letcreate123]] ([[User talk:letcreate123|talk]]) 02:14, 1 June 2020 (UTC)</s>
#*Vote withdrawn after further looking into the situation, particularly on the Discussion section down below. --[[User:letcreate123|letcreate123]] ([[User talk:letcreate123|talk]]) 04:19, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' the scope of this article is his death. Not his life. --[[User:Calthinus|Calthinus]] ([[User talk:Calthinus|talk]]) 14:26, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#:Narrowly-defining {{tq|"the scope of this article"}} is entirely the province of those arguing to omit information found in virtually all good quality sources addressing the same subject as our article addresses. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#::The title of this article is "Death of George Floyd", so its about his death.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 14:56, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::You say below {{tq|''We do not need to know about his life prior to this unless it has a direct impact. Anything else smacks of trying to prove a point.''}} What {{tq|''point''}}, {{u|Slatersteven}}? [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 19:50, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::{{u|Bus stop}}, I suspect the point is that 1. he's a nice regular guy, look at his friends who say he was a gentle giant or his athletic record; therefore he's an innocent victim OR 2. he's a career criminal, look at the fact he's been arrested and jailed before this; therefore he likely deserved this or brought this on. These are the kinds of thing people look for to excuse or condemn the behavior by the police toward a citizen. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 20:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::Exactly all of this is about saying either "Innocent victim" or "a villain, and a jailbird". We do not know if he was passing bad cheques, or id he was if he knew, we do not know if he was running a Muckiness Battle horn smuggling ring or if he was in fact the worlds second nicest man. Only (and only) if what he did led to this is it relevant.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 09:46, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::He won't ever be convicted of passing counterfeit bills because a dead man can't be tried, but we do know what crimes he was convicted of, and this is relevant to people who are debating his character or the morality of the police. It isn't right for wikipedia to omit relevant details out of a political agenda.[[User:Walterego|Walterego]] ([[User talk:Walterego|talk]]) 10:54, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::::Nor to include it for the same reason, to imply he was a criminal even thought he had no convictions for 5 years. This is precisely why we cannot include it, we would be implying something about his character, and that violates [[wp:crime]] and [[wp:blp]].[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 11:12, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::{{u|Walterego}}, his character has zero to do with how he died unless it led to his death. A previous conviction for armed robbery, a high school football career, and friends who loved him had nothing to do with how he died, ''which is the subject of this article.'' If he had previous charges or convictions for resisting arrest, it could be argued to be relevant because resisting arrest could contribute to his death. By the same argument, the morality of the police is only relevant if it could be argued to have contributed to his death. Previous complaints of undue force could be argued to be relevant. Previous complaints of accepting bribes, probably not. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 13:48, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::::{{u|Valereee}}—[[The New York Times]] writes [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/05/27/us/ap-us-minneapolis-police-death-floyd.html "Floyd was charged in 2007 with armed robbery in a home invasion in Houston and in 2009 was sentenced to five years in prison as part of a plea deal, according to court documents"]. Some of the "oppose" votes in this thread are saying that mention of this "only serves to blame the victim". That makes no sense. Good quality sources such as The New York Times don't try to "blame victims". And a 5 year period of time in prison is hardly an insignificant event in a person's life—that is the reason the best quality sources are mentioning this, not to "blame the victim". We should be following the many good quality sources carrying this information. We should be adhering to the general outline of coverage of this topic as found in the best quality sources. That serves the reader's interests. The reader does not come here to read political propaganda. They read an article such as this to get up to speed on the basic facts surrounding this incident. It does the reader a disservice to selectively omit basic facts. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:00, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::::{{u|Bus stop}}, that information belongs in [[George Floyd (biography)]], but it's irrelevant here and [[WP:UNDUE]]. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 14:07, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::::::{{u|Valereee}}, if the officer's prior use of force history is relevant, then the victim's history of violence is relevant, especially when the police are arguing that they used that force in response to violence from the victim (ie. resisting arrest). This goes directly to the heart of this article, which are the circumstances surrounding George Floyd's death. Not mentioning it only undermines the legitimacy of the article and implies, at best, that Wikipedia is trying to sugarcoat a victim's checkered past, and at worse, is actively covering up information in order to help create a narrative. [[Special:Contributions/24.178.111.153|24.178.111.153]] ([[User talk:24.178.111.153|talk]]) 18:28, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::::::It depends. Complaints about the officer's undue use of force on the job are relevant. If he had a domestic violence complaint, I'd argue it's not relevant. Ditto for Floyd. A history of resisting arrest is relevant. But the commission of a crime twelve years ago is not relevant to his death, and covering it in the very short paragraph is undue weight, IMO. I am arguing that we remove all irrelevant details from both bios. And quite honestly "checkered past" comments make me feel this more strongly. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 19:51, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''', not relevant to the incident. I would support relevant material being included in an actual biography of George Floyd. —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 05:11, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
# Include only details that could have contributed to leading to the death, which is the subject of this article. This is not a biography of Mr. Floyd or of any of the police, it's an article about Floyd's death. His athletic career, the fact his friends loved him, and his arrest record are trivia unless they have some relevance to the death. If he was ever charged with resisting arrest, that could be relevant. Otherwise it's [[WP:UNDUE]] to include them. Ditto biographical details on the cops other than as relevant to leading to the death. Charges or convictions of using undue force are relevant. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 13:56, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''', only include irrelevant stuff that portrays him in a good light to push your agenda, his prior dealings with law enforcement should be hushed up. Also make sure to mention all four policemen were white. [[Special:Contributions/85.238.90.27|85.238.90.27]] ([[User talk:85.238.90.27|talk]]) 15:51, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#:{{u|Valereee}}—the selective omission of information that is found in most sources addressing the same topic as our article addresses can constitute a violation of [[WP:NPOV]]. And we don't wear [[Blinkers (horse tack)|blinders]] when we write about a subject for which there is ample sourcing to set an example for how we should address that subject. This isn't a creative writing project. That would include the creative omission of information that editors dislike for non-germane reasons. We adhere to the findings of the best quality sources. For instance the [[BBC]] writes [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52871936 "His life then took a different turn, with a string of arrests for theft and drug possession culminating in an armed robbery charge in 2007, for which he was sentenced to five years in prison."] [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:43, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
#::{{u|Bus stop}}, I'm not saying selectively exclude relevant information. I'm saying exclude information that is irrelevant ''to his death'' because this article is ''about his death.'' It's irrelevant to his death that over a decade ago he was convicted of armed robbery. He wasn't committing armed robbery at the time of his death. He wasn't even armed at the time of his death. So it's irrelevant. If he'd had previous convictions for resisting arrest, that might be relevant to his death, and especially so if the cops say he was resisting when he was killed. This isn't me trying to paint him in a positive light; the information about his conviction and jail time is in his bio, where it belongs. Literally the only reason I can think of to include this information in the article about his death is that some people (like the above IP, which must have edit conflicted with you when you responded to me) will interpret that to mean WP is intentionally whitewashing the incident, and that doesn't feel like a good enough reason. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 12:32, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::No, it is not {{tq|"irrelevant"}}, {{u|Valereee}}, and thank you for pinging me. We aren't a creative writing project. You are making arbitrary distinctions that the [[BBC]], [[The New York Times]], [[The Guardian]], and a slew of other good quality sources are not making. We can talk about the [[Killing of George Floyd]] while also talking about his 5 years of incarceration. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 16:04, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::{{u|Bus stop}}, RS are also reporting his birthplace, number of children, athletic and musical career, high school, etc. etc. etc. Do you think any of those is relevant to the article on his death? I haven't seen a single RS say that any of the biographical details they're reporting was relevant to his death. We've included what they say about his biographical details ''in his biographical article.'' When some reliable source says, "His death needs to be understood in relation to his arrest history," or something similar, I'll say we should include it. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 16:24, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
#:It's not about portraying him in good light. The person could be a serial killer and it would still be wrong to kill him while he is not resisting arrest and begging for his life. If articles did not have titles and content that sticks to their titles then wikipedia will be useless. The fact that all four policemen were white is relevant to the situation. There are several highly cited events where white policemen killed black men, and this is one of them. The fact that some of them had prior complaints on them is also relevant. And your comment is in the wrong section. [[User:Tesatafi|Tesatafi]] ([[User talk:Tesatafi|talk]]) 11:38, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' None of which relevant to how he died and this is not even a ''biography'' of his life. We don’t even know this man’s birthday. Feel free to include the complaints against the offending officer. Throw Klobuchar in there too.[[User:Trillfendi|Trillfendi]] ([[User talk:Trillfendi|talk]]) 19:24, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' Any prior record or arrests is irrelevant to his murder. Include in his biography article, should one be created. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 19:32, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' or, if we do so, it should be in an extraordinarily cautious and sensitive manner. A decade ago, fully 1/3 of black men in the US had a felony on their record, a process that's been described as a part of the criminalization of the black population more generally in the US [https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s13524-017-0611-1?author_access_token=jXD6ohexE1c1ur2WRWhpkfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4uMYrYNkMZx9I1WjnbPAWM-g13AQlmw4x8-VaL1oT3wS1z7bR6McpJuw6uJspKuwHQtTd1alIFBkHajdo4QVT1CPUCL7C_5xQhC8-ZXzjA6g%3D%3D]. Whenever a black person is killed or dies in police custody and the death becomes well known, some media organizations (usually small, local media or right-wing media) bring out past criminal convictions, either minor or more substantial, that are unrelated to the incident but provide context appearing to justify the death. We shouldn't contribute to that, so if we do report this, we should do so very carefully. -[[User:Darouet|Darouet]] ([[User talk:Darouet|talk]]) 15:14, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#*{{u|Darouet}}—please explain how for instance incarceration from 2009 to 2014 could ''appear to justify the death?'' This is in response to your assertion that {{tq|"Whenever a black person is killed or dies in police custody and the death becomes well known, some media organizations (usually small, local media or right-wing media) bring out past criminal convictions, either minor or more substantial, that are unrelated to the incident but provide context appearing to justify the death."}} [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:38, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#::Try reading some of the yes responses here, they say just that, "he was a villain and a jail bird, if he had not been one he would not be dead".[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 15:44, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#:{{re|Bus stop}} by implying that Floyd is a criminal, and therefore deserving of punishment. I'm not going to get into a back-and-forth with you about whether mentioning "positive" or "negative" aspects of someone's life will influence readers' views. If we are making editorial selections about what content goes into the bio for each participant in this incident — and we are — we need to consider 1) how relevant is the information and 2) is it prejudicial? -[[User:Darouet|Darouet]] ([[User talk:Darouet|talk]]) 15:46, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No - not relevant''' I come from a country (UK) where publishing the records of the police officers would itself be an offence while a trial is pending ''(since it inevitably prejudices everyone's opinion of them and this case)'', so given the choice, I would prefer neither Floyd's nor their records to be included at this stage. However, that isn't the choice and isn't the question. Even if Floyd had been a serially violent criminal ''(which no one claims)'', applying lethal force, when someone is already restrained and has no potential to resist or represent any danger to anyone - is beyond comprehension. I cannot see how Floyd's ''(relatively distant)'' record has any relevance to him being killed, especially since there is no reason to think the officer's knew and certainly Floyd was not even suspected of being engaged in violent crime at the point he was killed, and even if he had been behaving in a threatening manner, application of force would only have been appropriate up to the point he was restrained - beyond that it is clearly 'punishment'. I'm sorry, but it is difficult to understand why anyone would think his record relevant, except in some way thinking that massively disproportionate force is justified, or understandable, if someone has a criminal record. There may be circumstances in which the record could become relevant, but not simply for the sake of including it or to achieve a spurious 'balance'. [[User:Pincrete|Pincrete]] ([[User talk:Pincrete|talk]]) 17:40, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' I do not support including George Floyd's previous convictions. George Floyd's actions are not in question here therefore it is not relevant. Furthermore adding it as part of the few details of his backstory suggests relevance as part of the event. --[[User:Evertent|Evertent]] ([[User talk:Evertent|talk]]) 21:57, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#::That is correct—{{tq|"George Floyd's actions are not in question"}}. I don't believe anyone has ever said George Floyd's actions were in question—or at least I know that I have never said George Floyd's actions were in question. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 12:50, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' mentioning it is unnecessary, considering the topic is talking about his death. His criminal record got nothing to do with the incident surrounding his death. [[User:Idealigic|Idealigic]] ([[User talk:Idealigic|talk]]) 23:29, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' per Slatersteven. [[User:Krakkos|Krakkos]] ([[User talk:Krakkos|talk]]) 12:29, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' - reasons below, discussion section, in response to valereee. TLDR; Lack of relevance, arguments to include just because police history is included is [[WP:FALSEBALANCE]] for reasons I gave. [[User:ProcrasinatingReader|ProcrasinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrasinatingReader|talk]]) 14:09, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' per [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]]. Along with other not-immediately-relevant details of his life, this belongs on [[George Floyd]] (which I think should not be merged here), simply per WP:DUE. This page has to start following [[WP:SUMMARYSTYLE]], and the number and WEIGHT of sources that discuss his past convictions is insufficient to justify inclusion in a brief, only-the-essentials summary of the event.
#:The paramount importance of the [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]] policy tips the scales further towards the presumptive exclusion of the information from this page. This consideration further stipulates that if the information is included, it should be made clear that sources agree the arresting officers were unaware of his record, to avoid making BLP-violating insinuations. [[User:FourViolas|FourViolas]] ([[User talk:FourViolas|talk]]) 23:12, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#::That advises against prolonging or participating in the victimization of living people, impossible for editors in this case, since the victimization ended in death. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 23:18, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::The meaning of "living" in the context of [[WP:BLP]], including AVOIDVICTIM, is defined by [[WP:BDP]]: {{tq| Generally, this policy does not apply to material concerning people who are confirmed dead by reliable sources. The only exception would be for people who have recently died, in which case the policy can extend for an indeterminate period beyond the date of death—six months, one year, two years at the outside.}} Floyd is a perfect example of someone in the "recently died" stage of life, whose reputation is still subject to being tarnished or burnished by the information we publish about them, and whom Wikipedia still owes a professional level of respect and consideration. [[User:FourViolas|FourViolas]] ([[User talk:FourViolas|talk]]) 23:40, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#::No, living means living, in this context (the whole section is plain English). It relates to those famous victims of prolongable victimizations, like libel, doxxing and hate speech. You're reaching too far with this alleged murder victim, who was never known for getting tarnished or burnished. Even if noting his background ''was'' intended to hurt his reputation, dead people are immune to any real harm. A "professional level of respect and consideration" is evident in how the professional journalists have noted his background, we would reflect that. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 23:50, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::The term {{tq|living}} is used everywhere throughout [[WP:BLP]], except where the [[WP:BDP]] section states that the whole policy applies to recently deceased as well as living people. The argument that "living means living" would therefore imply that BDP is never supposed to apply, which is absurd. [[User:FourViolas|FourViolas]] ([[User talk:FourViolas|talk]]) 00:14, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::BLP generally doesn't apply to material concerning the dead, you quoted this yourself. Exceptions ''can'' apply, but only where reasonably applicable. Saying we're participating in or prolonging ''this'' victim's deadly victimization is absurd, because we know it lasted just under nine minutes on May 25. Also, that part applies to biographies; saying the supposed victimization ''does belong'' in the biography is double absurd. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 01:12, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::[[Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Applicability_of_the_policy]], before clarifying that BLP policy applies only to living people with the {{tq|exception}} of recently deceased ones, states that {{tq|BLP applies to all material about living persons anywhere on Wikipedia}}. If a family member of mine were violently killed, and people made an effort to widely publicize irrelevant information from their past that others then used to insinuate that they may have deserved their fate, I would absolutely consider this to be prolonging their victimization. You're right that this makes it problematic to include the information in the biography, but that is a lower-traffic page where the information is appropriately contextualized as part of a comprehensive review of publicly available information about Floyd's life that is not essential to understanding his death. I apologize if my use of "absurd" came off as a personal attack; I meant it in [[Reductio ad absurdum|the logical sense]].[[User:FourViolas|FourViolas]] ([[User talk:FourViolas|talk]]) 01:33, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::This guy's notable victimization has ''nothing to do'' with how his relatives might feel bad about reading he had a criminal record. It was ''all about'' being kneeled on by cops. It's illogical to equate known physical victimization of a dead person with hypothetical emotional victimization of living people, ''especially'' if the latter material is considered irrelevant to the former topic. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 02:11, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::How would anyone {{tq|"insinuate that they may have deserved their fate"}}? That is impossible, {{u|FourViolas}}. If you think you know a way, please tell me about it because I do not think any such way exists. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 02:19, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::{{u|Bus stop}}, I was referring to comments such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=960432540&oldid=960431865&title=Talk:Killing_of_George_Floyd this immediately above], asserting that {{tq|George Floyd's criminal tendencies [...] ultimately [led] him to his death.}}
#:::::::{{u|InedibleHulk}}, differences of opinion exist over whether the dead can be morally wronged, for example by unfair reputational damage; for defenses of the position that they can, see [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/074811801753184282 Fisher 2001] or [http://dro.dur.ac.uk/13140/1/13140.pdf Scarre 2012]. Given these differences of opinion, the strong language of [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]] ({{tq|editors must not act, intentionally or otherwise, in a way that amounts to}} victimization, {{tq|particular importance}} for people notable as victims) seems to indicate that we should take the more cautious view. In any case, the policy is clearly meant to proscribe some kind of non-physical victimization, as it's not common for people to be physically victimized based on how somebody edited WP. [[User:FourViolas|FourViolas]] ([[User talk:FourViolas|talk]]) 02:42, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::Yes, some non-physical victimization that some bio subject is notable for receiving and which might be prolonged, so nothing at all pertaining to this victim of entirely physical forces. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 02:57, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' The article is about the killing of a person in the hands of the police. If we had information about the person resisting arrests or escaping from custody, and particularly if police acted with knowledge of that, then it would have been relevant. I disagree that Floyd's name would be unfairly tarnished if such information was published. The job of this article is to describe the circumstances of his death.[[User:Tesatafi|Tesatafi]] ([[User talk:Tesatafi|talk]]) 11:38, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
# No per WP:AVOIDVICTIM. [[Special:Contributions/73.227.195.63|73.227.195.63]] ([[User talk:73.227.195.63|talk]]) 00:45, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
# No as it's unrelated to his killing. The details about the police shouldn't included either normally but RS are giving those details some weight. As far as I can see, though, RS are not giving Floyd's criminal past the same weight. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 04:15, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
# '''Hell no''' [https://i.redd.it/7ac921yjmb351.png what a stupid question] [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]]) 11:13, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#:But is it a {{tq|"stupid question"}}, {{u|Kire1975}}? Wouldn't the reader want to know that George Floyd engaged in multiple acts of criminal activity spanning decades? [[The Federalist (website)]] quotes [[Candace Owens]] telling us of a string of criminal activity and prison sentences spanning decades. For instance [https://thefederalist.com/2020/06/04/candace-owens-george-floyd-is-not-my-martyr/ "his record...includes jail sentences in 1998, 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2007. His 2007 arrest...was for participating in an armed home invasion against a pregnant African-American woman, where Floyd held a gun to the pregnant mother’s stomach".] Wouldn't multiple acts of criminal activity increase the incidence of adversarial engagement with cops and consequently the likelihood of bad outcomes for both cops and those people engaging in criminal activities? [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 12:45, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#:: {{re|Bus stop}} The Federalist? Candace Owens? '''Hell no.''' [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]])
#:::Shouldn't we ''not'' be engaged in political writing, {{u|Kire1975}}? Adversarial engagement with cops results in a higher incidence of harm, to both cops and criminals, and criminal activity increases the likelihood of adversarial engagement with cops. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:03, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::Agreed. You should not be using this talk page as a [[WP:SOAPBOX]]. Keep Candace Owens and the Federalist out of Wikipedia. Stick to [[WP:RELIABLE]] and [[WP:REPUTABLE]] sources. And please stop pinging me. [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]]) 14:22, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::Kire1975—increased encounters with police result in increased likelihood of negative outcomes for both police and those engaging in possibly criminal activity. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:48, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::Maybe, but he did not have increasing encounters, as he had not been arrested for 6 years, that is decreasing encounters.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 14:50, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::Each additional interaction of an adversarial nature between cops and citizens increases the likelihood that someone will get hurt. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:12, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::Actually using that logic every interaction does, confrontational or otherwise, Hell even being in the same street, town, country nation does, being alive does. Only the living can interact with the police, so... This is not valid argument to keep.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 16:06, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::::You are saying that {{tq|"every interaction does"}}. But certain interactions are more fraught with danger than others. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52871936 "His life then took a different turn, with a string of arrests for theft and drug possession culminating in an armed robbery charge in 2007, for which he was sentenced to five years in prison."] [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 18:44, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::::::::::They should not be, (which is the point of the demos). If you are not violent you should not expect violence from the police, even if you are an ex-felon. There is no evidence that the police in this case knew he was a jail bird, or has reason to think he was a criminal. But I have had my say now, this look more and more like nothing more than an attempt to lead the reader into thinking this was a justified killing (you only have to read some of the yes votes to see that).[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 18:53, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
#::::::::::::No one is defending the actions of the police. I agree with you completely and emphatically that {{tq|"If you are not violent you should not expect violence from the police"}}. I also have not seen any evidence {{tq|"the police in this case knew he was a jail bird, or has reason to think he was a criminal"}}. The question is: who was George Floyd? Reliable sources provide some information. Most of the good quality sources such as the New York Times, the BBC, The Guardian and many others tell us some background information including multiple arrests and multiple periods of incarceration. I have characterized these as "adversarial" interactions. Most people do not want to go to jail. Perhaps I have occasion to interact with police because I have a minor [[wikt:fender-bender|fender-bender]]. I would probably not call that interaction "adversarial". Due to the high tension involved in adversarial interactions, people tend to get hurt. This does not absolve the cops of what looks to me like despicable behavior in this incident. But we are not taking sides. We are writing a dispassionate article. You say that I am {{tq|"attempt[ing] to lead the reader into thinking this was a justified killing"}}. No I am not. Wikipedia is a source of information. Once we start suppressing information we are in the business of misleading readers. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 19:26, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
#::This rank speculation is really disgusting and should be stricken. [[WP:BLP]] [[User:Objective3000|O3000]] ([[User talk:Objective3000|talk]]) 12:54, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
# Per [[WP:DUEWEIGHT]]. Just hasn't had the amount of coverage here. Likely place is in his bio article.[[User:Casprings|Casprings]] ([[User talk:Casprings|talk]]) 12:49, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' - No connection to his death, the subject of this article, has been shown by RS. BLP DUE [[User:Objective3000|O3000]] ([[User talk:Objective3000|talk]]) 13:04, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No'''. This is not a biography of George Floyd, and "past crimes" is a shitty way of putting it in the first place. [[User:Drmies|Drmies]] ([[User talk:Drmies|talk]]) 02:42, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' As it is irrelevant to this instance. If there was a criminal history that connected the officer and Floyd perhaps that would be relevant but in this case, it does not make sense to include irrelevant information about his history that could lead to disrespecting his character.— Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Terasaface|Terasaface]] ([[User talk:Terasaface#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Terasaface|contribs]]) 01:40, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' This page is about the killing, and his criminal history is irrelevant to whether he deserved to have been killed. Avoid [[victim shaming]]. This discussion is more relevant to his standalone biography at [[George Floyd]].—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 01:21, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#:{{u|Bagumba}}—you are linking to an article on [[Victim blaming]]. Does that have anything to do with Wikipedia policy or guidance? Of course there are instances of "victim blaming". But we are not doing that here. We are saying he was released from prison in 2014. By what stretch of the imagination does that constitute "blaming" him for the tragedy that occurred on May 25, 2020? [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 02:33, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#::{{re|Bus stop}} There is no evidence that his criminal history made him a target for police brutality. Thus, I see it as unrelated to his being killed, and the [[WP:ONUS]] to justify its inclusion has not been met. His criminal past is already in his bio, where it is relevant.—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 04:04, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#:::{{u|Bagumba}}—I am unaware of any Wikipedia policy or guideline relating to [[victim blaming]] or [[victim shaming]] and we cannot ''possibly'' be [[victim blaming]] or [[victim shaming]]. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 04:35, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' it really has no bearing on the topic of this article [[User:Blindlynx|Blindlynx]] ([[User talk:Blindlynx|talk]]) 09:38, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
#'''No''' it is not relevant to why he was killed. [[User:BetsyRMadison|BetsyRMadison]] ([[User talk:BetsyRMadison|talk]]) 14:28, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

===Discussion on including record===

Can we please now discuss this issue here and here only? We need to gain some kind of view as to who think what.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 12:38, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

Note that [[WP:OTHER]] maybe relevant, just because we include trivia is not a reason to expand the trivia so much as trim it.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 17:25, 31 May 2020 (UTC)

*Suggested wording: There was a sourced sentence in the article, but it was removed, and this article moves so fast I can’t find it now. It was along these lines, and this kind of thing is what I am suggesting/supporting: {{tq|In 2009 Floyd was sentenced to five years in prison for armed robbery. Following his release in 2014 he moved to Minnesota, intending to “start a new life”.<ref name = "AJC">{{cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/victim-police-encounter-had-started-new-life-minnesota/rMmT2wipeQFNnsypmh6oBL/|title=Floyd's brother tearfully asked for justice and peace following the 46-year-old bouncer's death Thursday|last=Toone|first=Stephanie|date=May 29, 2020|work=Associated Press|publisher=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|accessdate=May 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528221125/https://www.ajc.com/news/victim-police-encounter-had-started-new-life-minnesota/rMmT2wipeQFNnsypmh6oBL/|archive-date=May 28, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}} (continuing with "He lived in St. Louis Park…" etc.)
{{sources-talk}}
:The reference is already in the article, it's the AP/Atlanta Journal Constitution reference (#33). IMO this is well sourced and important to understanding him, even though there is no way the officers could have known about it; he appears to have had no brushes with the law during his six years in Minnesota. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 19:59, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
::Which is why I say its not relevant, as there is no indication he was a villain, sir. Or a jailbird. at the time of his killing. It tells us nothing about him other than at the time he was not a wanted felon.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 20:04, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
:::Neither does his high school football playing, or his rap band, but we include them. It is typical to include basic biographical information about notable deaths or crime victims, whether or not it relates to the [[WP:1E|event]] for which they are now known. Examples from recent articles about similar deaths: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Justine_Damond#Justine_Damond] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Philando_Castile#Philando_Castile] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Jamar_Clark#Jamar_Clark] (By the way, I'm not a "sir". 0;-D) -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 20:12, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
::::Then we would need to include far more background information on the officers, details of each civilian complaint, the police response to said complaints, the nature of their past killings, disciplinary records, etc. Also more details for Derek's violent behavior at his security job. That's far more material to the case at hand and necessary for balance.--[[User:Shadybabs|Shadybabs]] ([[User talk:Shadybabs|talk]]) 20:27, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
:::::Not opposed to that, but another discussion will need to be established on including that content. One step at a time. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] ([[User talk:KidAd|talk]]) 20:35, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
::::::For DUE weight and balance, I can only agree on including Floyd's priors if added simultaneously with details regarding the former officers' disciplinary records. Until full transparency of disciplinary records are released to the public any attempt to include a history of wrongdoing of Floyd will be heavily biased against Floyd, due to the nature of criminal records vs the blue wall of silence. Such action perpetuates the state of racial bigotry in the American police and is wholly unacceptable. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Shadybabs|Shadybabs]] ([[User talk:Shadybabs#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Shadybabs|contribs]]) 22:49, 31 May 2020 (UTC) 
:::::::Please note that, while it is important to maintain [[WP:NPOV]], any reason to include Floyd's prior arrest records is separate from the choice to include the officer's prior complaints/history. Again, there should be a full and separate discussion of latter. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] ([[User talk:KidAd|talk]]) 23:00, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
::::I agree, and have said so. We do not need to know about his life prior to this unless it has a direct impact. Anything else smacks of trying to prove a point.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 10:22, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
The purpose for inclusion of this history is impugn the character of Mr. Floyd. An example is this astonishing assertion further up the page: "Nobody calls the police on random people who didn't do anything. This person repeatedly committed crimes. Don't invade homes with weapons. Don't use counterfeit money."

''No one calls the police on random people who didn't do anything.'' Has the writer heard of the Central Park Ramble bird-watcher?

''Don't use counterfeit money.'' And what information does the writer have about Mr. Floyd's knowledge of whether it was counterfeit? Certainly the store owner makes no such claim:
<blockquote>“Most of the times when patrons give us a counterfeit bill they don’t even know its fake so when the police are called there is no crime being committed just want to know where it came from and that’s usually what takes place”. Chapman, Reg, [https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2020/05/28/owner-of-cup-foods-where-police-first-encountered-george-floyd-calls-for-justice/ “Owner Of Cup Foods, Where Police First Encountered George Floyd, Calls For Justice”], ‘’[[WCCO CBS Minnesota]]’’, May 28, 2020.</blockquote>

The motivation for the effort to include Floyd's criminal history is laid bare here: Deflect the attention from the perpetrator, and blame the victim. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 02:40, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
:The inclusion of this material would only {{tq|''serve to blame the victim''}} if the reader can't distinguish between years. But most readers would have no problem making distinctions between years. The death of George Floyd took place on May 25, 2020. George Floyd was incarcerated from 2009 to 2014 for a crime that took place in 2007. Most readers would have no difficulty distinguishing between 2014 and 2020. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 03:17, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
:Fine. In general, people don't call the police on random strangers. Note that for George Floyd's 10 (!) previous arrests, they were all peaceful. [[User:Lcaa9|Lcaa9]] ([[User talk:Lcaa9|talk]]) 09:02, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Before I !vote, if I do, what is the reason for including superfluous background on playing basketball, joining a band, losing a job or being a father, but not his criminal history which is connected to him being in Minneapolis (wanting to start over or something to that effect) instead of his home town of Houston where it had happened? I agree that this information tends to be spread to impugn the character of the alleged or apparent victim in a case like this, but how can we include extraneous sentimental information about him and not include what caused him to spend 5 years in prison, a major part of his life? [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 03:55, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
* This article is about the death of George Floyd, there is no relationship between his death and his past. Including that would suggest that there is a relationship. If you want to create an article about Floyd's biography then go create it. It is not related to his death, so it is not going to be included.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 04:25, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:{{u|SharabSalam}}, I hope you aren't replying to me, because you didn't reply to what I asked. Also you have this peculiar habit of saying what is going to happen before it happens, like you are the sole arbiter of whatever is in question, before it's been decided. It's very strange. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 04:29, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:{{u|DIYeditor}}—it is not {{tq|''spread to impugn the character of the alleged or apparent victim''}}. Basic facts that are recurrent in the best quality sources should be in the article. People's lives are documented when addressing an incident. Our article is already using some of these sources to support material that is already in the article. It would be a contrivance to pare away the facts that we don't like. Did it have to be an angelic choir boy that was killed? It was a person who may have had flaws. Or maybe not. There are a huge number of Americans in prison at any time. This is a real person. They served a 5 year prison sentence. All we are doing is depicting reality. Wikipedia wasn't created to to present an idealized version of reality. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 04:28, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::{{u|DIYeditor}}, I wasn't replying to you, so I will just ignore all of what you said but I will answer your question in my response to Bus stop. {{u|Bus stop}}, Wikipedia is not a newspaper and this article is not a news article. Wikipedia is an Encyclopedia, we assume that the content here would stay relevant '''to the topic''' until at least 10 years. Now, the topic of this article is about the death of George Floyd, not George Floyd himself. You cant tell if a content about his past would be relevant or not. Until it is proven to be relevant we can't include it, if it's not, it's not going to be included. Yes, a small biography can be included as '''to give an insight/introduction for this topic'''. Tell me how does his past criminal record gives an introduction for this topic??--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 05:44, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::{{u|SharabSalam}}: {{tq|there is no relationship between his death and his past}} - so playing basketball is relevant to his death but a criminal record for armed robbery is not? [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 05:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::: {{u|DIYeditor}}, you see, your argument is flawed. Your argument is only an [[appeal to hypocrisy]]. I said we will only include content that serves as an introduction for this topic. Does his past of what you call "criminal record for armed robbery" serves as an introduction for this topic? The answer no. It is not proven to be relevant to this very topic.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 06:00, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::{{u|SharabSalam}} Does playing basketball belong in the introduction? If so, how is a criminal record less relevant? Do neither belong in the article? I haven't decided whether his criminal record is an introduction to the topic, that's why I'm asking questions. Also you would be more convincing if you cited policy when making arguments. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 06:09, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::::::{{u|DIYeditor}}, stop the whataboutism argument. It will only show that your argument is not based on objective reasoning. Will my answer to your first question change your position? I dont think so. My concern is that we will be attempting to poison the well by adding that irrelevant content. That content about basketball could be irrelevant but it is not harmful, it doesnt add anything and it doesnt poison the well.
*::::::Here is an illustration
*::::::* X was killed by Y {{Tick}} '''OKAY'''
*::::::* X, who played basketball, was killed by Y. {{Maybe-t}} '''MAYBE OKAY'''
*::::::* X, who robbed houses in the 1990s and was jailed bluh bluh, was killed by Y. {{Cross}} '''NOT OKAY'''
*::::::[[WP:OR]] makes this clear and also [[WP:TOPIC]].--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 06:26, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::::So my question is why is basketball possibly ("maybe") relevant but not robbery? (I can think of a specific possible policy based reason but I am more curious about your line of thinking.) If you are going to quote OR or TOPIC it would help if you quoted which part you are referring to. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 06:33, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::::::::{{U|DIYeditor}}, that the content should be directly related to the topic. And WP:TOPIC says clearly, {{tq|The most readable articles contain no irrelevant (nor only loosely relevant) information.}} {{tq|If you are wandering off-topic, consider placing the additional information into a different article, where it will fit more closely with that topic.}} I have supported the idea of an article about the biography of Floyd. Also, no, that tick doesnt mean relevant. I was saying what is okay and what is not. I have clarified now and edited the original comment.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 06:42, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::::: I also think I have clearly said above why basketball is maybe okay. As I said, it doesnt potentially poison the well and imply that Floyd wasnt innocent when he was killed.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 06:45, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::::::::: I think [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]] is what applies here. I am not familiar with how that is interpreted though. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 06:53, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::::::: So? What you are saying is ....? We're here talking about whether that content about past "criminal record" is relevant to his death or not. It is clearly not relevant.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 07:38, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::::::::::: What I'm saying is .... the rule I cited (AVOIDVICTIM) is what applies here, not OR or TOPIC. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 07:41, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::::::::: So you think that his "crimial record" content is relevant to his death? Both WP:OR and [[WP:TOPIC]] says that the content should be directly relevant to the topic of the article. I am not arguing to include his virtues. I am arguing to remove the irrelevant content about "crimial record" as it is irrelevant to this article and this is the topic of this discussion. This is the only topic of this discussion and it should be the only topic of this discussion.--[[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 07:49, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*::::::::::::: I think it's a moot point because of [[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]]. How are you going to dictate what direction the discussion can take? [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 07:57, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*:::::::::::::: His past is relevant to the article. If you think what his past has to do with his death, can you answer "why do we have officers past on the article?". George was a convicted criminal and the officers were abusive. Not including his past is not neutral and has a POV that George was the purest soul possible and officers were worse than Hitler which is not the case. Officers behave according to the criminal history of the convict, he has behind the bars for 5 years for for armed robbery in a home invasion case. // [[User:Eatcha|Eatcha]] ([[User talk:Eatcha|talk]]) 08:55, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::::::::{{u|DIYeditor}}—[[WP:AVOIDVICTIM]] says don't include "every detail". Minor details obscurely sourced should be omitted. Five years in prison would not be a minor detail in anyone's life. The best quality sources, addressing the same topic that this article addresses, include this point about George Floyd's life. It would be a contrivance and a disservice to the reader to deliberately omit this information—not because it has bearing on his death—it doesn't—but because we don't exercise editorial authority—except to a limited extent. Basically, sources write articles. Basically, sources determine the content of articles. I don't think we should selectively omit information to make the eventual unlawful death at the hands of law officers seem more tragic; it is tragic whether the victim was an angelic [[choirboy]] or an [[Convict|"ex-convict"]]. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:23, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::::::::{{u|Bus stop}} {{tq|This is of particular importance when dealing with living individuals whose notability stems largely or entirely from being victims of another's actions. Wikipedia editors must not act, intentionally or otherwise, in a way that amounts to participating in or prolonging the victimization.}} (emphasis mine) My line of reasoning is that it appears he was killed because of being perceived to be a criminal, so including facts to support that perception which the officers did not know (as far as we know) is prolonging that victimization. [[User:DIYeditor|—DIYeditor]] ([[User talk:DIYeditor|talk]]) 04:20, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

:::::::::::::::::{{u|DIYeditor}}—you say {{tq|"it appears he was killed because of being perceived to be a criminal"}}. I have to disagree. It ''does not'' appear that he was {{tq|"killed because of being perceived to be a criminal"}}. You are using figurative and imprecise language—but no offense is intended. We don't even know if he was {{tq|"killed"}}. Was it Chauvin's intention to kill Floyd? I would doubt that. I am certain that what Chauvin did constituted entirely uncalled-for cruelty. Floyd was handcuffed behind his back. Several other cops were present and apparently unoccupied, just standing around. Therefore Floyd posed no threat. How could he? What was he going to do—break loose of the handcuffs? But did Chauvin intend to end Floyd's life at that moment? It would be unreasonable to think so. But more to the point—do [[WP:RS|sources]] say that {{tq|"it appears he was killed because of being perceived to be a criminal"}}? No, they don't, or at least not to my knowledge. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 17:12, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|DIYeditor}}, those details also should not be included. But that's another argument, so don't base your !vote on this issue upon whether or not those have yet been pulled. Let's decide what's correct in THIS argument. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 14:02, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|Valereee}}—what would be problematic in adhering to the general coverage of this incident as seen in the best quality sources? The best quality sources are addressing the [[Killing of George Floyd]]. Why would our coverage of the [[Killing of George Floyd]] differ significantly from the best quality sources? It is problematic to selectively omit information. This isn't being done inadvertently. This is being done deliberately. The reason for this deliberate omission is stated by several "oppose" votes: They argue that the inclusion of this information "serves to blame the victim". I vehemently reject that. We are writing an encyclopedia. And we have intelligent readers. An [[Convict|ex-convict]] who is unlawfully killed is not to blame for their death. The inclusion of information that the victim is an [[Convict|ex-convict]] does not "blame" the victim. That is nonsensical. It is an important fact as evidenced by its presence in coverage of this topic by entirely good quality sources. Deliberate omission of this nature is "political". Wikipedia should not be "political". Wikipedia should lay out the facts. Anything less is a disservice to the reader. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:32, 2 June 2020 (UTC)

Again, this is a separate issue form the resat of his life, but (as I have said more than once) the rest of his life is equally irrelevant. Unless it impacts of why he was shot his life before he moved to his new home is irrelevant. Nor does "what a great gut he was" other than (and RS have to draw the conclusion) it is a defence (I.E. "he was not X and so this was unfair").[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 10:27, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
{{Collapse
|1=
-
* https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52871936
* https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8366533/George-Floyd-moved-Minneapolis-start-new-life-released-prison-Texas.html
* https://www.texasmonthly.com/news/houston-years-george-floyd-dj-screw/
* https://news.yahoo.com/george-floyd-man-whose-death-215208777.html
* https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/29/george-floyd-who-was-he-his-friends-words
* https://news.sky.com/story/who-was-george-floyd-the-gentle-giant-who-loved-his-hugs-11997206
* https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/remembering-george-floyd-devoted-father-gentle-giant-200531070908430.html
|2=More reliable sources.
|bg=#FFFFFF
}}

Can we please be real here? Until separate articles are made on George Floyd and Derek Chauvin, which I am fully in support of, people are coming here to learn about them. I think we should give a balanced summary of both of their lives. We are trying to inform people here. Many "no" arguments are saying that including criminal history is an attempt to blame Floyd. I think the article is comprehensive enough that no reasonable person would walk away from it believing that Floyd was to blame in any capacity for his murder, unless they already believed that walking into it. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 11:57, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

* I suggest we remove all information that isn't directly relevant. The basketball playing & the rap music and number of children and relationships aren't relevant. The previous criminal record isn't relevant unless there's a history of resisting arrest or history of some other behavior that the defense is using to justify using this type of restraint, which would be relevant. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 18:38, 1 June 2020 (UTC)
*: I'm inclined to agree with {{u|Valereee}}. WP should account for the real possibility of deliberate misinterpretation of events, and should exclude unrelated biographies and move them into their own article. I was inclined to go Yes about 15 mins ago, I'm now against it. The past history of police is relevant to show the kind of policing they do. The past history of the subject is not relevant unless (a) the police had a positive ID and (b) [[WP:RS]] believe that the criminal history was connected to how the police treat him. As far as I can see, that isn't the case. It is an attempt at [[WP:FALSEBALANCE]] to say we must include the latter just because we include the former. The relevance of each one is completely different. Hence, I support inclusion of the material at [[George Floyd]], but not here. [[User:ProcrasinatingReader|ProcrasinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrasinatingReader|talk]]) 14:06, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
:::{{u|ProcrasinatingReader}}—the incident leading to death takes place in 2020 whereas the prison sentence ''ended'' in 2014. How does one have bearing on the other? Is there a {{tq|"possibility of deliberate misinterpretation of events"}}? [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:32, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
Also see the issue about DOB below, if he was born on the 16th he is not the same man as in the criminal records. Until this is sorted out this is a BLP violation.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 09:52, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
* Agree [[User:SharabSalam|SharʿabSalam▼]] ([[User talk:SharabSalam|talk]]) 13:52, 2 June 2020 (UTC)
:*I thought Wikipedia compiled multiple good quality sources into uncensored articles. Why would Wikipedia arbitrarily omit George Floyd's criminal past? If the reader wants to know, and if sources such as the New York Times, the BBC, and The Guardian, provide the information, why would Wikipedia deliberately omit the information? I think a reader would want to know who George Floyd is. Wikipedia exists to provide information where needed. Is there some reason we would fail at our purpose concerning this one piece of information? Why omit George Floyd's criminal past? [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 10:58, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
:::Because some readers/writers/voters are hypersensitive to what they perceive as victim-blaming, to the extent that they can't trust those who insist this is simply reliably-sourced background information, since some victim-blamers have lied (or seem to have lied) about their motives in unrelated earlier situations. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 23:40, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

The bio section on Floyd is presently somewhat awkward, even given the link to his full bio. Why not include a few generalized mentions, such as: he was an athlete, muscian, and father, who had moved to Minnesota _ years ago. At the time of his death, Floyd had lost employment due to the COVID-19 stay at home order. Years earlier, Floyd had had previous interactions with police in _____ ... Maybe end with a mention of his pacifist views expressed in his video. Don't victim-blame, don't fall into the trap of re-criminalising him, and let him be innocent - he served his time, and the police have confiscated the allegedly fraudulent $20. Don't assume Floyd even knew it was counterfeit, if it even was. Remember he remained in his car outside his community store for 8 minutes. That's not what a person passing counterfeit bills would do. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 12:47, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

Another point on Floyd: he didn't drive away when confronted by the employees. If consensus agrees, we should handle his so-called "criminal past" lightly and keep it in the past, and in his bio, while perhaps tweeking the info in the 'killing' article. Just
offering suggestions. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 17:30, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—you say we should keep his {{tq|"criminal past"}} in the past and you tell us not to {{tq|"victim-blame"}}. I couldn't agree more. I agree that we should keep his criminal past firmly in the past, and I agree that we should not "victim-blame". Therefore our article should say that George Floyd served 5 years in prison from 2009 to 2014 for an armed home invasion that he committed in 2007. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 17:49, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

The discussion has travelled a full circle again {{u|bustop}} : the points {{u|kablammo}} and so many made cannot be negated by turning the circle again. His past belongs in the bio article. His killing occurred after he was accused of passing counterfeit money, but we'll never know the truth since Floyd is dead and the police have the alleged bill. His past has nothing to do with the killing. For the purpose of deflecting criticism, I suggest adding very light mentions about his life to the section which is presently awkward, in 'People Involved'. With the link to his bio page, the detailed info on his past, where the info you suggest belongs. The suggestion is a NO vote with modifications [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 16:11, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Yes, his criminal activity prior to his death is relevant if this is a biography of George Floyd but only criminal elements that resulted in conviction. This should not be censored. Those wanting to leave it out, are leaving out a major part of narrative and when people 10-20 years from now read this, they will not have the true story of George Floyd. Only the agenda. [[User:Nsnodgrass73|Nsnodgrass73]] ([[User talk:Nsnodgrass73|talk]]) 18:10, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
:What agenda? [[User:Objective3000|O3000]] ([[User talk:Objective3000|talk]]) 21:28, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

'''Note to closer''' It seems that 30+ of the "Yes" !votes were before 4 June, when the standalone bio of [[George Floyd]] was created. The bio mentions his criminal history. It seems that a lot of those "yes"'s wanted the info somewhere, and picked [[Killing of George Floyd]] at the time. There are now more options than just here.—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 12:56, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|Bagumba}}—we should not be relying on another article to make this article complete. We should be alluding to the criminal past of George Floyd in this article in order to enhance the credibility of this article. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:43, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
::{{tq|... make this article complete|q=yes}}. No, that's a [[WP:COATRACK]]: {{tq| writes too much about background and loses sight of the title. Either way, the existence of a "hook" in a given article is not a good reason to "hang" irrelevant, undue or biased material there.|q=yes}}—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 02:00, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
:::[[WP:COATRACK]] concerns contrived add-ons. Note the distinction between the "nominal subject" and the "tangential subject". Five years in prison is not a minor factor in who George Floyd was. An article on an interaction between the police and a suspect concerns the backgrounds of the subject and the police. Floyd George was a person who was convicted of a 2007 armed home invasion—also not a minor unlawful act—for which he was sentenced to 5 years in prison. This is relevant background information. Do you think this is a [[WP:COAT|Coatrack article]] for revealing negative information about George Floyd? No, this article exists because of a fatal encounter between police and somebody suspected of a crime. Not to be too moralistic but prior encounters with the law would ''not'' be a contrived add-on. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 05:24, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
I think we need to let the closer decide which arguments are and are not relevant.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 13:46, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|Slatersteven}}—omission of expected information only detracts from the article. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:00, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
::We have all had more than enough say, and any closer (I think we can assume) can read what we have said 50 times before.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 14:04, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

:::Slatersteven—when we write an article we don't put on [[Blinkers (horse tack)|blinders]]. Webster defines [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blinder blinders] as "a limitation or obstruction to sight or discernment." You are studiously arguing to omit information. But omitting this information does not accentuate the horror of what occurred in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020. Omitting this information simply detracts from the completeness of this article. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:13, 13 June 2020 (UTC)

====Arbitrary break #1====
Evidence of the victim's past will not be in evidence, full stop. That past has nothing to do with his death, and will not be in evidence. The culpability of the defendant will not in any way be affected by Floyd's record. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 21:20, 16 June 2020 (UTC) [This and the following four posts moved from !vote section above by User:Snow Rise]
:{{u|Kablammo}} It seems like maybe you meant to put this into the "No" section, but put it here by mistake? Also, not that I disagree with you altogether, but it is worth noting that what you are discussing is a criminal law standard, and not a Wikipedia standard: there are many things that would not enter into evidence at a trial which we can and will discuss in an article. Inexperienced editors sometimes make the mistake of thinking that that Wikipedia maps the content it allows directly to what a court allows in cases where articles cover criminal offenses, but that's just not so, and wouldn't even be workable in a majority of cases, for a great number of reasons. Now that doesn't necessarily mean we ''will'' discuss this or that fact (Wikipedia has its own concerns about prejudicial content in the form of BLP protections) after-all, but its important that anybody particpating in this discussion understands that the standards we apply here are our own internal policies, not the laws and rules of criminal procedure that will govern the court case, whenever it goes to trial (which may be some time yet). ''[[User:Snow Rise|Snow]] [[User talk:Snow Rise|let's rap]]'' 03:23, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Snow Rise}}, thank you for the ping. I have weighed in before, and oppose mention of his prior record, just as I oppose mention of prior allegations of misconduct of the police which did not result in discipline or were for unrelated conduct. You are correct that I address a criminal law standard (or, more properly, a rule of evidence applicable to all cases); that was prompted by your mention of "those accused of his murder may use it [Floyd's record] to ameliorate their culpability as a legal or public matter". No doubt that is one of the reasons many on and off Wikipedia are emphasizing that record, but it will not matter to the officers' legal culpability. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 20:19, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
:::Ahhh, I see. I misunderstood your meaning there, as you seem to have surmised. I've moved your indentation in one, since I now assume the comment was meant to be a response to mine; if it wasn't (if it was meant to be a more general comment) by all means, outdent again. :) All of that said, though, I'm afraid you are actually mistaken about this point of evidentiary procedure in American courts. There is no general prohibition against introducing past criminal behaviour of a victim by the defense in a criminal case. You seem to be conflating a couple different rules of evidence: in a prosecution, evidence of previous criminal activity can typically not be submitted as against the defendant. Actually there are numerous exceptions to even that rule, but it they get quite convoluted, so it suffices to say here that generally one cannot admit evidence of previous criminal acts against the defendant. But the defense absolutely can provide evidence of previous criminal record on the part of the victim, in general. Again, there are exceptions to this rule, but that is the default. Now, any evidence has to go through what is called a probative value analysis (meaning its ability to shed light on an issue of fact or law must outweigh any prejudicial value that it might have). But in a murder trial, courts quite frequently allow evidence of past criminal convictions for violent crimes of the victim in. If any of the defendants here asserts that he knew of the victim's record, and the court has reason to believe that is true, then the past record would almost certainly be admitted as evidence of the defendant's state of mind (which goes to a critical element of a murder charge). And even if they can't prove that, the court may still allow the information to be entered if it rules that the jury may find that information relevant to any determinations about the conduct of the victim before the video started recording.
:::So in fact, it's quite possible the defendants will introduce this information at trial. They may choose not to (because their legal team may find it a bad strategy to try to blame the victim in this particular case), or the court may keep the criminal record out on the probative value analysis, but it's very much up in the air, which is why I make a note of it above. Further, even if they do not introduce such evidence at trial, others aligned with their defense may introduce the same information elsewhere in the public sphere--in fact, the article already contains just one such example of this being done. This ended up being the critical factor that tipped me into the "yes" category here: initially (although it was a very close call), I was going to !vote "no" on this one. What changed my mind is that I don't think there is any pragmatic way to keep all discussion of Mr. Floyd's past criminal status out of the article (attributed statements about Floyd being a "violent criminal are likely to be quoted in the article in numerous locations, regardless of whether we discuss his actual record in Wikipedia's voice). So therefore the BLP considerations flip, and it now becomes necessary to perhaps discuss that record in some small detail--for multiple reasons, but certainly including that he is not maligned as a victim without some effort to contextualize the fact that said record is not really particularly relevant to what transpired when he died in custody, as per the majority of the sources. ''[[User:Snow Rise|Snow]] [[User talk:Snow Rise|let's rap]]'' 21:32, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
::::{{u|Kablammo}} Since our little side discussion here is getting a little voluminous, I decided to move it down here: I hope that's alright with you--feel free to move it all back up if you prefer it to remain in its original location/context. ''[[User:Snow Rise|Snow]] [[User talk:Snow Rise|let's rap]]'' 21:41, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::The relocation is fine. I've not had time to peruse your points above, but [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/ev/id/404/ this] is the controlling rule (and [https://www.revisor.mn.gov/court_rules/ev/id/403/ this] may come into play as well), and I don't see an applicable exception. [[User:Kablammo|Kablammo]] ([[User talk:Kablammo|talk]]) 22:38, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Yes, that is the relevant rule and essentially works exactly as I summarized above. You cannot introduce prior criminal record as character evidence to prove conformity therewith. However, the defense can introduce it to go to state of mind of the defendant and the question of whether he acted reasonably under all the circumstances, among a number of other purposes, as Minnesota's version of Rule 404 expressly says. Trust me, though there is no context for it in a majority of instances, it still happens quite constantly in homicide cases where the victim has a criminal record, and is considered completely above-board (again, provided that it is relevant and the court rules the probative value outweighs the prejudicial influence, but that's true of literally any piece of evidence). In fact, there's a lot of black letter law on the principle as regards the defendant's constitutional right to present such evidence as part of a valid and complete defense, leaving states somewhat constrained in how much they can impinge upon this right.

:::::::Anyway, this is somewhat moot for now: it will be a while before the accused are submitting such evidence, if ever. But in the meantime, other parties (such as their union reps) are already raising Floyd's criminal record publicly, and you can bet certain media outlets are promoting it widely. And some of that discussion has already leaked into the article (understandably enough). So even if our objective is to afford Floyd the benefit of our BLP principles (which certainly must be one of our objectives here), then we may need at times to discuss his criminal record, if only for the purpose of reflecting what the relevant sources say about it: that it really has little to no bearing on the manner in which he died. That's pretty much the reason I moved from my initial impulse to oppose any mention in this article: we can't really keep out the commentary of others labeling him a criminal (whether the defendants choose to/are allowed to raise such an argument at trial or not). And even if we could, discussion of it would still be out there, alive in the world of media coverage at large. So even those very concerned about protecting Floyd from slandering probably ought to be in favour of allowing some controlled discussion of his record in this article. We just can't ignore it or hide it from the average person's field of view, so we should do what we can to contextualize it appropriately and responsibly. ''[[User:Snow Rise|Snow]] [[User talk:Snow Rise|let's rap]]'' 23:18, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

== Merge proposal: 8'46" ==
{{anchor|Merger proposal}}
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1907129296}}

I propose to merge the article [[8′46″]] into [[Killing of George Floyd]]. This reference to the length of time that Chauvin kneeled on Floyd’s neck is worthy of a paragraph at the target article - maybe under a "Tributes" section since "in popular culture" seems a rather jarring reference to a controversial death. But IMO it is not worthy of a standalone article. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 04:34, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::UPDATE: I have changed my mind and now think it qualifies as a standalone article; see below. -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 14:31, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*<s>'''Support''' per nom. Subjects stemming from a parent subject can become independently notable if large amounts of subject-independent coverage arrive on that child subject, as is the case with [[Donald Trump visit to St. John's Church]]. However that is not the case here, at the very least for the time being. --[[User:letcreate123|letcreate123]] ([[User talk:letcreate123|talk]]) 04:51, 3 June 2020 (UTC)</s> Vote withdrawn after taking another look at the article and at the nominator's own words further down below. --[[User:letcreate123|letcreate123]] ([[User talk:letcreate123|talk]]) 16:48, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
** That article has had a complex life in a short amount of time - nominated for deletion, renamed and in the deletion discussion you changed your !vote about its status. So it may not be the strongest example. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 07:18, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Merge''' That page was not necessary. What if i create a 5 second chokehold wikiapedia. Will that be enough to create a page? [[User:Regice2020|Regice2020]] ([[User talk:Regice2020|talk]]) 05:19, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
** If that chokehold was covereed in [[WP:RS]], and thousands of people took to the streets, perhaps yes. So yours is not really a strong argument. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 07:23, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*::Nor is the argument that a position which takes almost ten minutes to kill, ''if'' it happens at all, can be compared to a legit [[chokehold]]. [[User:InedibleHulk|InedibleHulk]] ([[User talk:InedibleHulk|talk]]) 09:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 06:21, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*: Reiterate support. Even the expanded article is at least half filled with information already on this page that would not need merging and the other half fits here better. I also don't see the "in journalism" section as relevant to the topic at hand. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 14:47, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' MelanieN's opinion shouldn't be the only reason for deletion. [[User:Kire1975|Kire1975]] ([[User talk:Kire1975|talk]]) 06:27, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*:No one is arguing for deletion. The proposal is to [[WP:merge|merge]] it here since it would be better covered within the context of this article instead of a standalone article. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 10:11, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Per nom. Certainly deserves a section in the main Floyd article. [[User:KidAd|KidAd]] ([[User talk:KidAd|talk]]) 06:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Per nom, by itself with seldom references from [[WP:RS]], it doesn't hold enough content to warrant it's own article — [[user:IVORK|IVORK]] [[User talk:IVORK|Talk]] 07:01, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - The duration has become notable in itself because of the reporting and programming that has been produced with 8'46" as the focus. As the article states, a highly notable range of channels carried programming of this exact length, attesting to the significance and exposure of the public to this - [[Nickelodeon]], [[BET]], [[CBS Sports Network]], [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]], [[Comedy Central]], [[Logo TV]], [[MTV]], [[Paramount Network]], the [[Smithsonian Channel]], [[TV Land]], and [[VH1]]. Speaking to the nom's comment: there is no Wikipedia policy around excluding content due to something being "jarring." In fact, one could contend that "jarring" indicates a level of notability that justifies the focus of the article. I've also added a number of "die-in" protests that are using the 8'46" as the focus. Note that [[8′46″]] is also currently in the navbox [[:Template:George Floyd]], added by others, so a "speedy" decision isn't the right route as others have deemed it worthy of more widespread exposure.
*: Since the merge proposal is not being done on the associated talk page, a courtesy ping for all the other unique editors of the article - {{ping|CommanderWaterford|DividedFrame|Jadewest.catvalentine|Jim Michael|Koavf|Letcreate123|Paintspot|Pegship|TJMSmith}} -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 07:15, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. [[User:CommanderWaterford|CommanderWaterford]] ([[User talk:CommanderWaterford|talk]]) 07:17, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Doesn't seem to be enough independent content (at least as of yet): merging this into a section that discusses language related to the protests (alongside slogans like "I can't breathe") seems reasonable as of now. May I also say how happy I am that this title uses proper primes instead of <'> and <">? (But also how sad and exhausted I am that we need to keep on fighting for African-Americans' basic right to life?) ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (ko'''a'''vf)]]❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯ 07:20, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Could probably just as a section explaining the meaning of 8'46" [[User:Tbrechner|Tbrechner]] ([[User talk:Tbrechner|talk]]) 08:01, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' This is very much a part of this.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 08:57, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Doesn't require it's own page and people looking it up should pereferably find it under this article. [[User:Aaryan33056|Aaryan33056]] ([[User talk:Aaryan33056|talk]]) 08:59, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Would fit better as its own section of the article, rather than being an article itself. [[User:Fernsong|Fernsong]] ([[User talk:Fernsong|talk]]) 09:25, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''', it's become a common duration for commemorations and protests about Floyd's death. It's clearly worthy of an article on its own merits, expanding on that point. [[User:OwenBlacker|OwenBlacker]] (he/him; [[User talk:OwenBlacker|Talk]]; please {{[[Template:ping|ping]]}} me in replies) 10:09, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. ―[[User:Mandruss|'''''Mandruss''''']] [[User talk:Mandruss|☎]] 11:05, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' It's clearly becoming it's own thing and will continue to evolve. Let it be. I see the work of well meaning new editors and it's all scrubbed with one gruff opinion. If you weren't born with an [[indentured servant]] great grandmother or have been through the new user experience more than once you wouldn't know both sides like I do. [[User:Technophant|Technophant]] ([[User talk:Technophant|talk]]) 11:19, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*:Do not make assumptions or dismiss users opinions based upon who they are (or who you think they are) it is a violation of [[wp:npa]].[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 11:24, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support and Merge''' Not independent enough yet; include the content here, then split it off later if it grows to the point where it warrants its own article. [[User:AzureCitizen|AzureCitizen]] ([[User talk:AzureCitizen|talk]]) 12:22, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. It's part of the event. Wikipedia is not knowyourmeme. [[User:T8612|T8612]] [[User talk:T8612|(talk)]] 12:40, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - The amount of time isn't notable, nor is it independently notable from the killing it is tied to. There are numerous ways to make reference to the killing of George Floyd (time his neck was compressed, his initials, a nickname), but we don't give each of them an article, do we? After Kobe Bryant died, numerous people made reference to him using his uniform numbers 8 and 24 as references. But we didn't give each of them their own articles because they aren't notable separate from the subject they are tied to. [[User:Y2kcrazyjoker4|Y2Kcrazyjoker4]] ([[User talk:Y2kcrazyjoker4|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Y2kcrazyjoker4|contributions]]) 12:51, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* That's not a strong argument or parallel though. 8 and 24 were already established as his player numbers, and no one was using them in much higher stakes situtations like protests for justice or civil rights. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 15:19, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''SUPPORT''' it should be merged over, it just one part of this, not enough content to be off on his own. [[User:Dream Focus | '''Dream Focus''']] 14:13, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Better covered here. [[User:Popcornfud|Popcornfud]] ([[User talk:Popcornfud|talk]]) 14:17, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per nom. [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 14:18, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*<s>'''Support''', I don't see why this should have its own article. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 14:24, 3 June 2020 (UTC)</s> see below for new vote [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 00:25, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

* I have changed my mind and I now '''oppose''' my own merge request. When I proposed it, the article looked roughly like [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8%E2%80%B246%E2%80%B3&oldid=960410601 this] - a few examples of popular culture observances which could easily have been added to the article. But since then [[User:Fuzheado]] has expanded it to include more and different types of information, to the point where I think it is now a viable article. {{ping|Regice2020|SoWhy|KidAd|IVORK|CommanderWaterford|Koafv|Slatersteven|Aaryan33056|Fernsong|Mandruss|AzureCitizen|T8612|Y2Kcrazyjoker4|Dream Focus|Popcornfud|Thanoscar21|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo}} You all supported a merge. Do you still feel it should be merged, or do you think it now qualifies as a standalone article? -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 14:31, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

:*Still support - It's still not very expansive. [[User:Thanoscar21|'''Thanoscar21''']][[User talk:Thanoscar21|talk]], [[Special:Contributions/Thanoscar21|contribs]] 14:35, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* Support (again). Can still be covered in the main article without losing critical detail. [[User:Popcornfud|Popcornfud]] ([[User talk:Popcornfud|talk]]) 14:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* Still support. I rest my case. [[User:T8612|T8612]] [[User talk:T8612|(talk)]] 14:41, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:*The Commemorations section should be in the protest article. The section "In journalism" isn't really notable enough to be mentioned at all. The section "Safety" should be in the main article. And not enough "In popular culture" to justify its own article, anything notable should be mentioned in one of the two existing articles. [[User:Dream Focus | '''Dream Focus''']] 16:25, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:** They can be in both in different ways. In fact, I didn't exhaustively list all the 8'46" events because that's not a good use of the article. I thoroughly used them as references for [[WP:N]] and [[WP:V]] purposes, but a thorough list is beyond the scope of the article. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:35, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:*Still support. Look, news coverage of the [[Shooting of Michael Brown]] very often, maybe even usually, mentioned that Brown was shot six times. That didn't warrant an article [[Shot six times]]. If and when this rises to the prominence of [[Me Too movement|#MeToo]], we might be able to justify an article [[8′46″ movement]]. ―[[User:Mandruss|'''''Mandruss''''']] [[User talk:Mandruss|☎]] 17:29, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::* This is not a strong argument - no one was putting forth "Shot six times" as having any resonance in either protest themes or how to structure remembrances for Michael Brown. You are entitled to an opinion, but it's not a good analog for comparison. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::*And of course you are entitled to your opinions about the issue at hand and the strength of my argument. ―[[User:Mandruss|'''''Mandruss''''']] [[User talk:Mandruss|☎]] 17:42, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* Thanks {{u|MelanieN}} for recognizing the article's evolution and merit. I was confident it was worthy of its own article before, and while adding more details I was even more convinced of its far-reaching impact. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:35, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:*Still support - While recognizing that the article has definetly expanded from what it originally was when I first gave my support on it, there just doesn't seem to be enough on the article to justify it being its own separate page, rather than being a part of the [[Killing of George Floyd]] article. As such, I still support a merge. [[User:Fernsong|Fernsong]] ([[User talk:Fernsong|talk]]) 03:24, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
:*Still support - Thank you for the mention. The article has changed since this request was put forward but it is still comparatively lacking in the capacity to be a standalone article. While it definitely educates the reader, it doesn't have enough to have it's own article. The points were categorized, and while that is a good effort, that's all there is. Hence, I choose to continue to support the merge. [[User:Aaryan33056|Aaryan33056]] ([[User talk:Aaryan33056|talk]]) 08:40, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

* '''Support.''' It should be merged because the existence of [[8′46″]] trivializes the subject. The subject is this very serious subject currently titled [[Killing of George Floyd]]. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:38, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* Have you read the article? It does the exact ''opposite'' of what you claim by detailing how the 8'46" is being highlighted to bring attention to injustice. I hope any closer of this proposal recognizes this. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 15:06, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::*You are speaking in [[wikt:platitude|platitudes]] when you say the [[8'46"]] article is {{tq|"being highlighted to bring attention to injustice"}}. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:53, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::* No, you need to read closer as I did not say anything of the sort. The duration ''itself'' is being used to "bring attention to injustice" and not the Wikipedia article. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 16:20, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::::*[[8'46"]] is a "catchphrase". A catchphrase is [[catchphrase|"a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts"]]. I think the use of a catchphrase to stand in for a serious subject does a disservice to the serious subject. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 16:41, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::* That it is merely a "catchphrase" is your opinion. If you read the article you will see that it is covered in multiple dimensions - in the context of forensics (as part of the charging document), popular culture, the media, and in protests. - [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:41, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::*A phrase being a rallying cry does not make it substantial enough for an article. [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/rallying-cry "A rallying cry or rallying call is something such as a word or phrase, an event, or a belief which encourages people to unite and to act in support of a particular group or idea."] [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 17:51, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::* FYI, as of today, a widely syndicated Associated Press piece refers to it this way: "8:46: A Number Becomes a Potent Symbol of Police Brutality." [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/06/04/us/ap-us-america-protests-eight-minutes.html] Not just a slogan or catchphrase, but a symbol. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 14:42, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::::*The first sentence of the source that you provided reads "All protest movements have slogans. George Floyd's has a number: 8:46". Especially in this instance we should not be creating articles willy-nilly as doing so trivializes the subject of the main article—which I would characterize as death in police custody as a result of abuse. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 11:15, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' Article has been expanded related to the impact of the term and now has all the requirements to stay as an standalone article. [[Killing of George Floyd]] and [[George Floyd protests]] are already long articles so I don't think merging them is a good idea, given that article has sources and relevant information. --[[User:B1mbo|B1mbo]] ([[User talk:B1mbo|talk]]) 15:43, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Strongly. This is ridiculous. 8:46 is no more notable for being the time of the World Trade Center attacks than it is the time I was born (really!). [[User:Trillfendi|Trillfendi]] ([[User talk:Trillfendi|talk]]) 16:15, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* This is not a good (or cogent) argument. 1) No one has made a case for the time of the WTC attacks because the circumstances and significance are completely different and 2) there are not two-dozen reliable sources documenting the time you were born as notable. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 16:27, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::: I evidently juxtaposed two thing involving an 8 46 time period: one is an event that defines how we view modern history... the other is only significant to an astrology chart. It can take me 8 minutes and 46 seconds to bake Nestlé cookies. What other specific time has a Wikipedia article? This is the issue we run into when we just go making articles out of thin air. Recentism and exclusion. [[User:Trillfendi|Trillfendi]] ([[User talk:Trillfendi|talk]]) 22:26, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' [[8′46″]] does not seem notable enough to have it's own article. (Check WP:Notability) [[User:Jam ai qe ju shikoni|Jam ai qe ju shikoni]] ([[User talk:Jam ai qe ju shikoni|talk]]) 16:20, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' at least for the present. All the best: ''[[User:Rich Farmbrough|Rich]] [[User talk:Rich Farmbrough|Farmbrough]] '' 16:49, 3 June 2020 (UTC). 
* '''Support''' - 8'46" pertains to George Floyd's killing and isn't (yet) related to any other topic outside of that (if so, very few low notable topics). It should be merged with [[Killing of George Floyd]]. - [[User:EelamStyleZ|EelamStyleZ]] ([[User talk:EelamStyleZ|talk]]) 17:05, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* 8:48 is not related to anything that I know of. 8'46" is, however, and the article makes it rather clear how it has wide resonance in vigils, protests, popular culture and in the media. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:23, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::* Corrected the error, thanks for pointing that out. The uses of the term and resonance among corporations and groups all seem to stem from reactions to George Floyd killing and protests, making it easy to keep all of that under separate articles (i.e. Reactions to the killing of George Floyd, Reactions to George Floyd protests). [[8'46"]] itself should '''redirect to [[Killing of George Floyd]]''' - [[User:EelamStyleZ|EelamStyleZ]] ([[User talk:EelamStyleZ|talk]]) 16:23, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Weak Support''', with the option to also keep this article. This is only a noteworthy time interval in the context of Floyd's killing (and in the 9/11 attacks, but that one is sufficiently disambiguated). It should be merged for now, but we can un-merge it if we decide if this has long-term notability later. [[User:Epicgenius|epicgenius]] ([[User talk:Epicgenius|talk]]) 17:11, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* "only a noteworthy time interval in the context of Floyd's killing" - Yes, and? There's no policy I'm aware of in Wikipedia that prescribes this as a problem in terms of article-ness. It is a time period made famous by Floyd's killing, but now has resonance in multiple domains. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 17:46, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::* I think the more important thing to think about is the long-term notability, i.e. would 8:46 still be repeated in 1 year? 10 years? Or would this be a phenomenon that fades out next month? [[WP:10YT]] should probably apply. [[I can't breathe]], a similar article, is an example of something that has since become a widely-spread catchphrase, and is obviously noteworthy. Let's see if the same applies here, too. I think it may apply, given the widespread usage on social media, but we can't really predict the future. [[User:Epicgenius|epicgenius]] ([[User talk:Epicgenius|talk]]) 18:07, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::* [[WP:10YT]] makes an excellent case to oppose this merger for now, and revisit the decision later. It says we should "wait and see". [[User:Yardenac|Yardenac]] ([[User talk:Yardenac|talk]]) 20:11, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' - This is really not that well-known and deserving of a dedicated article. [[User:Xxavyer|Xxavyer]] ([[User talk:Xxavyer|talk]]) 18:49, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose'''. I have changed my mind, this article definitely provides unique content. Is it necessary to exist? No. Will a lot of people see it? Probably not. But I don't think the specific stuff it has is worth merging, so the only other option is deleting. And I don't think something not being absolutely necessary or not likely to be seen is grounds for deleting, if it will nonetheless be of educational value to those who end up reading it. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 19:17, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:::[[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]], you can't have two votes here. Since you have changed your mind, you should strike your "support" vote above. If you don't know how, here's how: <nowiki><s>'''Support'''</s></nowiki> -- [[User:MelanieN|MelanieN]] ([[User talk:MelanieN|talk]]) 00:10, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::Thank you for letting me know (I am relatively new here, just joined in 2020) [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 00:27, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose'''. The article has been significantly updated, and I think a lot of the content on it is not worth merging with the main George Floyd article, or the article on subsequent protests. It should stand alone as an article related, but separate from those two. '''Reminder that not everything regarding those events needs to fit into one of the main pages - it's okay to have supporting articles on related topics.''' I think the topic that is notable enough to warrant its own page. The current page primarily discusses specific use of that time (8 min 46 seconds) in protests and popular culture, not Floyd's murder itself. [[User:Coffeespoons|Coffeespoons]] ([[User talk:Coffeespoons|talk]]) 19:36, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' and perhaps revisit the question in 6~12 months. I feel merge decisions like these are best made with hindsight after the article has been allowed to develop freely - especially for current events. If there was a real case for existing, that will have made itself clear with more content and [[WP:RS|sources]]. If there wasn't, then the decision to merge can be made with more confidence. But for now, give it room to grow. Already several supporters of merging have changed their minds, citing the ongoing progress the article has made. [[User:Yardenac|Yardenac]] ([[User talk:Yardenac|talk]]) 19:49, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' proposition but I '''support''' merging into [[George Floyd protests]] not [[Killing of George Floyd]] because the time is primarily used in protest.[[User:Waters.Justin|Waters.Justin]] ([[User talk:Waters.Justin|talk]]) 20:12, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' Doesn't have much coverage outside the US and is essentially encompassed by the death page. '''[[User:The C of E|The C of E God Save the Queen!]]''' ([[User talk:The C of E|talk]]) 20:17, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
:* Reminder: coverage outside the US is not a determining factor in our policies. Even if it was, there has been significant coverage "outside" the US because of Associated Press coverage [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/06/04/us/ap-us-america-protests-eight-minutes.html], and the fact that major US news outlets are internationally read. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 14:38, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' as the article is expanded and contains details that wouldn't be useful in the main [[Killing of George Floyd]] article. I concur with Yardenac above that this can be revisited in a 6 months or a year. Plus, the main article is large; we do not want it to get unwieldy. [[User:TJMSmith|TJMSmith]] ([[User talk:TJMSmith|talk]]) 21:05, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', on top of which the [[Killing of George Floyd]] article is probably too long already and ought to be split into more sub-pages. [[User:DividedFrame|Brad]] ([[User talk:DividedFrame|talk]]) 21:39, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' as the subject is too specific for its own article. It easily be covered in this main article. '''Slight support''' to merge into [[George Floyd protests]]. [[User:GoodCrossing|GoodCrossing]] ([[User talk:GoodCrossing|talk]]) 23:09, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Merge''' Per nom, {{User|KidAd}}, and {{User|IVORK}}, it's certainly worthy of a subsection on the Killing of George Floyd article but doesn't have enough [[WP:RS]] to warrant it's own [[WP:SPINOUT]] page. --{{User proxy|172.101.5.82|Mdaniels5757|18:11, 3 June 2020 (UTC)}}
:* The nom has changed to oppose and there's no way it will be speedy anything. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 00:10, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per reasons listed by other uses above. (Let's revisit this one in a few months.) [[User:Paintspot|Paintspot Infez]] ([[User talk:Paintspot|talk]]) 01:09, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' Even with expanded content there is significant duplication that is already covered in the main article or protests article or can be combined with the Responses section, especially if that gets spun-out as a subarticle instead. [[User:Reywas92|Reywas92]][[User talk:Reywas92|Talk]] 03:25, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''oppose''' for many reason, including that this article is already far too long, and is already stuffed with too many related but distinct topics. [[User:Geo Swan|Geo Swan]] ([[User talk:Geo Swan|talk]]) 04:46, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' the 8.46 article is now big enough to be a stand-alone page. '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' [[User talk:Lugnuts|Fire Walk with Me]] 06:56, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per above. [[User:Truflip99|truflip99]] ([[User talk:Truflip99|talk]]) 07:25, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - The Associated Press ran this story which is being picked up in syndication by many news outlets around the world, "8:46: A Number Becomes a Potent Symbol of Police Brutality" [https://www.chronicleonline.com/news/national/8-46-a-number-becomes-a-potent-symbol-of-police-brutality/article_ffcefeae-09e3-5c33-9718-faa2cbcafe25.html] [https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/06/04/us/ap-us-america-protests-eight-minutes.html] - [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 12:31, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::[https://www.chronicleonline.com/news/national/8-46-a-number-becomes-a-potent-symbol-of-police-brutality/article_ffcefeae-09e3-5c33-9718-faa2cbcafe25.html "All protest movements have slogans. George Floyd's has a number: 8:46"] You are arguing for a standalone article for a "slogan". [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 12:37, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::: Untrue. 1) One should look up the difference between a slogan and a symbol, as they are quite different. 2) The above !votes show this is not going to be merged. Best for all to focus on productively writing an encyclopedia. - [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 12:42, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::You are not engaging in dialogue. No surprise there, as your "argument" is for a separate freestanding article on a "slogan", according to the source that you provided. (Couldn't the [[Killing of George Floyd]] article explain the existence of the slogan {{green|8′46″}}? Probably in about 2 sentences?) You are not explaining what you see as the {{tq|"difference between a slogan and a symbol"}}. Instead you are saying {{tq|"One should look up the difference between a slogan and a symbol"}}. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 12:52, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::: I can't tell whether you are trolling or not. I have been thoroughly engaged in dialogue on this page. The difference is so simple I didn't think it needed explanation: shouting "8 minutes 46 seconds!" is a '''slogan.''' Lying down for a "die-in" for that amount of time, turning on the lights in Dodger Stadium for that amount of time, putting a black screen on TV with a pulsing "I CAN'T BREATHE" for that amount of time or Google telling employees to be silent for that amount of time are all '''symbolic.''' Let's not continue pointless debate - AGF and keep on editing. Cheers. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 13:19, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::You are simply citing manifestations of a slogan. Indeed it would be surprising if there were not manifestations of a slogan. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 14:25, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::: The entire field of [[semiotics]] would have a problem with this definition. -- [[User:Fuzheado|Fuzheado]] | [[User talk:Fuzheado|Talk]] 16:10, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' No need for a stand alone article on this topic. The subject is too specific for its own article and much to obscure. [[User:Lightburst|Lightburst]] ([[User talk:Lightburst|talk]]) 13:59, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' ❯❯❯ [[User:ArnabSaha| S A H A]] 18:15, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*<s>Merge & Redir. At this moment, 8'46" might be getting some coverage, but it has not turned significan/long lasting enough to warrant separate article as of yet. Merge and redirect. --''[[User:Nafsadh|nafSadh]] [[special:contributions/Nafsadh|did]] [[User talk:Nafsadh|say]]'' 19:47, 4 June 2020 (UTC)</s>
: '''Oppose'''. Five days after my original evaluation, things have changed a lot and [[8'46"]] has become significant enough to warrant a standalone article of its own. --''[[User:Nafsadh|nafSadh]] [[special:contributions/Nafsadh|did]] [[User talk:Nafsadh|say]]'' 03:49, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Speedy Merge''' and this should be renamed and trimmed. Like George_Floyd insided or something. [[User:Jack007|Jack007]] ([[User talk:Jack007|talk]]) 21:43, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. The content in the 8:46 article warrants inclusion, but per [[Wikipedia:Article size]] and [[WP:SPINOUT]] most of this content should not be in the main article concerning the killing of George Floyd. [[User:Yanping Nora Soong|Yanping Nora Soong]] ([[User talk:Yanping Nora Soong|talk]]) 23:26, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose merge to this article''' - if it's merged anywhere, it should be merged to [[George Floyd protests]] (but that should be addressed in a separate merge proposal at [[Talk:George Floyd protests]]). In relation to the [[Killing of George Floyd]], 8'46" is a coincidental detail--the time period Chauvin's knee was on Floyd's neck--other than being too long of a duration, it has no more meaning than that the time of day was 8:30 p.m. or that it was a Monday, etc. In relation to the [[George Floyd protests]], 8'46" is a significant symbol. Thus, if it's not on its own page, it should be on the protest page, but not here. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 01:33, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*''' Oppose '''- [[Killing of George Floyd]] is already too long. --[[User:Jax 0677|Jax 0677]] ([[User talk:Jax 0677|talk]]) 03:01, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Even though the main article is too long, an article about the duration of an event, however terrible it is, does not have enough encyclopedic relevance in itself. If 8'46" was not a timelength, but a movement, I would probably oppose for now. [[User:Ron Oliver|Ron Oliver]] ([[User talk:Ron Oliver|talk]]) 08:58, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. The article has been expanded considerably since nominated and now meets notability guidelines. This symbol has made its way into playlists and commemorations as part of Blackout Tuesday and is being used as a symbolic time for moments of silence and die-ins across the world. I also trust the judgment of the nominator, who has reversed their position. [[User:Gobonobo|gobonobo]] [[User talk:Gobonobo|+]] [[Special:Contributions/Gobonobo|c]] 09:05, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose merging or deletion''' — When there are activist movements, there is often a rush to create lots of articles based on initial hype and media coverage, and then there's a process of tidying them up later—think about the Occupy protests and the many tiny Occupy offshoots that ended up going to AfD and being merged. That is indeed a risk. But if this were at AfD, the test of standalone inclusion in terms of [[WP:GNG]] etc. are fairly clearly satisfied—it is well-sourced. There is a risk it is [[WP:TOOSOON|too soon]], but this is equally balanced out by... well, if it is, and the use of 8'46" as a means of memorial, protest, activism (etc.) fades away in a few weeks or months, there's nothing stopping us from having a deletion discussion about it then, since there is [[WP:TIND|no deadline]], and as others have noted, this article is getting ''quite long already''. —[[User:Tom Morris|Tom Morris]] ([[User talk:Tom Morris|talk]]) 11:49, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose merging or deletion''' - The subject of this article passes [[WP:GNG]]. A standalone article is justified per [[WP:SIZESPLIT]]. [[User:Krakkos|Krakkos]] ([[User talk:Krakkos|talk]]) 12:27, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
<s>*''' Oppose ''' per [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trayvon Martin (2nd nomination)]]. If [[Trayvon Martin]] has his own article, so should [[George Floyd]].</s> [[User:Mysticair667537|Mysticair667537]] ([[User talk:Mysticair667537|talk]]) 15:37, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' sorry wrong one. [[User:Mysticair667537|Mysticair667537]] ([[User talk:Mysticair667537|talk]]) 15:55, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - I think this passes GNG since there are multiple independent sources that are directly about this subject. If this was just trivially mentioned in some sources of course I would support a merge, but thats not the case when there are multiple credible sources directly about the subject.[[User:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|Iamreallygoodatcheckers]] ([[User talk:Iamreallygoodatcheckers|talk]]) 17:43, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - while there should be a good paragraph about 8'46" in the George Floyd article, I also think this is now an independent phenomenon, and will likely to continue to be one of the major symbols of the protest movement. Having a standalone article will also keep unrelated detail out of a core article that is already quite long - eg the fact that the Senate observed 8'46" is notable for a standalone article, but maybe not for the core Death of George Floyd article. (Also, everyone should note that all of the articles on this subject are very fast moving, and the 8'46" article has changed quite a bit since the original nom, as has the real-world context and usage). -- [[user:phoebe|phoebe]] / ([[user_talk:phoebe|talk to me]]) 18:11, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' - the subject has seen significant attention in protests and in media as of late, as represented by the size of the article at present, and has become noted in protests worldwide. —[[User:Onore Baka Sama|Onore Baka Sama]]([[User talk:Onore Baka Sama|speak]] | [[Special:Contributions/Onore Baka Sama|stalk]]) 20:27, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support into [[George Floyd Protests]] and this article''' 8'46" is inherently related to both these articles but as a standalone topic it's not notable '''[[User:EoRdE6|EoRdE6]]'''([[User talk:EoRdE6|Come Talk to Me!]]) 22:15, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' Both articles are directly related, and 8'46" is derivative and subsidiary of this article. Just give 8'46" its own subsection on this page instead of having a whole page dedicated to it. [[User:RopeTricks|RopeTricks]] ([[User talk:RopeTricks|talk]]) 00:35, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose.''' This has become separate "slogan" that's related to wider BLM movement, not just the police slaying. It's similar to the [[I can't breathe]] article. [[Special:Contributions/109.76.87.125|109.76.87.125]] ([[User talk:109.76.87.125|talk]]) 02:02, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. It's becoming more apparent that the main article is better off splitting into multiple articles for various topics. This is no exception, as I see it, as there's already quite a lot of [[WP:RS]] in this article already. '''[[User:Quahog|Quahog]]''' ([[User talk:Quahog|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Quahog|contribs]]) 08:06, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''', for the [8'46"] article as is (and growing); if somehow it can be kept under ~20kB I support the merge, but that is very unlikely to happen. This [killing of] article is already large enough. [[User:Feelthhis|Feelthhis]] ([[User talk:Feelthhis|talk]]) 13:40, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': sources in the article and arguments above make a convincing case for notability. Much better to leave this as-is for now and revisit at a later date when lasting significance can be better evaluated. – [[User:Arms & Hearts|Arms & Hearts]] ([[User talk:Arms & Hearts|talk]]) 19:47, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per nom. —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 04:50, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' for now. We can revisit this whole series of articles when we have more perspective, when the scholarly works are written. It's too hard to judge while we're in the middle of this. [[User:Guettarda|Guettarda]] ([[User talk:Guettarda|talk]]) 15:49, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' merge into [[George Floyd Protests]] because there is no need for a stand alone article on this topic. [[User:Sokuya|Sokuya]] ([[User talk:Sokuya|talk]]) 15:54, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' per reasons above. Notable, well sourced, decently sized and expanding. [[User:QuestFour|QuestFour]] ([[User talk:QuestFour|talk]]) 18:40, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''': This is too obscure, and should be merged for easier access. As a standalone article its not notable enough to deserve a whole page. [[User:Hextor26|Hextor26]] ([[User talk:Hextor26|talk]]) 20:33, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - the length of time is not independently notable to the event. The article contains the origin of 8:46 (should already in this article) and some other events (protests, memorials etc.) which reference the time. A separate article is unnecessary. [[User:SSSB|SSSB]] ([[User talk:SSSB#top|talk]]) 21:39, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - This is a phrase that is only associated with this event and probably won't be used for any other event. [[User:Love of Corey|Love of Corey]] ([[User talk:Love of Corey|talk]]) 01:06, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. I think this article being as well-sourced and decently sized (without overcompensating in my opinion) proves that it has a right to stand on its own. It would take up too much room in the main article, which is already quite large, although not unreasonably so at the moment. [[User:Xbony2|-Xbony2]] ([[User talk:Xbony2|talk]]) 02:24, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' I believe this article now has enough material to stand on its own. The RS coverage has been extensive and this subject is worth covering in a separate article than either the killing or the protests article; both, moreover, are already very long, so I do not believe it is helpful to merge 8'46" into either. [[User:Davey2116|Davey2116]] ([[User talk:Davey2116|talk]]) 05:19, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' This protest wasn't known enough to have it's own page. [[User:Epicneter|Epicneter]] ([[User talk:Epicneter|talk]]) 13:42, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' 8′46″ is a noteable period of time, and per WP:Split it's helpful for the reader to have a seperate article on this. [[User:FeydHuxtable|FeydHuxtable]] ([[User talk:FeydHuxtable|talk]]) 18:50, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*<s>'''Oppose'''. This page is already very big. We need to make all possible sub-subject separate pages. If anyone thinks 8′46″ does not deserve a separate page, they should start an AfD. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 18:52, 9 June 2020 (UTC)</s>
*'''Support'''. 8′46″ page is an obvious content/POV fork. This is not a separate sub-subject of two general subjects, which are this page and "protests" page. If merging does not succeed, it should be deleted (AfD). [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 17:57, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' the other article is too long as is and has a few splits already proposed adding more to it is counter productive.[[User:Blindlynx|Blindlynx]] ([[User talk:Blindlynx|talk]]) 20:40, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. The killing of George Floyd's article has already been splitted because it's too long already. We can't merge all the aspects of this tragedy into one giant article. BTW, IMO, if this article has to be merged with an other one, it would be better to merge it with an article about the protests. --[[User:Deansfa|Deansfa]] ([[User talk:Deansfa|talk]]) 22:00, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' The time interval is now independently notable for its use as a political symbol, in the same way as other iconic slogans. -- [[User:The Anome|The Anome]] ([[User talk:The Anome|talk]]) 01:29, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''; it's achieved a criticality on its own now, and besides, the merge target is too big as is. [[User:Feoffer|Feoffer]] ([[User talk:Feoffer|talk]]) 01:33, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' This 8'46" is non-notable. It is but a statistic in the incident and, really, a slogan. It is also an immateriality in the overall scope of the alleged offense. Further, also '''strong support''' merger of "George Floyd" into this article. Floyd is not notable otherwise, except for his criminal record- [[User:Veryproicelandic|Veryproicelandic]] ([[User talk:Veryproicelandic|talk]]) 05:01, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strongly support merge''' This is a mostly pointless and non-notable article that can very easily be merged. [[User:PlanetDeadwing|PlanetDeadwing]] ([[User talk:PlanetDeadwing|talk]]) 12:55, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support merge''' He was unknown and not notable prior to his death. [[Special:Contributions/122.11.146.209|122.11.146.209]] ([[User talk:122.11.146.209|talk]]) 13:13, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
:I don't think this is a good-faith comment, as he has obviously become notable after his death. And this discussion isn't over whether George Floyd is notable, but rather over whether 8'46" should exist as an independent page. [[User:Coffeespoons|Coffeespoons]] ([[User talk:Coffeespoons|talk]]) 15:27, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strong merge support''' per nom. [[User:Prahlad balaji|◊PRAHLAD]][[User talk:Prahlad balaji|balaji]] ([[User:Prahlad balaji/C|M•T•A]]•[[Special:Contribs/Prahlad balaji|C]]) This message was left at 19:56, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' - the support crowd better explain where this articles information should be placed. As of now all other articles are huge already. This does not justify merging etc. So I oppose a merge.[[User:BabbaQ|BabbaQ]] ([[User talk:BabbaQ|talk]]) 07:33, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' It would do as a section in this article. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:P,TO 19104|P,TO 19104]] ([[User talk:P,TO 19104#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/P,TO 19104|contribs]]) 13:54, 11 June 2020 (UTC) 
*Basically '''Support''', although some of that material should go to [[George Floyd protests]] instead.--[[User:Khajidha|Khajidha]] ([[User talk:Khajidha|talk]]) 14:01, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' This seems notable enough to merit its own article. If it’s merged, I think that the “[[8′46″#Calculation of timespan|Calculation of timespan]]” section should be merged into the “[[Killing of George Floyd]]” article & everything else should be merged into the “[[George Floyd protests]]” article. [[User:Blaylockjam10|Blaylockjam10]] ([[User talk:Blaylockjam10|talk]]) 23:15, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. 8’46” is a reasonable standalone article meeting GNG. It needs further development to show the cultural impact of the time but that’s regular editing. This article is already too long and needs content spun out. [[User:Gleeanon409|Gleeanon409]] ([[User talk:Gleeanon409|talk]]) 12:29, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' or afd the [8′46″]] article as completely unnotable. ♫ [[User:RichardWeiss|RichardWeiss]] [[User talk:RichardWeiss|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/RichardWeiss|contribs]] 17:36, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
*:{{ping|RichardWeiss}} Do you have any sources to support your claim that the article is "completely unnotable (sic)"? —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 07:17, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
{{ping|Locke Cole}} Such a claim, for a negative, is not required, indeed never required, on Wikipedia. It has to be for thse who claim he is notable to source such a claim. Please be aware of this! And given that BLP covers the month after the death of any individual it is particularly important that to establish a claim to sufficient notability for an article requires sourcing. So please can you proovide sources that his life before he was died was notable? ♫ [[User:RichardWeiss|RichardWeiss]] [[User talk:RichardWeiss|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/RichardWeiss|contribs]] 20:39, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{ping|RichardWeiss}} It is, actually, in this instance, as you are claiming something counter to the myriad sources provided on the article page. The onus is on you to prove the topic is not notable. Of course you can't (because it is notable), but you are certainly welcome to try. —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 04:11, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
::{{ping|Locke Cole}} Nope, those sources prove his death was notable, and we have this article for his death. There are no sources before May 25th because he wasn't notable in life. I await your sources, your claim that the article is full of sources which I have to magically find that allegedly claim what you say is not an adequate response, as per the way we do things on Wikipedia, esp when BLP is involved, as you should know well given your 15 odd years of editing here. ♫ [[User:RichardWeiss|RichardWeiss]] [[User talk:RichardWeiss|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/RichardWeiss|contribs]] 15:29, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
:::{{ping|RichardWeiss}} Your ignorance of what the sources say does not change your burden. It also appears you aren't clear on what even needs to be notable for the article to qualify for notability. You might want to re-check what you're discussing. —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 20:19, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
::::{{ping|Locke Cole}} I'm not so ignorant of what the sources say to think there are any sources which say oro demonstrate that he was notable before May 25th or that there are any soources about him from before May 25 beyond perhaps basic reporting of his crimes, which would not be notable by Wikipedia standards unless some other notoability is established (e.g., we'd report minor crimes by an otherwise notable person, and could do so here as his post-death notability has been amply established). Trying to claim that he was notable before May 25 is about the most fringe view I have ever seen on Wikipedia. Instead of providing sources for your claim you go on the attack in a rude manner. I am very familiar with [[WP:Notability]] and use it regulalry in my work here. Please stop assuming bad faith and either provide a source showing his notability before May 25th or don't. Going on the attack won't resolve anything. ♫ [[User:RichardWeiss|RichardWeiss]] [[User talk:RichardWeiss|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/RichardWeiss|contribs]] 19:38, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|RichardWeiss}} I think you've made it clear enough from your misunderstanding of this debate that any competent closer of this discussion can safely '''ignore your !vote'''. When you're ready to discuss the topic of this !vote, please ping me. —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 04:25, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. There is no reason within Wikipedia guidleines for there to be a separate article. As described in that artcile's talk page, there are only a limited number of direct references to the time. Move the information to this article. Additionally, from a strictly technical view, the inclusion of single- and double-quotes in a title can cause issues on some browsers. Although there is a discussion to rename the article in [[Talk:8′46″]], it makes more sense to eliminate the potential issues and move to this article. 18:47, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. Whenever a big event happens there's attemtps to capture every single event and over detail everything. this is not [[WP:News]] and having way too much of a [[WP:RECENTISM]] bias is big. Imagine if we had Wikipedia in 1921 and how over detailed we'd make pages? [[User:Harizotoh9|Harizotoh9]] ([[User talk:Harizotoh9|talk]]) 23:13, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Abstain''' - I believe there needs to be more evidence presented for this concerning the notability of the article and its context to warrant its own page.--[[User:Sigehelmus|~Sıgehelmus♗]][[User talk:Sigehelmus|(Tøk)]] 21:56, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' There is no reason why it needed its own page in the first place. [[User:Anon0098|Anon0098]] ([[User talk:Anon0098|talk]]) 04:40, 14 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Merge''' the article has no content other than a list of vigils that were held for this duration of time, if we dedicated a paragraph to it in the existing article it would be enough to cover all the main points. [[User:Gammapearls|Gammapearls]] ([[User talk:Gammapearls|talk]]) 13:27, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Oppose''' It merits its own article. [[User:Deisenbe|deisenbe]] ([[User talk:Deisenbe|talk]]) 20:48, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
* '''Support''' for speedy merger. Prosecutors in the case said the actual time was 7 minutes 46 seconds in an amended filing, which is being widely reported in the news media. Eight minutes 46 seconds is having ''less'' relevance by itself.[[User:VikingB|VikingB]] ([[User talk:VikingB|talk]]) 16:23, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' a speedy merger, particularly in light of the fact that the time is now said to be 7 minutes, 46 seconds. I think it makes more sense from a reader's standpoint to have all information relevant to the Killing of George Floyd on one page. [[User:Rhythmnation2004|Rhythmnation2004]] ([[User talk:Rhythmnation2004|talk]]) 17:26, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose:''' It is now a number much larger than George Floyd. [[User:Purplebackpack89|p]][[User talk:Purplebackpack89|b]][[User:Purplebackpack89/C|p]] 17:48, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' now that it's 7'46" this seems like we could wait to see if that actually becomes notable. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 17:48, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' Given that there is significant coverage of the time itself, and the article [[Killing of George Floyd]] is being considered for splitting, we shouldn't merge another article into it. [[User:Elliot321|Elliot321]] ([[User_talk:Elliot321|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Elliot321|contribs]]) 21:00, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' "8 minutes and 46 seconds" is a ridiculous article subject and is not notable (are we going to start making articles on every petty slogan that passes through twitter?). The majority of sources which mention it are not mentioning it as a separate phenomenon, but are using it as catchy bit of wording to decorate the titles of articles about George Floyd's killing. If it is merged, much of its content should be removed as pedantic. [[User:Zortwort|Zortwort]] ([[User talk:Zortwort|talk]]) 05:47, 23 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Merge''' "8 minutes and 46 seconds" is not notable. --[[User:Herobrine303|Herobrine303]] ([[User talk:Herobrine303|talk]]) 13:42, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

== Split proposal: Reactions to the killing of George Floyd ==
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1907129374}}
''' Support split '''- This article is over 100 kB, and part of it should be split to a new article entitled [[Reactions to the killing of George Floyd]]. Thoughts? --[[User:Jax 0677|Jax 0677]] ([[User talk:Jax 0677|talk]]) 23:16, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' It's only going to get bigger. I think we'll eventually need [[Trial of Derek Chauvin]] too. [[User:EvergreenFir|'''EvergreenFir''']] [[User talk:EvergreenFir|(talk)]] 23:21, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
*Delete the reactions section instead. [[George Floyd protests]] is the article about the reaction... or at least, the reaction that is notable or significant enough to record in the encyclopedia. What media outlets have to say about the killing, what pundits have to say, what politicians have to say, what world governments have to say... none of that matters. I mean, "the world was horrified and condemned the killing"... duh... that's really all there is to say about "reactions". The protests, the legal cases, if there are any resulting changes to the law or police procedure.. these are the significant reactions; what everyone thinks about it is not significant. Second choice, '''support''' splitting. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 23:45, 3 June 2020 (UTC)
::I don't think everything in the article is obvious, there is a lot of really significant stuff in there, like Floyd's family's reaction, Trump's comments, etc. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 00:44, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. Current readable prose size is <del>35 kB</del> <ins>31 kB</ins>. Per the rule-of-thumb guidance at [[WP:SIZERULE]], "Length alone does not justify division". The current length is hardly unmanageable for readers. I would probably oppose at anything below "Probably should be divided", or 60 kB. Just for comparison purposes, [[Shooting of Michael Brown]] is at 61 kB and I don't recall any split proposals (that is, beyond at least one split that has already occurred, [[Ferguson unrest]]). ―[[User:Mandruss|'''''Mandruss''''']] [[User talk:Mandruss|☎]] 23:53, 3 June 2020 (UTC) {{smaller|1=Updated RPS. ―[[User:Mandruss|'''''Mandruss''''']] [[User talk:Mandruss|☎]] 20:14, 4 June 2020 (UTC)}}
*'''Oppose'''. There has to be more of a reason than mere file size (I know of many articles with more than 100 kB size and no one had been complaining about their length), and I don't think "reaction" to the event should have its own article - that doesn't seem like the kind of thing someone would search for, amd if it isn't then why are we asking them to find a whole separate article? I do think that the [[Trial of Derek Chauvin]] would make sense though, when it comes. [[User:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|The Spirit of Oohoowahoo]] ([[User talk:The Spirit of Oohoowahoo|talk]]) 00:36, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' current article size does not seem to be a valid reason for splitting, per [[WP:SIZERULE|sizerule]] and [[WP:SIZESPLIT|sizesplit]]. And I think the "reactions section" has been managed well, so another rationale for not splitting - the content is under control. The section contains information directly relevant to this topic. So article management and topic relevance has been maintained considering the amount of editing that has happened with this article. So for now, it seems to belong with this article. ---[[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 02:01, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''. The section contains too much trivial and predictable detail ("the leader of Foobar said ..."). Such content is better placed in a separate article, so that it does not dominate the more important content of the main article. [[User:WWGB|WWGB]] ([[User talk:WWGB|talk]]) 02:04, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' I notice there isn't a ton of material in the Reactions section and it is not over bloated, which again is a surprise considering the amount of editing and the number of editors. Anyway it is all relevant at this time. ---[[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 02:07, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
**Idk, it looks to me like the reactions section is maybe 40% or 50% of the entire article. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 02:26, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
***Idk, So, like I said, there isn't a ton of material in the Reactions section, it is not over bloated. Also, {{ping|Levivich}} please do not directly respond to me on any talk page. It would be much appreciated. ---[[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 05:06, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''SUPPORT''' As the tag at the top of the article reads "This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings." That section can stand on its own. [[:Category:Reactions]] Many articles split off their reactions to things. [[User:Dream Focus | '''Dream Focus''']] 03:26, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for now. We already have a protest article. I think for the time being we should decide what are the most significant reactions and place them here and/or in the protest article. -[[User:Darouet|Darouet]] ([[User talk:Darouet|talk]]) 15:05, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
::I support {{u|Darouet}}'s proposal. Really good. ---[[User:Steve Quinn|Steve Quinn]] ([[User talk:Steve Quinn|talk]]) 05:30, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Weak support''' of the split. I think it’s [[WP:TOOSOON|too soon]] but there is now a butterfly effect of major (even unprecedented) events happening because of it so, inevitably, it should be split. [[User:Trillfendi|Trillfendi]] ([[User talk:Trillfendi|talk]]) 15:24, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support:''' since the article will grow. ❯❯❯ [[User:ArnabSaha| S A H A]] 18:17, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support'''- I think we should give main articles to Floyd and Chauvin. These are now globally known individuals. George Floyd alone was the individual who’s murder startled worldwide protests. He deserves his own article because his life will be discussed in history books years from now. [[User:Vinnylospo|Vinnylospo]] ([[User talk:Vinnylospo|talk]]) 18:28, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Weak support''' like trillfendi, for sure this article gets split at some point in the future, but do we need to do it today? As for now it is all in one nice place. [[User:Jtbobwaysf|Jtbobwaysf]] ([[User talk:Jtbobwaysf|talk]]) 19:56, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. This is very tightly related to the subject matter itself. So, unless this section becomes way too large (which might eventually happen), keep it here. --''[[User:Nafsadh|nafSadh]] [[special:contributions/Nafsadh|did]] [[User talk:Nafsadh|say]]'' 20:02, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose'''. [[WP:SIZERULE]] uses readable prose, not page length. '''Readable prose is just 31k characters'''. Per [[WP:SIZESPLIT]], this falls into the category of "Length alone does not justify division". Splitting may be required in the future, but currently it would be very premature. Other premature splitting related to this event has caused information scattering, so I think some of these closer splits/merges need to wait until we better know where this is going. [[User:ProcrasinatingReader|ProcrasinatingReader]] ([[User talk:ProcrasinatingReader|talk]]) 20:10, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' for all of the reasons stated above. As a side note, I think you should stop trying to split articles for the time being with no other justification other than size, which as mentioned above, "Length alone does not justify division." [[User:DTM9025|DTM9025]] ([[User talk:DTM9025|talk]]) 20:37, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' I think the reactions section can reliably be assumed to be growing quickly, particularly international observers (anecdotally, three more countries have made statements since I last checked a few hours ago). For major international events--which, by nature of the protests, this clearly meets--there's of course plenty of precedent; [[Reactions to the ROKS Cheonan sinking]] comes to mind for its comparable length. [[User:WhinyTheYounger|WhinyTheYounger]] ([[User talk:WhinyTheYounger|talk]]) 20:51, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
:: Additional observation: the [[George Floyd protests#International|International reactions section]] of the George Floyd protests article I think shows that a third one is necessary. First, the international reactions are not very pertinent to protests per se, since they contain mostly statements by government bodies, heads of state, etc. Second, there is information there that does not appear to be in this article, and vice versa, even though both sub-sections nominally cover redundant content. A third article seems useful. [[User:WhinyTheYounger|WhinyTheYounger]] ([[User talk:WhinyTheYounger|talk]]) 20:55, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' per [[Wikipedia:Article size]] and [[WP:SPINOUT]]. [[User:Yanping Nora Soong|Yanping Nora Soong]] ([[User talk:Yanping Nora Soong|talk]]) 23:29, 4 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' due to article size and expected continued flow of reactions and comments. [[User:Juxlos|Juxlos]] ([[User talk:Juxlos|talk]]) 02:27, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' since it would help increase clarity. All the other reasons above are also very valid. [[User:DoggieTimesTwo|DoggieTimesTwo]] ([[User talk:DoggieTimesTwo|talk]]) 03:23, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' The incident has a wide coverage and there are possibilities that the development of the George Floyd incident to get bigger wide attention. So I unanimously support to split main article. [[User:Abishe|Abishe]] ([[User talk:Abishe|talk]]) 08:21, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''' per {{u|Mandruss}} above. Split decisions are always based on ''readable prose'', and this articles' readable prose is 31kB. Per [[WP:SIZERULE]], that length (alone) does not justify division. This article is a long way away from even the "may need to be divided" recommendation at >50kB. This article is not unwieldy at this time, and it would be premature to split it. —[[User:Shrinkydinks|Shrinkydinks]] ([[User talk:Shrinkydinks|talk]]) 16:25, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
::Oppose also per {{u|ProcrasinatingReader}}: A negative consequence of splitting would be information scattering. The strength and breadth of these reactions are one key thing that makes the killing of George Floyd so different from other killings of black people by police. We should avoid that split until it's necessary. —[[User:Shrinkydinks|Shrinkydinks]] ([[User talk:Shrinkydinks|talk]]) 16:33, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
::It should be noted the section about "International community leaders"' reactions should probably be re-formatted as prose, and not bullet points, to avoid becoming a trivia-like list. —[[User:Shrinkydinks|Shrinkydinks]] ([[User talk:Shrinkydinks|talk]]) 16:55, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' due to the large size of the section '''[[User:The creeper2007|The creeper2007]]'''[[user_talk:The creeper2007|Talk!]] 18:04, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
i support this epic dubs woopwopp — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:FrailVenks|FrailVenks]] ([[User talk:FrailVenks#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/FrailVenks|contribs]]) 21:32, 10 June 2020 (UTC) 

* ''' Support split ''' some stuff listed on the article are either to big to be kept in the same article or doesn’t make sense to be on this article at all.[[User:BigRed606|BigRed606]] ([[User talk:BigRed606|talk]]) 19:50, 5 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' No brainer, its a darn big section, and it is providing undue weight at the moment. Alternatively, if not split, it will need to be cut down to size to focus on just the most notable reactions. Though the article itself is not yet too big, the section is overwhelmingly large compared to the rest of the article, and seems to be growing much faster than the rest of the article. [[User:CaptainEek|'''CaptainEek''']] [[User talk:CaptainEek|''Edits Ho Cap'n!'']][[Special:Contributions/CaptainEek|⚓]] 08:03, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - in present state of this section. For the reasons of readability. [[User:My very best wishes|My very best wishes]] ([[User talk:My very best wishes|talk]]) 14:50, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Way too many noteable reactions to be squeezed into this page. [[User:FeydHuxtable|FeydHuxtable]] ([[User talk:FeydHuxtable|talk]]) 13:11, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' — agreeing with [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] that the protests are the more tangible reactions, and they should not be given less weight in this article by simply being linked. [[User:Mouthpity|Mouthpity]] ([[User talk:Mouthpity|talk]]) 14:18, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' Utterly predictable reactions by public officials, heads of state, celebrities, college presidents, corporate executives, and the pope, of the form "Our heart goes out to the family, sad commentary on our times, shocked and saddened, we pray for justice" etc etc and so on and so forth, enlighten the reader not at all and should be banished to a separate article where they will remain accessible for those doing statistical studies on the linguistics of mourning and consolation. In ''this'' article we should pass on a few RSs' ''brief summary'' of worldwide reactions; only reactions especially noteworthy for their stupidity (e.g. the Finnish "Pink Floyd" moron, and whatever Trump said) or their effectiveness of expression, or whatever should be presented here. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 02:42, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - The reactions and outrage isn't going to slow down anytime soon, splitting now is a good premptive step. [[User:Aza24|Aza24]] ([[User talk:Aza24|talk]]) 03:13, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' it's to big to navigate effectively [[User:Blindlynx|Blindlynx]] ([[User talk:Blindlynx|talk]]) 21:50, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''', for many reasons, including that this article is already far too long. [[User:Geo Swan|Geo Swan]] ([[User talk:Geo Swan|talk]]) 05:00, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' it's too big and to hard to read [[User:21928namtran|21928namtran]] ([[User talk:21928namtran|talk]]) 15:34, 11 June (UTC)
*'''Strong Oppose''' Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. I don't see any reason to create a new article about such a specific topic. Articles about reactions to certain terrorist attacks have been deleted for similar reasons. [[User:Scorpions13256|Scorpions13256]] ([[User talk:Scorpions13256|talk]]) 22:05, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strong Oppose''' For a few reasons. 1) The article is not that long in view of its importance and I don't see how it affects the "readability" of the article at all. 2) Reactions to George Floyd's death is largely the reason why this article is so important; 3) probably most important: there is already a very substantial article [[George Floyd protests]] (and subarticle progeny) that is directed to the presumptive growth other statements assume will be needed by the response section. It is unclear where proponents of moving the "Reactions" content want to put this material. They are not arguing this information is irrelevant. Instead, I believe that it is incredibly relevant to this subject--"the killing of George Floyd" and should not be divorced from this article. [[User:Msherby|Msherby]] ([[User talk:Msherby|talk]]) 22:24, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Oppose''': according to the DYKcheck tool, there are approximately 32200 characters of readable prose. According to [[WP:SIZERULE]], that corresponds to about 32 kB of readable prose. WP:SIZERULE also says that for things less than 40 kB of readable prose, "length alone does not justify division." [[User:Bait30| Bait30 ]] [[User Talk:Bait30|''Talk 2 me pls''?]] 21:21, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' The killing of George Floyd had a chain reaction which deserves its own page. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Leahedits|Leahedits]] ([[User talk:Leahedits#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Leahedits|contribs]]) 23:39, 17 June 2020 (UTC) 
*'''Oppose''' - I feel like a lot of that section's excess in content comes from the international section, which can be compressed to a few sentences summarizing international world leaders' reactions. We don't need verbatim statements from every single world leader; it's redundant and beats the dead horse. [[User:Love of Corey|Love of Corey]] ([[User talk:Love of Corey|talk]]) 05:56, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - Per [[WP:SIZESPLIT]]. [[User:Krakkos|Krakkos]] ([[User talk:Krakkos|talk]]) 16:10, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Strong support''' - per nom; also the article itself is too big. {{[[User:3125A|31]]}}{{[[User talk:3125A|25A (talk)]]}} 17:43, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Support''' - We have yet another bloated reactions section that should, by now, be given its own page of sorts. [[User:RopeTricks|RopeTricks]] ([[User talk:RopeTricks|talk]]) 10:01, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

== Deletion of RS and dragging of Floyd's body. ==

4 hrs earlier, I added 3 RS supporting info on the dragging of Floyd's lifeless body by police. It was inserted in a sentence at the correct sequence of events, before the body is taken to the hospital:
1.<ref name="Ice Cube"/> "Once the ambulance arrives they [the police, as earlier ref'd in statement] drag Floyd's body onto a stretcher"
2.<ref name="Stephen Jackson"/>"...until an ambulance arrives and police drag his limp body onto a stretcher..."
3.<ref name="The Blast"/>"Once the ambulance arrives, they [again, referring to police in statement] drag Floyd's body onto a stretcher".
As RS clarifies, police drag Floyd's body before the med personnel load him into the ambulance.
I don't see a discussion of why this info was deleted. It's a horrifying illustration underscoring total disregard for human life by police as these RS point out, and is valid for inclusion... Is deleting RS'd info a form of vandalism? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 16:52, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
:Pasdecomplot, The Blast and Hitsongs don't look like RS to me. Oxygen is, but the mention doesn't seem to indicate that 'drag' means what you're saying -- no one in that article is talking about disregard for human life shown by the transfer of the body to the stretcher. The removal of these sources and your changes are absolutely not vandalism. They are [[WP:BRD]]; you can read about that at the link. Please consider doing a lot more reading before editing controversial articles. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 17:12, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
{{reflist-talk}}
::The RS is certainly very specific about the word 'drag', as in the police dragged Floyd's "limp" body. It's impossible to misunderstand. The comment of the 'disregard for human life' I added to the talk as another reason to justify the inclusion in an article on a killing, and that phrase was not included in the edit. If RS oxygen works for our purposes, it's the best quotation "...until an ambulance arrives and police drag his limp body onto a stretcher..." It's very clear. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 19:22, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{U|Valereee}} Since the Oxygen RS [[ref name="Stephen Jackson"/> is acceptable, it's information should be included. I can re-edit [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 15:31, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

::...the section but would prefer not to find it deleted again. Ok? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 15:32, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

:::Pasdecomplot—are we implying that the police treated the person's unconscious body disrespectfully? You are saying that it is {{tq|"impossible to misunderstand"}} but I don't think it is at all clear that the word "drag" implies less care than is called for. The man is a heavy man. It would be hard to move him without a degree of ''dragging.'' [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:39, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

:::Pasdecomplot, I'm afraid that's not how the BRD process I linked to above works. You make your arguments, I make mine, other people chime in, and eventually we reach [[WP:CONSENSUS]], which is another bit of reading for you. In the meantime, anything you add, I add, or anyone else adds is fair game for changing, removing, whatever until we reach that consensus. It seems like you are wanting to use the word "drag" to make a point, here, (we also avoid making points, especially in controversial articles) but please go ahead and re-edit to say what you think it should say based on your reading of the RS. . The rest of us can then tweak or delete and we'll continue discussing here. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 16:02, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

::::{{u|valereee}} Conjugations of the word "drag", ie "dragged", is in the RS. It is not OR, nor making any other point other than to include encyclopedic info on the killing of Floyd. To infer other reasons is not supported by RS. As an aside, "drag" also is used in the video, ie "Did they just drag him?". A second statement in video says, "You could have at least lifted him". Both speaker's voices are quoted earlier in article, but I haven't found RS with these specific quotations. {{u|Bus stop}} To drag and to lift are two distinct actions; lifting infers care, while dragging infers a lack of care. To excuse the dragging of Floyd due to his weight ignores these distinctions. Additionally (although video's not RS) 2 med personnel lifted Floyd after (what appears to be 2-3) policemen dragged his body. Very different and distinct decisions and actions, roughly same number of males lifting. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 09:46, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

::::{{u|Bus stop}} {{u|valereee}} Or I should say...same number of males moving the weight. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 09:53, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

:::::Pasdecomplot, please indent your talk page posts by starting them with ''one more colon'' than the post you're replying to. This helps other editors follow the conversation. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 10:32, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

:::::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—please post your sources here. I searched for them in article History when this Talk page discussion began over 24 hours ago. I found them, but I did not look at them very carefully. My fault. What I will be concerned to see is what emphasis I can discern for {{tq|"lack of care"}}. The presence of the word alone—"drag"—may not be enough for me to to feel that the implication is {{tq|"lack of care"}}. Therefore I'm asking you to please post your sources here. I'm asking you to please provide a link so I can easily view your sources. Thank you. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:14, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|bus stop}} The quotations at issue are in the opening talk post. Conjugations of "to drag" are used by all 3 provided RS. Regardless of what a person feels about the word "drag", these specific RS should not be held to a different standard: Chavin didn't "push" Floyd across the backseat, he "pulled". To debate the use of the word "pull" in that instance would be equally unfounded and somewhat bizarre. Here, RS did not use the word "lift" nor "load" to describe the action, nor did they describe the police as carefully and lovingly moving Floyd's body. They chose conjugations of the word "drag". Specifically. I suggest becoming familiar with the primary source - the video - which makes this discussion seem rather surreal. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 20:23, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—I'm simply interested in seeing the sources for myself. Maybe I will interpret them differently. Please provide links that I can click on so that I can access your sources. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 20:44, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

::OK, I think I [https://theblast.com/c/george-floyd-death-witness-says-cops-wanted-to-kill-that-man-protests found] one of them. It says [https://theblast.com/c/george-floyd-death-witness-says-cops-wanted-to-kill-that-man-protests "Once the ambulance arrives, they drag Floyd’s body onto a stretcher."] [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 20:50, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

:::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—if you study my above post, you can see how I linked to [[The Blast (magazine)]] article. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 21:09, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|bus stop}} I again urge a close look at the primary source. There's no other interpretation, audio quotes included, no need to split words when images answer doubt. Afterwards I'll repost the links, but aren't they archived? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 20:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

:::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—yes, they are archived. I'm too lazy to find your post from 48 hours ago in the History of the article. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 20:59, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

=== Re-added sequence on Floyd's body dragged ===

Started different discussion on issue: Text in Arrest and Death now reads, "Around 8:29, Floyd, still motionless, was dragged by Chauvin and other police[54][55][56] to a stretcher, then medical technicians loaded him into the ambulance which departed for Hennepin County Medical Center.[5]:6:35[8]:7:43[1] {{u|bus stop}} the links you wished to re-interpret (don't know why) are in refs. {{u|valeree}} prefers RS [54]. All comments from others also welcome. Thanks. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 08:59, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
:I have removed two of the three refs for being unreliable. Hitsongz? Nigeria? Others can decide if the remaining ref, and hence the inclusion, are worthy. [[User:WWGB|WWGB]] ([[User talk:WWGB|talk]]) 09:03, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

:You say {{tq|"bus stop the links you wished to re-interpret (don't know why) are in refs"}}. Yes, {{u|Pasdecomplot}}, that is what we do—we {{tq|"re-interpret"}}. All people do this all the time. Citations are provided in articles so readers can {{tq|"re-interpret"}} information in articles. Did you think there was truth? If you want truth you are more likely to find it in math and science. But in the realm of human affairs there is little truth. Just interpretations and reinterpretations. A film I like is [[Rashomon]]. A story is told and retold by various people. We have [[Rashomon#The bandit's story|The bandit's story]], [[Rashomon#The wife's story|The wife's story]], [[Rashomon#The samurai's story|The samurai's story]], and [[Rashomon#The woodcutter's story|The woodcutter's story]]. Thank you for pinging me. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 12:49, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

:::{{u|bus stop}} It's difficult to re-interpret the OS/video capturing of the dragging; it's easier to re-interpret RS/words describing the OS/video of the dragging when the dragging sequence is not watched. That's the point. Thanks. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 15:57, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

::::Pasdecomplot, when I watch the video we currently use for the source at the end of that source (the one narrated by the NYT reporter), he isn't seen being dragged to a stretcher. Do you have some other video you can refer us to wherein Floyd is being dragged by the officers to a stretcher? If not, it appears this single RS is out of sorts with the majority RS reporting on the subject. Thanks, [[User:AzureCitizen|AzureCitizen]] ([[User talk:AzureCitizen|talk]]) 15:57, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{u|AzureCitizen}}, you can see it at {{youtube|id=g8hGKB5QDhw|t=470|around 7:50 in this video}}. If I were writing [[WP:OR]], I would write that officers "threw Floyd onto a stretcher", based on what I see in that video. However, I've read a ton of articles about this over the past week, and not a single one comes to mind in which the RSes either characterize this as "dragging", or even address the placement of Floyd onto the stretcher, at all. There may be RSes that discuss this, I just haven't seen or don't recall them. Of course, we'll need RSes before we can put this into the article; our own OR won't cut it. This is one of the many instances where "the video clearly shows..." but it just doesn't matter, because of WP:NOR. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 16:27, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::How would you recommend phrasing this in the "Medical response and death" subsection then? It currently reads "Around 8:29, Floyd, still motionless, was dragged by Chauvin and other police to a stretcher..." Regards, [[User:AzureCitizen|AzureCitizen]] ([[User talk:AzureCitizen|talk]]) 16:33, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::''Based on the sources currently cited in that section'', I would revert the language to a prior version we had that read something more like, "Around 8:29, Floyd, still motionless, was loaded into the ambulance...". I do not think the single Oxygen source (which I think is all we have right now on "drag") should merit writing "drag" in the article, especially in wikivoice. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 16:42, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::::I've made [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killing_of_George_Floyd&diff=961642280&oldid=961642049 this] edit. "Dragged" is contrived language. We are not trying to imply disrespect to the lifeless form of a body. Normal language would include "moving" the body—the body was "moved". It is a contrivance to try to imply "disrespect" by insisting on the word "dragged". The harm was already done during the time George Floyd was handcuffed behind his back, prone on the ground, with a knee pressing against the back of his neck. The abuse did not continue. No reliable source is saying there was any lack of care or concern in the moving of the lifeless body from the pavement to the ambulance stretcher. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 16:48, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::I think that's an improvement, and "moved" complies with NPOV and BLP. But I still think that whole bit should just be cut; if we're not saying anything in particular about how the officers moved Floyd onto the stretcher, there is no point in including that detail at all. Under the theory that we also wouldn't bother to say that the officers closed the ambulance door after Floyd was inside, etc. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 17:39, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::::::Every step in this central moment warrants documenting, so I tend ''not'' to support removing what I understand you are characterizing as as being perfunctory, as would be ''closing the ambulance door.'' But that the lifeless body was ''"moved by Chauvin and other police to a stretcher"'' constitutes substantive information, so I tend to not want to tamper with it. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 18:56, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

{{u|WWGB}} The hitsongz RS discusses Ice Cube (famous rapper) and his appearance on GMA (very popular US morning newsie broadcast). With these bases, I thought RS was good. {{u|AzureCitizen}} why would an edited version of OS video be provided as source? It cuts dragging incident, as well as Chauvin's full-frame smile after after ambulance departs. Dragging really needs to be re-added. Must say, I really don't understand the pushback against including the very specific and sourced "dragging" of Floyd's body. {{u|Levivich}} Again, the dragging is clearly depicted in OS, mentioned twice in OS audio, and referenced in provided 3 RS's and I can find others. {{u|Bus stop}} the 3 RS's are directly commenting of the disrespect of a lifeless body, by it being dragged. Same for audio on OS. I must ask the crowd, is this newbie hazing, or is there a conflict of interest in including the mention of police's complete disregard of Floyd's "limp" and lifeless body? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 09:46, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
:I wasn't looking for a primary source video to use as a source in our article, I was asking if you'd seen a video in which police had dragged Floyd on the ground to a stretcher, in which case sharing that with us would give us good reason to search for better secondary reliable sources to add the dragging claim to the article. The word "drag" can easily conjure up for some readers an image of police grabbing him by his ankles and dragging his entire body 5, 10, or 15 feet across the asphalt to a stretcher sitting idly at the back of an ambulance's doors. Do you see why that's a problem, and why we want to have multiple quality reliable sources to justify using the word "drag"? Regards, [[User:AzureCitizen|AzureCitizen]] ([[User talk:AzureCitizen|talk]]) 11:50, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—the last thing I would do is engage in {{tq|"newbie hazing"}}. I argued against the inclusion of "dragging" because it is not prominently supported in sources. It is an inflammatory implication. It requires good support in sources. It would seem ludicrous to me to imply that after the body was seen to be lifeless there was further disrespect heaped on the body. It has happened. There is a history of lynchings in which that and worse has transpired. But we don't casually imply heinous activity of that sort without good quality sourcing. Thousands of opinions abound. But we have to limit ourselves to opinions or observations that are found in the best quality sources. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 15:13, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Pasdecomplot}}, I'm usually the newbie being hazed, but this isn't newbie hazing. It's [[WP:CCPOL|core content policy]]. "Clearly depicted in OS, mentioned twice in OS audio"... the video is a [[WP:PRIMARY]] source. For us to watch the video, and write in Wikivoice what we see ("dragged"), is [[WP:OR|original research]], prohibited by our policy. In order for us to say "dragged", we need [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] saying "dragged". Not ''one'' source like Oxygen, but more than one source. We also need [[WP:CONSENSUS]] to resolve disputes, and "dragged" is definitely disputed. I saw you recently re-added "drag" and it's been removed again. Please don't re-insert it until and unless there is consensus to do so. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 18:17, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Pasdecomplot}}, you are discussing with multiple experienced and well-intentioned editors who are trying to help you learn WP's policies. New editors do sometimes feel frustrated, but it's not because they're being hazed but because there's a steep learning curve here on Wikipedia. Adding to the frustration for you is that you're trying to climb that steep learning curve on a very controversial and contentious brand new article. This is really the worst kind of article for a new editor to start editing. No one here is misrepresenting policy, and in fact many people have been quite kind to you given that this article is so contentious and time-consuming. You have been repeatedly pointed at policy and repeatedly advised to read it; have you done that? Also, what Levivich said above: here's a really important policy re: reverting again: [[WP:3RR]]. Violating that one can get you blocked. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 19:58, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

{{u|Levivich}} I added 3 sources, 2 were deleted then "dragged" was edited {{u|Bus stop}} to "moved". All 3 sources use conjugations of "to drag", and "stretcher". Changing the verb is a unsupported personal interpretation of RS. I can find more RS but not to continually have the RS deleted and replaced with reinterpretation. Also, the link to OS is/was to a NYTimes edited version of the OS, which omits the final few minutes of the OS. A problem. Another problem is NYTimes has a paywall, making it an unusable archive location. The OS was linked to FB ( bad) then to YouTube (good) where it should be linked. There, everyone van see the dragging sequence. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 09:19, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|Pasdecomplot}}—you refer to {{tq|"lack of care"}}. You write {{tq|"dragging infers a lack of care"}}. In my opinion we need good sourcing for lack of care. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 13:15, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Here's a good depiction {{u|Bus stop}} {{u|AzureCitizen}} that can't be reinterpreted: a clip from the OS of the dragging sequence (what the NYT omits): <ref>https://twitter.com/real_bishr87/status/1265691651089018882?s=20</ref> It's just a clip, not RS: Chauvin drags Floyd from a point near handcuffed wrists, before neck brace attached. Watch EMT trying to stabilize Floyd's head during Chauvin's second dragging pull. Unmistakable. Lack of care. And {{u|Levivich}}, why was the re-added edit reinterpreted then deleted without consensus - a different set of rules? Also in support: quotations from a CNN interview on 28May2020 6:04a with Philonise Floyd, brother, "...drug him across the ground" and "they just drug it across the ground". There might be a CNN official transcript of the interview. Good for RS? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 14:07, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{u|Pasdecomplot}} While I certainly agree the officers 'dragged' him while moving him, and to me it clearly looks like a lack of care, that's [[WP:ORIGINALRESEARCH]]. We cannot use that until reliable sources comment on it. I have no doubt that at some point, someone will -- it'll likely come up in Chauvin's trial, for instance, and then reliable sources reporting on that trial will comment on it. But right now, we can't report it because we don't have a reliable source commenting on it. And again, have you taken the time to read any of the policy we keep directing you to? Please answer this question, which I've now asked you multiple times, because at this point your behavior is starting to feel to me a bit disruptive. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 14:27, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

{{reflist-talk}}

{{u|valereee}} I kindly ask you to note that I was NOT providing clip as RS. I specifically state it is not RS. In the thread, several editors {{u|Azure Citizen}} {{u|Bus stop}} asked for the images (since NYT version cuts the OS) and I provided it. That's all. Far from being disruptive, wouldn't you say? Thanks. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 15:23, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
:Taking this to your talk. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 15:33, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

And the question I pose {{u|valereee}} is if the quotations from Floyd's brother during CNN interview can be used as RS. Please read the post again. What do you think? [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 15:28, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{u|Pasdecomplot}}, no. His brother is not a reliable source for what the cops did or didn't do. He is only a reliable source for his own opinion. Please see your talk. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 15:36, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

:We would be saying that the brother said that. I don't think what the brother says is as worthy of inclusion in the article as what a multitude of good quality sources say. Do we have good quality sources implying that there was a lack of care? Thank you for pinging me, {{u|Pasdecomplot}}.

::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}, you're aware there's a query from me at your talk, but you're choosing to continue to edit here instead of answering there? [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 15:44, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

*Anything left to discuss here before archiving? [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 03:56, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
*:{{u|EEng}} Yes. The dragging sequence is still not included. The brother was describing the video, and bystanders confirm his description on the OS, as does the Oxygen RS, which was preferred by valereee. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 00:36, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
*::{{U|Levivich}}, will you knock some heads together and get this resolved? [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 00:44, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

Thanks {{u|EEng}} and {{u|Levivich}}. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 16:25, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{yo|Pasdecomplot|EEng}} Sorry, for some reason I didn't see the ping above.
:
:I just took another look and this is the sum total of arguably-RS sources using "drag", but each one has a drawback: [https://www.oxygen.com/crime-news/stephen-jackson-nba-star-talks-george-floyd-death-police Oxygen] is a cable TV network. [https://theblast.com/c/drake-trashes-lawyer-representing-police-officer-thomas-lane-george-floyd-murder The Blast] is an entertainment magazine. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/another-unarmed-black-man-has-died-at-the-hands-of-police-when-will-it-end/2020/05/26/7c426b88-9f80-11ea-9590-1858a893bd59_story.html Washington Post] uses it, but in an editorial. I see it at Daily Mail, the Mirror, and Medium, and other sources that are clearly not RSes. For my part, I'm ambivalent about whether we use "drag" or not. It strikes me as being a minority of sources that use it, so I can definitely see the UNDUE concerns, but at the same time, it strikes me as not an incorrect word to use. I don't know if anyone else has any sources that we should look at that haven't already been discussed? [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 21:56, 19 June 2020 (UTC)

Nice {{u|Levivich}}, and thanks. As an aside, on OS, bystanders refer to the dragging twice. {{u|EEng}} It would be good to not have to wait for a trial before finding additional RS. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 22:04, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:Um, at the risk of making a fool of myself... What's OS? [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 22:06, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:::I didn't know either [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 17:23, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
::::It's very close to [[WP:No original research|OR]]. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 19:06, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
::Presumably, "OS" means the original source, i.e., the original video in which you can watch Floyd being moved, from the spot where he died, onto a stretcher approximately 12 to 16 inches away. As Levivich helpfully pointed out, it can be seen {{youtube|id=g8hGKB5QDhw|t=470|around 7:50 in this video}}. A few seconds after that, you can hear a bystander say something like "they just dragged him!" while another says to the officer "I have your name tag bitch!" During the movement, it's obvious they're having trouble doing it; one person is pulling him using his arms, another pulls his legs, and another has his hands on Floyd's head as they struggle to roll him onto it. In theory, if you moved a body just one inch in any direction, without fully lifting it (such that some part of it is still in contact with ground), technically you could be said to have "dragged" it. The problem here is that using minority and opinion sources to state that cops "dragged his body to a stretcher" is far more likely to create a mental image for our readers wherein the police grabbed him at one end (wrists? ankles?) and dragged him many feet over the pavement to a stretcher that could have been easily brought to the body's location rather than the other way around. Regards, [[User:AzureCitizen|AzureCitizen]] ([[User talk:AzureCitizen|talk]]) 03:15, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|Pasdecomplot}} you still seem to be referring to the video as if we can use it to support 'drag'. We cannot. Not the evidence of our own eyes, not what we hear bystanders say. It and every other video are irrelevant to this discussion. OS is not WP lingo for "original source"; you may be conflating OR (Original Research) with primary source, which we don't generally use an acronym for. Per Levivich's analysis we have no reliable sources using the term ''in the way you are trying to use''; that is, as an objection to the way the body was handled. I am ready to archive this discussion. If anyone but Pasdecomplot objects, please speak up. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 17:37, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

:::Please, {{u|valereee}} that's not what's happening: "As an aside, on OS" is an ASIDE=NOT RS. please...please don't misunderstand. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 17:52, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

::::I'm not misunderstanding. Please just stop referring to the video. It is irrelevant to this already incredibly overlong discussion. We don't need any asides. And honest to God {{u|Pasdecomplot}} '''START INDENTING CORRECTLY.''' Instructions are at [[Wikipedia:Indentation]]. I have made this request MANY times. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 17:55, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

"In theory, if you moved a body just one inch in any direction, without fully lifting it (such that some part of it is still in contact with ground), technically you could be said to have "dragged" it." Exactly {{u|AzureCitizen}}. Floyd was dragged, on two pulls. Another discussion topic mentions the abrasions found on Floyd's left side of body. Could be related but YES, there still seems to be a lack of acceptable RS, at this point, except for the oxygen RS. Any other comments {{u|Levivich}}? (And, my excuses, I thought OS was part of the lexicon (a term from academic research=Original Source)). [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 18:09, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Ai yi yi. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 18:15, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

* {{u|EEng}} We've now thoroughly confirmed that there is not consensus to write "dragged" based on the sourcing brought forward to date, and I think this can be archived. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 19:04, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

:Thanks for trying to help build a consensus. If RS chose to report on it, I'll propose the edit. Hopefully I won't be blocked - again - in retaliation. BTW, I see no one is indenting. The • is a better system IMO {{u|Levivich}} but be careful! [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 05:44, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

::{{u|Pasdecomplot}}, I did not block you in retaliation for anything. I blocked you for editing disruptively. I would ask you to please strike the personal attack, but as you clearly still haven't read [[WP:TALKPAGE]], you probably don't know how. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 11:22, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

== Should the lede have 8 minutes and 46 seconds or almost 9 minutes? ==
{{Pin message|}}{{User:ClueBot III/DoNotArchiveUntil|1907130324}}

Which is better for an encyclopedic article? The exact time or something else? Should it read '''''knelt on his neck for [[8′46″|8 minutes and 46 seconds]]''''' or should it be '''''knelt on his neck for [[8′46″|almost nine minutes]]'''''? Either way links to an article about that time, which makes it seem even more ridiculous when you don't have that exact time listed. [[User:Dream Focus | '''Dream Focus''']] 16:13, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*We tell the reader that Floyd was 46 years old{{snd}}not 46 years, 3 months, 17 days old{{snd}}because the latter, overprecise formulation gives the reader no additional understanding of anything while it wastes our most precious resource as writers, to wit our readers' limited reservoir of attention and capacity for assimilating detail (or reading past useless detail). ''Almost nine minutes'' and ''Eight minutes 46 seconds'' have precisely the same relationship. (We're talking here about the lead, where every word counts. In the article body we give full detail, or course.){{pb}}I'm not sure I feel particularly strongly about the above, but I do about this: it's absolutely inappropriate to link the time specification (in whatever form we settle on) to [[8'46"]]. That's a classic [[WP:EASTEREGG]]. That link is given later in the article, with appropriate explicit introduction, in the discussion of protests and reactions. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 16:29, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*I prefer "almost nine minutes", and it shouldn't link to [[8'46"]]. That link should be removed. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 16:30, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*I think it is preferable to use the rounded number in the lede. While I oppose the existence of the [[8′46″]] article, if that article is to exist, we should link to it in the lede. I do not perceive an [[WP:EASTEREGG]] type problem concerning that link. It is not an [[WP:EASTEREGG]] because 8 minutes and 46 seconds equals 9 minutes, unless my math is off. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 16:43, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*Given the notability of the exact time (as used in various protests, in various speeches, and in almost all coverage of the incident this article covers), we should use the exact time in the lede. This is very much unlike an age which changes constantly until the person dies, and at death, is often not notable beyond the years passed since birth. This is also not an [[WP:EASTEREGG]] as we're giving the exact value to the link, the link merely provides additional information on the significance of that specific amount of time. <s>As regards "every word counting", it actually consumes more space to be less specific...</s> depending on how it's presented, anyways... —[[User:Locke Cole|Locke Cole]] • [[User talk:Locke Cole|t]] • [[Special:Contributions/Locke Cole|c]] 17:26, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
* I can see a case either way, but have a preference for Dream's version. Some readers, including me, appreaceated the [[8'46"]] link. With Dream's transparently worded version, there's not even a borderline violation of WP:EASTEREGG. [[User:FeydHuxtable|FeydHuxtable]] ([[User talk:FeydHuxtable|talk]]) 18:48, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Exact time''' - The problem with just linking 9 minutes to [[8'46"]] is that precision of information is lost on a printed copy of the page (as per [[WP:EASTEREGG]]). Now, specifying exact amounts of time isn't usually necessary when dealing with encyclopedic content because it's trivial at best and wouldn't provide any additional insight to the reader. However, in this case, the distinction is necessary because of how iconic and symbolic 8'46" has become to the protests and the amount of coverage from reliable sources it's received. Additionally, saying 9 minutes and then clarifying it as 8'46" just sounds redundant to me. Specifying the exact time is the best option here. --[[User:letcreate123|letcreate123]] ([[User talk:letcreate123|talk]]) 19:01, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Imprecise time''' - The distinction between 8 minutes and 46 seconds and 9 minutes makes a mockery of the concept of precision. It doesn't matter. It makes no difference. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 19:42, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Exact time''', per letcreate123. That time - [[8'46'']] - is now iconic. Let's not be coy, and let's not create eastereggs. [[User:Bastun|Bastun]][[User_talk:Bastun|Ėġáḍβáś₮ŭŃ!]] 19:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*:It doesn't matter that it is "iconic". We are not in the business of beating the drums of protest. Wikipedia doesn't engage in [[boosterism]] for any cause. [[User:Bus stop|Bus stop]] ([[User talk:Bus stop|talk]]) 20:03, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*::Absolutely right. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 21:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*The link is an easteregg regardless of whether the text the reader sees is ''almost nine minutes'' or ''eight minutes forty-six seconds''. Per [[MOS:EASTEREGG]], we're supposed to {{tq|make sure that the reader knows what to expect when clicking on a link}}. Only readers who already know will have any idea that this link will take him or her to an article about a meme or protest slogan. In the ''Memorials and protests'' section we've got
*:{{tq|The length of time that Chauvin had his knee on Floyd's neck, eight minutes forty-six seconds, was often seen on protest signs and messages {{Crossreference|selfref=no| (see [[8′46″]]) }}, as were the words {{nobr|"[[I can't breathe]]".}} }}
:and that's the right way to do it. (I wrote it so of course I would think that.) [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 21:49, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
* Imprecise time is fine, and remove the link (which is included with relevant context lower down). This is meaningless precision that draws attention away from the fact that Chauvin knelt on his neck for the thick end of ten minutes, including three minutes after he was dead, and thus presumably not struggling much. '''[[user:JzG|Guy]]''' ([[user talk:JzG|help!]]) 22:09, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
* My reading of [[8′46″]] has the duration at 7:46 - the 8:46 is an accounting error in the complaint against Chauvin, so ''almost 9 minutes'' is a fairly big rounding error on our part. [[User_talk:Josh Parris|Josh Parris]] 23:55, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
*:I'm not sure about 7:46 because [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8hGKB5QDhw&bpctr=1591668830 this video] shows Chauvin's knee on Floyd's neck for 7 minutes and 53 seconds. Chauvin's knee is already on Floyd's neck when the video starts; we don't know how long it had been there. The criminal complaints are based on body camera footage, which hasn't been publicly released yet, and the complaints say 8:46. They're probably not wrong about that, since Chauvin's body camera footage would probably show rather clearly when Chauvin knelt. [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 01:48, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
* Even more reason to merge that article. Time stamps themselves are not notable. [[User:Trillfendi|Trillfendi]] ([[User talk:Trillfendi|talk]]) 01:50, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
* IMHO: ''almost nine minutes'' is too verbose; ''8'46"'' can be a little hard to interpret at first read. On top of that, this duration is an estimate, so being too precise while not exactly accurate is a bit weird. ''8 minutes and 46 seconds'' contains cons of both of the aforementioned options (to verbose, overly precise and eventually reduces flow of reading). So, only okay compromise I can see is keep it as is, i.e.: '''almost nine minutes'''.
: In terms of keeping wikilink: the notability of [[8'46"]] is albeit a separate discussion. While the article lives, use the wikilink. --''[[User:Nafsadh|nafSadh]] [[special:contributions/Nafsadh|did]] [[User talk:Nafsadh|say]]'' 19:07, 9 June 2020 (UTC)
* almost 9 minutes, no link, per EEng. --[[User:Joel B. Lewis|JBL]] ([[User_talk:Joel_B._Lewis|talk]]) 00:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
* I prefer the exact time (I was the one who originally changed it) for two main reasons. First of all, there is a large protest movement and plenty of protest activities that have sprung up around that specific time, not around almost nine minutes (see [[8'46"|8'46]]). Futhermore, this phrasing to me seems [[Wikipedia:Encyclopedia|encyclopedic]]. Look, says Wikipedia, he was in a chokehold for ''almost nine minutes''! Although others may disagree, it seems as if we are dramatizing the situation, which should not be the job of an encyclopedia; its job is to [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|report facts]], and report them [[Wikipedia:NPOV|neutrally]]. --[[User:Zoozaz1|Zoozaz1]] ([[User_talk:Zoozaz1|talk]]) 00:52, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Exact time of 8:46 (or 8 minutes and 46 seconds):''' 8:46 has become a significant number in its own right. [[User:Purplebackpack89|p]][[User talk:Purplebackpack89|b]][[User:Purplebackpack89/C|p]] 18:00, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - prosecutors now say it's 7:46, not 8:46. [https://apnews.com/0b4714f6a42b362b0e2c0cd701c6392b] [[User:Levivich|Levivich]] [''[[Special:Contributions/Levivich|dubious]] – [[User talk:Levivich|discuss]]''] 18:03, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
*'''Comment''' - Per other comments, we need to address the fact that the timeline has been corrected, for it's now 7:46 and not 8:46. [[User:Love of Corey|Love of Corey]] ([[User talk:Love of Corey|talk]]) 05:00, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

== Use other video frame to replace [[lynching photographs]] ==

Reposted since Header/Main photo is closed. The selected 'frame' is too similar to [[lynching photographs]] used as racial propaganda: smiling killer, gory white substance on victim's mouth, etc. There are other images to select, at least 1 for every second of the video = 480+ alternates. A good sequence in OS when Chauvin isn't looking content is the macing sequence. I suggest changing the selected image to one where Chauvin isn't looking content/almost smiling, as when he grabs the mace before Thao steps in front of the camera. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 00:51, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

Try [[Lynching postcard]] [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 00:53, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{re|Pasdecomplot}} His facial expression seems pretty neutral to me, and this is the best look we get at his face. This is also the moment that has overwhelmingly been used by reliable news sources; a quick Google Images search suggests most outlets are using frames very close or identical to ours. Examples: [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/29/us/derek-chauvin-criminal-complaint.html NYT], [https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/01/us/derek-chauvin-what-we-know-trnd/index.html CNN], [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/george-floyd-derek-chauvin-murder-manslaughter-conviction-police-minneapolis-fbi-federal-a9539816.html The Independent], [https://www.startribune.com/what-we-know-about-derek-chauvin-and-tou-thao-two-of-the-officers-caught-on-tape-in-the-death-of-george-floyd/570777632/ Star Tribune], [https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/11723951/derek-chauvin-george-floyd-minneapolis-police-fired/ The Sun]. –[[User:IagoQnsi|IagoQnsi]] ([[User talk:IagoQnsi|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 07:03, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:Chauvin's "look" is oft-cited. Unlike the postcards, the text here is moreorless neutral.—[[User:Bagumba|Bagumba]] ([[User talk:Bagumba|talk]]) 07:41, 20 June 2020 (UTC)

True {{u|Bagumba}}, and at the end of the OS, he steps full frame into the camera shot and then literally smiles. {{u|lagoQnsi}} have you checked the mace sequence to see if we can capture his face well enough? Thanks. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 22:16, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
*In the name of God someone explain what "the OS" is, ''PLEASE''. Operating system? [[Old Style]]? Osmium? Open source? Overall survival? Oxygen saturation? What??? [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 19:08, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
::Original Source. Pasdecomplot is referring to the video. I think it's a conflation of OR and primary source. We have a steep learning curve. Pasdecomplot to me seems an obviously well-intentioned editor who is having a hard time figuring us out. [[User:Valereee|—valereee]] ([[User talk:Valereee|talk]]) 19:17, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

*OS is original source, what the video is in this case. A academic research term {{u|EEng}}. [[User:Pasdecomplot|Pasdecomplot]] ([[User talk:Pasdecomplot|talk]]) 05:48, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
*:Well it's certainly not a academic research term this particular academic researcher has ever heard. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 06:04, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 20 June 2020 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Killing of George Floyd|answered=yes}}
Micheal Baden also did the autopsies of JFK, Martin Luther King, and Jeffery Epstein [[Special:Contributions/2600:1004:B14B:15E6:7DE0:C1BD:781:D658|2600:1004:B14B:15E6:7DE0:C1BD:781:D658]] ([[User talk:2600:1004:B14B:15E6:7DE0:C1BD:781:D658|talk]]) 10:44, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:{{not done}}. Please construct the request in the format of ''change x to y''. [[User:El_C|El_C]] 10:45, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
::Oh come on, {{U|El C}}, remember [[WP:NOTBURO]] (see also: [[mule|WP:NOTBURRO]]). It's clear the OP is asking for those facts to be mentioned. Except they're not facts, at least as far as JFK goes (I didn't check the others). [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 17:57, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:::What I mean is that it is up to them to construct the prose and attach sources, then it can be added to the article. [[User:El_C|El_C]] 18:09, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
::::I think that's being a bit demanding with a random IP. If we can reasonably interpret what they're suggesting we should respond in those terms. Instead of "disposing" of the request you could just let it sit a while and see if some interested editor looks into the matter. Not a big deal, but there seems to be an impulse recently to close things, as if there's some burden to leaving threads open a while. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 19:12, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::EEng, I'm not archiving the request. It can still be researched and answered in the affirmative by anyone at any time, which I welcome. [[User:El_C|El_C]] 19:18, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
::::::I understand. My wrath was only related to the rather formulaic injunction to "Please construct the request in the format of ''change x to y''", which might cause other editors to pass over the request without reading it, when you could have just said nothing. You're still one of my favorite editors, El Cid{{confused?}}. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 19:23, 20 June 2020 (UTC)
:::::::Fair enough. I will take that exceptionally kind compliment and shut up now! Thanks, EEng.{{smiley}} [[User:El_C|El_C]] 17:15, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

== Hand in Derek Chauvin`s pocket ==

The thing I`ve never understood about any of this is the cop has his hand in his pocket..there is a mention in the article regarding body language..it appears as if he knew exactly what he was doing and was doing it in a cold methodical way..one hand on George`s pulse..the other in his pocket..eyes out in space making sure his sunglasses don`t fall...I propose adding a section related to that which is an obvious sign of pathological behavior [[Special:Contributions/2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B|2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B]] ([[User talk:2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B|talk]]) 01:43, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
:As usual we need reliable sources commenting on this. But I'll say this: if you've seen the lead photo brightened appropriately, there's no doubt he ''doesn't'' have his hand in his pocket. But as for the rest of his body language, you're right that some people are saying they suggest he's a psychopath. Not that I'm saying anything like that myself, of course. [[User:EEng#s|E]][[User talk:EEng#s|Eng]] 01:47, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

::Chauvin did not have his hand in his pocket, it's an optical illusion. He was wearing dark gloves the same colour as his pants, and the two colours blended. That was already covered in a section that was archived long ago. [[User:WWGB|WWGB]] ([[User talk:WWGB|talk]]) 03:03, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

:::Ok I see it..but...he has his fingers curled up..relaxed...resting on his hip while he`s choking the guy...again body language..all the symptoms of psychopathy...and one other thing..he`s not even looking at his victim but out into space while he`s <redacted> [[Special:Contributions/2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B|2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B]] ([[User talk:2600:1702:2340:9470:5495:F7A9:2143:A90B|talk]]) 05:32, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 22 June 2020 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Killing of George Floyd|answered=yes}}
On May 25, 2020, George Floyd, a 46-year-old criminal black man, was killed in Minneapolis, Minnesota, during an arrest for allegedly using a counterfeit bill.[1] [[User:ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives|ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives]] ([[User talk:ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives|talk]]) 12:42, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

:{{not done}} per [[WP:UNDUE]]. There is no reason to believe that Floyd's prior convictions played any role in his death. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 13:13, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

== Criminal records ==

If anyone here has access / sources including the criminal records of George Floyd, it would be a good idea to add it to this Wikipedia article. [[User:ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives|ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives]] ([[User talk:ChangesMakes DifferentPerspectives|talk]]) 12:50, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

:No, it wouldn't. Those records would be [[WP:PSTS|primary sources]] and thus of limited worth. His prior convictions have been discussed in [[WP:RS|reliable secondary sources]] and are sufficiently covered in the article [[George Floyd]]. Regards [[User:SoWhy|So]][[User talk:SoWhy|Why]] 13:16, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

== Semi-protected edit request on 22 June 2020 ==

{{edit semi-protected|Killing of George Floyd|answered=yes}}
Add that in George Floyd’s coroner report, he was under the influence fentanyl, methamphetamines, and marijuana. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:E690:33D0:54CA:26AE:D946:8E13|2600:1700:E690:33D0:54CA:26AE:D946:8E13]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:E690:33D0:54CA:26AE:D946:8E13|talk]]) 18:13, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
:See the thread above.[[User:Slatersteven|Slatersteven]] ([[User talk:Slatersteven|talk]]) 18:17, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' please provide [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]] that support the change you want to be made. [[User:TheImaCow|TheImaCow]] ([[User talk:TheImaCow|talk]]) 18:30, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
:<s>What sort of ridiculous, dismissive reply is this? There is a large number of secondary sources that have reported that Floyd had fentanyl and methamphetamines in his system. A 2-second google search revealed: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/health/george-floyd-coronavirus-autopsy/index.html, https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/04/869278494/medical-examiners-autopsy-reveals-george-floyd-had-positive-test-for-coronavirus, https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/06/04/as-george-floyd-died-officer-wondered-about-excited-delirium. You really ought to put a little more effort into fulfilling edit requests, it's implicit that obviously a citation would have to be found, and for a claim that is this easily-verifiable it doesn't seem necessary that he ought to provide it in his request.</s> My bad, Slatersteven accurately pointed out that this content is already in the article. [[User:Zortwort|Zortwort]] ([[User talk:Zortwort|talk]]) 05:56, 23 June 2020 (UTC)