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Jenna Ortega

2024-11-10T09:00:24Z

Hiplibrarianship: Undid revision 1256112402 by Krimuk2.0 (talk) in the next sentence

{{Short description|American actress (born 2002)}}
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{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jenna Ortega
| image = Jenna Ortega-63792 (cropped).jpg
| alt = Jenna Ortega posing in a red outfit at the 81st Venice Film Festival
| caption = Ortega at the [[81st Venice International Film Festival|2024 Venice Film Festival]]
| birth_name = Jenna Marie Ortega
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|9|27}}
| birth_place = [[Palm Desert, California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
| television =
| awards =
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes
| signature = 
| signature_alt = Jenna Ortega signature}}
| module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename= Jenna Ortega vocal excerpt.ogg|title=Jenna Ortega's voice|type=speech|description=On how she made the [[Wednesday (TV series)|2022 version of ''Wednesday'']] appeal to fans of [[The Addams Family (1991 film)|the 1991 film]] Recorded December 2022}}
}}

'''Jenna Marie Ortega''' (born September 27, 2002) is an American actress. She began her career as a child and received recognition for her role as a younger version of [[Jane Villanueva|Jane]] in [[The CW]] comedy-drama series ''[[Jane the Virgin]]'' (2014–2019). She then won an [[Imagen Awards|Imagen Award]] for her leading role as [[List of Stuck in the Middle characters|Harley Diaz]] in the [[Disney Channel]] series ''[[Stuck in the Middle (TV series)|Stuck in the Middle]]'' (2016–2018). She played [[Ellie Alves]] in the thriller series ''[[You (TV series)|You]]'' (2019) and starred in the family film ''[[Yes Day]]'' (2021), both for [[Netflix]].

Ortega received praise for her performance as a traumatized high school student in the drama film ''[[The Fallout (film)|The Fallout]]'' (2021). She gained wide recognition for portraying [[Wednesday Addams]] in the Netflix horror-comedy series ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'' (2022–present), for which she received nominations at the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe]], [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Primetime Emmy]], and [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Screen Actors Guild Awards]]. She also starred in the slasher films ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]'' (2022), ''[[X (2022 film)|X]]'' (2022), and ''[[Scream VI]]'' (2023), as well as the fantasy film ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]'' (2024).

Media publications have dubbed Ortega as "Gen Z's [[scream queen]]".{{efn|name=Gen Z's scream queen}} She has been featured on the [[Power 100]] list from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' in 2023 and the [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' 30 Under 30]] list in 2024. Ortega has also been noted for her fashion, in addition to supporting various charitable causes.

== Early life ==
Jenna Marie Ortega,<ref name="Guide">{{cite magazine |title=Jenna Ortega |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jenna-ortega/credits/3030755607 |magazine=[[TV Guide]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824000523/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/jenna-ortega/credits/3030755607/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the fourth of six siblings, was born on September 27, 2002,<ref name="Sangster">{{cite web |last1=Sangster |first1=Ella |title=Everything You Need to Know About ''Wednesday''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega |url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/who-is-jenna-ortega |website=[[Harper's Bazaar Australia]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=December 8, 2022 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320215149/https://harpersbazaar.com.au/who-is-jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Palm Desert, California]].<ref name="Guide" /><ref name="Bahr">{{cite web |last1=Bahr |first1=Sarah |title=Jenna Ortega Knows What Wednesday Addams Wants |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/arts/television/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix.html?gws_id=nyt%3A%2F%2Finteractive%2F4afe389e-163c-43ba-8d11-c64a6783dfe5&gws_card=4 |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=November 23, 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823020023/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/23/arts/television/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix.html?gws_id=nyt://interactive/4afe389e-163c-43ba-8d11-c64a6783dfe5&gws_card=4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her father, a former sheriff who works at a California [[district attorney]]'s office, is of Mexican descent, and her mother, who is of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent, works as an [[emergency room]] nurse.<ref name="Harris">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Hunter |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Jenna Ortega Is Watching You |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a43181047/jenna-ortega-interview-april-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823195143/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a43181047/jenna-ortega-interview-april-2023/ |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref><ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Teen-Vogue-Leonowicz">{{cite news|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/story/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-fights-anti-immigration-rhetoric|title=''Jane the Virgin''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega Fights Anti-Immigration Rhetoric|last1=Leonowicz|first1=Rex|date=August 15, 2016|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|access-date=August 21, 2016|archive-date=August 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829002302/http://www.teenvogue.com/story/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-fights-anti-immigration-rhetoric|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega's maternal great-grandmother was an undocumented immigrant from [[Sinaloa]], Mexico, and her maternal grandfather was from Puerto Rico.<ref name="Ward">{{cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Fiona |title=Jenna Ortega Is Going to Be Everywhere in 2023 – Here's Everything You Need to Know About the ''Wednesday'' Star |url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/jenna-ortega-facts-age-family-movies |website=[[Glamour UK]] |access-date=September 3, 2023 |date=December 13, 2022 |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008104834/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/jenna-ortega-facts-age-family-movies |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega grew up in [[La Quinta, California]],<ref name="Bahr" /> and has described her childhood self as "loud and extroverted".<ref name="Garcia-Navarro" /> She wanted to act from the age of six and begged her mother to let her pursue a career for three years.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Peña-Calderon">{{cite magazine |first=Mirtle |last=Peña-Calderon |title=Exclusive: How Jenna Ortega Is Coming into Her Own and Creating Space for Everyone |url=https://peopleenespanol.com/chica/jenna-ortega-netflix-wednesday |magazine=[[People en Español]] |access-date=July 12, 2024 |language=es |date=November 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825071007/https://peopleenespanol.com/chica/jenna-ortega-netflix-wednesday/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother attempted to distract her with other activities, including soccer and school.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Harris" /> Ortega almost quit pursuing acting to participate in the former.<ref name="VF video">{{cite magazine |title=Jenna Ortega & ''Scream 6'' Cast Test How Well They Know Each Other |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/video/watch/quizzing-each-other-scream-6-cast |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=August 25, 2023 |format=Video |date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608183851/https://www.vanityfair.com/video/watch/quizzing-each-other-scream-6-cast |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother later bought her a monologue book and posted a video of nine-year-old Ortega performing. A casting director watched the video and signed her to an agency.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Harris" />

Ortega's mother began driving her to [[Los Angeles]] to attend auditions, a trip that sometimes took as long as six hours roundtrip, up to five days a week.<ref name="Harris" /> She struggled to secure parts because few roles for [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latinas]] existed and she "didn't look [a certain] way"; such experiences damaged her self-esteem.<ref name="Karmali" /> She considered dyeing her hair blonde in an attempt to book more roles.<ref name="Forbes 30 under 30">{{cite magazine |title=Jenna Ortega |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jenna-ortega/?list=30under30-hollywood-entertainment/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615100718/https://www.forbes.com/profile/jenna-ortega/?list=30under30-hollywood-entertainment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mohammed">{{cite web |last1=Mohammed |first1=Leyla |title=Jenna Ortega Explained Why She Refused to Dye Her Hair Blonde After Revealing She Felt Pressured to 'Look A Certain Way' in Hollywood |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/leylamohammed/jenna-ortega-struggling-latina-child-actor-blonde |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=November 6, 2023 |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615100721/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/leylamohammed/jenna-ortega-struggling-latina-child-actor-blonde |url-status=live }}</ref> For the first year, Ortega, who had no connections in the film industry, limited her auditions to commercials; she secured parts in 12 national campaigns, including three [[McDonald's]] commercials.<ref name="Rose">{{cite magazine |last1=Rose |first1=Lacey |title='I'm Not Just Here to Smile': Jenna Ortega, Elle Fanning and the ''THR'' Comedy Actress Roundtable |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/jenna-ortega-elle-fanning-comedy-actress-roundtable-1235507685 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=June 6, 2023 |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912000407/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/jenna-ortega-elle-fanning-comedy-actress-roundtable-1235507685/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="McCarthy">{{cite magazine |last1=McCarthy |first1=Lauren |title=Jenna Ortega on ''Scream'', Spoilers, and Playing Wednesday Addams |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jenna-ortega-scream-spoilers-wednesday-addams |website=[[Nylon (magazine)|Nylon]] |access-date=September 3, 2023 |date=January 12, 2022 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203223404/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jenna-ortega-scream-spoilers-wednesday-addams |url-status=live }}</ref> From Mondays to Fridays, she acted in Los Angeles for a few days and returned home to attend school.<ref name="Harris" /> She enrolled in public school,<ref name="Carey">{{cite interview |last1=Ortega |first1=Jenna |interviewer=Matthew Carey |title=''The Fallout'' Star Jenna Ortega on the Horror of School Shootings: 'It Could Happen Anywhere, at Any Time' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/jenna-ortega-interview-the-fallout-maddie-ziegler-1235047031 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 25, 2023 |date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825032820/https://deadline.com/2022/06/jenna-ortega-interview-the-fallout-maddie-ziegler-1235047031/ |url-status=live }}</ref> attending Amelia Earhart Elementary School and [[John Glenn Middle School]].<ref name="Pena">{{cite news |first=Xochitl |last=Pena |title=Could La Quinta Tween Be the Next Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez? |url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2016/02/12/jenna-ortega-stuck-in-the-middle-disney-channel/80296996 |newspaper=[[The Desert Sun]] |access-date=August 25, 2023 |date=February 12, 2016 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825100237/https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2016/02/12/jenna-ortega-stuck-in-the-middle-disney-channel/80296996/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She dropped out of school during eighth grade to act in [[Disney]] projects and got an apartment in Los Angeles after securing a role in ''[[Stuck in the Middle (TV series)|Stuck in the Middle]]'' (2016–2018).<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Pena2">{{cite news |first=Xochitl |last=Pena |title=La Quinta's Jenna Ortega on Being a Disney Star and Her Show ''Stuck in the Middle'', Now Ending After 3 Seasons |url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2018/07/17/la-quintas-jenna-ortega-next-disney-darling/695617001 |newspaper=[[The Desert Sun]] |access-date=September 7, 2023 |date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907104307/https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2018/07/17/la-quintas-jenna-ortega-next-disney-darling/695617001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During that time, Ortega worked in Los Angeles during the [[workweek]] and went home on weekends.<ref name="Pena" />

== Career ==
=== 2012–2017: Early acting roles and Disney ===
Ortega made her acting debut in the sitcom ''[[Rob (TV series)|Rob]]'' (2012) and later made a guest appearance in the ''[[CSI: NY]]'' episode "[[Unspoken (CSI: NY)|Unspoken]]".<ref name="Bahr" /><ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=csi_ny|type=tv|access-date=June 8, 2024|season=9|episode=4|title=Unspoken|publisher_hide=yes}}</ref> In 2013, she made her film debut in a minor role as the vice president's daughter in the superhero film ''[[Iron Man 3]]''.<ref name="Seibold" /> In the same year, Ortega appeared in the horror film ''[[Insidious: Chapter 2]]'' as a part of the supporting cast.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Baig |first1=Ruman |title=''Wednesday'' Has Been Renewed for Season 2 and Here's Everything You Need to Know |url=https://elle.in/wednesday-netflix-season-2-expectations |magazine=[[Elle (India)|Elle]] |access-date=September 5, 2023 |date=January 12, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905061705/https://elle.in/wednesday-netflix-season-2-expectations/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2014 to 2019, Ortega had a recurring role on [[The CW]] comedy television series ''[[Jane the Virgin]]'' as a younger version of [[Jane Villanueva]], who is portrayed by [[Gina Rodriguez]] as an adult.<ref name="Gallagher" /> Declan Gallagher of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' commended Ortega's performance, writing that "she eschews the trappings of a typical child actor".<ref name="Gallagher">{{cite magazine |last1=Gallagher |first1=Declan |title=The 10 Best Jenna Ortega Movies and TV Shows, Ranked |url=https://ew.com/movies/best-jenna-ortega-roles-ranked |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=September 5, 2023 |date=May 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623124515/https://ew.com/movies/best-jenna-ortega-roles-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also starred in the [[direct-to-video]] comedy film ''[[The Little Rascals Save the Day]]'' (2014) and the [[Netflix]] sitcom ''[[Richie Rich (2015 TV series)|Richie Rich]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sims |first1=Tony |title=''The Little Rascals Save the Day'' DVD Giveaway |url=https://geekdad.com/2014/04/little-rascals-giveaway |publisher=[[GeekDad]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=April 1, 2014 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906085856/https://geekdad.com/2014/04/little-rascals-giveaway/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-orders-richie-rich-series-744819|title=Netflix Orders ''Richie Rich'' Series from AwesomenessTV|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 29, 2014|access-date=December 31, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803102014/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-orders-richie-rich-series-744819|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega appeared in the comedy-drama film ''[[After Words (film)|After Words]]'' (2015) as Anna Chapa, the daughter of a [[male prostitution|male escort]].<ref name=":6">{{cite magazine|last=Lowe|first=Justin|date=August 21, 2016|title=''After Words'': Film Review|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/words-film-review-816818|access-date=April 19, 2016|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417052159/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/words-film-review-816818|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Villaseñor |first1=Esteban |title=Jenna Ortega: La actriz de Merlina Addams, sus películas y carrera |url=https://www.vogue.mx/estilo-de-vida/articulo/jenna-ortega-biografia |trans-title=Jenna Ortega: The Wednesday Addams Actress, Her Films and Career |magazine=[[Vogue México y Latinoamérica]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |language=es-MX |date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906015749/https://www.vogue.mx/estilo-de-vida/articulo/jenna-ortega-biografia |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' praised her as "adorable",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Gary |title=Review: ''After Words'' Says Little About a Woman's Reawakening |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-after-words-movie-review-20150821-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=August 21, 2015 |url-access=limited |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906015748/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-after-words-movie-review-20150821-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' found her "horribly cloying".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cordova |first1=Randy |title=Review: A Librarian Gets Her Groove Back in ''After Words'' |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2015/08/20/review-little-romance-words/31919535 |website=[[The Arizona Republic]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=August 20, 2015 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630231423/https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2015/08/20/review-little-romance-words/31919535/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

From 2016 to 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/stuck-in-the-middle-canceled-ends-after-three-seasons-disney-channel-star-jenna-ortega-cast-man-of-the-house-abc-pilot-final-season-1202356211/|title=''Stuck in the Middle'' to End After 3 Seasons on Disney Channel, Star Jenna Ortega Joins ABC Pilot ''Man of the House''|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=March 30, 2018|access-date=April 7, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403115925/http://deadline.com/2018/03/stuck-in-the-middle-canceled-ends-after-three-seasons-disney-channel-star-jenna-ortega-cast-man-of-the-house-abc-pilot-final-season-1202356211/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega led the [[Disney Channel]] sitcom ''Stuck in the Middle'' as Harley Diaz, an aspiring inventor who is the middle child of the seven siblings.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Elizabeth |last=Wagmeister |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/stuck-in-the-middle-jenna-ortega-disney-channel-comedy-series-1201586172/ |title=Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by ''Jane the Virgin'' Star |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 4, 2015 |access-date=April 19, 2016 |quote=Disney Channel has ordered new series 'Stuck in the Middle,' starring 'Jane the Virgin's' Jenna Ortega, Variety has learned exclusively. |archive-date=March 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314095717/http://variety.com/2015/tv/news/stuck-in-the-middle-jenna-ortega-disney-channel-comedy-series-1201586172/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She said that booking the role was "one of the best days of my life". Ortega drew inspiration from her own family and relationships with her siblings; she felt her experience starring on the show was akin to [[reality television]].<ref name="Pena2" /> [[Common Sense Media]] praised Ortega's performance, saying she "commands this role, pleading her case as a long-suffering middle kid while finding the humor in the many calamities that befall her efforts to shine".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashby |first1=Emily |title=''Stuck in the Middle'' |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/stuck-in-the-middle |publisher=[[Common Sense Media]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823030839/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/stuck-in-the-middle |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega garnered three [[Imagen Award]] nominations for Best Young Actor – Television, including a win in 2018.<ref name="Imagen2016" /><ref name="Imagen2018" /><ref name="Imagen2019" /> She also voiced Princess Isabel in ''[[Elena and the Secret of Avalor]]'' (2016) and ''[[Elena of Avalor]]'' (2016–2020).<ref>{{cite web |title=''Elena and the Secret of Avalor'' TV Special Premieres November 20 |url=https://www.awn.com/news/elena-and-secret-avalor-tv-special-premieres-november-20 |publisher=[[Animation World Network]] |access-date=September 7, 2023 |date=October 13, 2016 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509201042/https://www.awn.com/news/elena-and-secret-avalor-tv-special-premieres-november-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hipes |first1=Patrick |title=Chris Parnell, Jenna Ortega & More Join Disney Junior's ''Elena Of Avalor'' |url=https://deadline.com/2016/01/elena-of-avalor-casts-jenna-ortega-chris-parnell-1201681620 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=September 7, 2023 |date=January 13, 2016 |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907033013/https://deadline.com/2016/01/elena-of-avalor-casts-jenna-ortega-chris-parnell-1201681620/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2018–2021: Transition to mature roles ===
[[File:Jenna Ortega 2020 2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Ortega speaking in a video message|Ortega in 2020]]
In 2018, Ortega starred in the film ''Saving Flora'' in the lead role of Dawn, a circus owner's daughter.<ref name=":13">{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=August 4, 2017 |title=David Arquette, Jenna Ortega to Star in Elephant Drama ''Saving Flora'' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/david-arquette-jenna-ortega-saving-flora-1202515546/ |access-date=January 14, 2020 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=September 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925164051/https://variety.com/2017/film/news/david-arquette-jenna-ortega-saving-flora-1202515546/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 3, 2017 |first=Rebecca |last=Ford |title=''Jane the Virgin'' Actress Jenna Ortega to Star in ''Saving Flora'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-virgin-actress-jenna-ortega-star-saving-flora-1026749 |access-date=October 22, 2020 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023180906/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-virgin-actress-jenna-ortega-star-saving-flora-1026749 |url-status=live}}</ref> After ''Stuck in the Middle'' ended, she aimed to act in more mature projects but found people assumed Disney roles were "all you can do, or all you were meant for".<ref name="Bahr" /> She considered quitting acting several times, saying that she "was too old for the young roles and too young for the older roles".<ref name="McCarthy" /> In 2018, she was cast as [[Ellie Alves]] in the [[You season 2|second season]] of the Netflix thriller series ''[[You (TV series)|You]]'',<ref name="Bahr" /> which was released on December 26, 2019.<ref name="Deadline_Hollywood_2019_You">{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/you-james-scully-jenna-ortega-cast-in-series-second-season-1202547029/ |title=''You'': James Scully & Jenna Ortega Cast in Series' Second Season on Netflix |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=February 1, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201034248/https://deadline.com/2019/01/you-james-scully-jenna-ortega-cast-in-series-second-season-1202547029/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/you-season-2-premiere-date-penn-badgley-netflix-1202782904/ |title=''You'' Season 2 Premiere Date Set as Penn Badgley Stalker Drama Moves to Netflix |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=November 11, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111181952/https://deadline.com/2019/11/you-season-2-premiere-date-penn-badgley-netflix-1202782904/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Like the show's first season, the second season received positive reviews;<ref>{{cite web |title=''You'': Season 2 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/you/s02 |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218205412/https://rottentomatoes.com/tv/you/s02 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''{{'s}} Robyn Bahr noted Ortega as "a standout performer".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bahr |first1=Robyn |title=''You'' Season 2: TV Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/you-season-2-review-1264863 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=December 24, 2019 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525043446/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/you-season-2-review-1264863/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega was slated to return for [[You season 3|the third]] and [[You season 4|fourth]] seasons but was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts.<ref name="McCarthy" /><ref name="Warner">{{cite web |last1=Warner |first1=Sam |title=''Wednesday''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega Was 'Devastated' to Miss ''You'' Season 4 |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a43118201/you-season-4-jenna-ortega-absence |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324234720/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a43118201/you-season-4-jenna-ortega-absence/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ortega played Phoebe, the love interest of [[Judah Lewis]]'s character, in Netflix's horror film ''[[The Babysitter: Killer Queen]],''<ref name="TheBabysitter2Ortega">{{cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |date=October 18, 2019 |title=''Jane the Virgin'' Actress Jenna Ortega Joins ''The Babysitter'' Sequel (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jenna-ortega-joins-babysitter-sequel-1248717 |access-date=October 18, 2019 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081433/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/jenna-ortega-joins-babysitter-sequel-1248717 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was released in September 2020 to negative critical reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moniuszko |first1=Sara M. |title=Critics Slam ''The Babysitter: Killer Queen'' as 'Uninspired' and 'Embarrassing' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2020/09/11/the-babysitter-killer-queen-reviews-critics-slam-sequel/3468274001 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=September 11, 2020 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322141257/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2020/09/11/the-babysitter-killer-queen-reviews-critics-slam-sequel/3468274001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She also voiced a travel vlogger named Brooklynn in the Netflix animated show ''[[Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous]]'' (2020–2022).<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |first=Tom |last=Reimann |url=https://collider.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-trailer-netflix/ |title=First Trailer for Netflix's ''Jurassic World'' Animated Series Finds Plucky Kids Getting Terrorized by Dinosaurs |website=[[Collider (website) |Collider]] |date=July 28, 2020 |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728203606/https://collider.com/jurassic-world-camp-cretaceous-trailer-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she made her writing debut with the book ''It's All Love: Reflections for Your Heart & Soul'', which contains a series of quotes and statements regarding faith and love.<ref>{{cite book |title=''It's All Love: Reflections for Your Heart & Soul'' |isbn=978-0-593-17456-2 |last1=Ortega |first1=Jenna |date=January 5, 2021|publisher=Random House Children's Books }}</ref><ref name="Pierre">{{cite magazine |last1=Pierre |first1=Lola |title=Jenna Ortega Chats About ''Scream'', Her Deepest Fear, and Her Favorite Horror Movies |url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/article/jenna-ortega-tim-burtons-wednesday-addams |magazine=[[Vogue France]] |access-date=August 24, 2023 |date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824112115/https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/article/jenna-ortega-tim-burtons-wednesday-addams |url-status=live }}</ref> She starred in the Netflix comedy movie ''[[Yes Day]]'' (2021), portraying a stubborn teenager who wants more independence from her parents.<ref name="YesDayOrtega">{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/jennifer-garner-yes-day-movie-add-jenna-ortega-jane-the-virgin-actress-1202757059/ |title=''Jane The Virgin''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega Joins Jennifer Garner Family Movie ''Yes Day'' |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 10, 2019 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 13, 2019 |archive-date=October 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010224458/https://deadline.com/2019/10/jennifer-garner-yes-day-movie-add-jenna-ortega-jane-the-virgin-actress-1202757059/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Edgar Ramírez Says 'Yes' to Jennifer Garner Family Movie ''Yes Day'' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/edgar-ramirez-says-yes-to-jennifer-garner-family-movie-yes-day-1202762854/ |access-date=March 13, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017212240/https://deadline.com/2019/10/edgar-ramirez-says-yes-to-jennifer-garner-family-movie-yes-day-1202762854/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She appreciated how [[people of color]] were shown in "a casual setting where it's acknowledged" in lieu of "shoving it down your throat".<ref name="Khalifeh">{{cite web |last1=Khalifeh |first1=Mona |title=Jenna Ortega Says It's Important to See Diverse Families Onscreen |url=https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-says-its-important-for-young-people-of-color-to-see-a-diverse-family-onscreen |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |date=March 9, 2021 |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326003513/https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-says-its-important-for-young-people-of-color-to-see-a-diverse-family-onscreen |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Yes Day'' was released in March 2021 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Yes Day'' |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/yes-day |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311071332/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/yes-day |url-status=live }}</ref> [[IndieWire]] lauded Ortega as "very capable",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ehrlich |first1=David |title=''Yes Day'' Review: Jennifer Garner and Édgar Ramírez Are Fun, Frazzled Parents in Netflix Family Comedy |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/yes-day-review-netflix-1234622314 |publisher=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=August 24, 2023 |date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824043919/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/yes-day-review-netflix-1234622314/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Associated Press]] referred to her as "an impressively poised young actor".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coyle |first1=Jake |title=Review: In ''Yes Day'', Kids Get Their Way for 24 Hours |url=https://apnews.com/article/yes-day-movie-review-jennifer-garner-332d76c89801d16dcd9ec7ec58e17788 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=August 24, 2023 |date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824043917/https://apnews.com/article/yes-day-movie-review-jennifer-garner-332d76c89801d16dcd9ec7ec58e17788 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ortega had a leading role in the high-school drama film ''[[The Fallout (film) |The Fallout]]'', starring as a student who is navigating her emotional trauma after a [[school shooting]].<ref name="dlFallout">{{cite web |first=Andreas |last=Wiseman |date=February 22, 2020 |title=''You'' Star Jenna Ortega to Lead Cast in High-School Drama ''The Fallout'' from Writer-Director Megan Park – EFM |url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/jenna-ortega-netflix-you-high-school-drama-fallout-efm-1202866050/ |access-date=February 24, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=February 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222150807/https://deadline.com/2020/02/jenna-ortega-netflix-you-high-school-drama-fallout-efm-1202866050/ |url-status=live}}</ref> To prepare for the role, she looked at photographs and watched videos and interviews about school shootings; processing such events afterward "kind of came naturally". She also participated in the [[March for Our Lives]] movement, which led [[political demonstration|demonstrations]] in support of [[Gun law in the United States|U.S. gun control legislation]].<ref name="Carey" /> Ortega, who describes herself as "such an insecure individual", found it easy to portray her character as relatable.<ref name=":27" /> ''The Fallout'' premiered at [[South by Southwest]] on March 17, 2021, and was released on [[HBO Max]] on January 27, 2022.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Mier |first1=Tomás |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Watch Jenna Ortega and Maddie Ziegler Grapple with Grief in Billie Eilish-Backed Trailer for ''The Fallout'' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/watch-the-fallout-trailer-hbo-max-1288146/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120232056/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/watch-the-fallout-trailer-hbo-max-1288146/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> The film received a positive response from critics,<ref>{{cite web |title=''The Fallout'' |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fallout_2021 |access-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421062742/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_fallout_2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Ortega's acting was applauded.<ref name=":27" /> [[Richard Roeper]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' described her performance as "grounded and deeply moving",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roeper |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Roeper |title=''The Fallout'': Stark Teen Film Focuses Not on School Shooting, but on the Aftermath |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2022/1/26/22901837/the-fallout-review-jenna-ortega-movie-maddie-ziegler-megan-park-shailene-woodley |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=January 26, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823032513/https://chicago.suntimes.com/movies-and-tv/2022/1/26/22901837/the-fallout-review-jenna-ortega-movie-maddie-ziegler-megan-park-shailene-woodley |url-status=live }}</ref> while ''The Hollywood Reporter'' wrote that her "beautifully nuanced turn understands the nothing-to-look-at-here façade and the chinks in the armor".<ref name=":19">{{Cite magazine |first=Sheri |last=Linden |date=March 17, 2021 |title=''The Fallout'': Film Review {{!}} SXSW 2021 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-fallout-film-review-sxsw-2021 |access-date=March 21, 2021 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320143310/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/the-fallout-film-review-sxsw-2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===2022–present: Mainstream breakthrough===
In the slasher film [[Scream (2022 film)|''Scream'']] (2022)—the fifth film in the [[Scream (franchise)|''Scream'' franchise]]—Ortega played [[Tara Carpenter]],<ref name="Scream5Casting">{{cite web |last=Sneider |first=Jeff |date=August 19, 2020 |title=''Scream 5'' Adds Jenna Ortega, Who Was So Good on ''You'' Last Season |url=https://collider.com/scream-5-cast-jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820121132/https://collider.com/scream-5-cast-jenna-ortega/ |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |access-date=August 20, 2020 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 19, 2020 |title=''Scream'': Jenna Ortega Joins Spyglass Media Group & Paramount Pictures' Horror Relaunch |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/scream-jenna-ortega-joins-spyglass-media-group-paramount-pictures-horror-relaunch-1203017853/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819221821/https://deadline.com/2020/08/scream-jenna-ortega-joins-spyglass-media-group-paramount-pictures-horror-relaunch-1203017853/ |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |access-date=August 20, 2020 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> on which she stated: "I don't even think there are words in the English language to correctly express how happy, excited and nervous I am for this journey".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jenna Ortega Calls Role in ''Scream 5'' a 'Dream Come True' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-calls-role-in-scream-5-a-dream-come-true-reveals-hopes-for-her-you-character-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124030745/https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-calls-role-in-scream-5-a-dream-come-true-reveals-hopes-for-her-you-character-exclusive |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]}}</ref> Directors [[Matt Bettinelli-Olpin]] and [[Tyler Gillett]] cast Ortega because of her ability to play both horror and comic tones, and for the sound of her scream. She felt nervous about joining a well-known franchise, wanting to "do it justice" without "ripping anybody off".<ref name="Harris" /> She said that working on the film taught her the importance of cast chemistry to the natural flow of the production process.<ref name="ScreamMTV">{{cite news |date=January 18, 2022 |title=''Scream''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega Is the Horror Franchise's New Blood |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/8fqwyd/scream-jenna-ortega-interview-franchise-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926235321/https://www.mtv.com/news/8fqwyd/scream-jenna-ortega-interview-franchise-history |archive-date=September 26, 2023 |access-date=September 17, 2023 |publisher=[[MTV News]]}}</ref> ''Scream'' was a critical and commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shattuck |first=Kathryn |date=January 25, 2022 |title=Jenna Ortega Gets Her Thrills From Radiohead and ''Paris, Texas'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/arts/television/jenna-ortega-fallout.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062234/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/25/arts/television/jenna-ortega-fallout.html |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=January 27, 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> becoming the [[2022 in film|28th-highest-grossing film of 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103214111/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2022/ |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> According to ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', Ortega demonstrated "incredible" resilience and resolve in her role.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rife |first1=Katie |date=January 12, 2022 |title=A New Generation Takes a Stab at ''Scream'' in the First Sequel Without Wes Craven |url=https://www.avclub.com/a-new-generation-takes-a-stab-at-scream-in-the-first-se-1848340926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823061423/https://www.avclub.com/a-new-generation-takes-a-stab-at-scream-in-the-first-se-1848340926 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=August 23, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> She also won the [[MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance|MTV Movie Award for Most Frightened Performance]].<ref name="MTV2022" />

Ortega later appeared in the [[Foo Fighters]]–led horror film ''[[Studio 666]]'' (2022).<ref name=":232">{{Cite magazine |last=White |first=James |date=May 12, 2021 |title=Foo Fighters Are Under Threat in a First Look at ''Studio 666'' |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/foo-fighters-are-under-threat-in-a-first-look-at-studio-666/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207042221/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/foo-fighters-are-under-threat-in-a-first-look-at-studio-666/ |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref> Reviewers said she was underused;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nulf |first1=Jenny |date=February 25, 2022 |title=''Studio 666'' |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2022-02-25/studio-666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701150147/https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2022-02-25/studio-666/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |newspaper=[[Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jorgensen |first1=Tom |date=February 22, 2022 |title=''Studio 666'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/studio-666-review-foo-fighters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150559/https://www.ign.com/articles/studio-666-review-foo-fighters |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> according to the ''Los Angeles Times'', "[n]ot even [a] cameo from ... 2022's newly minted Scream Queen Jenna Ortega ... can offer true horror bona fides to this flick".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Katie |date=February 23, 2022 |title=Review: There's Nothing Funny or Scary About the Dave Grohl Horror-Comedy ''Studio 666'' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-02-23/review-theres-nothing-funny-or-scary-about-the-dave-grohl-horror-comedy-studio-666 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023833/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-02-23/review-theres-nothing-funny-or-scary-about-the-dave-grohl-horror-comedy-studio-666 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=September 9, 2023 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> She then starred in the slasher film [[X (2022 film)|''X'']] (2022), which was directed and written by [[Ti West]],<ref name="OrtegaX2">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=February 18, 2021 |title=Brittany Snow Joins Kid Cudi, Jenna Ortega in Ti West Horror Thriller ''X'' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/brittany-snow-joins-kid-cudi-jenna-ortega-in-ti-west-horror-thriller-x-exclusive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223235449/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/brittany-snow-joins-kid-cudi-jenna-ortega-in-ti-west-horror-thriller-x-exclusive |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |access-date=March 9, 2021 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> who said Ortega was "fearless in her commitment".<ref name="Truitt" /> Ortega signed onto the project because of its script, calling it "the most outrageous thing I've ever read",<ref name="Collis">{{cite magazine |last1=Collis |first1=Clark |date=March 9, 2022 |title=''Scream'' Star Jenna Ortega Says the Script for SXSW Horror Film ''X'' Was 'the Most Outrageous Thing I'd Ever Read' |url=https://ew.com/movies/x-jenna-ortega-talks-sxsw-horror-porn-film-ti-west |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526225352/https://ew.com/movies/x-jenna-ortega-talks-sxsw-horror-porn-film-ti-west/ |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> and the opportunity to work with West. She found the filming process to be enjoyable and unique due to West's style of shooting.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{cite web |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Karla |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Jenna Ortega Opens Up About Her Role in A24's New Horror Film ''X'' |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/karla-rodriguez/jenna-ortega-x-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715081248/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/karla-rodriguez/jenna-ortega-x-interview |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |magazine=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]}}</ref> ''X'' became Ortega's best-reviewed film on review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]];<ref name="rt">{{cite web |title=Jenna Ortega |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jenna_ortega |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=September 8, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129003102/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jenna_ortega |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Australian]]'' dubbed her and co-star [[Mia Goth]] "scene-stealers".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Geordie |title=Netflix's Addams Family Reboot Works a Charm |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/the-oz/lifestyle/netflixs-addams-family-reboot-works-a-charm/news-story/ead14a7ef10b3236ef55d8fef38cc776 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |access-date=June 7, 2024 |date=November 25, 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=December 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211004634/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/the-oz/lifestyle/netflixs-addams-family-reboot-works-a-charm/news-story/ead14a7ef10b3236ef55d8fef38cc776 |url-status=live }}</ref> The comedy-horror ''[[American Carnage]]'' was Ortega's final film release of 2022.<ref name="rt" /> ''The A.V. Club'' said she was continuing "her streak as the new it-girl of horror with a stubborn punk persona that masks her care for other people",<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monson |first1=Leigh |date=July 14, 2022 |title=In ''American Carnage'', Hispanic Characters Try to Get Out of a Jordan Peele-Like Scenario |url=https://www.avclub.com/american-carnage-review-hallivis-jorge-lendeborg-ortega-1849145033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331081631/https://www.avclub.com/american-carnage-review-hallivis-jorge-lendeborg-ortega-1849145033 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> while ''[[IGN]]'' lauded her "no-shits-given shell".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Donato |first1=Matt |title=''American Carnage'' Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/american-carnage-review |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=July 15, 2022 |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929231219/https://www.ign.com/articles/american-carnage-review |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Wednesday NYCC 2022 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|alt=Ortega, wearing a black jacket, smiling towards her left|Ortega promoting ''Wednesday'' in 2022]]
In May 2021, Ortega was cast as [[Wednesday Addams]] in the Netflix comedy-horror series ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'' (2022),<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Jenna Ortega Cast as Wednesday Addams in Upcoming Netflix Series from Tim Burton|first=Dorys|last=Jackson|url=https://people.com/tv/jenna-ortega-cast-as-wednesday-adams-in-upcoming-netflix-series/|access-date=May 19, 2021|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519185953/https://people.com/tv/jenna-ortega-cast-as-wednesday-adams-in-upcoming-netflix-series/|url-status=live}}</ref> which she called a "new chapter" in her career.<ref name=":22" /> She auditioned through a [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] call with director [[Tim Burton]], during which she read a four-page monologue.<ref name="Ruiz">{{cite web |last1=Ruiz |first1=Michelle |title=Jenna Ortega Settles into Fame Ahead of ''Wednesday'' Season 2 and a ''Beetlejuice'' Sequel |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/jenna-ortega-cover-interview |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=August 24, 2024 |date=August 6, 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824014423/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/story/jenna-ortega-cover-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> The casting team felt her portrayal offered the character the necessary empathy.<ref name="Bahr" /> She was initially hesitant to accept the part because she wanted to focus on film acting and feared working on another television series would prevent her from booking the roles she wanted.<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |first=Polly |last=Vernon |title=Jenna Ortega: 'I Thought ''Wednesday'' Wasn't Going to Be Watched' |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jenna-ortega-i-thought-wednesday-wasnt-going-to-be-watched-vcztxglqp |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=August 24, 2023 |date=March 11, 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824154621/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jenna-ortega-i-thought-wednesday-wasnt-going-to-be-watched-vcztxglqp |url-status=live }}</ref> To prepare for the role, Ortega underwent "the most physical transformation I've ever done", cutting her hair and dying it black, as well as altering her mannerisms, style of speaking, and facial expressions.<ref name="Brown" /> She also learned to play cello and speak German, read the original ''[[Addams Family]]'' comic, and watched [[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|the 1960s television adaptation]].<ref name="Zuckerman">{{cite magazine |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Esther |title=Jenna Ortega Does Wednesday Addams Her Way |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix-interview |magazine=[[W (magazine)|W]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531075645/https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega called the production of ''Wednesday''{{'s}} first season her "most overwhelming job" in 2022, and spoke about being in a constant state of confusion and stress over the direction of the series and character.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Tom|last=Tapp|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/jenna-ortega-confused-wednesday-addams-tim-burton-1235151566/ |title=Jenna Ortega Felt 'Completely Lost and Confused' When She Began Playing Wednesday Addams for Tim Burton |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 21, 2022 |access-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021055712/https://deadline.com/2022/10/jenna-ortega-confused-wednesday-addams-tim-burton-1235151566/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She said that she had never "had to put my foot down on a set in the way that I had to on ''Wednesday''", believing that the initial writing was nonsensical from a character standpoint and did not suit Wednesday's personality. While filming some scenes, Ortega would change her lines without informing the crew.<ref name="Tinoco">{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title=Jenna Ortega Opens Up About Becoming 'Unprofessional' on Set of ''Wednesday'' Rewriting Lines from the Script |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/jenna-ortega-unprofessional-wednesday-set-change-lines-script-1235282262 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 4, 2023 |date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=August 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807145148/https://deadline.com/2023/03/jenna-ortega-unprofessional-wednesday-set-change-lines-script-1235282262/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sharf">{{cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zack |title=Jenna Ortega Changed ''Wednesday'' Scripts Without Telling Writers Because 'Everything Did Not Make Sense': 'I Became Almost Unprofessional' |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/jenna-ortega-changed-wednesday-scripts-character-made-no-sense-1235545344 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=October 4, 2023 |date=March 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825060509/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/jenna-ortega-changed-wednesday-scripts-character-made-no-sense-1235545344/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Upon ''Wednesday''{{'s}} release, critics widely praised Ortega:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leigh |first=Janet A. |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Jenna Ortega's ''Wednesday'' Is the Best Yet for This Surprising Reason |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a42059969/wednesday-jenna-ortega-christina-ricci/ |access-date=November 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130001223/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a42059969/wednesday-jenna-ortega-christina-ricci/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Goffe |first1=Nadira |title=Netflix's ''Wednesday'' Is a Huge Hit. I Think I Know Why Critics Hate It. |url=https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/wednesday-netflix-addams-family-jenna-ortega.html |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=October 4, 2023 |date=November 30, 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004111618/https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/wednesday-netflix-addams-family-jenna-ortega.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CNN]] said that her performance sets the series apart from similar spin-offs, being "relentlessly strange, a portrait in unblinking intensity and oddly endearing all at once".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lowry |first1=Brian |title=In ''Wednesday'', Jenna Ortega Makes Netflix's Addams Family Series Look Like a Snap |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/22/entertainment/wednesday-review/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 31, 2024 |date=November 22, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823052909/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/22/entertainment/wednesday-review/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Wednesday'' became one of [[List of most-watched Netflix original programming|Netflix's most-watched shows]], receiving over 1 billion viewing hours within a month.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hailu |first1=Selome |last2=Spangler |first2=Todd |title=''Wednesday'' Surpasses ''Dahmer'' on All-Time Netflix Ranking, ''Harry & Meghan'' Is Streamer's Biggest Doc Debut Ever |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/wednesday-netflix-viewership-harry-meghan-1235458467 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=March 31, 2024 |date=December 13, 2022 |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213201741/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/wednesday-netflix-viewership-harry-meghan-1235458467 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega's performance received nominations for a [[Golden Globe Award]] and a [[Screen Actors Guild Award]].<ref name="GG2023" /><ref name="SAG2023" /> She was also nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]], becoming the category's second-youngest nominee.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Zuckerman |first1=Esther |title=Emmys: Jenna Ortega Makes History with First Nomination |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jenna-ortega-second-youngest-emmy-nominee-best-comedy-actress-1235533408 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=October 8, 2023 |date=July 12, 2023 |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714163736/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jenna-ortega-second-youngest-emmy-nominee-best-comedy-actress-1235533408/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She later spoke about her discomfort with becoming well-known for her work on the show, having had a creatively unpleasant experience filming it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jenna-ortega-netflix-wednesday-set-unprofessional-1235342897/|title=Why Jenna Ortega Says She Became 'Unprofessional' on the Set of Netflix's ''Wednesday''|date=March 7, 2023|first=Abbey|last=White|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308112230/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/jenna-ortega-netflix-wednesday-set-unprofessional-1235342897/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|access-date=March 8, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2023, Ortega hosted an episode of [[NBC]]'s [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hoglund |first1=Andy |date=March 12, 2023 |title=''SNL'' Recap: An Earnest Jenna Ortega Tries Her Hand at Live Comedy |url=https://ew.com/tv/recaps/snl-recap-season-48-episode-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927130004/https://ew.com/tv/recaps/snl-recap-season-48-episode-15/ |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Itzkoff |first1=Dave |date=March 12, 2023 |title=''Saturday Night Live'' Goes to the Oscars |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/arts/television/saturday-night-live-oscars.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312181637/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/arts/television/saturday-night-live-oscars.html |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |access-date=September 6, 2023 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ortega reprised her role as Tara Carpenter in ''[[Scream VI]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=May 10, 2022 |title=''Scream 6'': Melissa Barrera, Jasmin Savoy Brown, Mason Gooding, Jenna Ortega Set to Return |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-6-melissa-barrera-jasmin-savoy-brown-mason-gooding-jenna-ortega-1235143940/ |access-date=March 7, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609124342/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-6-melissa-barrera-jasmin-savoy-brown-mason-gooding-jenna-ortega-1235143940/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She said her character had more personality in the film<ref name="Nemiroff">{{cite web |last1=Nemiroff |first1=Perri |title=The ''Scream VI'' Cast Spills Where They'd Hide if Ghostface Were Chasing Them |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/the-scream-vi-cast-spills-where-theyd-hide-if-ghostface-were-chasing-them-2/ |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=September 16, 2023 |date=March 10, 2023 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401150442/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/the-scream-vi-cast-spills-where-theyd-hide-if-ghostface-were-chasing-them-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> than in the previous installment, in which she "was screaming and crying the entire time". When creating Tara's personality, Ortega considered several of the character's traits, including her favorite color, fashion style, makeup, and sense of humor.<ref name="Harris" /> ''Scream VI'' was released in March 2023 and grossed over $169 million on a budget of $33–35 million.<ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=17663992|title=Scream VI|publisher_hide=yes|access-date=August 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=McClintock |first1=Pamela |title=Box Office: ''Scream VI'' Scares Off ''Creed III'', ''65'' with Series-Best $44.5M Opening |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-vi-box-office-65-1235348571 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=March 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607055506/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-vi-box-office-65-1235348571/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Murphy |first1=J. Kim |title=Box Office: ''Scream VI'' Scoring Franchise High $43.5 Million Opening |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/box-office/scream-6-opening-day-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-1235549827 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311162707/https://variety.com/2023/film/box-office/scream-6-opening-day-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-1235549827/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' attributed its box-office success partially to Ortega's star power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 12, 2023 |title=''Scream VI'' Even Louder with $44M+ Franchise Opening Record, ''Creed III'' Punching $101M+ – Sunday Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/box-office-scream-vi-2-1235284781/ |access-date=April 6, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=March 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002142/https://deadline.com/2023/03/box-office-scream-vi-2-1235284781/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''{{'s}} [[Owen Gleiberman]] praised her "surly spunk",<ref>{{cite web |author-link1=Owen Gleiberman |last1=Gleiberman |first1=Owen |title=''Scream VI'' Review: Once More unto the Mask, as Melissa Barrera and Jenna Ortega Battle Ghostface in New York |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/scream-vi-review-jenna-ortega-1235545895 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324130707/https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/scream-vi-review-jenna-ortega-1235545895/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' said she "fantastically embodie[d] the role".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Nussen |first1=Greg |title=''Scream VI'' Review: Ghostface Takes Manhattan |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/scream-vi-review-courteney-cox-jenna-ortega |magazine=[[Slant Magazine]] |access-date=August 23, 2023 |date=March 8, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313234917/https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/scream-vi-review-courteney-cox-jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2023, Ortega reportedly exited the ''Scream'' franchise due to scheduling conflicts with the filming of ''Wednesday''{{'s}} second season.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Jenna Ortega Not Returning for ''Scream 7'' Due to ''Wednesday'' Shooting Schedule – the Dish |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/jenna-ortega-scream-departure-melissa-barrera-wednesday-1235634200 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=November 24, 2023 |date=November 22, 2023 |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129210130/https://deadline.com/2023/11/jenna-ortega-scream-departure-melissa-barrera-wednesday-1235634200/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Mier |first1=Tomás |title=Jenna Ortega Won't Return for ''Scream VII'' and the Timing Is Raising Questions |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/jenna-ortega-ends-scream-contract-melissa-barrera-outed-1234894033 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=November 24, 2023 |date=November 22, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124072002/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/jenna-ortega-ends-scream-contract-melissa-barrera-outed-1234894033/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Hollywood Reporter'' later said she left the franchise after an unsuccessful request for seven-figure pay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |title=It's a Scary Time for the ''Scream'' Franchise |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-franchise-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-1235683989 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=November 30, 2023 |date=November 29, 2023 |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130001201/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/scream-franchise-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-1235683989/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the crime thriller film ''[[Finestkind]]'' (2023), she played Mabel, a drug dealer's daughter who is seeking her own path in life.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rechtshaffen |first1=Michael |title=''Finestkind'' Review: Not Even Jenna Ortega and Tommy Lee Jones Can Keep Brian Helgeland's Clichéd Maritime Drama Afloat |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/finestkind-review-jenna-ortega-tommy-lee-jones-brian-helgeland-1235586350 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912034739/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/finestkind-review-jenna-ortega-tommy-lee-jones-brian-helgeland-1235586350/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Paramount+ Picks Up Crime Thriller ''Finestkind'' Starring Tommy Lee Jones, Ben Foster, Toby Wallace & Jenna Ortega |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/paramount-picks-up-crime-thriller-finestkind-starring-tommy-lee-jones-ben-foster-toby-wallace-jenna-ortega-1234994682/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425194722/https://deadline.com/2022/04/paramount-picks-up-crime-thriller-finestkind-starring-tommy-lee-jones-ben-foster-toby-wallace-jenna-ortega-1234994682/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] to negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarrubba |first1=Stefania |title=Jenna Ortega's New Movie ''Finestkind'' Lands Rough First Reviews |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a45099529/jenna-ortega-finestkind-reviews-rotten-tomatoes |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=September 12, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080224/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a45099529/jenna-ortega-finestkind-reviews-rotten-tomatoes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Finestkind'' |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finestkind |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |archive-date=September 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919225756/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finestkind |url-status=live }}</ref> Many journalists said Ortega had been miscast.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tallerico |first1=Brian |title=TIFF 2023: ''Finestkind'', ''Ezra'', ''One Life'' |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/tiff-2023-finestkind-ezra-one-life |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=September 10, 2023 |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913071815/https://www.rogerebert.com/festivals/tiff-2023-finestkind-ezra-one-life |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Daniels |first1=Robert |title=''Finestkind'' Review: Jenna Ortega Is the Least Likely Drug Dealer in Movie History – and It Gets Worse from There |url=https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/finestkind-review-jenna-ortega-drug-dealer-1234904128 |publisher=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916005246/https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/finestkind-review-jenna-ortega-drug-dealer-1234904128/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoffman |first1=Jordan |author1-link=Jordan Hoffman |title=''Finestkind'' Review: Jenna Ortega Fishing Drama Gets Knotted Up |url=https://themessenger.com/entertainment/finestkind-review-jenna-ortegas-fisherman-drama-gets-all-knotted-up-tiff-2023 |website=[[The Messenger (website)|The Messenger]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=September 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080236/https://themessenger.com/entertainment/finestkind-review-jenna-ortegas-fisherman-drama-gets-all-knotted-up-tiff-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Jenna Ortega at 2024 Venice International Film Festival EDITED.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Ortega at the ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]'' film premiere at the [[2024 Venice International Film Festival]]]]
Ortega began 2024 with a starring role in the drama ''[[Miller's Girl]],'' opposite [[Martin Freeman]].<ref name="millers girl">{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 19, 2022 |title=Jenna Ortega Joins Martin Freeman in Lionsgate & Point Grey's ''Miller's Girl'' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/09/jenna-ortega-millers-girl-martin-freeman-1235122345/ |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919200916/https://deadline.com/2022/09/jenna-ortega-millers-girl-martin-freeman-1235122345/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film tells the story of Cairo Sweet (Ortega), a high schooler whose writing ability captures her teacher's interest, which leads to a complicated relationship between the two.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gilchrist |first1=Todd |title=''Miller's Girl'' Review: A Small-Town Teen Learns That Adult Ambition Comes at a Steep Price |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/millers-girl-review-jenna-ortega-1235882871 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 3, 2024 |date=January 24, 2024 |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205221445/https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/millers-girl-review-jenna-ortega-1235882871/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She called her character "the most complex character that I've ever played" and described the material as risky since she thought it would provoke discussions on topics people may find disturbing.<ref>{{Cite interview |interviewer=Antonia Blyth|first=Jenna|last=Ortega|format=Podcast|url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/20-questions-podcast-jenna-ortega-wednesday-scream-6-news-interview-1235183044/ |title=20 Questions on Deadline Podcast: Jenna Ortega Talks ''Wednesday'' & ''Scream 6'' Move to NYC: 'It Was Just A Lot More Intense'|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 28, 2022 |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128231812/https://deadline.com/2022/11/20-questions-podcast-jenna-ortega-wednesday-scream-6-news-interview-1235183044/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[RogerEbert.com]]''{{'s}} [[Christy Lemire]] found Ortega "magnetic enough" to maintain the viewer's interest, although she thought the character's motives were predictable and illogical;<ref name="Lemire">{{cite web |last1=Lemire |first1=Christy |author1-link=Christy Lemire |title=''Miller's Girl'' |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/millers-girl-2024 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]] |access-date=January 27, 2024 |date=January 26, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127000646/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/millers-girl-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mark Kennedy of the Associated Press dubbed the film "a pointless, awkward turn" in her career.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kennedy |first1=Mark |title=Movie Review: ''Miller's Girl'' with Jenna Ortega Is an Airless, Cold Affair that Fails to Spark |url=https://apnews.com/article/millers-girl-movie-review-jenna-ortega-d0437532d0e9fab696ce896f2aef130a |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=January 26, 2024 |date=January 24, 2024 |archive-date=January 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125091140/https://apnews.com/article/millers-girl-movie-review-jenna-ortega-d0437532d0e9fab696ce896f2aef130a |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega appeared in and executive produced the romantic drama ''[[Winter Spring Summer or Fall]]'',<ref name="SeasonsFilm">{{Cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/jenna-ortega-tiffany-paulsen-winter-spring-summer-or-fall-1235200623/ |title=Jenna Ortega & Her ''Wednesday'' Co-Star Percy Hynes White Reunite on Tiffany Paulsen's Directorial Debut ''Winter Spring Summer or Fall'' |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222051131/https://deadline.com/2022/12/jenna-ortega-tiffany-paulsen-winter-spring-summer-or-fall-1235200623/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which premiered at the 2024 [[Tribeca Festival]].<ref name="Gyarkye">{{cite magazine |last1=Gyarkye |first1=Lovia |title=''Winter Spring Summer or Fall'' Review: Jenna Ortega and Percy Hynes White Anchor a Feathery Romance |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/winter-spring-summer-or-fall-review-jenna-ortega-percy-hynes-white-1235917220/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=June 13, 2024 |date=June 7, 2024 |archive-date=June 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612171138/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/winter-spring-summer-or-fall-review-jenna-ortega-percy-hynes-white-1235917220/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Director Tiffany Paulsen described Ortega as the casting team's first choice for the role of Remi Aguilar, a driven genius who falls in love with a rebellious musician.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Hilary |title=''Winter Spring Summer or Fall'' Director on Helming Her First Movie with Jenna Ortega, Percy Hynes White Amid ''Wednesday'' Frenzy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/winter-spring-summer-or-fall-director-jenna-ortega-1235926698/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=July 13, 2024 |date=June 19, 2024 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203013/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/winter-spring-summer-or-fall-director-jenna-ortega-1235926698/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She later starred in the music video for [[Sabrina Carpenter]]'s song "[[Taste (Sabrina Carpenter song)|Taste]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dailey |first1=Hannah |title=Sabrina Carpenter & Jenna Ortega Kiss, Channel ''Death Becomes Her'' in Gory 'Taste' Video |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sabrina-carpenter-jenna-ortega-taste-video-death-becomes-her-1235759691/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=August 24, 2024 |date=August 23, 2024 |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823162631/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sabrina-carpenter-jenna-ortega-taste-video-death-becomes-her-1235759691/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Cat |title=Sabrina Carpenter Is Kissing Who? |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/who-is-sabrina-carpenter-taste-about.html |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |access-date=August 24, 2024 |date=August 23, 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823224150/https://www.thecut.com/article/who-is-sabrina-carpenter-taste-about.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ortega starred in Burton's fantasy film ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]'' (2024)—a sequel to ''[[Beetlejuice]]'' (1988)<ref name="auto">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-2-willem-dafoe-jenna-ortega-michael-keaton-1235485808/ |title=''Beetlejuice 2'': Willem Dafoe Joins Jenna Ortega, Michael Keaton |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=May 12, 2023 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512212019/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-2-willem-dafoe-jenna-ortega-michael-keaton-1235485808/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/beetlejuice-2-release-date-theaters-1235607767/ |title=''Beetlejuice 2'', Starring Michael Keaton and Jenna Ortega, to Hit Theaters in 2024 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Rebecca |last=Rubin |date=May 9, 2023 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510111541/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/beetlejuice-2-release-date-theaters-1235607767/ |url-status=live }}</ref>—playing Astrid Deetz, the cynical teenage daughter of Lydia Deetz.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Rendy |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' Cast and Characters: See the Actors in the Ghoulish Sequel |url=https://ew.com/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-cast-and-characters-guide-8706916 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=September 9, 2024 |date=September 6, 2024 |archive-date=September 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908050515/https://ew.com/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-cast-and-characters-guide-8706916 |url-status=live }}</ref> It opened the [[81st Venice International Film Festival]] and received generally positive reviews.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gardner |first1=Chris |last2=Roxborough |first2=Scott |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' Slays at Venice Premiere |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-audience-response-venice-premiere-1235986136 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 31, 2024 |date=August 28, 2024 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203016/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-audience-response-venice-premiere-1235986136/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Christopher |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' First Reviews: Michael Keaton's Return as Betelgeuse Is Worth the Wait |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-first-reviews-michael-keatons-return-as-betelgeuse-is-worth-the-wait/ |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=August 31, 2024 |date=August 31, 2024 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831190320/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-first-reviews-michael-keatons-return-as-betelgeuse-is-worth-the-wait/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' commented that Ortega portrayed her character with "just the right note of soulful sullenness".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=Xan |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' Review – Tim Burton Sequel Takes Retro Joyride Through Old Haunts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/aug/28/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-review-venice-film-festival |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 31, 2024 |date=August 28, 2024 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909193412/https://www.theguardian.com/film/article/2024/aug/28/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-review-venice-film-festival |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said she was an "unimpeachable" casting choice and commended the emotions she conveyed using a "world-class deadpan stare".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Fear |first1=David |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'': Tim Burton's Long-Awaited Sequel Is Fine Fine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-review-tim-burton-1235089851/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=September 5, 2024 |date=September 4, 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905010451/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-review-tim-burton-1235089851/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a more negative review, ''[[The Independent]]'' stated that she "can't help but seem a little bland and strait-laced" acting opposite [[Michael Keaton]] as Betelgeuse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Macnab |first1=Geoffrey |title=''Beetlejuice Beetlejuice'' Is Incoherent Incoherent – Review |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-movie-2024-review-b2603232.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=August 31, 2024 |date=August 28, 2024 |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828220529/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/beetlejuice-beetlejuice-movie-2024-review-b2603232.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Upcoming projects ====
Ortega has joined the cast of ''[[Klara and the Sun (film)|Klara and the Sun]]'' (2025) to be directed by [[Taika Waititi]].<ref name="Kroll">{{cite web |last1=Kroll |first1=Justin |title=Amy Adams in Talks to Star Opposite Jenna Ortega in ''Klara and the Sun'' at 3000 Pictures |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/amy-adams-jenna-ortega-klara-and-the-sun-1235810635/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=February 2, 2024 |date=February 1, 2024 |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202031112/https://deadline.com/2024/02/amy-adams-jenna-ortega-klara-and-the-sun-1235810635/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She is set to appear in and executive produce the film ''[[Hurry Up Tomorrow (film)|Hurry Up Tomorrow]]'' from [[Trey Edward Shults]], that will co-star [[The Weeknd]] and [[Barry Keoghan]].<ref name="ShultzMovie"/><ref name="HurryUpTomorrow"/> She is due to star in ''[[Death of a Unicorn]]'' (2025), a [[dark comedy]] co-starring [[Paul Rudd]], and ''Alba''; both will be produced and distributed by A24.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/actors-strike-movies-tv-shows-still-filming-1235538864/ |title=SAG-AFTRA Strike: Which Movies and TV Shows Are Still in Production |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 19, 2023 |access-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719234704/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/actors-strike-movies-tv-shows-still-filming-1235538864/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/jenna-ortega-movies-tv-roles/the-29th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards-arrivals-2/|title=From ''Wednesday'' to ''Scream 6'', All Jenna Ortega's Roles to Date – and What She's Doing Next|date=March 10, 2023|first=Samantha|last=Bergeson|work=[[IndieWire]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310143712/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/jenna-ortega-movies-tv-roles/the-29th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards-arrivals-2/|archive-date=March 10, 2023|url-status=live|access-date=March 10, 2023}}</ref>

Ortega is slated to reprise her role as Wednesday in the second season of ''Wednesday''. She became an executive producer,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guy |first1=Zoe |title=Jenna Ortega, ''Wednesday'' Executive Producer, Has Notes |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/06/jenna-ortega-wednesday-season-2.html |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |access-date=October 6, 2023 |date=June 7, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615024725/https://www.vulture.com/2023/06/jenna-ortega-wednesday-season-2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which she described as a "natural progression" since the first season was "naturally already very collaborative". Ortega helped oversee the costumes, characters, and scripts.<ref name="Hailu">{{cite web |last1=Hailu |first1=Selome |title=Jenna Ortega Says ''Wednesday'' Season 2 Is 'Ditching Any Romantic Love Interest' and 'Leaning Into Horror' More |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/jenna-ortega-wednesday-season-2-drop-love-interest-horror-1235635497 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=October 6, 2023 |date=June 7, 2023 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920185215/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/jenna-ortega-wednesday-season-2-drop-love-interest-horror-1235635497/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Other ventures ==

=== Activism and philanthropy ===
Ortega has used her platform to support various causes,<ref name="Peña-Calderon" /> including ''Pride Over Prejudice''—a [[DoSomething]] campaign that advocates for immigrants and refugees<ref name="Pierre" />—the National Bullying Prevention Center, the [[AIDS Healthcare Foundation]], the [[Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media]],<ref name="Fox">{{cite interview |last1=Fox |first1=Joanna |title=Jenna Ortega Loves to Take Risks |url=https://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/fragrance/jenna-ortega-interview-dior-gris |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |access-date=July 12, 2024 |date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713023059/https://www.ellecanada.com/beauty/fragrance/jenna-ortega-interview-dior-gris |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Planned Parenthood]], and the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS]].<ref name="Peña-Calderon" /> She is pro-immigration and anti-discrimination, telling ''[[Teen Vogue]]'': "It's important to embrace your culture today because there are so many different ethnicities in America. At the end of the day, you are you. You've got to stay true to yourself, and you can't change yourself in order to fit in or to make someone else feel comfortable."<ref name=":5">{{Cite magazine|first=Rex|last= Leonowicz |title=How ''Jane the Virgin'' Star Jenna Ortega Is Standing Up to Hurtful Anti-Immigration Rhetoric|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-fights-anti-immigration-rhetoric|access-date=July 20, 2019|magazine=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=August 15, 2016|archive-date=July 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712071146/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-fights-anti-immigration-rhetoric|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega is also an advocate for [[women's rights]].<ref name="Pierre" />

In 2016, Ortega organized a meet-and-greet event for fans to raise money for a young girl with cancer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pena|first=Xochitl|date=December 30, 2016|title=Fans Meet Disney's Jenna Ortega to Raise Money for Girl with Cancer|url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2016/12/30/fans-meet-disneys-jenna-ortega-raise-money-girl-cancer/96014480/|access-date=October 20, 2020|newspaper=[[The Desert Sun]]|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614152157/https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/people/2016/12/30/fans-meet-disneys-jenna-ortega-raise-money-girl-cancer/96014480/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the 2018 [[Radio Disney Music Awards]], Ortega wore a jacket displaying the words "I Do Care and U Should Too" in response to the clothing [[First Lady of the United States]] [[Melania Trump]] wore on a visit to see immigrant children who were being housed without their parents. Trump's jacket read, "I Really Don't Care, Do U?".<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Weiss|first=Suzannah|title=Jenna Ortega Called Out Melania Trump's Jacket with Her Own Fashion Statement|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/jenna-ortega-jacket-responding-melania-trump-i-really-dont-care-jacket|access-date=March 13, 2021|magazine=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=June 23, 2018|archive-date=July 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712071252/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/jenna-ortega-jacket-responding-melania-trump-i-really-dont-care-jacket|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Moniuszko">{{cite news |last1=Moniuszko |first1=Sara M. |title=Eddie Vedder's Wife, More Stars Are Responding to Melania Trump with Their Own Jackets |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/06/23/melania-trump-jacket-eddie-vedders-wife-stars-respond-own-jackets/728179002 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 8, 2023 |date=June 23, 2018 |archive-date=September 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908110349/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2018/06/23/melania-trump-jacket-eddie-vedders-wife-stars-respond-own-jackets/728179002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega's protest gained significant media coverage;<ref name="Pena2" /> she told the Associated Press that Trump's apparel displayed a lack of judgement and as the first lady, she ought to show concern for migrant children.<ref name="AP">{{cite news |title=Teen Actress Wears 'I Do Care' Jacket to Protest First Lady |url=https://apnews.com/article/ae8836f2fdfc40e29cb8249ec93516b4 |publisher=[[The Associated Press]] |access-date=September 8, 2023 |date=June 23, 2018 |archive-date=September 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908072442/https://apnews.com/article/ae8836f2fdfc40e29cb8249ec93516b4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Jane the Virgin'' Actress Jenna Ortega Wears 'I Do Care' Jacket to Protest Melania Trump |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/jane-virgin-actress-jenna-ortega-wears-i-do-care-jacket-protest-melania-trump-1122902 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=September 8, 2023 |date=June 23, 2018 |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911014357/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/jane-virgin-actress-jenna-ortega-wears-i-do-care-jacket-protest-melania-trump-1122902/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega later said: "We should all care about each other and our country ... we are one country under God".<ref name="Pena2" /> In 2019, Ortega appeared at numerous [[We Day]] benefit concerts across the U.S. and [[Canada]] to raise funds for [[WE Charity]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=WE Day 2019: Tour Schedule and Lineup|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/featured-reports/article-we-day-2019-tour-schedule-and-lineup/|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=November 17, 2019|archive-date=July 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712071252/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/featured-reports/article-we-day-2019-tour-schedule-and-lineup/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 2023, Ortega, as part of a group called [[Artists4Ceasefire]], signed a letter urging the [[United States Congress]] and President [[Joe Biden]] to call for an immediate ceasefire in the [[Gaza Strip]] during the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{cite news|title='People Are Being Penalised': Hollywood Divided over Israel-Hamas Conflict|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/dec/02/hollywood-divide-israel-gaza-conflict-susan-sarandon-cynthia-nixon|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 2, 2023|first=David|last=Smith|access-date=January 14, 2024|archive-date=January 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114001852/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/dec/02/hollywood-divide-israel-gaza-conflict-susan-sarandon-cynthia-nixon|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Alter">{{cite web |last1=Alter |first1=Rebecca |title=Jenna Ortega Exits ''Scream 7'' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2023/11/jenna-ortega-scream-7-exit.html |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |access-date=January 14, 2024 |date=November 22, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114032406/https://www.vulture.com/2023/11/jenna-ortega-scream-7-exit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She later condemned the [[Tel al-Sultan attack]] and emphasized the need for a ceasefire.<ref name="Segarra">{{cite news |last1=Segarra |first1=Edward |title=Paramore, Dua Lipa, More Celebs Call for Ceasefire in Israel-Hamas War: 'Cannot Support a Genocide' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2024/05/29/celebrities-ceasefire-israel-hamas-war/73900113007 |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=June 1, 2024 |date=May 29, 2024 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530173037/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2024/05/29/celebrities-ceasefire-israel-hamas-war/73900113007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leeson |first1=Lucy |title='All Eyes on Rafah' Explained: All You Need to Know About Viral Social Media Image |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/all-eyes-on-rafah-meaning-explained-b2553944.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=September 29, 2024 |date=May 30, 2024}}</ref>

=== Endorsements ===
In 2020, Ortega was named a brand ambassador for the cosmetics manufacturer [[Neutrogena]] and was the face of its "My Quinceañera Journey" campaign.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Flanagan |first=Hanna |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Lana Condor and Jenna Ortega Are Neutrogena's Newest Ambassadors! Everything to Know About Their Partnership |url=https://people.com/style/lana-condor-and-jenna-ortega-are-neutrogena-brand-ambassadors/ |access-date=March 13, 2021 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074202/https://people.com/style/lana-condor-and-jenna-ortega-are-neutrogena-brand-ambassadors/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Segundo">{{cite magazine |last1=Segundo |first1=Irene San |title=Jenna Ortega se alía con Neutrogena para organizarte la mejor fiesta de Quinceañera |url=https://peopleenespanol.com/ponte-bella/jenna-ortega-nueva-imagen-de-neutrogena |magazine=[[People en Español]] |access-date=September 14, 2023 |language=es |trans-title=Jenna Ortega Is the New Face of Neutrogena and Its Quinceañera Campaign |date=July 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625134932/https://peopleenespanol.com/ponte-bella/jenna-ortega-nueva-imagen-de-neutrogena/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, she became an ambassador for the sportswear company [[Adidas]] and the luxury fashion brand [[Dior]].<ref name="Fraser">{{cite magazine |last1=Fraser |first1=Kristopher |title=Jenna Ortega Is Announced as New Adidas Ambassador |url=https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jenna-ortega-adidas-brand-ambassador-1235505905 |magazine=[[Women's Wear Daily]] |access-date=September 18, 2023 |date=February 1, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323053544/https://wwd.com/pop-culture/celebrity-news/jenna-ortega-adidas-brand-ambassador-1235505905/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Florsheim">{{cite news |last1=Florsheim |first1=Lane |title=Jenna Ortega on the 'Terrifying' Time She Had to Act Like She Was on Ecstasy |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jenna-ortega-wednesday-you-f09d71bf |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=September 18, 2023 |date=June 26, 2023 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=September 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918000907/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jenna-ortega-wednesday-you-f09d71bf |url-status=live }}</ref> She was the face of Adidas Sportswear, the company's first new line in 50 years,<ref name="Suárez">{{cite magazine |last1=Suárez |first1=Silvia |title=Qué es adidas Sportswear, la primera nueva marca de la compañía en 50 años, y por qué Jenna Ortega es su imagen |url=https://www.revistagq.com/moda/articulo/que-es-adidas-sportswear-jenna-ortega |magazine=[[GQ]] |access-date=October 4, 2023 |language=es-ES |trans-title=What Is Adidas Sportswear, the Company's First New Line in 50 years, and Why Jenna Ortega Is Its Face? |date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330083105/https://www.revistagq.com/moda/articulo/que-es-adidas-sportswear-jenna-ortega |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as one of the faces of the #DareInGrisDior campaign.<ref name="Wilson">{{cite interview |last1=Ortega |first1=Jenna |interviewer=Jamie Wilson |title=Jenna Ortega Is Picky About Perfumes |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/beauty/health/a43604031/jenna-ortega-gris-dior-interview-2023 |website=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=September 18, 2023 |date=April 19, 2023 |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628231249/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/beauty/health/a43604031/jenna-ortega-gris-dior-interview-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She starred alongside [[Danny Ramirez]], Olivia Negron, and [[Patricia Mauceri]] in an advertisement for [[Doritos]] that aired at the [[Super Bowl LVIII]] in February 2024.<ref name="Bechara">{{cite magazine |last1=Bechara |first1=Diego Ramos |title=Jenna Ortega Shops for Doritos in Super Bowl Commercial with ''Top Gun'' Star Danny Ramirez |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jenna-ortega-super-bowl-commercial-doritos-1235902843/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=February 12, 2024 |archive-date=August 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816105447/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jenna-ortega-super-bowl-commercial-doritos-1235902843/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Notte">{{cite web |last1=Notte |first1=Jason |title=Jenna Ortega and Danny Ramirez Heat Up Doritos Super Bowl Ad |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/jenna-ortega-danny-ramirez-doritos-dinamita-super-bowl-ad-commercial/ |website=[[Adweek]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=February 5, 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615074503/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/jenna-ortega-danny-ramirez-doritos-dinamita-super-bowl-ad-commercial/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The A.V. Club'' enjoyed the ad but opined that fans of ''Wednesday'' would be dissatisfied by Ortega's lack of goth,<ref name="Schimkowitz">{{cite web |last1=Schimkowitz |first1=Matt |title=The 31 Best Super Bowl LVIII Commercials, Ranked {{!}} 8. Doritos Starring Jenna Ortega and Danny Ramirez |url=https://www.avclub.com/super-bowl-lviii-commercials-ranked-2024-1851247273/slides/25 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=February 12, 2024 |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615074502/https://www.avclub.com/super-bowl-lviii-commercials-ranked-2024-1851247273/slides/25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
while ''[[TVLine]]'' stated that her limited screen time was "a real miscalculation".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwartz |first1=Ryan |title=Super Bowl Commercials: All the Touchdowns, Field Goals and Fumbles |url=https://tvline.com/lists/super-bowl-commercials-2024-list/coors-light-super-bowl-commercial-2024/ |website=[[TVLine]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=February 12, 2024 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203015/https://tvline.com/lists/super-bowl-commercials-2024-list/coors-light-super-bowl-commercial-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Artistry ==
=== Influences ===
Ortega was initially inspired to pursue acting after watching [[Dakota Fanning]] in the 2004 thriller film [[Man on Fire (2004 film)|''Man on Fire'']]. Ortega was unable to understand how a young child could perform in a way that could scare her so much; she analyzed the film several times and decided she wanted to be "the Puerto Rican version of [Fanning]".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Carly |last=Thomas |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Jenna Ortega Reveals Denzel Washington Movie That 'Changed the Entire Course of My Existence' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jenna-ortega-denzel-washington-movie-inspired-acting-career-1235969186/ |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=August 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809012035/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jenna-ortega-denzel-washington-movie-inspired-acting-career-1235969186/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ricci interview">{{cite magazine |last1=Ricci |first1=Christina |title=Jenna Ortega and Christina Ricci Have a Cathartic Conversation About ''Wednesday'' |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/jenna-ortega-and-christina-ricci-have-a-cathartic-conversation-about-wednesday |website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] |access-date=June 8, 2024 |date=October 20, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217111018/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/jenna-ortega-and-christina-ricci-have-a-cathartic-conversation-about-wednesday |url-status=live }}</ref> She also admired Fanning's sister, [[Elle Fanning|Elle]], and followed both of their careers as a child.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Jenna Ortega & Elle Fanning {{!}} Actors on Actors |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q51N0yG3Ow |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |time={{abbr|1:14|1 minute, 14 seconds}}|format=Video |date=June 7, 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925145935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q51N0yG3Ow |url-status=live }}</ref> As she matured, Ortega aspired to be "the female version" of [[Denzel Washington]], who appeared alongside Dakota Fanning in ''Man on Fire''.<ref name="Pena" /> She also admires [[Gina Rodriguez]] and fellow Disney Channel stars [[Selena Gomez]] and [[Zendaya]].<ref name="Hansen">{{cite magazine |last1=Hansen |first1=Lena |title=''Jane the Virgin''{{'s}} Jenna Ortega on Being a Child Star and Looking Up to Gina Rodriguez |url=https://people.com/chica/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-on-pressures-disney-child-star |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=September 30, 2023 |date=November 9, 2017 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602105033/https://people.com/chica/jane-the-virgin-jenna-ortega-on-pressures-disney-child-star/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega said she admires Rodriguez because they are both Latina actresses who struggled to break into the acting industry due to their lack of connections.<ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Priscilla |last=Rodriguez |title=Exculsive: Jenna Ortega on ''Stuck in the Middle'' and Why Gina Rodriguez Is Her Idol|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/jenna-ortega-stuck-middle-exclusive-interview|access-date=February 7, 2020|magazine=[[Latina (magazine)|Latina]]|date=April 15, 2016|interviewer=Priscilla Rodriguez|archive-date=February 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207035235/http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/jenna-ortega-stuck-middle-exclusive-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2021, Ortega named [[Riz Ahmed]] as a career role model and praised his acting, manner of speaking, and activism.<ref name="Carey" />

=== Acting style and role choices ===
[[Megan Park]], who directed Ortega in ''The Fallout'', said that she knows "when to give her all and when to hold back" while acting, adding that "to have that understanding of herself as a performer at such a young age" is extremely rare.<ref name="Bahr" /> Burton compared Ortega's acting style to [[silent film]] acting, saying she expresses emotion through her eyes without words.<ref name="Bahr" /><ref name="Graves">{{cite web |last1=Graves |first1=Sabina |title=Tim Burton on Why Jenna Ortega Is the Perfect New Wednesday Addams |url=https://gizmodo.com/netflix-tim-burton-jenna-ortega-wednesday-addams-family-1849453265 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |access-date=June 9, 2024 |date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=June 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609030644/https://gizmodo.com/netflix-tim-burton-jenna-ortega-wednesday-addams-family-1849453265 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega says she tries not to be more prepared than necessary for a scene because "you never know what you're going to say next or what your next facial expression is going to be" in real life.<ref name="Florsheim" />

The [[Dodge College of Film and Media Arts|Dodge College]] professor and agent Joe Rosenberg describes Ortega as an actress who has "a feel for the right project at the right time" and is "savvy" with her role choices.<ref name="Southern">{{cite news |last1=Southern |first1=Keiran |title=Can Jenna Ortega Be Hollywood's First True Star Born This Century? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/can-beetlejuices-jenna-ortega-be-the-new-julia-roberts-2fbhzkthm |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=September 1, 2024 |date=August 17, 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203017/https://www.thetimes.com/world/us-world/article/can-beetlejuices-jenna-ortega-be-the-new-julia-roberts-2fbhzkthm |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega feels taking more varied acting roles is important to her to avoid being typecast; she told ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' in 2021 that she did not want to be "pigeonholed as an actor"<ref name=":27">{{Cite news |first=Jennifer|last=Drysdale|title=Jenna Ortega on Her Transition from Disney Star to Mature Roles |url=https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-on-her-conscious-transition-from-disney-star-to-mature-roles-exclusive-162669 |access-date=March 28, 2021 |work=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323214913/https://www.etonline.com/jenna-ortega-on-her-conscious-transition-from-disney-star-to-mature-roles-exclusive-162669 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that her desire to accept the most diverse roles possible made the transition to mature roles easier for her.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenna Ortega on Her Conscious Transition from Disney Star to Mature Roles (Exclusive)|url=https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-tonight/jenna-ortega-on-her-conscious-transition-from-disney-star-to-mature-roles-exclusive/603-8f6284c4-9f33-47d9-8d85-cab703e2c4a4|access-date=March 28, 2021 |publisher=[[WKYC]] |date=March 23, 2021 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709040230/https://www.wkyc.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-tonight/jenna-ortega-on-her-conscious-transition-from-disney-star-to-mature-roles-exclusive/603-8f6284c4-9f33-47d9-8d85-cab703e2c4a4|url-status=live}}</ref> Ortega stated that she looks for projects that will have a "forever effect" for her, such as ''The Fallout''.<ref name="Truitt" /> She has said she feels most comfortable starring in horror works,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 14, 2022|first1=Clark|last1=Collis |title=''Scream'', ''Studio 666'', and ''X'' Star Jenna Ortega Talks About Her Life in Horror |url=https://ew.com/movies/x-star-jenna-ortega-talks-life-in-horror/ |access-date=April 5, 2022 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405232913/https://ew.com/movies/x-star-jenna-ortega-talks-life-in-horror/ |url-status=live }}</ref> describing such projects as "very therapeutic".<ref name="Bahr" /> In 2023, Ortega said she is mindful of not "over-indexing on the gore scale" and feels "very conflicted" about her interests because there is "a part of me that always feels like the girl in the [[Coachella Valley]]".<ref name="Harris" />

== Media image ==
[[File:Jenna Ortega 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=Jenna Ortega smiling against a purple background|Ortega in 2022]]
Commenting on Ortega's off-screen persona, ''Who What Wear'' wrote in 2022 that she is "poised, mature, and wise beyond her years" while providing "an essence of relatability".<ref name="Siddiqui" /> A 2023 ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' story describes her as "quiet and contemplative",<ref name="Karmali">{{cite magazine |last1=Karmali |first1=Sarah |title=The Awards Issue: Jenna Ortega |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a45696972/awards-issue-jenna-ortega |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=November 26, 2023 |date=November 1, 2023 |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125175350/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/fashion-news/a45696972/awards-issue-jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' wrote that she has a "black-hole persona" but is "much warmer and more cheerful than you'd expect".<ref name="Breznican">{{cite interview |last1=Ortega |first1=Jenna |interviewer=Anthony Breznican |title=Jenna Ortega Thinks We Need More Weird Stories Like ''Beetlejuice'' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/jenna-ortega-2024-hollywood-portfolio-interview |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=July 7, 2024 |date=February 15, 2024 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705031933/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/jenna-ortega-2024-hollywood-portfolio-interview |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega has been noted for her work in horror and has been described as a horror icon by journalists.<ref name="Gallagher" /><ref name="White">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Jessica |title=Watch Jenna Ortega's Endlessly Hilarious ''SNL'' Sketches |url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/watch-jenna-ortega-march-11-2023-snl-sketches |publisher=[[NBC]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711164408/https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/watch-jenna-ortega-march-11-2023-snl-sketches |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Romano">{{cite web |last1=Romano |first1=Evan |title=''Wednesday'' Star Jenna Ortega Is Our New Favorite Scream Queen |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a42028612/who-plays-wednesday-addams-jenna-ortega/ |website=[[Men's Health]] |access-date=June 24, 2024 |date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531064320/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a42028612/who-plays-wednesday-addams-jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Media publications have dubbed her "Gen Z's scream queen",{{efn|name=Gen Z's scream queen|Attributed to multiple references: <ref name="Siddiqui">{{cite web |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Yusra |title=Jenna Ortega May Be Gen Z's Scream Queen, but Fear Isn't Standing in Her Way |url=https://www.whowhatwear.com/jenna-ortega-interview |website=Who What Wear |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906012240/https://www.whowhatwear.com/jenna-ortega-interview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Allaire">{{cite magazine |last1=Allaire |first1=Christian |title=Jenna Ortega Channels Wednesday Addams in Her Vintage SAG Awards Dress |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jenna-ortega-sag-awards-versace-dress |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=August 26, 2023 |date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827021528/https://www.vogue.com/article/jenna-ortega-sag-awards-versace-dress |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sasic">{{cite news |last1=Sasic |first1=Ema |title=La Quinta Native Jenna Ortega Earns First Emmy Nomination for Netflix Series ''Wednesday'' |url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/television/2023/07/12/la-quinta-native-jenna-ortega-earns-emmy-nomination-netflix-show-wednesday/70406367007 |newspaper=[[The Desert Sun]] |access-date=August 26, 2023 |date=July 12, 2023 |archive-date=August 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827021526/https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/television/2023/07/12/la-quinta-native-jenna-ortega-earns-emmy-nomination-netflix-show-wednesday/70406367007/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Paulísma">{{cite web |author1=Paulísma |title=Why Jenna Ortega (and More) Has Us So Excited for ''Wednesday'' |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/2022/09/why-jenna-ortega-and-more-has-us-so-excited-for-wednesday |publisher=[[Motion Picture Association]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=September 7, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906012242/https://www.motionpictures.org/2022/09/why-jenna-ortega-and-more-has-us-so-excited-for-wednesday/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Allaire |first1=Christian |title=Jenna Ortega Channels Wednesday Addams in Her Vintage SAG Awards Dress |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/jenna-ortega-channels-wednesday-addams-in-her-vintage-sag-awards-dress |magazine=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331193132/https://www.glamour.com/story/jenna-ortega-channels-wednesday-addams-in-her-vintage-sag-awards-dress |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Braca">{{cite web |last1=Braca |first1=Nina |title=Jenna Ortega's ''Wednesday'' Looks Creepy in the New Addams Family Show |url=https://uproxx.com/tv/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix-tim-burton |website=[[Uproxx]] |access-date=September 6, 2023 |date=August 16, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906012242/https://uproxx.com/tv/jenna-ortega-wednesday-netflix-tim-burton/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] called her the "scream queen for the 21st century".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jenna Ortega |url=https://goldenglobes.com/person/jenna-ortega/ |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223210216/https://goldenglobes.com/person/jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ortega attributes her "instinctive" scream and "really ugly crying face" for the positive reception her horror work has received from audiences.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Jenna Ortega & Elle Fanning {{!}} Actors on Actors |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q51N0yG3Ow |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |time={{abbr|3:45|3 minutes, 45 seconds}} |date=June 7, 2023 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925145935/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Q51N0yG3Ow |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, ''The Hollywood Reporter'' named Ortega one of "Hollywood's Top 30 Stars Under Age 18".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sandberg |first1=Bryn |title=Hollywood's Top 30 Stars Under Age 18 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywoods-top-30-stars-under-age-18-1130157/griffin-gluck/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=September 15, 2023 |date=August 8, 2018 |archive-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807220744/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywoods-top-30-stars-under-age-18-1130157/griffin-gluck |url-status=live }}</ref> The magazine later referred to her as the "Next Big Thing" in 2022 and "The Gen Z Obsession" in 2024.<ref name="Brown">{{Cite magazine |last=Brown |first=Evan Nicole |date=January 26, 2022 |title=Next Big Thing: ''Scream'' Star Jenna Ortega on Her New School-Shooting Drama ''The Fallout'' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/jenna-ortega-interview-scream-the-fallout-tim-burton-1235080425/ |access-date=January 27, 2022 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034337/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/jenna-ortega-interview-scream-the-fallout-tim-burton-1235080425/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="new a list">{{cite magazine |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Galuppo |first2=Mia |last3=Kit |first3=Borys |title=Meet the New A-List: The 10 Young Movie Stars Taking Hollywood by Storm |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/new-hollywood-a-list-1235905172/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=July 9, 2024 |date=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708205600/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/new-hollywood-a-list-1235905172/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Ortega appeared on ''Variety''{{'s}} "Young Hollywood Impact Report", a list of breakthrough performers,<ref name="Young Hollywood Impact Report">{{cite magazine |last1=Drury |first1=Sharareh |last2=Garcia |first2=Thania |last3=Garrett |first3=Diane |last4=Gilchrist |first4=Todd |last5=Goldstein |first5=Gregg |last6=Hailu |first6=Selome |last7=Horst |first7=Carole |last8=Seo |first8=Rachel |last9=Shafer |first9=Ellise |last10=Wass |first10=Mike |title=''Variety''{{'s}} 2023 Young Hollywood Impact Report: Lily Rose-Depp, Ice Spice, Jenna Ortega and More |url=https://variety.com/lists/young-hollywood-impact-report-2023/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203017/https://variety.com/lists/young-hollywood-impact-report-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''The Hollywood Reporter''{{'s}} [[Power 100]], a list of the most powerful women in entertainment.<ref name="O'Connell">{{cite magazine |last1=O'Connell |first1=Mikey |title=''The Hollywood Reporter''{{'s}} 2023 Women in Entertainment Power 100 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/most-powerful-women-hollywood-2023/charlize-theron-19/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |date=December 7, 2023 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203022/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/most-powerful-women-hollywood-2023/charlize-theron-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' also listed her among the best actors in their 20s.<ref name="Ervin">{{cite magazine |last1=Ervin |first1=Jessica |title=23 Best Actors in Their 20s: Hollywood's Best Young Actors |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jessica-ervin-eickhoff/the-best-actors-in-their-20s |magazine=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |access-date=July 11, 2024 |date=April 5, 2023 |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711164404/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jessica-ervin-eickhoff/the-best-actors-in-their-20s |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' included her on the 2024 edition of its [[Forbes 30 Under 30|30 Under 30]] in the Hollywood & Entertainment category.<ref name="Dellatto">{{cite magazine |last1=Dellatto |first1=Marisa |title=Under 30 2024 Hollywood & Entertainment: Jenna Ortega, Jordan E. Cooper and Please Don't Destroy Shake Up the Industry |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/11/28/under-30-2024-hollywood--entertainment-jenna-ortega-jordan-e-cooper-and-please-dont-destroy-shake-up-the-industry/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=November 28, 2023 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203128/https://www.forbes.com/sites/marisadellatto/2023/11/28/under-30-2024-hollywood--entertainment-jenna-ortega-jordan-e-cooper-and-please-dont-destroy-shake-up-the-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Moorman">{{cite news |last1=Moorman |first1=Taijuan |title=''Forbes'' 30 Under 30: Kendall Jenner, Latto, Dylan Mulvaney, Matt Rife Make List |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/11/28/forbes-30-under-30-kendall-jenner-latto-dylan-mulvaney/71730005007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=June 15, 2024 |date=November 29, 2023 |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115185341/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/11/28/forbes-30-under-30-kendall-jenner-latto-dylan-mulvaney/71730005007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ortega has also been called a style icon by ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]''.<ref name="Sanchez">{{cite magazine |last1=Sanchez |first1=Chelsea |title=Is Jenna Ortega Gen Z's Newest Style Icon? |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a42558233/jenna-ortega |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302214127/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a42558233/jenna-ortega/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her initial red-carpet style featured bright colors, patterned clothing, and many accessories.<ref name="Twersky" /><ref name="Nesvig">{{cite web |last1=Nesvig |first1=Kara K. |title=See Jenna Ortega and Her Style Evolution Through the Years |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/jenna-ortega-style-evolution |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=March 7, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607230847/https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/jenna-ortega-style-evolution |url-status=live }}</ref> Enrique Melendez, her stylist, dressed Ortega in [[Valentino (fashion house)|RED Valentino]] and [[Thom Browne]], wanting her wardrobe to be age-appropriate, fashionable, and stylistically interesting. They later tried to move away from the "feminine and flirty and frilly" style of other Disney actresses.<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite magazine |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ingrid |title=How to Dress Teen and Tween Actors for Hollywood Red Carpets |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/how-to-dress-teen-tween-actors-red-carpet-1235508254 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=June 9, 2023 |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624045925/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/how-to-dress-teen-tween-actors-red-carpet-1235508254/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After her role in ''You'', Ortega began wearing heavier makeup and darker clothing.<ref name="Twersky">{{cite magazine |last1=Twersky |first1=Carolyn |title=See Jenna Ortega's Red Carpet Style Evolve from Disney Princess to Gothic Goddess |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-best-red-carpet-looks |magazine=[[W (magazine)|W]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=January 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330051551/https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-best-red-carpet-looks |url-status=live }}</ref> Media publications said her later style borrowed from Wednesday's while incorporating [[high fashion]] and described it as goth glam.{{efn|
*Sources drawing comparisons to Wednesday's style: <ref name="Jackson">{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Clementina |title=All of ''Wednesday'' Star Jenna Ortega's Most Fabulous Goth-Glam Looks to Date |url=https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/g42303641/jenna-ortega-style-file |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=April 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080603/https://www.elle.com/uk/fashion/celebrity-style/g42303641/jenna-ortega-style-file/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Hess |first1=Liam |title=Jenna Ortega Puts a ''Wednesday''-Worthy Twist on the Met Gala 2023 Theme |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/jenna-ortega-thom-browne-met-gala-2023 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=May 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811162841/https://www.vogue.com/article/jenna-ortega-thom-browne-met-gala-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Feldman |first1=Jamie |title=Jenna Ortega Puts a ''Wednesday'' Twist on the Met Gala Theme |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-met-gala-wednesday |magazine=[[W (magazine)|W]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609185747/https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-met-gala-wednesday |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Sources describing Ortega's style as goth glam: <ref name="Jackson" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Divya |title=Jenna Ortega Is the Ultimate New-Age Goth Girl |url=https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/jenna-ortega-fashion/image-gallery/871268a48e39b3aa33540ce4e274bcc7 |magazine=[[Vogue Australia]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=May 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518111903/https://www.vogue.com.au/fashion/news/jenna-ortega-fashion/image-gallery/871268a48e39b3aa33540ce4e274bcc7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Sanchez |first1=Chelsea |title=Jenna Ortega Is the Epitome of Goth-Glam at the SAG Awards |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a43063993/jenna-ortega-red-carpet-sag-awards-2023 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502173738/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a43063993/jenna-ortega-red-carpet-sag-awards-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Palliparambil">{{cite news |last1=Palliparambil |first1=Anthony Jr. |title=Jenna Ortega Brought Goth Glam to the 2023 SAG Awards Red Carpet—Shop the Look |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/reviewed/2023/02/27/shop-jenna-ortega-glam-goth-sag-awards/11332382002/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315011308/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/reviewed/2023/02/27/shop-jenna-ortega-glam-goth-sag-awards/11332382002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Pictures: ''Wednesday'' Star Jenna Ortega's Unmissable Goth-Glam Style |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/wednesday-star-jenna-ortega-and-her-many-gothic-looks-8375581 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305203440/https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/wednesday-star-jenna-ortega-and-her-many-gothic-looks-8375581/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} According to ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'', her off-screen style has a "dark, gothic fashion sensibility".<ref name="Allaire"/> Ortega said that playing Wednesday has "changed my taste a lot" and she has "a hard time getting her off of me, at least clothing-wise".<ref name="Twersky2">{{cite magazine |last1=Twersky |first1=Carolyn |title=Jenna Ortega Admits Wednesday Addams Influenced Her Personal Style |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-wednesday-addams-style-influence |magazine=[[W (magazine)|W]] |access-date=September 12, 2023 |date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608075024/https://www.wmagazine.com/fashion/jenna-ortega-wednesday-addams-style-influence |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ortega is active on [[Instagram]] but has described social media overall as being a "comparing game" and "very manipulative". She has said she became fearful of her comments on social media being misinterpreted following the release of ''Wednesday'', adding: "Because I naturally tend to be sarcastic or dry, it's very easy for me to find myself in trouble ... [People] see your vulnerability and twist it in a way that you don't always expect."<ref name="Hailu"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Tom |title=Jenna Ortega Breaks Down in Tears Talking About Social Media Anxiety |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jenna-ortega-instagram-wednesday-elle-fanning-b2353363.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=September 28, 2023 |date=June 7, 2023 |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617124313/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jenna-ortega-instagram-wednesday-elle-fanning-b2353363.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a minor, Ortega was sent explicit images of herself that were AI-generated, which later led to her deleting her [[Twitter]] account.<ref name="Garcia-Navarro">{{cite news |last1=Garcia-Navarro |first1=Lulu |title=Childhood Stardom Is Rough. Jenna Ortega Is Still Recovering. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/24/magazine/jenna-ortega-interview.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 25, 2024 |date=August 24, 2024 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825001651/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/24/magazine/jenna-ortega-interview.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Oganesyan |first1=Natalie |title=Jenna Ortega Says She Deleted Twitter After Receiving AI-Generated Explicit Images of Herself as a Child |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/jenna-ortega-deleted-twitter-ai-explicit-images-1236049789/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 25, 2024 |date=August 25, 2024 |archive-date=September 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909203017/https://deadline.com/2024/08/jenna-ortega-deleted-twitter-ai-explicit-images-1236049789/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ortega stated that she would like to be a "private person"<ref name="Garcia-Navarro" /> and not discuss her romantic life publicly, believing that it distracts audiences from her work. She has described the concept of [[celebrities]] as "absolutely ridiculous".<ref name="Ruiz" /> Ortega has said that her friends and family give her a sense of safety that helps her deal with the more challenging parts of her career, adding that her family "keep[s] [her] feet on the ground". She states that growing up in an industry dominated by adults forced her to mature faster than normal.<ref name="Hansen" />

==Filmography==
=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
! rowspan="2" ! scope="row"| 2013
| ''[[Iron Man 3]]''
| Vice President's daughter
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Seibold">{{cite web |last1=Seibold |first1=Witney |title=Jenna Ortega's MCU Debut in ''Iron Man 3'' Was Brief, but Meaningful |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1231583/jenna-ortegas-mcu-debut-in-iron-man-3-was-brief-but-meaningful |website=[[/Film]] |access-date=June 7, 2024 |date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607171110/https://www.slashfilm.com/1231583/jenna-ortegas-mcu-debut-in-iron-man-3-was-brief-but-meaningful/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Insidious: Chapter 2]]''
| Annie
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Durney |first1=Ellen |title=Jenna Ortega Talked About the 'Autopsies' She Used to Perform on 'Little Animals' as a Kid and I Have Concerns |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ellendurney/jenna-ortega-used-to-perform-autopsies-on-little-animals |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=November 23, 2022 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518090237/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ellendurney/jenna-ortega-used-to-perform-autopsies-on-little-animals |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2014
| {{sort|Little Rascals Save the Day, The|''[[The Little Rascals Save the Day]]''}}
| {{sort name|Mary|Ann|nolink=1}}
| Direct-to-video film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="persona">{{cite interview |last1=Ortega |first1=Jenna |interviewer=Eric Alt |title=Jenna Ortega's Five Favorite Horror Films |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/jenna-ortegas-five-favorite-horror-films |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=March 15, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525150018/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/jenna-ortegas-five-favorite-horror-films/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| ''[[After Words (film)|After Words]]''
| {{sort name|Anna|Chapa|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":6" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''Saving Flora''
| Dawn
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":13" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
|''[[Wyrm (film)|Wyrm]]''
|Suzie
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=''Wyrm'' |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/wyrm/cast/2060057219/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |magazine=[[TV Guide]] |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928201816/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/wyrm/cast/2060057219/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| {{sort|Babysitter: Killer Queen, The|''[[The Babysitter: Killer Queen]]''}}
| {{sort name|Phoebe|Atwell|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="TheBabysitter2Ortega"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Yes Day]]''
| {{sort name|Katie|Torres|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="YesDayOrtega" />
|-
| {{sort|Fallout, The|''[[The Fallout (film)|The Fallout]]''}}
| {{sort name|Vada|Cavell|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="dlFallout" />
|-
! rowspan="4"! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]''
| {{sort name|Tara|Carpenter}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Scream5Casting" /><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/movies/scream-exclusive-first-look/ |title=''Scream'' First Look: Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, David Arquette Join Franchise Newbies (and Ghostface) in Fifth Film |last=Collis |first=Clark |date=October 11, 2021 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011163742/https://ew.com/movies/scream-exclusive-first-look/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Studio 666]]''
| {{sort name|Skye|Willow|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":232"/>
|-
| ''[[X (2022 film)|X]]''
| {{sort name|Lorraine|Day|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="OrtegaX2"/>
|-
| ''[[American Carnage]]''
| Camila Montes
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gallagher" />
|-
! rowspan="2"! scope="row" | 2023
| ''[[Scream VI]]''
| {{sort name|Tara|Carpenter|nolink=1}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Scream 6 casting news">{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=May 10, 2022 |title=''Scream'' Sequel Seeing Return of Melissa Barrera, Jasmin Savoy Brown, Mason Gooding & Jenna Ortega |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/scream-sequel-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-mason-gooding-jasmin-savoy-brown-1235020399/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510170408/https://deadline.com/2022/05/scream-sequel-jenna-ortega-melissa-barrera-mason-gooding-jasmin-savoy-brown-1235020399/ |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Finestkind]]''
| Mabel
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|title=Tommy Lee Jones, Ben Foster, Toby Wallace, Jenna Ortega to Star in Crime Drama ''Finestkind''|date=April 5, 2022|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tommy-lee-jones-ben-foster-finestkind-movie-1235125395/|access-date=May 3, 2022|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430200818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tommy-lee-jones-ben-foster-finestkind-movie-1235125395/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sim|first=Jonathan|title=''Finestkind'' First Look Photo Previews Jenna Ortega Crime Thriller Movie|date=August 10, 2023|website=[[ComingSoon.net]]|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1317894-finestkind-first-look-photo-previews-jenna-ortega-crime-thriller-movie|access-date=August 11, 2023|archive-date=August 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811013324/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1317894-finestkind-first-look-photo-previews-jenna-ortega-crime-thriller-movie|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3"! scope="row" | 2024
| ''[[Miller's Girl]]''
| Cairo Sweet
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="millers girl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/jenna-ortega-millers-girl-movie-photo-first-look-release-date-1235659454/|title=Jenna Ortega Movie ''Miller's Girl'' to World Premiere at Palm Springs Film Festival Ahead of January Release; See First-Look Photo|first=Patrick|last=Hypes|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=December 12, 2023|access-date=December 13, 2023|archive-date=December 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212211054/https://deadline.com/2023/12/jenna-ortega-millers-girl-movie-photo-first-look-release-date-1235659454/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Winter Spring Summer or Fall]]''
| Remi Aguilar
| Also executive producer
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=SeasonsFilm/>
|-
| ''[[Beetlejuice Beetlejuice]]''
| Astrid Deetz
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-2-willem-dafoe-jenna-ortega-michael-keaton-1235485808/|title=''Beetlejuice 2'': Willem Dafoe Joins Jenna Ortega, Michael Keaton|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Borys|last=Kit|date=May 12, 2023|access-date=May 12, 2023|archive-date=May 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512212019/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beetlejuice-2-willem-dafoe-jenna-ortega-michael-keaton-1235485808/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Umberto |title=Here Are All The Movies Affected by the SAG-AFTRA Strike From ''Deadpool 3'' to ''Mission: Impossible 8'' (Photos) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/sag-aftra-strike-movies-affected-deadpool-3-mi8/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |date=July 14, 2023 |archive-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714014112/https://www.thewrap.com/sag-aftra-strike-movies-affected-deadpool-3-mi8/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2"! scope="row" |2025
| {{Pending film|[[Death of a Unicorn]]}}
| Ridley
| Post-production; also executive producer
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Maddaus |first1=Gene |title=SAG-AFTRA Approves 39 Indie Projects to Shoot During Strike, Including Two A24 Films |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/sag-aftra-independent-projects-waivers-1235673546/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |date=July 18, 2023 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232145/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/sag-aftra-independent-projects-waivers-1235673546/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Klara and the Sun (film)|Klara and the Sun]]}}
| Klara
| Post-production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Kroll" />
|-
! rowspan="2"! scope="row" | {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|[[Hurry Up Tomorrow (film)|Hurry Up Tomorrow]]|}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Post-production; also executive producer
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="ShultzMovie">{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=February 28, 2023 |title=The Weeknd, Jenna Ortega And Barry Keoghan to Star in New Film from Trey Edward Shults |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-weeknd-jenna-ortega-barry-keoghan-trey-edward-shults-1235274366/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228195409/https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-weeknd-jenna-ortega-barry-keoghan-trey-edward-shults-1235274366/ |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HurryUpTomorrow">{{Cite web |last=Flemming Jr. |first=Mike |date=November 4, 2024 |title=Lionsgate Makes Worldwide Deal For ‘Hurry Up Tomorrow’; Thriller Marks Film-Starring Debut Of The Weeknd |url=https://deadline.com/2024/11/the-weeknd-movie-starring-debut-lionsgate-worldwide-deal-hurry-up-tomorrow-thriller-jenna-ortega-barry-keoghan-trey-edward-shults-directs-1236166595/ |access-date=November 4, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2012
| ''[[Rob (TV series)|Rob]]''
| Girl
| Episode: "The Baby Bug"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Truitt">{{cite web |last1=Truitt |first1=Brian |title=Why Jenna Ortega, 19, Is 'Drawn to the Darker Things' with Wednesday Addams, ''Scream'' Roles |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/01/26/you-star-jenna-ortega-wowing-hollywood-scream-fallout-wednesday-addams/9199165002 |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=August 17, 2022 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513152227/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/01/26/you-star-jenna-ortega-wowing-hollywood-scream-fallout-wednesday-addams/9199165002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[CSI: NY]]''
| {{sort name|Aimee|Moore|nolink=1}}
| Episode: "Unspoken"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Truitt" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| Hayley
| Episode: "12062"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weisholtz |first1=Drew |title=Eileen Davidson Reacts to Resurfaced Clip of Her and Jenna Ortega on ''Days of Our Lives'' |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/tv/days-of-our-lives-eileen-davidson-jenna-ortega-old-clip-wednesday-rcna62537 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=December 20, 2022 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114131719/https://www.today.com/popculture/tv/days-of-our-lives-eileen-davidson-jenna-ortega-old-clip-wednesday-rcna62537 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Rake (American TV series)|Rake]]''
| {{sort name|Zoe|Leon|nolink=1}}
| Recurring role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Delores">{{cite web |last1=Delores |first1=Bee |title=Jenna Ortega's Evolution from Disney Princess to Scream Queen |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1179813/jenna-ortegas-evolution-from-disney-princess-to-scream-queen |website=[[:/Film]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=January 26, 2023 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717021959/https://www.slashfilm.com/1179813/jenna-ortegas-evolution-from-disney-princess-to-scream-queen/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2014–2019
| ''[[Jane the Virgin]]''
| {{sort|Villanueva, Jane, Young (age 12)|Young [[Jane Villanueva]] (age 12)}}
| Recurring role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Hilsman">{{cite news |last1=Hilsman |first1=Patrick |title=What to Watch: 5 Jenna Ortega Roles Beyond ''Wednesday'' |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2022/12/28/jenna-ortega-wednesday-roles/8731672164073 |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=December 28, 2022 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401081727/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2022/12/28/jenna-ortega-wednesday-roles/8731672164073/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| ''[[Richie Rich (2015 TV series)|Richie Rich]]''
| Darcy
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":12" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2016–2018
| ''[[Stuck in the Middle (TV series)|Stuck in the Middle]]''
| {{sort name|Harley|Diaz|nolink=1}}
| Lead role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Petski SitM Renewal">{{cite web |last1=Petski |first1=Denise |title=''Stuck in the Middle'' Renewed for Season 2 on Disney Channel |url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/stuck-in-the-middle-renewed-season-2-disney-channel-jenna-ortega-1201773405 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=June 15, 2016 |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524125217/https://deadline.com/2016/06/stuck-in-the-middle-renewed-season-2-disney-channel-jenna-ortega-1201773405/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2016–2020
| ''[[Elena of Avalor]]''
| {{sort name|Princess|Isabel|nolink=1}}
| Main voice role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Wajda">{{cite news |last1=Wajda |first1=Darek Michael |title=Disney's Latina Princess a Hit: ''Elena of Avalor'' Renewed for 2nd Season |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/disney-s-latina-princess-hit-elena-avalor-renewed-2nd-season-n629126 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=August 12, 2016 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103822/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/disney-s-latina-princess-hit-elena-avalor-renewed-2nd-season-n629126 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| ''[[Elena and the Secret of Avalor]]''
| {{sort name|Princess|Isabel|nolink=1}}
| Voice role; television film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Greg|date=October 11, 2016|title=Jane Fonda's Evil Sorceress in Disney Channel's ''Elena And The Secret Of Avalor'' – First-Look Photo|url=https://deadline.com/2016/10/jane-fonda-disney-channel-elena-and-the-secret-of-avalor-1201834520/|access-date=March 13, 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606151545/https://deadline.com/2016/10/jane-fonda-disney-channel-elena-and-the-secret-of-avalor-1201834520/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Bizaardvark]]''
| Izzy
| Episode: "The BFF (Before Frankie Friend)"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rowley |first1=Glenn |title=Jenna Ortega Dishes About ''Wednesday'' to Former Co-Star Olivia Rodrigo |url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/jenna-ortega-olivia-rodrigo-wednesday-interview-1235175743 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=November 22, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315033907/https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/jenna-ortega-olivia-rodrigo-wednesday-interview-1235175743/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019–2023
| ''[[Big City Greens]]''
| {{sort name|Gabriella|Espinosa|nolink=1}}
| Voice role; 6 episodes
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Delores |first1=Bee |title=Jenna Ortega's Best Moments as Wednesday Addams |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1119920/jenna-ortegas-best-moments-as-wednesday-addams |website=[[:/Film]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=November 29, 2022 |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128051722/https://www.slashfilm.com/1119920/jenna-ortegas-best-moments-as-wednesday-addams/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[You (TV series)|You]]''
| {{sort name|Ellie|Alves}}
| Main role ([[You season 2|season 2]])
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Deadline_Hollywood_2019_You" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
|''[[Home Movie: The Princess Bride]]''
| {{sort name|Princess|Buttercup|nolink=1}}
| Episode: "Chapter Six: The Fire Swamp"
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|title=Watch the Celebrity-Filled Fan-Film Version of ''The Princess Bride''|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/06/the-princess-bride-homemade-fan-film|access-date=March 13, 2021|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|url-access=limited|date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140043/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2020/06/the-princess-bride-homemade-fan-film|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020–2022
| ''[[Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous]]''
| Brooklynn
| Main voice role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":11" />
|-
! scope="row" | 2022–present
| ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]''
| {{sort|Addams, Wednesday / Addams, Goody|[[Wednesday Addams]] / Goody Addams}}
| Lead role; also executive producer (season 2)
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=May 19, 2021|title=Jenna Ortega to Play Lead Wednesday Addams in Netflix's Live-Action Series from Tim Burton|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/jenna-ortega-cast-wednesday-addams-netflix-series-tim-burton-1234760108/|access-date=May 19, 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=December 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213202827/https://deadline.com/2021/05/jenna-ortega-cast-wednesday-addams-netflix-series-tim-burton-1234760108/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2023
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Herself (host)
| Episode: "Jenna Ortega/[[The 1975]]"
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Valby |first1=Karen |title=Jenna Ortega Shows Off Her Range on ''Saturday Night Live'' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/03/jenna-ortega-saturday-night-live-recap |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |access-date=October 12, 2023 |date=March 12, 2023 |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401181847/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/03/jenna-ortega-saturday-night-live-recap |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Artist
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref heading}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| "Chapstick"
| {{sort name|Jacob|Sartorius}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Rutherford">{{cite magazine |last1=Rutherford |first1=Kevin |title=Zendaya Earns Second Week at No. 1 on Top Actors Social Media Ranking |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/zendaya-earns-second-week-at-no-1-top-actors-social-media-ranking-1048634/10-jennifer-lopez-2/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=October 3, 2023 |date=October 14, 2017 |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013080605/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/zendaya-earns-second-week-at-no-1-top-actors-social-media-ranking-1048634/10-jennifer-lopez-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaloi |first1=Stephanie |title=Does Jenna Ortega Have a Boyfriend? The ''Wednesday'' Star's Dating History Is a Bit of a Mystery |url=https://parade.com/celebrities/jenna-ortega-boyfriends |magazine=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]] |access-date=October 3, 2023 |date=May 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803002047/https://parade.com/celebrities/jenna-ortega-boyfriends |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
| "[[Taste (Sabrina Carpenter song)|Taste]]"
| {{sort name|Sabrina|Carpenter}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |title=Sabrina Carpenter Gives 'Taste' of New Music Video Featuring Jenna Ortega |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/sabrina-carpenter-taste-music-video-jenna-ortega-1236046885/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=August 24, 2024 |date=August 21, 2024 |archive-date=August 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821234814/https://deadline.com/2024/08/sabrina-carpenter-taste-music-video-jenna-ortega-1236046885/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Awards and nominations received by Jenna Ortega}}
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Nominated work
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[AACTA Awards]]
| [[13th AACTA Awards|2024]]
| Audience Choice Favourite Actress
| {{n/a|{{emdash}}}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aacta.org/our-news/media-room/aacta-announces-the-nominees-for-the-2024-audience-choice-awards/|title=AACTA Announces the Nominees for the 2024 Audience Choice Awards|publisher=[[Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts]]|access-date=February 2, 2024|archive-date=February 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226135911/https://www.aacta.org/our-news/media-room/aacta-announces-the-nominees-for-the-2024-audience-choice-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Austin Film Critics Association Awards]]
| [[Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2022|2023]]
| The Robert R. "Bobby" McCurdy Memorial Breakthrough Artist Award
| ''[[The Fallout (film)|The Fallout]]'', ''[[Scream (2022 film)|Scream]]'', ''[[X (2022 film)|X]]'', and ''[[Studio 666]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittaker |first=Richard |date=January 4, 2023 |title=Austin Film Critics Association Announces 2022 Awards Short Lists |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2023-01-04/austin-film-critics-association-announces-2022-awards-short-lists/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105005812/https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2023-01-04/austin-film-critics-association-announces-2022-awards-short-lists/ |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Whittaker |first=Richard |date=January 11, 2023 |title=''Everything Everywhere All At Once'' Wins Everything at the Austin Film Critics Association Award |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2023-01-11/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-wins-everything-at-the-austin-film-critics-association-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111235707/https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/screens/2023-01-11/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-wins-everything-at-the-austin-film-critics-association-award/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Critics' Choice Super Awards]]
| [[3rd Critics' Choice Super Awards|2023]]
| Best Actress in a Horror Series
| ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=March 16, 2023 |title=''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' Wins Big at 2023 Critics Choice Super Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-super-awards-2023-winners-list-1235354402/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316190851/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/critics-choice-super-awards-2023-winners-list-1235354402/ |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[4th Critics' Choice Super Awards|2024]]
| Best Actress in a Horror Movie
| ''[[Scream VI]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Critics Choice Super Awards Nominees List: ''Mission Impossible'', ''John Wick'', ''Guardians'', ''Infinity Pool'', ''Evil Dead'' Among Contenders |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-08/critics-choice-super-awards-nominees-list/103563530 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=March 9, 2024 |date=March 7, 2024 |archive-date=March 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309034045/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-03-08/critics-choice-super-awards-nominees-list/103563530 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Dorian Awards]]
| 2023
| Rising Star Award
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coates |first=Tyler |date=February 23, 2023 |title=Dorian Awards: ''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' Sweeps LGBTQ Critics' Prizes |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2023-dorian-awards-winners-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-1235332289/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224044401/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2023-dorian-awards-winners-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-1235332289/ |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Fangoria Chainsaw Awards]]
| 2023
| Best Supporting Performance
| ''Scream''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gilchrist |first=Todd |date=January 27, 2023 |title=Jordan Peele's ''Nope'', ''Ti West's Pearl'' Lead Fangoria's Chainsaw Award Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/fangoria-2023-chainsaw-awards-nominations-1235502663/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127203113/https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/fangoria-2023-chainsaw-awards-nominations-1235502663/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[80th Golden Globe Awards|2023]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="GG2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=January 10, 2023 |title=Golden Globes: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/golden-globes-2023-winners-list-1235294541/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111023550/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/golden-globes-2023-winners-list-1235294541/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards]]
| [[5th Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards|2022]]
| Best Actress
| ''The Fallout''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=June 28, 2022 |title=''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' leads Hollywood Critics Association (HCA) Midseason Awards nominations |url=https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-hollywood-critics-association-hca-midseason-awards-nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702195630/https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-leads-hollywood-critics-association-hca-midseason-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=AwardsWatch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=July 1, 2022 |title=''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' sweeps HCA Midseason Film Awards, Austin Butler named Best Actor |url=https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-hca-midseason-film-awards-austin-butler-named-best-actor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701164107/https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-hca-midseason-film-awards-austin-butler-named-best-actor/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=AwardsWatch}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="5" | [[Imagen Awards]]
| 2016
| Best Young Actor – Television
| ''[[Stuck in the Middle (TV series)|Stuck in the Middle]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Imagen2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.imagen.org/awards/past-imagen-awards-winners/2016-imagen-awards-winners-nominees/|title=2016 Imagen Awards Winners, Honorees & Nominees|publisher=[[Imagen Foundation]]|access-date=January 28, 2023|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200802042143/https://www.imagen.org/awards/past-imagen-awards-winners/2016-imagen-awards-winners-nominees/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| Best Young Actor – Television
| ''Stuck in the Middle''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Imagen2018">{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=August 26, 2018 |title=Imagen Awards: ''One Day at a Time'', ''Coco'' Among Honorees – Full Winners List |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/imagen-awards-winners-list-one-day-at-a-time-coco-overboard-latino-1202452439/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826201957/https://deadline.com/2018/08/imagen-awards-winners-list-one-day-at-a-time-coco-overboard-latino-1202452439/ |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| Best Young Actor – Television
| ''Stuck in the Middle''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Imagen2019">{{cite magazine |last1=Nickolai |first1=Nate |title=2019 Imagen Awards Nominations: Jennifer Lopez, Antonio Banderas and More |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/2019-imagen-awards-nominations-jennifer-lopez-antonio-banderas-1203267245 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 28, 2023 |date=July 15, 2019 |archive-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502041847/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/2019-imagen-awards-nominations-jennifer-lopez-antonio-banderas-1203267245/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Dino-Ray |date=August 11, 2019 |title=Imagen Awards Winners: ''Pose'', ''One Day At A Time'', ''Monsters and Men'' Among Honorees |url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/imagen-awards-winners-pose-one-day-at-a-time-monsters-and-men-latinx-1202666097/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811222032/https://deadline.com/2019/08/imagen-awards-winners-pose-one-day-at-a-time-monsters-and-men-latinx-1202666097/ |archive-date=August 11, 2019 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 Imagen Awards|2021]]
| Best Actress – Feature Film
| ''[[Yes Day]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perez |first=Lexy |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Imagen Awards: ''Selena: The Series'', ''Love, Victor'' Among Top Nominees |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/2021-imagen-awards-nominations-1234991760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803005736/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/2021-imagen-awards-nominations-1234991760/ |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schneider |first=Michael |date=October 10, 2021 |title=''Pose'', ''Love, Victor'', ''Ya No Estoy Aquí'' Among Top 2021 Imagen Awards Winners (Full List) |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/pose-love-victor-ya-no-estoy-aqui-imagen-winners-2021-list-1235085968/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011103356/https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/pose-love-victor-ya-no-estoy-aqui-imagen-winners-2021-list-1235085968/ |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Best Actress – Comedy (Television)
| ''Wednesday''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=December 3, 2023 |title=Imagen Awards 2023 Complete Winners List: Eva Longoria & ''Flamin' Hot'' Take Top Honors In Film |url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/2023-imagen-awards-complete-winners-list-1235650300/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115221/https://deadline.com/2023/12/2023-imagen-awards-complete-winners-list-1235650300/ |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="4" | [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| [[2022 MTV Movie & TV Awards|2022]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance|Most Frightened Performance]]
| ''Scream''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="MTV2022">{{cite magazine |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=June 5, 2022 |title=MTV Movie & TV Awards: ''Spider-Man: No Way Home'', ''Euphoria'' Top Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-full-winners-list-1235159302/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606134346/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-full-winners-list-1235159302/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards|2023]]
| [[MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Show|Best Performance in a Show]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=May 7, 2023 |title=MTV Movie & TV Awards: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2023-winners-list-1235479868/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508014322/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2023-winners-list-1235479868/ |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Hero|Best Hero]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best Duo]]{{efn|Shared with [[Thing (The Addams Family)|Thing]]}}
| ''Wednesday''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
| [[2023 Kids' Choice Awards|2023]]
| [[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female TV Star|Favorite Female TV Star (Family)]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=March 4, 2023 |title=''Wednesday'', ''Sonic the Hedgehog 2'', Taylor Swift, Harry Styles Among Winners at 2023 Kids' Choice Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kids-choice-awards-winners-jenna-ortega-taylor-swift-harry-styles-1235341096/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305024337/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kids-choice-awards-winners-jenna-ortega-taylor-swift-harry-styles-1235341096/ |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[People's Choice Awards]]
| [[49th People's Choice Awards|2024]]
| The Drama Movie Star of the Year
| ''Scream VI''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/peoples-choice-awards-2024-winners-list-8567529|title=Taylor Swift, ''Barbie'' and ''Grey's Anatomy'' Score at 2024 People's Choice Awards: See the Full List of Winners|first=Benjamin|last=VanHoose|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=February 18, 2024|accessdate=February 18, 2024|archive-date=February 20, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220202445/https://people.com/peoples-choice-awards-2024-winners-list-8567529|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
| [[75th Primetime Emmy Awards|2024]]
| [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/ |first1=Jordan |last1=Moreau |first2=Michael |last2=Schneider |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |title=Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-date=July 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717073813/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cain |first1=Sian |title=Emmy Awards 2023: Event Moved to 2024 as Hollywood Strikes Continue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/aug/10/emmy-awards-emmys-2023-postponed-2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 17, 2023 |date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817005431/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2023/aug/10/emmy-awards-emmys-2023-postponed-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Saturn Awards]]
| [[51st Saturn Awards|2024]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series|Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=February 5, 2024 |title=''Avatar: The Way Of Water'', ''Oppenheimer'', ''Star Trek: Picard'' Among Winners At Saturn Awards |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/2024-saturn-awards-winners-list-1235815080/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205173200/https://deadline.com/2024/02/2024-saturn-awards-winners-list-1235815080/ |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |access-date=February 7, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
| [[29th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2023]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series]]
| ''Wednesday''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="SAG2023">{{Cite magazine |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |last2=Shafer |first2=Ellise |date=February 26, 2023 |title=SAG Awards 2023: ''Everything Everywhere All at Once'' Dominates, ''Abbott Elementary'' and ''The White Lotus'' Win Top TV Prizes |url=https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/sag-awards-2023-winners-list-1235535131/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227002226/https://variety.com/2023/awards/news/sag-awards-2023-winners-list-1235535131/ |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|collapsible=true|c=Category:Jenna Ortega|d=Q21738166|voy=no|v=no|species=no|wikt=no|b=no|s=no|n=no|q=Jenna Ortega}}
* {{Instagram|jennaortega}}
* {{IMDb name|4911194}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Jenna Ortega
|list =
{{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Female TV Star}}
{{MTV Movie & TV Award for Best Performance in a Show}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ortega, Jenna}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from California]]
[[Category:American actresses of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:American actresses of Puerto Rican descent]]
[[Category:American child activists]]
[[Category:American child actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American actresses]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Palm Desert, California]]

Joshua Sasse

2024-11-10T08:48:44Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Personal life */ revise

{{short description|British actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joshua Sasse
| image = Rogue Interview with Joshua Sasse 2013 (cropped-J1).jpg
| image_size = 190
| caption = Sasse in 2013
| birth_name =
| birth_date = December 9, 1987
| birth_place = [[Westminster]], London
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2010–2017; 2021–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Louisa Ainsworth|2018}}
| children = 3
| relatives =
}}

'''Joshua Sasse''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|s}} {{respell|SASS|'}}) (born December 9, 1987) is a British actor. He is known for playing Sir Gary Galavant in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Galavant]]'' (2015-2016). Other credits include ''[[The Big I Am]]'' (2010), ''[[Frankenstein's Army]]'' (2012), ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'' (2013–2014), ''[[The Neighbors (2012 TV series)|The Neighbors]]'' (2014), ''[[No Tomorrow (TV series)|No Tomorrow]]'' (2016–2017), ''[[Monarch (American TV series)|Monarch]]'' (2022), ''[[Love Is in the Air (2023 film)|Love Is in the Air]]'' (2023), and ''[[Outrageous (TV series)|Outrageous]]'' (2024).

==Early life==
Sasse was born December 9, 1987 in [[Westminster]], London.<ref name="tomato">{{cite web|url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/joshua_sasse |title=Joshua Sasse |work= rottentomatoes.com|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> He is the son of Dominic Sasse, who is also a poet, and Mary Rosalind Macauley.<ref name="tomato"/> He has an older sister, Lydia Sasse.<ref name="tomato"/> He was raised Roman Catholic, and has Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Indian and [[Jewish]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|first=Gerri|last=Miller|url= http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Hollywood_Now_Interfaith_Stars_of_the_New_TV_Season_Kate_Hudsons_Newest_Movie.shtml |title= Hollywood Now: Interfaith Stars of the New TV Season & Kate Huds – InterfaithFamily|website=[[InterfaithFamily]]|date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115055029/https://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/hollywood_now_interfaith_stars_of_the_new_tv_season_kate_hudsons_newest_movie/|archive-date= January 15, 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Sasse studied performing arts at Hurtwood House College,<ref name="tomato"/> and later at Cygnet Training Theatre in [[Exeter]].<ref name="tomato"/> His first major role was on the British gangster film, ''[[The Big I Am]]'' in 2010.<ref name="tomato"/>

In the mid-2010, Joshua took over the role of Sky in the West End production of ''[[Mamma Mia! (musical)|Mamma Mia!]]'' at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]], London.<ref name="tomato"/>

In March 2012, he was cast in a big budget horror film titled ''[[Frankenstein's Army]]''.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Turek| first1=Ryan| title=Cast of Frankenstein's Army Has Been Revealed|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/166131-cast-of-frankensteins-army-has-been-revealed|accessdate=20 November 2014|agency=shocktillyoudrop}}</ref> In April 2013, he was cast in the TV series, ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]''.<ref name="tomato"/> He had a recurring role on the show which lasted for two series and 13 episodes.<ref>{{cite news| last1=Starr| first1=Liane Bonin|title=Watch: The stars of 'Rogue' talk going gangsta and criminal pizza dough|url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/starr-raving/posts/watch-the-stars-of-rogue-talk-about-going-gangsta|accessdate=20 November 2014|agency=HitFix}}</ref>

In December 2013, he was cast in [[Dan Fogelman]]'s fairy tale-themed musical comedy pilot, ''[[Galavant]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=ANDREEVA|first1= NELLIE|title= 'Galavant' Pilot Casts Lead, 3 Other Roles|url=https://www.deadline.com/2013/12/galavant-pilot-casts-lead-3-other-roles/|accessdate=20 November 2014|agency=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> The pilot was shot in London due to the UK's new tax credit for high-end television shows.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barraclough|first1=Leo|title=ABC Studios to Shoot 'Galavant' in the U.K., Benefiting from New TV Tax Credit|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/abc-studios-to-shoot-galavant-in-the-u-k-benefiting-from-new-tv-tax-credit-1200975804/|accessdate=20 November 2014|work=Variety}}</ref> He was also cast in a recurring role on Fogelman's award-winning comedy, ''[[The Neighbors (season 2)|The Neighbors]]'' as DJ Jazzy Jeff.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deadline.com/2014/01/tricia-okelley-devious-maids-brent-antonello-hit-the-floor|title=Tricia O'Kelley Joins 'Devious Maids', Joshua Sasse To Recur On 'The Neighbors'|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref>

In May 2014, ''Galavant'' was picked to series and premiered on 4 January 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Rice|first1=Lynette|title=ABC renews 'Castle,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 'Revenge'|url= http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/05/08/abc-renews-once-upon-a-time-resurrection/|accessdate=20 November 2014|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref> The second season premiered on 3 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Porter|first1=Rick|title=ABC winter/spring 2016 premieres: 'The Family' to Sundays, long breaks for 'Scandal,' 'OUAT'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/abc-winterspring-2016-premieres-the-family-to-sundays-long-breaks-for-scandal-ouat/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165422/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/abc-winterspring-2016-premieres-the-family-to-sundays-long-breaks-for-scandal-ouat/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|website=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=17 November 2015|date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, he was selected to co-star in [[The CW]]'s series ''[[No Tomorrow (TV series)|No Tomorrow]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ryan|first1=Maureen|title=TV Review: The CW's 'No Tomorrow'|url= https://variety.com/2016/tv/reviews/no-tomorrow-tv-review-cw-joshua-sasse-tori-anderson-1201870703/|website=Variety|accessdate=28 February 2017|date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sasse was engaged to Australian singer [[Kylie Minogue]] between February 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1645226/kylie-minogue-announces-engagement-to-british-star|title=Love at First Sight: Kylie Minogue Is Engaged|publisher=Sky News|date=20 February 2016|quote=As announced in the Forthcoming Marriages section of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernandez|first1=Alexia|title=Kylie Minogue Ends Year-Long Engagement to Fiancé Joshua Sasse|url=http://people.com/music/kylie-minogue-ends-engagement-joshua-sasse/|accessdate=10 February 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=3 February 2017}}</ref>

Sasse married Louisa Ainsworth in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.com.au/kylie-minogue-ex-joshua-sasse-marries-louisa-ainsworth|title=Kylie Minogue's ex Joshua Sasse has tied the knot|website=Who.com.au|accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref> They have two children, Dominic and Delilah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CRP_UgsJfIr/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=093b18f4-0cc3-4ffa-a2d1-3acea4c4482a |title=Joshu Sasse's instagram |date=12 July 2021}}</ref> He also has a child from a previous relationship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ground.news/article/netflixs-love-is-in-the-air-who-is-joshua-sasses-wife |title=Netflix's 'Love is in the Air': Who is Joshua Sasse's wife? |website=Ground News |access-date=4 Nov 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/joshuasasse/p/CWMPfahPjXW/?utm_source=ig_embed&ig_rid=1f7cc55d-9b3a-49f0-afb9-2fab4fda3abc&ig_mid=D00A5EF0-621B-431F-80A3-5FF42FE12815 |title=Joshua Sasse's Instagram}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class = "unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Big I Am]]''
| Rixie
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Frankenstein's Army]]''
| Sergei
|
|-
| 2021
| Her Pen Pal
| Jacques
| Hallmark Movie
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Love Is in the Air (2023 film)|Love Is in the Air]]''
| William Mitchell
| Netflix
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class = "unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]''
| Alec Laszlo
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Neighbors (2012 TV series)|The Neighbors]]''
| DJ Jazzy Jeff
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2015–2016
|''[[Galavant]]''
| Galavant
| Main role
|-
| 2016–2017
|''[[No Tomorrow (TV series)|No Tomorrow]]''
| Xavier
| Main role
|-
| 2021
| Her Pen Pal
| Jacques
| Hallmark Movie
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Monarch (American TV series)|Monarch]]''
| Luke Roman
| Main role
|-
| 2023
| ''One Perfect Match''
| Finn Grayson
| [[Great American Family]]
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Outrageous (TV series)|Outrageous]]''
| [[Oswald Mosley|Sir Oswald Mosley]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm3173770}}
*{{TV Guide person|541863}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasse, Joshua}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from London]]
[[Category:People educated at Shrewsbury School]]
[[Category:People from Westminster]]

Harvey Fierstein

2024-11-09T02:26:50Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede, correct birth year

{{short description|American actor and playwright}}
{{BLPrefimprove|date=July 2023}}
{{distinguish|Harvey S. Firestone|Harvey Weinstein}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harvey Fierstein
| image = Harvey Fierstein Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Fierstein in 2009
| birth_name = Harvey Forbes Fierstein
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1952|6|6}}
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|playwright|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1981–present
| education = [[Pratt Institute]] ([[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]])
}}
'''Harvey Forbes Fierstein''' ({{IPAc-en|'|f|aɪər|,|s|t|i:|n}} {{respell|FIRE|steen}}; born June 6, 1952)<ref name="GShapiro">{{cite news | last=Shapiro | first=Gregg | title=‘Better’ than ever: an interview with Harvey Fierstein | work=[[Washington Blade]] | date=2022-03-10 | url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2022/03/10/better-than-ever-an-interview-with-harvey-fierstein/ }}</ref> is an American actor, playwright, and screenwriter, known for his distinctive gravelly voice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosky|first=Nicole|title=Harvey Fierstein Will Release Memoir in 2022|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Harvey-Fierstein-Will-Release-Memoir-in-2022-20210812|access-date=February 2, 2022|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harvey-Fierstein|title=Harvey Fierstein |date=June 2, 2023|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Bob |date=March 1, 2022 |title=In a New Memoir, Harvey Fierstein Shares Gossip and Regrets |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/01/theater/harvey-fierstein-memoir.html |access-date=March 14, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He gained notoriety for his theater work in ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'', winning both the [[Tony Award for Best Play]] and [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play|Best Actor in a Play]]. He went on to win the [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical]] for ''[[La Cage aux Folles (musical)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', then [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]] for playing Edna Turnblad in ''[[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]]'', a role he reprised for the ''[[Hairspray Live!]]'' television special.

On film he appeared in ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'', ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'', and as the voice of [[List of Disney's Mulan characters#Yao, Ling and Chien-Po|Yao]] in ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'' and ''[[Mulan II]]''.

Fierstein also wrote the books for the [[Tony Award]]-winning musicals ''[[Kinky Boots (musical)|Kinky Boots]], [[Newsies (musical)|Newsies]]'', and Tony Award-nominated, Drama League Award-winner ''[[A Catered Affair]].'' He was inducted into the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rawson|first=Christopher|date=January 30, 2008|title=Hall of Fame: Theater veterans get a night in limelight|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/2008/01/30/Hall-of-Fame-theater-veterans-get-a-night-in-limelight/stories/200801300249|access-date=March 9, 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Harvey Fierstein was born in [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]], New York City, the son of Jacqueline Harriet (née Gilbert), a school librarian, and Irving Fierstein, a [[handkerchief]] manufacturer.<ref>{{cite news| title=Harvey Fierstein Biography| url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/68/Harvey-Fierstein.html| work=filmreference | year=2008| access-date=June 11, 2008}}</ref> Fierstein has a brother, Ronald Fierstein.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02EFDD1F3AF933A25756C0A9649D8B63|title=Paid Notice: Deaths - FIERSTEIN, JACQUELINE H|website=The New York Times|date=May 10, 2012}}</ref> The family belonged to a [[Conservative Jewish]] temple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Horwitz |first=Simi |date=April 11, 2013 |title=Harvey Fierstein Gets 'Kinky' and Discusses His Jewish Roots |url=https://forward.com/culture/174555/harvey-fierstein-gets-kinky-and-discusses-his-jewi/ |access-date=July 20, 2024 |website=[[The Forward]] |language=en}}</ref> Prior to puberty, Fierstein was a [[soprano]] in a professional boys' choir.<ref name="auto">{{cite news| url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-fierstein-no-longer-an-activist/| publisher=CBS News| title=Harvey Fierstein: No longer an activist| first=Richard| last=Schlesinger| date=June 9, 2013| access-date=April 10, 2018}}</ref>

Fierstein graduated from the [[High School of Art and Design]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/05/nyregion/school-s-alumni-and-staff-feel-its-art-emphasis-is-neglected.html|title=School's Alumni and Staff Feel Its Art Emphasis Is Neglected |website=The New York Times|date=December 5, 2001}}</ref> and received a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]] from the [[Pratt Institute]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pratt.edu/press/harvey-fierstein-dishes-on-the-catskills-life-the-theater-in-new-memoir/|title=Harvey Fierstein Dishes On the Catskills, Life, the Theater in New Memoir|website=Pratt Institute |date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2022/03/25/harvey-fiersteins-remembers-everything-i-was-better-last-night-1686037.html|title=Harvey Fierstein Remembers Everything in 'I Was Better Last Night'|first=H. Alan|last=Scott|date=March 9, 2022|website=Newsweek}}</ref>

==Career==
As one of the first openly gay celebrities in the United States, Fierstein helped turn gay and lesbian life into a viable subject for contemporary drama "with no apologies and no climactic suicides".<ref name="broadway">{{cite web|title=Harvey Fierstein|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/fierstein_h.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922060812/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/fierstein_h.html|archive-date=September 22, 2011|access-date=June 3, 2016|publisher=[[PBS]]|series=Broadway: The American Musical}}</ref>

Fierstein has authored op-eds for ''The New York Times''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Fierstein|first=Harvey|date=May 16, 2014|title=Opinion {{!}} What Is This Child Doing in Prison? (Published 2014)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/17/opinion/what-is-this-child-doing-in-prison.html|access-date=January 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fierstein|first=Harvey|date=November 26, 2003|title=Opinion {{!}} You Better Watch Out (Published 2003)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/26/opinion/you-better-watch-out.html|access-date=January 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fierstein|first=Harvey|date=April 13, 2007|title=Opinion {{!}} Our Prejudices, Ourselves (Published 2007)|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/13/opinion/13fierstein.html|access-date=January 28, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the PBS series ''In the Life''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schildcrout |first=Jordan |title=50 Key Figures in Queer US Theatre |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-1032067964 |pages=63–66 |chapter=Harvey Fierstein}}</ref>

===1970s===
Fierstein began working in the theater as a founding member of The Gallery Players of Park Slope before being cast in [[Andy Warhol]]'s only play, ''[[Andy Warhol's Pork|Pork]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harvey Fierstein|url=https://www.concordtheatricals.com/a/1710/harvey-fierstein|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=Concord Theatricals}}</ref> Fierstein's other early roles included "a transvestite in his own Flatbush Tosca...a 300-year-old woman, Lillian Russell, and 26 other parts in Ronald Tavel's ''My Fetus Lived on Amboy Street''". Fierstein also performed his own drag routine in Greenwich Village, including an impersonation of Ethel Merman singing "You Can't Get a Man With a Gun".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.playbill.com/article/how-harvey-fiersteins-torch-song-became-the-trilogy|title=How Harvey Fierstein's ''Torch Song'' Became the ''Trilogy''|website=Playbill |last=Reif |first=Robin |date=June 10, 2017}}</ref>

===1980s===
[[File:Harvey Fierstein, author.jpg|thumb|Fierstein in 1983]]
Fierstein is best known for the play and film ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'',{{cn|date=July 2023}} which he wrote and starred in both off-Broadway (with a young [[Matthew Broderick]]) and on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] (with [[Estelle Getty]] and [[Fisher Stevens]]).{{cn|date=July 2023}} The 1982 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production won him two [[Tony Awards]], for Best Play and Best Actor in a Play;<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/harvey-fierstein-i-was-better-last-night/|title=Harvey Fierstein on 'I Was Better Last Night' - CBS News|date=March 13, 2022|publisher=CBS News}}</ref> two [[Drama Desk Award]]s, for Outstanding New Play and Outstanding Actor in a Play;<ref>{{Cite web|title=1983 Awards – Drama Desk|url=http://www.dramadesk.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/1983-awards/|access-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref> and the [[Theatre World Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatreworldawards.org/past-recipients.html|title=Theatre World Awards - Theatre World Awards|website=theatreworldawards.org|access-date=July 30, 2023|archive-date=April 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428153856/http://theatreworldawards.org/past-recipients.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fierstein is the first openly gay actor to win a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.<ref name="auto1"/> The film adaptation of ''Torch Song Trilogy'' earned him an [[Independent Spirit Award]] nomination as Best Male Lead.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television|last=Riggs|first=Thomas|publisher=Gale Research Inc|year=2007|isbn=978-0787690496|pages=79}}</ref>

Fierstein also wrote the [[Libretto|book]] for ''[[La Cage aux Folles (musical)|La Cage aux Folles]]'' (1983), winning another Tony Award, this time for Best Book of a Musical, and a Drama Desk nomination for Outstanding Book.{{cn|date=July 2023}} During his Tony Award acceptance speech, Fierstein acknowledged his male lover; according to ''Entertainment Weekly'', this was "not a first", but was "still startling to many viewers".<ref name="daddy" />

Fierstein narrated the documentary ''[[The Times of Harvey Milk]]'' (1984), for which he won a News & Documentary [[Emmy Award]].

Fierstein's playwriting credits include ''Spookhouse'' (1984), ''Safe Sex'' (1987), and ''Forget Him'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51088166|title=Contemporary gay American poets and playwrights : an A-to-Z guide|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|editor=Nelson, Emmanuel S. (Emmanuel Sampath) |isbn=0-313-32232-5|location=Westport, CT|oclc=51088166}}</ref>

''[[Legs Diamond (musical)|Legs Diamond]]'', his 1988 collaboration with [[Peter Allen (musician)|Peter Allen]], was a critical and commercial failure, closing after 72 previews and 64 performances, but the songs live on in Peter Allen's biographical musical, ''[[The Boy from Oz]]''.

===1990s===
Fierstein was praised<ref>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Arnold Wayne |title=The Simpsons Turns 400: We Name the Greatest Guests! |work=TV Guide |date=May 18, 2007 |url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/simpsons-turns-400-40534/}}</ref><ref name= "EW">{{cite magazine |title=Springfield of Dreams: 16 Great 'Simpsons' Guest Stars |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=May 11, 2008 |url=https://ew.com/gallery/springfield-dreams-16-great-simpsons-guest-voices/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514192211/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20049408_6,00.html|archive-date=May 14, 2008}}</ref> for his 1990 role as the voice of Karl, [[Homer Simpson]]'s assistant, in the "[[Simpson and Delilah]]" episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''.

Fierstein portrayed Mark Newberger in ''[[Cheers]]'', earning a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nomination for [[Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/harvey-fierstein|title=HARVEY FIERSTEIN|website=emmys.com}}</ref>

In 1993, Fierstein co-starred with [[Mara Wilson]], [[Lisa Jakub]], [[Matthew Lawrence]], [[Sally Field]], [[Pierce Brosnan]], and [[Robin Williams]] in ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''.

In 1994, Fierstein became the first openly gay actor to play a principal gay character in a television series when he appeared as fashion designer Dennis Sinclair in the short-lived [[CBS]] series ''[[Daddy's Girls (1994 TV series)|Daddy's Girls]]''.<ref name="daddy">{{Cite magazine|last=Snierson|first=Dan|date=September 30, 1994|title=Out of the TV Closet: Harvey Fierstein of 'Daddy's Girls'|url=https://ew.com/article/1994/09/30/out-tv-closet/|access-date=June 18, 2021|magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>

Fierstein voiced the role of Yao in [[Disney]]'s animated feature ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]'', a role he later reprised for the video game ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'' and the direct-to-DVD sequel ''[[Mulan II]]''.

Fierstein voiced the character of Elmer in the 1999 [[HBO]] special based on his children's book ''[[The Sissy Duckling]]'', which won the [[Humanitas Prize]] for Children's Animation.

===2000s===
[[File:Harvey Fierstein and Anthony Rapp.jpg|thumb|left|Fierstein (left) with [[Anthony Rapp]] at the Annual Flea Market and Grand Auction hosted by [[Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS]], September 2006]]
Fierstein's Broadway acting credits include playing the mother, Edna Turnblad, in ''[[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]]'' (2002), for which he won a [[Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical]]. He later replaced [[Alfred Molina]] as [[Tevye]] in the 2004 revival of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''.

In 2007, Fierstein wrote the book to the musical ''[[A Catered Affair]]''; he also starred in the production. After tryouts at San Diego's [[Old Globe Theatre]] in September 2007, the show opened on Broadway April 17, 2008. It received 12 [[Drama Desk Award]] nominations and won the [[Drama League Award]] for Distinguished Production of a Musical.<ref>{{cite news| last=Cox| first= Gordon| date=May 16, 2008| title='Catered Affair' nabs League honor| work=Variety| url=https://variety.com/2008/film/awards/catered-affair-nabs-league-honor-1117985865/| access-date=July 24, 2018}}</ref>

Fierstein returned to the theater when he reprised the role of Tevye, replacing an injured [[Chaim Topol]], in the national tour of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' starting in December 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Kenneth|date=November 11, 2009|title=Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in ''Touring Fiddler on the Roof''|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/134532-Harvey-Fierstein-to-Replace-Topol-in-Touring-Fiddler-on-the-Roof|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115062957/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/134532-Harvey-Fierstein-to-Replace-Topol-in-Touring-Fiddler-on-the-Roof|archive-date=November 15, 2009|website=Playbill}}</ref>

===2010s===
On February 15, 2011, Fierstein replaced Douglas Hodge as Albin/Zaza in the Broadway revival of ''La Cage aux Folles''.<ref>[http://ibdb.com/productionreplacements.asp?ID=484929 "IBDB 'La Cage' Replacement Information"] Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved August 29, 2011.</ref> The show closed on May 1, 2011, after playing 433 performances and 15 previews.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gans|first=Andrew|date=April 6, 2011|title=Broadway's ''La Cage aux Folles'' Will Close May 1|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/broadways-la-cage-aux-folles-will-close-may-1-com-177974|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Playbill}}</ref>

Fierstein wrote the book for the stage musical ''[[Newsies (musical)|Newsies]]'', along with [[Alan Menken]] (music) and Jack Feldman (lyrics). The musical opened on Broadway in March 2012. Fierstein was nominated for the Tony Award for Book of a Musical.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Healy|first=Patrick|date=May 16, 2012|title=Don't Stop the Press! 'Newsies' Run Is Now Open-Ended|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/dont-stop-the-press-newsies-run-is-now-open-ended/|website=The New York Times }}</ref>

Fierstein wrote the book for a [[Kinky Boots (musical)|stage musical]] version of the film ''[[Kinky Boots (film)|Kinky Boots]]'' with music and lyrics by [[Cyndi Lauper]]. After a fall 2012 run at the [[Bank of America Theatre]] in Chicago,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Kenneth|date=February 22, 2012|title=''Kinky Boots'' Musical Will Kick It Up in Chicago in October, Prior to Broadway|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/kinky-boots-musical-will-kick-it-up-in-chicago-in-october-prior-to-broadway-com-187706|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Playbill}}</ref> it opened at the [[Al Hirschfeld Theatre]] on Broadway in April 2013. The musical was nominated for thirteen 2013 [[Tony Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Healy|first=Patrick|date=April 30, 2013|title='Kinky Boots' Leads With 13 Tony Nominations; Tom Hanks Gets Nod for 'Lucky Guy'|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/30/tony-awards-2013-nominations-live-blog/|website=The New York Times}}</ref> and won six, including best musical.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Healy|first=Patrick|date=June 10, 2013|title='Kinky Boots' Dances to the Top of the Tonys|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/theater/theaterspecial/at-tonys-kinky-boots-and-matilda-vie-for-best-musical.html|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Fierstein's play ''[[Casa Valentina]]'' was produced on Broadway by the [[Manhattan Theatre Club]] at the [[Samuel J. Friedman Theatre]]. The play opened in April 2014. It was directed by [[Joe Mantello]], with a cast that featured [[Patrick Page]], [[John Cullum]], and [[Mare Winningham]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Purcell|first=Carey|date=April 1, 2014|title=Harvey Fierstein's ''Casa Valentina'', Starring Patrick Page, Mare Winningham and Gabriel Ebert, Begins Broadway Performances April 1|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/harvey-fiersteins-casa-valentina-starring-patrick-page-mare-winningham-and-gabriel-ebert-begins-broadway-performances-april-1-com-216639|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Playbill}}</ref>

Fierstein wrote the teleplay for the December 3, 2015, NBC TV broadcast of ''[[The Wiz Live!]]'', featuring [[Stephanie Mills]] as Aunt Em, [[Queen Latifah]] as The Wiz, and [[David Alan Grier]] as the Lion. The teleplay is an adaptation of ''[[The Wiz]]'', which ran on Broadway from October 1974 until January 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 4, 2015|title=The Verdict: Read Reviews for ''The Wiz Live!''|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/the-verdict-read-reviews-for-the-wiz-live-com-374209|website=Playbill}}</ref>

Fierstein then wrote the teleplay for, and starred in, the 2016 NBC TV broadcast of ''[[Hairspray Live!]]'' with [[Ariana Grande]], [[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Kristin Chenoweth]], and [[Martin Short]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hairspray Live|url=https://www.nbc.com/hairspray-live|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=NBC}}</ref>

In April 2016, Fierstein, along with his ''Kinky Boots'' collaborator Cyndi Lauper, was honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 25, 2019|title=Harvey Fierstein|url=https://walkoffame.com/harvey-fierstein/|access-date=January 28, 2021|website=Hollywood Walk of Fame}}</ref>

Fierstein wrote and starred in ''Bella Bella'', a solo monologue play about New York Congresswoman [[Bella Abzug]]. It premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club's Stage One at City Center on October 1, 2019, directed by Kimberly Senior.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Clement|first=Olivia|date=October 1, 2019|title=World Premiere of ''Bella Bella'', Written by and Starring Harvey Fierstein, Begins Off-Broadway|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/world-premiere-of-bella-bella-written-by-and-starring-harvey-fierstein-begins-off-broadway |website=Playbill}}</ref>

===2020s===
Fierstein's book ''I Was Better Last Night: A Memoir'' was released on March 1, 2022, and quickly became a [[New York Times Bestseller]].

== Personal life ==
Fierstein is openly gay.<ref name="broadway" /><ref name="auto1"/> He reportedly dated journalist [[Ted Casablanca]] from 1987 to 1992.<ref>{{citation | last=Kroll | first=Gerry | date=August 20, 1996 | title=The Naked Truth: Hollywood journalist Bruce Bibby — also known as gossip columnist Ted Casablanca — bares all | journal=The Advocate | page=79 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2MEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Bruce+Bibby+Harvey+Fierstein&pg=PA79 | quote=But for Harvey Fierstein, Bibby's partner from 1987 to 1992, the difference between the two is clear.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Casablanca-s-Dirt-on-Dolls-Gossip-columnist-2832581.php |title=Casablanca's Dirt on 'Dolls' / Gossip columnist finds inspiration in '60s camp film |website=San Francisco Chronicle |last=Guthmann |first=Edward |date=July 19, 1997}}</ref>

Fierstein is Jewish.<ref name=":0" /> In 2005, he said that although he does not believe in God, he prays three or four times each day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fierstein as Tevye: Sounds Crazy, No? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/theater/newsandfeatures/fierstein-as-tevye-sounds-crazy-no.html |access-date=April 21, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=January 2, 2005}}</ref>

Fierstein's distinctive gravelly voice is a result of an overdeveloped [[vestibular fold]] in his vocal cords, essentially giving him a "double voice" when he speaks.<ref name="auto"/>

Fierstein has struggled with alcohol abuse. In a 2022 interview, he stated that he stopped drinking alcohol following a 1996 suicide attempt.<ref name="auto1" />

Speaking with [[People (magazine)|''People'']] magazine in February 2022 to promote his memoir ''I Was Better Last Night'', Fierstein stated, "I'm still confused as to whether I'm a man or a woman," and that as a child he often wondered if he'd been born in the wrong body. "When I was a kid, I was attracted to men. I didn't feel like a boy was supposed to feel. Then I found out about gay. So that was enough for me for then." The interview also noted his ease at playing both [[Tevye]] in ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' and Edna Turnblad in [[Hairspray (musical)|''Hairspray'']]. He avoided identifying as [[non-binary]] in the interview, saying he had thought about it a lot and "it's the term that bothers me", but concluded that "I don't think I've missed anything by not making up my mind".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheeler |first=Jason |date=February 23, 2022 |title=Broadway Legend Harvey Fierstein Opens Up About His Gender Identity: 'I Don't Know Who I Am' |url=https://people.com/movies/broadway-legend-harvey-fierstein-on-his-gender-identity-i-dont-know-who-i-am-but-thats-never-held-me-back/ |access-date=February 26, 2022 |website=[[People (magazine)|People]] |language=en}}</ref> On the ''[[LGBTQ&A]]'' podcast the following month, Fierstein said, "I'm comfortable being me and if I ask myself, 'Would you want to [[Gender transition|transition]]?' The answer's no."<ref>{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ&A: Harvey Fierstein: Makes Broadway (And Queer) History {{!}} LGBTQ+ Elders Project on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/harvey-fierstein-makes-broadway-and-queer-history/id1151561226?i=1000554069149 |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Harvey Fierstein Worked With Warhol Before Making Broadway History |url=https://www.advocate.com/gender/2022/3/11/harvey-fierstein-andy-warhol-broadway-history-memoir |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=advocate.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Theater credits==

=== Acting ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Venue
!Category
|-
|1982–1985
| rowspan="2" |''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]''
| rowspan="2" |Arnold Beckoff
|[[Hayes Theater|Little Theatre]]
|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]
|-
|1986
|[[Albery Theatre]]
|[[West End theatre|West End]]
|-
|1987
|''Safe Sex''
|Ghee
|[[Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)|Lyceum Theatre]]
|Broadway
|-
|2002
| rowspan="2" |''[[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Edna Turnblad]]
|[[5th Avenue Theatre]]
|Regional
|-
|2002–2004, 2008–2009
|[[Neil Simon Theatre]]
| rowspan="3" |Broadway
|-
|2004–2006
|''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''
|Tevye
|[[Minskoff Theatre]]
|-
|2008
|''[[A Catered Affair]]''
|Winston
|[[Walter Kerr Theatre]]
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''
|Tevye
|North American tour
|-
|2011
|''[[La Cage aux Folles (musical)|La Cage aux Folles]]''
|Albin
|[[Longacre Theatre]]
|Broadway
|-
|2019
|''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)#Live presentations|The Little Mermaid: An Immersive Live-to-Film Concert Experience]]''
|[[Ursula (The Little Mermaid)|Ursula]]
|[[Hollywood Bowl]]
|Concert
|-
|2019
|''Bella Bella''
|[[Bella Abzug]]
|[[Manhattan Theater Club]]
|[[Off-Broadway]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Guys and Dolls]]''
|Joey Biltmore (prerecorded voice, uncredited)
|[[The Kennedy Center]]
|Washington, D.C.
|}

=== Writing ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Venue
!Category
!Notes
|-
|1982
|''Torch Song Trilogy''
|[[Hayes Theater|Little Theatre]]
|Broadway
|Also starred as Arnold
|-
|1983
|''La Cage aux Folles''
|[[Palace Theatre (New York City)|Palace Theatre]]
|Broadway
|
|-
|1984
|''Spookhouse''
|Playhouse 91
|Off-Broadway
|
|-
|1987
|''Safe Sex''
|Lyceum Theatre
|Broadway
|Also starred as Ghee
|-
|1988
|''[[Legs Diamond (musical)|Legs Diamond]]''
|[[Mark Hellinger Theatre]]
|Broadway
|
|-
|2007
| rowspan="2" |''[[A Catered Affair]]''
|[[Old Globe Theatre]]
|Broadway tryout
|
|-
|2008
|Walter Kerr Theatre
|Broadway
|Also starred as Winston
|-
|2011
| rowspan="2" |''[[Newsies (musical)|Newsies]]''
|[[Paper Mill Playhouse]]
|Broadway tryout
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|[[Nederlander Theatre]]
|Broadway
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kinky Boots (musical)|Kinky Boots]]''
|[[Bank of America Theatre]]
|Broadway tryout
|
|-
|2013
|[[Al Hirschfeld Theatre]]
|Broadway
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Casa Valentina]]''
|[[Samuel J. Friedman Theatre]]
|Broadway
|
|-
|2015
| rowspan="3" |''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]''
|[[Menier Chocolate Factory]]
|[[Off-West End]]
| rowspan="3" |Book revisions
|-
|2016
|[[Savoy Theatre]]
|West End
|-
|2022
|[[August Wilson Theatre]]
|Broadway
|}

==Filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1984
|''[[Garbo Talks]]''
|Bernie Whitlock
|
|-
|''[[The Times of Harvey Milk]]''
|Narrator
|Voice
|-
|1988
|''[[Torch Song Trilogy (film)|Torch Song Trilogy]]''
|Arnold Beckoff
|Also the screenwriter (adapted his [[Torch Song Trilogy|own play]])
|-
|1992
|''[[The Harvest (1993 film)|The Harvest]]''
|Bob Lakin
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]''
|Francis "Frank" Hillard
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Bullets Over Broadway]]''
|Sid Loomis
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Dr. Jekyll and Ms. Hyde]]''
|Yves DuBois
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1996
|''[[The Celluloid Closet (film)|The Celluloid Closet]]''
|Himself
|Documentary
|-
|''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]''
|Marty Gilbert
|
|-
|''[[Everything Relative]]''
|The Moyle
|
|-
|''[[Elmo Saves Christmas]]''
|Easter Bunny
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|1997
|''[[White Lies (1996 film)|White Lies]]''
|Art Hoarder
|
|-
|''[[Kull the Conqueror]]''
|Juba
|
|-
|''Three Little Pigs''
|The Big Bad Wolf
|Voice, short film
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]''
|[[List of Disney's Mulan characters#Yao, Ling and Chien-Po|Yao]]
|Voice<ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Harvey Fierstein (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Harvey-Fierstein/ |access-date=October 6, 2023 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
|''[[Safe Men]]''
|Leo
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Jump (1999 film)|Jump]]''
|Dish Macense
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Playing Mona Lisa]]''
|Bennett
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Death to Smoochy]]''
|Merv Green
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Duplex (film)|Duplex]]''
|Kenneth
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Mulan II]]''
|Yao<ref name="btva" />
| rowspan="3" |Voice, direct-to-video
|-
|2006
|''[[Farce of the Penguins]]''
|Sheila
|-
|2012
|''[[Foodfight!]]''
|Fat Cat Burglar<ref name="btva" />
|-
|2014
|''Russian Broadway Shut Down''
|Book Writer
|Short film
|-
|2017
|''[[Animal Crackers (2017 film)|Animal Crackers]]''
|Esmerelda
|Voice
|-
|2020
|''Disarm Hate''
|Narrator
|Voice, documentary
|-
|2022
|''[[Bros (film)|Bros]]''
|Lewis
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1983
|''The Demon Murder Case''
|Demon
|Voice, television film
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|''[[Miami Vice]]''
|Benedict
|Episode: "[[List of Miami Vice episodes|The Fix]]"
|-
|''[[Apology (film)|Apology]]''
|The Derelict
| rowspan="2" |Television film
|-
|1988
|''Tidy Endings''
|Arthur
|-
|1990
|''[[The Simpsons]]''
|Karl
|Voice, episode: "[[Simpson and Delilah]]"
|-
|1991
|''[[ABC Afterschool Special]]s''
|Andrew
|Episode: "In the Shadow of Love: A Teen AIDS Story"
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992
|''[[Cheers]]''
|Mark Newberger
|Episode: "[[List of Cheers episodes|Rebecca's Lover... Not]]"
|-
|''[[Murder, She Wrote]]''
|Stan Hatter
|Episode: "[[List of Murder, She Wrote episodes|The Dead File]]"
|-
|1994
|''[[Daddy's Girls (1994 TV series)|Daddy's Girl]]''
|Dennis Sinclair
|Series regular (3 episodes)
|-
|rowspan="3"|1997
|''[[The Larry Sanders Show]]''
|Harvey Fierstein
|Episode: "[[List of The Larry Sanders Show episodes|The Matchmaker]]"
|-
|''[[Fame L.A.]]''
|Jeremy Pinter
|Episode: "Do or Die"
|-
|''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]''
|Mrs. Leaperman
|Voice, episode: "Thumbelina"
|-
|rowspan="3"|1998
|''[[Ellen (TV series)|Ellen]]''
|Himself
|Episode: "[[List of Ellen episodes|It's a Gay, Gay, Gay, Gay World!]]"
|-
|''[[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]]''
|[[Argus Panoptes]]
|Voice, episode: "Hercules and the Bacchanal"
|-
|''Stories from My Childhood''
|Grambo
|Voice, episode: "Alice and the Mystery of the Third Planet"
|-
|1999
|''[[Double Platinum (film)|Double Platinum]]''
|Gary Millstein
|Television film
|-
|1999
|''The Sissy Duckling''
|Elmer
|Voice, television film
|-
|rowspan="2"|2000
|''[[Common Ground (2000 film)|Common Ground]]''
|Don
|Television film
|-
|''[[Behind the Music]]''
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|Episode: "[[1984 in music|1984]]"
|-
|2004
|''[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]''
|Episode: "[[John Waters]]"
|-
|2004–07
|''[[Sesame Street]]''
|Recurring role (3 episodes)
|-
|2006
|''[[The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006 film)|The Year Without a Santa Claus]]''
|Heat Miser
|Television film
|-
|2008
|''[[Family Guy]]''
|Tracy
|Voice, episode: "[[The Former Life of Brian]]"
|-
|2009
|''[[How I Met Your Mother]]''
|Lily's smoking voice
|Voice, episode: "[[Last Cigarette Ever]]"<ref name="btva" />
|-
|2010
|''[[Nurse Jackie]]''
|John Decker
|Episode: "[[List of Nurse Jackie episodes|Monkey Bits]]"
|-
|2011
|''[[The Good Wife]]''
|Judge Francis Flamm
|Episode: "[[List of The Good Wife episodes|Feeding the Rat]]"
|-
|2012
|''[[Submissions Only]]''
|Auditioner No. 5
|Episode: "Another Interruption"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Smash (TV series)|Smash]]''
| rowspan="3" |Himself
|Episode: "[[List of Smash episodes|The Fallout]]"
|-
|''[[Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen]]''
|Episode: "Harvey Fierstein & Kim Zolciak"
|-
|2014
|''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
|Episode: "[[List of Saturday Night Live episodes|Bill Hader/Hozier]]"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Family Guy]]''
|[[Buster Keaton]]
|Voice, episode: "Stewie Is Enceinte"
|-
|''[[The Wiz Live!]]''
|align="center"|—
| rowspan="2" |Television special (teleplay writer)
|-
|2016
|''[[Hairspray Live!]]''
|Edna Turnblad
|-
|2017
|''[[BoJack Horseman]]''
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|Voice, episode: "Commence Fracking")
|-
|2018
|''[[Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen]]''
|Episode: "Jane Curtin & Harvey Fierstein"
|-
|2018–20
|''[[Big Mouth (American TV series)|Big Mouth]]''
|Jerome
|Voice, 2 episodes
|-
|2019
|''[[The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance]]''
|The Gourmand
|Voice, recurring role (7 episodes)<ref name="btva" />
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|''[[Disney's Animated Storybook]]: Mulan''
|rowspan="4"|Yao
|
|-
|''Mulan Story Studio''
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''
|rowspan="2"|English version
|-
|2007
|''[[Kingdom Hearts II#Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+|Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+]]''
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|1982
|[[New York Drama Critics' Circle]]
|Best American Play<ref name=playbio/>
|rowspan=6|''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|1983
|rowspan=2|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Play|Best Play]]<ref name="torch">{{Cite web|title=Torch Song Trilogy – Awards|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/torch-song-trilogy-4176#Awards|access-date=May 24, 2019|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref>
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play|Best Actor in a Play]]<ref name=torch/>
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Drama Desk Award]]
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Play|Outstanding Play]]<ref name=torch/>
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play|Outstanding Actor in a Play]]<ref name=torch/>
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Theatre World Award]]
|Theatre World Award<ref name=torch/>
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1984
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]]<ref name="playbio">{{Cite web|title=Harvey Fierstein|url=https://www.playbill.com/person/harvey-fierstein-vault-0000025807|access-date=May 24, 2019|website=Playbill}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|''[[La Cage aux Folles (musical)|La Cage aux Folles]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award]]
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical|Outstanding Book of a Musical]]<ref name=playbio/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|1992
|[[Primetime Emmy Award]]
|[[Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWQYAgAAQBAJ&q=Outstanding%20Supporting%20Actor%20in%20a%20Comedy%20Series%20Harvey%20Fierstein&pg=PA50|title=The Greatest Sitcoms of All Time|last=Gitlin|first=Martin|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, INC|year=2014|isbn=9780810887251|location=London|pages=50}}</ref>
|''[[Cheers]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2003
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]<ref name="hair">{{Cite web|title=Hairspray – Awards|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/hairspray-13371#Awards|access-date=May 24, 2019|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|''[[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award]]
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical|Outstanding Actor in a Musical]]<ref name=hair/>
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]
|Outstanding Actor in a Musical<ref>{{Cite web|title=2002-2003|url=https://outercritics.org/awards/2002-2003/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Outer Critics Circle}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Drama League Award]]
|Outstanding Performance<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards History|url=https://dramaleague.org/awards-history/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=The Drama League|date=March 25, 2021 }}</ref>
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|Drama League Award
|Outstanding Production of a Musical<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cox|first=Gordon|date=May 16, 2008|title='Catered Affair' nabs League honor|url=https://variety.com/2008/legit/news/catered-affair-nabs-league-honor-1117985865/|access-date=January 28, 2021|website=Variety}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |''[[A Catered Affair]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award]]
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical|Outstanding Book of a Musical]]<ref name="playbio" />
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newsies – Awards|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/newsies-the-musical-491210#Awards|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|''[[Newsies (musical)|Newsies]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]
|Outstanding Book of a Musical<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011-2012|url=https://outercritics.org/awards/2011-2012/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Outer Critics Circle}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 30, 2013|title=Tony Awards 2013 winners and nominees: Complete list|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-cm-tony-awards-2013-nomination-list-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707094914/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-et-cm-tony-awards-2013-nomination-list-story.html|archive-date=July 7, 2014|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|''[[Kinky Boots (musical)|Kinky Boots]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]
|Outstanding Book of a Musical<ref>{{Cite web|title=2012-2013|url=https://outercritics.org/awards/2012-2013/|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Outer Critics Circle}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|2014
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Play|Best Play]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2014|title=Just the Winners, Please: Who Won the 68th Annual Tony Awards|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/just-the-winners-please-who-won-the-68th-annual-tony-awards-com-322203|website=Playbill}}</ref>
|''[[Casa Valentina]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[LGBT culture in New York City]]
* [[List of LGBT people from New York City]]
* [[NYC Pride March]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|10899}}
* {{IMDb name|0001213}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317025029/http://galleryplayers.com/plays/torch-song-trilogy Review of Torch Song Trilogy, with information about Fierstein]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070423055643/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/interactive/video/index.html#f TonyAwards.com Interview with Harvey Fierstein]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005173839/http://www.donaldlbrooks.com/fierstein.html Donald L. Brooks' memoir of early casting of Fierstein and commissioning and directing Fierstein's first play.]
* Harvey Fierstein papers (MS 1864). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1864 Collection: Harvey Fierstein papers | Archives at Yale]

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Harvey Fierstein
|list =
{{DramaDesk PlayOutstandingActor 1975-2000}}
{{DramaDesk MusicalOutstandingActor 2001-2025}}
{{Distinguished Performance Award}}
{{TonyAward MusicalLeadActor 2001-2025}}
{{TonyAward PlayLeadActor 1976-2000}}
{{TonyAward MusicalBook 1976–2000}}
{{VH1 Trailblazer Honors}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fierstein, Harvey}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American drag queens]]
[[Category:American gay actors]]
[[Category:American gay writers]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ screenwriters]]
[[Category:American male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male video game actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]]
[[Category:Gay dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Gay Jews]]
[[Category:Gay screenwriters]]
[[Category:High School of Art and Design alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American atheists]]
[[Category:Jewish American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Jewish American male actors]]
[[Category:Jewish film people]]
[[Category:Jews from New York (state)]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Musicians from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People from Ridgefield, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Pratt Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Tony Award winners]]
[[Category:Writers from Brooklyn]]

Talk:Harvey Fierstein

2024-11-09T02:22:57Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Year of birth */ 1952

{{WikiProject banner shell|class=C|living=yes|listas=Fierstein, Harvey|
{{WikiProject Biography|filmbio-priority=low|filmbio-work-group=yes|musician-work-group=yes|musician-priority=}}
{{WikiProject LGBT studies|person=yes}}
{{WikiProject Musical Theatre}}
{{WikiProject New York City|importance=mid}}
{{WikiProject Theatre|importance=low}}
}}

==Untitled==
The [[NNDB]] lists Fierstein's birthplace as Bensonhurst, NY, not Brooklyn. [http://www.nndb.com/people/378/000025303/] [[User:GilliamJF|Gilliamjf]] 05:34, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
:Bensonhurst is a neighborhood of Brooklyn.--[[User:Screwball23|Screwball23]] [[User talk:Screwball23|talk]] 00:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

== gay actors ==
{{resolved}}
shouldn't Harvey Fierstein be listed under Gay Actors?
[[User:Pdudesek|Pdudesek]] 00:15, 6 September 2007 (UTC)
: {{Done}} Marking as resolved. ---[[User:Another Believer|Another Believer]] ([[User talk:Another Believer|Talk]]) 06:44, 27 December 2016 (UTC)

== Voice ==
Shouldnt it be noted that he has a very powerful voice? [[User:Y2J RKO|Y2J RKO]] ([[User talk:Y2J RKO|talk]]) 18:50, 22 September 2008 (UTC)
:There should certainly be made better mention of his voice. A single adjective doesn't seem sufficient for something so distinctive. 06:11, 1 January 2011 (UTC) — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Mnealon|Mnealon]] ([[User talk:Mnealon|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Mnealon|contribs]])  

== Atheist? ==

I was reading over the source saying he is an atheist, and when reading it, It looks as though he may have been being sarcastic. I'm pretty sure it could be taken either way. I don't have my own interpretation because it's just a little odd to say either way. [[Special:Contributions/98.198.83.12|98.198.83.12]] ([[User talk:98.198.83.12|talk]]) 15:56, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Yeah, when i read the source i felt that he was more agnostic maybe not sarcastic. —Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/64.229.175.95|64.229.175.95]] ([[User talk:64.229.175.95|talk]]) 15:15, 7 May 2010 (UTC) 

You're right. In fact it's absolutely ridiculous to categorize Fierstein as an aetheist at all, on the basis of that source. I note anyway that the category of "American Jews" has since been added. That's undeniable and at least verified by that same source.[[User:Colin marks|Colin marks]] ([[User talk:Colin marks|talk]]) 13:55, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

:I disagree with the above commenters that Fierstein was somehow being sarcastic about atheism in the above reference. I do not interpret it that way at all. Furthermore, his atheism is mentioned in reference #6, "Harvey Fierstein Gets 'Kinky' and Discusses His Jewish Roots" from Forward.com. He couldn't be plainer when he says, "I'm now an atheist." He expands on it in the next paragraph and in the last paragraph where he says, "Theater is my temple and my religion and my act of faith." Note that when someones says that they are an atheist, it's usually because they are. Thank you, [[User:Wordreader|Wordreader]] ([[User talk:Wordreader|talk]]) 07:04, 21 August 2014 (UTC)

== Year of birth ==

The references of this article contain two different years of birth:
* 1952: [https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Harvey-Fierstein-Will-Release-Memoir-in-2022-20210812 broadwayworld.com], [https://reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org/1527693.html reviews-and-ramblings.dreamwidth.org]
* 1954: [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001213/ imdb.com], [https://archives.yale.edu/agents/people/91683 archives.yale.edu], [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/harvey-fierstein www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org]
While this article contains the year 1952, [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] uses 1954. It is not obvious to me that 1952 is the correct year of birth. Can anyone clarify this? --[[User:Kallichore|Kallichore]] ([[User talk:Kallichore|talk]]) 04:49, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

:Harvey Fierstein’s autobiography ‘I Was Better Last Night’ has multiple references to how old Harvey is by year. For example in 1971 when he was doing the Andy Warhol play Pork Harvey writes he was barely 19 and got turndown from going to London with the show because of his age. Harvey’s real birth year is 1952 not 1954. [[User:ReSearch1011|ReSearch1011]] ([[User talk:ReSearch1011|talk]]) 21:53, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Revising article to 1952 per additional reliable sources:
* Library of Congress confirmed [https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83121334.html with Fierstein in 2021 that his birth year is 1952.]
* Fierstein explained the reason behind the widespread error [https://www.washingtonblade.com/2022/03/10/better-than-ever-an-interview-with-harvey-fierstein/ in a 2022 interview.]
The erroneous 1954 year is widely published in (otherwise typically reliable) sources, but Fierstein himself has gone on record to correct the date. — [[User:Hiplibrarianship|'''Hip'''Librarianship]] [[User talk:Hiplibrarianship|''talk'']] 02:22, 9 November 2024 (UTC)

== Reorg ==
I made some bold edits and reorganized the career section chronologically. Previously, there was a general career section with an acting subsection. Given the occasional overlap between Fierstein's writing and his acting, this didn't make sense to me. Also, there was material in the acting section that didn't belong there. Please discuss before reverting. Thanks. [[User:MonMothma|MonMothma]] ([[User talk:MonMothma|talk]]) 02:40, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

American Patriots Three Percent

2024-11-08T06:59:47Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise

{{Short description|Right-wing American militia movement}}
'''American Patriots Three Percent''', also known as '''AP3''' or '''APIII''', is a far-right [[American militia movement|American militia group]] that identifies itself as part of the [[Three Percenters]] movement.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Joshua |date=2024-08-17 |title=Armed and Underground: Inside the Turbulent, Secret World of an American Militia |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/inside-secret-ap3-militia-american-patriots-three-percent |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref>

The organization has used social media including [[Facebook]] as a recruiting tool.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Owen |first=Tess |title=Extremist Militias Are Coordinating in More Than 100 Facebook Groups |url=https://www.wired.com/story/extremist-militias-are-coordinating-on-facebook/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> An information leak from a right-wing website in 2021 has led to the identification of many members from the organization.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Jason |date=2021-03-03 |title=US militia group draws members from military and police, website leak shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/03/us-militia-membership-military-police-american-patriot-three-percenter-website-leak |access-date=2024-09-06 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Scot Seddon founded the organization during [[Barack Obama]]'s first presidential term.<ref name=":0" /> Sedon used TikTok to recruit new members in July 2024 following the [[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|assassination attempt on Donald Trump]].<ref name=owen>{{cite web | last=Owen | first=Tess | title=Militias Are Recruiting Off of the Trump Shooting | website=WIRED | date=2024-07-15 | url=https://www.wired.com/story/militia-recruitment-trump-shooting-assassination-attempt/ }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Three Percenters]]

[[Category:Right-wing militia organizations in the United States]]

{{US-poli-stub}}

Police Academy (franchise)

2024-11-08T05:23:34Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise, +wls

{{Short description|Series of comedy films}}
{{For multi|police training schools|Police academy|the 1984 film|Police Academy (film){{!}}''Police Academy'' (film)}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| image = Police Academy franchise logo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official franchise logo
| years = 1984-present
| origin = [[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]
| owner = [[Warner Bros.]]
| comics = 
| films = {{Plain list|
* ''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''
* ''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment]]''
* ''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training ]]''
* ''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol ]]''
* ''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''
* ''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege ]]''
* ''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]''
}}
| tv_series = ''[[Police Academy: The Series]]''
| atv = ''[[Police Academy (TV series)|Police Academy]]''
| soundtracks = 
| attractions = [[Police Academy Stunt Show]] (1994)
| otherlabel1 = Character(s)
| otherdata1 = [[List of Police Academy characters|List of characters]]
}}

'''''Police Academy''''' is a [[comedy film|comedy]] franchise of seven [[Movie theater|theatrical films]] and two [[Spin-off media|spin-off]] [[Television program|television shows]]. The 1984 film ''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]'' followed the premise of a new mayor requiring the local police department to accept all recruits. The film franchise relies heavily on [[slapstick]] humor and [[physical comedy]], as the misfit recruits attempt to prove themselves capable of being police officers, succeeding despite their eccentricities. The first four films follow Carey Mahoney ([[Steve Guttenberg]]), a repeat offender forced to join the [[police academy]] as punishment. The 1994 film ''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow|Mission to Moscow]]'' marked the seventh installment, with cast members [[George Gaynes]], [[Michael Winslow]], and [[David Graf]] appearing throughout the film series.

The first film grossed $149.8 million worldwide.<ref name=block/> While the subsequent films failed to impress critics, they sustained commercial success, grossing $388 million in total.<ref name=block/><ref name=pa7/> Parallels have been drawn between ''Police Academy'' and the British ''[[Carry On (film series)|Carry On]]'' series,<ref>{{cite book|last=Allon|first=Arum|title=Contemporary North American Film Directors: A Wallflower Critical Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarynort00yora|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Wallflower Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/contemporarynort00yora/page/571 571]|isbn=9781903364529 }}</ref> for their common tropes of a returning ensemble cast, frequent use of [[Low comedy|lowbrow humor]], and reliance on sexual innuendo.

Guttenberg announced in September 2018 that a new ''Police Academy'' movie was in the works after spending years in [[development hell]].<ref name="police-academy-8">{{cite news|title=Steve Guttenberg says another 'Police Academy' film is in the works |publisher=ComicBook.com |date=September 4, 2018|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2018/09/03/police-academy-8-movies-franchise-sequel/|access-date=January 20, 2020|author=Jenna Anderson}}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Overview of ''Police Academy'' films
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | U.S. release date
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Screenwriter(s)
! scope="col" | Producer(s)
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''
| {{Start date|1984|03|23}}
| [[Hugh Wilson (director)|Hugh Wilson]]
| [[Neal Israel]], [[Pat Proft]] & Hugh Wilson
| rowspan="7" | [[Paul Maslansky]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment]]''
| {{Start date|1985|03|29}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Jerry Paris]]
| [[Barry W. Blaustein]] & [[David Sheffield]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training]]''
| {{Start date|1986|03|21}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Gene Quintano]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol]]''
| {{Start date|1987|04|03}}
| [[Jim Drake (director)|Jim Drake]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''
| {{Start date|1988|03|18}}
| [[Alan Myerson]]
| rowspan="2" | Stephen Curwick
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege]]''
| {{Start date|1989|03|10}}
| [[Peter Bonerz]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]''
| {{Start date|1994|08|26}}
| [[Alan Metter]]
| Randolph Davis & Michele S. Chodos
|}

===''Police Academy'' (1984)===
{{Main|Police Academy (film)}}
''Police Academy'' was released in 1984 and directed by [[Hugh Wilson (director)|Hugh Wilson]]. The film has a newly elected female mayor announcing a policy requiring the police department to accept all willing recruits. The movie followed a group of misfit recruits in their attempts to prove themselves capable of being police officers and their adventures at the police academy.

===''Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment'' (1985)===
{{Main|Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment}}
In ''Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment'', the newly graduated cadets are sent to one of the worst [[police precinct|precincts]] in the city to improve the conditions. Lt. Mauser undermines their attempts so he can get Capt. Lassard fired and get the position in charge.

===''Police Academy 3: Back in Training'' (1986)===
{{Main|Police Academy 3: Back in Training}}
''Police Academy 3: Back in Training'' was released in 1986, and like its predecessor, was directed by [[Jerry Paris]]. When the governor of the state announces that budget cuts necessitate the closure of the worst of the two police academies, the officers of the Metropolitan Police Academy, led by Commandant Lassard, work on ensuring it is not theirs. This is hindered by their unusual gang of new cadets.

===''Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol'' (1987)===
{{Main|Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol}}
''Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol'', released in 1987 and directed by [[Jim Drake (director)|Jim Drake]], involves new recruits being brought in when the officers work with a newly formed Citizens on Patrol group. Harris and Proctor are in charge, though, and plan to dismantle the program. ''Citizens on Patrol'' was the final film starring Guttenberg.

===''Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach'' (1988)===
{{Main|Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach}}
''Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach'', released in 1988, was directed by [[Alan Myerson]]. The plot involves the officers attending a police convention in [[Florida]] to honor Commandant Eric Lassard as [[police officer]] of the decade, wherein he inadvertently switches his sports bag with that of a group of jewel thieves. The thieves try to get it back.

===''Police Academy 6: City Under Siege'' (1989)===
{{Main|Police Academy 6: City Under Siege}}
The sixth installment, ''Police Academy 6: City Under Siege'', directed by [[Peter Bonerz]], was released in 1989. When the city suffers from a dangerous set of crimes by a gang of jewel thieves, the Metropolitan Police Academy graduates are brought in to do something about it.

===''Police Academy: Mission to Moscow'' (1994)===
{{Main|Police Academy: Mission to Moscow}}
''Police Academy: Mission to Moscow'', released in 1994 and directed by Alan Metter, involved the officers going to [[Russia]] to help catch an international crime figure.

===Future===
A franchise reboot has been in various stages of [[development hell]] since 2003,<ref name="police-academy-8"/><ref name="Police Academy 8 is in the works">{{cite web|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/16068 |title=Police Academy 8 is in the works |publisher=Ain't it Cool |date=September 11, 2003 |access-date=June 25, 2015}}</ref> when the eighth ''Police Academy'' film was announced with a tentative release scheduled for 2007. The studio acknowledged the franchise's return after more than thirteen years of absence,<ref name="Police Academy 8 is in the works"/> Paul Maslansky stated, "I felt it was time to start again. I saw that ''[[Starsky & Hutch (film)|Starsky & Hutch]]'' and a number of other revivals were doing really well. ''Police Academy'' has such a great history, so I thought, 'Why not?'"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinecon.com/news.php?id=0407084 |title=New "Police Academy" movie in the works |publisher=Cinecon |date=July 8, 2004 |author=Ethan Aames |access-date=March 17, 2010}}</ref> with most of the main cast members set to return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviehole.net/news/6223.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031162938/http://www.moviehole.net/news/6223.html|archive-date=October 31, 2005|title=What's happening with Police Academy 8|last=Morris|first=Clint|date=August 9, 2005|publisher=Moviehole|access-date=March 17, 2010}}</ref> Hugh Wilson was later slated to direct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insomniacmania.com/news_default.php?id=472 |title=Police Academy 8 |last=Lone |first=Rob |date=September 8, 2004 |publisher=Insomniac Mania |access-date=March 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920125137/http://www.insomniacmania.com/news_default.php?id=472 |archive-date=September 20, 2004 }}</ref> [[Leslie Easterbrook]] (Capt. Debbie Callahan) and [[Marion Ramsey]] (Sgt. Laverne Hooks) mentioned that filming for the next ''Police Academy'' film was scheduled to commence principal photography mid-2006 to meet its 2007 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviehole.net/news/20061221_police_academy_shuts_down.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129100928/http://www.moviehole.net/news/20061221_police_academy_shuts_down.html |archive-date=January 29, 2008 |title=''Police Academy'' shuts down |publisher=Moviehole |date=December 21, 2006 |author=Clint Morris |access-date=March 17, 2010}}</ref> The film was suspended in October 2006, at which point Easterbrook mentioned that the project may be repurposed as a direct-to-DVD sequel. She added that though [[Warner Bros.]] wanted to do a new film, they wanted a producer to get independent financing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stargater.co.uk/forum/movies-films/police-academy-2007-t2207.html |title=Police Academy (2007) |publisher=Stargater |access-date=March 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505222138/http://www.stargater.co.uk/forum/movies-films/police-academy-2007-t2207.html |archive-date=May 5, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Brunton |first=Richard |url=http://www.filmstalker.co.uk/archives/2006/12/police_academy_8_dead.html |title=Police Academy dead? |publisher=Film Stalker |date=December 21, 2006 |access-date=March 17, 2010}}</ref>

In May 2008, Michael Winslow replied to a question about a possible new ''Police Academy'' film: "Anything's possible. You've got to hope for Paul Maslansky and those folks over there to put it together. It's up to them. It would be great to see everyone again."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/51617/the_den_of_geek_interview_michael_winslow.html|title=The Den Of Geek Interview: Michael Winslow – Den of Geek|publisher=Den of Geek|date=May 8, 2008 |access-date=March 7, 2009}}</ref> In November of the same year, Steve Guttenberg (Sgt. Carey Mahoney) confirmed that ''8'' was still in development and that he was working on the script with Warner Bros.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/fivelive |title=BBC Radio Five Live |publisher=BBC |access-date=March 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815095832/http://www.bbc.co.uk/fivelive/ |archive-date=August 15, 2000 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2021}} Guttenberg is slated to direct the film,<ref name="Moviehole">{{cite web|url=http://www.moviehole.net/200816749-guttenberg-returns-to-police-academy|title=Guttenberg returns to Police Academy|last=Morris|first=Clint|date=November 26, 2008|publisher=Moviehole|access-date=November 27, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129103503/http://www.moviehole.net/200816749-guttenberg-returns-to-police-academy|archive-date=January 29, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and stated that all living cast members from the previous installments would return to reprise their roles.<ref name="Moviehole"/>

In March 2010, New Line announced plans to revive the ''Police Academy'' franchise, with a new film in development with Paul Maslansky attached as filmmaker. Maslansky stated, "It's going to be very worthwhile to the people who remember it and to those who saw it on TV ... It's going to be a new class. We hope to discover new talent and season it with great comedians. It'll be anything but another movie with a numeral next to it. And we'll most probably retain the wonderful musical theme."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/cheat-sheet/item/police-academy-returning-to-big-screen/nostalgia/ |title=Police Academy Returning to Big Screen |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=March 5, 2010 |access-date=March 17, 2010}}</ref> Later that month, the filmmaker stated that he plans to bring back some of the original cast to train the new recruits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/17/police-academy-update-paul-maslansky/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330073329/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/03/17/police-academy-update-paul-maslansky |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 30, 2010 |title=Maslansky considering bringing back original characters for Police Academy 8 |publisher=MTV Movies Blog |date=March 17, 2010 |access-date=March 30, 2010}}</ref> While appearing as a guest on the July 12, 2010, edition of ''[[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]]'', Michael Winslow (Sgt. Larvell Jones) confirmed that ''Police Academy 8'' was in active development. In August 2010, Steve Guttenberg revealed a script was being written by [[David Diamond (screenwriter)|David Diamond]] and [[David Weissman]].<ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=http://moviemikes.com/2010/08/interview-with-steve-guttenberg/|title=Interview with Steve Guttenberg|last=Gencarelli|first=Mike|date=August 1, 2010|publisher=Movie Mikes|access-date=August 7, 2010|archive-date=August 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811111638/http://moviemikes.com/2010/08/interview-with-steve-guttenberg/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2010, actor [[Bobcat Goldthwait]] (Officer Zed) released a statement urging Hollywood to reboot the ''Police Academy'' series with a new group of actors instead of the original cast members. Goldthwait confirmed that Steve Guttenberg would return and that movie bosses were trying to get [[Kim Cattrall]] and [[Sharon Stone]] to return for an eighth film, though Goldthwait said he had no desire to return to the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/1/20100809/ten-goldthwait-wants-new-police-academy-c60bd6d.html|title=Yahoo News UK}}{{dead link|date=April 2015|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

By January 2012, [[New Line Cinema]] announced that Scott Zabielski would replace Maslansky as the director of the upcoming film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/01/new-line-taps-scott-zabielski-to-helm-police-academy-remake/ |title=New Line taps Scott Zabielski to helm 'Police Academy' remake |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=January 9, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2012}}</ref> Later in March of the same year, [[Michael Winslow]] stated that production of the eighth film tentatively scheduled to commence that November, and that an offer had been made to [[Shaquille O'Neal]] to replace the late [[Bubba Smith]] as Hightower.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/1291275/michael_winslow_the_new_police_academy_film_shaquille_oneal_as_hightower.html|title=Michael Winslow: the new Police Academy film, Shaquille O'Neal as Hightower?|work=Den of Geek|date=20 February 2020 }}</ref> In June 2012, [[Jeremy Garelick]] was hired to contribute to a rewrite the aforementioned script.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deadline.com/2012/06/jeremy-garelick-enlists-in-police-academy-rewrite/ |title=Jeremy Garelick enlists in 'Police Academy' rewrite |website=Deadline Hollywood |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=June 5, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/police-academy/21580/writer-hired-for-new-police-academy-movie |title=Writer hired for new 'Police Academy' movie |work=Denofgeek.com |last=Brew |first=Simon |date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=June 6, 2012}}</ref> After years of delays, Steve Guttenberg announced in September 2018, that the sequel was once again in active development; stating, "the next ''Police Academy'' is coming, no details yet, but it is in a gift bag being readied!"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2018/09/03/police-academy-8-movies-franchise-sequel/|title=New 'Police Academy' Movie in the Works According to Steve Guttenberg |work=comicbook.com |last=Anderson |first=Jenna |date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Overview of ''Police Academy'' television series
|-
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Season
! scope="col" | Episodes
! scope="col" | First released
! scope="col" | Last released
! scope="col" | Showrunner(s)
! scope="col" | Network(s)
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Police Academy (TV series)|Police Academy: The Animated Series]]''
| 2
| 65
| September 11, 1988
| January 28, 1989
| rowspan="2" | [[Paul Maslansky]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Broadcast syndication]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Police Academy: The Series]]''
| 1
| 26
| September 12, 1997
| May 25, 1998
|-
|}

===''Police Academy: The Animated Series'' (1988–1989)===
{{Main|Police Academy (TV series)}}
An animated comedy titled ''Police Academy'', also known as ''Police Academy: The Animated Series'', was produced by [[Ruby-Spears Productions]] and [[Warner Bros. Television]]. It ran from September 1988 to September 1989, lasting two seasons with 65 episodes produced.

===''Police Academy: The Series'' (1997–1998)===
{{Main|Police Academy: The Series}}
''Police Academy: The Series'' is a 1997 live-action show based on the films, comprising 26 episodes, each one hour. It was produced by Warner Bros. Television and Protocol Entertainment. [[Michael Winslow]] reprised his role from the films, and several others made occasional guest appearances.

==Comic books==
A six-issue series of ''Police Academy'' comic books was produced as a spin-off of the animated series beginning in August 1989. The series was published by [[Marvel Comics]],<ref name="Lalor">Chris Lalor, "'Police Academy' ... The Comic", ''New York Newsday'' (August 19, 1989), p. 53.</ref> under a "Star Comics Presents" byline.

The series was written by Angelo DeCesare, pencilled by [[Howard Post]], and inked by Jacqueline Roettcher.<ref name="Lalor"/>

==Main cast and characters==
{{main|List of Police Academy characters|List of Police Academy cast members}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center";
|+Overview of ''Police Academy'' cast and characters
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="3" | Character
!scope="colgroup" colspan="7" | Films
!scope="colgroup" colspan="2" | Television
|-
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment|Police Academy 2: {{small|Their First Assignment}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training|Police Academy 3: {{small|Back in Training}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol|Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach|Police Academy 5: {{small|Assignment Miami Beach}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege|Police Academy 6: {{small|City Under Siege}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow|Police Academy: {{small|Mission to Moscow}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy (TV series)|Police Academy: {{small|The Animated Series}}]]''
!scope="col"| ''[[Police Academy: The Series|Police Academy: {{small|The Series}}]]''
|-
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1984'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1985'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1986'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1987'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1988'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1989'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1994'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1988–1989'''}}
!scope="col" style="background:ivory;"| {{small|'''1997–1998'''}}
|-
!scope="row"| Carey Mahoney
| colspan="4" | [[Steve Guttenberg]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Ron Rubin (voice actor)|Ron Rubin]]
|style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Moses Hightower
| colspan="6" | [[Bubba Smith]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | Greg Morton
| colspan="1" | [[Bubba Smith]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| Larvell Jones
| colspan="7" | [[Michael Winslow]]
| colspan="1" | Greg Morton
| colspan="1" | [[Michael Winslow]]
|-
!scope="row"| Eugene Tackleberry
| colspan="7" | [[David Graf]]
| colspan="1" | Dan Hennessey
| colspan="1" | [[David Graf]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| [[Eric Lassard]]
| colspan="7" | [[George Gaynes]]
| colspan="1" | Tedd Dillon
| colspan="1" | [[George Gaynes]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| Laverne Hooks
| colspan="6" | [[Marion Ramsey]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | Denise Pidgeon
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Henry J. Hurst
| colspan="6" | [[George R. Robertson]]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[George R. Robertson]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| Debbie Callahan
| [[Leslie Easterbrook]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="5" | [[Leslie Easterbrook]]
| colspan="1" | Denise Pidgeon
| colspan="1" | [[Leslie Easterbrook]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| Thaddeus Harris
| [[G. W. Bailey]]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="4" | [[G. W. Bailey]]
| colspan="1" | [[Len Carlson]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Carl Proctor
| style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="5" | [[Lance Kinsey]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Don Francks]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Douglas Fackler
| colspan="3" | [[Bruce Mahler]]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Bruce Mahler]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Violet Fackler
| [[Debralee Scott]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Debralee Scott]]
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Bud Kirkland
| style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="3" | Andrew Paris
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Carl Sweetchuck
| style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="3" | [[Tim Kazurinsky]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Howard Morris]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Zed McGlunk
| style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="3"| [[Bobcat Goldthwait]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | Dan Hennessey
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Chad Copeland
| [[Scott Thomson (actor)|Scott Thomson]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Scott Thomson (actor)|Scott Thomson]]
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Kyle Blankes
| Brant Von Hoffman
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| Brant Von Hoffman
| colspan="6" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Kathleen Kirkland
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Colleen Camp]]
| style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Colleen Camp]]
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Ernie Mauser
| style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Art Metrano]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Rex Hagon]]
| colspan="1" | [[Art Metrano]] (''guest'')
|-
!scope="row"| Tomoko Nogata
| colspan="2" style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Brian Tochi]]
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Thomas Conklin
| colspan="3" style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Tab Thacker]]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| colspan="1" | [[Don Francks]]
| colspan="1" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
!scope="row"| Nick Lassard
| colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Matt McCoy (actor)|Matt McCoy]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|}

==Additional crew and production details==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Production details of the ''Police Academy'' franchise
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
!scope="colgroup" colspan="7"| Crew/Detail
|-
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Composer(s)
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Cinematographer
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Editor(s)
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Production companies
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Distributing company
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Running time
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''
| rowspan="6"| [[Robert Folk]]
| Michael D. Margulies
| Robert Brown & [[Zach Staenberg]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.: a Warner Communications Company]], Paul Maslansky Productions, [[The Ladd Company]]<ref name="PoliceAcademy_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/57167-POLICE-ACADEMY?sid=5c619df7-5510-4cd5-b971-4964b8f6ff25&sr=10.865606&cp=1&pos=0|publisher=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy (1984)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Part2_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/58288-POLICE-ACADEMY2THEIRFIRSTASSIGNMENT?sid=90be81d9-1a44-41e7-ad9d-0f3e760caa3c&sr=8.308677&cp=1&pos=1|work=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| rowspan="6"| [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
| 1 hr 36 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment|Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment]]''
| [[James Crabe]]
| Bob Wyman
| 1 hr 27 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training|Police Academy 3: Back in Training]]''
| rowspan="2"| Robert Saad
| [[Bud Molin]]
| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.: a Warner Communications Company]], Paul Maslansky Productions, Jerry Paris Films, Police Academy Productions<ref name="Part3_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/57442-POLICE-ACADEMY3BACKINTRAINING?sid=367a484d-d204-468f-8f56-319c1f0a7f02&sr=7.236296&cp=1&pos=3|publisher=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy 3: Back in Training (1986)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| 1 hr 23 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol|Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol]]''
| David Rawlins
| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros. Inc.: Warner Communications Inc.]], Paul Maslansky Productions<ref name="Part4_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/57781-POLICE-ACADEMY4CITIZENSONPATROL?sid=7566b8f3-fb65-4043-91d1-df1d0bf095bc&sr=6.630373&cp=1&pos=5|publisher=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (1987)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| 1 hr 28 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach|Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''
| James Pergola
| rowspan="2"| Hubert C. de la Bouillerie
| Warner Bros. Inc.: Warner Communications Inc., Paul Maslansky Productions, Alan Myerson Films<ref name="Part 5_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/59038-POLICE-ACADEMY5ASSIGNMENTMIAMIBEACH?sid=2fa4afe8-f167-4ac2-aa93-1538e6142a93&sr=8.180639&cp=1&pos=2|publisher=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| 1 hr 30 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege|Police Academy 6: City Under Siege]]''
| Charles Rosher Jr.
| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros. Inc.: a Warner Communications Company]], Paul Maslansky Productions<ref name="Part6_AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/58234-POLICE-ACADEMY6CITYUNDERSIEGE?sid=17b496b5-3612-45e6-9e21-fed60049a9db&sr=6.8431964&cp=1&pos=4|work=American Film Institute|title=Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (1989)|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| 1 hr 24 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy (TV series)|Police Academy: The Animated Series]]''
| Scott Thomas Canfield and [[John Debney]]
| {{N/A|Director of Animation: Ric Gonzalez}}
| Chip Yaras
| [[Warner Bros. Television Studios|Warner Bros. Television]], [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Enterprises]]
| [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]
| 21 hrs 40 mins {{small|(20 mins/episode)}}
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow|Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]''
| Robert Folk
| Ian Jones
| Dennis Hill & Suzanne Hines
| [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]], Paul Maslansky Productions<ref name="Part7_Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/police-academy-mission-to-moscow-3-1200437488/|work=Variety|title=Police Academy: Mission to Moscow|author=Elley, Derek|date=June 24, 1994|accessdate=July 21, 2024}}</ref>
| Warner Bros. Pictures
| 1 hr 23 mins
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Police Academy: The Series|Police Academy: The Series]]''
| Ken Harrison, Ken Williams, Karel Roessingh, Jim Guttridge, Daryl Bennett, Ari Wise, and Hal Beckett
| Manfred Guthe
| Daria Ellerman, Richard Schwadel, and Allyson Boyce
| [[Warner Bros. Television Studios|Warner Bros. International Television Productions]], Paul Mansky Productions, Goodman/Rosen Productions, [[Protocol Entertainment]]
| Syndication
| 26 hrs {{small|(60 mins/episode)}}
|}

==Reception==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Box office performance of ''Police Academy'' films
|-
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Release date
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Domestic gross
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Worldwide gross
!scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| Budget
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy.htm|title=Police Academy (1984) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block>{{cite book|editor1-last=Block|editor1-first=Alex Ben|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Lucy Autrey|year=2010|title=George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=9780061778896|page=[https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex/page/631 631]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex/page/631}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IF YOU ENJOYED 'POLICE ACADEMY,' GET READY FOR ANOTHER |last= Thomas|first= Bob|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|date= 11 January 1985|page= E}}</ref>
|{{Start date|1984|3|23}}
|$81,198,894
|$149,840,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$4,800,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy2.htm|title=Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block/>
|{{Start date|1985|3|29}}
|$55,600,000
|$114,993,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$7,500,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy3.htm|title=Police Academy 3: Back in Training (1986) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block/>
|{{Start date|1986|3|21}}
|$43,579,163
|$107,639,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$12,239,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy4.htm|title=Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (1987) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block/>
|{{Start date|1987|4|3}}
|$28,061,343
|$76,819,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$17,325,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy5.htm|title=Police Academy 5: Assignment: Miami Beach (1988) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block/>
|{{Start date|1988|3|18}}
|$19,510,371
|$54,499,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$13,858,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy6.htm|title=Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (1989) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=block/>
|{{Start date|1989|3|10}}
|$11,567,217
|$33,190,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$14,515,000
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy7.htm|title=Police Academy 7: Mission to Moscow (1994) |work= [[Box Office Mojo]] }}</ref><ref name=pa7>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=June 24, 1994|page=1|title=International: Top grossing films June 16-22|quote=Police Academy 7 $1.11 million}}</ref>
|{{Start date|1994|8|26}}
|$126,247
|$1,200,000
| style="text-align:center;"|$10,000,000
|-
!scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Total
|$239,643,235
|$538,180,000
|$79,937,000
|
|}

The films have received overall negative reviews, apart from the first film which had more mixed reviews.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+Critical and public response of the ''Police Academy'' films
!scope="col"| Film
!scope="col"| [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
!scope="col"| [[Metacritic]]
!scope="col"| [[CinemaScore]]<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemascore.com/ |title=CinemaScore |publisher=[[CinemaScore]] |access-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220413083139/https://www.cinemascore.com/ |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy (film)|Police Academy]]''
| 56% (32 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy/|title=Police Academy|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 41 (6 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy|title=Police Academy |work=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment]]''
| 28% (18 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_2_their_first_assignment|title=Police Academy 2|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 39 (8 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-2-their-first-assignment|title=Police Academy 2|work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 3: Back in Training]]''
| 36% (11 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_3_back_in_training|title=Police Academy 3|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 33 (8 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-3-back-in-training|title=Police Academy 3|work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{sort grade|B+}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol]]''
| 0% (20 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_4_citizens_on_patrol|title= Police Academy 4|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 26 (8 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-4-citizens-on-patrol|title=Police Academy 4 |work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{sort grade|B-}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach]]''
| 0% (9 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_5_assignment_miami_beach|title= Police Academy 5|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 18 (10 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-5-assignment-miami-beach|title=Police Academy 5 |work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{sort grade|B}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege]]''
| 0% (9 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_6_city_under_siege|title= Police Academy 6|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 16 (8 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-6-city-under-siege|title=Police Academy 6 |work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{sort grade|B-}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Police Academy: Mission to Moscow]]''
| 0% (8 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_7_mission_to_moscow|title= Police Academy 7|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref>
| 11 (4 reviews)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-mission-to-moscow|title=Police Academy 7|work= [[Metacritic]] }}</ref>
| {{N/A}}
|}

==Music==
* ''[[Police Academy (film)#Music|Police Academy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]''
* ''Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
* ''Police Academy 3: Back in Training (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
* ''[[Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol#Music|Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)]]''
* ''Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
* ''Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
* ''Police Academy: Mission to Moscow (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''

==Other media==
===Theme park attraction===
{{Main|Police Academy Stunt Show}}

===Video games===
Two aborted attempts at video game adaptations of the franchise were planned, one by [[Hasbro]] for the aborted [[Control-Vision]] console, developed by Mark Turmell, and the other was an unlicensed [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] game by [[Tengen (company)|Tengen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parish |first=Jeremy |date=2018-10-31 |title=The story of NEMO, Hasbro's console that never was |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/10/31/17997106/nemo-hasbro-vhs-console-mark-turmell |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stillgaming |date=2010-02-14 |title=19... oops, 15 Ways to Start the 90s with a Bang! |url=http://gamingafter40.blogspot.com/2010/02/19-oops-15-ways-to-start-90s-with-bang.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Gaming After 40}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NES WORLD Forum - Police Academy for NES? |url=http://www.nesworld.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.pl?num=1222654485 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.nesworld.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Combat Academy]]''
*''[[Moving Violations]]''
*''[[Hamburger: The Motion Picture]]''
*''[[The Last Precinct]]''
*''[[Lavalantula]]''
*''[[Recruits (film)|Recruits]]''
*''[[Ski Patrol (1990 film)|Ski Patrol]]''
*''[[Stitches (1985 film)|Stitches]]''
*''[[Vice Academy]]''
*''[[Weekend Warriors (film)|Weekend Warriors]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q1248429|id=tt0087928|title=Police Academy}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q589896|id=tt0089822|title=Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q610435|id=tt0091777|title=Police Academy 3: Back in Training}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q1475765|id=tt0093756|title=Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q1475462|id=tt0095882|title=Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q1475469|id=tt0098105|title=Police Academy 6: City Under Siege}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q924756|id=tt0110857|title=Police Academy: Mission to Moscow}}

{{Police Academy}}
{{Warner Bros. franchises}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Academy (Franchise)}}
[[Category:Police Academy (franchise)| ]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Pictures franchises]]
[[Category:American film series]]
[[Category:Comedy film franchises]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 1984]]
[[Category:Films set in police academies]]
[[Category:Mass media franchises introduced in 1984]]

Police Academy: Mission to Moscow

2024-11-08T02:14:12Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{Short description|1994 film directed by Alan Metter}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Police Academy: Mission to Moscow
| image = Police Academy Mission to Moscow - Filmi 1994.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Alan Metter]]
| producer = [[Paul Maslansky]]
| writer = Randolph Davis Michele S. Chodos
| based_on = {{Based on|Characters|[[Neal Israel]]|[[Pat Proft]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[George Gaynes]]
* [[Michael Winslow]]
* [[David Graf]]
* [[Leslie Easterbrook]]
* [[Claire Forlani]]
* [[Ron Perlman]]
* [[Christopher Lee]]
* [[Charlie Schlatter]]
* [[G. W. Bailey]]
}}
| music = [[Robert Folk]]
| cinematography = Ian Jones
| editing = Dennis Hill Suzanne Hines
| distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1994|6|17|United Kingdom|1994|8|26|United States}}
| runtime = 83 minutes
| language = English Russian
| country = United States
| budget = $10 million<ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=Police Academy 7: Mission to Moscow (1994) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Police-Academy-7-Mission-to-Moscow#tab=summary |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref>
| gross = $1.2 million
}}

'''''Police Academy: Mission to Moscow''''' is a 1994 American [[action comedy film]] starring [[George Gaynes]], [[Michael Winslow]], [[David Graf]], and [[Claire Forlani]] (in her feature film debut). The film was directed by [[Alan Metter]] and written by Randolph Davis and Michele S. Chodos. The seventh installment in the [[Police Academy (franchise)|''Police Academy'' franchise]], sequel to ''[[Police Academy 6: City Under Siege]]'', cast members Gaynes, Winslow, and Graf appear in all seven films.

== Plot ==
[[Russian mafia]] boss Konstantine Konali ([[Ron Perlman]]) is laundering money under the guise of a legitimate business: a highly addictive video game that allows him to bring down almost any security system controlled by a computer on which the game has been played, with a string of major robberies as the result.

Desperate to apprehend Konali, Russian Commandant Alexandrei Nikolaivich Rakov ([[Christopher Lee]]) sends for help from America. Rakov decides to bring in someone he met at a police convention, Commandant Eric Lassard ([[George Gaynes]]).

Lassard briefs his team about the mission in Russia, then they head to Moscow. Along with Lassard in Moscow are Sergeant Larvell Jones ([[Michael Winslow]]), Sergeant Eugene Tackleberry ([[David Graf]]), Captain Debbie Callahan ([[Leslie Easterbrook]]), Cadet Kyle Connors ([[Charlie Schlatter]]), and Captain Thaddeus Harris ([[G. W. Bailey]]).

As they plan to capture Konali, he has devised a new scheme: to create an even more addictive version of the game, which can bring down any computer security system in the world, including the systems that protect the databases which belong to world powers.

==Cast==
{{Main|List of Police Academy characters}}

===Officers on the Mission to Moscow===
* [[Michael Winslow]] as Sergeant Larvell Jones
* [[David Graf]] as Sergeant Eugene Tackleberry
* [[Leslie Easterbrook]] as Captain Debbie Callahan
* [[George Gaynes]] as Commandant Eric Lassard
* [[G. W. Bailey]] as Captain Thaddeus Harris
* [[Charlie Schlatter]] as Cadet Kyle Connors

===The Russians===
* [[Christopher Lee]] as Commandant Aleksandr Nikolaevich Rakov
* [[Ron Perlman]] as Konstantin Konali
* [[Claire Forlani]] as Katrina Sergeeva
* [[Gregg Berger]] as Lieutenant Yuri Talinsky
* Alexander Skorokhod as [[President of Russia]] [[Boris Yeltsin]]
* Vladimir Dolinsky as Bellboy
* [[Maria Vinogradova]] as Old Woman With A Bag In [[Gorky Park (Moscow)|Gorky Park]]
* [[Nikolai Pastukhov]] as Head of The Family
* [[Allyn Ann McLerie]] as Irina Petrovskaya
* [[Lonnie Burr]] as Gay Moscovite

===Others===
* Richard Israel as Adam Sharp
* Pamela Guest as Lindsay
* [[Stuart Nisbet]] as Ed
* [[David St. James]] as News Director

== Production ==
The shooting of the film took place in Russia in the fall of 1993.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police Academy' Forced to Play by Moscow Rules |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |date=1993-10-10 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-10-10-ca-44101-story.html |access-date=2011-01-10 |first=Claudia |last=Eller |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104181841/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-10/entertainment/ca-44101_1_police-academy |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the behind-the-scenes featurette ''Underneath the Mission'', included on the DVD release, this was one of the first American-produced comedy films to be allowed to film in post-Soviet Russia itself, with scenes filmed involving the [[Bolshoi Ballet]], and on [[Red Square]]. Production was temporarily halted due to the [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|October 1993 constitutional crisis]] and the damaged [[White House, Moscow]] is clearly visible in one scene. Despite the conflict, production was allowed to resume with one of the first scenes after the conflict being filmed at Moscow's airport. According to an interview with [[Michael Winslow]], in the ''Underneath the Mission'' featurette, the scene where he performs bike tricks involved him wearing a wireless microphone in order to pick up his comedic sound effects. Unknown to the production crew, the frequency used by the microphone was the same as that used by the military, resulting in officials descending upon the film crew (though the incident ended on friendly terms, says Paul Maslansky).<ref>"Underneath the Mission" (2004), a featurette included on the 2004 DVD release of ''Police Academy: Mission to Moscow'', Warner Bros. Home Video</ref>

== Reception ==
===Box office===
''Mission to Moscow'' was released on June 17, 1994 in the United Kingdom on 211 screens and grossed £192,222 ($295,000) for the weekend, finishing in third place.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=June 24, 1994|page=62|title=UK top 15: June 17–19}}</ref> In Germany it was released on June 18, 1994 on 346 screens and grossed 1,212,651 [[Deutschemark]] ($734,940) finishing at the top of the box office in its opening 4-day weekend. In Sweden it was released the same week on 24 screens and finished in second place.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=June 24, 1994|page=60|title=International box office}}</ref> From the three territories, it grossed $1.11 million.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=June 24, 1994|page=1|title=International: Top grossing films June 16–22}}</ref> It did not see a [[wide release]] in the United States and Canada. Unlike all the other ''Police Academy'' films, Warner Bros. only released the picture in a token, limited run, grossing a scant [[United States dollar|$]]126,247 in the U.S. and Canada, making it the least successful movie in the series.<ref>{{cite news |date=1993-12-31 |author=Variety Staff |title= Police Academy: Mission to Moscow |magazine= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url= https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117794064 |access-date=2010-12-04 }}</ref><ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=policeacademy7.htm |title=Police Academy 7: Mission to Moscow (1994) |website=Box Office Mojo }}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has [[List of films with a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes|an approval rating of 0%]] based on reviews from eight critics.<ref>{{cite web |title= Police Academy 7 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/police_academy_7_mission_to_moscow }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] the film has a score of 11% based on reviews from 4 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".<ref>{{cite web |title=Police Academy 7 |work= [[Metacritic]] |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/police-academy-mission-to-moscow }}</ref> According to film historian [[Leonard Maltin]], "If the United States and Soviet Union were still at odds, this film would make a great weapon...it could bore people to death."{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|0110857}}
* {{TCMDb title|18775|Police Academy: Mission to Moscow}}

{{Police Academy}}
{{Alan Metter}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Police Academy: Mission to Moscow}}
[[Category:Police Academy (film series)| 7]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1990s police comedy films]]
[[Category:1994 action comedy films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:Films set in Moscow]]
[[Category:Films shot in Moscow]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Robert Folk]]
[[Category:Films directed by Alan Metter]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Boris Yeltsin]]
[[Category:1994 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Paul Maslansky]]
[[Category:Films about the Russian Mafia]]
[[Category:Films about video games]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:English-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language action comedy films]]

Addams Family Values

2024-11-05T03:15:29Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{Short description|1993 film by Barry Sonnenfeld}}
{{about|the 1993 film|the 2021 animated film|The Addams Family 2{{!}}The Addams Family 2}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Addams Family Values
| image = Addams family values.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Barry Sonnenfeld]]
| writer = [[Paul Rudnick]]
| producer = [[Scott Rudin]]
| based_on = {{Based on|[[The Addams Family|Characters]]|[[Charles Addams]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anjelica Huston]]
* [[Raul Julia]]
* [[Christopher Lloyd]]
* [[Joan Cusack]]
* [[Christina Ricci]]
* [[Carol Kane]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Donald Peterman]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arthur Schmidt (film editor)|Arthur Schmidt]]
* [[Jim Miller (film editor)|Jim Miller]]
}}
| music = [[Marc Shaiman]]
| studio = [[Scott Rudin Productions]]
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1993|11|19|United States}}
| runtime = 94 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $47 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59447 |title=AFI Catalog - Addams Family Values |work=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=April 27, 2018 |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519022725/http://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59447 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = $111 million<ref name=worldwide/>
}}

'''''Addams Family Values''''' is a 1993 American [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[black comedy]] film directed by [[Barry Sonnenfeld]] and written by [[Paul Rudnick]], based on the [[The Addams Family|characters]] created by [[Charles Addams]]. It is the sequel to ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991). The film features almost all the main cast members from the original film, including [[Anjelica Huston]], [[Raul Julia]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Christina Ricci]], [[Carel Struycken]], [[Jimmy Workman]], and [[Christopher Hart (actor)|Christopher Hart]]. [[Joan Cusack]] and [[Carol Kane]] joined the cast for this film.

Compared to its predecessor, which retained something of the madcap approach of the [[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|1960s sitcom]], ''Addams Family Values'' is played more for very dark and [[macabre]] laughs.<ref>{{cite news | title=Charles Addams Might Grimace at This 'Family' | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=December 20, 1993 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-20-ca-3865-story.html | access-date=August 24, 2010 | first=David | last=Levy | archive-date=December 3, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091458/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-20/entertainment/ca-3865_1_charles-addams | url-status=live }}</ref> The film revolves around the family's adjustments to the birth of new baby Pubert. Subplots include [[Uncle Fester]] marrying the new [[nanny]] Debbie Jellinsky, who is a serial killer intending to murder him for his inheritance; and teenagers [[Wednesday Addams|Wednesday]] and [[Pugsley Addams]] being sent to [[summer camp]].

The film was released by [[Paramount Pictures]] on November 19, 1993. In contrast to its predecessor's mixed reception, the film was well received by critics; however, it was not as financially successful, with a box office gross of $111 million against a budget of $47 million. In the decades since its release, the film has become acclaimed for its humor and performances. This would be Julia's final theatrical film released during his lifetime; he would appear posthumously in one more film, [[Street Fighter (1994 film)|''Street Fighter'']] (1994). The film was followed by another sequel, ''[[Addams Family Reunion]]''.

==Plot==

[[Gomez Addams|Gomez]] and [[Morticia Addams]] have a baby, hiring the nanny Debbie Jellinsky to care for their newborn son Pubert. This is after a number of failed attempts by his siblings [[Wednesday Addams|Wednesday]] and [[Pugsley Addams|Pugsley]] to kill him, for which Gomez and Morticia gently rebuke them.

Unbeknownst to them, Debbie is a serial killer who marries and then murders rich [[bachelor]]s to [[Gold digger|collect their inheritances]]. After she seduces [[Uncle Fester]], Wednesday becomes suspicious of her intentions. To maintain her cover, Debbie tricks Gomez and Morticia into believing Wednesday and Pugsley want to go to [[summer camp]].

Wednesday and Pugsley are sent to Camp Chippewa, managed by the bubbly Gary and Becky Granger. There, they are singled out by the [[Camp counselor|counselor]]s and popular and snobbish girl Amanda Buckman for their [[macabre]] appearance and behavior. Joel Glicker, a nerdy [[bookworm]] and fellow outcast, becomes attracted to Wednesday. Debbie and Fester become engaged.

At her bachelorette party, Debbie is repulsed by the Addams family and their relatives. At their wedding, Fester passionately and with great emotion declares his everlasting devotion, while Debbie offers a lackluster response. On their [[honeymoon]], she tries unsuccessfully to kill Fester by throwing a [[boombox]] into the bathtub.

Frustrated, Debbie forces him to cut ties with his family; when they try to visit Fester and Debbie at their home, they are turned away. The Addamses are alarmed to find that Pubert has transformed into a [[blue-eyed]], rosy-cheeked and [[blond]]-haired baby. [[Grandmama (The Addams Family)|Grandmama]] attributes this to his disrupted family life, and Gomez becomes horribly depressed.

Back at Camp Chippewa, the counselors cast Wednesday as [[Pocahontas]] in Gary's [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] play, "A Turkey Named Brotherhood". When she refuses to participate, she, Pugsley, and Joel are all sent to the camp's "Harmony Hut" and forced to watch hours of wholesome family entertainment movies and television shows.

Afterwards, the three feign cheerfulness, and Wednesday agrees to take part. However, during the performance, she returns to being her true self. With help from Joel, Pugsley, and the other outcasts, they capture Amanda, Gary, and Becky by igniting the pilgrim set. Later, Wednesday and Joel share their first kiss before she leaves, with Joel staying behind to lead their friends to ensure the camp's permanent destruction. Pugsley and Wednesday return home in the campsite's stolen van.

Debbie tries to kill Fester by blowing up their mansion, but he survives. She then pulls a gun and reveals that she never loved him and was only after his money. [[Thing (The Addams Family)|Thing]] helps Fester.

Fester later apologizes to Gomez at the Addams mansion, Wednesday and Pugsley return, successfully reuniting the family at last. Just then, Debbie arrives, holds them at gunpoint, and straps them into [[electric chair]]s to kill them all.

The Addams family listens to her sympathetically, as she explains that as a child and young (self-proclaimed) ballerina, she killed her parents Sharon and Dave after they gave her a [[Barbie|Malibu Barbie]] doll on her 10th birthday rather than her desired ballerina Barbie. Then, as an adult, murdered her first two husbands for incredibly frivolous and materialistic reasons.

Meanwhile Pubert, now restored to his normally pale and mustachioed self, escapes from his crib with a knife and reaches the family via a series of improbable events. As Debbie lowers the switch to electrocute the Addamses, Pubert connects two loose wires, rerouting the electrical current through her instead, destroying her in spectacular fashion. All that remains are a pile of ashes, her shoes, and her [[credit card]]s—the means of the family's salvation.

Some time later, the Addamses and their relatives gather to celebrate Pubert's first birthday, with Joel also attending. Fester laments Debbie's loss, but soon becomes smitten with Dementia, a new nanny Cousin Itt and his wife Margaret Alford have hired for their child.

Out in the family graveyard, Joel attempts to ask Wednesday out by asking about having a future with a husband, though she turns him down. She then tells him Debbie was a sloppy husband killer, and that Wednesday would have scared her husband to death and made sure not to be caught. As he lays flowers on Debbie's grave, a hand emerges from the earth and grabs him, prompting Wednesday to smile as he screams.

==Cast==
* [[Anjelica Huston]] as [[Morticia Addams]]
* [[Raul Julia]] as [[Gomez Addams]]
* [[Christopher Lloyd]] as [[Fester Addams]]
* [[Christina Ricci]] as [[Wednesday Addams]]
* [[Christopher Hart (actor)|Christopher Hart]] as [[Thing (Addams Family)|Thing]]
* [[Carel Struycken]] as [[Lurch (The Addams Family)|Lurch]]
* [[Jimmy Workman]] as [[Pugsley Addams]]
* [[Carol Kane]] as [[Grandmama (Addams Family)|Grandmama Addams]] (replacing [[Judith Malina]])
* [[John Franklin (actor)|John Franklin]] as [[Cousin Itt]]
* [[Joan Cusack]] as Debbie Jellinsky
* [[Dana Ivey]] as Margaret Alford-Addams (wife of Cousin Itt Addams)
* [[David Krumholtz]] as Joel Glicker
* Kaitlyn and Kristen Hooper as Pubert Addams{{efn|[[Cheryl Chase (actress)|Cheryl Chase]] provided vocal effects for Pubert Addams.}}
* [[Peter MacNicol]] as Gary Granger
* [[Christine Baranski]] as Becky Martin-Granger
* [[Mercedes McNab]] as Amanda Buckman, a camper at Camp Chippewa (McNab played the [[Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting|Girl Scout]] in the first film)

===Cameo roles===
* Director [[Barry Sonnenfeld]] and [[Julie Halston]] as the parents of Joel Glicker.
* [[Nathan Lane]] as the police desk sergeant. Lane would eventually go on to play Gomez in the [[The Addams Family (musical)|Addams Family Broadway musical]].
* [[David Hyde Pierce]] as the delivery room doctor
* [[Peter Graves]] as ''America's Most Disgusting Unsolved Crimes'' anchorman
* [[Sam McMurray]] and [[Harriet Sansom Harris]] as Amanda's parents
* [[Ian Abercrombie]] as a driver
* [[Chris Ellis (actor)|Chris Ellis]] as a furniture delivery driver
* [[Tony Shalhoub]] as Jorge
* [[Cynthia Nixon]] as Heather, a nanny interviewee

==Production==
The "family values" in the film's title is a tongue-in-cheek reference by writer [[Paul Rudnick]] to a 1992 speech ("Reflections on Urban America") made by then-vice presidential candidate [[Dan Quayle]]. In the speech, Quayle controversially blamed the [[1992 Los Angeles riots]] on a breakdown of "family values".<ref name="Huston">{{cite book| title=Watch Me| url=https://archive.org/details/watchmememoir0000hust| url-access=registration| first=Anjelica| last=Huston| publisher=Scribner's| year=2014| pages=262–263| isbn=9781476760346}}</ref>

Production of ''Addams Family Values'' began in Los Angeles on February 8, 1993.<ref name="AFI">{{Cite web |title=ADDAMS FAMILY VALUES (1993) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59447 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323174932/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59447 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Anjelica Huston, it became increasingly clear during filming that Raul Julia's health was deteriorating. He had trouble eating and was losing weight as a result.<ref name="Huston" /> He died on October 24, 1994, less than a year after the film was released. [[Sequoia National Park]], particularly Sequoia Lake, in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] of California, was the site of the movie's "Camp Chippewa".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://movie-locations.com/movies/a/Addams-Family-Values.php| title=Addams Family Values Filming Locations| publisher=movie-locations.com| access-date=November 29, 2018}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Addams Family Values: The Original Orchestral Score}}
{{Main|Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture}}

=== Michael Jackson's involvement ===
American singer [[Michael Jackson]] was supposed to feature a song in the film, called "Family Thing".{{sfn|Halstead|Cadman|2003|p=8}} The song is mostly rumored to have been removed due to the [[1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson|child sexual abuse allegations]] against Jackson; in reality, it was because of contractual differences with Paramount Pictures.{{sfn|Halstead|Cadman|2003}} The song has since been leaked online.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Jackson - Family Thing [Full Song HQ available]| website=[[YouTube]] | date=August 23, 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBcB35gAA-k| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/KBcB35gAA-k| archive-date=November 7, 2021 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Jackson is referenced in the film via a poster in the Harmony Hut advertising his 1992 single "[[Heal the World]]", which horrifies Joel.

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Addams Family Values'' opened at number 1 at the US box office in its opening weekend with a reported gross of $14,117,545.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=1993&wknd=47&p=.htm | title = Weekend Box Office Results for November 19–21, 1993 | work = [[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> In its second week, the film dropped to number 2 behind ''[[Mrs. Doubtfire]]'', and in its third week to number 3 behind ''Mrs. Doubtfire'' and ''[[A Perfect World]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=addamsfamilyvalues.htm | title = Addams Family Values (1993) - Weekend Box Office Results | work = [[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date = April 20, 2020 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000944/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=addamsfamilyvalues.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Its final box office gross in the United States and Canada was $48,919,043, a significant decline from the previous film's domestic total of $113,502,426.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=addamsfamilyvalues.htm | title=The Addams Family box office totals | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=October 10, 2019 | archive-date=July 5, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705002141/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=addamsfamilyvalues.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Internationally it grossed $62 million, for a worldwide total of $110.9 million.<ref name=worldwide>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=M-56|date=October 17, 1994|title=Top 100 grossers worldwide, '93-94}}</ref>

===Critical response===
{{quote box|quote=I'm of the firm belief that the Addams Family are the most loving, caring and connected family that has ever graced the silver screen. They are wildly devoted to each other, show an interest in what the others are doing and spend tons of quality time together. In all honesty, there's quite a bit to be jealous [of] when watching them.|source=Jonathan Barkan, ''[[Bloody Disgusting]]'', 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3340010/addams-family-member/|title=Which Addams Family Member Are You?|first=Jonathan|last=Barkan|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|publisher=The Collective|date=April 14, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2017|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501175159/http://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3340010/addams-family-member/|url-status=live}}</ref>|width=30%}}
''Addams Family Values'' was well received, receiving significantly better reviews than the first film.<ref name="DenOfGeek">{{cite web | last = Brew | first = Simon | date = November 22, 2019 | url = http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/addams-family/32261/the-huge-behind-the-scenes-problems-on-the-addams-family | title = How 1991's The Addams Family Nearly Got Derailed | work = [[Den of Geek]] | access-date = April 2, 2018 | archive-date = January 14, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200114180620/http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/addams-family/32261/the-huge-behind-the-scenes-problems-on-the-addams-family | url-status = live }}</ref> On review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film received an approval rating of 75% based on 114 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "New, well-developed characters add dimension to this batty satire, creating a comedy much more substantial than the original".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/addams_family_values/ |title=Addams Family Values (1993) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207193306/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/addams_family_values |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Let's Have a Hand for 'Addams Family Values' |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |date= November 19, 1993 |url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-19-ca-58356-story.html |access-date= August 24, 2010 |first= Peter |last= Rainer |archive-date= October 26, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121026113332/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-11-19/entertainment/ca-58356_1_addams-family-values |url-status= live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/addams-family-values |title=Addams Family Values Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=June 18, 2022 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113720/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/addams-family-values |url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, a grade up from the "B" earned by the previous film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/|title=Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search|website=www.cinemascore.com|access-date=November 22, 2018|archive-date=December 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wondered if "the making of this sequel was sheer drudgery for all concerned", then answered herself by writing: "There's simply too much glee on the screen, thanks to a cast and visual conception that were perfect in the first place and a screenplay by Paul Rudnick that specializes in delightfully arch, subversive humor".<ref>{{cite news |title=Review/Film; The Addams Family's New Addition |first=Janet |last=Maslin |author-link=Janet Maslin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 19, 1993 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/19/movies/review-film-the-addams-family-s-new-addition.html |access-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925141317/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/19/movies/review-film-the-addams-family-s-new-addition.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Leonard Klady of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' was slightly less enthusiastic than Maslin: "It remains perilously slim in the story department, but glides over the thin ice with technical razzle-dazzle and an exceptionally winning cast".<ref>{{cite news |url= https://variety.com/1993/film/reviews/addams-family-values-1200434365/ |title=Addams Family Values |first=Leonard |last=Klady |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 13, 1993 |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> [[Richard Schickel]], writing for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', was even less enthusiastic than Klady, calling the film "an essentially lazy movie, too often settling for easy gags and special effects that don't come to any really funny point".<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979692-2,00.html |title=Looking for Mr. Goodfather |first=Richard |last=Schickel |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=November 29, 1993 |access-date=November 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104080444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C979692-2%2C00.html |archive-date=November 4, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Both [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]] had disliked the first film. Siskel gave ''Addams Family Values'' a mixed review and accused Sonnenfeld of caring more about how the film looks than how the jokes play. Ebert, however, gave the film three stars out of four and thought that, unusually for a sequel, it improved upon its predecessor. He enjoyed the various subplots and recommended the film.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Addams Family Values |series=[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|Siskel & Ebert]] |date=November 20, 1993 |season=8 |number=11 |url=https://siskelebert.org/?p=4942 |access-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518023759/https://siskelebert.org/?p=4942 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date = November 19, 1993 | first = Roger | last = Ebert | author-link = Roger Ebert | title = Addams Family Values | url = https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/addams-family-values-1993 | quote = It's the rare sequel that is better than its original | access-date = November 27, 2018 | archive-date = December 8, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171208055059/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/addams-family-values-1993 | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Accolades===
The film was nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] in the category [[Academy Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] ([[Ken Adam]], [[Marvin March]]), but lost to ''[[Schindler's List]]'';<ref name="Oscars1994">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1994 |title=The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners |access-date=August 4, 2011|work=oscars.org| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100012/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/66th-winners.html| archive-date= July 6, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> and Huston was nominated for the 1993 [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]] for her performance as Morticia, a reprise of her Golden Globe-nominated performance in the 1991 original. The film also won a [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song]] for the [[Tag Team (group)|Tag Team]] track "Addams Family (Whoomp!)".{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} ''Addams Family Values'' was nominated for [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs500.pdf|title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs Nominees|website=afi.com|access-date=December 2, 2011|archive-date=December 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220152415/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/laughs500.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, James Charisma of ''[[Playboy]]'' ranked the film #15 on a list of ''15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals''.<ref name="Playboy">{{cite web | title = Revenge of the Movie: 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals | website = [[Playboy]] | url = http://www.playboy.com/articles/15-sequels-better-than-the-original | last = Charisma |first=James | date = March 15, 2016 | access-date = July 19, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726093750/http://www.playboy.com/articles/15-sequels-better-than-the-original | archive-date = July 26, 2016 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Home media==
{{Anchor|DVD release|DVD|Video}}
The ''[[Addams Family Values (video game)|Addams Family Values]]'' video game was produced by [[Ocean Software]].

The film was released on [[VHS]] and [[DVD]] in 2000 with only two [[film trailer|theatrical trailers]] as special features. It was re-released in 2006 with the first film on a single disc, with no new features.

In October 2019, the film debuted on the [[Blu-ray]] format when Paramount Pictures<ref>{{cite web |title=Addams Family & Addams Family Values Double Feature |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=25382 |website=Blu-ray.com |access-date=July 19, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714221419/https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=25382 |url-status=live }}</ref> released double feature of ''Addams Family'' and ''Addams Family Values'' on Blu-ray in the United States, along with standalone releases.<ref>{{cite web | last=Larson | first=Dr. Stephen | title=Addams Family Values Blu-ray Release Date October 1, 2019 | website=Blu-ray.com | date=October 1, 2019 | url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Addams-Family-Values-Blu-ray/42170/ | access-date=March 30, 2021 | archive-date=January 6, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106011609/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Addams-Family-Values-Blu-ray/42170/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In Australia, the film was released on VHS by Paramount Home Entertainment (Australasia) in 1994. In 2002, the film was released on DVD with theatrical trailers in the extra features.

==Legacy==
In retrospect, Barry Sonnenfeld recalled: "I was disappointed in the box office for the second film. I think the first film is more romantic and the second film is funnier. Part of the reason it didn't do as well is that the marketing of the movie was so similar to the first one that people didn't think it was going to be any value-added and I really wanted to push the Pubert of it all and the Fester of it all. Instead, the whole campaign was back with the original Addams Family, so it wasn't really promising anything new. I think that's in part why it didn't do as well. Many people love it as much or more as the first one".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicbookmovie.com/horror/the-addams-family-interview-barry-sonnenfeld-talks-the-films-legacy-on-its-30th-anniversary-exclusive-a189187#gs.okx2ia|title=THE ADDAMS FAMILY Interview: Barry Sonnenfeld Talks the Film's Legacy on Its 30th Anniversary (Exclusive)|date=October 28, 2021|website=ComicBookMovie.com|access-date=February 9, 2022|archive-date=February 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141018/https://comicbookmovie.com/horror/the-addams-family-interview-barry-sonnenfeld-talks-the-films-legacy-on-its-30th-anniversary-exclusive-a189187#gs.okx2ia|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the decades since its release, the film has been reassessed with retrospective acclaim. Once a source of mixed reception, the film's dark humor and satire have become lauded.<ref name="Reporter 25th">{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Simon |date=November 21, 2018 |title=The Hidden Message of 'Addams Family Values' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/addams-family-values-had-secret-political-message-reveals-writer-1162918/ |access-date=December 27, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=September 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907120937/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/addams-family-values-had-secret-political-message-reveals-writer-1162918/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=David |date=November 20, 2018 |title=Addams Family Values Is a Darkly Funny Thanksgiving Classic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/11/addams-family-values-thanksgiving-movie/576190/ |access-date=December 27, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227040749/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/11/addams-family-values-thanksgiving-movie/576190/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mary Sue">{{Cite web |last=Terasaki |first=Kimberly |date=November 17, 2023 |title=30 Years Later, 'Addams Family Values' Is Still the Best Addams Family Adaptation |url=https://www.themarysue.com/addams-family-values-is-a-perfect-thanksgiving-movie-the-best-addams-family-adaptation/ |access-date=December 27, 2023 |website=[[The Mary Sue]] |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227040749/https://www.themarysue.com/addams-family-values-is-a-perfect-thanksgiving-movie-the-best-addams-family-adaptation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ricci's and Cusack's performances have also received praise, with Cusack's role in particular becoming the source of several [[Internet meme|memes]] and tribute videos on [[YouTube]] dedicated to her performance.<ref name="Reporter 25th" /><ref name="Mary Sue" />

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|title=Michael Jackson: The Solo Years|last1=Halstead|first1=Craig|last2=Cadman|first2=Chris|date=2003|publisher=Authors Online|isbn=0755200918|location=Hertford|oclc=52975896}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0106220}}
* {{TCMDb title|66795}}
* {{AllMovie title|119904}}
* {{Mojo title|addamsfamilyvalues}}

{{The Addams Family}}
{{Barry Sonnenfeld}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s serial killer films]]
[[Category:American black comedy films]]
[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy horror films]]
[[Category:American screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:American serial killer films]]
[[Category:The Addams Family films]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld]]
[[Category:Films produced by Scott Rudin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Marc Shaiman]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in summer camps]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Golden Raspberry Award winning films]]
[[Category:Fiction about mariticide]]
[[Category:Films about patricide]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving comedy films]]
[[Category:Thanksgiving horror films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Paul Rudnick]]
[[Category:1990s American films]]
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[[Category:Films about honeymoons]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pocahontas]]
[[Category:Saturn Award–winning films]]
[[Category:English-language crime films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]

Jenna Ortega

2024-11-05T02:52:10Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

Wednesday Addams

2024-11-05T02:24:47Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Appearance and personality */ revise

{{Short description|Fictional character from The Addams Family}}
{{About|the character|the 2022 series|Wednesday (TV series)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Wednesday Addams
| series = [[The Addams Family]]
| image = File:Wednesday-Addams.jpg
| caption = [[Lisa Loring]] as Wednesday in ''[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'' original TV series.
| first = ''[[The New Yorker]]'' cartoon (1944)
| creator = [[Charles Addams]]
| lbl1 = Hair color
| data1 = Black
| lbl3 = Age
| data3 = 6 (in the [[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|original television series]]) 12–13 (in the films) 15 turns 16 (in ''Wednesday' season 1 episode 6')
| portrayer = [[Lisa Loring]] (1964–1966, 1977) [[Christina Ricci]] (1991, 1993) Nicole Fugere (1998, 1998–1999) [[Krysta Rodriguez]] (2009–2011) [[Rachel Potter]] (2011) [[Jenna Ortega]] (2022–present)
| voice = Cindy Henderson (1972, 1973) [[Debi Derryberry]] (1992–1993) [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] (2019, 2021)
| gender = Female
| full_name = Wednesday Friday Addams (Wednesday after Morticia's favourite poem which has the line "Wednesday's child is full of woe", Friday because Wednesday was born on friday the 13th, and Addams is the family surname)
| family = {{ubl|[[Gomez Addams|Gomez]] (father) [[Morticia Addams|Morticia]] (mother) [[Pugsley Addams|Pugsley]] (brother) Pubert Addams (youngest brother, ''[[Addams Family Values]]'') Wednesday Jr. (younger sister, ''[[Halloween with the New Addams Family]]'') Pugsley Jr. (youngest brother, ''Halloween with the New Addams Family'') [[Uncle Fester|Fester]] (originally maternal great-uncle in the [[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|1964 series]], paternal uncle from then on) Pancho (paternal uncle, ''Halloween with the New Addams Family'') Debbie Jellinsky Addams (paternal aunt via marriage to Fester, ''Addams Family Values''; deceased) [[Grandmama (The Addams Family)|Grandmama Addams]] (paternal grandmother) Granny Frump (maternal grandmother) Ophelia Frump (maternal aunt) Goody Addams (ancestor; ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'')}}
}}

'''Wednesday Addams''' is a character from [[the Addams Family]] multimedia franchise created by American cartoonist [[Charles Addams]]. She is typically portrayed as a morbid and emotionally reserved child that is fascinated by the [[macabre]], often identified by her pale skin and black pigtails.

Wednesday has been portrayed by several actresses in various films and television series, including [[Lisa Loring]] in the television series ''[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'' (1964–1966) and in the television film ''[[Halloween with the New Addams Family]]'' (1977); [[Christina Ricci]] in the feature films ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991) and ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' (1993); Nicole Fugere in the direct-to-video film ''[[Addams Family Reunion]]'' (1998) and in the television series ''[[The New Addams Family]]'' (1998–1999); and [[Jenna Ortega]] in the streaming television series ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'' (2022).

==Origin==
Addams Family members were unnamed in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' cartoons that first appeared in 1938. The character that would later be known as Wednesday Addams first appeared in the August 26, 1944, issue of ''The New Yorker'' in an illustration captioned, "Well, don't come whining to me. Go tell him you'll poison him right back." When the characters were adapted for [[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|the 1964 television series]], Charles Addams named Wednesday based on the [[Monday's Child]] nursery rhyme line: "Wednesday's child is full of woe". Actress and poet Joan Blake, an acquaintance of Charles Addams, offered the idea for the name.<ref>Addams Family Values, Letters, ''The New Yorker'', July 30, 2018</ref> Wednesday is the only daughter of [[Gomez Addams|Gomez]] and [[Morticia Addams]] and the sister of [[Pugsley Addams]]. Earlier adaptations depict her as the younger sibling, while later adaptations depict Wednesday as the elder Addams child.

==Appearance and personality==
Wednesday Addams is a typically young girl (in the original series, she is about six, in the first original movie she is perhaps 8 to 10 years old, and about 13 in its sequel, as seems to be the case in the animated films; in the Netflix series she is 15 and 16) who is obsessed with death and is described as brilliant, with a penchant for doing odd scientific experiments. Wednesday does most of her experiments on her brother Pugsley Addams for "fun" or for punishment. Wednesday has sometimes been shown as caring about Pugsley, but has also often been shown actively carrying out his execution; not that Pugsley typically seems to mind. She enjoys raising spiders and researching the [[Bermuda Triangle]]. She has a tendency to startle people due to her [[Gothic fiction|gothic]] appearance, and macabre interests.

Wednesday's most notable physical features are her pale skin and long, dark braided [[pigtail]]s. She seldom expresses her emotions, but is generally bitter, often sporting a withering stare, rarely breaking eye contact. Wednesday usually wears a black dress with a white collar, black stockings, and black shoes. In the TV series, her middle name is "Friday",<ref>"Wednesday Leaves Home" (November 20, 1964) Season 1, Episode 10, at 06:30</ref>. This is retained in the Netflix series which further clarifies this is because she was born on Friday the 13th.

In the 1960s series, she is a far more sweet-natured child than the morose and spooky little girl of the original comics, serving as something of a foil to the more legitimately bizarre personas of her parents and brother; although her favorite hobby is raising [[spider]]s, she is also a [[ballerina]]. She is stated to be six years old in the television series [[pilot episode]]. Wednesday's favorite toy is her [[Marie Antoinette]] doll, which her brother [[guillotine]]s (at her request). She also paints pictures (including a picture of trees with human heads) and writes a poem dedicated to her favorite pet spider, Homer. Wednesday is deceptively strong; she is able to bring her father down with a [[judo]] hold. Although she is obsessed with death, the macabre, and enjoys being miserable, she is also good-natured, smiles and dances often, and with a slight distaste for torture.

In the 1991 film, Wednesday is depicted as having a significantly darker personality than that of the 1960s TV series, and a far more malevolent one than that of the original comics. She harbours openly sadistic tendencies, and has a deeply morbid, stoic, and detachedly acerbic personality. She is shown to have a deep fascination with the Bermuda Triangle (a detail retained for several subsequent incarnations of the character share) amongst other-such unusual interests, and a deep admiration for her late great-aunt, Calpurnia Addams, who was [[Death by burning|burned]] as a witch in 1706 after she'd danced naked through the streets and having "enslaved a minister". In the 1993 sequel, she was expanded to be even more malicious still; burying a live cat for no discernable reason, trying to execute her baby brother, Pubert, by guillotine, burning down Camp Chippewa (along with the camp's counsellors), and finally literally scaring her would-be love-interest, Joel, to death.

In the animated series and Canadian TV series ''[[The New Addams Family]]'' from the 1990s, Wednesday's appearance is based upon that of the films and, (as with most later iterations of the character) she retains her more malevolent personality, love of torture, and fascination with the mad and macabre; she is portrayed as having her parents' consent to tie Pugsley to a chair and torture him with a [[branding iron]] and [[ice pick]]. In the 1990s animated series, no one is allowed to touch Wednesday's pigtails.

In [[The Addams Family (musical)|''The Addams Family'' Broadway musical]], Wednesday is 18 years old, has short hair rather than the long braids in her other appearances and, uniquely among latter versions of the character, her darker qualities and [[Psychopathy|sociopathic]] traits have been toned down, bearing little resemblance to other versions of the character. She is shown to be in love with (and even revealed to be engaged to) Lucas Beineke. In the musical, Wednesday is also explicitly stated to be older than Pugsley.

In the web series ''Adult Wednesday Addams'', Wednesday once more has the dark, sociopathic and sadistic nature of the 1991 and 1993 films (although, as with most versions of the character, any particularly brutal or horrific acts are only ever implied and off-camera) and her long braids, connecting with the events and the depiction of the movies and the original cartoons. This Wednesday deals with being an adult after moving out of her family home.<ref name="laweekly">{{cite web|last1=Carrie|first1=Stephanie|title=A Christina Ricci Doppelganger Creates a Series About Wednesday Addams As an Adult|url=https://www.laweekly.com/a-christina-ricci-doppelgnger-creates-a-series-about-wednesday-addams-as-an-adult/|publisher=[[LA Weekly]]|access-date=March 16, 2015|date=March 6, 2015}}</ref>

In the [[The Addams Family (2019 film)|2019 animated version]] of the same title, Wednesday again retains her stoic nature and sadistic tendencies; trying to bury Pugsley, and tormenting a bully at school. However, despite her gothic appearance and strange demeanour, she's also bored with her macabre and sheltered life; wanting to see the world despite Morticia's objections. This leads to her befriending Parker Needler and the two taking on several of each other's traits, with Wednesday at one point wearing colorful clothes - before ultimately deciding she prefers dressing in darker clothes anyway. In [[The Addams Family 2|the 2021 sequel]], her love of science experiments is again revived. She also often feels disconnected from the rest of her family for her differences, later realizing that being different is "the most Addams-y thing to be" and growing to love her differences, and has a pet [[squid]] named Socrates. Her braided pigtails end in nooses in the first film, and weights in the second.

In the Netflix series ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'', the titular character dabbles in detective work and writes gothic mystery novels. She tries to publish her works, but they are seen as far too shocking and macabre. Once again, Wednesday retains the more stoic and malevolent attributes established in the original films of the 1990s, but is shown to be notably softer, and opens up over the course of the series, finding a best friend; the colorfully-clad werewolf Enid, becoming entangled in something of a love triangle, and displaying more overtly affectionate care for her brother, Pugsley. The Wednesday of the series also has [[psychic]] abilities, and can foresee important things in a person's past or future through touch. Because of her abilities, Wednesday is a termed a "Raven" as her visions are largely negative, which causes her to distance herself from the others; thinking she cannot trust them, though this changes over the course of the first season. Her mother, whom Wednesday has a strained relationship with in the show, possesses similar psychic abilities, telling Wednesday that their visions are based on their own attitude, with Morticia calling herself a "Dove" since her visions are usually comparatively positive. Wednesday also shares a similar appearance to her distant ancestor, Goody Addams, who was a "witch of great strength" and had the same precognitive powers. Beyond her aforementioned interests in writing and investivation, some of Wednesday's other hobbies in the series include playing the cello and, much as in the films; fencing. She is also shown to speak both German and Italian. Wednesday is also stated to be allergic to any color other than black, white, or gray (which is to say, any color at all).

==Portrayals==
[[File:Ricci addams.JPG|thumb|[[Christina Ricci]] in the film ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991)]]
Wednesday has been portrayed by many actresses in film, television, and on stage:
* [[Lisa Loring]]: the television series ''[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'' (1964–1966), the television film ''[[Halloween with the New Addams Family]]'' (1977),
* Cindy Henderson (voice): the animated television series ''[[The New Scooby-Doo Movies]]'' (''Wednesday Is Missing''; 1972), the animated television series ''[[The Addams Family (1973 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'' (1973),
* Noelle Von Sonn: the pilot of the television show ''The Addams Family Fun House'' (1973),<ref>{{cite web|title=The Addams Family Fun House|url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/the-addams-family-fun-house-1973|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=January 25, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Christina Ricci]]: the feature films ''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991) and ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' (1993),
* [[Debi Derryberry]] (voice): the animated television series ''[[The Addams Family (1992 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'' (1992–1993),
* Nicole Fugere: the direct-to-video film ''[[Addams Family Reunion]]'' (1998), the television series ''[[The New Addams Family]]'' (1998–1999),
* [[Krysta Rodriguez]]: the Broadway musical ''[[The Addams Family (musical)|The Addams Family: A New Musical]]'' (2009–2011), original cast,
* [[Rachel Potter]]: the Broadway musical ''The Addams Family: A New Musical'' (2011), Broadway replacement,
* Cortney Wolfson: the first US tour of the Broadway musical ''The Addams Family: A New Musical'' (2011–2012),
* Melissa Hunter: the web series ''Adult Wednesday Addams'' (2013–2015),<ref name="laweekly" />
* [[Carrie Hope Fletcher]]: the first UK tour of the Broadway musical ''The Addams Family: A New Musical'' (2017),
* [[Chloë Grace Moretz]] (voice): the animated feature films ''[[The Addams Family (2019 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (2019) and ''[[The Addams Family 2]]'' (2021),
* [[Jenna Ortega]]: the streaming television series ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'' (2022);
* Karina Varadi: the streaming television series ''Wednesday'' (2022; a young Wednesday).

Wednesday is played by [[Lisa Loring]] in the original TV series and is far less malevolent than later iterations of the character. In the [[The Addams Family (1973 animated series)|first animated series]] from Hanna-Barbera, her voice was provided by Cindy Henderson. Henderson voiced that same character in an episode of ''[[The New Scooby-Doo Movies]]''. In the [[The Addams Family (1992 animated series)|second animated series]] from [[Hanna-Barbera]], she is voiced by [[Debi Derryberry]].

In the 1977 television holiday-themed special, ''[[Halloween with the New Addams Family]]'', [[Lisa Loring]] plays a grown-up Wednesday, who mostly entertains their party guests with her flute, and can hear and understand coded help messages by bound-up members of the family, and dispatch help to free them. In the time interval between the original TV series and this television movie, her parents had two more children who look just like the original Pugsley and Wednesday, and they appropriately are called Wednesday Jr and Pugsley Jr, respectively.

''[[The Addams Family (1991 film)|The Addams Family]]'' (1991) and its sequel ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' (1993)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/~cousin_itt/addams.htm |title=The Addams Family Movie page |date=October 28, 2009 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028072901/http://www.geocities.com/~cousin_itt/addams.htm |archive-date=October 28, 2009 }}</ref> depict a gloomier Wednesday, more akin to the original comics than the version originated in the 1960's TV series. However, the films further develop Wednesday's character, depicting her as a considerably more macabre and sinister individual than the comics had previously established.

In both films, Wednesday is played by [[Christina Ricci]]. Wednesday's personality is markedly severe, with a sharp [[deadpan]] wit, ominous demeanour, sociopathic overtones, and an intense preoccupation with her desire to severely harm (or even kill) her two brothers, [[Pugsley Addams|Pugsley]] and, later, Pubert. All of this, of course, is played to comedic effect, with much of the humour of the character being derived from the sheer absurdity of such a young girl possessing so grave a demeanour, engaging in so many horrific and disturbing pursuits, and all while being arguably the most immoral member of an already considerably amoral family. Consequently, much of Wednesday's personality, as established in the 1991 and 1993 films, has become so synonymous with the character that virtually every iteration since has subsequently been modelled on Ricci's depiction.

In the sequel ''[[Addams Family Values]]'' (1993), Wednesday and Pugsley are sent against their will to a [[summer camp]] for "privileged young adults" called Camp Chippewa. Here they meet Joel Glicker (played by [[David Krumholtz]])—a neurotic, allergy-ridden wallflower camper with an overbearing mother— who quickly develops an infatuation with Wednesday. Unable to leave, Wednesday does her best to avoid participating in the many camp activities being forced upon her - most notably, her camp counselors' Gary and Becky's, incessant attempts to compel her to act in Gary's culturally tone-deaf musical production of the first Thanksgiving. However, despite their efforts to escape, Pugsley, Wednesday, and Joel are ultimately caught, locked in the "Harmony Hut", and forced to watch a seemingly endless progression of upbeat family films to reconditon them out of their antisocial behavior. On finally being released from the hut, Wednesday feigns a cheery new demeanour to fool her captors and finally agrees to play the role of [[Pocahontas]] in Gary's play (though her smile mostly ends up frightening the other campers; particularly newfound nemesis - and the star of Gary's horrendous play - Amanda<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enjoy-your-style.com/wednesday-addams.html |title=Wednesday Addams |publisher=Enjoy-your-style.com |date=March 21, 2013 |access-date=May 30, 2015}}</ref>). During the play, Wednesday leads the other social outcasts of the camp—who the counselors have also all cast in the roles of Native Americans—in a revolt that ultimately results in the capture of Gary, Becky, and Amanda, whom Wednesday has bound, before striking a match and leaving the camp in flames behind her, Pugsley and Joel in tow. Before she heads back for home, Wednesday shares a kiss with Joel, seemingly reciprocating his affections. However, in the midst of a later conversation in which Joel attempts to discuss his feelings with her, and the possibility of a future romantic relationship between them, the tender moment (and the film) is abruptly ended when Wednesday quite literally scares him to death.

Wednesday is portrayed by Nicole Fugere in the straight-to-video movie ''[[Addams Family Reunion]]'' and [[Television networks preceding ABC Family|Fox Family Channel]]'s television series ''[[The New Addams Family]]'', which were both produced in 1998.

Zoe Richardson appeared at the Birmingham Hippodrome as Wednesday Addams in a Musical adaptation of ''The Addams Family on Ice'' in November 2007.

[[The Addams Family (musical)|''The Addams Family'' musical]] debuted on Broadway in April 2010, with [[Krysta Rodriguez]] playing Wednesday. The character is now 18 years old, has "become a woman", and no longer sports her signature pigtails. In March 2011, Krysta Rodriguez was replaced with [[Rachel Potter]] as Wednesday in the Broadway cast. The production began its first national tour in September 2011, with Cortney Wolfson cast in the role of Wednesday Addams.

The web series ''Adult Wednesday Addams'' (2013–2015) gained media attention with the third episode of Season 2 in which Wednesday punished a pair of catcallers.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alanna|last=Vagianos|url= https://www.huffpost.com/entry/wednesday-addams-reacts-to-catcalling_n_6677674|title=How Wednesday Addams Would React To Catcalling |website=HuffPost|date=February 13, 2015 |access-date=May 30, 2015}}</ref> While this behavior gained attention from early fans, The Tee & Charles Addams Foundation, copyright owners of The Addams Family, flagged the series for copyright violation resulting in the series being temporarily pulled from YouTube,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lanning |first1=Carly |title=Copyright claim yanks 'Adult Wednesday Addams' from YouTube |url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/adult-wednesday-addams-copyright-claim/ |website=The Daily Dot |access-date=November 4, 2019 |date=April 21, 2015}}</ref> however as of 2016 the series has been reinstated.

[[Chloë Grace Moretz]] voices Wednesday in the [[The Addams Family (2019 film)|2019 animated movie]] and in [[The Addams Family 2|the sequel]], which was released on October 1, 2021. The whole family is mostly designed to resemble the initial cartoon depictions, with added details; for instance, Wednesday's hair braids end in [[noose]]s in the first film, and weights in the second.

[[Jenna Ortega]] portrays a teenaged iteration of Wednesday in the 2022 [[Netflix]] series [[Wednesday (TV series)|of the same name]]. Largely modelled on the Wednesday of the 1990 original film and it's sequel, this version of the character retains much of the caustic wit, precociouness, cold hostility, contemptuousness, and deadpan delivery originated in Ricci's portrayal. However, unlike previous incarnations, this Wednesday is also shown to possess supernatural abilities; with the series as a whole taking on more conventional fantasy elements than previous adaptations. Uniquely, Wednesday's family is also largely absent for much of the series, and in place of the close-knit familial bonds typical of the otherwise asocial character, instead interpersonal focus is placed upon newly formed friendships and a burgeoning love triangle. Ortega's performance in the series received acclaim from critics;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuge |first=Jonathan |date=2022-11-18 |title=Wednesday Reviews Praise Jenna Ortega as the Titular Addams Family Member |url=https://movieweb.com/wednesday-reviews-praise-jenna-ortega-titular-addams-family-member/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=MovieWeb |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Jenna Ortega's Wednesday is the best yet for this surprising reason |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a42059969/wednesday-jenna-ortega-christina-ricci/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref> she was nominated for a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Award]] for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy]] and for an [[Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=January 10, 2023 |title=Golden Globes: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/golden-globes-2023-winners-list-1235294541/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111023550/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/golden-globes-2023-winners-list-1235294541/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 28, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=July 12, 2023 |title=Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/ }}</ref> The series was renewed for a second season.

==Family tree==
{{Addams family tree}}

==See also==
*[[Wednesday (given name)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{The Addams Family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Addams, Wednesday}}
[[Category:Child characters in comics]]
[[Category:Child characters in film]]
[[Category:Child characters in musical theatre]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1938]]
[[Category:Female characters in comics]]
[[Category:Female characters in film]]
[[Category:American female characters in television]]
[[Category:Female characters in musical theatre]]
[[Category:Fictional artists]]
[[Category:Fictional cellists]]
[[Category:Fictional female musicians]]
[[Category:Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in comics]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in film]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in television]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in musical theatre]]
[[Category:The Addams Family characters]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in animated films]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with precognition]]

Miss Switch to the Rescue

2024-11-05T02:09:06Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Production credits */ notability

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = Animation Adventure Comedy Drama Family Fantasy
| caption =
| based_on = {{based_on|''Miss Switch to the Rescue''|[[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]}}
| director = [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
| executive_producer = [[Joe Ruby]] and [[Ken Spears]]
| writer = Sheldon Stark
| voices = {{Plain list |
* [[Janet Waldo]]
* [[Eric Taslitz]]
* [[Nancy McKeon]]
* [[Hans Conried]]
* [[Walker Edmiston]]
* [[June Foray]]
* [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]]
* [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]]
* Philip Tanzini
* [[Willie Tyler]]
}}
| music = [[Dean Elliott]]
| company = [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1982|01|16|}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1982|01|23}}
| runtime = 60 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''''Miss Switch to the Rescue''''' is a 1982 [[animation|animated]] [[television special]] and a [[sequel]] to ''[[The Trouble with Miss Switch]]'' (1980) produced by [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]. It is based on the 1981 [[Children's literature|children's book]] of the same name by [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]] and originally aired in two parts on ''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' series on January 16 and 23, 1982.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Barbara Brooks|authorlink=Barbara Brooks Wallace|title=Miss Switch to the Rescue|url=https://archive.org/details/missswitchtoresc0000wall|year=1981|publisher=[[Abingdon Press]]|location=[[Nashville, Tennessee]]|isbn=978-0687270774|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Woolery|first=George W.|title=Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-five Years, 1962-1987|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool|year=1991|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield#Imprints|Scarecrow Press]]|location=[[Lanham, Maryland]]|isbn=978-0810821989|url-access=registration}}</ref> It also features the final role for actor [[Hans Conried]], who died only a few weeks before the first part aired.

The special was rebroadcast on ABC in April/May 1982, as well as June 1983, February 1985, July 1986, April 1987 and February 1989.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |accessdate=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/298/mode/2up |page=298}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Rupert Brown and Amelia Daley receive a mysterious package from a spooky old crone: a ship inside a bottle with a miniature man aboard. Rupert opens the bottle, unwittingly releasing the evil [[warlock]] Mordo, who quickly kidnaps Amelia. Rupert calls upon the good witch Miss Switch to use her magic powers to rescue Amelia. Miss Switch conjures ''The Witches Encyclopedia'' and traces Mordo and Amelia to the year 1640, when good witches imprisoned Mordo in the bottle. Traveling back in time on her broomstick, Miss Switch and Rupert eventually find Amelia on Mordo's pirate ship, where the warlock is about to administer his evil potion to mayor Daley. They manage to rescue Amelia, but Mordo is still able to transform the mayor into a troll. Upon their return to the present, Amelia and Rupert learn from Miss Switch's magic encyclopedia that the real power behind this diabolical plot is Saturna, meddling from afar on the Island of Fire and Ice. As Saturna vows to get her revenge, Amelia begins to fade away and then vanishes – a disappearance Miss Switch knows will be permanent unless Amelia is saved by sunset.

Miss Switch rewinds the clock to bring back Amelia, then uses the additional time to mix an antidote potion. Miss Switch uses ingredients in the school [[science lab]], with the addition of [[unicorn]] dust. Mordo kidnaps the classroom of children on his flying pirate ship. An expanded rescue mission unfolds, culminating with the troll Thaddeus drinking the antidote, transforming back into Mayor Daley, who is in fact Amelia's 300-years-removed grandfather. Angered by the turn of events, Saturna battles Mordo with magic, causing a massive [[cave-in]] that traps them both in ice. Miss Switch safely returns all the children to school, magically ensuring the other classmates forget the whole incident. When Rupert asks Miss Switch if they'll ever see her again, she and Bathsheba vanish on her broomstick, leaving behind the response "Who Knows?" on the [[chalkboard]].

==Voices==
* [[Janet Waldo]]—Miss Switch
* [[Eric Taslitz]]—Rupert Brown
* [[Nancy McKeon]]—Amelia Daley
* [[Hans Conried]]—Mordo, the Warlock
* [[Walker Edmiston]]—Witch's Book / Old Salt / Mayor
* [[June Foray]]—Bathsheba / Saturna
* [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]]— Teacher / Barmaid
* [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]]—Smirch
* Philip Tanzini—Banana / Conrad

==Production==
*'''Executive Producers''': [[Joe Ruby]] & [[Ken Spears]]
*'''Directed by''': [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
*'''Written by''': Sheldon Stark
*'''Story Direction''': [[Ron Campbell (animator)|Ron Campbell]]
*'''Voice Direction''': [[Alan Dinehart]]
*'''Layout Supervision''': [[Larry Huber]]
*'''Music''': [[Dean Elliott]]

==Home video==
The 1991 VHS release ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special'' from Strand VCI Entertainment features both ''The Trouble with Miss Switch'' and ''Miss Switch to the Rescue''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24523194 ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special''] at [[WorldCat]]</ref> Current rightsholder [[Warner Home Video]] has yet to release a DVD.

==See also==
* ''[[The Trouble with Miss Switch]]''
* [[List of Ruby-Spears productions]]
* [[ABC Weekend Special]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0305833|Miss Switch to the Rescue}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miss Switch to the Rescue}}
[[Category:1982 television specials]]
[[Category:1980s American animated films]]
[[Category:1980s American television specials]]
[[Category:1980s animated television specials]]
[[Category:American children's animated films]]
[[Category:ABC Weekend Special]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company television specials]]
[[Category:Animated films based on children's books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Charles August Nichols]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dean Elliott]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Ruby-Spears television specials]]

Miss Switch to the Rescue

2024-11-05T02:06:47Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Home video release */ revise

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| genre = Animation Adventure Comedy Drama Family Fantasy
| caption =
| based_on = {{based_on|''Miss Switch to the Rescue''|[[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]}}
| director = [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
| executive_producer = [[Joe Ruby]] and [[Ken Spears]]
| writer = Sheldon Stark
| voices = {{Plain list |
* [[Janet Waldo]]
* [[Eric Taslitz]]
* [[Nancy McKeon]]
* [[Hans Conried]]
* [[Walker Edmiston]]
* [[June Foray]]
* [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]]
* [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]]
* Philip Tanzini
* [[Willie Tyler]]
}}
| music = [[Dean Elliott]]
| company = [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1982|01|16|}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1982|01|23}}
| runtime = 60 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''''Miss Switch to the Rescue''''' is a 1982 [[animation|animated]] [[television special]] and a [[sequel]] to ''[[The Trouble with Miss Switch]]'' (1980) produced by [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]. It is based on the 1981 [[Children's literature|children's book]] of the same name by [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]] and originally aired in two parts on ''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' series on January 16 and 23, 1982.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Barbara Brooks|authorlink=Barbara Brooks Wallace|title=Miss Switch to the Rescue|url=https://archive.org/details/missswitchtoresc0000wall|year=1981|publisher=[[Abingdon Press]]|location=[[Nashville, Tennessee]]|isbn=978-0687270774|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Woolery|first=George W.|title=Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-five Years, 1962-1987|url=https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool|year=1991|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield#Imprints|Scarecrow Press]]|location=[[Lanham, Maryland]]|isbn=978-0810821989|url-access=registration}}</ref> It also features the final role for actor [[Hans Conried]], who died only a few weeks before the first part aired.

The special was rebroadcast on ABC in April/May 1982, as well as June 1983, February 1985, July 1986, April 1987 and February 1989.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=1999 |publisher=Checkmark Books |isbn=0-8160-3831-7 |accessdate=6 June 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/298/mode/2up |page=298}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Rupert Brown and Amelia Daley receive a mysterious package from a spooky old crone: a ship inside a bottle with a miniature man aboard. Rupert opens the bottle, unwittingly releasing the evil [[warlock]] Mordo, who quickly kidnaps Amelia. Rupert calls upon the good witch Miss Switch to use her magic powers to rescue Amelia. Miss Switch conjures ''The Witches Encyclopedia'' and traces Mordo and Amelia to the year 1640, when good witches imprisoned Mordo in the bottle. Traveling back in time on her broomstick, Miss Switch and Rupert eventually find Amelia on Mordo's pirate ship, where the warlock is about to administer his evil potion to mayor Daley. They manage to rescue Amelia, but Mordo is still able to transform the mayor into a troll. Upon their return to the present, Amelia and Rupert learn from Miss Switch's magic encyclopedia that the real power behind this diabolical plot is Saturna, meddling from afar on the Island of Fire and Ice. As Saturna vows to get her revenge, Amelia begins to fade away and then vanishes – a disappearance Miss Switch knows will be permanent unless Amelia is saved by sunset.

Miss Switch rewinds the clock to bring back Amelia, then uses the additional time to mix an antidote potion. Miss Switch uses ingredients in the school [[science lab]], with the addition of [[unicorn]] dust. Mordo kidnaps the classroom of children on his flying pirate ship. An expanded rescue mission unfolds, culminating with the troll Thaddeus drinking the antidote, transforming back into Mayor Daley, who is in fact Amelia's 300-years-removed grandfather. Angered by the turn of events, Saturna battles Mordo with magic, causing a massive [[cave-in]] that traps them both in ice. Miss Switch safely returns all the children to school, magically ensuring the other classmates forget the whole incident. When Rupert asks Miss Switch if they'll ever see her again, she and Bathsheba vanish on her broomstick, leaving behind the response "Who Knows?" on the [[chalkboard]].

==Voices==
* [[Janet Waldo]]—Miss Switch
* [[Eric Taslitz]]—Rupert Brown
* [[Nancy McKeon]]—Amelia Daley
* [[Hans Conried]]—Mordo, the Warlock
* [[Walker Edmiston]]—Witch's Book / Old Salt / Mayor
* [[June Foray]]—Bathsheba / Saturna
* [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]]— Teacher / Barmaid
* [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]]—Smirch
* Philip Tanzini—Banana / Conrad

==Production credits==
*'''Executive Producers''': [[Joe Ruby]] & [[Ken Spears]]
*'''Directed by''': [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
*'''Written by''': Sheldon Stark
*'''Based on the Characters Created by''': [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]
*'''Voices''': [[Janet Waldo]], [[Eric Taslitz]], [[Nancy McKeon]], [[Hans Conried]], [[Alan Dinehart]], [[Walker Edmiston]], [[June Foray]], [[Anne Lockhart (actress)|Anne Lockhart]], [[Hal Smith (actor)|Hal Smith]], Philip Tanzini
*'''Director of Production Design''': Ric Gonzalez
*'''Supervising Story Director''': Gordon Kent
*'''Story Direction''': [[Ron Campbell (animator)|Ron Campbell]]
*'''Models''': Alan Huck
*'''Voice Direction''': [[Alan Dinehart]]
*'''Layout Supervision''': [[Larry Huber]]
*'''Layout''': Kathleen Carr, Kurt Conner, Hak Ficq, George Goode, Fred Irvin, Lew Ott, Mario Piluso, Aaron St. John, Wallace Sides
*'''Background Layout Supervision''': David High
*'''Background Layout''': John F. Guerin, Bruce Zick
*'''Animation Supervision''': Jay Sarbry
*'''Animation''': Frank Andrina, Ed Barge, Tom Barnes, Bob Bemiller, Oliver Callahan, Rudy Cataldi, Rick Leon, Hicks Lokey, Mircea Mantta, Costi Mustatea, Bob Nesler, Margaret Nichols, Zeon Davush, Ed Demattia, Joan Drake, Hugh Fraser, Al Green, Terry Harrison, Fred Hullmich, Aundre Knutson, Barney Posner, Bill Pratt, Joanna Romersa, Don Ruch, Kunio Shimamura, Ken Southworth
*'''Assistant Animation Supervision''': John Boersema
*'''Production Coordinator''': Loretta High
*'''Xerography''': Star Wirth
*'''Checking and Scene Planning''': Paul Strickland
*'''Ink and Paint Supervision''': Alison Victory
*'''Studio Manager''': Jeff Cooke
*'''Background Styling''': Eric Semones
*'''Backgrounds Painted by''': Katsuyoshi Hozumi, Dennis Durrel, Gary Selvaggio, P.S. Lewis, Peter Van Elk, Bob Schaefer, Dennis Venizelos, Gloria Wood, Tom Woodington
*'''Color Key''': Bunny Semones
*'''Title Design''': Bob Schaefer
*'''Assistants to the Executive Producers''': Erika Grossbart, Kayte Kuch
*'''Production Assistants''': Joyce Benson, Bryna Melnick, Kathy Rose
*'''Music''': [[Dean Elliott]]
*'''Musical Supervision''': Paul DeKorte
*'''Supervising Film Editor''': Chip Yaras
*'''Effects Editors''': Jack Durney, Pete Grives, Karla McGregor, Kevin Spears
*'''Music Editor''': Denise O'Hara
*'''Negative Cutting''': Mary Nelson
*'''Post Production Supervision''': Lenore Nelson
*'''Technical Supervision''': Jerry Mills
*'''Camera''': Steve Altman, Charles Flekal, Curtis Hall, Dan Larsen, Raymond Lee, Ralph Migliori, Joe Ponticelle, Cliff Shirpser, Roy Wade, Jerry Whittington, Dave Valentine

==Home video==
The 1991 VHS release ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special'' from Strand VCI Entertainment features both ''The Trouble with Miss Switch'' and ''Miss Switch to the Rescue''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24523194 ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special''] at [[WorldCat]]</ref> Current rightsholder [[Warner Home Video]] has yet to release a DVD.

==See also==
* ''[[The Trouble with Miss Switch]]''
* [[List of Ruby-Spears productions]]
* [[ABC Weekend Special]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0305833|Miss Switch to the Rescue}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miss Switch to the Rescue}}
[[Category:1982 television specials]]
[[Category:1980s American animated films]]
[[Category:1980s American television specials]]
[[Category:1980s animated television specials]]
[[Category:American children's animated films]]
[[Category:ABC Weekend Special]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company television specials]]
[[Category:Animated films based on children's books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Charles August Nichols]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dean Elliott]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Ruby-Spears television specials]]

The Trouble with Miss Switch

2024-11-05T00:44:10Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Production credits */ notability

{{short description|1980 animated television special}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MissSwitch.jpg
| image_size = 200
| genre = Animation Adventure Comedy Drama Family Fantasy
| caption =
| director = [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
| producer = [[Jerry Eisenberg]]
| executive_producer = [[Joe Ruby]] and [[Ken Spears]]
| writer = Sheldon Stark
| voices = [[Janet Waldo]] [[Eric Taslitz]] [[Nancy McKeon]] [[June Foray]] [[Frank Welker]]
| music = [[Dean Elliott]]
| company = [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1980|02|16|}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1980|02|23}}
| runtime = 60 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''''The Trouble with Miss Switch''''' is a 1980 [[animation|animated]] [[television special]] produced by [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]] and based on the 1971 [[Children's literature|children's book]] of the same name by [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]. It originally aired in two parts on ''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' series on February 16 and 23, 1980.<ref>Woolery, George W. ''Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-five Years, 1962-1987'', retrieved September 21, 2015.</ref>

Following its initial broadcast, ''Miss Switch'' was frequently rerun and due to its popularity, a [[sequel]] called ''[[Miss Switch to the Rescue]]'' was also produced as an ''ABC Weekend Special'' in 1982.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=55–56}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Rupert Brown and Amelia Daley are classmates at Pepperdine Elementary School who discover that their substitute teacher, Miss Switch, is a witch complete with a magical talking Lykoi-Breed cat named Bathsheba. She tells the children that the wicked witch Saturna has taken control of the Witches' Council and has condemned the fair Miss Switch with the aid of her Computer Witch. Rupert suggests bewitching a certain football player's number at the big game to ensure victory, but Saturna causes the spell to backfire so that the visiting team wins. Rupert comes up with another plan, but asks Miss Switch to let him and Amelia accompany her.

Miss Switch and Bathsheba fly to Witch Mountain with Rupert and Amelia. Saturna sends out her bats to attack them, which causes the broom to splinter; some bats carry Miss Switch away, while the others drop Rupert, Amelia and Bathsheba down a well. Miss Switch finds herself in the council room, where the Witches' Council prepares their verdict. The children and Bathsheba get out of the well, and sneak in disguised as witches. Just as Miss Switch agrees to be banished, her friends reveal that her ability to spread love and joy is the most original witchcraft idea of all. After the Computer Witch explodes from Rupert and Amelia’s speech, the Witches' Council banishes Saturna and appoints Miss Switch the new Head Witch. The next day, Miss Switch tells the kids that she’s to return to Witch Mountain as she says goodbye to Rupert and Amelia.

==Voices==
* [[Janet Waldo]]—Miss Switch, Council Witches
* [[Eric Taslitz]]—Rupert Brown
* [[Nancy McKeon]]—Amelia Daley
* [[June Foray]]—Bathsheba, Saturna, and Council Witches
* [[Frank Welker]]—Hector and Computer Witch
* Philip Tanzini—Banana, Bill Swanson, Rudy Lopez and Conrad
* [[Alan Dinehart]]—Caruso, Football Announcer

==Production==
*'''Executive Producers''': [[Joe Ruby]] & [[Ken Spears]]
*'''Produced by''': [[Jerry Eisenberg]]
*'''Directed by''': [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
*'''Written by''': Sheldon Stark
*'''Story Direction''': [[Ron Campbell (animator)|Ron Campbell]]
*'''Voice Direction''': [[Alan Dinehart]]
*'''Layout Supervisor''': [[Larry Huber]]
*'''Music''': [[Dean Elliott]]

==Home video==
The 1991 [[VHS]] release ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special'' from Strand VCI Entertainment features ''The Trouble with Miss Switch'' alongside ''Miss Switch to the Rescue''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24523194 ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special''] at [[WorldCat]]</ref> Current rightsholder [[Warner Home Video]] has yet to release a [[DVD]].

==See also==
* ''[[Miss Switch to the Rescue]]''
* [[List of Ruby-Spears productions]]
* [[ABC Weekend Special]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0306155|The Trouble with Miss Switch}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trouble with Miss Switch}}
[[Category:1980 television specials]]
[[Category:1980s American animated films]]
[[Category:1980s American television specials]]
[[Category:1980s animated television specials]]
[[Category:ABC Weekend Special]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company television specials]]
[[Category:Films directed by Charles August Nichols]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dean Elliott]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Ruby-Spears television specials]]
[[Category:Television shows based on children's books]]

The Trouble with Miss Switch

2024-11-05T00:39:39Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Home video release */ revise

{{short description|1980 animated television special}}
{{Infobox television
| image = MissSwitch.jpg
| image_size = 200
| genre = Animation Adventure Comedy Drama Family Fantasy
| caption =
| director = [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
| producer = [[Jerry Eisenberg]]
| executive_producer = [[Joe Ruby]] and [[Ken Spears]]
| writer = Sheldon Stark
| voices = [[Janet Waldo]] [[Eric Taslitz]] [[Nancy McKeon]] [[June Foray]] [[Frank Welker]]
| music = [[Dean Elliott]]
| company = [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]]
| network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1980|02|16|}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1980|02|23}}
| runtime = 60 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}

'''''The Trouble with Miss Switch''''' is a 1980 [[animation|animated]] [[television special]] produced by [[Ruby-Spears|Ruby-Spears Productions]] and based on the 1971 [[Children's literature|children's book]] of the same name by [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]. It originally aired in two parts on ''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' series on February 16 and 23, 1980.<ref>Woolery, George W. ''Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-five Years, 1962-1987'', retrieved September 21, 2015.</ref>

Following its initial broadcast, ''Miss Switch'' was frequently rerun and due to its popularity, a [[sequel]] called ''[[Miss Switch to the Rescue]]'' was also produced as an ''ABC Weekend Special'' in 1982.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=55–56}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Rupert Brown and Amelia Daley are classmates at Pepperdine Elementary School who discover that their substitute teacher, Miss Switch, is a witch complete with a magical talking Lykoi-Breed cat named Bathsheba. She tells the children that the wicked witch Saturna has taken control of the Witches' Council and has condemned the fair Miss Switch with the aid of her Computer Witch. Rupert suggests bewitching a certain football player's number at the big game to ensure victory, but Saturna causes the spell to backfire so that the visiting team wins. Rupert comes up with another plan, but asks Miss Switch to let him and Amelia accompany her.

Miss Switch and Bathsheba fly to Witch Mountain with Rupert and Amelia. Saturna sends out her bats to attack them, which causes the broom to splinter; some bats carry Miss Switch away, while the others drop Rupert, Amelia and Bathsheba down a well. Miss Switch finds herself in the council room, where the Witches' Council prepares their verdict. The children and Bathsheba get out of the well, and sneak in disguised as witches. Just as Miss Switch agrees to be banished, her friends reveal that her ability to spread love and joy is the most original witchcraft idea of all. After the Computer Witch explodes from Rupert and Amelia’s speech, the Witches' Council banishes Saturna and appoints Miss Switch the new Head Witch. The next day, Miss Switch tells the kids that she’s to return to Witch Mountain as she says goodbye to Rupert and Amelia.

==Voices==
* [[Janet Waldo]]—Miss Switch, Council Witches
* [[Eric Taslitz]]—Rupert Brown
* [[Nancy McKeon]]—Amelia Daley
* [[June Foray]]—Bathsheba, Saturna, and Council Witches
* [[Frank Welker]]—Hector and Computer Witch
* Philip Tanzini—Banana, Bill Swanson, Rudy Lopez and Conrad
* [[Alan Dinehart]]—Caruso, Football Announcer

==Production credits==
*'''Executive Producers''': [[Joe Ruby]] & [[Ken Spears]]
*'''Produced by''': [[Jerry Eisenberg]]
*'''Directed by''': [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]]
*'''Written by''': Sheldon Stark
*'''From the Book by''': [[Barbara Brooks Wallace]]
*'''Voices''': [[Janet Waldo]], [[Eric Taslitz]], [[Nancy McKeon]], [[June Foray]], [[Frank Welker]], Philip Tanzini, [[Alan Dinehart]]
*'''Story Direction''': [[Ron Campbell (animator)|Ron Campbell]]
*'''Character Design''': Allan Huck, Alice Hamm, Edgar Soller
*'''Voice Direction''': [[Alan Dinehart]]
*'''Layout Supervisor''': [[Larry Huber]]
*'''Unit Supervisor''': David High
*'''Layout''': John Freeman, Bob Givens, John F. Guerin, Floyd Norman, Wallace Sides, Bart Seitz, Lin Larsen, Pat Wong
*'''Production Manager''': Warren Marshall
*'''Layout''': Lyle Beddes, Stuart Heimdal, Elaine Hultgren, Boyd Kirland, Brad Landreth, Debra Pugh, Keith Sargent, Roy Smith, Grant Wilson
*'''Animation Supervisor:''' Ed Solomon
*'''Animation''': Steve Clark, Jim Davis, Daniel De La Vega, Frank Gonzales, John Howley, Bill Hutten, Tony Love, Norm McCabe, Frank Nakielski, Don Orlando, Don Parmele, Bill Pratt, Virgil Raddatz, Bill Reed, Joe Roman, Joanna Romersa, John Shook, Mike Stribling, Marty Taras
*'''Backgrounds Painted by''': Gary Conklin, Bill Lorencz, P.S. Lewis, Michele Moen, Phil Phillipson, Gary Selvaggio, Peter Van Elk, Thomas Woodington, Gloria Wood
*'''Production Manager''': John Ahern
*'''Titles''': Bob Schaefer
*'''Music''': [[Dean Elliott]]

==Home video==
The 1991 [[VHS]] release ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special'' from Strand VCI Entertainment features ''The Trouble with Miss Switch'' alongside ''Miss Switch to the Rescue''.<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24523194 ''The Miss Switch Mystery Special''] at [[WorldCat]]</ref> Current rightsholder [[Warner Home Video]] has yet to release a [[DVD]].

==See also==
* ''[[Miss Switch to the Rescue]]''
* [[List of Ruby-Spears productions]]
* [[ABC Weekend Special]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0306155|The Trouble with Miss Switch}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trouble with Miss Switch}}
[[Category:1980 television specials]]
[[Category:1980s American animated films]]
[[Category:1980s American television specials]]
[[Category:1980s animated television specials]]
[[Category:ABC Weekend Special]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company television specials]]
[[Category:Films directed by Charles August Nichols]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dean Elliott]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Ruby-Spears television specials]]
[[Category:Television shows based on children's books]]

The Great Mouse Detective

2024-11-04T07:09:08Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{short description|1986 animated mystery film}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Great Mouse Detective
| image = Mousedetectposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
*[[John Musker]]
*[[Ron Clements]]
*Dave Michener
*[[Burny Mattinson]]
}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
*Pete Young
*[[Vance Gerry]]
*Steve Hulett
*Ron Clements
*John Musker
*Bruce M. Morris
*[[Matthew O'Callaghan]]
*Burny Mattinson
*Dave Michener
*[[Mel Shaw|Melvin Shaw]]
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Basil of Baker Street]]''|[[Eve Titus]]|[[Paul Galdone]]}}
| producer = Burny Mattinson
| starring = {{Plainlist|

*[[Vincent Price]]
*[[Barrie Ingham]]
*[[Val Bettin]]
*Susanne Pollatschek
*[[Candy Candido]]
*Diana Chesney
*[[Eve Brenner]]
*[[Alan Young]]
}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Roy M. Brewer Jr.
* James Melton
}}
| music = [[Henry Mancini]]
| production_companies = [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]]
| distributor = [[Buena Vista Distribution]]{{efn|name=Disney|Distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Distribution]] through the [[Walt Disney Pictures]] banner.}}
| released = {{Film date|1986|07|02}}
| runtime = 74 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $14 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=greatmousedetective.htm|title=The Great Mouse Detective|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref>
| gross = $38.7 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo" />
}}

'''''The Great Mouse Detective''''' (released as '''''Basil the Great Mouse Detective''''' in some countries) is a 1986 American animated [[mystery film|mystery]] [[adventure film]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Known as '''''The Adventures of the Great Mouse Detective''''' during its 1992 American re-release, the film is based on the children's book series ''[[Basil of Baker Street]]'' by [[Eve Titus]] and [[Paul Galdone]], and was written and directed by [[John Musker]], Dave Michener, [[Ron Clements]], and [[Burny Mattinson]] in their feature directorial debuts. Featuring the voices of [[Vincent Price]], [[Barrie Ingham]], [[Val Bettin]], Susanne Pollatschek, [[Candy Candido]], Diana Chesney, [[Eve Brenner]], and [[Alan Young]], the plot follows a mouse detective who undertakes to help a young mouse find and save her father from the criminal mastermind Professor Ratigan.

''The Great Mouse Detective'' draws heavily on the tradition of [[Sherlock Holmes]] with a heroic mouse who consciously emulates the detective. Titus named the main character after actor [[Basil Rathbone]], who is best remembered for [[Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes#Film|playing Holmes in film]] (and whose voice, sampled from a 1966 reading of "[[The Red-Headed League]]"<ref name="usatoday" /> was the voice of Holmes in this film, 19 years after his death). Sherlock Holmes also mentions "Basil" as one of his aliases in the [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] story "[[The Adventure of Black Peter]]".

''The Great Mouse Detective'' was released to theaters on July 2, 1986, to positive reviews from critics and financial success, in sharp contrast to the box office underperformance of Disney's previous animated feature film, ''[[The Black Cauldron (film)|The Black Cauldron]]'' (1985). The film's timely success has been credited with keeping [[Walt Disney Animation]] going after the previous film's failure by renewing upper management's confidence in the department, thus setting the stage for the [[Disney Renaissance]] when feature animated films would become the corporation's most lucrative and prestigious product.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garrett |first1=VIictor |title=How The Great Mouse Detective Saved Disney Feature Animation |url=https://movieweb.com/how-the-great-mouse-detective-saved-disney/ |website=MovieWeb |date=26 December 2022 |access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==Plot==

In 1897 London, a young mouse named Olivia Flaversham celebrates her birthday with her single  father, [[wikt:toymaker|toymaker]] Mr. Flaversham. However, a bat with a crippled wing and a [[peg leg]] arrives unexpectedly and kidnaps Flaversham. Olivia leaves to find Basil of Baker Street, the famous Great Mouse Detective, but gets lost. David Q. Dawson, a retired army surgeon mouse newly returned from [[Afghanistan]], meets Olivia and escorts her to Basil's residence. Being busy already, Basil initially dismisses them. Olivia then mentions the bat that abducted her father, and Basil realizes that Olivia saw Fidget, the assistant of Professor Ratigan, the criminal mastermind whom Basil was working to catch. It is then revealed that Ratigan kidnapped Flaversham to create a [[clockwork]] [[robot]] replica of the Queen of the Mice, so that Ratigan can usurp her place as "Supreme Ruler of all Mousedom". Flaversham initially refuses to participate in the scheme, but capitulates when Ratigan threatens to harm Olivia.

Meanwhile, Fidget appears in Basil's window, then suddenly disappears. Basil, Dawson and Olivia take Toby, [[Sherlock Holmes]]' pet [[Basset Hound]], to trail Fidget's scent. They trace Fidget to a human-sized toyshop; while searching the area, Dawson finds Fidget's checklist, and Basil discovers Fidget has been stealing clockwork mechanisms and toy soldiers' uniforms.

Fidget ambushes and kidnaps Olivia before Basil and Dawson can stop him. Basil does some chemical tests to the checklist, discovering it came from the "Rat Trap", a tavern near the junction of the sewer and the [[Thames]]. Basil and Dawson disguise themselves as sailors and head to the tavern; they spot Fidget there, and follow him to Ratigan's headquarters, only to be ambushed by Ratigan and his henchmen. Ratigan has the pair tied to a spring-loaded mousetrap connected to a [[Rube Goldberg machine]] of various killing devices. Ratigan then sets out for [[Buckingham Palace]], where his henchmen hijack the royal guards' roles and kidnap the Mouse Queen. Inspired by a remark Dawson made, Basil deduces the trap's weakness, freeing himself, Dawson and Olivia.

At Buckingham Palace, Ratigan forces Flaversham to operate the toy Queen, while the real one is taken to be fed to Felicia, Ratigan's pet cat. The toy Queen declares Ratigan the ruler of all Mousedom, and he announces his dictatorial plans for his new "subjects". After Basil, Dawson, and Olivia save Flaversham and the real Queen, they restrain Fidget and Ratigan's other henchmen, while Toby chases Felicia until she jumps over a wall, inadvertently into a pack of Royal Guard Dogs. Basil seizes control of the mechanical queen, making it denounce Ratigan as a fraud while breaking it into pieces. Realizing Ratigan's [[treason]], the enraged crowd attacks, but Ratigan escapes on his [[dirigible]] with Fidget, holding Olivia hostage.

Basil, Dawson, and Flaversham create an airship from a matchbox, balloons, and a [[Union Jack]], and set off in pursuit. Ratigan tosses Fidget overboard to lighten the load; however, Basil jumps onto the dirigible to confront Ratigan, causing it to crash straight into [[Elizabeth Tower|Big Ben]]'s clockface. Inside the clocktower, Basil restrains Ratigan, rescues Olivia, and safely delivers her to Flaversham. Ratigan breaks free and attacks Basil; however, when the [[striking clock|clock strikes 10:00]], the [[sound waves|vibrations]] cause Ratigan to fall to his death. He attempts to take Basil with him, but Basil grabs a part of Ratigan's dirigible and saves himself.

Back at Baker Street, the group recounts their adventures. The Flavershams depart for home, and Dawson reluctantly resolves to leave as well. A new client arrives, and Basil introduces Dawson to her as his friend and investigative partner, prompting Dawson to remain and assist in Basil's future cases.

==Voice cast==

* [[Vincent Price]] as Professor Ratigan, a mouse who is often mistaken for a rat, and Basil's long-established arch-enemy.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 7, 1986|title=VINCENT PRICE'S VILLAINY HAS LOGICAL SECRET|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/08/07/vincent-prices-villainy-has-logical-secret/|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=August 18, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Barrie Ingham]] as Basil, a brilliant mouse detective from London's Baker Street.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cahall|first=Lois|date=December 13, 2013|title=The life force of Barrie Ingham|url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/lifestyle/2013/12/14/the-life-force-barrie-ingham/7576272007/|work=[[The Palm Beach Post]]|access-date=August 18, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606024248/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/lifestyle/2013/12/14/the-life-force-barrie-ingham/7576272007/|archive-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref>
** Ingham also voices Bartholomew, a drunken mouse lackey of Ratigan.
* [[Val Bettin]] as Dawson, previously of the Queen's [[66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot|66th Regiment]] in [[Afghanistan]]. He eventually becomes Basil's associate, friend, and personal biographer. Dawson also serves as the film's narrator.
* Susanne Pollatschek as Olivia Flaversham, a young Scottish mouse who seeks Basil's help in finding her father.
* [[Candy Candido]] as Fidget, Ratigan's bumbling [[bat]] right-hand henchman who cannot fly because of a crippled wing.<ref>{{cite news|date=May 21, 1999|title=DISNEY VOICE, FAIR NOTABLE DIES * CANDY CANDIDO, 85, WAS A 30-YEAR FEATURE ON THE ALLENTOWN MIDWAY|url=https://www.mcall.com/1999/05/21/disney-voice-fair-notable-dies-candy-candido-85-was-a-30-year-feature-on-the-allentown-midway/|work=[[The Morning Call]]|access-date=August 18, 2024}}</ref>
** Candido also voices a reprobate in the pub.
* Diana Chesney as Mrs. Judson, Basil's mouse housekeeper who is often exasperated by his antics.
* [[Eve Brenner]] as the Mouse Queen, whom Ratigan attempts to depose.
* [[Alan Young]] as Mr. Flaversham, Olivia's affectionate Scottish father who owns a toy shop.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/mister-ed-alan-young-duck-tales-1201760560/|title=Alan Young Dies: 'Mister Ed' Star & Scrooge McDuck Voice Actor Was 96|last=Lincoln|first=Ross A.|date=May 20, 2016|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=August 18, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714015044/https://deadline.com/2016/05/mister-ed-alan-young-duck-tales-1201760560/|archive-date=July 14, 2024}}</ref>

[[Basil Rathbone]] voices [[Sherlock Holmes]], the famous human detective who lives above Basil. His voice is taken from the 1966 Caedmon Records recording of the Sherlock Holmes story "[[The Red-Headed League]]".<ref name="usatoday" /> [[Laurie Main]] portrays [[Doctor Watson|Watson]], the medical associate/partner of Sherlock Holmes, who also lives above Basil. Unlike Rathbone, voice samples of [[Nigel Bruce]] were not used for the voice of Watson as he had died in 1953.<ref name="usatoday" />

In addition to Bettin, [[Wayne Allwine]], [[Tony Anselmo]], and [[Walker Edmiston]] as Ratigan's thug guards. [[Melissa Manchester]] also appears as Miss Mouse, who sings "Let Me Be Good To You".

==Production==
The idea of doing an animated film about Sherlock Holmes with animals was first discussed during the production of ''[[The Rescuers]]''. Veteran layout artist Joe Hale is credited with suggesting to adapt the children's book series ''[[Basil of Baker Street]]'' by [[Eve Titus]], but the project fell into development limbo because of the similarities to ''The Rescuers''.<ref name="usatoday" /> In 1982, Ron Clements proposed adapting the children's book series into an animated feature and, along with story artist Pete Young, it was pitched to Disney President [[Ron W. Miller|Ron Miller]] who approved the project.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=51}} Earlier in his career, Clements created a 15-minute Sherlock Holmes animated short recorded on [[Super 8 film]].{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=176}} Because the animators were displeased with the direction ''[[The Black Cauldron (film)|The Black Cauldron]]'' was heading, ''Basil of Baker Street'' was approved as an alternative project.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news|last=Korkis|first=Jim|title=How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part One|url=http://travel.usatoday.com/alliance/destinations/mouseplanet/post/2011/02/How-Basil-Saved-Disney-Feature-Animation-Part-One/144296/1|work=[[USA Today]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712004433/http://travel.usatoday.com/alliance/destinations/mouseplanet/post/2011/02/How-Basil-Saved-Disney-Feature-Animation-Part-One/144296/1|date=February 23, 2011|archive-date=July 12, 2014|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Hulett|2014|p=65}}

[[Burny Mattinson]] and John Musker were assigned as the original directors while Dave Michener was also added as co-director. Miller became the producer for the film. The first idea for the victim was for Olivia—then an older and potential love interest whom Dawson falls for, but Miller suggested the character be "a little girl, someone they [the audience] can feel sorry for." One of the dropped characters was a stool pigeon who always hung around Buckingham Palace and tipped Basil off about the skullduggery. The writers dropped the characters deciding for Basil to figure it out for himself.{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=176}}

With the departure of Miller in 1984, the board of directors appointed [[Michael Eisner]], who had resigned from [[Paramount Pictures]], to become the new CEO. Eisner recruited former production head [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]] to become studio chairman over Disney's film division. Following a story reel screening of ''Basil'', Eisner and Katzenberg complained about the slow pacing of the story and ordered for rewrites before animation would commence. Although the intended release was set for Christmas 1987,<ref>{{cite news|last=Culhane|first=John|author-link=John Culhane|title='The Great Mouse Detective' Gives Clues to the Future of Disney Animation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/27/movies/the-great-mouse-detective-gives-clues-to-the-future-of-disney-animation.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=H12|date=July 27, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Eisner slashed the projected production budget at $24 million in half where it was green-lit at $10 million and moved the release date up to July 1986 giving the production team one year to complete the film.{{sfn|Stewart|2005|pp=70–1, 84}} To replace Miller who had been producer, Feature Animation chairman [[Roy E. Disney]] assigned Mattinson to serve as director/producer, but finding both tasks much too laborious, Mattinson decided to remain as producer. Musker and Michener remained as directors, but with the shortened production schedule, Clements became an additional director.<ref name="usatoday" />

Following the box office under-performance of the 1985 Paramount/Amblin film ''[[Young Sherlock Holmes]]'', Eisner decided to rename ''Basil of Baker Street'' into ''The Great Mouse Detective'' feeling the name "Basil" was "too English".{{sfn|Stewart|2005|pp=70–1, 84}} The re-titling of the film proved to be unpopular with the filmmakers so much that animator Ed Gombert wrote a satirical interoffice memo, allegedly by studio executive [[Peter Schneider (film executive)|Peter Schneider]], which gave preceding Disney films generic titles such as ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Seven Little Men Help a Girl]]'', ''[[Dumbo|The Wonderful Elephant Who Could Really Fly]]'', ''[[Bambi|The Little Deer Who Grew Up]]'', ''[[Cinderella (1950 film)|The Girl with the See-through Shoes]]'', ''[[Lady and the Tramp|Two Dogs Fall in Love]]'', ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians|Puppies Taken Away]]'', and ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|A Boy, a Bear and a Big Black Cat]]''.<ref name="gombert1986">{{cite web|url=http://www.drawn2gether.com/blog/2008/03/24/crew-picture-the-great-mouse-detective/|title=Crew Picture The Great Mouse Detective|work=Drawn2gether|date=March 24, 2008|access-date=February 23, 2012|archive-date=May 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506164216/http://www.drawn2gether.com/blog/2008/03/24/crew-picture-the-great-mouse-detective/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="lat19860629">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-06-29-ca-22-story.html|title=Mousechievious Memo Upsets Big Cheese|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 29, 1986|access-date=February 23, 2012}}</ref> These generic titles would later become a category on ''[[Jeopardy!]]''.<ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty" />

===Casting===
Following a succession of American and British actors who read for the part of Basil, [[Royal Shakespeare Theatre|Royal Shakespeare]] actor [[Barrie Ingham]] won the role within six minutes of his audition. [[Val Bettin]] was co-director Ron Clements's first choice for Dawson.{{sfn|Hulett|2014|pp=66–7}} For Olivia, Susanne Pollatschek was selected over hundreds of other applicants while [[Alan Young]], who had voiced [[Scrooge McDuck]] for ''[[Mickey's Christmas Carol]]'', was selected to voice her father Hiriam because of his authentic Scottish [[brogue (accent)|brogue]].<ref name="usatoday" />

When the filmmakers watched the 1950 comedy film ''[[Champagne for Caesar]]''<ref>[https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/in-their-own-words-glen-keane-and-vincent-price-on-ratigan/ In Their Own Words: Glen Keane and Vincent Price on Ratigan | Cartoon Research]</ref> to study [[Ronald Colman]]'s performance as a possible model for Basil, they immediately decided to cast [[Vincent Price]], who also starred in the film, as Ratigan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Eisner|first=Joel|title=The Price of Fear: The Film Career of Vincent Price, In His Own Words|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49KcCwAAQBAJ&q=vincent+price+ratigan&pg=PA208|chapter=Vincent Sings Again, or Vincent the Juvenile|page=208|publisher=Black Bed Sheet Books|isbn=978-0988659025|date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> A veteran actor for fifty-two years, Price was willing to do an audition commenting "If anybody but Disney had asked me, I would have been offended."<ref>{{cite news|title=Vincent Price hopes growing older holds no horror|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19860527&id=JSZfAAAAIBAJ&pg=2551,4266648&hl=en|newspaper=[[Bangor Daily News]]|date=May 27, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Following a voice test, veteran voice artist [[Candy Candido]] recorded his dialogue for Fidget in one hour. To heighten the pitch, the tape recording of his voice was sped up.<ref>{{cite news|last=Millstein|first=Paul|title=A Very Animated Fellow Candy Candido Lends Vocal Support To Some Memorable Disney Characters|url=https://www.mcall.com/1986/07/27/a-very-animated-fellow-candy-candido-lends-vocal-support-to-some-memorable-disney-characters/|work=[[The Morning Call]]|date=July 27, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016|archive-date=December 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002605/http://articles.mcall.com/1986-07-27/features/2541062_1_animation-thing-voice|url-status=live}}</ref> Candido's natural voice was kept for one character shouting "Get off, you eight-legged bum."<ref name="usatoday" />

===Animation===
[[File:1400flowerstreet.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Before the box office failure of ''The Black Cauldron'', the animation unit on ''The Great Mouse Detective'' was moved to animate the film at 1400 Flower Street in Glendale, California (pictured here).<ref name="wakingsleepingbeauty">{{cite video|people=[[Don Hahn|Hahn, Don]]|title=[[Waking Sleeping Beauty]]|medium=Documentary film|publisher=Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|location=Burbank, California|date=2009}}</ref>]]
Basil was first modeled on [[Bing Crosby]], but the animators eventually took inspiration from [[Leslie Howard]].{{sfn|Koenig|1997|p=176}} Initially, Ratigan had been designed as thin, weasely, and ratlike. Following the screening of ''Champagne for Caesar'', Glen Keane noted that following the casting of Price, "his expressive voice and attitude inspired us to further redesign the character."<ref name="usatoday" /> Additionally, during one story meeting, Glen Keane decided to base the stature of Ratigan on then-Disney CEO Ron Miller,<ref>{{cite news|last=Solomon|first=Charles|title=Artists Re-animate Disney's Future|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-23-ca-16015-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 23, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> who was a 6'6" former football player for the [[Los Angeles Rams]].<ref name="usatoday" /> Furthermore, Keane lifted his personality as he was thumbing through these "photographs of people of [[19th-century London|London in the 1800s]], of railroad men, and there was this one guy smoking a cigar—he had a top hat and there was just something about this guy—this Ratigan ... this rat sucking the cigar, completely dressed to the hilt, he was sharp and perfect—he's a sewer rat dressed like a king and he lives as a king!"<ref>{{cite book|last1=Johnston|first1=Ollie|last2=Thomas|first2=Frank|title=The Disney Villain|pages=174–77|isbn=978-1562827922|publisher=Disney Editions|date=October 7, 1993}}</ref> The following supervising animators included [[Mark Henn]] for Basil, Hendel Butoy for Dawson, [[Rob Minkoff]] for Olivia, [[Andreas Deja]] for Queen Moustoria, [[Ruben A. Aquino|Ruben Aquino]] for Mrs. Judson, and [[Mike Gabriel]] for Toby and Felicia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.ws/basilians/library/faq/film.htm|last=Tran|first=Diane|title=The Great Mouse Detective Film FAQ|publisher=[[GeoCities]]|date=December 12, 2008|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>

The original finale was to take place on the hands of [[Big Ben]] with Ratigan eventually falling to his demise. However, layout artist [[Michael Peraza|Mike Peraza]] approached Musker with the idea of restaging the final confrontation so the characters would break through the face of Big Ben with the grinding clockwork [[gears]] providing added menace, in which Musker agreed. Peraza's inspiration for the scene was a Japanese [[anime]] film, ''[[The Castle of Cagliostro]]'' (1979), the feature film debut of animator [[Hayao Miyazaki]] which is part of the ''[[Lupin III]]'' franchise; ''The Castle of Cagliostro'', which Peraza was a fan of, featured a climactic scene involving characters amidst giant turning gears in a [[clock tower]].<ref name="mouseplanet2">{{cite web|last=Korkis|first=Jim|title=How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part Two|url=https://www.mouseplanet.com/9549/How_Basil_Saved_Disney_Feature_Animation_Part_Two|publisher=Mouse Planet|date=March 2, 2011|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Pereza and his team was sent to [[London]] for video reference and were granted unprecedented access to the clockworks inside Big Ben. Because the bells would chime at every quarter-hour, the team completed their research in one hour.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sito|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Sito|title=Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation|page=226|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0262019095|date=April 19, 2013}}</ref>

Back at the Feature Animation building, animators [[Phil Nibbelink]] and Tad Gielow spent months designing the interior of Big Ben, with each gear produced as [[Wire-frame model|wire-frame graphics]] on [[computer graphics|a computer]] that was printed out and traced onto animation cels onto which the colors and characters were added.<ref name="mouseplanet2" /> The two-minute climax scene thus used [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI), making it the first Disney film to extensively use [[computer animation]], a fact that Disney used to promote the film during marketing.<ref name="mouseplanet2"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamayor |first1=Rafael |title=Revisiting 'The Great Mouse Detective', the Unsung Kickstarter of the Disney Renaissance (And One of Disney's Creepiest Movies) |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/the-great-mouse-detective-revisited-2/ |access-date=April 5, 2020 |work=[[/Film]] |date=April 2, 2020}}</ref>

The film was the last work to feature [[Eric Larson]] as an animation consultant before his retirement. Larson was the last of [[Disney's Nine Old Men]], the group that had defined much of Disney's theatrical direction since the 1930s. The character of Dr. Dawson was modeled on Larson as a tribute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://d23.com/did-you-know-unravel-9-sneaky-facts-from-the-great-mouse-detective/|title = Did You Know? Unravel 8 Sneaky Facts from the Great Mouse Detective|date = 30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/books/book-preview-walt-disneys-nine-old-men-masters-of-animation-gallery-161765.html|title = Book Preview: 'Walt Disney's Nine Old Men: Masters of Animation' (Gallery)|date = 10 July 2018}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Adventures of the Great Mouse Detective (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Various artists]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = May 9, 1992
| recorded = 1986
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Varèse Sarabande]]
| producer = [[Henry Mancini]]
| chronology = [[Walt Disney Records discography|Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
| prev_title = [[The Black Cauldron (film)#Soundtrack|The Black Cauldron]]
| prev_year = 1985
| next_title = [[Oliver & Company#Music|Oliver & Company]]
| next_year = 1988
}}

Unusually for a Disney animated feature, there was no soundtrack album released alongside the film; it was released in 1992 alongside the film's reissue under its new title by [[Varèse Sarabande]], the only Disney cartoon to have an original soundtrack on the label to date (and the only one not to be issued under a Walt Disney imprint). The album marked the debut of [[Henry Mancini]] for score composition of an animated feature aside from the animated opening for ''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]''.<ref>{{cite AV media|year=1986|title=The Making of The Great Mouse Detective|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JH9Rtt9Xde4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712065223/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JH9Rtt9Xde4| archive-date=2014-07-12 | url-status=dead|access-date=June 22, 2016|format=DVD|publisher=Walt Disney Home Entertainment|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

Initially, Mancini composed a song titled "Are You the One Who Loves Me?" to serve as a parody of a Victorian British music hall. Already in rough animation, the song was recorded by [[Shani Wallis]]. However, Katzenberg and the new management desired a more contemporary song as they would help make the film more marketable.<ref name="usatoday" /> [[Michael Jackson]] was considered by Eisner to voice a character who would enter the saloon, confront Basil,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Halstead|first1=Craig|last2=Chadman|first2=Chris|title=Michael Jackson: the Solo Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb_ghov9uEMC&q=michael+jackson+great+mouse+detective&pg=PA69|page=69|publisher=New Generation Publishing|isbn=978-0755200917|date=July 22, 2003}}</ref> and sing a song at the tavern, but the suggestion was met with uncomfortable silence for which Eisner withdrew the idea; Eisner later proposed for [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] to perform the song. Eventually, [[Melissa Manchester]] was brought in; she wrote and performed "Let Me Be Good to You", by which the rough animation had to be re-timed and often re-animated to properly sync with the song.<ref name="usatoday" /> Mancini also co-wrote two of the film's three original songs, "The World's Greatest Criminal Mind" and "Goodbye So Soon" (both performed by Vincent Price).

===Songs===
Original songs performed in the film include:

{{track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = The World's Greatest Criminal Mind
| writer1 = [[Henry Mancini]], [[Larry Grossman (composer)|Larry Grossman]] & [[Ellen Fitzhugh]]
| extra1 = [[Vincent Price]]
| title2 = Let Me Be Good to You
| writer2 = [[Melissa Manchester]]
| extra2 = [[Melissa Manchester]]
| title3 = Goodbye So Soon
| writer3 = Henry Mancini, Larry Grossman & Ellen Fitzhugh
| extra3 = Vincent Price
}}

==Release==
During the film's initial theatrical release, the film was accompanied with the short, ''[[Clock Cleaners]]''.<ref name="Ebert" />

===Home media===
Following the theatrical re-release in February 1992, the film was released on VHS and [[Laserdisc]] in July 1992 as part of the [[Walt Disney Classics]] series. It was placed into [[Moratorium (entertainment)|moratorium]] on April 30, 1993.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now You See 'Em, Soon You Won't|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/02/16/now-you-see-em-soon-you-wont/|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=February 16, 1995|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> It was released again on VHS on August 3, 1999<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Buena Vista to Roll Out Promotions for End-Of-'99 Releases|first=Moira|last=McCormick|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=111|issue=24|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0EAAAAMBAJ&q=madeline+lost+in+paris&pg=PA67|date=June 12, 1999|access-date=July 9, 2019|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> (with a game sheet inside it as part of a contest) and on DVD in 2002 with a short making-of featurette. In the United Kingdom, it was first released on VHS in 1992 followed by re-releases in 1993 and 1995.

A "Mystery in the Mist Edition" of ''The Great Mouse Detective'' was released on DVD on April 13, 2010, and on [[Blu-ray Disc]] on October 9, 2012. Unlike previous home media releases, which all used the 1992 reissue title print (''The Adventures of the Great Mouse Detective''), this DVD restored the original 1986 title card, which had previously not been seen since the original 1986 release. The DVD also has the film in its 1.78:1 widescreen [[aspect ratio (image)|aspect ratio]], which brings it closer to its original theatrical aspect ratio. The [[Blu-ray]] edition is region-free and thus can be played in any region of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/The-Great-Mouse-Detective-Blu-ray/44740/|work=Blu-ray.com|title=The Great Mouse Detective Blu-ray: Mystery in the Mist Edition}}</ref> The Blu-ray was finally released in the UK on November 9, 2015, and released in France on Blu-ray on October 20, 2015.

==Reception==
===Critical reaction===
On their syndicated television show, ''[[At the Movies (1982 TV program)|At the Movies]]'', the film received a "two thumbs up" rating from critics [[Gene Siskel]] and [[Roger Ebert]]. In his print review for ''[[The Chicago Tribune]]'', Siskel enthusiastically praised the film as the most "truly memorable animated feature in 25 years" that "travels a wide emotional range, taking us from cuddly to scary, from recognition to wonder."<ref>{{cite web|last=Siskel|first=Gene|title=Flick Of Week: 'Vagabond' One Of Finest Films In Years|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/08/08/flick-of-week-vagabond-one-of-finest-films-in-years/|date=August 8, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Likewise, in his print review for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', Ebert gave the film three stars out of four in which he praised the film's animation and compared the film to that of Disney's [[Golden age of American animation|golden age]]. He summarized that "the result is a movie like ''The Great Mouse Detective,'' which looks more fully animated than anything in some 30 years."<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Great Mouse Detective Movie Review (1986)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-great-mouse-detective-1986|work=Chicago Sun-Times|via=[[RogerEbert.com]]|date=July 2, 1986|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>

London's ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine wrote, "As usual with [[film noir]] [...] it is the villain who steals the heart and one is rooting for in the breathtaking showdown high up in the cogs and ratchets of Big Ben."<ref>{{cite book|last=Peachment|first=Chris|editor-last=Pym|editor-first=John|title=Time Out Film Guide 2009|edition=17th|chapter=The Great Mouse Detective (aka Basil the Great Mouse Detective)|page=426|isbn=978-1-84670-100-9|year=2008|publisher=Time Out Group Ltd}}</ref> Nina Darnton of ''[[The New York Times]]'' applauded that "[t]he heroes are appealing, the villains have that special Disney flair – humorous blackguards who really enjoy being evil – and the script is witty and not overly sentimental."<ref>{{cite web|last=Darnton|first=Nina|title=Film: 'The Great Mouse Detective'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/02/movies/film-the-great-mouse-detective.html|work=The New York Times|page=C29|date=July 2, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Johanna Steinmetz, also from ''The Chicago Tribune'', graded the film three-and-a-half stars (out of four) writing "This movie is cute, cute, cute, but it's a higher grade of cute than ''[[The Rescuers]]'' (1977) and ''[[The Fox and the Hound]]'' (1981). The key to good Disney animation is character and facial expression, and ''Detective'' abounds in both."<ref>{{cite web|last=Steinmetz|first=Johanna|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/07/02/great-mouse-detective-vintage-disney-updated/|title='Great Mouse Detective': Vintage Disney, Updated|work=Chicago Tribune|date=July 2, 1986|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> Alex Stewart reviewed ''The Great Mouse Detective'' for ''[[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]]'' #83, and stated that "After their dismal fudge of ''The Black Cauldron'', it's good to see the Disney studios taking a step, however cautious, towards the world of animation as it is today. The style is looser and more vigorous, and, in a climactic fight inside Big Ben, effectively amalgamates computer-drawn clockwork with hand-drawn characters."<ref name="WD83">{{cite journal | last =Stewart | first =Alex | title = 2020 Vision | journal = [[White Dwarf (magazine)|White Dwarf]] | issue = 83 | page = 16 | publisher = [[Games Workshop]] | date = November 1986 }}</ref>

The [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that the film received {{a or an|{{RT data|score}}}} approval rating based on {{RT data|count}} reviews, with an average rating of {{RT data|average}}. The website's consensus states that "''The Great Mouse Detective'' may not rank with Disney's classics, but it's an amiable, entertaining picture with some stylishly dark visuals."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the-great-mouse-detective|title=The Great Mouse Detective (1986)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the film a score of 73 based on 13 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-great-mouse-detective|title= The Great Mouse Detective Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

Animation critic [[Charles Solomon (animation historian)|Charles Solomon]] listed this as one of the best animated films of the 1980s while singling out Keane's key work on Ratigan.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-27-ca-1261-story.html MOVIES OF THE 80s : ANIMATION : MICE DREAMS - Los Angeles Times]</ref>

===Box-office===
The film grossed around $50 million worldwide against a budget of over $14 million during its initial release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tucker |title=Disney still works alchemy|work=Chicago Sun-Times |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |access-date=May 7, 2017 |date=April 10, 1987 |first=Ernest |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3820046.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008025753/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3820046.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |quote=Last year, Disney's 26th full-length animated release, the $12 million ''The Great Mouse Detective'', took in $50 million at American and overseas box offices.}}</ref> Its inexpensive success after its predecessor's under-performance gave the new management of Disney confidence in the viability of their animation department, though it was surpassed at the box office by ''[[An American Tail]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19900625&id=4mJPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6888,2580139&hl=en|title=Mermaid in a Sea of Praise|work=[[New Straits Times]]|page=13|date=June 25, 1990|access-date=June 22, 2016|via=Google News Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Finch|first=Christopher|title=The Art of Walt Disney: From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms, New Concise Edition|publisher=Abrams Books|page=95}}</ref> Re-titled as ''The Adventures of the Great Mouse Detective'', the film was re-released theatrically on February 14, 1992, where it grossed $13,288,756.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=greatmousedetective92.htm|title=The Great Mouse Detective (re-issue)|work=Box Office Mojo|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref> ''The Great Mouse Detective'' has had a lifetime North American gross of $38.7 million across its original release and reissue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=releases&id=greatmousedetective92.htm |title=The Great Mouse Detective Release Summary|work=Box Office Mojo|access-date=June 22, 2016}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Basil and Professor Ratigan were characters to meet-and-greet at the [[Disney Parks]], until both were retired after 2004.

In the television series ''[[Darkwing Duck]]'', a little statue of Basil opened the secret passage to Darkwing's hidden base. Some of the characters from the film have recurring cameo appearances in the television series ''[[House of Mouse]]''.

Professor Ratigan is one of the villains with a main focus in the anthology film ''[[Once Upon a Halloween]]''. He is also one of the villains present in the board game ''Disney Villainous''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wdwnt.com/2019/07/review-evil-comes-prepared-a-villainous-board-game-expansion/|title="Evil Comes Prepared" Expansion Adds Yzma, Scar, and Ratigan to Disney Villainous Board Game|date=July 28, 2019|author=Alicia|website=WDW News Today}}</ref>

Basil of Baker Street appears as a playable character in the video game ''Disney Heroes: Battle Mode''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://discourse.disneyheroesgame.com/t/update-2-1-11-a-patch-notes/1136890 |title=Disney Heroes: Battle Mode Update 2.1.11-A |date=August 6, 2020}}</ref>

Like every other [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] character, Basil, Ratigan, Dawson, and Olivia have cameo appearances in the short film ''[[Once Upon a Studio]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=Disney's "Once Upon a Studio" – List of Characters in Order of Appearance |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/disney-entertainment/disneys-once-upon-a-studio-list-of-characters-in-order-of-appearance/ |website=Laughing Place |date=October 16, 2023}}</ref>

Additionally, in honor of [[Mickey Mouse]]'s 75th anniversary, was planned a film under the title ''[[The Search for Mickey Mouse]]'' in which Mickey gets kidnapped by unknown forces, forcing [[Minnie Mouse]] to enlist Basil of Baker Street to investigate his disappearance. However, the project was cancelled after it suffered script problems.<ref>{{cite web| title=Why For?| last=Hill | first=Jim | website=Jim Hill Media | url=http://jimhillmedia.com/editor_in_chief1/b/jim_hill/archive/2002/12/20/352.aspx#sthash.S5tE7bBF.dpbs | date=December 19, 2002 | access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Hulett|first=Steve|title=Mouse In Transition: An Insider's Look at Disney Feature Animation|publisher=Theme Park Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1941500248}}
*{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|location=[[Irvine, California]]|publisher=Bonaventure Press|isbn=978-0964060517|year=1997}}
*{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=[[DisneyWar]]|edition=1st|year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-80993-1|author-link=James B. Stewart}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/the-great-mouse-detective}}
*{{allMovie title|20735}}
*{{IMDb title|0091149}}
*{{TCMDb title|76908|The Great Mouse Detective}}
*{{mojo title|greatmousedetective}}
*[https://www.animationscoop.com/holmes-sweet-holmes-the-35th-anniversary-of-the-great-mouse-detective/ 35th anniversary retrospective on Animation Scoop]

{{Sherlock Holmes screen adaptations}}
{{Ron Clements and John Musker}}
{{Disney theatrical animated features}}
{{Walt Disney Animation Studios}}
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Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

2024-11-03T06:37:40Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* 2024 */ update

{{Short description|Proposed changes to the legal status of cannabis in U.S. federal law}}
{{About|cannabis rescheduling in the United States|other uses|Cannabis rescheduling (disambiguation)}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
In the [[United States]], the '''removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act''', the category reserved for drugs that have "no currently accepted medical use", is a proposed legal and administrative change in [[Legal history of cannabis in the United States|cannabis-related law]] at the federal level. After being proposed repeatedly since 1972, the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] initiated 2024 rulemaking to reschedule cannabis to [[List of Schedule III controlled substances (U.S.)|Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act]]. The majority of 2024 public comments supported descheduling, decriminalizing, or legalizing marijuana at the federal level.<ref name="DeAngelo">{{cite web | last=DeAngelo | first=Andrew | title=Cannabis Rescheduling: Record 43,000 Public Comments Submitted To The DEA | website=Forbes | date=2024-08-12 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewdeangelo/2024/08/12/cannabis-rescheduling-record-43000-public-comments-submitted-to-the-dea/ | access-date=2024-08-13}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act}}

Schedule I is the only category of controlled substances not allowed to be prescribed by a physician. Under ''{{UnitedStatesCode|21|812}}'', drugs must meet three criteria in order to be placed in Schedule I:
# The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
# The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
# There is a lack of accepted safety for the use of the drug or other substances under medical supervision.

In 1970, Congress placed cannabis into Schedule I on the advice of [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|Assistant Secretary of Health]] [[Roger O. Egeberg]]. His letter to [[Harley Orrin Staggers|Harley O. Staggers]], Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce|House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce]], indicates that the classification was intended to be provisional:

<blockquote>
Dear Mr. Chairman: In a prior communication, comments requested by your committee on the scientific aspects of the drug classification scheme incorporated in H.R. 18583 were provided. This communication is concerned with the proposed classification of marijuana.

It is presently classed in schedule I(C) along with its active constituents, the tetrahydrocannibinols and other [[psychoactive drug|psychotropic]] drugs.

Some question has been raised whether the use of the plant itself produces "severe psychological or physical dependence" as required by a schedule I or even schedule II criterion. Since there is still a considerable void in our knowledge of the plant and the effects of the active drug contained in it, our recommendation is that marijuana be retained within schedule I at least until the completion of certain studies now underway to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cannabinologist.org/Documents/Aggarwal-Macroed1.pdf | title=Cannabis: A Commonwealth Medicinal Plant, Long Suppressed, Now at Risk of Monopolization | work=Denver University Law Review | date=2010 | access-date=13 December 2015 | author=Aggarwal, Sunil | archive-date=December 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222161017/http://www.cannabinologist.org/Documents/Aggarwal-Macroed1.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1972, the [[National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse]] released a report favoring decriminalization of cannabis. The [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration took no action to implement the recommendation, however.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pierro Neto |first=Pedro Antonio |last2=Pierro |first2=Luiz Marcelo Chiarotto |last3=Fernandes |first3=Sergio Tadeu |date=2023-09-25 |title=Cannabis: 12.000 anos de experiências e preconceitos |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/brjp/a/Z47fDGfxC9SwpbpwVPDBcWR/?lang=pt |journal=Brazilian Journal of Pain |language=pt |volume=6 |pages=80–84 |doi=10.5935/2595-0118.20230055-pt |issn=2595-0118|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Rescheduling proponents argue that [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] does not meet the [[Controlled Substances Act]]'s strict criteria for placement in [[List of Schedule I drugs (US)|Schedule I]] and so the government is required by law to permit [[medical cannabis|medical use]] or to remove the drug from federal control altogether. The US government, on the other hand, until the [[#2023|August 2023 HHS determination to the contrary]], maintained that cannabis is dangerous enough to merit [[Schedule I controlled substance|Schedule I]] status. The dispute was based on differing views on both how the Act should be interpreted and what kinds of scientific evidence are most relevant to the rescheduling decision.

The Act provides a process for rescheduling controlled substances by petitioning the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]]. The first petition under this process was filed in 1972 to allow cannabis to be legally prescribed by physicians. The petition was ultimately denied after 22 years of court challenges, but a [[Dronabinol|synthetic pill form]] of cannabis's [[psychoactive]] ingredient, [[THC]], was rescheduled in 1986 to allow prescription under schedule II.<ref>{{cite book |title=DEA 51 FR 17476-78}}</ref> In 1999, it was again rescheduled to allow prescription under schedule III.

A second petition, based on claims related to clinical studies, was denied in 2001. The most recent rescheduling petition filed by [[medical cannabis]] advocates was in 2002, but it was denied by the DEA in July 2011. Subsequently, medical cannabis advocacy group [[Americans for Safe Access]] filed an appeal, ''[[Americans for Safe Access v. Drug Enforcement Administration]]'' in January 2012 with the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|District of Columbia Circuit]], which was heard on 16 October 2012<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-pot-court-20121017,0,4699147.story | title = Medical marijuana advocates seek reclassification of drug | author = David Savage | date = October 16, 2012 | access-date = 2012-10-27 | work = Los Angeles Times | archive-date = October 19, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019094327/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-pot-court-20121017,0,4699147.story | url-status = live }}</ref> and denied on 22 January 2013.<ref>{{cite court |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7920687753832005040 |litigants=Americans for Safe Access v. DEA |court=DC Cir. |date=2013}}</ref>

As of April 2023, 38 states, 3 territories, and [[Washington, D.C.]] have legalized the use of medical marijuana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ncsl.org/health/state-medical-cannabis-laws#:~:text=Medical%2DUse%20Update,1%20below%20for%20additional%20information. | title=State Medical Cannabis Laws }}</ref> At a congressional hearing in June 2014, the deputy director for Regulatory Programs at the FDA said the agency was conducting an analysis on whether marijuana should be downgraded, at the request of the DEA.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-20/drug-regulators-study-easing-u-s-marijuana-restrictions.html | publisher=Bloomberg | first=Anna | last=Edney | title=Marijuana Considered for Looser Restrictions by U.S. FDA | date=June 20, 2014 | access-date=March 11, 2017 | archive-date=January 12, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112064904/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-20/drug-regulators-study-easing-u-s-marijuana-restrictions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2016 the DEA reaffirmed its position and refused to remove Schedule I classification.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/08/10/u-s-affirms-its-prohibition-on-medical-marijuana/ | newspaper=The Washington Post | first=Lenny | last=Bernstein | title=U.S. affirms its prohibition on medical marijuana | date=August 11, 2016 | access-date=August 11, 2016 | archive-date=August 11, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811230816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/08/10/u-s-affirms-its-prohibition-on-medical-marijuana/ | url-status=live }}</ref> However, the DEA announced that it will end restrictions on the supply of marijuana to researchers and drug companies that had previously only been available from the government's own facility at the University of Mississippi.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-marijuana-dea-20160811-snap-story,amp.html | newspaper=LA Times | first=Evan | last=Halper | title=DEA ends its monopoly on marijuana growing for medical research | date=August 11, 2016 | access-date=August 11, 2016 | archive-date=August 12, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812003517/http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-marijuana-dea-20160811-snap-story,amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Advocates of marijuana legalization argue that the budgetary impact of removing cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act and legalizing its use in the United States could save billions by reducing government spending for prohibition enforcement in the criminal justice system. Additionally, they argue that billions in annual tax revenues could be generated through proposed taxation and regulation.<ref>Miron, Jeffrey A., Waldock, Katherine. (2010). "[http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/DrugProhibitionWP.pdf The Budgetary Impact of Ending Drug Prohibition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805022148/http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/DrugProhibitionWP.pdf |date=August 5, 2011 }}". Cato Institute. For the original paper, see [[Jeffrey Miron|Miron, Jeffrey A]]. (2005). "The Budgetary Implications of Drug Prohibition". Marijuana Policy Project; see also Caputo, M. R., & Ostrom, B. J. (1994). "Potential tax revenue from a regulated marijuana market: A meaningful revenue source". ''American Journal of Economics and Sociology'', 53, 475–490.</ref>

==Arguments for and against==
===For rescheduling===
[[Jon Gettman]], former director of the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (United States)|National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]], has argued that cannabis does not fit each of the three statutory criteria for Schedule I. Gettman believes that "high potential for abuse" means that a drug has a potential for abuse similar to that of [[heroin]] or [[cocaine]].<ref name="Getman-mmm"/> Gettman argues further that since laboratory animals do not self-administer cannabis, and because cannabis' [[toxicity]] is virtually non-existent compared to that of heroin or cocaine, cannabis lacks the high abuse potential required for inclusion in Schedule I or II.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-18 |title=Notice of Denial of Petition |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/04/18/01-9306/notice-of-denial-of-petition |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Federal Register |language=en}}</ref>

Gettman also states: "The acceptance of cannabis' medical use by eight ([[Medical cannabis in the United States|now thirty-eight and DC]]) states since 1996 and the experiences of patients, doctors, and state officials in these states establish marijuana's accepted medical use in the United States."<ref name="amu-states">[http://www.drugscience.org/amu/amu_states.html Accepted Medical Use of Cannabis: State Laws.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222013041/http://www.drugscience.org/amu/amu_states.html |date=February 22, 2007 }} ''The 2002 Petition to Reschedule Cannabis (Marijuana)''. DrugScience.org. Retrieved 2007-04-18.</ref> Specifically, [[Cannabis in Alabama|Alabama]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Alaska|Alaska]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Arizona|Arizona]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Arkansas|Arkansas]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#California (early and mid-1990s)|California]], [[Cannabis in Colorado|Colorado]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Connecticut|Connecticut]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Delaware|Delaware]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Florida|Florida]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Georgia|Georgia]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Hawaii|Hawaii]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Illinois|Illinois]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Iowa|Iowa]], [[Cannabis in Kentucky|Kentucky]], [[Cannabis in Louisiana|Louisiana]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Maine|Maine]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Maryland|Maryland]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Massachusetts|Massachusetts]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Michigan|Michigan]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Minnesota|Minnesota]], [[Cannabis in Mississippi|Mississippi]], [[Cannabis in Missouri|Missouri]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Montana|Montana]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#New Hampshire|New Hampshire]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Nevada|Nevada]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#New Jersey|New Jersey]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[Cannabis in New York|New York]], [[Cannabis in North Dakota|North Dakota]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Ohio|Ohio]], [[Cannabis in Oklahoma|Oklahoma]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Oregon|Oregon]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]], [[Cannabis in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Rhode Island|Rhode Island]], [[Cannabis in South Dakota|South Dakota]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Tennessee|Tennessee]], [[Cannabis in Utah|Utah]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Vermont|Vermont]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Virginia|Virginia]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Washington|Washington]], [[Medical cannabis in the United States#Washington DC|Washington DC]], and [[Cannabis in West Virginia|West Virginia]], have enacted legislation allowing the medical use of cannabis by their citizens.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391 | title = Active State Medical Marijuana Programs | date = December 1, 2004 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (United States)|NORML]] | archive-date = April 12, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050412164822/http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_Id=3391 | url-status = live }}</ref> A minimum of 4 million patients are currently using medical cannabis legally in these states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/585154/us-legal-medical-marijuana-patients-state/ | title=Legal medical marijuana patients by U.S. State 2021 }}</ref>

In his petition, Gettman also argues that cannabis is an acceptably safe medication. He notes that a 1999 [[Institute of Medicine]] report found that "except for the harms associated with [[smoking]], the adverse effects of marijuana use are within the range of effects tolerated for other medications." He points out that there are a number of [[route of administration|delivery routes]] that were not considered by the institute, such as [[transdermal patch|transdermal]], sublingual, and even [[rectum|rectal]] administration, in addition to [[vaporizer (cannabis)|vaporizers]], which release cannabis' active ingredients into the air without burning the plant matter.<ref name="amu-admin">[http://www.drugscience.org/amu/amu_administration.html Accepted Medical Use: Route of Administration.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222012850/http://www.drugscience.org/amu/amu_administration.html |date=February 22, 2007 }} ''The 2002 Petition to Reschedule Cannabis (Marijuana)''. DrugScience.org. Retrieved 2007-04-18.</ref>

A study published in the March 1, 1990 issue of the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' stated that "there are virtually no reports of fatal cannabis [[drug overdose|overdose]] in humans" and attributed this safety to the low density of [[cannabinoid receptor]]s in areas of the [[human brain|brain]] controlling breathing and the heart.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Herkenham M, Lynn A, Little M, Johnson M, Melvin L, de Costa B, Rice K |title=Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]] |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1932–6 |year=1990 |pmid=2308954 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.5.1932 |pmc=53598|bibcode=1990PNAS...87.1932H |doi-access=free }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/5/1932 Free full text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001061236/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/5/1932 |date=October 1, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="dopamine">{{cite web | url = http://www.ukcia.org/research/gettman.htm | title = Dopamine and the Dependence Liability of Marijuana | author = Jon Gettman | date = July 11, 1997 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = UK Cannabis Internet Activists | archive-date = March 13, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050313062937/http://www.ukcia.org/research/gettman.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Gettman claims that the discovery of the cannabinoid receptor system in the late 1980s revolutionized scientific understanding of cannabis' effects and provided further evidence that it does not belong in Schedule I.

In 2003, the United States government patented cannabinoids, including those in marijuana that cause users to get "high" (such as [[THC]]) based on these chemicals' prevention of trauma- and age-related brain damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6630507.PN.&OS=PN%2F6630507&RS=PN%2F6630507 |title=United States Patent, Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants |author=U.S. Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=2011-07-13 |publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706123850/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=6630507.PN.&OS=PN%2F6630507&RS=PN%2F6630507 |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>

In January 2008, the [[American College of Physicians]] called for a review of cannabis's Schedule I classification in its position paper titled "Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana" It stated therein: "Position 4: ACP urges an evidence-based review of marijuana's status as a Schedule I controlled substance to determine whether it should be reclassified to a different schedule. This review should consider the scientific findings regarding marijuana's safety and efficacy in some clinical conditions as well as evidence on the health risks associated with marijuana consumption, particularly in its crude smoked form."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acponline.org/acp_news/medmarinews.htm |title=Supporting Research into the Therapeutic Role of Marijuana |author=American College of Physicians |date=January 2008 |access-date=2008-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515160053/http://www.acponline.org/acp_news/medmarinews.htm |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}</ref>

From 2008 to 2012, the American Patients Rights Association, in cooperation with Medical Marijuana expert Kim Quiggle, lobbied the federal government over what is now known as the "Mary Lou Eimer Criteria" based on a medical study performed by Quiggle on over 10,000 chronically ill and terminally ill patients' use of medical marijuana in Southern California. This study provided conclusive evidence that medical marijuana provided a safer and alternative application to many current pharmaceutical products available for patients, especially those with cancer and HIV/AIDS. The "Mary Lou Eimer Criteria" were instrumental in the issuance of the Cole Memorandum, which has set federal guidelines over states with medical marijuana laws and has urged the federal government to reschedule marijuana to a Class IV or Class V controlled substance based on the results of the Quiggle Study.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

=== Against rescheduling ===
In 1992, DEA Administrator [[Robert C. Bonner|Robert Bonner]] promulgated five criteria, based somewhat on the Controlled Substances Act's legislative history, for determining whether a drug has an accepted medical use.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/deahistory_05.htm#10 | title = DEA History Book, 1990–1994. Medical Use of Marijuana Denied (1992) | author = U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] | access-date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = [[United States Department of Justice]] | archive-date = February 6, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050206202612/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/history/deahistory_05.htm#10 | url-status = live }}</ref> The DEA claims that cannabis has no accepted medical use because it does not meet all of these criteria:<ref name="frwebgate">{{Cite periodical |author=Drug Enforcement Administration |title=Notice of Denial of Petition; and Basis for the Recommendation for Maintaining Marijuana in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-04-18/html/01-9306.htm |magazine=Federal Register |volume=66 |number=75 |date=April 18, 2001 |pages=20037–20076 |access-date=2022-10-09 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130301/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-04-18/html/01-9306.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The drug's chemistry is known and reproducible;
* There are adequate safety studies;
* There are adequate and well-controlled studies proving efficacy;
* The drug is accepted by qualified experts; and
* The scientific evidence is widely available.

These criteria are not binding; they were created by DEA and may be altered at any time. Judicial deference to agency decisions is what has kept them in effect, despite the difference between these and the statutory criteria. Cannabis is one of several plants with unproven abuse potential and toxicity that Congress placed in Schedule I. The DEA interprets the [[Controlled Substances Act]] to mean that if a drug with even a low potential for abuse — say, equivalent to a Schedule V drug — has no accepted medical use, then it must remain in Schedule I:<ref name="frwebgate"/>

<blockquote>When it comes to a drug that is currently listed in Schedule I, if it is undisputed that such drug has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States and a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and it is further undisputed that the drug has at least some potential for abuse sufficient to warrant control under the CSA, the drug must remain in schedule I. In such circumstances, placement of the drug in schedules II through V would conflict with the CSA since such drug would not meet the criterion of "a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States." 21 USC 812(b).

Therefore, even if one were to assume, theoretically, that your assertions about marijuana's potential for abuse were correct (i.e., that marijuana had some potential for abuse but less than the "high potential for abuse" commensurate with schedules I and II), marijuana would not meet the criteria for placement in schedules III through V since it has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States—a determination that is reaffirmed by HHS in the attached medical and scientific evaluation.</blockquote>

[[Image:Mouse.jpeg|frame|right|The U.S. Government argues that human studies are more relevant than studies showing animals do not self-administer cannabis.]]
The [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] rejects the argument that laboratory animals' failure to self-administer cannabis is conclusive proof of its low potential for abuse:<ref name="frwebgate"/>

<blockquote>The Secretary disagrees with Mr. Gettman's assertion that "[t]he accepted contemporary legal convention for evaluating the abuse potential of a drug or substance is the relative degree of self-administration the drug induces in animal subjects." As discussed above, self-administration tests that identify whether a substance is reinforcing in animals are but one component of the scientific assessment of the abuse potential of a substance. Positive indicators of human abuse liability for a particular substance, whether from laboratory studies or epidemiological data, are given greater weight than animal studies suggesting the same compound has no abuse potential.</blockquote>

The [[Food and Drug Administration]] elaborates on this, arguing that the widespread use of cannabis, and the existence of some heavy users, is evidence of its "high potential for abuse," despite the drug's lack of physiological addictiveness:<ref name="frwebgate"/>

<blockquote>[P]hysical dependence and toxicity are not the only factors to consider in determining a substance's abuse potential. A large number of individuals using marijuana on a regular basis and the vast amount of marijuana that is available for illicit use are indicative of widespread use. In addition, there is evidence that marijuana use can result in [[psychological dependence]] in a certain proportion of the population.</blockquote>

The [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) also considers the fact that people are willing to risk scholastic, career, and legal problems to use cannabis to be evidence of its high potential for abuse:<ref name="frwebgate"/>

<blockquote>Throughout his petition, Mr. Gettman argues that while many people "use" cannabis, few "abuse" it. He appears to equate abuse with the level of physical dependence and toxicity resulting from cannabis use. Thus, he appears to be arguing that a substance that causes only low levels of physical dependence and toxicity must be considered to have a low potential for abuse. The Secretary does not agree with this argument. Physical dependence and toxicity are not the only factors that are considered in determining a substance's abuse potential. The actual use and frequency of use of a substance, especially when that use may result in harmful consequences such as failure to fulfill major obligations at work or school, physical risk-taking, or even substance-related legal problems, are indicative of a substance's abuse potential.</blockquote>

==Process==
Cannabis could be rescheduled either [[legislature|legislatively]], through Congress, or through the [[United States Federal Executive Departments|executive branch]]. Congress has so far rejected all bills to reschedule cannabis. However, it is not unheard of for Congress to intervene in the drug scheduling process; in February 2000, for instance, the 105th Congress, in its second official session, passed ''Public Law 106-172'', also known as the ''Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reed Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000'',<ref>{{USPL|106|172}}. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.</ref> adding [[Gamma-hydroxybutyrate|GHB]] to Schedule I.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.dea.gov/pubs/pressrel/pr031300.htm | title = GHB added to the list of schedule i controlled substances | author = U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration | date = March 13, 2000 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = United States Department of Justice | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407202739/http://www.dea.gov/pubs/pressrel/pr031300.htm | archive-date = April 7, 2007 }}</ref> On June 23, 2011, Rep. [[Barney Frank]] and Rep. [[Ron Paul]] introduced {{USBill|112|HR|2306}},<ref>{{USBill|112|HR|2306|pipe=H.R. 2306, The Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act 2011}}</ref> legislation that would completely remove cannabis from the federal schedules, limiting the federal government's role to policing cross-border or interstate transfers into states where it remains illegal.

The [[Controlled Substances Act]] also provides for a rulemaking process by which the [[United States Attorney General]] can reschedule cannabis administratively. These proceedings represent the only means of legalizing medical cannabis without an act of Congress. Rescheduling supporters have often cited the lengthy petition review process as a reason why cannabis is still illegal.<ref name="Getman-mmm">{{cite web | url = http://drugrehaballiance.com/marijuana-prohibition/Jon-Gettman.pdf | title = Science And The End Of Marijuana Prohibition | author = Jon Gettman | date = May 13, 1999 | access-date = 2014-12-12 | publisher = drugrehaballiance.com | archive-date = December 13, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141213075555/http://drugrehaballiance.com/marijuana-prohibition/Jon-Gettman.pdf | url-status = live }} Text originally presented at the 12th International Conference on Drug Policy Reform.</ref> The first petition took 22 years to review, the second took 7 years, the third was denied 9 years later. A 2013 petition by two state governors is still pending.

===Rulemaking proceedings===

{{sidebar|navbar=none
|style = width:auto
|titlestyle=background:#efefef
|contentstyle = text-align: left;
|title=Stages in rescheduling proceedings
|content1=
* Filing of Petition with DEA
* Acceptance of Petition by DEA
* Initial Review by DEA
* Referral to HHS
* Scientific and Medical Evaluation by HHS
* HHS Report to DEA
* Evaluation of Additional Information by DEA
* Publication of DEA Decision
* ([[Judicial review]] by the [[United States courts of appeals|U.S. Court of Appeals]])
* (Public Hearing on Disputed Matters of Fact)
}}

The [[United States Code]], under Section 811 of [[Title 21 of the United States Code|Title 21]],<ref name="CSA">{{UnitedStatesCode|21|811}}. Retrieved on 2007-04-28 from [[Cornell Law School]]'s Legal Information Institute.</ref> sets out a process by which cannabis could be administratively transferred to a less-restrictive category or removed from Controlled Substances Act regulation altogether. The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) evaluates petitions to reschedule cannabis. However, the Controlled Substances Act gives the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] (HHS), as the successor agency of the [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare|Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]], great power over rescheduling decisions.

After the DEA accepts the filing of a petition, the agency must request from the HHS Secretary "a scientific and medical evaluation, and his recommendations, as to whether such drug or other substance should be so controlled or removed as a controlled substance." The Secretary's findings on scientific and medical issues are binding on the DEA.<ref>[https://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990311b.html Statement on "Date Rape" Drugs by Nicholas Reuter, M.P.H.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516010858/http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990311b.html |date=2006-05-16 }}, Associate Director for Domestic and International Drug Control, Office of Health Affairs, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Testimony before the House Committee on Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, March 11, 1999.</ref> The HHS Secretary can even unilaterally legalize cannabis: "[I]f the Secretary recommends that a drug or other substance not be controlled, the Attorney General shall not control the drug or other substance." ''{{UnitedStatesCode|21|811(b)}}''.

===Factors===
Unless an international treaty requires controlling a substance, the Attorney General must, in finding whether the drug meets the three criteria for placement in a particular schedule, consider the following factors:<ref>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011title21/html/USCODE-2011-title21-chap13-subchapI-partB.htm Factors determinative of control or removal from schedules]</ref>
* The drug's actual or relative potential for abuse.
* [[Scientific evidence]] of its pharmacological effect, if known.
* The state of current scientific knowledge regarding the drug or other substance.
* Its history and current pattern of abuse.
* The scope, duration, and significance of abuse.
* What, if any, risk there is to the [[public health]].
* Its psychological or [[physical dependence|physiological]] dependence liability.
* Whether the substance is an immediate [[precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] of a controlled substance.

===International treaty scheduling===
[[Image:cannabis sativa.jpg|thumb|150px|right|The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] requires governments to regulate cannabis cultivation, but does not ban medical use.]]

{{Main|Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961}}

The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961]] is the main [[Treaty|international treaty]] establishing [[international law]] provisions related to marijuana. It was ratified by the United States in 1967.<ref name=lexlata>{{Cite journal |last=Riboulet-Zemouli |first=Kenzi |date=2022-03-14 |title=High Compliance, a Lex Lata Legalization for the Non-Medical Cannabis Industry: How to Regulate Recreational Cannabis in Accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4057428 |journal=[[FAAAT|FAAAT editions]] |language=en |location=[[Paris]] and [[Washington, DC]] |page=14|ssrn=4057428 }}</ref> When a [[treaty]] [[ratification|ratified]] by the U.S. mandates that a drug be controlled, the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] is required to "issue an order controlling such drug under the schedule he deems most appropriate to carry out such obligations" without regard to scientific or medical findings, per {{UnitedStatesCode|21|811d}}. Under the [[United Nations]]' [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]], cannabis and [[hashish|cannabis resin]] were traditionally classified under Schedule IV (treaty's most strictly controlled category of drugs<ref name="SCND">
{{cite web|url=http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/conv/convention_1961_en.pdf |title=Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063404/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/conv/convention_1961_en.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-09 }} {{small|(502 KB)}}. [[United Nations]] [[International Narcotics Control Board]]. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Amended in 1972; schedules revised on March 5, 1990. Also available directly from [[s:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|Wikisource]] in HTML format.</ref><ref name=processstakeholdershistory>{{Cite journal |last1=Riboulet-Zemouli |first1=Kenzi |last2=Krawitz |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Krawitz |last3=Ghehiouèche |first3=Farid |date=2018 |journal=The Crimson Digest |volume=1 |title=Briefing on the international scientific assessment of Cannabis: Processes, stakeholders and history |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.27802.70082 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.27802.70082}}</ref>) since 1961.

However, [[Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961|in 2020, world nations voted to lower the scheduling status of marijuana to the less-restrictive Schedule I]]. The decision became legally-effective worldwide in April 2021, taking "cannabis and cannabis resin" out of Schedule IV to leave it only in Schedule I.<ref name=historysciencepolitics /> After "cannabis and cannabis resin" have been removed from Schedule IV, further steps to reschedule or deschedule marijuana (such as taking it out of the treaty's Schedule I) would now require amendment of the treaty.<ref name=historysciencepolitics /> The principal features of the international legal regime of Schedule I are:

* Limitation to medical and scientific purposes of all phases of trade (manufacture, domestic trade, both wholesale and retail, and [[international trade]]) in, and of the possession and use of, drugs, except drugs that are used in industry for other than medical and scientific purposes (article 2(9)<ref name=lexlata />);
* Requirement of governmental authorization (licensing or state ownership) for the participation in any phase of the production or trade, specific import and export authorization for each individual international transaction;
* Obligation of all participants in the trade to keep detailed records of their transactions;
* Requirement of a [[medical prescription]] for the supply or dispensation of drugs to individuals;
* A system of limiting the quantities of drugs available, by manufacture or import or both, in each country and territory, to those needed for medical and scientific purposes.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Status of scheduling of cannabis and cannabis resin under the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961]]<ref name=whosonfirst />
!Schedule
!Period in effect
!Description
|-
|'''IV'''
|1968–2021
|Corresponds to drugs that are deemed to be particularly liable to abuse and to produce ill effects, and such liability is not offset by substantial therapeutic advantages – article 3(5)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=[[WHO]] |title=Guidance on the WHO review of psychoactive substances for international control |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-150055-5 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''I'''
|2021–present
|"Constitute the standard regime under the Single Convention"<ref name="drugtext1">{{cite web |title=Blog |url=http://www.drugtext.org/library/legal/treat/commentary/ |access-date=14 March 2005}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> corresponding to drugs deemed liable to abuse and productive of ill-effects – article 3(3)<ref name=":1" />
|}
In the [[United States]], ''21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(2)(B)'' of the [[Controlled Substances Act]] states that if the [[United Nations]] [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] proposes rescheduling a drug, the HHS Secretary "shall evaluate the proposal and furnish a recommendation to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] which shall be binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal".<ref name="CSA" />

However, "[s]cheduling pursuant to international treaty obligations does not require the factual findings that are necessary for other administrative scheduling actions, and may be implemented without regard to the procedures outlined for regular administrative scheduling."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45948#_Toc21598643 |title=The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 117th Congress Updated February 5, 2021 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |year=2021}}</ref> For this reason, some have argued that changes in cannabis scheduling at the U.S. federal level may be fast-tracked after the change in treaty scheduling, on these grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=12/09/20 Michael Krawitz |url=https://www.drugtruth.net/node/8117 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Drug Truth Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=[[White House]] |date=2022-10-06 |title=Background Press Call on Marijuana Reform |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2022/10/06/background-press-call-on-marijuana-reform/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
===1972 petition===
In 1972 the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (United States)|National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]] (NORML) petitioned the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]] (BNDD) (now the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)) to transfer cannabis to Schedule II so that it could be legally prescribed by physicians. The BNDD declined to initiate proceedings on the basis of their interpretation of U.S. treaty commitments.

In 1974, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] ruled against the government and ordered them to process the petition ([[Case citation|''NORML v. Ingersoll'']] 497 F.2d 654). The government continued to rely on treaty commitments in their interpretation of scheduling-related issues concerning the NORML petition. In 1977, the Court issued a decision clarifying that the Controlled Substances Act requires a full scientific and medical evaluation and the fulfillment of the rescheduling process before treaty commitments can be evaluated (''NORML v. DEA 559 F.2d 735''). On October 16, 1980, the Court ordered the government to start the scientific and medical evaluations required by the NORML petition (''NORML v. DEA Unpublished Disposition, U.S. App. LEXIS 13100'').

Meanwhile, some members of Congress were taking action to reschedule the drug legislatively. In 1981, the late Rep. [[Stewart McKinney (politician)|Stuart McKinney]] introduced a bill to transfer cannabis to Schedule II.<ref>{{USCongRec|1998|H7719}} through [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?dbname=1998_record&position=all&page=H7726 H7726] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008204221/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-1998-09-15/pdf/CREC-1998-09-15-pt1-PgH7726.pdf |date=October 8, 2021 }} ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]). Retrieved on 2007-04-28.</ref> It was co-sponsored by a [[bipartisanship|bipartisan]] coalition of 84 [[United States House of Representatives|House]] members, including prominent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] [[Newt Gingrich]] ([[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]]), [[Bill McCollum]] ([[Florida|FL]]), [[John Edward Porter|John Porter]] ([[Illinois|IL]]), and [[Frank Wolf (politician)|Frank Wolf]] ([[Virginia|VA]]).<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.mpp.org/releases/nr111395.html |title=Rep. Barney Frank Re-Introduces Medicinal Marijuana Bill Previously Co-Sponsored by Rep. Newt Gingrich |date=November 13, 1995 |publisher=[[Marijuana Policy Project]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207182849/http://www.mpp.org/releases/nr111395.html |archive-date=February 7, 2005 }} Retrieved on 2007-04-28 through [[Internet Archive|Archive.org]].</ref> After the bill died in committee, Rep. [[Barney Frank]] began annually introducing nearly identical legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.safeaccessnow.org/article.php?id=679 |title=Burnt: Medical use of marijuana has been legal in California since 1996 |last=Kuipers |first=Dean |date=June 25, 2003 |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=[[Americans for Safe Access]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606034530/http://safeaccessnow.org/article.php?id=679 |archive-date=June 6, 2007 }}</ref> All of Frank's bills have suffered the same fate, though, without attracting more than a handful of co-sponsors.

On October 18, 1985, the DEA issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to transfer "Synthetic [[Dronabinol]] in Sesame Oil and Encapsulated in Soft Gelatin Capsules" — a pill form of Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]], the main psychoactive component of cannabis, sold under the brand name [[Dronabinol|Marinol]] — from Schedule I to Schedule II (''DEA 50 FR 42186-87''). The government issued its final rule rescheduling the drug on July 13, 1986 (''DEA 51 FR 17476-78''). The disparate treatment of cannabis and the expensive, [[patent]]able Marinol prompted reformers to question the DEA's consistency.<ref>Jon Gettman. [http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr3/n3_Marinol.html The Distinction Between Marinol, Dronabinol, and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507000855/http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr3/n3_Marinol.html |date=May 7, 2007 }} The Bulletin of Cannabis Reform. DrugScience.org. Retrieved 2007-05-03.</ref><ref>Carl Olsen. [http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr3/n3_Olsen.html Sacramental Cannabis Lawsuit Challenges Marijuana Prohibition On Establishment and Free Exercise of Religion.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506164927/http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr3/n3_Olsen.html |date=May 6, 2007 }} The Bulletin of Cannabis Reform. DrugScience.org. Retrieved 2007-05-03.</ref>

{{sidebar|navbar=none
|style = width:40em
|titlestyle = background:#efefef
|contentstyle = text-align: left;
|title=1986 Hearings
|heading1 = Parties supporting rescheduling
|content1 =
* [[NORML]], a membership-funded educational organization, founded in 1970, which opposes all criminal prohibitions against cannabis and cannabis smoking.
* The [[Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics]], a nonprofit organization founded in 1980 to make cannabis available by prescription.
* The [[Cannabis Corporation of America]], a pharmaceutical firm established with the intention of extracting natural cannabinoids for therapeutic use when cannabis is placed in Schedule II.
* The [[Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church]], which considers cannabis a sacred plant essential to its religious rituals.
|heading2 = Parties opposing rescheduling
|content2 =
* The [[Drug Enforcement Administration]].
* The [[International Association of Chiefs of Police]].
* The [[National Federation of Parents for Drug-Free Youth]], a membership-funded educational organization.
}}

In the summer of 1986, the DEA administrator initiated public hearings on cannabis rescheduling. The hearings lasted two years, involving many witnesses and thousands of pages of documentation. On September 6, 1988, DEA Chief Administrative Law Judge [[Francis L. Young]] ruled that cannabis did not meet the legal criteria of a Schedule I prohibited drug and should be reclassified. He declared that cannabis in its natural form is "one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. (T)he provisions of the (Controlled Substances) Act permit and require the transfer of marijuana from Schedule I to Schedule II".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.druglibrary.org/olsen/MEDICAL/YOUNG/young1.html | title = In The Matter Of MARIJUANA RESCHEDULING PETITION, Docket No. 86-22: OPINION AND RECOMMENDED RULING, FINDINGS OF FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE | last = Young | first = Francis L. | date = September 6, 1988 | publisher = Schaffer Library of Drug Policy | access-date = 2007-04-28 | archive-date = February 13, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050213154720/http://www.druglibrary.org/olsen/medical/young/young1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Then-DEA Administrator [[John C. Lawn|John Lawn]] overruled Young's determination. Lawn said he decided against rescheduling cannabis based on testimony and comments from numerous medical doctors who had conducted detailed research and were widely considered experts in their respective fields. Later Administrators agreed. "Those who insist that marijuana has medical uses would serve society better by promoting or sponsoring more legitimate research," former DEA Administrator [[Robert C. Bonner|Robert Bonner]] opined in 1992. This statement was quoted by the [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies]] (MAPS) in its membership drives.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n1/05111mmj.html | title = The Medicinal Use Of Marijuana – A Progress Report On Dr. Donald Abrams' Pilot Study Comparing Smoked Marijuana And The Oral THC Capsule For The Promotion Of Weight Gain In Patients Suffering from the AIDS Wasting Syndrome | last = Doblin | first = Rick | journal = Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | year = 1994 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | archive-date = March 18, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050318092832/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n1/05111mmj.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1994, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|D.C. Court of Appeals]] finally affirmed the DEA Administrator's power to overrule Judge Young's decision (''Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics v. DEA. 15 F.3d 1131''). The petition was officially dead. "Each of the doctors testifying on behalf of NORML claimed that his opinion was based on scientific studies, yet with one exception, none could identify, under oath, the scientific studies they relied on," DEA Administrator [[Thomas A. Constantine]] remarked in 1995.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9702/weed.wars/issues/background |title=Medicinal marijuana: the struggle for legalization |year=1997 |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608185133/http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9702/weed.wars/issues/background/ |archive-date=June 8, 2007 }}</ref>

===1980 congressional hearings===
{{Expand section|date=December 2021|with=details of testimony from the hearings and their relevance to this article}}
On May 20, 1980, Representative [[Sam Neal]] (D-NC) convened hearings on Schedule I drugs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>See also Appendix B of {{ISBN|978-0936485065}}, {{ISBN|093648506X}}</ref>

===1995 petition===
On July 10, 1995, Jon Gettman and ''[[High Times]]'' Magazine filed another rescheduling petition with the DEA. This time, instead of focusing on cannabis' medical uses, the petitioners claimed that cannabis did not have the "high potential for abuse" required for Schedule I or Schedule II status. They based their claims on studies of the brain's [[cannabinoid receptor]] system conducted by the [[National Institute of Mental Health]] (NIMH) between 1988 and 1994. In particular, they claim that a 1992 study by M. Herkenham et al.,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Herkenham M |title=Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain: relationship to motor and reward systems |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=654 |pages=19–32 |year=1992 |issue=1 |pmid=1385932 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25953.x |bibcode=1992NYASA.654...19H |s2cid=8878693 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230750 |access-date=July 6, 2019 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811160601/https://zenodo.org/record/1230750 |url-status=live }}</ref> "using a lesion-technique, established that there are no cannabinoid receptors in the [[dopamine]]-producing areas of the brain".<ref name="dopamine"/> Other studies, summarized in Gettman's 1997 report ''Dopamine and the Dependence Liability of Marijuana'', showed that cannabis has only an indirect effect on dopamine transmission.<ref name="dopamine"/> This suggested that cannabis' psychoactive effects are produced by a different mechanism than addictive drugs such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[ethanol]], [[nicotine]], and [[opiate]]s. The [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]], however, continued to publish literature denying this finding. For instance, NIDA claims the following in its youth publication ''The Science Behind Drug Abuse'':<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teens.drugabuse.gov/facts/facts_mj1.asp |title=NIDA for Teens: Facts on Drugs – Marijuana |date=June 10, 2005 |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=U.S. [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427175516/http://teens.drugabuse.gov/facts/facts_mj1.asp |archive-date=April 27, 2007 }}</ref>
:''A chemical in marijuana, THC, triggers brain cells to release the chemical [[dopamine]]. Dopamine creates good feelings — for a short time. Here's the thing: Once dopamine starts flowing, a user feels the urge to smoke marijuana again, and then again, and then again. Repeated use could lead to addiction, and addiction is a brain disease.''

In January 1997, the White House [[Office of National Drug Control Policy]] (ONDCP) asked the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) to conduct a review of the scientific evidence to assess the potential health benefits and risks of cannabis and its constituent [[cannabinoid]]s.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Janet E. Joy |editor2=Stanley J. Watson, Jr. |editor3=John A. Benson, Jr. |series=Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, [[Institute of Medicine]] |title=Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base |publisher=National Academy Press |location=Washington, DC |year=1999 |isbn=0-309-07155-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/marijuanamedicin0000unse }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20000815231018/http://books.nap.edu/html/marimed/ Free full text]</ref> In 1999, the IOM recommended that medical cannabis use be allowed for certain patients in the short term, and that preparations of isolated cannabinoids be developed as a safer alternative to smoked cannabis. The IOM also found that the [[gateway drug theory]] was "beyond the issues normally considered for medical uses of drugs and should not be a factor in evaluating the therapeutic potential of marijuana or cannabinoids."

Both sides claimed that the IOM report supported their position. The DEA publication ''Exposing the Myth of Smoked Medical Marijuana'' interpreted the IOM's statement, "While we see a future in the development of chemically defined cannabinoid drugs, we see little future in smoked marijuana as a medicine," as meaning that smoking cannabis is not recommended for the treatment of any disease condition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/ongoing/marijuana.html |title=Exposing the Myth of Smoked Medical Marijuana |author=U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=United States Department of Justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417155648/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/ongoing/marijuana.html |archive-date=April 17, 2007 }}</ref> Cannabis advocates pointed out that the IOM did not study [[vaporizer (cannabis)|vaporizers]], devices which, by heating cannabis to 185 °C, release therapeutic cannabinoids while reducing or eliminating ingestion of various [[carcinogen]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html | title = Marijuana Water Pipe and Vaporizer Study | last = Gieringer | first = Dale | journal = Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | year = 1996 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | archive-date = February 9, 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050209085333/http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v06n3/06359mj1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

On July 2, 1999, Marinol was again rescheduled, this time from Schedule II to the even less-restrictive Schedule III, while cannabis remained in Schedule I (''64 FR 35928'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marijuananews.com/marijuananews/cowan/jon_gettman_comments_on_the_resc.htm |title=Jon Gettman Comments On The Rescheduling of Marinol |author=Jon Gettman |date=July 27, 1999 |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=MarijuanaNews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608190509/http://marijuananews.com/marijuananews/cowan/jon_gettman_comments_on_the_resc.htm |archive-date=June 8, 2007 }}</ref> The petitioners argued that the distinction between the two drugs was arbitrary, and that cannabis should be rescheduled as well. The DEA, however, continued to support Marinol as a method of THC ingestion without harmful smoke inhalation.

The DEA published a final denial of Gettman's petition on April 18, 2001.<ref name=frwebgate /> The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the agency's decision on May 24, 2002, ruling that the petitioners were not sufficiently injured to have standing to challenge DEA's determinations in federal court (''290 F.3d 430'').<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drugscience.org/intro/arguments.html | title = Arguments Supporting the Cannabis Rescheduling Petition | access-date = 2007-04-28 | work = The 2002 Petition to Reschedule Cannabis (Marijuana) | publisher = DrugScience.org | archive-date = June 26, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070626204806/http://www.drugscience.org/intro/arguments.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Since the appeal was dismissed on a technicality, it is unknown what position the Court would have taken on the merits of the case.

===2002 petition===
On October 9, 2002, the [[Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis]] filed another petition for rescheduling.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.drugscience.org/PR/10-9-02_filing.htm | title = National Coalition Seeks Recognition of the Accepted Medical Use of Cannabis in the United States; Petition Provides Scientific Argument For Rescheduling | date = October 9, 2002 | access-date = 2007-04-28 | publisher = [[Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis]] | archive-date = October 14, 2002 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021014102048/http://www.drugscience.org/PR/10-9-02_filing.htm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.drugscience.org/petition_intro.html | title = The Cannabis Rescheduling Petition: An Introduction | access-date = 2007-04-28 | work = The 2002 Petition to Reschedule Cannabis (Marijuana) | publisher = DrugScience.org | archive-date = February 18, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218182928/http://www.drugscience.org/petition_intro.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The new organization consisted of medical cannabis patients and other petitioners who would be more directly affected by the DEA's decision. On April 3, 2003, the DEA accepted the filing of that petition. According to Jon Gettman, "In accepting the petition the DEA has acknowledged that the Coalition has established a legally significant argument in support of the recognition of the accepted medical use of cannabis in the United States."

(In a 2005 footnote to the majority decision in ''[[Gonzales v. Raich]]'', Justice [[John Paul Stevens]] said that if the scientific evidence offered by medical cannabis supporters is true, it would "cast serious doubt" on the Schedule I classification.)<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.law.com/jsp/dc/PubArticleDC.jsp?id=1118061314701 | title = High Court: Federal Drug Laws Can Trump State Medical Marijuana Laws | last = Mauro | first = Tony | date = June 6, 2005 | publisher = Legal Times | access-date = June 15, 2005 | archive-date = September 1, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070901004729/http://www.law.com/jsp/dc/PubArticleDC.jsp?id=1118061314701 | url-status = live }}</ref>

After nine years of delay, on May 23, 2011, the Coalition filed suit in the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals to compel the DEA to formally respond to its 2002 rescheduling petition. The [[writ of mandamus]] request alleged that the lack of decision by DEA, "presents a paradigmatic example of unreasonable delay under ''Telecommunications Research & Action Ctr. v. FCC''."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/CRC_Writ.pdf |title=Petition for writ of mandamus to the drug enforcement administration and the united states attorney general |author=Coalition to Reschedule Cannabis |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=2007-04-28 |publisher=cannabisnews.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626044506/http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/CRC_Writ.pdf |archive-date=June 26, 2011 }}</ref> After DEA responded by denying the rescheduling petition, the mandamus request was dismissed as moot by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals on October 14, 2011.<ref>In Re: Coal. to Reschedule Cannabis, et al., No. 11-5121 (C.A.D.C. Oct. 14, 2011)(unpublished [pursuant to D.C. Cir. Rule 36]).</ref>

The DEA denied the Petition for Rescheduling on July 8, 2011.<ref name=iowadeny>{{cite periodical |volume=76 |number=131 |magazine=Federal Register |pages=40552–40589 |title=Denial of Petition To Initiate Proceedings To Reschedule Marijuana |author=Drug Enforcement Administration |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2011-07-08/pdf/2011-16994.pdf |date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.iowamedicalmarijuana.org/petition/usca_11_1265_20110823_5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075132/http://resources.iowamedicalmarijuana.org/petition/usca_11_1265_20110823_5.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-08 |title=Final Determination on the Petition for Rescheduling |publisher=DEA }}</ref><ref>Petitioner's Reply in Support of Petition for Writ of Mandamus, In re Coal. to Reschedule Cannabis (11–5121), 2011 WL 3382393 (C.A.D.C. Aug. 4, 2011).</ref>

In response to the petition's denial, [[medical cannabis]] advocacy group [[Americans for Safe Access]] appealed to the D.C. Circuit on January 23, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://AmericansForSafeAccess.org/article.php?id=7051 |title=Patient Advocates File Appeal Brief in Federal Case to Reclassify Medical Marijuana |author=Americans for Safe Access |date=January 23, 2012 |access-date=2012-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714061022/http://www.americansforsafeaccess.org/article.php?id=7051 |archive-date=July 14, 2012 }}</ref> Oral arguments in the case ''Americans for Safe Access v. DEA'' were heard on October 16, 2012.<ref name="Americans for Safe Access">{{cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/medical-marijuana-rescheduling-case_n_1728596.html | title = Medical Marijuana Case On Therapeutic Value, Rescheduling To Be Heard In Federal Court | author = Americans for Safe Access | date = August 1, 2012 | access-date = 2012-09-02 | publisher = Huffington Post | archive-date = September 13, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120913193016/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/01/medical-marijuana-rescheduling-case_n_1728596.html | url-status = live }}</ref> On the same day the case was heard, the court ordered the plaintiffs (ASA) to clarify their arguments on standing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/ASA_v_DEA_Supp_Briefing_Order.pdf |title=Order for Supplemental Briefing |author=U.S. Court of Appeal for the District of Columbia Circuit |date=October 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030044932/http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/ASA_v_DEA_Supp_Briefing_Order.pdf |archive-date=October 30, 2012 }}</ref> In response, ASA filed a supplemental brief on October 22, 2012, detailing how plaintiff Michael Krawitz was harmed by the federal government's policy on medical marijuana due to being denied treatment by the Department of Veterans Affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/ASA_v_DEA_Supp_Brief.pdf |title=Petitioners' Supplemental Brief on Standing |author=Americans for Safe Access |date=October 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119083525/http://americansforsafeaccess.org/downloads/ASA_v_DEA_Supp_Brief.pdf |archive-date=November 19, 2012 }}</ref> A ruling that acknowledged Krawitz's standing, but ultimately stood by the DEA was made on January 22, 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7920687753832005040 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140709121542/http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7920687753832005040 | archive-date = July 9, 2014 | title = Americans for Safe Access, et al., Petitioners, v. Drug Enforcement Administration, Respondent, Carl Eric Olsen, Intervenor. | author = United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit | date = January 22, 2013 }}</ref>

===2009 petition===
On December 17, 2009, Rev. Bryan A. Krumm, CNP, filed a rescheduling petition for Cannabis with the DEA arguing that "because marijuana does not have the abuse potential for placement in Schedule I of the CSA, and because marijuana now has accepted medical use in 13 states, and because the DEA's own Administrative Law Judge has already determined that marijuana is safe for use under medical supervision, the federal definition for a schedule I controlled substance, 21 U.S.C. § 812(b)(1)(A)-(C), no longer applies to marijuana and federal law must be amended to reflect these changes." Krumm demanded an expedited ruling in order to protect his health and welfare, as well as that of all citizens of the United States who may benefit from this safe and effective medication.

Rev. Krumm did not request that cannabis be moved to any specific schedule of control under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and has reserved his right to challenge any incorrect findings by the FDA and/or DEA whether Cannabis should even be regulated under the CSA.

DEA denied Rev. Krumm's petition on July 19, 2016 and published the denial in the Federal Register on August 12, 2016.<ref name=krummdeny>{{cite periodical |magazine=Federal Register |volume=81 |number=156 |pages=53767–53845 |title=Denial of Petition To Initiate Proceedings To Reschedule Marijuana |author=Drug Enforcement Administration |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-08-12/pdf/2016-17960.pdf |date=2016-08-12 |access-date=2024-07-22}}</ref>

===2011 petition===
On November 30, 2011, Washington State [[Christine Gregoire|Governor Christine Gregoire]] announced the filing of a petition<ref>{{ cite web|url=http://www.governor.wa.gov/news/news-view.asp?pressRelease=1809 |date=2011-11-30 |title=Gov. Gregoire files petition to reclassify marijuana |author=Office of the Governor of Washington }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.governor.wa.gov/priorities/healthcare/petition/combined_document.pdf |author = Offices of the Governors of the States of Washington and Rhode Island |date = 2011-11-30 |title=Petition to DEA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916211232/http://www.governor.wa.gov/priorities/healthcare/petition/combined_document.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-16}}</ref> with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration asking the agency to reclassify marijuana as a Schedule 2 drug, which will allow its use for treatment – prescribed by doctors and filled by pharmacists. Gov. [[Lincoln Chafee]] (I-Rhode Island) also signed the petition.

On December 23, 2015, Tom Angell reported that the FDA had finally issued a recommendation to the DEA regarding both the 2009 and 2011 petitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=FDA issues marijuana rescheduling recommendation to DEA|url=http://www.marijuana.com/blog/news/2015/12/fda-issues-marijuana-rescheduling-recommendation-to-dea/|publisher=Marijuana.com|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-date=December 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225055543/http://www.marijuana.com/blog/news/2015/12/fda-issues-marijuana-rescheduling-recommendation-to-dea/|url-status=live}}</ref> On August 12, 2016, DEA denied the governors' petition.<ref name=govdeny>{{cite periodical |magazine=Federal Register |volume=81 |number=156 |pages=53688–53766 |title=Denial of Petition To Initiate Proceedings To Reschedule Marijuana |author=Drug Enforcement Administration |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-08-12/pdf/2016-17954.pdf |date=2016-08-12 |access-date=2022-10-06}}</ref>

===2011 bill===
On June 23, 2011, Rep. Barney Frank (D-MA), along with 1 Republican and 19 Democratic cosponsors, introduced the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2011, which would have removed marijuana and THC from the list of Schedule I controlled substances and would have provided that the Controlled Substances Act not apply to marijuana except when transported to a jurisdiction where its use is illegal.<ref name="2011-Frank">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2306 |title=H.R.2306 – Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act of 2011 |website=congress.gov |date=August 25, 2011 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213255/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2306 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was referred to committee but died when no further action was taken.<ref name="2011-Frank"/>

===2012 bill===
On November 27, 2012, after voters in the states of CO and WA voted to legalize recreational use of marijuana, Rep. [[Diana DeGette]] (D-CO) introduced a bill referred to as the 'Respect States and Citizens Rights Act' which aimed to amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude any state that has legalized marijuana (for medical OR recreational use) from marijuana provisions of the CSA, effectively giving state law precedence over federal law in cases where an individual (or commercial enterprise) is acting within the letter of state law regarding marijuana/cannabis.<ref name="2012-DeGette">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/6606 |title=H.R.6606 – Respect States' and Citizens' Rights Act of 2012 |website=congress.gov |date=December 7, 2012 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213258/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/6606 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was referred to committee but died when no further action was taken.<ref name="2012-DeGette"/> The same bill was reintroduced later in the 113th and 114th Congresses, where it died each time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6606 |title=H.R. 6606 (112th): Respect States' and Citizens' Rights Act of 2012 |website=govtrack |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211745/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6606 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2015–2017===
On February 20, 2015, Rep. [[Jared Polis]] (D-CO), along with 1 Republican and 18 Democratic cosponsors, introduced the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, which would have, among other provisions, directed the Attorney General to remove marijuana from all schedules of controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act; prohibited transport of marijuana into a jurisdiction in which its possession, use, or sale is prohibited; and granted the Food and Drug Administration the same authorities with respect to marijuana as it has for alcohol.<ref name="2015-Polis">{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1013 |title=H.R.1013 – Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act |website=congress.gov |date=March 27, 2015 |access-date=2017-02-22 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211750/https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/1013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was referred to committee but died when no further action was taken.<ref name="2015-Polis"/>

In August 2016, the DEA rejected calls to reschedule marijuana, but indicated an increase in availability for research.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/08/10/u-s-affirms-its-prohibition-on-medical-marijuana/ | title=U.S. affirms its prohibition on medical marijuana | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=11 August 2016 | access-date=11 August 2016 | archive-date=August 11, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811230816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/08/10/u-s-affirms-its-prohibition-on-medical-marijuana/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2016 Democratic National Convention|2016 platform]] of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] called for removal of marijuana from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, "providing a reasoned pathway for future [[Cannabis in the United States|legalization]]" of marijuana.<ref>[https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf 2016 Democratic Party Platform] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110225904/https://www.demconvention.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Democratic-Party-Platform-7.21.16-no-lines.pdf |date=2016-11-10 }} (July 21, 2016), as Approved by the Democratic Platform Committee, July 8–9, 2016, Orlando, FL, page 16.</ref> This language was approved in a close vote (81–80 vote) in the platform committee.<ref>David Weigel, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/09/democrats-call-for-pathway-to-marijuana-legalization/ Democrats call for 'pathway' to marijuana legalization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822074338/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/07/09/democrats-call-for-pathway-to-marijuana-legalization/ |date=August 22, 2016 }}, ''The Washington Post'' (July 9, 2016).</ref>

In February 2017, [[Morgan Griffith]], a Virginia Republican, introduced H.R. 714, Legitimate Use of Medicinal Marijuana Act, that would move cannabis to Schedule II.<ref>{{citation|title=Hearings, Briefings, Meetings|publisher=[[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] Congressional Affairs Dept.|date=February 10, 2017|url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/virginia/griffith-floats-conservative-bill-to-allow-medical-marijuana/article_f2b423fe-d00d-11e3-bf15-001a4bcf6878.html|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=November 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122114203/https://roanoke.com/news/virginia/griffith-floats-conservative-bill-to-allow-medical-marijuana/article_f2b423fe-d00d-11e3-bf15-001a4bcf6878.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Griffith had introduced a bill under the same name in 2014.<ref>{{citation|title=Va. Rep. Griffith introduces federal 'Legitimate Use of Medicinal Marijuana Act'|author=Tom Jackman|date=April 30, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/04/30/va-rep-griffith-introduces-federal-legitimate-use-of-medicinal-marijuana-act/|access-date=May 31, 2017|archive-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209195157/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/local/wp/2014/04/30/va-rep-griffith-introduces-federal-legitimate-use-of-medicinal-marijuana-act//|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2017, [[Matt Gaetz]], a Florida Republican, cosponsored [https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2020 House Resolution 2020] to move cannabis to Schedule III.<ref>{{citation|title=Bipartisan bill would reclassify marijuana as Schedule 3 substance|author=Andrew Blake|date=April 8, 2017|newspaper=The Washington Times|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/8/bipartisan-bill-would-rescheduled-marijuana-schedu/|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415023634/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/8/bipartisan-bill-would-rescheduled-marijuana-schedu/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[The Cannabist]]|author=Alicia Wallace|publisher=The Denver Post|title=New federal bill would reschedule marijuana as Schedule III|date=April 6, 2017|url=http://www.thecannabist.co/2017/04/07/marijuana-federal-rescheduling-schedule-i/76885/|access-date=April 15, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013633/http://www.thecannabist.co/2017/04/07/marijuana-federal-rescheduling-schedule-i/76885/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2017, following a resolution adopted at the 2016 annual convention to support cannabis to treat veterans with [[posttraumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD), the [[American Legion]] petitioned the White House for a meeting to discuss rescheduling or descheduling cannabis and allowing it to be used medically.<ref>{{citation|title=American Legion throws weight behind marijuana research|author=Patricia Kime|date=September 8, 2016|newspaper=[[Military Times]]|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/american-legion-presses-for-marijuana-rescheduling|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015164821/http://www.militarytimes.com/articles/american-legion-presses-for-marijuana-rescheduling|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=The Cannabist|publisher=The Denver Post|title=American Legion calls on Trump to take cannabis off Schedule I to help vets|date=May 22, 2017|author=Bruce Kennedy|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/american-legion-veterans-group-leans-trump-adminis/|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-date=May 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530120120/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/may/23/american-legion-veterans-group-leans-trump-adminis/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=American Legion to Trump: Allow marijuana research for vets – Under current rules, doctors with the Department of Veterans Affairs cannot even discuss marijuana as an option with patients|date=May 20, 2017|publisher=[[Politico]]|author=Bryan Bender|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/20/veterans-marijuana-trump-american-legion-238626|access-date=May 30, 2017|archive-date=May 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523003803/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/05/20/veterans-marijuana-trump-american-legion-238626|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2017, a lawsuit was brought in U.S. District Court against the heads of the DEA and Justice Department on the grounds that Schedule I listing of cannabis is "so irrational that it violates the U.S. Constitution".<ref>{{citation|work=[[The Cannabist]]|author=Alex Pasquariello|date=July 25, 2017|publisher=The Denver Post|title=Federal lawsuit against Sessions and DEA says marijuana's Schedule I status unconstitutional|url=http://www.thecannabist.co/2017/07/25/marijuana-schedule-i-lawsuit-unconstitutional/84473/|access-date=July 26, 2017|archive-date=July 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726011105/http://www.thecannabist.co/2017/07/25/marijuana-schedule-i-lawsuit-unconstitutional/84473/|url-status=live}}</ref> This lawsuit was dismissed by Judge Alvin K. Hellerstein who ruled that the DEA has authority and before bringing the lawsuit the plaintiffs were required to exhaust administrative remedies including petitioning the DEA to reschedule cannabis.<ref>{{citation|work=[[The Cannabist]]|author=Alex Pasquariello|date=February 26, 2018|publisher=The Denver Post|title=Lawsuit challenging Sessions and DEA on marijuana's Schedule I status dismissed by federal judge|url=http://www.thecannabist.co/2018/02/26/marijuana-schedule-i-lawsuit-dismissed/100033/|access-date=July 27, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085301/https://www.thecannabist.co/2018/02/26/marijuana-schedule-i-lawsuit-dismissed/100033/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2018–2019===
{{further|2018 United States farm bill|Hemp Farming Act of 2018}}
The [[2018 United States farm bill]] descheduled some cannabis products from the Controlled Substances Act for the first time.<ref>{{citation|publisher=Bloomberg|title=Lawmakers Reach Farm Bill Deal by Dumping GOP Food-Stamp Rules|author1=Teaganne Finn |author2=Erik Wasson |author3=Daniel Flatley |date=November 29, 2018|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-29/farm-bill-deal-reached-by-dumping-new-work-rules-backed-by-trump|quote=The bill includes a provision that would make hemp a legal agricultural commodity after Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky championed the proposal, even joining the farm bill conference committee to ensure it would be incorporated. Among other changes to existing law, hemp will be removed from the federal list of controlled substances and hemp farmers will be able to apply for crop insurance.|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-date=November 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130203526/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-29/farm-bill-deal-reached-by-dumping-new-work-rules-backed-by-trump|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[High Times]]|title=Industrial Hemp is Now Included in the 2018 Farm Bill|date=November 30, 2018|author=Adam Drury|url=https://hightimes.com/news/industrial-hemp-now-included-2018-farm-bill/|quote=This year's Farm Bill, however, goes much further, changing federal law on industrial and commercial hemp and, remarkably, introducing the first-ever changes to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201002005/https://hightimes.com/news/industrial-hemp-now-included-2018-farm-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Reconciled Farm Bill Includes Provisions Lifting Federal Hemp Ban|publisher=[[NORML]]|work=Legislative blog|date=November 29, 2018|url=https://blog.norml.org/2018/11/29/reconciled-farm-bill-includes-provisions-lifting-federal-hemp-ban/|quote=The [bill] for the first time amends the federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 so that industrial hemp plants containing no more than 0.3 percent THC are no longer classified as a schedule I controlled substance. (See page 1182, Section 12608: 'Conforming changes to controlled substances act.') Certain cannabinoid compounds extracted from the hemp plant would also be exempt from the CSA.|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093300/https://blog.norml.org/2018/11/29/reconciled-farm-bill-includes-provisions-lifting-federal-hemp-ban/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2019, A federal appeals court has re-instated a case against the federal government over the Schedule I status of cannabis.

The challengers, Super Bowl champion Marvin Washington; Dean Bortell (parent of underage medical cannabis patient Alexis Bortell); U.S. Army veteran José Belén; Sebastien Cotte (parent of underage medical cannabis patient Jagger Cotte); and the Cannabis Cultural Association, originally sued the U.S. federal government, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and its administrator, and then Attorney General Jeff Sessions, back in 2017. They argued that cannabis' Schedule I status under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) represented a risk to patients' health and perpetuated economic inequities in the U.S.

Initially dismissed by the court under the argument that plaintiffs had not exhausted all administrative channels available – meaning they should have tried to push for re-scheduling in Congress and administrative agencies before recurring to the judicial system, the case now has to be re-opened, as mandated by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Judges still believe other channels are viable, but have decided to re-instate the case citing health concerns related to the two minors involved.

As Michael S. Hiller, Esquire, who represents the plaintiffs, explained in a series of tweets, the court has directed the DEA and federal government to act on the plaintiffs' de-scheduling petition "with all deliberate speed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/05/31/federal-appeals-court-rules-dea-federal-govt-must-promptly-reassess-marijuanas-illegality/|title=Federal Appeals Court Rules DEA, Federal Govt. Must 'Promptly' Reassess Marijuana's Illegality|last=Hasse|first=Javier|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=June 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610045035/https://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/05/31/federal-appeals-court-rules-dea-federal-govt-must-promptly-reassess-marijuanas-illegality/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/javierhasse/2019/05/31/federal-appeals-court-rules-dea-federal-govt-must-promptly-reassess-marijuanas-illegality/|title=(2/3) This case represents the first time in history that a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the CSA has survived dismissal. #TheFightGoesOn, as we continue to advocate for de-scheduling of Cannabis, patient liberation, & freedom for those wrongfully imprisoned.|last=Hiller|first=Michael|date=2019-05-30|website=@MikeHillerEsq|language=en|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008204237/https://twitter.com/MikeHillerNYC/status/1134140751749799936|url-status=live}}</ref>

Legislation introduced in 2019 to deschedule cannabis has included the [[Marijuana Justice Act]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marijuanamoment.net/top-senate-democrat-pushes-bill-to-end-marijuana-prohibition/ |title=Top Senate Democrat Pushes Bill to End Marijuana Prohibition | Marijuana Moment |date=April 19, 2018 |access-date=August 2, 2019 |archive-date=May 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531131159/https://www.marijuanamoment.net/top-senate-democrat-pushes-bill-to-end-marijuana-prohibition/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-05-09/top-democrats-to-introduce-bill-removing-marijuana-from-controlled-substances-list |title=Top Democrats to Introduce Bill Removing Marijuana from Controlled Substances List |author=Claire Hansen |date=May 9, 2019 |work=U.S. News |access-date=August 2, 2019 |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713155937/https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-05-09/top-democrats-to-introduce-bill-removing-marijuana-from-controlled-substances-list |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/regulate-marijuana-alcohol-act-reintroduced-most-p/|title=Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act reintroduced in 'the most pro-cannabis Congress in history'|website=[[The Washington Times]] |access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802090745/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jan/10/regulate-marijuana-alcohol-act-reintroduced-most-p/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://thehill.com/homenews/house/433116-gabbard-don-young-introduce-marijuana-reform-bill|title = Tulsi Gabbard, Don Young introduce marijuana reform bill|date = March 7, 2019|access-date = August 2, 2019|archive-date = August 2, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190802071759/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/433116-gabbard-don-young-introduce-marijuana-reform-bill|url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Marijuana Revenue and Regulation Act]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/(4)%20Marijuana%20Revenue%20and%20Regulation%20Act%20Summary.pdf |title=Marijuana Revenue and Regulation Act |access-date=August 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119131140/https://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/(4)%20Marijuana%20Revenue%20and%20Regulation%20Act%20Summary.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2019/07/23/top-congressional-chairman-and-presidential-candidate-file-marijuana-legalization-bills/|title=Top Congressional Chairman and Presidential Candidate File Marijuana Legalization Bills|website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=August 2, 2019|archive-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802044423/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2019/07/23/top-congressional-chairman-and-presidential-candidate-file-marijuana-legalization-bills/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020–2023 ===
As of September 16, 2020, nine [[amicus briefs]] had been filed in support of the plaintiffs' appeal to the Supreme Court in the ''Washington v. Barr'' lawsuit. The plaintiffs seek to declare the criminalization of cannabis unconstitutional, arguing that its status as a Schedule I drug—based on the premise that it has no medicinal use—contradicts the federal government's own apparent recognition of the substance as safe and medicinally effective.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=Marijuana Legalization Appeal Receives Unprecedented Support With the Filing of Nine Amicus Briefs|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/marijuana-legalization-appeal-receives-unprecedented-110000900.html|access-date=2020-09-19|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|archive-date=October 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004160121/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/marijuana-legalization-appeal-receives-unprecedented-110000900.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In international law, however, the [[Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961|lowering of cannabis from Schedule IV (the strictest class) to Schedule I (the standard level of control)]] was voted by the [[United Nations]]' [[United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs|Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] on 2 December 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Kwai |first=Isabella |date=2 December 2020 |title=U.N. Reclassifies Cannabis as a Less Dangerous Drug |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/02/world/europe/cannabis-united-nations-drug-policy.html |access-date=26 May 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=whosonfirst>{{Cite journal |last1=Riboulet-Zemouli |first1=Kenzi |last2=Krawitz |first2=Michael Alan |author-link2=Michael Krawitz |date=2022-08-05 |title=WHO's first scientific review of medicinal Cannabis: from global struggle to patient implications |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DHS-11-2021-0060/full/html |journal=Drugs, Habits and Social Policy |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1108/DHS-11-2021-0060 |issn=2752-6739 |s2cid=247421561}}</ref> The United States voted in favor of the recommendation.<ref name=historysciencepolitics>{{Cite book |last1=Riboulet-Zemouli |first1=Kenzi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354905059 |title=History, science, and politics of international cannabis scheduling, 2015–2021 |last2=Krawitz |first2=Michael |last3=Ghehiouèche |first3=Farid |publisher=[[FAAAT|FAAAT editions]] |year=2021 |isbn=979-10-97087-50-0 |location=[[Vienna]] |language=en |author-link2=Michael Krawitz}}</ref>

In Sisley v. DEA lawsuit NO. 20-71433, the Ninth Circuit dismissed a petition that asked the court to review the DEA's denial of a letter that requested the agency reschedule marijuana. Under the CSA, the DEA must begin investigating the rescheduling of a drug after receiving a petition by from any interested party, including the manufacturer of a drug, a medical society or association, a pharmacy association, a public interest group concerned with drug abuse, a state or local government agency, or an individual citizen. The petition in question in Sisley v. DEA was a one-page, handwritten letter from Jeramy Bowers and Stephen Zyszkiewicz, sent in January 2020 while they were inmates at California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The DEA responded to the petition with a letter that informed Bowers and Zyszkiewicz that the petition was not in the correct format and denied the request without review. In June 2021, the Ninth Circuit dismissed a petition for judicial review of the letter on behalf of Bowers and Zyszkiewicz, saying that they had not exhausted their bureaucratic remedies by addressing a new petition to the DEA in the correct format.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2022 |title=Sisley v. United States Drug Enforcement Agency, No. 20-71433 (9th Cir. 2021) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/20-71433/20-71433-2021-08-30.html |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022235602/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/20-71433/20-71433-2021-08-30.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Justia}}</ref>

On 6 October 2022, President [[Joe Biden]] instructed U.S. Attorney General [[Merrick Garland]] to review the classification schedule of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], during a "Statement on Marijuana Reform."<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[White House]] |date=2022-10-06 |title=Statement from President Biden on Marijuana Reform |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/10/06/statement-from-president-biden-on-marijuana-reform/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref> This could result in its removal from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.<ref>{{Cite web |author=President Biden |title=Third: We classify marijuana at the same level as heroin – and more serious than fentanyl. |url=https://twitter.com/POTUS/status/1578097880744820736|access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Fox News|date=October 6, 2022|title=Biden pardoning all prior federal offenses of simple marijuana possession|author=Louis Casiano|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/biden-pardoning-all-prior-federal-offenses-simple-marijuana-possession}}</ref> The [[Congressional Research Service]] had issued a report a year earlier noting that the President could "use executive orders to direct DEA, HHS,
and FDA to consider administrative descheduling of marijuana".<ref>{{citation|title=Does the President Have the Power to Legalize Marijuana?|type=Legal Sidebar|date=November 4, 2021|publisher=Congressional Research Service|id=LSB10655|page=3|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10655|quote=Although the President may not unilaterally deschedule or reschedule a controlled substance, he does possess a large degree of indirect influence over scheduling decisions. The President could pursue the appointment of agency officials who favor descheduling, or use executive orders to direct DEA, HHS, and FDA to consider administrative descheduling of marijuana. The notice-and-comment rulemaking process would take time, and would be subject to judicial review if challenged, but could be done consistently with the CSA's procedural requirements. In the alternative, the President could work with Congress to pursue descheduling through an amendment to the CSA.}}</ref>

On August 30, 2023, the Department of Health and Human Services released a redacted letter communicating its determination that marijuana should be moved to Schedule III.<ref>{{cite news|title=Federal health agency recommends easing marijuana restrictions|date=August 30, 2023|author=David Ovalle |author2=Laurie Mcginley |newspaper=The Washington Post|via=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation/federal-health-agency-recommends-easing-marijuana-restrictions/}}</ref>

===2024–2025===
On January 5, 2024, after a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|FOIA]] lawsuit was filed against the Department of Health and Human Services by attorney Matt Zorn, an un-redacted copy of the department's descheduling determination letter was released.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Benzinga|title=Feds Finally Release Documents Confirming Recommendation To Reschedule Cannabis Based On 'Accepted Medical Use'|author=Maureen Meehan|date=January 12, 2024|url=https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/24/01/36620822/feds-finally-release-documents-confirming-recommendation-to-reschedule-cannabis-based-on-accepte}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redacted Cannabis Rescheduling Letter Ignites FOIA Exemption Debate|author1=Stephen C. Piepgrass|author2=Agustin Rodriguez|author3=Jean Smith-Gonnell|author4=Cole White|date=January 8, 2024|website=Regulatory Oversight|publisher=Troutman Pepper|url=https://www.regulatoryoversight.com/2024/01/redacted-cannabis-rescheduling-letter-ignites-foia-exemption-debate/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=NORML blog|publisher=[[NORML]]|title=HHS Releases Unredacted Letter Confirming Agency’s Recommendation to DEA to Reclassify Marijuana to Schedule III|date=January 12, 2024|url=https://norml.org/blog/2024/01/12/hhs-releases-unredacted-letter-confirming-agencys-recommendation-to-dea-to-reclassify-marijuana-to-schedule-iii}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|title=The Newly Unveiled HHS Rationale for Rescheduling Marijuana Underlines Drug Warriors' Dishonesty|first=Jacob |last=Sullum|date=January 15, 2024|url=https://news.yahoo.com/newly-unveiled-hhs-rationale-rescheduling-203049043.html|via=Yahoo! News}}</ref> After reviewing the letter, a legal expert concluded it was "very likely that the DEA will move forward with the rulemaking process to reschedule marijuana",<ref>{{cite web|website=JD Supra|first=Daniel |last=Shortt|date=January 17, 2024|title=DEA is Going to Have a Hard Time Fighting Marijuana Rescheduling|url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/dea-is-going-to-have-a-hard-time-9459569/}}</ref> a similar conclusion to that reported by the Congressional Research Service in a 2023 report.<ref>{{citation|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|title=Implications for Federal Policy|date=January 16, 2024|author1-first=Lisa N. |author1-last=Sacco|author2-first=Hassan Z. |author2-last=Sheikh|id=IN12240|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12240|quote=DEA has testified in response to questioning at a congressional hearing in 2020 that it is bound by FDA's recommendations on scientific and medical matters, and if past is prologue it could be likely that DEA will reschedule marijuana according to HHS's recommendation}}</ref> A dozen members of the U.S. Senate, including the majority leader, signed a letter to the United States Attorney general and the head of the Drug Enforcement Administration expressing their desire that rescheduling be the administration's decision, if not outright descheduling.<ref>{{cite news|title=Democrats urge Biden administration to deschedule marijuana|date=January 30, 2024|first=Julie |last=Tsirkin|publisher=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/democrats-urge-biden-administration-deschedule-marijuana-rcna136241}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=Benzinga|title=DEA Under Pressure To 'Deschedule Marijuana Altogether': 12 US Senators Send Demand To Merrick Garland, Anne Milgram|first=Jelena |last=Martinovic|date=January 30, 2024 |url=https://www.benzinga.com/markets/cannabis/24/01/36850656/dea-under-pressure-to-deschedule-marijuana-altogether-12-us-senators-send-demand-to-merrick-garl}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[High Times]]|title=Survey Shows Broad Support for MJ Rescheduling, Boost for Biden if Accomplished|quote=A new survey of likely U.S. voters hones in on the possibility of rescheduling cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III on the federal Controlled Substances Act, finding broad support across demographics and suggesting Biden could see an 11% favorability boost if it occurs. If the Department of Health & Human Services’ (HHS) recommendation to reschedule cannabis on the federal Controlled Substances Act becomes a reality, it could make an impact on President Joe Biden’s favorability ahead of the upcoming 2024 presidential election.|first=Keegan|last=Williams|date=January 29, 2024|url=https://hightimes.com/news/survey-shows-broad-support-for-mj-rescheduling-boost-for-biden-if-accomplished/}}</ref>

The Associated Press reported on April 30 that the Drug Enforcement Administration would consider rescheduling marijuana as a [[List of Schedule III controlled substances (U.S.)|Schedule III drug]], though it was not yet officially announced, calling it "the agency's biggest policy change in more than 50 years".<ref>{{cite news|title=US drug control agency will move to reclassify marijuana in a historic shift, AP sources say|agency=Associated Press|date=March 22, 2019|author1=Zeke Miller|author2=Joshua Goodman|author3=Jim Mustian|author4=Lindsay Whitehurst|url=https://apnews.com/article/marijuana-biden-dea-criminal-justice-pot-f833a8dae6ceb31a8658a5d65832a3b8}}</ref>

On May 16, the Justice Department confirmed that rescheduling was moving forward under the [[Administrative Procedure Act]], with a [[notice of proposed rulemaking]] submitted for publication in the ''[[Federal Register]]''.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=US Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs|title=Justice Department Submits Proposed Regulation to Reschedule Marijuana|date=May 16, 2024|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-submits-proposed-regulation-reschedule-marijuana}}</ref> President Biden and Vice President [[Kamala Harris]] both released video announcements to [[Twitter|X]] concerning the rescheduling. Biden called his administration's action as a "monumental" move in "reversing long-standing inequities... because of a failed approach to marijuana".<ref>{{cite news|publisher=NBC News|title=Justice Department takes 'major step' toward rescheduling marijuana|quote=In a video announcement Thursday, President Joe Biden said he is "committed to righting" the wrongs of a "failed approach to marijuana."|author1=Julie Tsirkin|author2=Monica Alba|date=May 16, 2024|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/reschedule-marijuana-drug-joe-biden-justice-department-rcna152603}}</ref>

On July 9, the Republican-led [[House Appropriations Committee]] attempted to block the DOJ from using federal funds to reschedule cannabis via an amendment to a funding bill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herrington |first=A. J. |date=July 10, 2024 |title=House Lawmakers Vote To Block Federal Marijuana Rescheduling |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ajherrington/2024/07/10/house-lawmakers-vote-to-block-federal-marijuana-rescheduling/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

The public comment period for the proposed rule change closed during the week of July 22. Nearly 43,000 comments were received, a record for any DEA rule change, most of which were in favor of rescheduling.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearly 43,000 people commented on the DEA reclassifying cannabis. What did they say?|quote=Analysis shows 69% of commenters want the proposed rule change to go further and for marijuana to be decriminalized|author=Hannah Harris Green|date=27 July 2024 |newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/jul/27/dea-cannabis-classification}}</ref> An initial hearing on December 2 will be followed by testimonial proceedings early the next year.<ref name="Lange">{{cite web | last=Lange | first=Tony | title=DEA Names 25 Participants for Cannabis Rescheduling Hearing That’s Now Delayed Until 2025 | website=Cannabis Business Times | date=2024-11-01 | url=https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/top-stories/news/15707314/dea-names-25-participants-for-cannabis-rescheduling-hearing-thats-now-delayed-until-2025 | access-date=2024-11-03}}</ref>

==State level reclassification==
{{Legality of cannabis by US state}}
In addition to the federal government's classification, each state maintains a similar classification list and it is possible for these lists to conflict.

===California===
[[California Proposition 215 (1996)|Proposition 215]], the Compassionate Use Act, is a voter initiative, passed in 1996, that made California the first state to legalize cannabis for medical use. [[California Senate Bill 420]], the Medical Marijuana Program Act, was passed in 2004 with the following purpose: "(1) Clarify the scope of the application of the act and facilitate the prompt identification of qualified patients and their designated primary caregivers in order to avoid unnecessary arrest and prosecution of these individuals and provide needed guidance to law enforcement officers. (2) Promote uniform and consistent application of the act among the counties within the state. (3) Enhance the access of patients and caregivers to medical marijuana through collective, cooperative cultivation projects."

In 2016, the [[Adult Use of Marijuana Act]] was voted into law, legalizing recreational consumption for those over 21 in the state. In 2017, Senate Bill 94 was signed by the California Governor integrating the previous state medical marijuana regulations and the adult use regulations of the Adult Use of Marijuana Act (AUMA) (Proposition 64) to create the Medicinal and Adult‐Use Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act (MAUCRSA).<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.jennifermcgrath.com/california-cannabis-law/|title=California Cannabis Law|language=en|access-date=September 2, 2019|archive-date=August 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828031904/https://www.jennifermcgrath.com/california-cannabis-law/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Each municipality is allowed to decide whether to grant business licenses for retail, delivery, growing, edibles, and wholesale. Taxes on legal marijuana keep it out of reach to low-income medical or adult users, creating more demand for the black market. Licenses, when available, are extremely limited and can cost $100,000 sometimes requiring proof of additional capital. Additionally, California has long provided much of the marijuana for the entire United States. These factors have allowed the black market to dominate California marijuana.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://herb.co/news/legalization/california-weed-taxes-black-market/|title=California's High Taxes on Legal Weed Could Fuel a Black Market Return|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514141713/https://herb.co/news/legalization/california-weed-taxes-black-market/|url-status=live}}</ref> Social equity programs are in place in some cities, but applicants with drug felonies are often excluded from participation. Those who qualify based on race, income, or history of marijuana offenses are often taken advantage of by larger businesses who can outbid each other and take advantage of applicants and the social equity program itself.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthoban/2020/08/31/the-critical-importance-of-social-equity-in-the-cannabis-industry/|title=The Critical Importance Of Social Equity In The Cannabis Industry|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514141711/https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthoban/2020/08/31/the-critical-importance-of-social-equity-in-the-cannabis-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cannabis and tetrahydrocannabinols remain a Schedule I drug (no medical use) in California<ref>{{Citation|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=HSC&division=10.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article|title=HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE – HSC DIVISION 10. UNIFORM CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT, CHAPTER 2. Standards and Schedules, 11054|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142809/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=HSC&division=10.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article|url-status=live}}</ref> and are subject to criminal penalties ranging from misdemeanor or felony probation up to 3 years in prison for maintaining a place for controlled substance sale or use under California Health & Safety Code Section 11366.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=11366.&lawCode=HSC|title=HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE – HSC DIVISION 10. UNIFORM CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT, CHAPTER 6. Offenses and Penalties, ARTICLE 4. Miscellaneous Offenses and Provisions, 11366|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514142809/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=11366.&lawCode=HSC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Colorado===
{{Main|Colorado Amendment 64}}

On Nov. 6, 2012, after passing [[Colorado Amendment 64 (2012)|Amendment 64]], Colorado became one of the first two states to legalize the recreational use of marijuana for individuals over the age of 21.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ferner
| first = Matt
| title = Denver Editor for the Huffington Post
| url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/amendment-64-passes-in-co_n_2079899.html
| access-date = 7 November 2012
| date = November 6, 2012
| archive-date = November 7, 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121107153728/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/06/amendment-64-passes-in-co_n_2079899.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

===Florida===
On January 27, 2014, the [[Florida Supreme Court]] approved the ballot language for a proposed constitutional amendment allowing the medical use of [[marijuana]], following a successful petition drive.<ref name=questions>{{cite news|last=Nohlgren|first=Stephen|title=Questions and answers about medical marijuana in Florida|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/questions-and-answers-about-medical-marijuana-in-florida/2163031/|access-date=28 January 2014|newspaper=Tampa Bay Times|date=January 28, 2014|archive-date=January 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130233503/http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/questions-and-answers-about-medical-marijuana-in-florida/2163031|url-status=live}}</ref> The amendment proposal appeared on Florida's November 2014 general election ballot and received 58% of the vote, below the 60% requirement for adoption. The campaign was notable for opposition funding by casino magnate and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] donor [[Sheldon Adelson]].<ref name=questions2>{{cite news|last=Ferner|first=Matt|title=Sheldon Adelson Funds Florida Anti-Medical Marijuana Campaign|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/11/sheldon-adelson-florida-marijuana_n_5486172.html|access-date=12 January 2015|website=Huffington Post|date=11 June 2014|archive-date=January 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119100042/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/11/sheldon-adelson-florida-marijuana_n_5486172.html|url-status=live}}</ref> United for Care, the pro-medical cannabis organization responsible for the initial petition, wrote an updated version for the 2016 general election.<ref>url={{cite web|url=http://www.unitedforcare.org/new_petition_approved |title=New Petition Approved – United for Care |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113222143/http://www.unitedforcare.org/new_petition_approved |archive-date=2015-01-13 }}</ref> The Florida Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as [[Florida Amendment 2 (2016)|Amendment 2]], was on the November 8, 2016, ballot in Florida as an initiated constitutional amendment. The amendment was approved by 71.32% of the vote making it the highest percentage win in 2016 of any other state cannabis ballot in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leafly.com/news/politics/states-and-countries-with-the-biggest-cannabis-wins-in-2016|title=These States and Countries Had the Biggest Cannabis Wins in 2016|date=December 30, 2016|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-date=March 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325193327/https://www.leafly.com/news/politics/states-and-countries-with-the-biggest-cannabis-wins-in-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Iowa===
On Feb. 17, 2010, after reviewing testimony from four public hearings and reading through more than 10,000 pages of submitted material, members of the Iowa Board of Pharmacy unanimously voted to recommend that the Iowa legislature remove marijuana from Schedule I of the Iowa Controlled Substances Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northern-iowan.org/iowa-board-of-pharmacy-recommends-rescheduling-marijuana-1.2163906 |title=Iowa Board of Pharmacy recommends rescheduling marijuana |publisher=The Northern Iowan |date=2010-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330110820/http://www.northern-iowan.org/iowa-board-of-pharmacy-recommends-rescheduling-marijuana-1.2163906 |archive-date=2012-03-30 }}</ref>

===Minnesota===
On March 16, 2011, Kurtis W. Hanna and Ed Engelmann petitioned the Minnesota Board of Pharmacy to initiate rule making to remove Cannabis from the list of Schedule I substance in Minnesota's version of the Uniform Controlled Substances Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnnorml.org/mnnorml/legalization/rescheduling-petition-3/16/11 |title=Rescheduling Petition 3/16/11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818020512/http://mnnorml.org/mnnorml/legalization/rescheduling-petition-3/16/11 |archive-date=2012-08-18 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mnnorml.org/mnnorml/legalization/rescheduling-memorandum-3/16/11 |title=Rescheduling Memorandum 3/16/11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918030142/http://www.mnnorml.org/mnnorml/legalization/rescheduling-memorandum-3/16/11 |archive-date=2012-09-18 |access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The Board was informed when they denied the petition at their meeting on May 11, 2011, by Kurtis Hanna that he planned on filing for judicial review of the agency's decision. In response, the Board voted to petition the State Legislature to remove the Board's authority to remove substances from Schedule I. At a Conference Committee for Omnibus Drug Bill HF57 on May 18, 2011, the following sentence was added to the bill, "The Board of Pharmacy may not delete or reschedule a drug that is in Schedule I" and the following sentence of statute was deleted, "the state Board of Pharmacy [...] shall annually, on or before May 1 of each year, conduct a review of the placement of controlled substances in the various schedules."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF57&version=0&session=ls87&session_year=2011&session_number=0&type=ccr|title=HF 57 Conference Committee Report – 87th Legislature (2011–2012)|website=www.revisor.mn.gov|access-date=April 18, 2013|archive-date=February 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203102317/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=HF57&version=0&session=ls87&session_year=2011&session_number=0&type=ccr|url-status=live}}</ref> The bill was signed into law by Governor Dayton on May 24, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/journals/2011-12/Jsupp2011.htm|title=Journal of the House 2011 Supplement|website=www.house.leg.state.mn.us|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809210144/https://www.house.leg.state.mn.us/cco/journals/2011-12/Jsupp2011.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurtis Hanna never filed a lawsuit against the Board of Pharmacy due to the belief that it would be moot.

===Oregon===
{{see also|Cannabis in Oregon}}
In June 2010, the [[Oregon Board of Pharmacy]] reclassified marijuana from a [[List of Schedule I drugs (US)|Schedule I]] drug to a [[List of Schedule II drugs (US)|Schedule II]] drug.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing_medical_marijuana.html|title=Recognizing medical marijuana, state pharmacy board changes its legal classification|author=Dworkin, Andy|publisher=[[The Oregonian]]|date=2010-06-20|access-date=2010-06-26|archive-date=June 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623025639/http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/06/recognizing_medical_marijuana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> News reports noted that this reclassification made Oregon the "first state in the nation to make marijuana anything less serious than a Schedule I drug."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444.html |title=Oregon Board of Pharmacy vote a marijuana milestone |author=KVAL News |publisher=[[KATU]] |date=2010-06-17 |access-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623115144/http://www.katu.com/news/medicalalert/96523444.html |archive-date=2010-06-23 }}</ref>

===Washington===
{{main|Washington Initiative 502}}
On Nov. 6, 2012, Washington voters passed [[Washington Initiative 502|Initiative 502]], making the state one of the first two in the nation to legalize the recreational use of marijuana for individuals over the age of 21.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sledge|first=Matt|title=reporter for the Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/07/colorado-washington-pot-legalization-_n_2086023.html|access-date=7 November 2012|date=November 7, 2012|archive-date=November 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108063059/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/07/colorado-washington-pot-legalization-_n_2086023.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Wisconsin===
[[Gary Storck]] sent a letter to the Controlled Substances board in August 2011 requesting procedures to file a petition, which was discussed at the September 2011 Controlled Substances Board Meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drl.wi.gov/meetings_doc.asp?thismeeting=2775|title=Wisconsin Controlled Substances Board meeting agenda September 8, 2011|author=WI Department of Regulation and Licensing|date=2011-09-03|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-date=March 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326071244/http://drl.wi.gov/meetings_doc.asp?thismeeting=2775|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Wisconsin Controlled Substances board has authority to reschedule cannabis pursuant to the rule-making procedures of ch. 227.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin/961/961.11|title=Wisconsin Statutes|author=State of Wisconsin|date=2011-09-03|access-date=September 5, 2011|archive-date=March 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331181231/http://statutes.laws.com/wisconsin/961/961.11|url-status=live}}</ref>
Drafters planned to submit a petition to the Controlled Substances Board in early 2012.

In 2018, Wisconsin voters approved non-binding referendums to legalize medical or recreational marijuana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/wisconsin-voters-embrace-pot-nearly-1-million-vote-yes-on-medical-recreational-use/article_d92d07eb-c6d1-5a77-b083-667e92b3b27b.html|title=Wisconsin voters embrace pot; nearly 1 million vote yes on medical, recreational use|author=Chris Hubbuch|date=2018-11-08|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514135646/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/wisconsin-voters-embrace-pot-nearly-1-million-vote-yes-on-medical-recreational-use/article_d92d07eb-c6d1-5a77-b083-667e92b3b27b.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Governor [[Tony Evers]] included legal marijuana in his budget proposal. It was removed by Republican-controlled Legislature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/midwest/ct-aud-wisconsin-legal-pot-marijuana-20210430-mtonjqjhdvdfbjgux3p52zl7fm-story.html|title=Wisconsin Republicans to vote down medical and recreational marijuana, other Gov. Tony Evers' state budget proposals|author=Scott Bauer|website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=2021-04-30|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514135645/https://www.chicagotribune.com/midwest/ct-aud-wisconsin-legal-pot-marijuana-20210430-mtonjqjhdvdfbjgux3p52zl7fm-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While possession remains illegal under state law, law enforcement has been lax in recent years. Madison has legalized possession and use in public <ref>{{cite web|url=https://wkow.com/2020/12/04/madison-common-council-votes-to-legalize-possession-use-of-marijuana/|title=Madison Common Council votes to legalize possession, use of marijuana|date=2020-12-04|access-date=May 14, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514145717/https://wkow.com/2020/12/04/madison-common-council-votes-to-legalize-possession-use-of-marijuana/|url-status=live}}</ref> while the Milwaukee County District Attorney chooses not to prosecute most possession cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shepherdexpress.com/hemp/cannabis/milwaukee's-da-takes-a-stance-against-prohibition-releases-1/|title=Milwaukee's DA Takes a Stance Against Prohibition, Releases 10 Years of Marijuana Data|date=2021-05-10|access-date=October 8, 2021|archive-date=May 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514145717/https://shepherdexpress.com/hemp/cannabis/milwaukee%E2%80%99s-da-takes-a-stance-against-prohibition-releases-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> While progress is being made, individuals in Wisconsin are still unsure if they will be allowed to use marijuana in public, have marijuana confiscated, be arrested, fined, or imprisoned for lengthy periods. Because of the demand, marijuana is brought in from illegal grows in legal states.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cannabis}}
{{div col}}
*
* [[Adult lifetime cannabis use by country]]
* [[Annual cannabis use by country]]
* [[Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961|Cannabis rescheduling around the world]]
* [[Decriminalization of non-medical marijuana in the United States]]
* [[Health issues and the effects of cannabis]]
* [[Legal and medical status of cannabis]]
* [[Legal history of marijuana in the United States]]
* [[Legal issues of cannabis]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Marijuana Policy Project]]
* [[Medical cannabis]]
* [[NORML]]
* [[Prohibition in the United States]]
* [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite periodical |author=Drug Enforcement Administration |title=Notice of Denial of Petition; and Basis for the Recommendation for Maintaining Marijuana in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-04-18/html/01-9306.htm |magazine=Federal Register |volume=66 |number=75 |date=April 18, 2001 |pages=20037–20076 |access-date=2022-10-09 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130301/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2001-04-18/html/01-9306.htm |url-status=live}}

* [http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5427 Coalition Files Federal Administrative Petition To Legalize Medical Marijuana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215024732/http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5427 |date=February 15, 2005 }}, NORML News, 10 October 2002. Retrieved on 2007-04-28
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050218005217/http://www.dea.gov/pubs/abuse/1-csa.htm Drugs of Abuse: Chapter 1, The Controlled Substances Act], Drug Enforcement Administration, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-04-28
* [http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5088 ''Gettman v. DEA'' Government Response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212055225/http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=5088 |date=February 12, 2005 }}, The Rescheduling of Marijuana Under Federal Law Government's Reply Brief, 14 January 2002. Retrieved on 2007-04-28
* Gieringer D.: The Acceptance of Medicinal Marijuana in the U.S., J Cannabis Ther 2002;3(1): in press.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160617183523/https://www.finddankweed.com/united-states-court-appeals-washington-dc-upholds-marijuana-dangerous-drug/ High Court in Washington DC & the DEA Upholds Marijuana as Dangerous Drug] United States Court of Appeals in Washington DC Upholds Marijuana as a Dangerous Drug. Retrieved on 2016-11-16
*{{citation|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|title=Legal Consequences of Rescheduling Marijuana|first=Joanna R. |last=Lampe|date=January 16, 2024|id=LSB11105|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB11105}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.drugpolicyalliance.com/ Drug Policy Alliance]
* [http://www.norml.org/ National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]
* [http://www.mpp.org/ Marijuana Policy Project]

{{Cannabis in the United States}}
{{Cannabis}}
{{United States topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Removal Of Cannabis From Schedule 01 Of The Controlled Substances Act}}
[[Category:Cannabis law reform in the United States]]
[[Category:Drug control law in the United States]]
[[Category:2024 cannabis law reform]]

Getting Married Today (song)

2024-11-03T06:15:35Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise

{{Short description|From the Sondheim musical Company}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Getting Married Today
| composer = [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| translation =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| key =
| catalogue =
| opus =
| genre = [[Show tune]]
| form = [[Patter song]]
| text =
| language =
| melody =
| composed =
| performed =
| published = {{Start date|1970}}
| movements =
| scoring =
| misc =
}}
"'''Getting Married Today'''" is a [[patter song]] from the 1970 musical ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'', with music and lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]]. Sung by the manic Amy on her wedding day, the trappings of [[marriage]] send her into a panic.<ref name=Blume/> The song is among the most difficult for musical theatre performers, with one verse containing 68 words to be sung in roughly 11 seconds: where a successful performance “depends on clear diction, implicit pitch accuracy and breath support alongside imperative comedic timing.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Libresco |first=Leah |date=October 5, 2015 |title='Hamilton' Would Last 4 To 6 Hours If It Were Sung At The Pace Of Other Broadway Shows |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/hamilton-is-the-very-model-of-a-modern-fast-paced-musical |access-date=August 20, 2021 |website=[[FiveThirtyEight]]}}</ref><ref name="Paskett">{{Cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=May 22, 2020 |title=The most difficult musical theatre songs to sing of all time |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/evening-standard/culture/theatre/hardest-musical-songs-to-sing-high-note-a4448611.html |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=Evening Standard |language=en}}</ref>

Often incorrectly known as "Not Getting Married Today", the ''[[Evening Standard]]'' cited stand-out performances by [[Katie Finneran]] in a 2011 [[New York Philharmonic]] concert production and [[Jonathan Bailey]] in [[Marianne Elliott (director)|Marianne Elliot]]'s 2018 [[Company (musical)#2018 West End gender-swapped production|gender-swapped West End production]].<ref name="Paskett" />

==Production==
"Getting Married Today" was conceived as "Sondheim's psychotic notion of a [[patter song]]"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2014/06/27/theatre_20s_company_a_disappointment_review.html |title=Theatre 20's Company a disappointment: review |first=Richard |last=Ouzounian |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=June 27, 2014 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> to simulate the sensation of having a mental breakdown through verbal diarrhea and constantly changing the subject mid-sentence.

Stephen Sondheim gave a masterclass on some of his songs, including this one, at London's [[Guildhall School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rogerbourland.com/2008/01/04/sondheim-teaches-not-getting-married/ |title=Sondheim teaches 'Not Getting Married' |publisher=RogerBourland.com |date=January 4, 2008 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

The song features operatic interludes described by ''Edge Boston'' as "soprano intermezzos",<ref name=Blume>{{cite web |url=http://teresawinnerblume.com/reviews/ |title=Reviews — Teresa Winner Blume |publisher=TeresaWinnerBlume.com |date= |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> sung by a priest who comically comments on the bride's breakdown and extols the glory of marriage.

==Lyrical content==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Beth Howland.JPG
| total_width = 280
| height1 = 260
| alt1 = Beth Howland
| image2 = Jonathan Bailey at Testament of Youth Premiere in October 2014 2.png
| height2 = 260
| alt2 = Jonathan Bailey
| footer = [[Beth Howland]] as Amy introduced "Getting Married Today" on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in 1970, while [[Jonathan Bailey]] performed the song as Jamie, originating the gender-swapped role in the 2018 [[#2018 West End gender-swapped production|West End revival]].}}
In her meltdown, Amy discusses the very nature of a wedding, and how it is not relevant to a modern society:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sondheimreview.com/v2n2.htm |title=v2n2 |publisher=The Sondheim Review |accessdate=July 21, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209072606/http://www.sondheimreview.com/v2n2.htm |archivedate=December 9, 2013 }}</ref>

<blockquote><poem>
Wedding, what's a wedding? It's a prehistoric ritual where
Everybody promises fidelity forever, which is
Maybe the most horrifying word I ever heard, and which is
Followed by a honeymoon, where suddenly he'll realize he's
Saddled with a nut and wanna kill me which he should.
</poem></blockquote>

==Critical reception==
It has been described as "one of Sondheim's toughest songs".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jeremythinksthings.wordpress.com/2014/06/26/theatrical-review-company-by-theatre-20-at-the-berkeley-street-theatre/ |title=Theatrical Review: Company by Theatre 20 at the Berkeley Street Theatre |publisher=Jeremythinksthings.wordpress.com |date=June 26, 2014 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> ''Journal Sentinel'' said the song captures "both the crazed humor and darker undertow within this manic bride".<ref>{{cite web|last=Fischer |first=Mike |url=http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/arts/smart-staging-makes-good-company-at-theatre-unchained-b99247205z1-255202811.html |title=Smart staging makes good 'Company' at Theatre Unchained |publisher=Jsonline.com |date= |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> ''White Rhino Report'' wrote "Amy's frenetic rant about not being ready for marriage is a rapid-fire patter song. Set off against this insanity is the ironic counterpoint of Jenny's operatic aria about the beauty of a wedding day."<ref name="Blume" /> Commenting on ''Stephen Sondheim's 'Company' With The New York Philharmonic'', The AV Club wrote "it'd be hard for anyone to sing the patter-iffic 'Getting Married Today' as fast as it's meant to be, even with months to work on it".<ref>{{cite web|last=Murray |first=Noel |url=http://www.avclub.com/review/emstephen-sondheims-company-with-the-new-york-phil-88714 |title=Stephen Sondheim's Company With The New York Philharmonic |publisher=AVclub.com |date=November 14, 2012 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref> ''[[Chichester Observer]]'' said Amy is a "jittery bride-to-be" with an "epic breakdown and breakneck teeth-rattling delivery".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chichester.co.uk/what-s-on/entertainment/review-stephen-sondheim-s-company-ccads-april-10-station-theatre-hayling-island-1-6000589 |title=REVIEW: Stephen Sondheim's Company |first=Sarah |last=Parnell |newspaper=Chichester Observer |date=April 14, 2014 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

''The Guardian'' wrote the show "boasts the most astonishing score of any Stephen Sondheim work, and at the same time a book demonstrating an almost complete lack of commitment to coherent narrative", adding that the show has a "large dollop of irony". It continued by saying: "The result is numbers, such as 'The Little Things You Do Together' and 'Getting Married Today', that are sheer bliss to listen to, but often unexpectedly disappointing and distancing in performance."<ref>{{cite news |first=Lyn |last=Gardner |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/dec/06/company-review |title=Company - review |newspaper=The Guardian |date=December 6, 2011 |accessdate=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

==Performances==

* [[Jonathan Bailey]] originated the gender-swapped role of Jamie who performed the song in [[Marianne Elliott (director)|Marianne Elliott]]'s 2018 [[Company (musical)#2018 West End gender-swapped production|West End revival]]. Bailey, "whose lightning-fast, show-stopping rendition of the song became a must-see West End event" according to ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', won him the [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] in [[2019 Laurence Olivier Awards|2019]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chu |first=Henry |date=April 7, 2019 |title='Come From Away,' 'Company,' 'The Inheritance' Score at Olivier Awards |url=https://variety.com/2019/legit/news/come-from-away-the-inheritance-company-olivier-awards-1203182727/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Louis |title=Jonathan Bailey: brilliant from top to bottom |newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jonathan-bailey-interview-brilliant-from-top-to-bottom-z6k8fct79 |access-date=April 15, 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
* The song was covered in the ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' episode, "[[I Do (Glee)|I Do]]", where [[Emma Pillsbury]] starts to second-guess marrying [[Will Schuester]], before fleeing from the wedding.
* The song was also covered in a performance in the 2019 Broadway Backwards charity event in which Darren Criss sang the role of "Amy".

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Company (musical)}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1970 songs]]
[[Category:Patter songs]]
[[Category:Songs from musicals]]
[[Category:Songs written by Stephen Sondheim]]
[[Category:Songs about marriage]]

Not Getting Married Today

2024-11-03T05:57:29Z

Hiplibrarianship: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Getting Married Today]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from incorrect name}}
}}

Company (musical)

2024-11-03T04:09:55Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Productions */ revise

{{short description|1970 musical comedy}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox musical
| name = Company
| image = CompanyCastAlbumCover.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Original Broadway Cast Recording Cover
| music = [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| lyrics = Stephen Sondheim
| book = [[George Furth]]
| basis =
| premiere_date = {{start date|1970|3|24}}
| premiere_location = [[Shubert Theatre (Boston)|Shubert Theatre]], [[Boston]]
| productions = 1970 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] 1971 [[North America]]n Tour 1972 [[West End theatre|West End]] 1995 First Broadway [[revival (theatre)|revival]] 1995 First London revival 2006 Second Broadway revival 2018 Second West End revival 2021 Third Broadway revival 2023 North American Tour
| awards = 1971 [[Tony Award for Best Musical]] 1971 [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical]] 1971 [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Tony Award for Best Score (music)]] 1971 [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Tony Award for Best Lyrics]] 2007 [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical]] 2019 [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival]] 2022 [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical]]
}}

'''''Company''''' is a [[Musical theatre|musical]] with music and lyrics by [[Stephen Sondheim]] and book by [[George Furth]]. The original 1970 production was nominated for a record-setting 14 [[Tony Award]]s, winning six. ''Company'' was among the first [[book musical]]s to deal with contemporary dating, marriage, and divorce,<ref name="batm5">''Broadway: the American musical'', episode 5: "Tradition (1947–1979)", 2004.</ref> and is a notable example of a [[concept musical]] lacking a linear plot.<ref name="vault" /> In a series of [[vignette (literature)|vignette]]s, ''Company'' follows [[bachelor]] Bobby interacting with his married friends, who throw a party for his 35th birthday.<ref>Sondheim, ''Finishing the Hat'' (2010), p. 166.</ref>

==Background==
George Furth wrote 11 one-act plays planned for [[Kim Stanley]]. [[Anthony Perkins]] was interested in directing and gave the material to Sondheim, who asked [[Harold Prince]] for his opinion. Prince said the plays could be a good basis for a musical about New York marriages with a central character to examine those marriages.<ref>Zadan, Craig. ''Sondheim & Co.'' (1986) {{ISBN|0-06-015649-X}}, p. 116.</ref>

==Synopsis==
In the early 1990s, Furth and Sondheim revised the [[libretto]], cutting and altering dialogue that had become dated and rewriting the end of act one. This synopsis is based on the revised libretto.

===Act I===
Robert is a well-liked single man living in New York City whose friends are married or engaged couples. The couples are Joanne and Larry, Peter and Susan, Harry and Sarah, David and Jenny, and Paul and Amy. It is Robert's 35th birthday and the couples have gathered to throw him a surprise party. When Robert fails to blow out any candles on his birthday cake, the couples promise him that his birthday wish will still come true, although Robert wished for nothing, and said that his friends are all he needs ("Company").

What follows is a series of disconnected vignettes in no chronological order, each featuring Robert visiting with one of the couples or alone on a [[Dating|date]] with a girlfriend.

In the first vignette, Robert visits Sarah, a [[foodie]] who is dieting, and her husband, Harry, a recovering alcoholic. Sarah and Harry taunt each other on their vices, escalating toward karate-like fighting and thrashing that may or may not be playful. This prompts the caustic Joanne, the oldest, most cynical, and most-often divorced of Robert's friends, to sarcastically comment to the audience that it is the little things that make a marriage work ("The Little Things You Do Together"). Harry explains, and the men concur, that most people are both thankful and regretful about getting married, and that marriage changes both everything and nothing about the way they live ("Sorry – Grateful").

Robert is next with Peter and Susan, on their apartment terrace. Peter is an [[Ivy League]] graduate, and Susan is a [[Southern belle]]; the two seem to be a perfect couple, yet they surprise Robert with the news of their upcoming divorce. At the home of the uptight Jenny and chic David, Robert has brought along some [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] that the three share. The couple turns to grilling Robert on why he has not yet gotten married. Robert claims he is not against the notion, but three women he is currently dating—Kathy, Marta, and April—appear and proceed, [[The Andrews Sisters|Andrews Sisters]]-style, to chastise Robert for his reluctance to being committed ("You Could Drive a Person Crazy"). After Jenny asks for another joint, but is discouraged by David, David privately tells Robert that Jenny does not actually like marijuana, but partakes in it as a show of her love for him.

All of Robert's male friends are deeply envious about his commitment-free status, and each has found someone they find perfect for Robert ("Have I Got a Girl for You"), but Robert is waiting for someone who merges the best features of all his married female friends ("Someone Is Waiting"). Robert meets his three girlfriends in a small park on separate occasions, as Marta sings of the city: crowded, dirty, uncaring, yet somehow wonderful ("Another Hundred People"). Robert first gets to know April, a slow-witted airline flight attendant. Robert then spends time with Kathy. They had dated previously and both admit that they had each secretly considered marrying the other. They laugh at this coincidence before Robert suddenly considers the idea seriously. However, Kathy reveals that she is leaving for [[Cape Cod]] with a new fiancé. Finally, Robert meets with Marta; she loves New York, and babbles on about topics both highbrow and lowbrow. Robert is left stunned.

The scene turns to the day of Amy and Paul's wedding; they have lived together for years, but are just now getting married. Amy has gotten an overwhelming case of [[cold feet]], and as the upbeat Paul harmonizes rapturously, a panicking Amy confesses to the audience that she can't go through with it ("[[Getting Married Today (song)|Getting Married Today]]"). Robert, the best man, and Paul watch as Amy complains and self-destructs over every petty thing she can possibly think of, and then finally explicitly calls off the wedding. Paul dejectedly storms out into the rain and Robert tries to comfort Amy, but emotionally winds up offering an impromptu proposal to her himself. His words jolt Amy back into reality, and she runs out after Paul, at last ready to marry him. The setting returns to the scene of the birthday party, where Robert is given his cake and tries to blow out the candles again. He wishes for something this time ("Marry Me A Little").

===Act II===
The birthday party scene is reset, and Robert goes to blow out his candles. This time, he gets them about half out, and the couples have to help him with the rest. The couples share their views on Robert – both complimentary and unflattering – with each other as Robert reflects on being the third wheel ("Side By Side By Side"), soon followed by the up-tempo [[paean]] to Robert's role as the perfect friend ("What Would We Do Without You?"). In a dance break in the middle of the number, each man, in turn, does a dance step that is answered by his wife. Robert likewise does a step but he has no partner to answer it.

Robert brings April to his apartment for a nightcap, after a date. She marvels at how homey his place is, and he casually leads her to the bed, sitting next to her on it and working on getting her into it. She earnestly tells him of an experience from her past, involving the death of a butterfly; he counters with a bizarre remembrance of his own, obviously fabricated and designed to put her in the mood to succumb to his seduction. Meanwhile, the married women worry about Robert's single status and the unsuitable qualities they find in the women he dates ("Poor Baby"). As Robert and April have sex, we hear Robert and April's thoughts, interspersed with music that expresses and mirrors their increasing excitement ("Tick-Tock"). In some productions, including the original Broadway production, this is accompanied by a solo dance by Kathy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 14, 2001|title=Fynsworth Alley: Donna McKechnie|url=https://itsdlevy.me/2001/02/14/fynsworth-alley-donna-mckechnie/|access-date=December 24, 2021|website=David Levy|language=en}}</ref> The next morning, April rises early, to report for duty aboard a flight to [[Barcelona]]. Robert tries to get her to stay, at first wholeheartedly, parrying her apologetic protestations that she cannot with playful begging and insistence. As April continues to reluctantly resist his entreaties, and sleepiness retakes him, Bobby loses conviction, agreeing that she ''should'' go; that change apparently gets to her, and she joyfully declares that she will stay, after all. This takes Robert by surprise, and his astonished, plaintive "Oh, God!" is suffused with fear and regret ("Barcelona").

Robert and Marta visit Peter and Susan, and learn that Peter flew to Mexico to get the divorce, but he phoned Susan and she joined him there for a vacation. Though they are divorced, they are still living together, claiming they have too many responsibilities to actually leave each other's lives, and that their relationship has actually been strengthened. Susan takes Marta inside to make lunch, and Peter asks Robert if he has ever had a homosexual experience. They both admit they have, and Peter hints at the possibility that Robert and he could have such an encounter, but Robert uncomfortably laughs off the conversation as a joke.

Joanne and Larry take Robert out to a nightclub, where Larry dances, and Joanne and Robert sit watching, getting thoroughly drunk. She blames Robert for always being an outsider, only watching life rather than living it, and also persists in berating Larry. She raises her glass in a mocking toast, passing judgment on various types of rich, middle-aged women wasting their lives away with mostly meaningless activities ("The Ladies Who Lunch"). Her harshest criticism is reserved for those, like herself, who "just watch",<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/32147-elaine-stritch-the-ladies-who-lunch-performance-is-the-best-way-to-remember-her-video |title=Elaine Stritch "The Ladies Who Lunch" Performance is the Best Way to Remember Her |magazine=Bustle |access-date=July 20, 2014}}</ref> and she concludes with the observation that all these ladies are bound together by a terror that comes with the knowledge that "everybody dies". Larry returns from the dance floor, taking Joanne's drunken rant without complaint and explains to Robert that he still loves her dearly. When Larry leaves to pay the check, Joanne bluntly invites Robert to begin an affair with her, assuring him that she will "take care of him". Robert's reply, "But who will I take care of?" seems to surprise even him, and strikes Joanne as a profound breakthrough on his part. Robert insists he has been open to marriages and commitment, but questions "What do you get?" Upon Larry's return, Robert asks again, angrily, "What do you get?" Joanne declares, with some satisfaction, "I just did someone a big favor". She and Larry go home, leaving Robert lost in frustrated contemplation.

The couples' recurrent musical motif begins yet again, as they all again invite Robert to "drop by anytime...". Rather than the cheery, indulgent tone he had responded with in earlier scenes, Robert suddenly, desperately, shouts "STOP!" He sings, openly enumerating the many traps and dangers he perceives in marriage; speaking their disagreements, his friends counter his ideas, one by one, encouraging him to dare to try for love and commitment. Finally, Robert's words change, expressing a desire, increasing in urgency, for loving intimacy, even with all its problems, and the wish to meet someone with whom to face the challenge of living ("Being Alive"). The opening party resets a final time; Robert's friends have waited two hours, with still no sign of him. At last, they all prepare to leave, expressing a new hopefulness about their absent friend's chances for loving fulfillment, and wishing him a happy birthday, wherever he may be, as they leave. Robert then appears alone, smiles, and blows out his candles ("Finale").

==Principal casts==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Character
!Broadway
!North American Tour
!West End
!Broadway Revival
!West End Revival
!Kennedy Center
!Broadway revival
!New York Philharmonic Concert
!West End '''Revival'''
!Broadway Revival
!North American Tour
|-
!1970
!1971
!1972
!1995
!1996
!2002
!2006
!2011
!2018
!2021
!2023
|-
!Robert
|align=center|[[Dean Jones (actor)|Dean Jones]]
|align=center|[[George Chakiris]]
|align=center|[[Larry Kert]]
|align=center|[[Boyd Gaines]]
|align=center|[[Adrian Lester]]
|align=center|[[John Barrowman]]
|align=center|[[Raúl Esparza]]
|align=center|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]
|align=center|[[Rosalie Craig]] ''(as Bobbie)''
|align=center|[[Katrina Lenk]] ''(as Bobbie)''
|align=center|Britney Coleman ''(as Bobbie)''
|-
!Joanne
| colspan="3" align=center|[[Elaine Stritch]]
|align=center|[[Debra Monk]]
|align=center|[[Sheila Gish]]
|align=center|[[Lynn Redgrave]]
|align=center|[[Barbara Walsh]]
| colspan="3" align=center|[[Patti LuPone]]
|align=center|Judy McLane
|-
!Larry
|align=center|Charles Braswell
| colspan="2" align=center|Robert Goss
|align=center|Timothy Landfield
|align=center|[[Paul Bentley]]
|align=center|[[Walter Charles]]
|align=center|[[Bruce Sabath]]
|align=center|[[Jim Walton (actor)|Jim Walton]]
|align=center|[[Ben Lewis (Australian actor)|Ben Lewis]]
|align=center|Terence Archie
|align=center|Derrick Davis
|-
!Amy
| colspan="3" align=center|[[Beth Howland]]
|align=center|[[Veanne Cox]]
|align=center|[[Sophie Thompson]]
|align=center|[[Alice Ripley]]
|align=center|Heather Laws
|align=center|[[Katie Finneran]]
|align=center|[[Jonathan Bailey]] ''(as Jamie)''
|align=center|[[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]] ''(as Jamie)''
|align=center|Matt Rodin ''(as Jamie)''
|-
!Paul
|align=center|Steve Elmore
|align=center|Del Hinkley
|align=center|Steve Elmore
|align=center|[[Danny Burstein]]
|align=center|Michael Simkins
|align=center|Matt Bogart
|align=center|Robert Cunningham
|align=center|[[Aaron Lazar]]
|align=center|[[Alex Gaumond]]
|align=center|Etai Benson
|align=center|Ali Louis Bourzgui
|-
!Sarah
|align=center|[[Barbara Barrie]]
|align=center colspan="2" |[[Marti Stevens (actress)|Marti Stevens]]
|align=center|[[Kate Burton (actress)|Kate Burton]]
|align=center|[[Rebecca Front]]
|align=center|Keira Naughton
|align=center|Kristin Huffman
|align=center|[[Martha Plimpton]]
|align=center|[[Mel Giedroyc]]
|align=center|[[Jennifer Simard]]
|align=center|[[Kathryn Allison]]
|-
!Harry
|align=center|[[Charles Kimbrough]]
|align=center|Charles Braswell
|align=center|Kenneth Kimmins
|align=center|[[Robert Westenberg]]
|align=center|[[Clive Rowe]]
|align=center|[[David Pittu]]
|align=center|Keith Buterbaugh
|align=center|[[Stephen Colbert]]
|align=center|Gavin Spokes
|align=center|[[Christopher Sieber]]
|align=center|James Earl Jones II
|-
!Susan
|align=center|[[Merle Louise]]
|align=center|Milly Ericson
|align=center|[[Joy Franz]]
|align=center|[[Patricia Ben Peterson]]
|align=center|[[Clare Burt]]
|align=center|[[Christy Baron]]
|align=center|Amy Justman
|align=center|[[Jill Paice]]
|align=center|Daisy Maywood
|align=center|Rashidra Scott
|align=center|Marina Kondo
|-
!Peter
|align=center|John Cunningham
|align=center|Gary Krawford
|align=center|J. T. Cromwell
|align=center|[[Jonathan Dokuchitz]]
|align=center|Gareth Snook
|align=center|Dan Cooney
|align=center|Matt Castle
|align=center|[[Craig Bierko]]
|align=center|[[Ashley Campbell (actor)|Ashley Campbell]]
|align=center|Greg Hildreth
|align=center|Javier Ignacio
|-
!Jenny
| colspan="3" align=center|Teri Ralston
|align=center|[[Diana Canova]]
|align=center|[[Liza Sadovy]]
|align=center|[[Emily Skinner (actress, born 1970)|Emily Skinner]]
|align=center|Leenya Rideout
|align=center|[[Jennifer Laura Thompson]]
|align=center|Jennifer Saayeng
|align=center|Nikki Renée Daniels
|align=center|Emma Stratton
|-
!David
|align=center|[[George Coe]]
| colspan="2" align=center|Lee Goodman
|align=center|John Hillner
|align=center|Teddy Kempner
|align=center|Marc Vietor
|align=center|Fred Rose
|align=center|[[Jon Cryer]]
|align=center|[[Richard Henders]]
|align=center|[[Christopher Fitzgerald (actor)|Christopher Fitzgerald]]
|align=center|Matt Bittner
|-
!April
|align=center|[[Susan Browning]]
|align=center|[[Bobbi Jordan]]
|align=center|Carol Richards
|align=center|[[Jane Krakowski]]
|align=center|Hannah James
|align=center|Kim Director
|align=center|[[Elizabeth Stanley (actress)|Elizabeth Stanley]]
|align=center|[[Christina Hendricks]]
|align=center|[[Richard Fleeshman]] ''(as Andy)''
|align=center|[[Claybourne Elder]] ''(as Andy)''
|align=center|Jacob Dickey ''(as Andy)''
|-
!Marta
| colspan="3" align=center|[[Pamela Myers]]
|align=center|[[LaChanze]]
|align=center|[[Anna Francolini]]
|align=center|[[Marcy Harriell|Marcy Harriel]]
|align=center|[[Angel Desai]]
|align=center|[[Anika Noni Rose]]
|align=center|[[George Blagden]] ''(as PJ)''
|align=center|Bobby Conte Thornton ''(as PJ)''
|align=center|Tyler Hardwick ''(as PJ)''
|-
!Kathy
| colspan="3" align=center|[[Donna McKechnie]]
|align=center|[[Charlotte d'Amboise]]
|align=center|Kiran Hocking
|align=center|Elizabeth Zins
|align=center|Kelly Jeanne Grant
|align=center|[[Chryssie Whitehead]]
|align=center|Matthew Seadon-Young ''(as Theo)''
|align=center|[[Manu Narayan]] ''(as Theo)''
|align=center|David Socolar ''(as Theo)''
|}

===Notable replacements===
;Broadway (1970–1972)
*Robert: [[Larry Kert]]
*Joanne: [[Vivian Blaine]], [[Jane Russell]]
*Larry: [[Stanley Grover]]
*Amy: [[Marian Hailey-Moss|Marian Haley]]
*Sarah: [[Cynthia Harris]]
*Harry: [[Kenneth Kimmins]]
*David: [[George D. Wallace]]
*Kathy: [[Priscilla Lopez]]

;2nd Broadway revival (1995)
*Robert: [[Bradley Dean]] (s/b)

;3rd Broadway revival (2020-2022)
*Joanne: [[Jennifer Simard]]
*David: [[Jeff Kready]]
*Theo: [[Kyle Dean Massey]]<ref>[[Kyle Dean Massey]] played the role during the 2020 previews before the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts|COVID-19 shutdown]], but did not return, since he and his husband were expecting their first child.</ref>

==Song list==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; Act I
* "[[Company (Broadway song)|Company]]" – Robert and Company
* "The Little Things You Do Together" – Joanne and Couples
* "Sorry-Grateful" – Harry, David and Larry
* "You Could Drive a Person Crazy" – Kathy, April and Marta
* "Have I Got a Girl for You" – Larry, Peter, Paul, David, Harry
* "Someone Is Waiting" – Robert
* "Another Hundred People" – Marta
* "[[Getting Married Today (song)|Getting Married Today]]" – Amy, Paul, Choirgirl,<ref group=note>Played in most productions by the actor who plays Susan or Jenny.</ref> and Company
* "Marry Me a Little"<ref group=note>In the 1990s, "Marry Me a Little" was restored permanently to close Act I and added to the 1995 and 2006 revivals, it is also included in the official composer's edition of the vocal selections, published in 1996 ({{ISBN|0-7935-6763-7}}).</ref> – Robert
{{col-break}}
; Act II
* "Side by Side by Side"/"What Would We Do without You?" – Robert and Couples
* "Poor Baby" – Sarah, Jenny, Susan, Amy, Joanne
* "Have I Got a Girl for You" (Reprise)<ref group=note>Added in for the 1995 Broadway Revival.</ref> – Larry, Peter, Paul, David, Harry
* "Tick-Tock"<ref group=note>The dance number "Tick-Tock" (arranged by [[David Shire]]) was abridged for the first Broadway revival, and afterward deleted entirely from the score. However, it has since been restored in some productions, such as the 2004 Reprise! production in Los Angeles, the 2011 New York Philharmonic staging, and the 2021 Broadway revival.</ref><ref>Kendt, Rob. [http://www.robkendt.com/Reviews/company.htm "Theater Review"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', May 21, 2004.</ref> – Kathy (Instrumental)
* "Barcelona" – Robert and April
* "[[The Ladies Who Lunch (song)|The Ladies Who Lunch]]" – Joanne
* "[[Being Alive]]"<ref group=note>The song "Multitude of Amys" was the original finale but was cut due to major structural changes in the script. "Marry Me a Little" was started as a replacement but subsequently moved to the end of the first act. "Happily Ever After" was used as the finale for the first few performances before being replaced by "Being Alive".</ref><ref>(no author)[http://www.carlinamerica.com/newsletter/intune2.html "In Tune: Being Alive"], carlinamerica.com, accessed August 16, 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206080044/http://www.carlinamerica.com/newsletter/intune2.html |date=February 6, 2012 }}</ref> – Robert and Couples
* "Finale" – Company
{{col-end}}

==Productions==
{{multiple image
| image1 = Beth Howland.JPG
| total_width = 280
| height1 = 260
| alt1 = Beth Howland
| image2 = Jonathan Bailey at Testament of Youth Premiere in October 2014 2.png
| height2 = 260
| alt2 = Jonathan Bailey
| footer = [[Beth Howland]] as Amy introduced the song "[[Getting Married Today (song)|Getting Married Today]]" on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in 1970, while [[Jonathan Bailey]] performed the song as Jamie, originating the gender-swapped role in the 2018 [[#2018 West End gender-swapped production|West End revival]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Chu |first1=Henry |date=April 7, 2019 |title=''Come from Away'', ''Company'', ''The Inheritance'' Score at Olivier Awards |url=https://variety.com/2019/legit/news/come-from-away-the-inheritance-company-olivier-awards-1203182727/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>
}}

===Original Broadway production===
''Company'' opened in Boston in out-of-town tryouts, receiving mixed reviews.<ref>Citron, Stephen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=Company+%22George+Furth%22+%22Sondheim%22&pg=PA160 "Prince and Company"] ''Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: The New Musical'', Oxford University Press US, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-509601-0}}, p. 172.</ref>

Directed by [[Hal Prince]], the musical opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at the [[Neil Simon Theatre|Alvin Theatre]] on April 26, 1970, and closed on January 1, 1972, after 705 performances and 12 previews.<ref name=original>[http://www.playbill.com/production/company-alvin-theatre-vault-0000000885 "''Company'' Cast and Replacements, Pro Info"] Playbill (vault), accessed January 1, 2020</ref><ref>{{IBDB show|2719|Company}}</ref> The opening cast included [[Dean Jones (actor)|Dean Jones]], who replaced [[Anthony Perkins]] early in the rehearsals, [[Donna McKechnie]], [[Susan Browning]], [[George Coe]], [[Pamela Myers]], [[Barbara Barrie]], [[Charles Kimbrough]], [[Merle Louise]], [[Beth Howland]], and [[Elaine Stritch]].<ref>Kelly, Kevin. ''One Singular Sensation: The Michael Bennett Story'', Doubleday, 1990, {{ISBN|0-8217-3310-9}}, page 68.</ref> Musical staging was by [[Michael Bennett (theater)|Michael Bennett]], assisted by [[Bob Avian]]. The set design by [[Boris Aronson]] consisted of two working elevators and various vertical platforms that emphasized the musical's theme of isolation.<ref name=original/>

Displeased with the show and struggling with personal issues, Jones left the show on May 28, 1970, and was replaced by understudy [[Larry Kert]], who had created the role of Tony in ''[[West Side Story (musical)|West Side Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News From ME – Mark Evanier's blog|url=https://www.newsfromme.com/2005/09/24/a-kert-reply/|access-date=August 6, 2020|website=www.newsfromme.com}}</ref>

In his September 2, 2015, obituary for Jones in ''[[The New York Times]]'', Mike Flaherty reported that "he quit the production, citing stress and depression related to the recent collapse of his own marriage." Flaherty quotes Jones' 1982 autobiography, ''Under running laughter'', in which he wrote of ''Company'': "It was a clever, bright show on the surface, but its underlying message declared that marriage was, at best, a vapid compromise, insoluble and finally destructive."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Flaherty|first=Mike|date=September 2, 2015|title=Dean Jones, Affable Star in ''Love Bug'' and a Disney Fixture, Dies at 84|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/movies/dean-jones-star-of-disneys-the-love-bug-dies-at-84.html|access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref>

Kert earned rave reviews for his performance, and the [[Tony Award]]s committee decided that he was eligible to compete for Best Actor in a Musical, an honor usually reserved for the actor who originates a role.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/07/obituaries/larry-kert-60-a-romantic-lead-in-the-original-west-side-story.html "Obituary. Larry Kert"] ''The New York Times'', June 7, 1991</ref>

Original replacement cast members included John Cunningham, the original Peter, as Bobby, and [[Vivian Blaine]] and [[Jane Russell]], as Joanne.<ref name="original" /><ref name=":1">{{IBDB title|3077#Replacements|Company}}</ref>

==== ''Original Cast Album: Company'' ====
{{Main|Original Cast Album: Company}}
Award-winning documentary filmmaker [[D. A. Pennebaker]] captured the [[making-of]] the [[Cast recording|original cast recording]] shortly after the show opened on Broadway. His 1970 film ''[[Original Cast Album: Company]]'' earned early accolades, as well as a cult following, for its unvarnished look at a grueling recording session.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Brody|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Brody|title=The Unstrung Power of Elaine Stritch in ''Original Cast Album: Company''|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/the-unstrung-power-of-elaine-stritch-in-original-cast-album-company|access-date=August 6, 2020|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=July 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saltz|first=Rachel|date=October 11, 2014|title=Invincible Bunch, 44 Years Later|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/movies/invincible-bunch-44-years-later-.html|access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> Stritch, Sondheim, and producer [[Thomas Z. Shepard]] are featured prominently.

====First national tour====
The first national tour opened on May 20, 1971, at the [[Ahmanson Theatre]] in Los Angeles, California, with [[George Chakiris]] as Bobby, and closed on May 20, 1972, at the [[National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|National Theatre]] in Washington, D.C.<ref>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#1971tour "1971 National Touring Production"], sondheimguide.com, accessed January 11, 2016.</ref>

===Original London production===
The first [[West End theatre|West End]] production opened on January 18, 1972, at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]], where it closed on November 4, 1972, after 344 performances. The original cast, directed by Harold Prince with choreography by Michael Bennett, featured [[Larry Kert]], [[Elaine Stritch]], [[Joy Franz]] (Susan), Beth Howland (Amy) and [[Donna McKechnie]] (Kathy). [[Dilys Watling]] (Amy) and [[Julia McKenzie]] (April) were replacements, later in the run.<ref>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#London72 "''Company'' London, 1972"], sondheimguide.com, accessed January 1, 2020</ref>

With so many Broadway cast members reprising their roles, producers chose not to record a new cast album; instead, they re-released the original cast album, replacing Jones's vocals with Kert's, and branded it the London cast album.<ref>Culwell-Block, Logan. [https://playbill.com/article/9-original-cast-albums-featuring-replacement-performers "9 Original Cast Albums Featuring Replacement Performers"], ''Playbill'', November 17, 2022</ref>

=== Original Australian production ===
The [[Sydney Theatre Company]] presented the first Australian production at the [[Sydney Opera House]]'s Drama Theatre in January and February 1986. Directed by [[Richard Wherrett]], it featured [[John O'May]] as Bobby, [[Geraldine Turner]] as Joanne, with other cast members, including [[Tony Sheldon (actor)|Tony Sheldon]], [[Simon Burke]], [[Terence Donovan (actor)|Terence Donovan]], and [[Barry Quin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/event/112606|title=''Company''|publisher=[[AusStage]]|access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sydneytheatre.com.au/magazine/posts/2017/may/archive-STC-musicals|title=Archive: STC Musicals|date=May 9, 2017|publisher=[[Sydney Theatre Company]]|access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>

=== 1993 reunion concerts ===
Most members of the original Broadway cast reunited in California for a concert to benefit [[Actors Fund of America]] [[Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS|AIDS charities]] and the [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] Civic Light Opera.<ref name="LATimes1993">{{cite web | title=Revisiting ''Company'' of Days Past : Original Cast, Creators of 1970 Musical Gather for Reunion Benefit | website=Los Angeles Times | date=January 25, 1993 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-01-25-ca-1587-story.html | access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref> [[Angela Lansbury]] served as host for the January 23, 1993, performance at the [[Terrace Theater]], with narration by George Hearn. The reunion concert was repeated for two New York performances in April 1993, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, directed by Barry Brown, with [[Patti LuPone]] as host.<ref name="Company1993">{{IBDB title|13366|Company|description=Broadway Special – 1993 Revival}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/concerts1.html#CIC " ''Company'' in Concert"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107134411/http://www.sondheimguide.com/concerts1.html#CIC |date=November 7, 2011 }} sondheimguide.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref> The excitement of the reunion concerts resonated, even in comparison to later full-scale revivals.<ref name="KM_Playbill_1997">{{cite web | title=Ken Mandelbaum's Aisle View: Donmar ''Company'' on TV | website=Playbill | date=March 16, 1997 | url=http://www.playbill.com/article/ken-mandelbaums-aisle-view-les-miz-at-10-com-69817 | access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>

===1995 Broadway revival===
After 43 previews, a revival for the [[Roundabout Theatre Company|Roundabout Theatre]], directed by [[Scott Ellis]] and choreographed by [[Rob Marshall]], opened October 5, 1995, at the Criterion Center Stage Right, where it ran for 68 performances. The cast included [[Boyd Gaines]] (Bobby), [[Kate Burton (actress)|Kate Burton]], [[Robert Westenberg]] (Harry), [[Diana Canova]], [[Debra Monk]] (Joanne), [[LaChanze]], [[Charlotte d'Amboise]], [[Jane Krakowski]], [[Danny Burstein]] (Paul), and [[Veanne Cox]] (Amy). This production was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Revival of a Musical.<ref name=prod95>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/company-4305 ''Company'', 1995"] ibdb.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref><ref>[[Vincent Canby|Canby, Vincent]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/06/theater/theater-review-a-revival-both-familiar-and-new.html "Theater Review. A Revival Both Familiar and New"] ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 6, 1995</ref>

===1995 London revival===
A London revival directed by [[Sam Mendes]] at the [[Donmar Warehouse]] opened December 13, 1995, and closed there March 2, 1996;<ref name=mendes>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#London ''Company'' Donmar"] sondheimguide.com, accessed January 1, 2020</ref><ref name=variety95>[https://variety.com/1995/legit/news/color-blind-company-99130362/ "Color-blind ''Company''"], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', December 10, 1995</ref> the production quickly transferred to the [[Noël Coward Theatre|Albery Theatre]], with previews starting March 7, opening March 13, and closing June 29.<ref>Benedict, David. [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/musical-company-albery-theatre-london-1342050.html "Musical; ''Company''; Albery Theatre, London"] ''[[The Independent]]'', March 15, 1996</ref><ref name=mendes/> The cast included [[Adrian Lester]], as the first Black actor to play Bobby in a major production of the show.<ref name=variety95/>

A videotaped recording of the Donmar Warehouse production was broadcast by [[BBC Two]] on March 1, 1997. On Sunday, November 7, 2010, a one-off concert of ''Company'', starring most of the 1995 London revival cast, including [[Adrian Lester]] as Bobby, was held at the [[Sondheim Theatre|Queen's Theatre]] on Shaftesbury Avenue.

===Kennedy Center production===
A production for the [[Kennedy Center]] in Washington, D.C., presented as part of a summer-long celebration of Sondheim musicals, opened May 17, 2002, for a limited run of 17 performances. Directed by Sean Mathias, the cast included [[John Barrowman]] as Robert, [[Emily Skinner (actress, born 1970)|Emily Skinner]], [[Alice Ripley]], and [[Lynn Redgrave]].<ref name=guide2002>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#KC "'Company' listing, The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 2002"] Sondheimguide.com, accessed August 18, 2011.</ref><ref>Pressley, Nelson. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/05/21/rollicking-good-company/cfaac9cf-3696-4228-8100-41656cdadc28/ "Rollicking Good ''Company''"] ''The Washington Post'', May 21, 2002</ref> The production used the book from the original Broadway production, instead of the 1995 revision.<ref name=guide2002/>

===2006 Broadway revival===
A new revival had try-outs at the [[Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park]], Robert S. Marx Theatre in March through April 2006. The cast featured [[Raúl Esparza]] (Bobby) and [[Barbara Walsh]] (Joanne), with direction and choreography by [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]].<ref>Jones, Kenneth. [http://www.playbill.com/article/john-doyles-company-begins-in-ohio-esparza-walsh-play-along-com-131341# "John Doyle's ''Company'' Begins in Ohio; Esparza, Walsh Play Along"] Playbill, March 14, 2006</ref><ref name=variety2006>Jones, Chris. [https://variety.com/2006/legit/reviews/company-6-1200517577/ "Reviews. ''Company''] ''Variety'', March 20, 2006</ref>

This production opened on Broadway on November 29, 2006, at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]].<ref name=vault>[http://www.playbill.com/production/company-ethel-barrymore-theatre-vault-0000004292# ''Company'', 2006] Playbill (vault), accessed January 1, 2020</ref> The actors themselves provided the orchestral accompaniment.<ref name=variety2006/> For example, Esparza plays percussion, Walsh plays Orchestra Bells and percussion, and Heather Laws (Amy) plays French horn, trumpet and flute.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/playbillpagegallery/inside-playbill?asset=00000150-aea3-d936-a7fd-eef752760001&type=InsidePlaybill&slide=1 "Inside the Playbill"] Playbill (vault), accessed January 1, 2020</ref> The production won the [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical]].<ref name=guide>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#Reprise! "Sondheim Guide, 2006 Broadway Revival"] Sondheimguide.com, accessed March 25, 2011</ref><ref name=vault/> The musical closed on July 1, 2007, after 34 previews and 246 performances.<ref name=vault/> The production was filmed for ''[[Great Performances]]'' and broadcast in 2008,<ref>Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. [http://www.playbill.com/news/article/109177.html "Playbill News: Tony-Winning Revival of ''Company'' to Be Filmed for ''Great Performances'' Broadcast"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701104655/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/109177.html |date=July 1, 2007}} ''[[Playbill]]'', June 28, 2007.</ref><ref name=guide/> with a subsequent DVD release.

===2007 Australian production===
[[Kookaburra Musical Theatre]] mounted a production directed by [[Gale Edwards]] in Sydney in June 2007, starring [[David Campbell (singer)|David Campbell]] as Bobby, with a cast including [[Simon Burke]], [[Anne Looby]], [[James Millar (Australian actor)|James Millar]], [[Pippa Grandison]], [[Katrina Retallick]], Tamsin Carroll and [[Christie Whelan]]. The show was well-received, and Sondheim travelled to Australia for the first time in thirty years to attend the opening night.<ref>(no author). [http://www.australianstage.com.au/20070610439/news/sydney/stephen-sondheim-to-visit-sydney.html "Stephen Sondheim to Visit Sydney"] ''Australian Stage'', June 10, 2007.</ref> However, the production caused major controversy when Whelan was out sick for one performance and (with no understudy) Kookaburra chief executive [[Peter Cousens]] insisted the show be performed anyway, but without the character of April. This involved cutting several numbers and scenes with no explanation, and that night's performance ended twenty minutes early. Following complaints from the audience, there was considerable negative press attention to the decision, and Sondheim threatened to revoke the production rights for the show.<ref>{{multiref2|Dunn, Emily.[https://www.smh.com.au/news/arts/send-off-the-clowns/2007/07/20/1184560037427.html "Send Off The Clowns"] ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', July 21, 2007.
|{{cite news|title=Sondheim angered by cuts to his musical|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/22/australia.artnews|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|access-date=November 2, 2024|author=Barbara McMahon|date=July 22, 2007|ref=none}}}}</ref>

===2011 New York Philharmonic concert===
{{Main|Company (2011 film)}}
In April 2011, [[Lonny Price]] directed a staged concert production,<ref>Holden, Stephen.[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/09/arts/music/neil-patrick-harris-in-company-at-avery-fisher-hall-review.html "A Bachelor, Five Couples and All Their Tuneful Discontents"] ''The New York Times'', April 8, 2011.</ref> with [[Neil Patrick Harris]] as Robert, [[Stephen Colbert]] as Harry, [[Craig Bierko]] as Peter, [[Jon Cryer]] as David, [[Katie Finneran]] as Amy, [[Christina Hendricks]] as April, [[Aaron Lazar]] as Paul, [[Jill Paice]] as Susan, [[Martha Plimpton]] as Sarah, [[Anika Noni Rose]] as Marta, [[Jennifer Laura Thompson]] as Jenny, [[Jim Walton (actor)|Jim Walton]] as Larry, [[Chryssie Whitehead]] as Kathy, and [[Patti LuPone]] as Joanne. [[Paul Gemignani]] conducted a 35-piece orchestra, which used similar orchestrations to the first Broadway production. This concert followed a long tradition of Stephen Sondheim concert productions at the [[New York Philharmonic]], including ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street|Sweeney Todd]]'' and ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145719-Neil-Patrick-Harris-to-Star-in-New-York-Philharmonic-Company-Concerts "Neil Patrick Harris to Star in New York Philharmonic ''Company'' Concerts"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214053156/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145719-Neil-Patrick-Harris-to-Star-in-New-York-Philharmonic-Company-Concerts |date=December 14, 2010 }} Playbill.com, December 10, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.broadway.com/buzz/154908/patti-lupone-gets-ready-for-company-with-neil-patrick-harris/ "Patti LuPone Gets Ready for ''Company'' With Neil Patrick Harris"], Broadway.com, January 13, 2011.</ref> The cast reunited on June 12, 2011, to perform "Side by Side by Side" on the [[65th Tony Awards]], hosted by Harris.<ref>[http://broadwayworld.com/article/Cast-of-Neil-Patrick-Harris-Led-COMPANY-to-Perform-on-Tony-Awards-Telecast-20110602 "Cast of Neil Patrick Harris Led ''Company'' to Perform on Tony Awards Telecast"], ''[[BroadwayWorld]]'', June 2, 2011.</ref>

A filmed presentation of the three-night concert production saw limited theatrical release on June 15, 2011,<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149705-Philharmonics-Company-With-Neil-Patrick-Harris-and-Patti-LuPone-Will-Hit-Cinemas-in-June "Philharmonic's ''Company'', With Neil Patrick Harris and Patti LuPone, Will Hit Cinemas in June"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411180426/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149705-Philharmonics-Company-With-Neil-Patrick-Harris-and-Patti-LuPone-Will-Hit-Cinemas-in-June |date=April 11, 2011 }} ''[[Playbill]]'', April 9, 2011.</ref> with DVD and Blu-ray releases on November 13, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Company'' (Stephen Sondheim) (2011)|url=https://www.amazon.com/Company-Stephen-Sondheim-Patrick-Harris/dp/B008SBXFUU/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1348316552&sr=8-1&keywords=company|publisher=Amazon|access-date=September 22, 2012}}</ref>

=== 2018 West End gender-swapped production ===
{{Quote_box
| quote = "It's thrilling from beginning to end. And the last scene of Act I (which is now two guys) will completely shatter you, as well as it being one of the funniest scenes on record. All due to [<nowiki/>[[Jonathan Bailey]]], the guy who plays Jamie, the Amy-equivalent. I only wish [[George Furth]] [the book's writer] could see it, as it definitively proves what Judy Prince said about him: he's [[J. D. Salinger]]."
| source = –[[Stephen Sondheim]] after watching the first gender-swapped production of ''Company'' in the West End in 2018<ref name="Bonny Jonny">{{Cite web |title=Bonny Jonny |url=https://sessumsmagazine.com/2019/04/18/bonny-jonny/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
| bgcolor = #fffff4
}}A West End revival was staged at the [[Gielgud Theatre]] which started previews from September 26, 2018, and opened officially, on October 17. The production was part of Elliott & Harper Productions' debut season, a production company formed by director [[Marianne Elliott]] and producer Chris Harper.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/27/arts/marianne-elliott-to-direct-sondheim-and-furths-company-with-a-gender-twist.html|title=Marianne Elliott to Direct Sondheim and Furth's ''Company'', with a Gender Twist|last=Chow|first=Andrew R.|date=November 27, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=January 6, 2017}}</ref> The revival/[[remake]] featured changes to the genders of several characters.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/richard-fleeshman-george-blagden-more-will-join-patti-lupone-in-gender-swapped-company# "Richard Fleeshman, George Blagden, More Will Join Patti LuPone in Gender-Swapped ''Company''"], ''[[Playbill]]'', June 29, 2018</ref> The character of Bobby was changed to Bobbie, a female role, and was played by [[Rosalie Craig]]. Additionally, the production featured a same-sex couple for the first time, with [[Jonathan Bailey]] as cold-footed groom Jamie (originally written as the female character Amy) and [[Alex Gaumond]] as his devoted fiancé Paul.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/alex-gaumond-and-jonathan-bailey-will-play-same-sex-couple-in-londons-gender-swapped-company "Alex Gaumond and Jonathan Bailey Will Play Same-Sex Couple in London's Gender-Swapped ''Company''"] Playbill, July 12, 2018</ref> Sondheim approved the changes and worked on revisions of the script with director Elliott.<ref>Dex, Robert. Ackerman, Naomi. [https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/stephen-sondheim-gives-his-blessing-to-companys-first-samesex-couple-a3885566.html "Stephen Sondheim gives his blessing to ''Company''{{'}}s first same-sex couple], ''[[Evening Standard]]'', July 12, 2018</ref> [[Patti LuPone]], [[Ben Lewis (Australian actor)|Ben Lewis]] and [[Mel Giedroyc]] also starred.

''Company'' topped the list of the [[2019 Laurence Olivier Awards|2019 Olivier Award]] nominations, alongside ''[[Come from Away]]'', with nine nominations, winning [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival|Best Musical Revival]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/2019-olivier-award-nominations-londons-company-and-come-from-away-lead-the-pack|title=2019 Olivier Award Nominations: London's ''Company'' and ''Come from Away'' Lead the Pack|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|magazine=[[Playbill]]|date=March 5, 2019|access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> It also won [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] (LuPone), [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] (Bailey).

The cast recording was made available for digital release and [[Streaming media|streaming]] by [[Warner Classics]] on February 1, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2019 |title=''Company'' – 2018 London Cast Recording released |url=https://www.londontheatre1.com/theatre-news/company-2018-london-cast-recording-released/ |access-date=June 3, 2022 |website=LondonTheatre1 |language=en-GB}}</ref> The production closed on March 30, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/shows/company-at-the-gielgud-theatre|title=''Company'' at the Gielgud Theatre|date=August 30, 2018|publisher=[[Royal National Theatre]]|access-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bonny Jonny"/>

{{blockquote|When I was auditioning in London, I couldn't find the person [to play Amy]. I also felt like this woman wasn't now, wasn't a very modern woman. So then I did a crazy thing — I asked a friend of mine, [[Jonathan Bailey]]... 'Would you mind just coming in and trying something for me? It's a bit crazy.' We worked for maybe an hour and a half, and it wasn't perfect, but I felt (gasp), this is exciting, there's a potential here. So I then immediately got on the email to Steve, and I said, 'Steve, you have to be sitting down. You have to be having a glass of wine in your hand. And take a deep breath, but I'm going to say something to you: I think possibly we should change Amy into a man.' And Steve's reply sums him up, really, as a collaborator. He basically said, 'Marianne, you need to be sitting down, you need to have a glass of wine in your hand, you need to take a deep breath: I think it's a great idea.'|[[Marianne Elliott]] on reimagining Amy as a man<ref name="nyt2021dec1Paulson" />}}

=== 2021 Broadway gender-swapped revival ===
[[File:W 45 St Oct 2021 65.jpg|thumb|Branding of the 2021 Broadway revival, as seen on the [[Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre]]]]
A Broadway transfer of the 2018 West End revival opened December 9, 2021, to broad acclaim.<ref name="NYT2021dec8">{{cite web | title=Interest in Stephen Sondheim's Music, Books and Shows Soar After His Death | website=The New York Times | date=December 8, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/08/theater/stephen-sondheim-music-shows.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/08/theater/stephen-sondheim-music-shows.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=December 10, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Review: In a Gender-Flipped Revival, ''Company'' Loves Misery |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=December 9, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/theater/company-review-sondheim.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/theater/company-review-sondheim.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=December 10, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Marks | first=Peter | title=Review – It's a welcome return of ''Company'' to Broadway – with another Sondheim memory to savor | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| date=December 9, 2021 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/theater-dance/2021/12/09/company-sondheim-broadway-revival/ | access-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref> [[Marianne Elliott]] once again directed,<ref name="nyt2021dec1Paulson">{{cite news|last=Paulson | first= Michael|author-link=Michael Paulson|title='I Was Skeptical.' How Sondheim Agreed to Change ''Company''|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=December 1, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/theater/company-stephen-sondheim-marianne-elliott.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/theater/company-stephen-sondheim-marianne-elliott.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=December 5, 2021|ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and [[Patti LuPone]] reprised her role as Joanne, with [[Katrina Lenk]] as Bobbie,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/30/theater/broadway-company-sondheim-elliott-katrina-lenk-patti-lupone.html|title=''Company'' Returning to Broadway, with a Woman at its Center|last=Paulson|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Paulson|date=August 30, 2019|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> choreography by Liam Steel, music supervision and direction by Joel Fram, scenic and costume designs by [[Bunny Christie]], and lighting design by [[Neil Austin (lighting designer)|Neil Austin]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/londons-gender-bent-company-will-play-broadway-with-katrina-lenk-and-patti-lupone|title=London's Gender-Bent ''Company'' Will Play Broadway With Katrina Lenk and Patti LuPone|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|date=August 30, 2019|magazine=[[Playbill]]|access-date=August 30, 2019|ref=none}}</ref>

Originally slated to open on Sondheim's 90th birthday (March 22, 2020), the production began previews at the [[Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre]] on March 2. After nine preview performances, the production came to a halt due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.journalnow.com/news/national/broadway-shuts-its-doors-over-ongoing-coronavirus-concerns/article_55aee155-6e6f-5254-85ec-fcdfb34ad10a.html|title=Broadway shuts its doors over ongoing coronavirus concerns|last=Kennedy|first=Mark|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 12, 2020|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref> All Broadway shows went dark, and theatre closures were subsequently extended numerous times.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paulson|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Paulson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/theater/broadway-shows-canceled-june-coronavirus.html|title=Broadway Will Remain Closed at Least Until June, and Probably Longer|date=April 8, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/12/theater/broadway-coronavirus.html|title=Curtains for Broadway: No Shows Until Labor Day, at Least|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 12, 2020|access-date=May 15, 2020|last=Paulson|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Paulson|ref=none}}</ref><ref name="McPhee 2020">{{cite magazine| last=McPhee | first=Ryan | title=Broadway Will Officially Remain Closed Through 2020 |magazine=[[Playbill]]| date=June 29, 2020 | url=http://www.playbill.com/article/broadway-will-officially-remain-closed-through-2020 | access-date=August 16, 2020|ref=none}}</ref><ref>McPhee, Ryan. [https://www.playbill.com/article/in-comes-company-gender-swapped-revival-confirms-return-to-broadway# "In Comes ''Company'': Gender-Swapped Revival Confirms Return to Broadway"], ''[[Playbill]]'', May 10, 2021</ref> The production resumed previews November 15, 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Greg|date=July 6, 2021|title='Company' Returning To Broadway Sooner Than Expected: New Dates, Cast Confirmed|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/company-broadway-reopening-early-return-cast-announced-1234786777/|url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706155518/https://deadline.com/2021/07/company-broadway-reopening-early-return-cast-announced-1234786777/ |archive-date=July 6, 2021 }}</ref> with Sondheim in attendance shortly before his death.<ref name="NYT-SS-obit">{{cite web | title=Stephen Sondheim, Titan of the American Musical, Is Dead at 91 | website=The New York Times | date=November 26, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/theater/stephen-sondheim-dead.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=November 26, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The cast, musicians, and crew then dedicated their entire run to the late composer.<ref name="Praise2021nov27">{{cite news|author1=Matt Stevens |author2=Sadiba Hasan |author3=Julia Jacobs | title=Praise for Stephen Sondheim at ''Company'' and ''Assassins''|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=November 27, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/theater/company-assassins-broadway-tributes-stephen-sondheim.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/theater/company-assassins-broadway-tributes-stephen-sondheim.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |url-access=limited | access-date=December 5, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BwayWorld2021nov27">{{cite web | title=Watch as ''Company'' Dedicates Performance & Run to Sondheim | website=BroadwayWorld.com | date=November 27, 2021 | url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/VIDEO-Watch-as-COMPANY-Dedicates-Performance-Run-to-Sondheim-20211127 | access-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref>

Five days before he died, Sondheim discussed the revival's change of the lead character's gender from male (Bobby) to female (Bobbie). He expressed how theater is distinguished from film and video because "you can do it in different ways from generation to generation… What keeps theater alive is the chance always to do it differently, with not only fresh casts, but fresh viewpoints. It's not just a matter of changing pronouns, but attitudes."<ref name="nyt2021dec1Paulson" />

The production became the most nominated revival of the season, winning five of nine Tony Award nominations, including [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival of a Musical]] and [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical|Best Featured Actor in a Musical]] for [[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]'s performance as Jamie.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/05/09/theater/tony-awards | title=Highlights of the 2022 Tony Nominations: ''A Strange Loop'' Has a Strong Showing | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=May 9, 2022 | last=Paulson | first=Michael|author-link=Michael Paulson}}</ref> The documentary film ''Keeping Company with Sondheim'' aired on ''[[Great Performances]]'' in May 2022, examining this production alongside the show's previous incarnations. The production closed July 31, 2022, after 265 performances and 32 previews.<ref name="Cutler2022">{{cite web | last=Cutler | first=Grace | title=''Company'' Takes Its Final Bow Today with Plans for a North American Tour |website=[[BroadwayWorld]]| date=2022-07-31 | url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/COMPANY-Takes-Its-Final-Bow-20220731 | access-date=2022-07-31}}</ref>

==== Second national tour ====
The second North American tour opened on October 8, 2023, at the [[Proctor's Theatre (Schenectady, New York)|Proctor's Theatre]] in [[Schenectady, New York]] and closed on October 6, 2024, at the [[Bass Performance Hall]] in [[Fort Worth, Texas]]. The tour was led by Britney Coleman, who understudied Bobbie in the 2021 Broadway revival.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/21/theater/company-broadway-closing.html|title=Tony-Winning ''Company'' Revival Will End Broadway Run July 31|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Paulson|author-link=Michael Paulson|date=June 21, 2022|access-date=June 25, 2022|ref=none}}</ref>

===International productions===
*A 1997 production was staged in the [[Philippines]], by the Repertory Philippines as part of its 55th season. The production starred Cocoy Laurel as Bobby and Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo as Joanne.<ref name="theaterfansmanila.com">{{Cite web|url=http://theaterfansmanila.com/sondheim-musical-company-full-cast-announced/amp/ |title= Sondheim Musical "Company" Full Cast Announced |date= May 18, 2019 |access-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref>
* A [[Brazil]]ian production opened on February 8, 2001, at the Teatro Villa-Lobos in [[Rio de Janeiro]], closed April 22, opened April 27 at the Teatro Alfa in [[São Paulo]], then returned to the Teatro Villa-Lobos in Rio.<ref>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html#2001Brazil 2001 Brazil Production"] sondheimguide.com, accessed April 14, 2011.</ref>
* A 2010 production opened in [[Norway]], at the National Venue of Norway ([[Den Nationale Scene]]) in [[Bergen]]. The cast included Jon Bleiklie Devik, Karoline Krüger/Ragnhild Gudbrandsen, Wenche Kvamme, and Monica Hjelle, among others.<ref>[http://www.dns.no/prog.asp?side=program&id=147 ''Company''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052823/http://www.dns.no/prog.asp?side=program&id=147 |date=July 26, 2011}} [[Den Nationale Scene]], (in Norwegian), accessed April 14, 2011.</ref>
* A 2011 [[Israel]]i production opened on May 28, 2011, at the [[Beersheba|Beersheba Theatre]].
* A 2011 production by [[Sheffield Theatres]] opened at the [[Crucible Theatre]], starring [[Daniel Evans (actor)]] as Bobby and [[Rosalie Craig]] as Marta, among others.<ref>[http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/event/company/ 'Sheffield Theatres Production'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201001227/http://www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk/event/company/ |date=December 1, 2011 }} of ''Company''.</ref>
* A 2012 production opened in [[Lima]], [[Perú]], directed by Alberto Ísola. The cast included [[Rossana Fernández-Maldonado]], [[Marco Zunino]], [[Tati Alcántara]] and Paul Martin.
* A 2012 production in [[Singapore]], directed by [[Hossan Leong]], was staged at the [http://www.dramacentre.com/ Drama Centre], November 1–16, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.action=process&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER&contentCode=comp1112 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418124925/http://www.sistic.com.sg/portal/dt?dt.isPortletRequest=true&dt.action=process&dt.provider=PortletWindowProcessChannel&dt.windowProvider.targetPortletChannel=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar/Event&dt.containerName=JSPTabContainer/sEventsCalendar&dt.windowProvider.currentChannelMode=VIEW&dt.window.portletAction=RENDER&contentCode=comp1112 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 18, 2013 |publisher=Sistic |title=SISTIC Singapore |access-date=December 6, 2012 }}</ref> The cast included Peter Ong, Seong Hui Xuan, Mina Ellen Kaye, [[Tan Kheng Hua]] and Petrina Kow.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pew|first=Gwen|title=You've Got ''Company''|url=http://www.themuse.com.sg/2012/10/youve-got-company/|date=October 28, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723235058/http://www.themuse.com.sg/2012/10/youve-got-company/ |archive-date=July 23, 2013}}</ref>
* A 2013 production opened in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], at Teatro La Comedia. Cast members included Alejandro Paker, Cecilia Milone and Natalia Cociuffo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicalesbaires.com.ar/company-de-stepehn-sondheim-llega-a-buenos-aires-con-alejandro-paker-como-protagonista/|title=''Company'' de Stepehn Sondheim llega a Buenos Aires con Alejandro Paker como protagonista – Musicales Baires|language=es|access-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref>
* A 2019 production in [[Slovenia]], translated into Slovenian and directed by Nejc Lisjak, opened on September 27, 2019, in the Kulturni Dom in [[Radomlje]]. It starred Lisjak as Robert, Anja Strajnar as Joanne, and Špela Prenar as Amy, among others.<ref>[http://www.visitdomzale.si/dogodek/druscina-glasbena-konedija "DRUŠČINA glasbena konedija"], accessed October 3, 2019</ref>
* A 2019 production in [[Brazil]], directed by {{ill|João Fonseca (director)|pt|João Fonseca|lt=João Fonseca}}, was staged at the {{ill|Teatro Sesc Ginástico|pt}}. It opened on August 30 and closed on September 29.
* A 2019 production in the [[Philippines]], directed by Topper Fabregas, was staged at Maybank Theater, BGC Arts Center. The production starred [[OJ Mariano]] as Bobby and Menchu Lauchengco-Yulo, reprising her role as Joanne. The production ran from September 13 to 22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://upstartproductionsinc.com/current-shows/company/|title=Upstart Productions: ''Company''|date=August 3, 2019|access-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name="theaterfansmanila.com"/>
* A 2021 production in [[Spain]], directed by and starring [[Antonio Banderas]], opened November 17 at Teatro del Soho Caixabank in [[Malaga]], with subsequent (2022) runs at the Teatre Apolo in Barcelona, and the Teatro Albéniz in Madrid.<ref name="BanderasCastRecording">{{cite web | last=Culwell-Block | first=Logan | title=Antonio Banderas-Led, Spanish-Language ''Company'' Releases Cast Album October 28 | website=Playbill | date=2022-10-28 | url=https://playbill.com/article/antonio-banderas-led-spanish-language-company-releases-cast-album-october-28 | access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref> Sondheim reportedly approved Banderas changing Bobby's age from 35 to 50.<ref name="NYT-Spain2022">{{cite news| title=With ''Company'', Antonio Banderas Brings Sondheim to Spain |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| date=2022-12-14 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/14/theater/antonio-banderas-company-sondheim-spain-madrid.html | access-date=2023-10-07}}</ref>
* A 2022 production in [[Poland]], directed by Michał Znaniecki and translated into Polish by Maciej Glaza, opened March 26 at Basen Artystyczny in [[Warsaw]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Company" / Stephen Sondheim – Polska Premiera! |url=https://operakameralna.pl/event/company-stephen-sondheim-premiera/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=Warszawska Opera Kameralna |language=pl-PL}}</ref>
* A 2022 production in [[Panama]], directed by Jose Alberto Batista, was staged at the Theatre Guild of Ancon in [[Panama City]], running October 18 to 29.
[[File:South African cast of COMPANY (2024).jpg|thumb|Cast of the South African premiere of ''Company'' (2024)]]
*A 2024 production in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Estelle Sinkins |date=2024-04-11 |title=Theatre reviews: ''Company'' will make you feel alive |url=https://witness.co.za/news/pietermaritzburg/2024/04/11/theatre-reviews-company-will-make-you-feel-alive/ |access-date=2024-11-02|newspaper=[[The Witness (newspaper)|The Witness]]|location=Pietermaritzburg}}</ref> KickstArt Theatre Productions; director Steven Stead, musical director Roland Perold, choreographer Simone Mann, set design Greg King, lighting design Tina le Roux, sound design Stephanie Pais, costumiere Shanti Naidoo. Cast: Bryan Hiles as Robert, Charon Williams-Ros as Joanne, Peter Court as Larry, Jessica Sole as Amy, Anthony Downing as Paul, Lyle Buxton as Harry, Lisa Bobbert as Sarah, Roland Perold as Peter, Liesl Coppin as Susan, Anne-Marie Clulow as Annie, Yamikani Mahaka-Phiri as David, Roshanda Lewis as Kathy, Keryn Lynne Scott as April & Leah Mari as Marta.
* A 2024 production in [[Sweden]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulturhuset Stadsteatern |url=https://arkiv.kulturhusetstadsteatern.se/khst_produktion/11440 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=arkiv.kulturhusetstadsteatern.se}}</ref> based on [[Marianne Elliott]]'s gender-swapped version, directed by Maria Sid and featuring Frida Modén Treichl as Bobbie. The translation contains additional minor changes to reference modern technology and social media.

==Recordings==
{{See also|Original Cast Album: Company}}
The original Broadway [[Cast recording|cast album]] features Jones, having been recorded prior to Kert assuming the role of Bobby. When the cast traveled to [[London]] to reprise their roles, [[Columbia Records]] took Kert into the studio to record new vocal tracks, then [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixed]] out Jones' original vocals. This recording featuring the new Kert vocals [[Overdubbing|laid over]] the Broadway backing tracks was released as the Original London Cast recording. After [[Sony|Sony Music]] acquired the Columbia catalogues, a newly [[remaster]]ed [[CD]] of the original Broadway cast recording was released in 1998, featuring Kert's rendition of "Being Alive" as a bonus track.<ref>{{cite web | title=A Kert Reply | website=News From ME | date=September 24, 2005 | url=https://www.newsfromme.com/2005/09/24/a-kert-reply/ | access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> The original Broadway cast album was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]] in 2008.

Selections from the show were broadcast in 1979 on ''Musical Comedy Tonight'' hosted by [[Sylvia Fine]], with songs performed by [[Carol Burnett]], [[Richard Chamberlain]], [[Sandy Duncan]], and [[Bernadette Peters]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Revival cast recordings for both the 1995 Broadway and London productions were released; audio recordings also followed the 2006 actor-orchestra Broadway cast, the 2018 gender-swapped London cast, and the 2021 Spanish cast.<ref name="BanderasCastRecording" />

Video recordings were released for the 1995 London, 2006 Broadway, and 2011 New York Philharmonic revivals.

==Awards and nominations==
===Original Broadway production awards===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="20" align="center"| 1971
| rowspan="5"| [[Drama Desk Award]]<ref name=award70>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/company-3077#Awards "''Company'' Awards 1970"] ibdb.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref>
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical|Outstanding Book of a Musical]]
| [[George Furth]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]]
| [[Harold Prince]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics|Outstanding Lyrics]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music|Outstanding Music]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design|Outstanding Set Design]]
| [[Boris Aronson]]
| {{won}}
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Theatre World Award]]<ref name=award70/>
| [[Susan Browning]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="14"| [[Tony Award]]<ref name=award70/>
| colspan="2"| [[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical|Best Book of a Musical]]
| [[George Furth]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Score (music)]] (For the only time, the Tony Awards for Music and Lyrics were split into two categories. Sondheim won both awards.)
| [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Original Score|Best Lyrics]]
| [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]
| [[Larry Kert]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Elaine Stritch]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Susan Browning]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical|Best Featured Actor in a Musical]]
| [[Charles Kimbrough]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical|Best Featured Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Barbara Barrie]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Pamela Myers]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical|Best Direction of a Musical]]
| [[Harold Prince]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| [[Michael Bennett (theater)|Michael Bennett]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Scenic Design|Best Scenic Design]]
| [[Boris Aronson]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Lighting Design|Best Lighting Design]]
| Robert Ornbo
| {{nom}}
|}

===1995 Broadway revival awards===
Source: Internet Broadway database<ref name=prod95/>

{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center"| 1996
| [[Drama Desk Award]]
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Veanne Cox]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Tony Award]]
| colspan="2"| [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival of a Musical]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical|Best Featured Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Veanne Cox]]
| {{nom}}
|}

===1995 London revival awards===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center"| 1996
| rowspan="4"| [[Laurence Olivier Award]]<ref>[https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/winners/olivier-winners-1996/ "Olivier Awards 1996"] officiallondontheatre.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref>
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical]]
| [[Adrian Lester]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical]]
| [[Sheila Gish]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Sophie Thompson]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Sam Mendes]]
| {{won}}
|}

===2006 Broadway revival awards===
Source: Internet Broadway Database<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/company-423555 "''Company'' 2006"] ibdb.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="8" align="center"| 2007
| rowspan="5"| [[Drama Desk Award]]
| colspan="2"| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical|Outstanding Revival of a Musical]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical|Outstanding Actor in a Musical]]
| [[Raúl Esparza]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Barbara Walsh]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]]
| [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations|Outstanding Orchestrations]]
| Mary Mitchell Campbell
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Tony Award]]
| colspan="2"| [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival of a Musical]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical|Best Actor in a Musical]]
| [[Raúl Esparza]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical|Best Direction of a Musical]]
| [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]]
| {{nom}}
|}

===2018 West End revival awards===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center"| 2018
| rowspan="4"| [[Evening Standard Theatre Awards|Evening Standard Theatre Award]]<ref>McPhee, Ryan. [http://www.playbill.com/article/west-end-company-hamilton-the-inheritance-among-2018-evening-standard-theatre-award-winners# "West End ''Company'', ''Hamilton'', ''The Inheritance'' Among 2018 Evening Standard Theatre Award Winners"] Playbill, November 18, 2018</ref>
| colspan="2"| Best Musical
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Musical Performance
| [[Rosalie Craig]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Director
| [[Marianne Elliott]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Design
| [[Bunny Christie]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Critics' Circle Theatre Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 2019|title=2018 Results {{!}} Critics' Circle Theatre Awards|url=https://criticscircletheatreawards.com/results/2018-results/|access-date=December 3, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| colspan="2"| [[Critics' Circle Theatre Award#The Peter Hepple Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]]
|{{won}}
|-
| [[Critics' Circle Theatre Award#Best Designer|Best Designer]]
| [[Bunny Christie]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" align="center"| 2019
| rowspan="9"| [[Laurence Olivier Award]]<ref>[https://officiallondontheatre.com/olivier-awards/winners/olivier-winners-2019/ "Olivier Winners 2019"], officiallondontheatre.com, accessed January 2, 2020</ref>
| colspan="2"| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Musical Revival|Best Musical Revival]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Musical]]
| [[Rosalie Craig]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical]]
| [[Patti LuPone]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical]]
| [[Jonathan Bailey]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Richard Fleeshman]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| [[Marianne Elliott]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Set Design|Best Set Design]]
| [[Bunny Christie]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Lighting Design|Best Lighting Design]]
| [[Neil Austin (lighting designer)|Neil Austin]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer|Best Theatre Choreographer]]
| Liam Steel
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[South Bank Sky Arts Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lily Allen, Grayson Perry and Danny Boyle join prestigious list of artists hoping to scoop awards as nominations unveiled for The South Bank Sky Arts Awards 2019|url=https://www.skygroup.sky/article/the-south-bank-sky-arts-awards-2019|access-date=December 3, 2020|website=www.skygroup.sky|language=en-gb}}</ref>
| colspan="2"| Theatre
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

===2021 Broadway revival awards===
{| class="wikitable" width="95%"
|-
! width="5%"| Year
! width="20%"| Award
! width="45%"| Category
! width="20%"| Nominee
! width="10%"| Result
|-
| rowspan="23" |2022
| rowspan="9" | [[75th Tony Awards|Tony Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tonyawards.com/news/2022-tony-awards-nominations/|title=2022 Tony Award Nominations|work=Tony Awards|date=May 9, 2022|access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref>
| colspan="2" | [[Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical|Best Revival of a Musical]]|| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical|Best Direction of a Musical]]
| [[Marianne Elliott]]|| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical|Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical]]
| [[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]|| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical|Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical]]
| [[Patti LuPone]]|| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Jennifer Simard]]|| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Musical|Best Scenic Design of a Musical]]
| [[Bunny Christie]]|| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Musical|Best Lighting Design of a Musical]]
| Neil Austin|| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Sound Design of a Musical|Best Sound Design of a Musical]]
| Ian Dickinson for Autograph|| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Tony Award for Best Orchestrations|Best Orchestrations]]
| David Cullen|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Drama Desk Award]]s
| colspan="2" |[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Musical|Outstanding Revival of a Musical]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical]]
|[[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]|| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical]]
|[[Patti LuPone]]|| {{won}}
|-
|[[Jennifer Simard]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Musical|Outstanding Director of a Musical]]
|[[Marianne Elliott]]|| {{won}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography|Outstanding Choreography]]
|Liam Steel|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Scenic Design of a Musical|Outstanding Scenic Design for a Musical]]
|[[Bunny Christie]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Sound Design in a Musical|Outstanding Sound Design for a Musical]]
|Ian Dickinson for Autograph|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Drama League Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosky |first=Nicole |title=2022 Drama League Awards Nominations Announced- Full List! |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/2022-Drama-League-Awards-Nominations-Announced--Full-List-20220425 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=BroadwayWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Revival of a Musical|| {{won}}
|-
|Outstanding Direction of a Musical
|[[Marianne Elliott]]|| {{won}}
|-
|Distinguished Performance Award
|[[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]|| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Outer Critics Circle Award]]s<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lehman Trilogy, Kimberly Akimbo & Harmony Lead 2022 Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/202121/the-lehman-trilogy-kimberly-akimbo-harmony-lead-2022-outer-critics-circle-award-nominations/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=Broadway.com |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan="2" |Outstanding Revival of a Musical (Broadway or Off-Broadway)|| {{won}}
|-
|Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical
|[[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]|| {{won}}
|-
|Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical
|[[Patti LuPone]]|| {{won}}
|}

*Due to a performer only being allowed to win the Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance once in their lifetime, LuPone wasn't able to be officially nominated again; she was however given an honourable mention for her work in ''Company''.

== Unproduced film ==
Sondheim approached [[William Goldman]] to write a screenplay adaptation of the musical; the director [[Herbert Ross]] reportedly talked Sondheim out of doing the film.<ref name="gore">Chris Gore, ''The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made'', St Martins 1999, p. 186.</ref> Speculation arose in 2010 about [[Neil LaBute]] working on a film version of the show.<ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/2010/11/neil-labute-may-direct-film-version-of-stephen-sondheims-musical-company-121593/ "Neil LaBute May Direct Film Version of Stephen Sondheim's Musical ''Company''"] by Oliver Lyttelton ''The Playlist'', November 25, 2010, accessed June 14, 2013.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Hutchins, Michael H. (June 7, 2006). [http://www.sondheimguide.com/company.html The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide]. sondheimguide.com. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
* Ilson, Carol. ''Harold Prince: A Director's Journey'' (2004), Limelight Editions, {{ISBN|0-87910-296-9}}.
* Mandelbaum, Ken. ''A Chorus Line and the Musicals of Michael Bennett'' (1990), St Martins Press, {{ISBN|0-312-04280-9}}.
* Prince, Harold. ''Contradictions: Notes on twenty-six years in the theater'' (1974), Todd, Mead, {{ISBN|0-396-07019-1}}.
* Rich, Frank. ''The Theater Art of Boris Aronson'' (1987), Knopf. {{ISBN|0-394-52913-8}}.
* [https://soundcloud.com/american-theatre-wing/episode-134 "Interview with Barbara Walsh"]. ''Downstage Center'' (a collaboration of the [[American Theatre Wing]] and [[XM Satellite Radio]]). First aired January 12, 2007. Retrieved on February 4, 2007. Via [[SoundCloud]].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Company (musical)}}
* {{Official website|companymusical.com}} for 2023 North American tour
* {{IBDB show|2719|Company}}
*[https://www.sondheimdatabase.com/shows/company ''Company''] at the Sondheim Database
* {{IMDb title|0352250|Company|(1996)}}, filmed stage revival starring [[Adrian Lester]]
* {{IMDb title|1160997|Company|(2007)}}, filmed stage revival starring [[Raul Esparza]]
* {{IMDb title|1942831|Company|(2011)}}, filmed stage revival starring [[Neil Patrick Harris]]
* [http://www.mtishows.com/company ''Company'' (2013)]—licensed version from [[Music Theatre International]]
* [http://castalbums.org/shows/Company/82 ''Company'' cast recordings] at CastAlbums.org
* [http://musicalcyberspace.wordpress.com/company/ Musical Cyberspace: ''Company'']

{{Company (musical)}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for ''Company''
| list =
{{DramaDesk MusicalRevival}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album}}
{{OlivierAward MusicalRevival}}
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}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Company}}
[[Category:1970 musicals]]
[[Category:Broadway musicals]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award–winning musicals]]
[[Category:West End musicals]]
[[Category:Original musicals]]
[[Category:Musicals by Stephen Sondheim]]
[[Category:Plays about marriage]]
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[[Category:Tony Award–winning musicals]]

Three Percenters

2024-11-01T05:49:35Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* See also */ +wl

{{Short description|American and Canadian far-right militia group}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = 3 Percenters
| image = Official Three Percent Flag.svg
| image_size = 200px
| abbreviation =
| formation = {{start date and age|2008}}
| founder = Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh
| dissolved = {{end date and age|2021|02|21}} (as national organization, local groups continue)
| status = Inactive
| purpose =
| headquarters =
| location = [[United States]] [[Canada]]
| region = [[North America]]
| fields =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| leader_title =
| key_people =
| subsidiaries =
| slogan =
| website =
}}
{{Terrorism}}

The '''Three Percenters'''{{efn|Also styled '''3 Percenters''', '''3%ers''' and '''III%ers'''{{r|Balleck}}}} are an American and Canadian [[Radical right (United States)|far-right]] [[American militia movement|anti-government militia]].<ref name=Sunshine>{{Cite journal|author=[[Spencer Sunshine]]|title=Profile on the Right: Three Percenters|url=https://www.politicalresearch.org/2016/01/05/profiles-on-the-right-three-percenters|journal=Political Research Associates|date=January 5, 2016|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727165638/https://www.politicalresearch.org/2016/01/05/profiles-on-the-right-three-percenters|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller-Still|first=Ray|date=October 15, 2019|title=Black Diamond council member identified as a 'Three Percenter.' What does that mean?|url=https://www.courierherald.com/news/black-diamond-council-member-identified-as-a-three-percenter-what-does-that-mean/|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=Courier-Herald|language=en-US|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202044118/https://www.courierherald.com/news/black-diamond-council-member-identified-as-a-three-percenter-what-does-that-mean/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Giglio|first=Mike|title=A Pro-Trump Militant Group Has Recruited Thousands of Police, Soldiers, and Veterans|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/11/right-wing-militias-civil-war/616473/|access-date=January 6, 2021|issn=1072-7825|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813003936/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/11/right-wing-militias-civil-war/616473/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Backgrounder>{{Cite web|title=Three Percenters|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters|access-date=September 25, 2020|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|language=en|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811190017/https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters|url-status=live}}</ref>

The group advocates [[gun ownership rights]] and resistance to the [[U.S. federal government]].{{r|Hutter|Crothers}} The group's name derives from the erroneous<ref>{{cite web | title=Three Percenters | website=Anti-Defamation League | date=August 23, 2018 | url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters | access-date=April 22, 2021 | archive-date=August 11, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811190017/https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=myth>{{cite web | last=Tures | first=John A. | title=More Americans Fought in the American Revolution Than We Thought | website=Observer | date=July 3, 2017 | url=https://observer.com/2017/07/soldiers-militia-american-revolution/ | access-date=January 27, 2021 | archive-date=July 11, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711183622/https://observer.com/2017/07/soldiers-militia-american-revolution/ | url-status=live }}</ref> claim that "the active forces in the field against the King's tyranny never amounted to more than 3% of the [[Thirteen Colonies|colonists]]" during the [[American Revolution]].<ref name=claim>{{cite web |url=https://thethreepercenters.org/about-us/ |title=The Three Percenters: Who We Are |website=The Three Percenters |access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814202144/http://www.thethreepercenters.org/ |archive-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref>

The group is based in the U.S. and has a presence in Canada. It has been described as the "most dangerous" extremist group in Canada.<ref name="Hutter" />

On February 21, 2021, their leadership dissolved the American national group in response to the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]], condemning the violence.<ref>{{cite web | title=TTPO's Final Statement - The Three Percenters - Original | publisher=thethreepercenters.org | date=March 10, 2021 | url=https://thethreepercenters.org/2021/02/ttpos-final-statement/21/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310130503/https://thethreepercenters.org/2021/02/ttpos-final-statement/21/ | archive-date=March 10, 2021 | url-status=dead | access-date=April 23, 2021}}</ref> Multiple factions of the group and others adhering to the Three Percenter movement participated in the attack.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Summoning a mob to Washington, and knowing they were angry and armed, instructing them to march to the Capitol |url=https://j6.report/executive-summary/overview-of-the-evidence-developed/summoning-a-mob-to-washington-and-knowing-they-were-angry-and-armed-instructing-them-to-march-to-the-capitol |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=j6.report |publisher=Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol}}</ref> In June 2021, six men associated with the group were indicted in the U.S. for conspiracy, and Canada declared the group a [[Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada|terrorist entity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ljunggren |first=David |date=June 25, 2021 |editor-last=Nomiyama |editor-first=Chizu |title=Canada puts U.S. Three Percenters militia on terror list, cites risk of violent extremism |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-puts-us-right-wing-three-percenters-militia-group-terror-list-2021-06-25/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811154302/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-puts-us-right-wing-three-percenters-militia-group-terror-list-2021-06-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Foundation and membership ==
The movement has been characterized as part of the broader [[patriot movement]].{{r|Hutter}} Founded in 2008, it was given impetus by the [[2008 United States presidential election|election of Barack Obama as president]] of the United States.{{r|Hutter}}<ref name="Varnell">{{cite web|url=https://www.apnews.com/c4e76e6dd3684652b4e67751c6735c05|title=Jury convicted man in Oklahoma City federal bomb plot trial|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=February 25, 2019|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118084659/https://apnews.com/c4e76e6dd3684652b4e67751c6735c05|url-status=live}}</ref> Members believed that Obama's presidency would lead to increased government interference in the lives of individuals, and particularly stricter [[gun-control]] laws.<ref name="Balleck">{{cite book |last=Balleck |first=Barry J. |title=Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia |date=2019 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-4408-5751-5 |page=315 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTOhDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416153826/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTOhDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many members are former or current members of the military, police and other law-enforcement agencies, as well as anti-government groups such as the [[Oath Keepers]].{{r|Balleck}}{{pb}}The movement was co-founded by Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh<ref>{{Cite news|first=Judy L.|last=Thomas|url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article94813217.html|title=Longtime militia and 'Patriot' leader Mike Vanderboegh dies at 64|newspaper=[[Kansas City Star]]|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930113151/http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article94813217.html|url-status=live}}</ref> from Alabama, a member of the Oath Keepers, a group with whom the Three Percenters remain loosely allied and are often compared.<ref name=Sunshine/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Avlon|first1=John|title=Anti-government hate militias on the rise|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/03/30/avlon.hatriots.militia/|access-date=January 3, 2016|website=[[CNN]]|date=March 31, 2010|archive-date=January 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106054041/http://www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/03/30/avlon.hatriots.militia/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vanderboegh claimed to have formerly been a member of [[Students for a Democratic Society]] and the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]], but abandoned [[left-wing]] politics and politics in general in 1977 after being introduced to [[Right-libertarianism|libertarianism]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mencimer|first1=Stephanie|title=Meet the Former Militiaman Behind the Fast and Furious Scandal|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/12/fast-and-furious-scandal-mike-vanderboegh|access-date=January 3, 2016|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=December 14, 2011|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101719/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/12/fast-and-furious-scandal-mike-vanderboegh/|url-status=live}}</ref> Vanderboegh said the book ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'' pushed him to the right. He became a Second Amendment activist and by the 1990s was involved with the militia movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Avlon |first1=John P. |author-link1=John Avlon |title=Wingnuts : extremism in the age of Obama |date=2014 |location=New York |isbn=9780991247608 |pages=222–223 |edition=2nd |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/wingnuts-excerptthe-hatriots-armed-and-dangerous |access-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227075728/https://www.thedailybeast.com/wingnuts-excerptthe-hatriots-armed-and-dangerous |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) reports that in the mid-1990s, Vanderboegh claimed to be commander of an Alabama militia group, the First Alabama Cavalry Regiment, though he appeared to be its sole member. After the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] in 1995, Vanderboegh became better known for popularizing anti-government conspiracy theories.<ref name=Backgrounder/>

The group's website states that it does not discriminate against anyone; however, in response to [[Black Lives Matter]] protests following the 2014 [[shooting of Michael Brown]] in [[Ferguson, Missouri]], the Three Percenters' [[Facebook]] page featured numerous racist comments made by its supporters.<ref name="Mockaitis">{{cite book |last1=Mockaitis |first1=Thomas R. |title=Violent Extremists: Understanding the Domestic and International Terrorist Threat |date=2019 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=[[Praeger Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4408-5949-6 |pages=80–81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcubDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416155340/https://books.google.com/books?id=PcubDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to events at the 2017 [[Unite the Right rally]], the group issued a statement that they "strongly reject and denounce anyone who calls themselves a patriot or a Three Percenter that has attended or is planning on attending any type of protest or counter protest related to these [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] and [[Neo-Nazism|Nazi groups]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hafner|first=Josh Hafner and Josh|title=Three Percenters: What is the gun-toting group? And what do its supporters want?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/03/01/three-percenters-what-gun-toting-group-and-what-do-its-supporters-want/385463002/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=USA Today|language=en-US|archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713080035/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/03/01/three-percenters-what-gun-toting-group-and-what-do-its-supporters-want/385463002/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Council|first=National|date=August 13, 2017|title=The Three Percenters Official Statement Regarding the Violent Protests in Charlottesville|url=https://www.thethreepercenters.org/single-post/2017/08/12/the-three-percenters-official-statement-regarding-the-violent-protests-in-charlottesville|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=the-three-percenters|language=en|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112205231/https://www.thethreepercenters.org/single-post/2017/08/12/the-three-percenters-official-statement-regarding-the-violent-protests-in-charlottesville|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
The group's website states it is "not a militia" and "not anti-government".{{r|Mockaitis}}<ref name="Hafner">{{cite news |last=Hafner |first=Josh |title=Three Percenters: What is the gun-toting group? And what do its supporters want? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/03/01/three-percenters-what-gun-toting-group-and-what-do-its-supporters-want/385463002/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 1, 2018 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713080035/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/03/01/three-percenters-what-gun-toting-group-and-what-do-its-supporters-want/385463002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]], Three Percenters constitute a significant part of the broader anti-government [[American militia movement|militia movement]], whose ideology they share.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three Percenters|url=https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters|access-date=February 12, 2021|website=ADL.org|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|language=en|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811190017/https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/three-percenters|url-status=live}}</ref> Three Percenters believe that ordinary citizens must take a stand against perceived abuses by the [[U.S. federal government]], which they characterize as overstepping its [[Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Constitutional limits]].{{r|Balleck}} Its stated goals include protecting the [[right to keep and bear arms]], and to "push back against tyranny".{{r|Hutter}} The group opposes federal involvement in what they consider local affairs and states in its bylaws that county [[Sheriff (United States)|sheriffs]] are "the supreme law of the land".{{r|Mockaitis}}

Like other American militia movements, Three Percenters believe in the ability of citizen volunteers with ordinary weapons to successfully resist the United States military. They support this belief by claiming that only around 3% of American colonists fought the British during the [[American Revolution]], a claim which underestimates the number of people who resisted British rule,{{r|Crothers}} and which does not take into account the concentration of British forces in coastal cities, the similarity of weapons used by American and British forces, and [[France in the American Revolutionary War|French support for the colonists]].<ref name= "Crothers">{{cite book |last1=Crothers |first1=Lane |title=Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to the Trump Presidency |year=2019 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Maryland |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-5381-1573-2 |pages=136–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSSDDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |via=Google Books |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416155340/https://books.google.com/books?id=jSSDDwAAQBAJ&q=%22three+percenters%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Organization and activities ==
[[File:32.East.USCapitol.WDC.6January2021 (50822154976).jpg|thumb|A protester wears a Three Percenter flag during the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol]].]]
The group's members have a record of involvement in criminal activity,<ref name=Backgrounder/> and some have been associated with acts of violence as well as violent threats.<ref name=Sunshine/>

The group's local chapters are structured hierarchically according to its National Bylaws. In addition to political activism, chapters also engage in [[paramilitary]] activities such as marksmanship training. Membership requires voting and opposing laws the group sees as unconstitutional. Members take an oath similar to that of the US armed forces. Three Percenters who are also active military members are asked to swear an additional oath promising to disobey certain official orders, such as orders to disarm US citizens.{{r|Mockaitis}} The group's Facebook page mostly features posts supporting [[gun rights]].{{r|Hafner}}

Vanderboegh self-published a serial novel online, ''Absolved'', in 2008, which he called "a cautionary tale for the out-of-control gun cops of the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives|ATF]]". On the movement's website, it claims that it is not a militia group, but rather a "national organization made up of patriotic citizens who love their country, their freedoms, and their liberty."<ref>{{cite web |last=Einbinder |first=Nicole |date=June 25, 2019 |title=Here's what you need to know about the Three Percenters, the militia group protecting GOP lawmakers in Oregon |url=https://www.insider.com/the-three-percenters-militia-group-protecting-gop-lawmakers-in-oregon-2019-6 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |work=Insider}}</ref><ref name= "splc_MV">{{cite web|title=Michael Brian Vanderboegh|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0|website=splcenter.org|publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|location=Montgomery, Alabama|date=May 16, 2013|first=Bill|last=Morlin|access-date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=January 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112172151/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vanderboegh and his novel ''Absolved'' first received wider media attention in 2011, when four suspected militia members in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] were arrested for a plan for a [[biological attack]] that the novel had supposedly inspired.<ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia Militia Plot: Feds Arrest Four Suspected Group Members For Alleged Biological Attack Plan|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/02/georgia-militia-arrest-biological-attack_n_1071274.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|publisher= [[Huffington Post Media Group]]|location=New York City|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=February 11, 2011|first=Greg|last=Bluestein|access-date=January 14, 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307030029/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/02/georgia-militia-arrest-biological-attack_n_1071274.html|archive-date=March 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Carolyn|last=Kellogg|title='Online novel' allegedly inspired Georgia terrorism suspects|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/11/online-novel-inspired-georgia-terrorism-suspects.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 3, 2011|access-date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=May 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505095539/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/11/online-novel-inspired-georgia-terrorism-suspects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Vanderboegh distanced himself from the alleged plot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fox "Authority" Vanderboegh On His Book Allegedly Inspiring Terrorism: 'Did I Mention It Is Fiction?'|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2011/11/02/fox-authority-vanderboegh-on-his-book-allegedly/183470|website=mediamatters.org|publisher=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=November 2, 2011|first=Matt|last=Gertz|access-date=January 14, 2016|quote=Absolved is fiction. I hope it is a 'useful dire warning.' However, I am as much to blame for the Georgia Geriatric Terrorist Gang as Tom Clancy is for Nine Eleven.|archive-date=July 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715040455/http://mediamatters.org/blog/2011/11/02/fox-authority-vanderboegh-on-his-book-allegedly/183470|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Christian Allen Kerodin and associates were working on the construction of a walled compound in [[Benewah County, Idaho]], "for Three Percenters", designed to house 7,000 people following a major disaster, an initiative which local law enforcement has described as a "scam".<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind the Walls|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/behind-walls|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|location=Montgomery, Alabama|date=May 16, 2013|first=Bill|last=Morlin|access-date=January 14, 2016|quote=But there's no sign that the latest fantastic plans from antigovernment extremists will ever come to much. Dave Resser, the sheriff of sparsely populated Benewah County, calls the whole thing a 'scam'.|archive-date=January 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126084813/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2013/behind-walls|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2013, a group of [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], police officers were disciplined for wearing patches reading "One of the 3%".<ref>{{cite web|title=Jersey City police brass identify a pro-militia clique in the department and say they've been stopped|url=http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2013/04/jersey_city_police_brass_ident.html|work=The Jersey Journal|date=April 29, 2013|first=Michaelangelo|last=Conte|via=NJ.com|access-date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=January 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117134858/http://www.nj.com/jjournal-news/index.ssf/2013/04/jersey_city_police_brass_ident.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Three Percenters' founder: Wrong to discipline Jersey City police officers|url=http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2013/04/three_percenters_founder_wrong.html|work=The Jersey Journal|date=April 29, 2013|first=Ron|last=Zeitlinger|via=NJ.com|access-date=January 14, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082623/http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2013/04/three_percenters_founder_wrong.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2015 Chattanooga shootings]] at a [[strip mall]], a military recruitment center and a [[United States Navy]] Operational Support Center in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], Three Percenters, Oath Keepers, and other militia groups began organizing armed gatherings outside of recruiting centers in several states, with the stated objective of protecting service members, who were barred from carrying weapons while on duty in civilian recruitment centers.<ref name="Tritten2015">{{cite news|last1=Tritten|first1=Travis|title=Army to recruiters: Treat armed citizens as security threat|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/us/army-to-recruiters-treat-armed-citizens-as-security-threat-1.359134|access-date=August 27, 2017|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|date=July 22, 2015|archive-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711213317/https://www.stripes.com/news/us/army-to-recruiters-treat-armed-citizens-as-security-threat-1.359134|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, the Army Command Operations Center Security Division issued a letter ordering soldiers not to interact with or acknowledge armed civilians outside of recruitment centers, and that "If questioned by these alleged concerned citizens, be polite, professional and terminate the conversation immediately and report the incident to local law enforcement", noting that the issuing officer is "sure the citizens mean well, but we cannot assume this in every case and we do not want to advocate this behavior".<ref name= "Tritten2015"/>

An Idaho Three Percenter group protested [[refugee resettlement]] in that state in 2015.{{r|Hafner}} In 2016, the "3 Percenters of Idaho" group announced it was sending some of its members in support of the [[occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge]] in [[Oregon]], allegedly in order to "secure the perimeter" and to prevent a "[[Waco siege|Waco-style situation]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Hammill|first=Luke|date=January 8, 2016|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/oregon_standoff_idaho_militia.html|title=Oregon standoff: Idaho group arrives to 'secure perimeter, prevent Waco-style situation'|work=[[The Oregonian]]|access-date=January 11, 2016|archive-date=January 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110175735/http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/oregon_standoff_idaho_militia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They left several hours later after being told their assistance was not needed.<ref>{{cite news |date=January 9, 2016 |title=More armed men visit site of Oregon wildlife refuge standoff |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/science/article/More-armed-men-arriving-at-Oregon-wildlife-refuge-6747927.php |access-date=January 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083051/http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/science/article/More-armed-men-arriving-at-Oregon-wildlife-refuge-6747927.php |archive-date=1 February 2016}}</ref> Two days previously, Vanderboegh had described the occupiers as "a collection of fruits and nuts".<ref name=Thomas2016>{{cite news|first=Judy|last=Thomas|title=Experts: Oregon standoff may be small, but it's tip of militia iceberg|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article53399805.html|access-date=January 6, 2016|website=mcclatchydc.com|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]|date=January 6, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109200108/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/national/article53399805.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "What [[Cliven Bundy|Bundy]] and this collection of fruits and nuts has done is give the feds the perfect opportunity to advance their agenda to discredit us", he said.<ref name=Thomas2016/> Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh died August 10, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Brian Vanderboegh |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112172151/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/michael-brian-vanderboegh-0 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{pb}} The group provided security for a 2017 event held by [[Patriot Prayer]] called "Rally for [[Donald Trump|Trump]] and Freedom".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hawkass|first=Johnathan|date=April 4, 2017|url=http://www.thereflector.com/news/article_c0584346-198d-11e7-bcbe-4f86035e5319.html|title=Clark County Trump rally disrupted by anarchists|work=[[The Reflector (Washington newspaper)|The Reflector]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=September 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906113909/http://www.thereflector.com/news/article_c0584346-198d-11e7-bcbe-4f86035e5319.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Doug|date=April 2, 2017|url=http://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2017/04/02/18926966/photos-and-video-protesters-arrested-at-a-donald-trump-rally-in-vancouver/|title=Photos & Video: Protesters Arrested at a Donald Trump Rally in Vancouver|work=[[The Portland Mercury]]|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912004200/http://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2017/04/02/18926966/photos-and-video-protesters-arrested-at-a-donald-trump-rally-in-vancouver|url-status=live}}</ref> Several Three Percenters were also present and providing security for the [[Unite the Right rally]] held in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], in August 2017; along with members of the [[Redneck Revolt]], a left-leaning militia group.<ref name="Michel">{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/17/white-supremacists-militias-private-police-215498 |title=How Militias Became the Private Police for White Supremacists |work=[[Politico]] |publisher=[[Capitol News Company]] |location=Arlington, Virginia |date=August 17, 2017 |last=Michel |first=Casey |access-date=February 11, 2018 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207134826/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/08/17/white-supremacists-militias-private-police-215498 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=Bryan |title=Militia member speaks about group's role at rally |url=https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/militia-member-speaks-about-group-s-role-at-rally/article_e6765d00-85f9-11e7-82cf-3baf6f9c497a.html |access-date=January 7, 2021 |website=The Daily Progress |date=August 20, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213160744/https://dailyprogress.com/news/local/militia-member-speaks-about-group-s-role-at-rally/article_e6765d00-85f9-11e7-82cf-3baf6f9c497a.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the events at Charlottesville, the group's "National Council" issued a "stand down order", stating, "we will not align ourselves with any type of racist group".{{r|Hafner|Michel}}

In 2017, a 23-year-old [[Oklahoma]] man, Jerry Drake Varnell, was arrested on federal charges of plotting a [[Car bomb|vehicle bomb]] attack on a bank in downtown [[Oklahoma City]], modeled after the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Manny|last=Fernandez|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/oklahoma-van-bomb-domestic-terrorism.html|title=Bombing Plot in Oklahoma City Is Thwarted With Arrest, F.B.I. Says|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 8, 2017|access-date=July 2, 2019|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140436/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/us/oklahoma-van-bomb-domestic-terrorism.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During a meeting in 2017 with undercover [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agents, Varnell identified with the Three Percenters movement, saying that he subscribed to "III% ideology" and intended "to start the next revolution."<ref name="Varnell"/> In March 2020, Varnell was found guilty of conspiracy to use an explosive device to damage a building used in interstate commerce and planning to use a weapon of mass destruction against property used in interstate commerce. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dulaney |first=Josh |date=March 24, 2020 |title=Jerry Drake Varnell sentenced in OKC bomb plot case |url=https://oklahoman.com/article/5658375/jerry-drake-varnell-sentenced-in-okc-bomb-plot-case |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Oklahoman |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915004742/https://oklahoman.com/article/5658375/jerry-drake-varnell-sentenced-in-okc-bomb-plot-case |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdok/pr/man-who-attempted-bomb-downtown-oklahoma-city-bank-sentenced-25-years|title=Man Who Attempted to Bomb Downtown Oklahoma City Bank Sentenced to 25 Years|work=justice.gov|publisher=U.S. Attorney’s Office, Western District of Oklahoma|date=March 23, 2020|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804035436/https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdok/pr/man-who-attempted-bomb-downtown-oklahoma-city-bank-sentenced-25-years|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, three men were arrested in connection with the bombing of the [[Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]]. The bombing was non-lethal. One of the men involved, former sheriff's deputy Michael B. Hari, had connections to the III%s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who are the Three Percenters?|url=https://www.revealnews.org/blog/hate-report-get-to-know-the-three-percenters/|last1=Sankin|first1=Aaron|last2=Carless|first2=Will|date=March 16, 2018|website=revealnews.org|publisher=[[Center for Investigative Reporting]]|language=en|access-date=May 31, 2020|archive-date=April 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426130507/https://www.revealnews.org/blog/hate-report-get-to-know-the-three-percenters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, Oregon Governor [[Kate Brown]] sent the [[Oregon State Police]] to bring [[2019 Oregon Senate Republican walkouts|11 absent Republican state senators]] back to the [[Oregon State Capitol]]. The Republican state senators had gone into hiding to prevent a vote on a [[cap-and-trade]] proposal to lower [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by 2050 to [[climate change mitigation|combat climate change]]. The Three Percenters offered support for the Republican senators, declaring they would be "doing whatever it takes to keep these senators safe".<ref name= "Zimmerman">{{cite web |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Sarah |last2=Flaccus |first2=Gillan |title=Militia threat shuts down Oregon Statehouse amid walkout |url=https://apnews.com/f320309a26ff4e36b0945954b03201e5 |website=apnews.com |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=June 25, 2019 |date=June 22, 2019 |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625024938/https://apnews.com/f320309a26ff4e36b0945954b03201e5 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Radnovich">{{cite web |last1=Radnovich |first1=Connor |title=Saturday Senate session canceled after potential threat of militia protest violence |url= https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2019/06/22/saturday-senate-session-canceled-after-militia-protest-violence-threat-oregon-three-percenters/1533907001/ |website=[[Salem Statesman Journal]] |access-date= June 25, 2019 |date=June 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name=closed>{{cite news |last1=Szekely |first1=Peter |title=Oregon Capitol building closed as precaution amid partisan dispute |newspaper=Reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-oregon/oregon-capitol-building-closed-as-precaution-amid-partisan-dispute-idUSKCN1TN0PS |access-date=June 25, 2019 |date=June 23, 2019 |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625025959/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-oregon/oregon-capitol-building-closed-as-precaution-amid-partisan-dispute-idUSKCN1TN0PS |url-status=live }}</ref> On June 22, 2019, a session of the [[Oregon State Senate|Oregon Senate]] was cancelled when the Oregon State Capitol was closed due to a warning from the state police of a "possible militia threat".<ref name="Zimmerman" /><ref name="Radnovich" /><ref name=closed/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lubben |first1=Alex |title=Let's Check In on Those Oregon Republicans Who Fled the Capital, Shall We? |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/8xz7nv/lets-check-in-on-those-oregon-republicans-who-fled-the-capital-shall-we |magazine=[[Vice News]] |access-date=June 25, 2019 |date=June 25, 2019 |archive-date=June 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625032501/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/8xz7nv/lets-check-in-on-those-oregon-republicans-who-fled-the-capital-shall-we |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2020, during a Second Amendment rally on [[Memorial Day]] weekend in [[Frankfort, Kentucky]], Three Percenters and other protesters breached several [[Crowd control barrier|off-limit barriers]] to access the front porch of the [[Kentucky Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]], [[Andy Beshear|Governor Andy Beshear's]] primary residence, and began heckling the Mansion's occupants in response to the Governor's [[COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky|restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]. Soon afterward, members of the group moved several hundred yards away. They hung an [[effigy]] bearing the Governor's face and a sign reading ''[[Sic semper tyrannis#Usage in the United States|sic semper tyrannis]]'' ("thus always to tyrants") from a tree.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kentucky.com/news/politics-government/article243007171.html |title='I will not be bullied ... I will not back down.' Beshear responds to effigy at Capitol. |first1=Jack |last1=Brammer |first2=Daniel |last2=Desrochers |website=kentucky.com |date=May 26, 2020 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127041224/https://www.kentucky.com/news/politics-government/article243007171.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Silverman |first=Hollie |date=May 25, 2020 |title=An effigy of Kentucky Gov. Beshear was hung from a tree at the end of a Second Amendment rally |website=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/kentucky-governor-andy-beshear-effigy/index.html |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126154428/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/us/kentucky-governor-andy-beshear-effigy/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The event drew condemnation from Beshear and from across the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite tweet |user= McConnellPress |number=1264724749000769537 |title=As a strong defender of the First Amendment, I believe Americans have the right to peacefully protest. However, today's action toward Governor Beshear is unacceptable. There is no place for hate in Kentucky. |date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |user=KYGOP |number=1264705098191699971 |title=What occurred at today's rally was unacceptable and has no place in Kentucky's political discourse. The Republican Party of Kentucky strongly condemns the violent imagery against the Governor in today's protest. |date=May 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lex18.com/gov-beshear-hung-in-effigy-as-protesters-gathered-outside-governors-mansion |title=Gov. Beshear hanged in effigy as protesters gathered outside governor's mansion |first=Kylen |last=Mills |website=LEX18.com |date=May 26, 2020 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108170805/https://www.lex18.com/gov-beshear-hung-in-effigy-as-protesters-gathered-outside-governors-mansion |url-status=live }}</ref> Some state officials had joined the Three Percenters at earlier events, including [[Kentucky House of Representatives#Current membership|Kentucky State Representatives]] Savannah Maddox and [[Stan Lee (politician)|Stan Lee]], and [[Kentucky State Senate#Members|Kentucky State Senator]] [[John Schickel]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/rep-maddox-responds-to-beshear-ky-democratic-party |title=Rep. Maddox responds to Beshear, KY Democratic Party |website=LEX18.com |date=May 26, 2020 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108235751/https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/rep-maddox-responds-to-beshear-ky-democratic-party |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2020/05/26/gov-andy-beshear-responds-protesters-who-hanged-him-effigy/5262769002/ |title=Beshear on effigy: 'I will not be afraid. I will not be bullied. And I will not back down' |first=Sarah |last=Ladd |website=courier-journal.com |date=May 27, 2020 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162005/https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2020/05/26/gov-andy-beshear-responds-protesters-who-hanged-him-effigy/5262769002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Beshear labeled the group as "radical", that their actions were "aimed at creating fear and terror", and declared that officials who appeared at previous Three Percenter events "cannot fan the flames and then condemn the fire."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/beshear-i-will-not-be-afraid-in-response-to-effigy-hanging |title='I will not be afraid': Gov. Beshear responds to effigy hanging |first=Sam |last=Porter |website=LEX18.com |date=May 26, 2020 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126121524/https://www.lex18.com/news/covering-kentucky/beshear-i-will-not-be-afraid-in-response-to-effigy-hanging |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three Percenters Barry Croft and Adam Fox took part in a [[Gretchen Whitmer kidnapping plot|plot to kidnap]] Michigan Governor [[Gretchen Whitmer]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-28 |title=19-year sentence for second ringleader in Michigan governor kidnap plot |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64112234 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228193942/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64112234 |url-status=live }}</ref> one being the second-in-command of the Wisconsin branch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Whitmer kidnapping conspiracy wasn't the first anti-government plot with Wisconsin ties |url=https://www.jsonline.com/restricted/?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F18%2Fwhitmer-kidnapping-plot-wasnt-first-conspiracy-wisconsin-ties%2F3657042001%2F |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 18, 2020 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |archive-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018180120/https://www.jsonline.com/restricted/?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F18%2Fwhitmer-kidnapping-plot-wasnt-first-conspiracy-wisconsin-ties%2F3657042001%2F |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vielmetti |first=Bruce |date=October 9, 2020 |title='Three Percenter' hosted Wisconsin training by Michigan men charged in plot to kidnap governor |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/10/09/three-percenter-hosted-wisconsin-training-michigan-men-plot-governor-whitmer/5938227002/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012011748/https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/crime/2020/10/09/three-percenter-hosted-wisconsin-training-michigan-men-plot-governor-whitmer/5938227002/ |archive-date=12 October 2020 |access-date=October 18, 2020 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref>

Colorado congresswoman [[Lauren Boebert]] has close ties to the group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/29/us/republicans-trump-capitol-riot.html|title=Republican Ties to Extremist Groups Are Under Scrutiny|first1=Luke|last1=Broadwater|first2=Matthew|last2=Rosenberg|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 29, 2021|access-date=June 11, 2021|archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129135400/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/29/us/republicans-trump-capitol-riot.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chris Wisnovski of the [[Washington State Three Percenters]] said in 2019 that his organisation "is not affiliated with the national movement and focuses more on charitable works and community preparedness."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Miller-Still |first1=Ray |title=Black Diamond council member identified as a 'Three Percenter.' What does that mean? |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/black-diamond-council-member-identified-as-a-three-percenter-what-does-that-mean/ |publisher=Seattle Weekly |date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>

== Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack {{anchor|Participation}} ==
{{Broader|January 6 United States Capitol attack|topic=the event}}
{{2021 United States Capitol attack|expanded=Organizations}}
Supporters of the Three Percenters were present and wore emblematic gear or symbols during the [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol|protests and storming of the U.S. Capitol]] on January 6, 2021. Other groups attending included the [[Proud Boys]] and [[Oath Keepers]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Diaz |first1=Jaclyn |last2=Treisman |first2=Rachel |date=January 19, 2021 |title=Members Of Right-Wing Militias, Extremist Groups Are Latest Charged In Capitol Siege |publisher=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/01/19/958240531/members-of-right-wing-militias-extremist-groups-are-latest-charged-in-capitol-si/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116174439/https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/01/19/958240531/members-of-right-wing-militias-extremist-groups-are-latest-charged-in-capitol-si/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After breaking through police lines or being let through multiple police perimeters, these groups occupied, [[Vandalism|vandalized]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|title=Trump supporters storm Capitol; DC National Guard activated; woman fatally shot|date=January 7, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 10, 2021|archive-date=January 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106194011/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| first= Thomas| last= Pallini| date= January 7, 2021| title= Photos show the aftermath of an unprecedented and destructive siege on the US Capitol that left 4 rioters dead| url= https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-the-aftermath-of-a-siege-on-capitol-building-2021-1?IR=T| publisher= | work= Business Insider| access-date= January 10, 2021| archive-date= January 13, 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193349/https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-show-the-aftermath-of-a-siege-on-capitol-building-2021-1?IR=T| url-status= live}}</ref> breached the Capitol Building and ransacked it for several hours.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Daly|first1=Matthew|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=January 8, 2021|title=Deadly siege focuses attention on Capitol Police|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-death-brian-sicknick-46933a828d7b12de7e3d5620a8a04583|access-date=January 9, 2021|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108232040/https://apnews.com/article/capitol-police-death-brian-sicknick-46933a828d7b12de7e3d5620a8a04583|url-status=live}}</ref>

At least one man tied to the Three Percenter movement was arrested and charged with involvement of the attack; the man was also reportedly tied to two other extremist groups, the [[Proud Boys]] and [[Oath Keepers]].<ref>{{cite news| first1= Devlin | last1= Barrett | first2= Spencer S.| last2= Hsu | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/oath-keeper-three-percenter-arrests/2021/01/17/27e726f2-5847-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html| title= FBI probes possible connections between extremist groups at heart of Capitol violence| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20210211204534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/oath-keeper-three-percenter-arrests/2021/01/17/27e726f2-5847-11eb-a08b-f1381ef3d207_story.html |archive-date=February 11, 2021 | newspaper= The Washington Post |date= January 17, 2021| access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first= Jaclyn | last= Peiser | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/19/capitol-rioter-reffitt-threaten-children/ | title= Texas man at Capitol riot allegedly threatened to kill his kids if they turned him in: 'Traitors get shot' | newspaper= The Washington Post | date= January 19, 2021 | access-date= | archive-date= February 2, 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210202083525/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/01/19/capitol-rioter-reffitt-threaten-children/ | url-status= live }}</ref> At the time of the January 6 protests, a truck owned by Illinois State [[Chris Miller (politician)|Rep. Chris Miller]] (the husband of U.S. Representative [[Mary Miller (politician)|Mary Miller]]) was in a restricted area next to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] and bore a Three Percenters decal logo.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kucinich |first1=Jackie |last2=Weill |first2=Kelly |last3=Rawnsley |first3=Adam |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Three Percenter Truck at Capitol on Jan. 6 Belongs to Hitler-Quoting Rep's Husband |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/rep-mary-millers-husband-owns-three-percenter-militia-truck-at-capitol-riot |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313234122/https://www.thedailybeast.com/rep-mary-millers-husband-owns-three-percenter-militia-truck-at-capitol-riot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mansur|first=Sarah|title=Democrats push resolution 'condemning' Illinois GOP lawmaker for attendance at Jan. 6 rally|url=https://www.rrstar.com/story/news/2021/03/02/democrats-push-resolution-condemning-gop-lawmaker-attendance-jan-6-rally/6891760002/|access-date=March 6, 2021|website=Rockford Register Star|language=en-US|archive-date=March 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315160728/https://www.rrstar.com/story/news/2021/03/02/democrats-push-resolution-condemning-gop-lawmaker-attendance-jan-6-rally/6891760002/|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 18, 2021, the Illinois House voted to censure Miller for attending the January 6 “Save America” rally that preceded the insurrection at the Capitol by supporters of former President Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McKinney |first1=Dave |last2=Arnold |first2=Tony |date=March 19, 2021 |title=Illinois House Censures State Representative For Attending 'Save America' Rally |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/illinois-house-censures-state-representative-for-attending-save-america-rally/24244189-7ff5-4591-9ce6-47d791ba593d |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=WBEZ Chicago |language=en |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319023316/https://www.wbez.org/stories/illinois-house-censures-state-representative-for-attending-save-america-rally/24244189-7ff5-4591-9ce6-47d791ba593d |url-status=live }}</ref>

Multiple factions of the Three Percenters were also involved in the attack, including 'DC Brigade', 'Patriot Boys of North Texas',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=District of Columbia {{!}} Texas Man Sentenced to 52 Months in Prison For Assaulting Law Enforcement Officers During Jan. 6 Capitol Breach {{!}} United States Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/texas-man-sentenced-prison-assaulting-law-enforcement-officers-during-jan-6-capitol |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> and 'B Squad'. The B Squad and DC Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summoning a mob to Washington, and knowing they were angry and armed, instructing them to march to the Capitol |url=https://j6.report/executive-summary/overview-of-the-evidence-developed/summoning-a-mob-to-washington-and-knowing-they-were-angry-and-armed-instructing-them-to-march-to-the-capitol |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=j6.report |publisher=Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol}}</ref>

=== Indictments and sentences===
[[Guy Reffitt]], a member of the Three Percenters from Wylie, Texas, was present at the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]] wearing body armor and carrying a handgun and [[plastic handcuffs]] on the Capitol grounds with the intent to remove House speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] and Senate majority leader [[Mitch McConnell]] from the premises.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lybrand |first1=Holmes |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=Hannah |date=December 3, 2021 |title=US Capitol rioter 'sought to physically remove' Pelosi and McConnell, prosecutors say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/03/politics/guy-reffitt-targetting-pelosi-mcconnell-january-6/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204131325/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/03/politics/guy-reffitt-targetting-pelosi-mcconnell-january-6/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was referred to as the guy that "lit the match" and helped to ignite the crowd into an “unstoppable force”. He was found guilty of five charges and was sentenced to more than seven years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |author=Neugeboren |first=Eric |date=August 1, 2022 |title=Texan who prosecutors say "lit the match" of Jan. 6 riot sentenced to more than 7 years in prison |publisher=texastribune.com |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2022/08/01/guy-reffitt-jan-6-riot/ |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927024126/https://www.texastribune.org/2022/08/01/guy-reffitt-jan-6-riot/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fueuer2022">{{cite news |last=Feuer |first=Alan |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Texas Man Convicted in First Jan. 6 Trial |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/us/politics/guy-reffitt-jan-6-trial.html |access-date=March 8, 2022 |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309135323/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/us/politics/guy-reffitt-jan-6-trial.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2021, six men who identified as members of the Three Percenters were indicted by a grand jury for "conspiring to obstruct congressional proceedings." The indictment alleges that they coordinated travel to Washington, D.C., with intent for disruption; some were wearing body armor and tactical gear, and at least one carried a knife. They alleged they were acting as security for principals such as Trump friend and advisor [[Roger Stone]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hymes |first1=Cassidy |last2=McDonald |first2=Clare |date=June 10, 2021 |title=Alleged "Three Percenters" militia members indicted in new Capitol riot conspiracy case |language=en |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/three-percenter-capitol-riot-conspiracy-indictment/ |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611102803/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/three-percenter-capitol-riot-conspiracy-indictment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hosenball |first1=Mark |author-link=Mark Hosenball |last2=Wolfe |first2=Jan |date=June 10, 2021 |editor-last=Adler |editor-first=Leslie |title=Three Percenters militia members charged in U.S. Capitol attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/three-percenters-militia-members-charged-us-capitol-attack-2021-06-10/ |website=Reuters |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617071344/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/three-percenters-militia-members-charged-us-capitol-attack-2021-06-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DoJ">{{cite news |title=Six California Men, Four of Whom Self-Identify as Members of "Three-Percenter" Militias, Indicted on Conspiracy Charges Related to Jan. 6 Capitol Breach |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/six-california-men-four-whom-self-identify-members-three-percenter-militias-indicted |publisher=Justice Department |date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612054404/https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/pr/six-california-men-four-whom-self-identify-members-three-percenter-militias-indicted |url-status=live }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> All have pled not guilty.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dreisbach |first=Tom |date=July 7, 2021 |title=What Led a Police Chief Turned Yoga Instructor to the Capitol Riot? |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1012704903/what-led-a-police-chief-turned-yoga-instructor-to-the-capitol-riot |website=NPR |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906025918/https://www.npr.org/2021/07/07/1012704903/what-led-a-police-chief-turned-yoga-instructor-to-the-capitol-riot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DoJ"/> They are:
#[[Alan Hostetter]] of San Clemente, California, former police Chief of La Habra and yoga instructor, was accused of conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding. Hostetter was sentenced to 135 months in prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alan Hostetter, ex-police chief who brought hatchet to Capitol on Jan. 6, sentenced to 11 years in prison|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/alan-hostetter-sentenced-january-6-capitol-attack-11-years/|first=Scott|last=McFarlane|date= December 7, 2023|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>
#Erik Scott Warner of Menifee, California, is charged with federal offenses that include conspiracy, [[obstructing an official proceeding]], and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
#Felipe Antonio “Tony” Martinez of Lake Elsinore, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
#Derek Kinnison of Lake Elsinore, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds, and tampering with documents or proceedings.
#Ronald Mele of Temecula, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
#Russell Taylor of Ladera Ranch is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds. He is also charged with obstructing law enforcement during a civil disorder and unlawful possession of a dangerous weapon on Capitol grounds.<ref name="DoJ"/>

== Canada ==
On June 25, 2021, the group was added to the Canadian Criminal Code's [[Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada|list of terrorist entities]] to prevent them from accessing financial support.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tunney|first=Catharine|date=June 25, 2021|title=Three Percenters, neo-Nazi group added to Canada's terrorist list|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/terrorist-list-three-percenters-1.6079984|website=CBC|access-date=June 25, 2021|archive-date=July 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719031957/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/terrorist-list-three-percenters-1.6079984|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Public Safety|date=2018-12-21|title=Currently listed entities|url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.publicsafety.gc.ca|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121931/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-eng.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> One Canadian expert, [[Maxime Fiset]], a former [[neo-Nazi]] who works with the Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence, considers the group the "most dangerous" extremist group in the country. Hate crime expert Barbara Perry said that [[Islamophobia]] was the main focus of the Canadian chapters, urged that police investigate the group, and called the group "scary".<ref name="Hutter">{{cite web |last1=Hutter |first1=Christy |title=Three Percenters are Canada's 'most dangerous' extremist group, say some experts |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/three-percenters-canada-1.4647199 |access-date=February 28, 2019 |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=May 10, 2018 |archive-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718215159/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/three-percenters-canada-1.4647199 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col}}
*[[American Patriots Three Percent]]
*[[Boogaloo movement]]
*[[Christian Patriot movement]]
*[[Five Percenters]]
*[[List of militia organizations in the United States]]
*[[Oath Keepers]]
*[[Patriot Front]]
*[[Posse Comitatus (organization)|Posse Comitatus]]
*[[Proud Boys]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|last1=Sankin|first1=Aaron|last2=Carless|first2=Will|title=The Hate Report: Get to know the Three Percenters|url=https://www.revealnews.org/blog/hate-report-get-to-know-the-three-percenters/|website=Reveal|publisher=Center for Investigative Reporting|location=Emeryville, California|date=March 16, 2018}}

{{January 6 United States Capitol attack navbox}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]
[[Category:Patriot movement]]
[[Category:Canadian far-right political movements]]
[[Category:Groups and movements involved with the January 6 United States Capitol attack]]
[[Category:Right-wing militia organizations in the United States]]

AP3

2024-11-01T05:38:31Z

Hiplibrarianship: +wl

'''AP3''' or '''AP-3''' may refer to:

* [[The ABC Model of Flower Development]]
* [[American Patriots Three Percent]], a far-right militia group in the United States
* [[Andrew Pendelton III]], an American professional wrestler (born 1982)
* [[USS Hancock (AP-3)]], a transport ship acquired by the United States Navy in 1902 which saw service during World War I.
* [[AP-3C Orion]], a variant of the P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft used by the Royal Australian Air Force

{{Letter–number combination disambiguation}}

Agatha All Along (miniseries)

2024-10-30T17:14:33Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Episodes */fix wl

{{Short description|2024 Marvel Studios television miniseries}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Agatha All Along (miniseries) logo.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Black comedy]]
* [[Fantasy television|Fantasy]]
* [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
}}
| creator = [[Jac Schaeffer]]
| based_on = [[Marvel Comics]]
| developer =
| showrunner = Jac Schaeffer
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kathryn Hahn]]
* [[Joe Locke (actor)|Joe Locke]]
* [[Debra Jo Rupp]]
* [[Aubrey Plaza]]
* [[Sasheer Zamata]]
* [[Ali Ahn]]
* [[Okwui Okpokwasili]]
* [[Patti LuPone]]
* [[Evan Peters]]
* [[Maria Dizzia]]
* [[Paul Adelstein]]
* Miles Gutierrez-Riley
}}
| theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Kristen Anderson-Lopez]]}}
* [[Robert Lopez]]
}}
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Christophe Beck]]
* Michael Paraskevas
}}
| budget = {{Less than}} $40 million<ref name="WinderbaumOct2024" />
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = <includeonly>1</includeonly>
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes = 
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kevin Feige]]
* [[Louis D'Esposito]]
* [[Brad Winderbaum]]
* Mary Livanos
* [[Robert Kulzer]]
* Jac Schaeffer
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Julie Herrin
* Cameron Squires
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Jamie Gross
* David Egan
* Libby Cuenin
* Dane R. Naimy
}}
| location = {{Plainlist|
* [[Atlanta]], Georgia
* Los Angeles, California
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Caleb Heymann
* Isiah Donté Lee
* Jon Chema
}}
| camera =
| runtime = 29–49 minutes
| company = [[Marvel Television (Marvel Studios label)|Marvel Television]]
| network = [[Disney+]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|9|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|present}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[WandaVision]]''
* [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series|Marvel Cinematic Universe television series]]
}}
}}
'''''Agatha All Along''''' is an American television [[miniseries]] created by [[Jac Schaeffer]] for the streaming service [[Disney+]], based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Agatha Harkness]]. A [[Spinoff (media)|spin-off]] from the series ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021), it is the [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series#Marvel Studios|11th television series]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) produced by [[Marvel Studios]] and the first to be released under its [[Marvel Television (Marvel Studios label)|Marvel Television]] label, sharing continuity with [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films|the films of the franchise]]. Schaeffer serves as [[showrunner]] and lead director.

[[Kathryn Hahn]] reprises her role as [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]] from ''WandaVision'', with [[Joe Locke (actor)|Joe Locke]], [[Debra Jo Rupp]], [[Aubrey Plaza]], [[Sasheer Zamata]], [[Ali Ahn]], [[Okwui Okpokwasili]], [[Patti LuPone]], [[Evan Peters]], [[Maria Dizzia]], [[Paul Adelstein]], and Miles Gutierrez-Riley also starring. Development began in October 2021, with Schaeffer and Hahn attached, and the series was formally announced the next month. Schaeffer, [[Rachel Goldberg]], and Gandja Monteiro were set as directors in early 2023 ahead of filming, which took place from January to May 2023 at [[Trilith Studios]] in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, and in Los Angeles. Cast and crew returned from ''WandaVision'', including the series' musical team. Several different titles were announced for the series as part of a marketing campaign before the official title of ''Agatha All Along''—referencing the [[Agatha All Along (song)|song of the same name]] from ''WandaVision''—was announced in May 2024.

''Agatha All Along'' premiered on Disney+ on September 18, 2024, with its first two episodes. The final two episodes will be released on October 30. The series is part of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|Phase Five]] of the MCU. The series received positive reviews from critics with praise given to the performances, particularly those of Hahn, Locke, and Plaza.

== Premise ==
Three years after being trapped under a magical spell in the town of [[Westview, New Jersey]], at the end of the miniseries ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021), the witch [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]] escapes with the help of a [[Goth subculture|goth]] teen who wishes to face the trials of the legendary Witches' Road. Without her magical powers, Agatha and the teen form a new [[coven]] of witches to face the trials, while contending with some of Agatha's old enemies such as the [[Salem Seven (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Salem Seven]].<ref name="VarietyTeaser" />

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Kathryn Hahn]] as [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]]: A powerful witch who tried to take the power of [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff]] before being trapped under her spell as "Agnes O'Connor" in the [[The Series Finale|series finale]] of ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021).<ref name="Disney+DayDeadline" /><ref name="AgathaSeries" /> Agatha forms a new coven of witches in the series after escaping from the spell and finding herself powerless.<ref name="VarietyTeaser" /> Executive producer [[Mary Livanos]] described Agatha as both heartfelt and dangerous,<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturette" /> and a survivor who needs to learn to work within a coven to regain her power.<ref name="MarvelPodcast" />{{rp|4:57–6:02}} Hahn enjoyed getting to the root of what is broken in Agatha underneath her sass and sarcasm.<ref name="EmpireJul2024" />
* [[Joe Locke (actor)|Joe Locke]] as [[William Kaplan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|William Kaplan]] / [[Billy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Billy Maximoff]]: A "[[familiar]]" with a dark sense of humor who acts as the assistant to Agatha's coven.<ref name="EmpireJul2024" /><ref name="LockeDeadline" /> He is referred to as "Teen" by the other characters,<ref name="EmpireJul2024" /><ref name="LockeTotalFilm" /><ref name="LockeEWSep2024" /> who are unable to perceive his name or any identifying information about him because of a "Glamour"–a [[sigil]] hex–placed upon him.<ref name="SchaefferEWSep2024" /><ref name="LockeEWSep2024" /> Locke describes the character as "very thoughtful and kind" as well as impulsive,<ref name="LockeTotalFilm" /> explaining that it is his character's "dream" to join a coven with Agatha and travel the Witches' Road, calling him "[[Fan (person)|fanboy]]-esque" in regard to witchcraft and witches and being "in his element".<ref name="EmpireJul2024" /> The character is later revealed to be William Kaplan, a young Jewish boy who dies during a car accident and whose body is found by the soul of Wanda's son [[Billy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Billy Maximoff]], shortly after his "death" in the finale of ''WandaVision''; Billy was previously portrayed by Julian Hilliard in ''WandaVision'' and the film ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022).<ref name="BillyMaximoffConfirm" /><ref name="BillyKaplanDeadline" /> Locke worked with the movement coach [[Elizabeth Olsen]] trained with for her previous MCU appearances as Wanda.<ref name="LockeBillyConfirm" />
* [[Debra Jo Rupp]] as [[Sharon Davis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Sharon Davis]]: A [[Westview, New Jersey]], resident whom Agatha enlists to her coven, standing in for a required "green witch". Much to her frustration, she continues to be referred to as "Mrs. Hart", the character she was forced to play in the [[WandaVision sitcom|''WandaVision'' sitcom]].<ref name="Rupp" /><ref name="SRCastNames" /><ref name="EmpireJun2024" />
* [[Aubrey Plaza]] as [[Death (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Death / Rio Vidal]]: The original Green Witch and a member of Agatha's coven, later revealed as the embodiment of death.<ref name="EWWitchInspiration" /><ref name="AubreyDeath" />
* [[Sasheer Zamata]] as [[Jennifer Kale (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jennifer "Jen" Kale]]: A bound sorceress and member of Agatha's coven who is a [[potion]]s expert.<ref name="ZamataAug2023" /><ref name="EWWitchInspiration" />
* [[Ali Ahn]] as [[Alice Wu-Gulliver]]: A member of Agatha's coven and an ex-[[police officer]] who is a protector witch.<ref name="EWWitchInspiration" /> Alice's family has been afflicted by a generational curse that causes them to be haunted by a [[demon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Devin |date=October 8, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Episode 4 Takes on Generational Curses—Recap |url=https://www.newsweek.com/agatha-all-along-episode-4-kathryn-hahn-aubrey-plaza-1963227/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 11, 2024 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>
* [[Okwui Okpokwasili]] as [[Vertigo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vertigo]]: A member of the [[Salem Seven (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Salem Seven]]<ref name="ProductionBrief" />
* [[Patti LuPone]] as [[Lilia Calderu (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Lilia Calderu]]: A 450-year-old [[Sicilians|Sicilian]] witch and member of Agatha's coven who experiences time in a non linear fashion, and whose skill is in [[divination]].<ref name="Calderu" /> Chloe Camp portrays a young Lilia.<ref name="MetacriticCredits">{{Cite web |title=Agatha All Along credits |url=https://www.metacritic.com/tv/agatha-all-along/credits/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 12, 2024 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>
* [[Evan Peters]] as [[Ralph Bohner]]: A former resident of Westview now going by "Randall", who was previously trapped within the fictional ''WandaVision'' sitcom and controlled by Agatha to pose as Wanda's twin brother [[Pietro Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Pietro Maximoff]].<ref name="PetersBohner:" />
* [[Maria Dizzia]] as Rebecca Kaplan: William's mother<ref name="ProductionBrief" />
* [[Paul Adelstein]] as Jeff Kaplan: William's father<ref name="ProductionBrief" />
* Miles Gutierrez-Riley as Eddie: William's supportive boyfriend<ref name="ZamataAug2023" /><ref name="ProductionBrief" /><ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" />

Reprising their roles from ''WandaVision'' as Westview residents who simulate playing characters within Agatha's ''Agnes of Westview'' reality are [[Emma Caulfield]] as Sarah Proctor / "Dottie Jones", David Payton as John Collins / "Herb Feltman", David Lengel as Sarah's husband Harold Proctor / "Phil Jones", Asif Ali as Abilash Tandon / "Norm Gentilucci", and Amos Glick as a pizza delivery man / "Dennis Webber", with Kate Forbes also reprising her ''WandaVision'' role as Agatha's mother Evanora Harkness. Brian Brightman is also set to reprise his role as the Eastview, New Jersey [[sheriff]].<ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser" /><ref name="GizmodoCastNames" />

The remaining six members of the Salem Seven who appear in the series include [[Marina Mazepa]] as "Snake", Bethany Curry as "Crow", Athena Perample as "Fox", Britta Grant as "Rat", Alicia Vela-Bailey as "Owl", and Chau Naumova as "Coyote".<ref name="SalemSevenSR" /> Additional guest stars include: Elizabeth Anweis as Alice's mother Lorna Wu;<ref name="Anweis">{{Cite web |last=Sudario |first=Erielle |date=October 10, 2024 |title=This 'Agatha All Along' Moment Hit Home for Me — Here's Why |url=https://collider.com/agatha-all-along-alice-family-episode-4/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 11, 2024 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Laura Boccaletti as Lilia's Maestra; Scott Butler as a doctor linked to Jen's past; and Jade Quon as the demon from the Wu's curse.<ref name="MetacriticCredits" />

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#634C8D |overall= |title= |director= |directorR=<ref name="ProductionBrief" /> |writer= |writerR=<ref name="WGACredits" /> |airdate= |released=y |airdateR=<ref name="TwoEpisodeFinale" /> |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Seekest Thou the Road
|DirectedBy = [[Jac Schaeffer]]
|WrittenBy = Jac Schaeffer
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|18}}
|ShortSummary = Three years after her defeat by [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff]] in Westview, New Jersey, the witch [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]] is trapped under Wanda's spell,{{efn|name=WV|As depicted in the ''[[WandaVision]]'' episode "[[The Series Finale]]" (2021)}} believing herself to be the police detective Agnes O'Connor within a crime noir television series titled ''Agnes of Westview'', where she is fixated on a [[Jane Doe]] murder case. One night, a teenager breaks into Agnes' house, looking for "The Road". Agnes believes he is tied to the murder case and arrests him. Rio Vidal, an [[FBI]] agent, comes to Agnes and helps her remember her true identity and realize the Jane Doe she is seeing is actually Wanda's body.{{efn|Wanda's death is depicted in ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022)}} Waking up from the spell, Agatha realizes that her powers are gone and that Rio, a fellow witch with whom Agatha has history, is there to kill her. Agatha convinces Rio to spare her until she gets her powers back, but Rio warns Agatha that the [[Salem Seven (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Salem Seven]] will soon come after her. After Rio leaves, Agatha is unsure what to do about the "Teen", whom she actually kidnapped under the influence of Wanda's spell.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Circle Sewn with Fate / Unlock Thy Hidden Gate
|DirectedBy = Jac Schaeffer
|WrittenBy = Laura Donney
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|18}}
|ShortSummary = Teen reveals he freed Agatha from the spell and wishes to travel the Witches' Road, which rewards any witch who survives its trials what they desire most—in Agatha's case, the restoration of her powers. Agatha also realizes magic is preventing her from learning any personal information about Teen, including his name. Needing a coven to open a portal to the Road, the pair recruits the witches [[Lilia Calderu]], [[Jennifer Kale (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jennifer "Jen" Kale]], and [[Alice Wu-Gulliver]] who all have reasons to walk the Road as well. Needing a "green witch" but not wanting to recruit Rio, Agatha instead turns to Westview resident Sharon Davis, a talented gardener. As the four witches and Sharon perform the ritual to open the gate to the Road, they and Teen escape through it to narrowly evade the Salem Seven. The group then removes their footwear and sets off on the Witches' Road.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Through Many Miles / Of Tricks and Trials
|DirectedBy = [[Rachel Goldberg]]
|WrittenBy = Cameron Squires
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|25}}
|ShortSummary = Agatha explains that to reach the end of the Road, the coven will face trials focused on different branches of witchcraft. They also realize that Teen's sigil prevents any witch from learning his identity. At the first trial, the coven finds a coastal house with a bottle of wine that everyone but Teen drinks. Jen privately warns Teen not to trust Agatha, who is said to have traded her child for the ''[[Darkhold (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Darkhold]]''. A timer starts counting down, and Jen realizes the wine was poisoned as Sharon faints. As they gather ingredients to create an antidote, the witches hallucinate: Lilia sees her younger self and her maestra from the [[Renaissance era]], Jen hallucinates a doctor forcing her underwater, Alice sees her mother Lorna Wu about to commit suicide, and Agatha sees a crib containing the ''Darkhold''. As they prepare the antidote, the house is brought underwater, threatening to drown them. With a few seconds left, they finish the antidote, drink it, and feed it to Sharon. Water pours in, but a tunnel appears in the oven and the coven escapes through it back to the Road. As they recover, Teen discovers that Sharon is dead.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = If I Can't Reach You / Let My Song Teach You
|DirectedBy = Rachel Goldberg
|WrittenBy = Giovanna Sarquis
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|2}}
|ShortSummary = After burying Sharon, the coven is forced to summon a replacement green witch. Rio emerges from Sharon's grave, much to Agatha's annoyance. The coven encounter a house with a 1970s aesthetic that prompts renewed feelings of grief for Alice as it turns out to be a recording studio tied to Lorna. Just as Rio playfully suggests to Agatha that they betray the others, which is overheard by everyone, Teen accidentally plays a record backward, summoning the demon who is the source of the curse in Alice's family. To fight it, the group plays Lorna's version of the Ballad, revealed to be a protection spell, and Alice is able to kill the demon. As the coven leaves the house, they notice Teen had been severely wounded during the trial. Back on the Road, Jen is able to heal his wound, saving his life. Later on, Lilia, Alice, and Jen bond while Rio alludes to her history with Agatha. Teen asks Agatha what happened to her son, but she does not answer. Later, as Agatha tries to kiss Rio, she tells Agatha that Teen is not her son.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Darkest Hour / Wake Thy Power
|DirectedBy = Rachel Goldberg
|WrittenBy = Laura Monti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|09}}
|ShortSummary = The Salem Seven chase the coven, who evades them using makeshift flying broomsticks. After being pulled back down by the Road, they enter the next trial which takes the form of a cabin with a 1980s aesthetic. The group uses an [[Ouija]] board and makes contact with Agatha's mother Evanora, who was killed by her daughter in 1693 along with her previous coven,{{efn|As depicted in the ''WandaVision'' episode "[[Previously On]]" (2021)}} revealed to be mothers of the Seven. Warning the coven to leave Agatha behind, Evanora possesses her and attacks the group. Alice uses her powers to expel Evanora from Agatha, who proceeds to absorb Alice's magic. Teen, noticing another spirit's presence, stops Agatha by shouting its name: Agatha's son [[Nicholas Scratch]], but Alice dies. Agatha insists that it was accidental, but Teen lashes out at her as well as Lilia and Jen, who affirm that their goals are the same as Agatha's. The latter mocks Teen by stating that he is just like his mother; angered, he magically forces Lilia and Jen to toss Agatha into a mud trap, then blasts them in as well. As the witches sink, a headwear similar to the Scarlet Witch's appears on Teen's head.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Familiar by Thy Side
|DirectedBy = Gandja Monteiro
|WrittenBy = Jason Rostovsky
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|16}}
|ShortSummary = In flashbacks, [[William Kaplan (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|William Kaplan]], a teenager from Eastview, is celebrating his [[Bar Mitzvah]] where he encounters Lilia. Reading on his palm something she does not disclose, Lilia casts the sigil on William to protect him, instantly forgetting his identity. The party ends when the Hex created by Wanda begins to fall.{{efn|name=WV}} While driving past Westview, William and his parents get into a car accident and he dies, but at that moment, [[Billy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Billy Maximoff]]'s soul enters William's body, resurrecting him. William struggles to adjust after the accident due to his newfound ability to read minds and his lack of memory of his life before. Three years later, William and his boyfriend Eddie meet with [[Ralph Bohner]], who used to be controlled by Agatha inside the Hex.{{efn|name=WV}} He tells them about what happened there and about Wanda's twins Billy and [[Tommy Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tommy]], making William realize he is actually the former. Determined to use the Witches' Road to find Tommy, whom he can still sense, Billy goes to Agatha and breaks Wanda's spell.{{efn|name=AAA|As depicted in "Seekest Thou the Road"}} In the present, Agatha escapes the mud and, realizing the sigil has been destroyed, deduces Billy's goal and tells him that they must continue together since he cannot control his power.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = [[Death's Hand in Mine]]
|DirectedBy = Jac Schaeffer
|WrittenBy = Gia King & Cameron Squires
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|23}}
|ShortSummary = Agatha and Billy continue on the Road before coming across a castle. Upon entering, the two are garbed as the [[Wicked Witch of the West]] and [[Maleficent]], respectively, and are presented with [[Tarot card reading|tarot cards]]. If they do not place the proper cards in the correct sequence, swords hanging from the ceiling fall down. Flashbacks from Lilia's childhood lesson in divination reveal that she has been experiencing her life out of order, explaining her memory lapses. After falling through the mud, Lilia discovers that Rio is the [[Death (Marvel Comics)|personification of Death]] (something Agatha knew), who forebodes that her time is coming. She awakens Jen, and after evading the Salem Seven, they venture through the tunnels before reuniting with Agatha and Billy (Lilia is dressed as [[Glinda]], Jen as the hag version of the [[Evil Queen (Disney)|Evil Queen]]). Knowing the trial is hers, Lilia places the cards in their proper order, saving them all. Prompting everyone to flee through the exit, Lilia chooses to stay behind as the Salem Seven approach. She flips one of the cards, causing the entire room to flip, impaling most of the Seven and presumably herself. After that, young Lilia gleefully attends her first lesson in divination.
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title =
|DirectedBy = Gandja Monteiro
|WrittenBy = Peter Cameron
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title =
|DirectedBy = Gandja Monteiro
|WrittenBy = Jac Schaeffer & Laura Donney
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|30}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 634C8D
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[File:Jac Schaeffer cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jac Schaeffer]] is the showrunner and lead director of ''Agatha All Along''.]]
At [[Disney]]'s biennial [[D23 Expo]] convention in August 2019, [[Kathryn Hahn]] was revealed to be cast in the role of Agnes, [[Wanda Maximoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Wanda Maximoff]] and [[Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vision]]'s neighbor, in the [[Marvel Studios]] [[Disney+]] television series ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021).<ref name="EWNov2020WVCoverStory" /><ref name="D232019WVCast" /> That series' [[Breaking the Fourth Wall (WandaVision)|seventh episode]] reveals that "Agnes" is actually [[Agatha Harkness (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Agatha Harkness]], [[Agatha Harkness|a powerful witch]] from [[Marvel Comics]].<ref name="IGNWVEp7Review" /> In May 2021, ''WandaVision'' [[head writer]] [[Jac Schaeffer]] signed a three-year overall television deal with Marvel Studios and [[20th Television]] to develop additional projects for the studios' Disney+ slate.<ref name="SchaefferDeal" /> In [[Pitch (filmmaking)|pitches]] for several different projects centered on various characters, Schaeffer kept suggesting that Agatha be included as part of those series. This led to her and Marvel Studios president [[Kevin Feige]] pursuing a series centered on that character instead.<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturetteDeadline" /><ref name="SchaefferEWSep2024" /> By October 2021, a "dark comedy" spin-off from ''WandaVision'' centered on Hahn as Agatha was in early development for Disney+ from Marvel Studios,<ref name="AgathaSeries" /> with Schaeffer returning from ''WandaVision'' as head writer and executive producer.<ref name="AgathaSeries" /><ref name="Disney+DayDeadline" /> Hahn's involvement was part of a larger deal she signed with Marvel Studios to reprise her role in series and films.<ref name="HahnOverallDeal" />

During a [[Disney+ Day]] event in November 2021, the series was officially announced.<ref name="Disney+DayDeadline" /> Schaeffer was revealed to be directing episodes of the series a year later,<ref name="CaulfieldFilmingSchaefferDirector" /> and Gandja Monteiro was revealed as another director in December 2022,<ref name="Monteiro" /> along with [[Rachel Goldberg]] in January 2023.<ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" /> Each directed three episodes of the series.<ref name="ProductionBrief" /> By October 2023, Marvel Studios was changing its approach to television, hiring more traditional [[showrunner]]s instead of head writers;<ref name="MarvelStudiosTVOverhaul" /> Schaeffer was being credited as the series' showrunner by July 2024.<ref name="TeaserPressRelease" /> [[Brad Winderbaum]], the head of streaming, television, and animation at Marvel Studios, said ''Agatha All Along'' was the studio's least expensive series, costing less than the $40 million budget of ''[[Echo (miniseries)|Echo]]'' (2024), and he attributed this to the series' use of practical effects rather than [[computer-generated imagery]].<ref name="WinderbaumOct2024">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=October 3, 2024 |title=Marvel's Brad Winderbaum Talks Success of 'Agatha All Along,' Making Future Shows on 'Reasonable Budget' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-budget-marvel-brad-winderbaum-1236167398/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003220449/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-budget-marvel-brad-winderbaum-1236167398/ |archive-date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Marvel Studios' Feige, [[Louis D'Esposito]], Winderbaum, and [[Mary Livanos]] also served as executive producers.<ref name="TeaserPressRelease" /> The series is being released under Marvel Studios' "[[Marvel Television (Marvel Studios label)|Marvel Television]]" label.<ref name="MarvelTVLabel" /> Actress [[Debra Jo Rupp]], who returned from ''WandaVision'', described the spin-off as being a second season of ''WandaVision'' in an [[Anthology series|anthology]] sense, similar to the different seasons of the television series ''[[American Horror Story]]'' (2011–present).<ref name="RuppWVS2" /> ''Agatha All Along'' is intended to be second in a trilogy of series that includes ''WandaVision'' and ''[[Vision Quest (miniseries)|Vision Quest]]'' (2026).<ref name="WVAAAVisionTrilogy" />

==== Title ====
The series was initially announced with the title ''Agatha: House of Harkness'',<ref name="Disney+DayDeadline" /> but was renamed to ''Agatha: Coven of Chaos'' by July 2022.<ref name="SDCC2022" /> The series was revealed to have been retitled once again in September 2023, this time to ''Agatha: Darkhold Diaries''.<ref name="DarkholdDiaries" /> Actress [[Aubrey Plaza]] had previously posted a photo in May 2023 of a [[director's chair]] with that title, in a font based on the one used for the Disney film ''[[The Princess Diaries (film)|The Princess Diaries]]'' (2001).<ref name="PlazaDarkholdDiaries" /> Adam B. Vary at ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that the multiple title changes were not caused by indecision from Marvel Studios and were instead indicating that the main character was "up to her old [[wikt:skulduggery#Noun|skulduggery]]",<ref name="DarkholdDiariesVariety" /> and he said it was possible that the series was simply titled ''Agatha'';<ref name="VarietyUpcomingMCUProjects" /> that is what the series was referred to as in a filing for the first episode with the [[United States Copyright Office]] as well as on the official [[Disney+]] website.<ref name="101Copyright" /><ref name="D+WebsiteTitle" /><ref name="NoMargolyes" />

{{external media|video1=[https://twitter.com/MarvelStudios/status/1790494085557698603 Marvel Studios post from May 2024] presents the progression of titles for the series, set to the song "[[Agatha All Along (song)|Agatha All Along]]"; [[Twitter]] video from Marvel Studios' account}}
In May 2024, Marvel Studios released a new logo on [[Twitter]] with the title ''Agatha: The Lying Witch with Great Wardrobe'', but took down the post soon after. Germain Lussier at ''[[Gizmodo]]'' thought this may have been a joke or a mistake and noted that it was referencing the [[C. S. Lewis]] novel ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (1950). He felt it was "the worst title of the bunch" despite being accurate to the character, and questioned why the series had received so many publicly announced titles during development. He felt the best choice would be ''Agatha All Along'',<ref name="LyingWitchTitle" /> referring to the 'theme song' [[Agatha All Along (song)|of the same name]] used when Agatha was revealed as the true villain in ''WandaVision''.<ref name="HahnSongTease" /> The next day, Disney announced at an [[upfront presentation]] that the official title was ''Agatha All Along'',<ref name="OfficialTitleGizmodo" /><ref name="OfficialTitleDeadline" /> and released a video showing that the changing titles were "orchestrated by [Agatha] as a way of messing with Marvel fans".<ref name="OfficialTitleCBR" /> Schaeffer and the writers conceived the various titles. Livanos enjoyed releasing "crazier and crazier" titles throughout the marketing stunt and felt it was appropriate for Agatha.<ref name="LivanosTHRSep2024" />

=== Writing ===
Laura Donney, Cameron Squires, Giovanna Sarquis, Laura Monti, Jason Rostovsky, Gia King, and Peter Cameron served as writers on the series, alongside Schaeffer.<ref name="WGACredits" /> Squires, Cameron, Donney, and Monti all returned from ''WandaVision'',<ref name="WGAWriters" /><ref name="VarietyWriters" /> alongside [[Megan McDonnell]], who was a consulting producer, serving as the on-set writer.<ref name="McDonnellVarietyProfile" /> Monti had served as Schaeffer's assistant on ''WandaVision'', aiding in the creation of the acclaimed line "What is grief, if not love persevering?"<ref name="MontiWandaVision" /> King and Rostovsky contributed to the writing process with their respective interests in [[divination]] and [[gothic fiction|gothic horror]].<ref name="KingRostovsky" /> Livanos said the chance to continue Agatha Harkness's story and to get to know the character further was "immediately an imperative" for the creatives.<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturette" /> Winderbaum compared ''Agatha All Along'' to Marvel Studios' series ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' (2021–2023), because they both feature [[antiheroes]], are different from the studios' other series, and explore similar emotional depths for their title characters.<ref name="WinderbaumMar2024" /> Winderbaum called ''Agatha All Along'' a "[[Halloween]] show" that features a "Marvel brand of scary" with deadly stakes, while still being fun and dramatic.<ref name="WinderbaumMarvelPodcastJul2024" /> Feige likened ''Agatha All Along'' to the film ''[[The Goonies]]'' (1985).<ref name="EmpireJul2024" /> Comics that influenced the series included ''[[Scarlet Witch#All-New, All-Different Marvel: Scarlet Witch (2016–2017)|Scarlet Witch]]'' vol. 2 by [[James Robinson (writer)|James Robinson]] that introduced the Witches' Road, Agatha Harkness's early appearances in ''[[Fantastic Four (comic book)|Fantastic Four]]'', and ''[[The Vision and the Scarlet Witch]]'' vol. 2.<ref name="MarvelPodcast" />{{rp|7:57–8:22}}

Schaeffer said ''Agatha All Along'' would follow Agatha as she is joined by "a disparate, mixed bag of witches" who are all coven-less, explaining that the series would explore what happens when these witches, who are "defined by deception, treachery, villainy and selfishness", are forced to work together. She also noted that the series plays with witch lore and assumptions about them, in a similar way to how ''WandaVision'' played with the sitcom format,<ref name="EmpireJun2024" /> looking to have "a similar mechanism and involve pastiche" as that series did.<ref name="EWWitchInspiration" /> Schaeffer was able to define witchcraft within the MCU with the series. The first episode sees Agatha in a true [[crime drama]] as a detective, in an homage to the [[HBO]] miniseries ''[[Mare of Easttown]]'' (2021).<ref name="SchaefferEWSep2024" /> As Agatha and her coven travel the Witches' Road, each of its trials alters the attire of the coven to "emulate a particular kind of witch from pop culture": "[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants|WASP]]-y east coast women in collared shirts" which Schaeffer described as "coastal grandma chic" who are "backstabbing and duplicitous", drawing from ''[[Practical Magic]]'' (1998); a "[[Fleetwood Mac]]-style band" drawing from singer [[Stevie Nicks]]' "white witch" era and the film ''[[Season of the Witch (1972 film)|Season of the Witch]]'' (1972); and 1980s summer camp attire using a [[ouija board]]. The series also draws from other well-known portrayals of witches, such as ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939) and ''[[Maleficent (film)|Maleficent]]'' (2014), incorporating visual cues and narrative elements inspired by these films.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burley |first=Sam |title=Agatha All Along: Unpacking the Pop Culture References |url=https://comicquarters.com/marvel/agatha-all-along-pop-culture-magic/ |website=Comic Quarters |date=October 26, 2024 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref> Early attempts at creating the trials were elemental based, which did not allow for the infusion of illusion or pop culture or the creativity from the costume and production design.<ref name="EWWitchInspiration" />

''Agatha All Along'' is set in 2026, three years after the events of ''WandaVision'',<ref name="Timeline" /> which saw Agatha trapped in her "Agnes" persona by Wanda Maximoff. However, the spell has now become distorted because of Maximoff's death in ''[[Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness]]'' (2022) and the Teen's intervention.<ref name="Setting" /> Following the abundance of [[WandaVision#Theories and speculation|fan theories and speculation on ''WandaVision'']] that ultimately were not intended for that series, Schaeffer was more careful with her language in ''Agatha All Along'' to still be able to protect some of the series' surprises while hoping it would not create expectations in the fandom that would not come to fruition,<ref name="SchaefferTHRSep2024" /> dismissing such as [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]] appearing due to his backstory with [[Death (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Death]] in the source material, with Schaeffer intending to just leave some of Death's characterization for interpretation in the show.<ref name="NoThanos" />

=== Casting ===
Hahn was expected to reprise her role in the series with the reveal of its development in October 2021,<ref name="AgathaSeries" /> which was confirmed with the series' official announcement a month later.<ref name="Disney+DayDeadline" /> [[Emma Caulfield Ford]] revealed in October 2022 that she would reprise her role as Sarah Proctor / "Dottie Jones" from ''WandaVision''.<ref name="Ford" /> In November, [[Joe Locke (actor)|Joe Locke]],<ref name="Locke" /> [[Aubrey Plaza]],<ref name="Plaza" /> [[Ali Ahn]], [[Maria Dizzia]],<ref name="AhnDizzia" /> and [[Sasheer Zamata]] joined the cast.<ref name="Zamata" /> Locke plays "Teen",<ref name="EmpireJul2024" /> the male lead of the series,<ref name="LockeDeadline" /> while Plaza plays Rio Vidal.<ref name="Plaza" /><ref name="PlazaMay2024" /><ref name="VidalOriginal" /> Ahn plays the witch [[Alice Wu-Gulliver]],<ref name="WuGulliver" /> with Dizzia also reported to be portraying a witch,<ref name="Zamata" /> and Zamata set for the recurring role of the sorceress [[Jennifer Kale (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Jennifer "Jen" Kale]].<ref name="Zamata" /><ref name="ZamataAug2023" /> [[Patti LuPone]] joined the cast in December,<ref name="LuPone" /> as the witch [[Lilia Calderu]].<ref name="Calderu" /> [[Miriam Margolyes]] turned down a role in the series after Marvel offered to pay her half of what she had asked for and because she did not want to film in Georgia.<ref name="NoMargolyes" />

In January 2023, several cast members were revealed to be reprising their roles from ''WandaVision'': Debra Jo Rupp as Sharon Davis / "Mrs. Hart";<ref name="Rupp" /><ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser" /> David Payton as John Collins / "Herb Feltman"; David Lengel as Harold Proctor / "Phil Jones"; Asif Ali as Abilash Tandon / "Norm Gentilucci"; Amos Glick as a pizza delivery man / "Dennis Webber"; Brian Brightman as the Eastview, New Jersey, sheriff; and Kate Forbes as Agatha's mother Evanora Harkness.<ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" /><ref name="GizmodoCastNames" /><ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser" /> Miles Gutierrez-Riley was cast as Teen's boyfriend,<ref name="ProductionBrief" /><ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" /><ref name="ZamataAug2023" /> with [[Okwui Okpokwasili]] also cast in the series as [[Salem Seven (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Salem Seven]] member [[Vertigo (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vertigo]].<ref name="ProductionBrief" /><ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" />

=== Design ===
Daniel Selon served as the costume designer, after previously working as an assistant costume designer on ''WandaVision'', ''Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness'', and ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]'' (2022).<ref name="Selon" /> John Collins was the production designer.<ref name="Collins" /> The different witches in Agatha's coven all have their own styles which were categorized by Gordon Jackson of ''[[Gizmodo]]'' as the goth, the clairvoyant, the hippie, and the "coastal grandmother".<ref name="GizmodoCovenImage" /> The series end credits examines where many of the misconceptions and stereotypes about witches originated.<ref name="SchaefferTHRSep2024" />

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on January 17, 2023,<ref name="FilmingStart" /><ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" /> at [[Trilith Studios]] in [[Atlanta]], Georgia,<ref name="AJCFilming" /> with Schaeffer, Monteiro, and Goldberg directing episodes of the series.<ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm" /> Caleb Heymann,<ref name="Heymann" />{{third-party inline|date=January 2023}} Jon Chema,<ref name="Chema" /> and Isiah Donté Lee served as cinematographers.<ref name="Lee" /> The series was filmed under the [[working title]] ''My Pretty''.<ref name="AJCFilming" /> Filming with Rupp also occurred in Los Angeles by February 2023, before moving to Atlanta for two months.<ref name="RuppWVS2" /> The start of the [[2023 Writers Guild of America strike]] in May 2023 was not expected to impact production of ''Agatha All Along'', with Marvel Studios reportedly planning to shoot what they could during principal photography and make any necessary writing adjustments during the series' already scheduled [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|reshoots]].<ref name="WGAStrikeImpact" /> Plaza filmed some of her scenes concurrent with the last two weeks of her commitments to the film ''[[Megalopolis (film)|Megalopolis]]'' (2024), also in Atlanta.<ref name="PlazaMay2024" /> Filming took place on Blondie Street at the [[Warner Bros. Ranch]] for Agatha's house and other Westview exteriors prior to the street being demolished.<ref name="LivanosTHRSep2024" />

Hahn stated that filming used as many practical elements as possible, including practical magic opposed to having it done through CGI.<ref name="HahnPracticalMagic" /> Livano said this was done to be an homage to the golden age of fantasy and horror films, using many in-camera effects such as backdrops, miniatures, special effects, makeup effects, and creature effects. The creatives wanted ''Agatha All Along'' to elicit similar nostalgic feelings for the audience as ''WandaVision'' had with that series' homage to sitcoms.<ref name="MarvelPodcast" />{{rp|8:54–9:16}} Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by May 28.<ref name="FilmingWrap" /> Hahn said in January 2024 there were a few days left of reshoots to take place,<ref name="HahnPickups" /> which were completed in one day in early February.<ref name="Reshoots" />

=== Post-production ===
Jamie Gross, Libby Cuenin, Dane R. Naimy,<ref name="Gross" /><ref name="CueninNaimy" /> and David Egan serve as editors on the series.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Visual effects ===
[[Kelly Port]] served as the visual effects supervisor for ''Agatha All Along'', after previously working on some MCU films, with [[Digital Domain]] providing visual effects.<ref name="ArtOfVFX" />

=== Music ===
In January 2023, Hahn hinted that the series would include original songs similar to those featured in ''WandaVision'' such as "Agatha All Along".<ref name="HahnSongTease" /> In March, [[Christophe Beck]] revealed that he would be returning from ''WandaVision'' and other MCU media to compose the score for the series.<ref name="Beck" /> The following month, [[Kristen Anderson-Lopez]] and [[Robert Lopez]] were revealed to have written the series' original songs, also returning from ''WandaVision''. Hahn serves as the lead singer for some songs, with the other witch actors such as LuPone acting as background singers.<ref name="LuPoneTHRApr2023" /> Schaeffer wanted to work with the composers to find a way to weave whatever songs they came up with into the series' narrative.<ref name="MarvelPodcast" />{{rp|10:44–11:06}} One of their songs, "The Ballad of the Witches' Road",<ref name="VarietyTrailerD23" /> became an ancient tune in the series that all witches are familiar with.<ref name="MarvelPodcast" />{{rp|10:44–11:06}} In September 2024, Michael Paraskevas was revealed to have composed the score with Beck, after previously working together in the MCU series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021).<ref name="Paraskevas" />

On September 19, [[Hollywood Records]] released the [[single album]] ''Songs from Marvel Television's Agatha All Along (Episodes 1 & 2)'', which includes two versions of "The Ballad of the Witches' Road"—one being the "true crime version" performed by [[Matthew Mayfield]] which was featured in the first episode, and the "sacred chant version" in the second episode.<ref name="BalladofWitches" /><ref name="allthesongs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-songs-soundtrack-list/|title=All the Songs in 'Agatha All Along'|first=Andi|last=Ortiz|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=September 18, 2024|access-date=October 9, 2024}}</ref> Beck and Paraskevas' main theme composed for the series, titled "Agatha's Theme" was also released on the same day.<ref name="AgathaTheme" /> On October 3, ''Songs from Agatha All Along (Episode 4)'' was released featuring Lorna Wu's version of the song performed by [[Seomoon Tak]], as well as a [[1970s in music|1970s]] rock cover performed by the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/agatha-all-along-ballad-of-the-witches-road-song-episode-4|title=How 'Agatha All Along' Embraced '70s Rock with 'The Ballad of the Witches' Road'|first=Devan|last=Coggan|date=October 4, 2024|work=[[Marvel.com]]|access-date=October 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-cast-witches-road-rock-song-episode-4-1236145264/|title='Agatha All Along' Team on Reprising 'The Witches Road' as a Rock Ballad and Singing With Patti LuPone: 'It Was So Intimidating'|date=October 2, 2024|first1=Adam B.|last1=Vary|first2=Diego|last2=Ramos Bechara|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=October 9, 2024}}</ref><ref name="allthesongs" /> Another version performed by the indie pop band [[Japanese Breakfast]] was released on October 17.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 17, 2024 |title=Japanese Breakfast's Pop Version of 'The Ballad of the Witches' Road' from 'Agatha All Along' Released |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/10/17/japanese-breakfasts-pop-version-of-the-ballad-of-the-witches-road-from/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |website=Film Music Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

Beck and Paraskevas' score was released digitally by [[Marvel Music (record label)|Marvel Music]] andha [[Hollywood Records]] in two volumes: music from the first five episodes was released on October 11, 2024, and music from the last four episodes will be released at a later date.<ref name="SoundtrackVol1" />

{{anchor|Vol. 1}}{{Track listing
| headline = ''Agatha All Along: Vol. 1 (Episodes 1–5) [Original Soundtrack]''<ref name="SoundtrackVol1" />
| total_length = 1:15:11
| title1 = Agatha's Theme
| length1 = 2:11
| title2 = Jane Doe
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = The Ballad of the Witches' Road
| note3 = True Crime Version) (featuring Matthew Mayfield
| length3 = 1:43
| title4 = Nicky
| length4 = 1:43
| title5 = Let's Find Out Pt. 1
| length5 = 2:53
| title6 = All Along
| length6 = 3:34
| title7 = Coochie Coochie Coo
| length7 = 4:10
| title8 = The Coven March
| length8 = 1:17
| title9 = The Ballad of the Witches' Road
| note9 = Sacred Chant Version) (featuring Kathryn Hahn, Sasheer Zamata, Ali Ahn, Patti LuPone, and Debra Jo Rupp
| length9 = 3:18
| title10 = Salem's Seven
| length10 = 2:49
| title11 = The Ballad of the Witches' Road
| note11 = Score Version
| length11 = 1:42
| title12 = Wine & Die
| length12 = 0:57
| title13 = Lucid Spellbound Divination
| length13 = 4:12
| title14 = Sous Vide
| length14 = 3:20
| title15 = Out of the Brew
| length15 = 4:01
| title16 = Three of Pentacles
| length16 = 2:39
| title17 = Old Ass Curse
| length17 = 3:45
| title18 = Play It Rite
| length18 = 2:12
| title19 = The Ballad of the Witches' Road
| note19 = Cover Version) (featuring Kathryn Hahn, Sasheer Zamata, Ali Ahn, Patti LuPone, Aubrey Plaza, and Joe Locke
| length19 = 4:40
| title20 = Three of Swords
| length20 = 2:14
| title21 = Rio
| length21 = 3:01
| title22 = Broomhaha
| length22 = 3:30
| title23 = Spirits Be Known
| length23 = 2:47
| title24 = Séance in a Blood Moon
| length24 = 2:32
| title25 = Knight of Wands
| length25 = 5:43
| title26 = Heavy Is the Head…
| length26 = 2:23
| title27 = The Ballad of the Witches' Road
| note27 = Lorna Wu's Version) (featuring [[Seomoon Tak]]
| length27 = 4:41
}}

==== Charts ====
The sacred chant version, performed by cast members Kathryn Hahn, Sasheer Zamata, Ali Ahn, Patti LuPone, Debra Jo Rupp, and the ''Agatha All Along'' cast, debuted at No. 22 on ''Billboard''{{'s}} [[Digital Song Sales]] chart for the week of October 5, 2024.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=October 2, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Cast Brews Up Billboard Chart Hit With 'The Ballad of the Witches' Road' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/agatha-all-along-cast-song-ballad-of-the-witches-road-chart-debut-1235790737/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003021754/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/agatha-all-along-cast-song-ballad-of-the-witches-road-chart-debut-1235790737/ |archive-date=October 3, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performance for "The Ballad of the Witches Road"
! scope="col" |Chart (2024)
! scope="col" |Peak
position
|-
! scope="row" |[[UK Singles Chart|UK Singles]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2024 |title=Official Singles Sales Chart on 27/9/2024 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20240927/7509/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=[[Official Charts Company]] |language=en}}</ref>
|45
|-
! scope="row" |US [[Digital Song Sales]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 5, 2024 |title=Digital Song Sales: Week of October 5, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-song-sales/2024-10-05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006214501/https://www.billboard.com/charts/digital-song-sales/2024-10-05/ |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>
|22
|}

== Marketing ==
A first-look at the series was included in the bonus features of ''WandaVision''{{'s}} physical home media, which was released in late November 2023.<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturette" /> Hahn, Locke, and LuPone promoted the series at Disney's May 2024 upfront presentation, where the release date and official title were announced and the first trailer was shown.<ref name="OfficialTitleVariety" /><ref name="DisneyUpfrontMay2024" /> The title announcement was accompanied by a video, which was released online, that shows the progression of announced titles for the series leading up to the official title, ''Agatha All Along''. The video is set to the song of the same name from ''WandaVision''.<ref name="OfficialTitleCBR" />

A [[teaser trailer]] was released online on July 8, 2024. Michaela Zee at ''Variety'' noted how it cycled through various genres, the first of which presented Agatha as a detective in "a hardboiled murder mystery".<ref name="VarietyTeaser" /> Charles Pulliam-Moore at ''[[The Verge]]'' felt that the trailer was giving a "promising horror turn" and indicated that the series was darker and more "horror-oriented" than other Marvel projects.<ref name="TheVergeTeaser" /> Jennifer Ouellette of ''[[Ars Technica]]'' wrote that the series looked like "a lot of dark, spooky fun" and was the perfect fit for releasing in the Halloween season.<ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser" /> Writing for ''[[Kotaku]]'', Zack Zwiezen said the teaser was "promising a creepy, fun, and wild time" for the series. He was particularly curious about Rio's connection to Agatha and was excited for "a witchy, creepy, spooky show" for the Halloween season.<ref name="KotakuTeaser" /> Two days after the teaser's release, Hahn, who had been guest hosting the late-night talk show ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', ended her opening monologue with a song recapping the MCU.<ref name="HahnJKLSong" />

Feige promoted the series at Disney's [[D23 (Disney)|D23]] convention in August 2024 with the Lopezes and members of the cast. The latter performed the song "The Ballad of the Witches Road" at the panel, where the official trailer for the series also debuted.<ref name="VarietyTrailerD23" /> Nina Starner of ''[[/Film]]'' praised the costumes, cast, and music featured in the trailer.<ref name="/FilmTrailerD23"/> Nick Romano of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' compared the tone of the trailer to the film ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]'' (1939), particularly Agatha and Lilia respectively resembling the [[Wicked Witch of the West]] and [[Glinda]] from that film.<ref name="EWTrailerD23" />

== Release ==
''Agatha All Along'' premiered on Disney+ with its first two episodes on September 18, 2024,<ref name="OfficialTitleGizmodo" /> with subsequent episodes releasing weekly, before concluding on October 30 with the final two episodes. The series will consist of nine episodes,<ref name="TwoEpisodeFinale" /> with the release coinciding with the Halloween season.<ref name="PolygonTeaser" /><ref name="KotakuTeaser" /><ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser" /> The series was previously expected to debut as early as late 2023,<ref name="SDCC2022" /> but by February 2023 it was not included on a list of "sure bets" to be released that year amid Disney and Marvel Studios re-evaluating their content output.<ref name="THROutputRethinkFeb2023" /> The series is part of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five|Phase Five]] of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.<ref name="SDCC2022" />

== Reception ==
=== Viewership ===
Disney announced that ''Agatha All Along'' attracted 9.3 million views globally within its first seven days of streaming.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=September 26, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Brews Up Solid Premiere Audience As First Episode Nets 9.3M Views In 7 Days, Disney Says |url=https://deadline.com/2024/09/agatha-all-along-premiere-ratings-marvel-1236101097/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927123638/https://deadline.com/2024/09/agatha-all-along-premiere-ratings-marvel-1236101097/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Loree |date=September 26, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Premiere Enchants 9.3 Million Views in First Week on Disney+ |url=https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-premiere-ratings-disney-plus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927021108/https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-premiere-ratings-disney-plus/ |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> The series also garnered over 9.8 million viewers during its premiere week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hinduja |first=Soniya |date=October 6, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Scores Another Impressive Disney+ Series Win |url=https://movieweb.com/agatha-all-along-not-losing-viewers/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=October 6, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Ranks #1 in Surprising Marvel Metric |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-marvel-ranking-ratings-mcu-number-1-disney-plus/#:~:text=A%20bunch%20of%20press%20has,in%20the%20pop%20culture%20conversation. |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[ComicBook.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It became the No. 1 television show on Disney+ during that period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Richard |date=September 29, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Replaces Disney+'s Most Successful Show in Strong Debut |url=https://movieweb.com/agatha-all-along-replaces-bluey-top-chart/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[MovieWeb]] |language=en}}</ref> Streaming analytics firm FlixPatrol, which monitors daily updated VOD charts across the globe, reported that the series ranked in the top 10 across 56 countries and territories as of October 2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hicap |first=Jonathan |date=October 3, 2024 |title=Disney+'s 'Agatha All Along' records 9.3 million views in first week of release |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/10/2/disney-s-agatha-all-along-records-9-3-million-views-in-first-week-of-release |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Brad Winderbaum]], head of streaming for [[Marvel Studios]], noted that it achieved the highest audience retention rate of any Marvel series to date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freitag |first=Lee |date=October 4, 2024 |title='That Was by Design': Marvel Head Explains How Agatha All Along Became the MCU's 'Least Expensive Show' |url=https://www.cbr.com/agatha-all-along-least-expensive-mcu-show-by-design-brad-winderbaum/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=October 6, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Ranks #1 in Surprising Marvel Metric |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-marvel-ranking-ratings-mcu-number-1-disney-plus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006063658/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-marvel-ranking-ratings-mcu-number-1-disney-plus/ |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref> Fan engagement on social media was also notably high, with enthusiasm comparable to the [[Loki season 2|second season]] of [[Loki (TV series)|''Loki'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perine |first=Aaron |date=October 4, 2024 |title=Marvel's Latest TV Show Is Proof 'Creative Retooling' Works |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/marvel-studios-agatha-all-along-budget-mcu-tv-show-creative-retooling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005020905/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/marvel-studios-agatha-all-along-budget-mcu-tv-show-creative-retooling/ |archive-date=October 5, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

The streaming aggregator Reelgood, which monitors real-time data from 20 million users in the U.S. for original and acquired streaming programs and movies across subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) and ad-supported video-on-demand (AVOD) services, announced that ''Agatha All Along'' was the second most-streamed series in the U.S. during the week of September 19.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=September 30, 2024 |title=Reelgood: Max's 'The Penguin' Tops All Weekly Streamed Content Through Sept. 25 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/reelgood-maxs-the-penguin-tops-all-weekly-streamed-content-through-sept-25/?hilite=%22Agatha%20all%20along%22 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Karen |date=September 30, 2024 |title='Penguin,' 'Civil War' top TV, film streaming charts - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2024/09/30/streaming-charts/4061727695964/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=[[United Press International]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Nielsen Media Research]], which records streaming viewership on U.S. television screens, estimated that the series was viewed for 426 million minutes from September 16–22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Loree |date=October 18, 2024 |title='Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story' Debuts Atop Nielsen Streaming Charts With 1.7 Billion Viewing Minutes |url=https://www.thewrap.com/monsters-the-lyle-and-erik-menendez-story-nielsen-ratings/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It subsequently garnered 365 million minutes of watch time from September 23–29.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Loree |date=2024-10-25 |title='Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story' Surpasses 2 Billion Viewing Minutes in 2nd Week Atop Nielsen Streaming Charts |url=https://www.thewrap.com/monsters-the-lyle-and-erik-menendez-story-nielsen-second-week/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[JustWatch]], a guide to streaming content with access to data from more than 40 million users around the world, reported it among the top ten most-streamed series in the U.S. from September 16 to October 20.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=September 24, 2024 |title=JustWatch: 'Civil War,' 'Slow Horses' Top Weekly Streaming Through Sept. 22 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-civil-war-slow-horses-top-weekly-streaming-through-sept-22/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Media Play News]]}}|2={{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=October 8, 2024 |title=JustWatch: Hulu's 'Hold Your Breath,' MGM+'s 'From' Top Weekly Streaming Through Oct. 6 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-hulu-hold-your-breath-from-on-mgm-plus-top-weekly-streaming-through-oct-6/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}|3={{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=2024-10-15 |title=JustWatch: Hulu's 'Hold Your Breath,' MGM+'s 'From' Retain Top Weekly Streaming Through Oct. 13 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-hulus-hold-your-breath-mgms-from-retain-top-weekly-streaming-through-oct-13/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}|4={{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=2024-10-22 |title=JustWatch: Old 'Terrifier' Movies Topped Weekly Streaming Through Oct. 20 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-old-terrifier-movies-topped-weekly-streaming-through-oct-20/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}
}}</ref>

TVision, which uses its TVision Power Score to evaluate [[Connected TV|CTV]] programming performance by factoring in viewership and engagement across over 1,000 apps and incorporating four key metrics—viewer attention time, total program time available for the season, program reach, and app reach—calculated that ''Agatha All Along'' was the top-streaming show from September 16–29. It remained in the top five most-streamed shows from September 30 to October 20.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |last= |date=September 25, 2024 |title=The TVision Power Score – Week of September 16–22, 2024 |url=https://www.tvisioninsights.com/signal/september-25-2024 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=TVision Insights |language=en}}|2={{Cite web |last=Lafayette |first=Jon |date=September 25, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Levitates to Top of TVision Power Score Rankings |url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/agatha-all-along-levitates-to-top-of-tvision-power-score-rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006214501/https://www.nexttv.com/news/agatha-all-along-levitates-to-top-of-tvision-power-score-rankings |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 4, 2024 |website=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]}}|3={{Cite web |last= |date=October 2, 2024 |title=The TVision Power Score – Week of September 23–29, 2024 |url=https://www.tvisioninsights.com/signal/october-2-2024 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=TVision Insights |language=en}}|4={{Cite web |last= |date=October 8, 2024 |title=The TVision Signal October 2024 Edition |url=https://www.tvisioninsights.com/signal/october-8-2024 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=TVision Insights |language=en}}|5={{Cite web |last= |date=October 15, 2024 |title=The TVision Power Score – Week of October 7–13, 2024 |url=https://www.tvisioninsights.com/signal/october-15-2024 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=TVision Insights |language=en}}|6={{Cite web |last= |date=October 22, 2024 |title=The TVision Power Score – Week of October 14–20, 2024 |url=https://www.tvisioninsights.com/signal/october-22-2024 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=TVision Insights |language=en}}
}}</ref> [[Whip Media]], which tracks viewership data for the more than 25 million worldwide users of its [[TV Time]] app, revealed that it was the second most-streamed original series in the U.S. from September 22 to October 6. It subsequently rose to first place from October 13–20.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=September 25, 2024 |title='Only Murders in the Building' Again Tops Weekly Whip U.S. Streaming Originals Chart Through Sept. 22 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/only-murders-in-the-building-again-tops-weekly-whip-us-streaming-originals-chart-through-sept-22/ |access-date=September 27, 2024 |website=[[Media Play News]]}}|2={{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=October 8, 2024 |title='Only Murders in the Building' Again Tops Weekly Whip U.S. Streaming Originals Chart Through Oct. 6 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/only-murders-in-the-building-again-tops-weekly-whip-u-s-streaming-originals-chart-through-oct-6/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}|3={{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=2024-10-16 |title='Agatha All Along' Tops Weekly Whip U.S. Streaming Originals Chart Through Oct. 13 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/agatha-all-along-tops-weekly-whip-u-s-streaming-originals-chart-through-oct-13/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Media Play News |language=en-US}}|4={{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=October 22, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Again Tops Weekly Whip U.S. Streaming Originals Chart Through Oct. 20 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/agatha-all-along-again-tops-weekly-whip-u-s-streaming-originals-chart-through-oct-20/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US}}
}}</ref> On October 25, Disney revealed that the seventh episode of the show achieved 4.2 million views globally within its first day of streaming, marking a 35% increase compared to the premiere episode.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Loree |date=2024-10-25 |title='Agatha All Along' Charms 4.2 Million Views for Patti LuPone-Centric Episode 7 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-episode-7-ratings-disney-plus/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[TheWrap]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=2024-10-25 |title='Agatha All Along' Episode 7 Bewitches 4.2M Views After Just A Day Of Streaming |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/agatha-all-along-episode-7-ratings-disney-plus-1236159012/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{anchor|Critical response}}The series holds an 82% approval rating on review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], based on 170 critic reviews with an average rating of 7.15/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "The marvelous Kathryn Hahn is backed up by a coven of memorable performers in this MCU spinoff that refreshingly concocts its own distinct brew."<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=agatha_all_along|title=Agatha All Along|type=tv|season=1|access-date=October 27, 2024|publisher_hide=y}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which uses a weighted average, gave the series a score of 66 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.<ref>{{Cite Metacritic|id=agatha-all-along|title=Agatha All Along|type=tv|season=1|access-date=September 25, 2024|publisher_hide=y}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=



<ref name="EmpireJul2024">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Is Marvel's Witchy Take On The Goonies: 'It's This Adventure Series' |url=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/agatha-all-along-marvel-take-the-goonies-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730210826/https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/agatha-all-along-marvel-take-the-goonies-exclusive/ |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LockeTotalFilm">{{Cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Lauren |last2=Taylor-Foster |first2=Kim |date=August 14, 2024 |title=Heartstopper star Joe Locke responds to rumors he's playing Scarlet Witch's son in new Marvel series Agatha All Along |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/superhero-shows/agatha-all-along-star-responds-to-rumors-hes-playing-scarlet-witchs-son-in-the-new-marvel-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829175234/https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/superhero-shows/agatha-all-along-star-responds-to-rumors-hes-playing-scarlet-witchs-son-in-the-new-marvel-series/ |archive-date=August 29, 2024 |access-date=August 30, 2024 |website=[[Total Film]] |publisher=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LockeEWSep2024">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=September 3, 2024 |title=Joe Locke fuels the mystery of his Agatha All Along 'Teen,' addresses those fan theories |url=https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-wiccan-theories-interview-8703894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903202035/https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-wiccan-theories-interview-8703894 |archive-date=September 3, 2024 |access-date=September 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SalemSevenSR">{{Cite web |last=Ayala |first=Nicolas |date=September 19, 2024 |title=Who Are The Salem Seven? Agatha All Along Villains' Marvel Comics History & Powers Explained |url=https://screenrant.com/salem-seven-marvel-history-powers-explained-agatha-all-along/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919162112/https://screenrant.com/salem-seven-marvel-history-powers-explained-agatha-all-along/ |archive-date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=September 19, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LockeBillyConfirm">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=October 14, 2024 |title=''Agatha All Along''{{'s}} Joe Locke can finally talk about Wiccan: 'The show starts getting real' |url=https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-wiccan-breaks-silence-show-getting-real-exclusive-8727072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014122657/https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-wiccan-breaks-silence-show-getting-real-exclusive-8727072 |archive-date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BillyKaplanDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |date=October 10, 2024 |title=Who Is Joe Locke's Mysterious 'Teen' In 'Agatha All Along'? All The Clues So Far |url=https://deadline.com/feature/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-character-teen-1236099118/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012164322/https://deadline.com/feature/agatha-all-along-joe-locke-character-teen-1236099118/ |archive-date=October 12, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BillyMaximoffConfirm">{{Cite web |last=Russell |first=Bradley |date=October 14, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along's new trailer confirms we're getting WandaVision-era flashbacks |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-tv-shows/agatha-all-alongs-new-trailer-confirms-were-getting-wandavision-era-flashbacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014162936/https://www.gamesradar.com/entertainment/marvel-tv-shows/agatha-all-alongs-new-trailer-confirms-were-getting-wandavision-era-flashbacks/ |archive-date=October 14, 2024 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=[[GamesRadar+]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PetersBohner:">{{Cite web |last=Romano |first=Evan |date=October 17, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Brings Back WandaVision's Evan Peters as Ralph Bohner For More Fun |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a62637481/agatha-all-along-evan-peters-cameo/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |website=[[Men's Health]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AubreyDeath">{{Cite web |last=Drum |first=Nicole |date=October 24, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Reveals Rio's Identity With a Heartbreaking Twist |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/agatha-all-along-episode-7-rio-death-reveal-lilia-spoilers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/wip/HetgM |archive-date=October 25, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>







<ref name="EWNov2020WVCoverStory">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=November 10, 2020 |title=Honey, I'm Chrome: Marvel prepares to take over TV with ''WandaVision'' |url=https://ew.com/tv/wandavision-marvel-cover-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110144657/https://ew.com/tv/wandavision-marvel-cover-story/ |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="D232019WVCast">{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devin |date=August 23, 2019 |title=Kat Dennings, Randall Park, and Kathryn Hahn join Disney+'s ''WandaVision'' |url=https://ew.com/tv/2019/08/23/wandavision-disney-plus-casts-kat-dennings-randall-park-kathryn-hahn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824014251/https://ew.com/tv/2019/08/23/wandavision-disney-plus-casts-kat-dennings-randall-park-kathryn-hahn/ |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IGNWVEp7Review">{{Cite web |last=Purslow |first=Matt |date=February 19, 2021 |title=WandaVision: Season 1, Episode 7 Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/wandavision-season-1-episode-7-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219160518/https://www.ign.com/articles/wandavision-season-1-episode-7-review |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SchaefferDeal">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=May 26, 2021 |title='WandaVision' Head Writer Jac Schaeffer Sets Overall Deal With Marvel Studios, 20th Television |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/wandavision-jac-schaeffer-overall-deal-marvel-studios-20th-television-1234982240/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526210141/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/wandavision-jac-schaeffer-overall-deal-marvel-studios-20th-television-1234982240/ |archive-date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 26, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AgathaSeries">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=October 7, 2021 |title='WandaVision' Spinoff Starring Kathryn Hahn in the Works at Disney Plus (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/wandavision-spinoff-kathryn-hahn-1235082445/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007151103/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/wandavision-spinoff-kathryn-hahn-1235082445/ |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HahnOverallDeal">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=October 7, 2021 |title=Kathryn Hahn To Headline 'WandaVision' Spinoff In Works At Disney+ As Part Of Marvel Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/kathryn-hahn-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-deal-marvel-1234851541/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007215036/https://deadline.com/2021/10/kathryn-hahn-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-deal-marvel-1234851541/ |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |access-date=October 7, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Disney+DayDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=November 12, 2021 |title=Disney+ Day: All The Streamer's Film & TV News From Premiere Dates To Series Orders |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/disney-plus-day-news-release-dates-marvel-star-wars-pixar-movies-series-1234872661/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112182942/https://deadline.com/2021/11/disney-plus-day-news-release-dates-marvel-star-wars-pixar-movies-series-1234872661/ |archive-date=November 12, 2021 |access-date=November 12, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CaulfieldFilmingSchaefferDirector">{{Cite web |last=Trainor |first=Daniel |date=November 10, 2022 |title=WandaVision's Emma Caulfield Teases What to Expect from Agatha: Coven of Chaos |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1354207/lessigreaterwandavisionlessigreater-s-emma-caulfield-teases-what-to-expect-from-lessigreateragatha:-coven-of-chaoslessigreater |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111003741/https://www.eonline.com/news/1354207/lessigreaterwandavisionlessigreater-s-emma-caulfield-teases-what-to-expect-from-lessigreateragatha:-coven-of-chaoslessigreater |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=[[E! News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Monteiro">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Leon |date=December 8, 2022 |title=WandaVision's Agatha Spinoff Taps Wednesday Director |url=https://www.cbr.com/wandavision-agatha-spinoff-wednesday-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208185930/https://www.cbr.com/wandavision-agatha-spinoff-wednesday-director/ |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DirectorsCastConfirm">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 13, 2023 |title='Agatha: Coven of Chaos' Sets Directors as Production Readies for Next Week |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/agatha-coven-of-chaos-director-revealed-wandavision-1235299122/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113231435/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/agatha-coven-of-chaos-director-revealed-wandavision-1235299122/ |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelTVLabel">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=May 21, 2024 |title=Why Marvel Is Rebranding Its Television Shows to Eliminate the 'Pressure' to 'Watch Absolutely Everything' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-television-animation-rebrand-1236011244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521175836/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/marvel-television-animation-rebrand-1236011244/ |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelStudiosTVOverhaul">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=October 11, 2023 |title='Daredevil' Hits Reset Button as Marvel Overhauls Its TV Business |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/daredevil-marvel-disney-1235614518/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011140220/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/daredevil-marvel-disney-1235614518/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TeaserPressRelease">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Disney+ Debuts Trailer for Marvel Television's New Series 'Agatha All Along' |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-debuts-trailer-for-marvel-televisions-new-series-agatha-all-along/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708170402/https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-debuts-trailer-for-marvel-televisions-new-series-agatha-all-along/ |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ProductionBrief">{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2024 |title=AGATHA ALL ALONG Production Brief FINAL2 9–13–24 |url=https://assets.dam.gettyimages.com/n8m9x4x42qr3678g9r4hhpqs/v/1224371421/original/AGATHA%20ALL%20ALONG%20Production%20Brief%20FINAL2%209-13-24.pdf?Expires=1726654695&KeyName=gcs-bfldr-prod&Signature=crXPEI9JF09Z3PREPzQyJTBjojk= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917102114/https://assets.dam.gettyimages.com/n8m9x4x42qr3678g9r4hhpqs/v/1224371421/original/AGATHA%20ALL%20ALONG%20Production%20Brief%20FINAL2%209-13-24.pdf?Expires=1726654695&KeyName=gcs-bfldr-prod&Signature=crXPEI9JF09Z3PREPzQyJTBjojk= |archive-date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |publisher=[[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] |via=[[Getty Images]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WVAAAVisionTrilogy">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=August 23, 2024 |title=James Spader Returning as Ultron for Marvel's Vision Series |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-sets-james-spader-ultron-vision-quest-1235982271/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823171948/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-sets-james-spader-ultron-vision-quest-1235982271/ |archive-date=August 23, 2024 |access-date=August 23, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="DarkholdDiaries">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Marvel Shuffles TV Calendar with New Dates for 'Agatha,' 'Echo,' X-Men '97' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-tv-show-release-dates-1235580093/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901221716/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/marvel-tv-show-release-dates-1235580093/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |access-date=September 1, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PlazaDarkholdDiaries">{{Cite web |last=Dominguez |first=Noah |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Agatha: Coven of Chaos' Aubrey Plaza Shares a Princess Diaries-Inspired Tease |url=https://www.cbr.com/agatha-harkness-aubrey-plaza-marvel-darkhold-diaries-tease/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802192103/https://www.cbr.com/agatha-harkness-aubrey-plaza-marvel-darkhold-diaries-tease/ |archive-date=August 2, 2023 |access-date=September 1, 2023 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DarkholdDiariesVariety">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Marvel's 'Agatha' Delays to Fall 2024, Studio Also Shifts 'Echo,' 'X-Men '97' and 'What If…?' Release Dates |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/marvel-release-dates-agatha-x-men-97-echo-what-if-1235711234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901223713/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/marvel-release-dates-agatha-x-men-97-echo-what-if-1235711234/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |access-date=September 1, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyUpcomingMCUProjects">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=January 12, 2024 |title=Every Marvel Studios Movie and Disney+ Project in 2024 and Beyond |url=https://variety.com/lists/marvel-studios-release-schedule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115003946/https://variety.com/lists/marvel-studios-release-schedule/ |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |access-date=January 19, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="101Copyright">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2023 |title=Agatha Episode "101" (101) |url=https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg=agatha%20episode&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=NcDeMyeYNzRgQHHrUaa_wSSoCWxSv&SEQ=20231006143913&SID=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006184513/https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search%5FArg=agatha%20episode&Search%5FCode=TALL&CNT=25&PID=NcDeMyeYNzRgQHHrUaa_wSSoCWxSv&SEQ=20231006143913&SID=1 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |access-date=October 6, 2023 |website=[[United States Copyright Office]]}}</ref>

<ref name="D+WebsiteTitle">{{Cite web |last=Glazebrook |first=Lewis |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Upcoming MCU Show Gets Third Name Change In 3 Years |url=https://screenrant.com/mcu-show-name-change-agatha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312162439/https://screenrant.com/mcu-show-name-change-agatha/ |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=March 12, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LyingWitchTitle">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=May 13, 2024 |title=What the Heck Is Happening With Marvel Studios' Agatha Show? |url=https://gizmodo.com/agatha-show-title-marvel-disney-kathryn-hahn-wandavisio-1851473270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513192134/https://gizmodo.com/agatha-show-title-marvel-disney-kathryn-hahn-wandavisio-1851473270 |archive-date=May 13, 2024 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="OfficialTitleGizmodo">{{Cite web |last=Lussier |first=Germain |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Marvel's Agatha Harkness Show Gets Its Actual, Obvious Title |url=https://gizmodo.com/agatha-show-title-marvel-studios-agatha-all-along-disne-1851477385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514221940/https://gizmodo.com/agatha-show-title-marvel-studios-agatha-all-along-disne-1851477385 |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="OfficialTitleDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Campione |first=Katie |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Marvel Teases Disney+ Release Dates For 'Agatha All Along,' 'Daredevil: Born Again' & 'Ironheart' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/marvel-premiere-dates-agatha-all-along-daredevil-born-again-ironheart-1235916398/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514222058/https://deadline.com/2024/05/marvel-premiere-dates-agatha-all-along-daredevil-born-again-ironheart-1235916398/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="OfficialTitleCBR">{{Cite web |last=Dick |first=Jeremy |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Agatha Series Gets Final Title and Disney+ Premiere Date |url=https://www.cbr.com/agatha-series-disney-plus-premiere-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515131046/https://www.cbr.com/agatha-series-disney-plus-premiere-date/ |archive-date=May 15, 2024 |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LivanosTHRSep2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=September 6, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' EP Mary Livanos on the Ever-Changing Title Gag and Following Up a Chart-Topping Single |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/agatha-all-along-mary-livanos-1235994033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907042508/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/agatha-all-along-mary-livanos-1235994033/ |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |access-date=September 7, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>



<ref name="WGAWriters">{{Cite web |last=Loroff |first=Alex |date=May 20, 2022 |title=WandaVision, Moon Knight Writers Join Agatha: House of Harkness Series |url=https://movieweb.com/wandavision-moon-knight-writers-join-mcu-agatha-house-of-harkness-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520205528/https://movieweb.com/wandavision-moon-knight-writers-join-mcu-agatha-house-of-harkness-series/ |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyWriters">{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Verve Promotes TV Literary Agent Melissa Darman to Partner (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/verve-melissa-darman-2-1235340245/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812235640/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/verve-melissa-darman-2-1235340245/ |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=October 28, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="McDonnellVarietyProfile">{{Cite web |last=Hewitt |first=Zoe |date=November 22, 2023 |title=Variety's 10 Screenwriters to Watch for 2023 Include Scribes for 'The Marvels,' 'Rustin' and 'The Color Purple' – Megan McDonnell ("The Marvels") |url=https://variety.com/lists/variety-10-screenwriters-to-watch-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128145807/https://variety.com/lists/variety-10-screenwriters-to-watch-2023/ |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WinderbaumMar2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=March 18, 2024 |title='X-Men '97' EP Brad Winderbaum on Kevin Feige's Mandate and How 'Daredevil: Born Again' Updated MCU Canon |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/x-men-97-kevin-feige-1235855253/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318232417/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/x-men-97-kevin-feige-1235855253/ |archive-date=March 18, 2024 |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WGACredits">{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along – WGA Directory |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1253072/agatha-all-along |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829005102/https://directories.wga.org/project/1253072/agatha-all-along |archive-date=August 29, 2024 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |website=[[Writers Guild of America West]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EmpireJun2024">{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=June 28, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Sees The MCU Villain Gather Her Own Group Of 'Covenless Witches' – Exclusive Image |url=https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/agatha-all-along-mcu-villain-gather-covenless-witches-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628165600/https://www.empireonline.com/tv/news/agatha-all-along-mcu-villain-gather-covenless-witches-exclusive/ |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |access-date=June 28, 2024 |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WinderbaumMarvelPodcastJul2024">{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Tom |date=July 3, 2024 |title='Similar to X-Men 97': Marvel TV chief reveals how Daredevil: Born Again is taking cues from its hit Disney Plus cousin |url=https://www.techradar.com/streaming/disney-plus/similar-to-x-men-97-marvel-tv-chief-reveals-how-daredevil-born-again-is-taking-cues-from-its-hit-disney-plus-cousin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703153235/https://www.techradar.com/streaming/disney-plus/similar-to-x-men-97-marvel-tv-chief-reveals-how-daredevil-born-again-is-taking-cues-from-its-hit-disney-plus-cousin |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=July 3, 2024 |website=[[TechRadar]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MarvelPodcast">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08-RThfLl34 |title=Agatha Harkness: A Dark and Twisted History |date=August 28, 2024 |last=Marvel Entertainment |author-link=Marvel Entertainment |time=2:30–12:31 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Setting">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jenna |date=September 4, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Producer Mary Livanos Talks Bringing Westview Back |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-producer-mary-livanos-westview-return-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905115811/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-producer-mary-livanos-westview-return-mcu/ |archive-date=September 5, 2024 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SchaefferEWSep2024">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=September 4, 2024 |title=How Marvel expands 'the WandaVision corner' of the MCU with Agatha All Along and Vision Quest |url=https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-vision-quest-expanding-wandavision-corner-of-marvel-universe-8705558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904165829/https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-vision-quest-expanding-wandavision-corner-of-marvel-universe-8705558 |archive-date=September 4, 2024 |access-date=September 4, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EWWitchInspiration">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=September 6, 2024 |title=How Agatha All Along channels the history of iconic pop culture witches |url=https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-channels-pop-culture-witches-exclusive-photos-8703534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907070919/https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-channels-pop-culture-witches-exclusive-photos-8703534 |archive-date=September 7, 2024 |access-date=September 7, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SchaefferTHRSep2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Brian |date=September 10, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Creator Jac Schaeffer Took Steps to Prevent a Repeat of 'WandaVision' Fan Theory Commotion |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/agatha-all-along-wandavision-fan-theories-1235997035/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913202130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/agatha-all-along-wandavision-fan-theories-1235997035/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Timeline">{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Richard |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Review: Marvel Kicks Off Spooky Season Correctly but Slowly |url=https://movieweb.com/agatha-all-along-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919052407/https://movieweb.com/agatha-all-along-review/ |archive-date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=[[MovieWeb]]}}</ref>

<ref name="MontiWandaVision">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Brandon |date=March 10, 2021 |title=WandaVision Writer Reveals Awesome Origin Story of Vision's "Grief" Line |url=https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/wandavision-grief-love-persevering-quote-writer-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230325003918/https://comicbook.com/marvel/news/wandavision-grief-love-persevering-quote-writer-interview/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KingRostovsky">{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Andi |date=September 23, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Showrunner Unpacks Episode 2: That Song, Teen's Sigil and the Salem Seven |url=https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-episode-2-song-teen-sigil-explained-jac-schaeffer-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240930175549/https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-episode-2-song-teen-sigil-explained-jac-schaeffer-interview/ |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |access-date=October 12, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NoThanos">{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Dais |date=October 25, 2024 |title=''Agatha All Along'' Showrunner Shuts Down A Huge Thanos Theory |url=https://www.inverse.com/entertainment/jac-schaeffer-teases-more-death-no-thanos-in-agatha-all-alongs-finale |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Ford">{{Cite magazine |last=Breznican |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Breznican |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Emma Caulfield Ford Is Fighting MS, but "Not Crumbling" in Fear |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/10/emma-caulfield-ford-ms-interview |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004144229/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/10/emma-caulfield-ford-ms-interview |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Locke">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=November 1, 2022 |title='Heartstopper' Star Joe Locke Joins 'WandaVision' Spinoff 'Agatha: Coven of Chaos' for Disney+ (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/heartstopper-joe-locke-wandavision-spinoff-agatha-coven-of-chaos-disney-plus-1235418355/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101161228/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/heartstopper-joe-locke-wandavision-spinoff-agatha-coven-of-chaos-disney-plus-1235418355/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LockeDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=November 1, 2022 |title='Agatha: Coven Of Chaos': Joe Locke Cast In Disney+/Marvel Series |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-joe-locke-cast-in-disney-marvel-series-1235160258/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101162955/https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-joe-locke-cast-in-disney-marvel-series-1235160258/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Plaza">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Aubrey Plaza Joins 'Agatha: Coven Of Chaos' Marvel Series For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/aubrey-plaza-joins-agatha-coven-of-chaos-marvel-series-for-disney-1235161846/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102231157/https://deadline.com/2022/11/aubrey-plaza-joins-agatha-coven-of-chaos-marvel-series-for-disney-1235161846/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AhnDizzia">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=November 3, 2022 |title='Agatha: Coven Of Chaos': Ali Ahn & Maria Dizzia Cast In 'WandaVision' Marvel Spinoff For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-ali-ahn-maria-dizzia-cast-wandavision-spinoff-1235162743/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103190936/https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-ali-ahn-maria-dizzia-cast-wandavision-spinoff-1235162743/ |archive-date=November 3, 2022 |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Zamata">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=November 7, 2022 |title='Agatha: Coven Of Chaos': Sasheer Zamata Added To 'WandaVision' Marvel Spinoff For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-sasheer-zamata-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-plus-1235165802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107235606/https://deadline.com/2022/11/agatha-coven-of-chaos-sasheer-zamata-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-plus-1235165802/ |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=November 7, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="LuPone">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=December 21, 2022 |title='Agatha: Coven Of Chaos': Patti LuPone Joins 'WandaVision' Marvel Spinoff For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2022/12/agatha-coven-of-chaos-patti-lupone-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-plus-1235204435/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221200348/https://deadline.com/2022/12/agatha-coven-of-chaos-patti-lupone-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-plus-1235204435/ |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=December 21, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Rupp">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=January 3, 2023 |title='Agatha: Coven Of Chaos': Debra Jo Rupp Joins 'WandaVision' Marvel Spinoff For Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/agatha-coven-of-chaos-debra-jo-rupp-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-pls-mrs-hart-1235210760/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103233955/https://deadline.com/2023/01/agatha-coven-of-chaos-debra-jo-rupp-cast-wandavision-marvel-spinoff-disney-pls-mrs-hart-1235210760/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="SRCastNames">{{Cite web |last=Behbakht |first=Andy |date=January 13, 2023 |title=WandaVision's Agatha Spinoff Filming Start Date & Directors Revealed |url=https://screenrant.com/agatha-coven-chaos-filming-start-update-directors-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114065512/https://screenrant.com/agatha-coven-chaos-filming-start-update-directors-details/ |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref>

<ref name="GizmodoCastNames">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Justin |date=January 14, 2023 |title=Agatha: Coven of Chaos Conjures Up Its Directors and Supporting Cast |url=https://gizmodo.com/agatha-coven-of-chaos-mcu-directors-cast-1849989656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114215641/https://gizmodo.com/agatha-coven-of-chaos-mcu-directors-cast-1849989656 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2023 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Calderu">{{Cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Patti LuPone spills major secrets on ''Agatha: Coven of Chaos'' role as Lilia Calderu |url=https://ew.com/tv/agatha-coven-of-chaos-character-details-patti-lupone-lilia-calderu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170327/https://ew.com/tv/agatha-coven-of-chaos-character-details-patti-lupone-lilia-calderu/ |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |access-date=April 18, 2023 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ZamataAug2023">{{Cite web |last=Horne |first=Karama |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Sasheer Zamata talks 'Agatha: Coven of Chaos' and 'The First Woman' |url=https://mashable.com/article/sasheer-zamata-interview-the-first-woman |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814123638/https://mashable.com/article/sasheer-zamata-interview-the-first-woman |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref>

<ref name="NoMargolyes">{{Cite web |last=Kaloi |first=Stephanie |date=March 16, 2024 |title=Miriam Margolyes Turned Down Marvel 'Story About Witches' Over Shooting in Georgia: 'I Don't Like America' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/miriam-margolyes-turned-down-marvel-agatha/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316232217/https://www.thewrap.com/miriam-margolyes-turned-down-marvel-agatha/ |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |access-date=March 18, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WuGulliver">{{Cite web |last=Chaudhry |first=Anubhav |date=July 9, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along: Lilia Calderu, Wiccan & All Coven Members' Powers & Abilities Explained |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/guides/news/1794869-agatha-all-along-lilia-calderu-coven-of-chaos-members-wiccan-jennifer-kale-alice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709214205/https://www.comingsoon.net/guides/news/1794869-agatha-all-along-lilia-calderu-coven-of-chaos-members-wiccan-jennifer-kale-alice |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VidalOriginal">{{Cite web |last=Baculinao |first=Michael |date=August 14, 2023 |title=Aubrey Plaza's Agatha: Coven of Chaos Role Finally Revealed |url=https://epicstream.com/article/aubrey-plaza-agatha-coven-of-chaos-role |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709032502/https://epicstream.com/article/aubrey-plaza-agatha-coven-of-chaos-role |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |website=Epicstream}}</ref>



<ref name="Selon">{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2023 |title=Daniel Selon Portfolio |url=https://danielselon.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610120137/http://danielselon.com/ |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |access-date=June 25, 2023 |website=Daniel Selon Website}}</ref>

<ref name="Collins">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2023 |title=John Collins Portfolio |url=https://www.johnmcollins.com/resume |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701152022/http://www.johnmcollins.com/resume |archive-date=July 1, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |website=John Collins Website}}</ref>

<ref name="GizmodoCovenImage">{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Gordon |date=June 28, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Will Force Lone Wolf Witches to Work Together |url=https://gizmodo.com/agatha-all-along-wandavision-hahn-witches-marvel-disney-1851566531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628201110/https://gizmodo.com/agatha-all-along-wandavision-hahn-witches-marvel-disney-1851566531 |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>



<ref name="AJCFilming">{{Cite news |last=Ho |first=Rodney |date=October 20, 2022 |title=Disney+'s 'Agatha: Coven of Chaos' starring Kathryn Hahn shooting in Atlanta |url=https://www.ajc.com/life/radiotvtalk-blog/disneys-agatha-coven-of-chaos-starring-kathryn-hahn-shooting-in-atlanta/QJZNUEOVSNFKDMO7EGCP4IUZSU/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022002818/https://www.ajc.com/life/radiotvtalk-blog/disneys-agatha-coven-of-chaos-starring-kathryn-hahn-shooting-in-atlanta/QJZNUEOVSNFKDMO7EGCP4IUZSU/ |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |access-date=December 7, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingStart">{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2023 |title=Marvel's "Agatha: Coven of Chaos" Set to Begin Filming |url=https://www.motionpictures.org/2023/01/marvels-agatha-coven-of-chaos-begins-filming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117163410/https://www.motionpictures.org/2023/01/marvels-agatha-coven-of-chaos-begins-filming/ |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 18, 2023 |website=The Credits |publisher=[[Motion Picture Association]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Heymann">{{Cite Instagram |postid=CnkXH75v1r2 |user=gandjamonteiro |title=The news is finally out!!! I'm so excited and humbled to be working with this crew of incredible artists !!! I LOVED WandaVision and am a massive fan of Jac Schaeffer and Mary Livanos. And @rachelgoldbergdirector !!! My AFI DWW sister. ❤️ and the epic @calebheymann ❤️ @marvel #Agatha #kathrynhahn |first=Gandja |last=Monteiro |date=January 21, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="WGAStrikeImpact">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=May 5, 2023 |title=Marvel Hits Pause on 'Blade' Due to Writers Strike (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-blade-delayed-writers-strike-1235480828/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505224102/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvels-blade-delayed-writers-strike-1235480828/ |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingWrap">{{Cite web |last=Rajput |first=Priyanca |date=May 30, 2023 |title=Marvel's Agatha: Coven of Chaos series wraps filming in Atlanta for Disney+ |url=https://www.kftv.com/news/2023/05/30/marvels-agatha-coven-of-chaos-series-wraps-filming-in-atlanta-for-disney |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530154540/https://www.kftv.com/news/2023/05/30/marvels-agatha-coven-of-chaos-series-wraps-filming-in-atlanta-for-disney |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |access-date=May 30, 2023 |website=[[Kemps Film and TV Production Services Handbook]]}}</ref>

<ref name="RuppWVS2">{{Cite magazine |last=Stanmeyer |first=Anastasia |date=February 23, 2023 |title=10 Minutes with Debra Jo Rupp |url=https://www.berkshiremag.com/post/10-minutes-with-debra-jo-rupp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006201052/https://www.berkshiremag.com/post/10-minutes-with-debra-jo-rupp |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |magazine=Berkshire Magazine}}</ref>

<ref name="Chema">{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2023 |title=Jon Chema Portfolio |url=http://www.jonchema.com/narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902125344/http://www.jonchema.com/narrative |archive-date=September 2, 2023 |access-date=September 2, 2023 |website=Jon Chema Website}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee">{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Isiah Donté Lee Portfolio |url=https://dontelee.com/#work |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130135504/https://dontelee.com/#work |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |website=Isiah Donté Lee Website}}</ref>

<ref name="HahnPickups">{{Cite web |last=Freitag |first=Lee |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Agatha: Darkhold Diaries Gets an Exciting Production Update |url=https://www.cbr.com/agatha-darkhold-diaries-production-update-kathryn-hahn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116163855/https://www.cbr.com/agatha-darkhold-diaries-production-update-kathryn-hahn/ |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |access-date=January 16, 2024 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Reshoots">{{Cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=Couch |first2=Aaron |date=February 21, 2024 |title=How Marvel Is Quietly Retooling Amid Superhero Fatigue |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-fantastic-four-avengers-movies-1235830951/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221152116/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-fantastic-four-avengers-movies-1235830951/ |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=February 21, 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PlazaMay2024">{{Cite web |last=Blyth |first=Antonia |date=May 13, 2024 |title=Cannes Cover Story: Aubrey Plaza Says Francis Coppola 'Doesn't Need My Defense', Reveals the 'Collaboration and Experimentation' of ''Megalopolis'' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/aubrey-plaza-interview-megalopolis-francis-ford-coppola-1235904319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514073811/https://deadline.com/2024/05/aubrey-plaza-interview-megalopolis-francis-ford-coppola-1235904319/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HahnPracticalMagic">{{Cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |last2=Sitek |first2=Natalie |date=May 14, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Stars Kathryn Hahn, Joe Locke & Patti LuPone Tease Disney+ Series: "It Looks Like A 100 Million Dollar Movie" |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/agatha-all-along-kathryn-hahn-joe-locke-patti-lupone-tease-disney-series-1235916758/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521041159/https://deadline.com/2024/05/agatha-all-along-kathryn-hahn-joe-locke-patti-lupone-tease-disney-series-1235916758/ |archive-date=May 21, 2024 |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>



<ref name="Gross">{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Andi |date=September 23, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Showrunner Breaks Down That Premiere Episode: True Crime, Sexual Tension and Mr. Scratchy |url=https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-episode-1-recap-jac-schaeffer-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923153339/https://www.thewrap.com/agatha-all-along-episode-1-recap-jac-schaeffer-interview/ |archive-date=September 23, 2024 |access-date=September 26, 2024 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref>

<ref name="CueninNaimy">{{Cite Instagram |postid=C__AMFruIHU |user=utaproductionarts |title=Directors of Photography Caleb Heymann and Isiah Donte Lee and Editors Libby Cuenin and Dane R. Naimy brought their talents to AGATHA ALL ALONG, a magical TV miniseries created by Jac Schaeffer set in the Marvel universe. |author-link=United Talent Agency |date=September 16, 2024 |access-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240926053522/https://www.instagram.com/utaproductionarts/reel/C__AMFruIHU/ |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>



<ref name="ArtOfVFX">{{Cite web |last=Frei |first=Vincent |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along |url=https://www.artofvfx.com/agatha-all-along/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712171124/https://www.artofvfx.com/agatha-all-along/ |archive-date=July 12, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024 |website=Art of VFX}}</ref>



<ref name="HahnSongTease">{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=January 14, 2023 |title=Agatha: Coven of Chaos Marvel Spinoff May Feature 'A Little Song Here or There,' Kathryn Hahn Hints |url=https://tvline.com/2023/01/14/agatha-coven-of-chaos-musical-wandavision-spinoff-kathryn-hahn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114221944/https://tvline.com/2023/01/14/agatha-coven-of-chaos-musical-wandavision-spinoff-kathryn-hahn/ |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2023 |website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Beck">{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2023 |title=Christophe Beck to Score Marvel Studios' 'Agatha: Coven of Chaos' |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/03/20/christophe-beck-to-score-marvel-studios-agatha-coven-of-chaos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004008/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2023/03/20/christophe-beck-to-score-marvel-studios-agatha-coven-of-chaos/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=Film Music Reporter}}</ref>

<ref name="LuPoneTHRApr2023">{{Cite web |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=April 24, 2023 |title=Patti LuPone on Her 'Beau is Afraid' Role, Upcoming Marvel Show and Why She's Done With Broadway |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/patti-lupone-beau-is-afraid-1235375574/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424170416/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/patti-lupone-beau-is-afraid-1235375574/ |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |access-date=April 24, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Paraskevas">{{Cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Latasha |last2=Davidson |first2=Denton |date=September 17, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' premiere: Watch red carpet interviews with Kathryn Hahn, Joe Locke, Sasheer Zamata |url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/agatha-all-along-premiere-red-carpet-interviews-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917180920/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/agatha-all-along-premiere-red-carpet-interviews-watch/ |archive-date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |website=[[Gold Derby]]}}</ref>

<ref name="BalladofWitches">{{Cite web |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=September 19, 2024 |title=Listen to 'The Ballad of the Witches' Road' and More Music from 'Agatha All Along' |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/listen-to-agatha-all-along-music-the-ballad-of-the-witches-road |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920212113/https://www.marvel.com/articles/tv-shows/listen-to-agatha-all-along-music-the-ballad-of-the-witches-road |archive-date=September 20, 2024 |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="AgathaTheme">{{Cite web |date=September 19, 2024 |title=Christophe Beck's & Michael Paraskevas' 'Agatha's Theme' from Marvel's 'Agatha All Along' Released |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/09/19/christophe-becks-michael-paraskevas-agathas-theme-from-marvels-agatha-all-along-score-released/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919222355/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/09/19/christophe-becks-michael-paraskevas-agathas-theme-from-marvels-agatha-all-along-score-released/ |archive-date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Film Music Reporter}}</ref>

<ref name="SoundtrackVol1">{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Volume 1 (Episodes 1-5) Soundtrack Album Details |url=https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/10/10/agatha-all-along-volume-1-episodes-1-5-soundtrack-album-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010201146/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2024/10/10/agatha-all-along-volume-1-episodes-1-5-soundtrack-album-details/ |archive-date=October 10, 2024 |access-date=October 10, 2024 |website=Film Music Reporter}}</ref>



<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturette">{{Cite web |last=Iannucci |first=Rebecca |date=November 27, 2023 |title=WandaVision Steelbook Release Includes First Glimpse at Agatha Spinoff Footage — Watch (Exclusive) |url=https://tvline.com/previews/wandavision-agatha-spinoff-darkhold-diaries-teaser-preview-video-1235089443/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128132532/https://tvline.com/previews/wandavision-agatha-spinoff-darkhold-diaries-teaser-preview-video-1235089443/ |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=[[TVLine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="WVPhysicalFeaturetteDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Tinoco |first=Armando |date=November 27, 2023 |title='Agatha: Darkhold Diaries': First Look At Behind-The-Scenes Filming Of 'WandaVision' Spinoff At Disney+ |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/agatha-darkhold-diaries-first-look-filming-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-1235639912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128050757/https://deadline.com/2023/11/agatha-darkhold-diaries-first-look-filming-wandavision-spinoff-disney-plus-1235639912/ |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="OfficialTitleVariety">{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=May 14, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Sets September Premiere Date on Disney+ |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-premiere-date-disney-plus-1236003635/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214839/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-premiere-date-disney-plus-1236003635/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="DisneyUpfrontMay2024">{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Lynette |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Disney Upfront Highlights: Here's What Happened At North Javits Center With Bob Iger, Emma Stone, Ryan Reynolds & First Golden Bachelorette |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/disney-upfront-2024-new-york-city-recap-1235916159/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514215322/https://deadline.com/2024/05/disney-upfront-2024-new-york-city-recap-1235916159/ |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |access-date=May 15, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyTeaser">{{Cite web |last=Zee |first=Michaela |date=July 8, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Trailer: Kathryn Hahn Investigates Wanda's Dead Body and Teams Up With a Witchy Aubrey Plaza in 'WandaVision' Spinoff |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-trailer-marvel-wandavision-kathryn-hahn-1235320185/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708201525/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-trailer-marvel-wandavision-kathryn-hahn-1235320185/ |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TheVergeTeaser">{{Cite web |last=Pulliam-Moore |first=Charles |date=July 8, 2024 |title=The witch is back in Agatha All Along's first trailer |url=https://www.theverge.com/24194262/agatha-all-along-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708174804/https://www.theverge.com/24194262/agatha-all-along-trailer |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=July 8, 2024 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ArsTechnicaTeaser">{{Cite web |last=Ouellette |first=Jennifer |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Kathryn Hahn is ready to walk the Witch's Road in Agatha All Along trailer |url=https://arstechnica.com/culture/2024/07/kathryn-hahn-is-ready-to-walk-the-witchs-road-in-agatha-all-along-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708230834/https://arstechnica.com/culture/2024/07/kathryn-hahn-is-ready-to-walk-the-witchs-road-in-agatha-all-along-trailer/ |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KotakuTeaser">{{Cite web |last=Zwiezen |first=Zack |date=July 8, 2024 |title=First Teaser For Agatha All Along Promises Perfect Halloween TV |url=https://kotaku.com/halloween-agatha-all-along-wandavision-spin-off-trailer-1851581233 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709012428/https://kotaku.com/halloween-agatha-all-along-wandavision-spin-off-trailer-1851581233 |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=[[Kotaku]]}}</ref>

<ref name="HahnJKLSong">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Timothy |date=July 11, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along Star Kathryn Hahn Sings a Recap of the Entire Marvel Cinematic Universe |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-kathryn-hahn-marvel-universe-recap-song-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711233549/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/agatha-all-along-kathryn-hahn-marvel-universe-recap-song-mcu/ |archive-date=July 11, 2024 |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="VarietyTrailerD23">{{Cite magazine |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |last2=Moreau |first2=Jordan |date=August 9, 2024 |title='Agatha All Along' Trailer Drops New Spooky Song and Murderous Coven of Evil Witches |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-trailer-song-witches-1236084902/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811151026/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/agatha-all-along-trailer-song-witches-1236084902/ |archive-date=August 11, 2024 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="/FilmTrailerD23">{{Cite web |last=Starner |first=Nina |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Agatha All Along Trailer: WandaVision's Evil Witch Brings Halloween Vibes To The MCU [D23] |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1639138/agatha-all-along-trailer-halloween-mcu-d23/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811025802/https://www.slashfilm.com/1639138/agatha-all-along-trailer-halloween-mcu-d23/ |archive-date=August 11, 2024 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="EWTrailerD23">{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=August 10, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along trailer sees Kathryn Hahn channeling Wicked Witch of the West |url=https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-trailer-kathryn-hahn-joe-locke-d23-8693175 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811155441/https://ew.com/agatha-all-along-trailer-kathryn-hahn-joe-locke-d23-8693175 |archive-date=August 11, 2024 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref>



<ref name="SDCC2022">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=July 23, 2022 |title=Marvel Studios' Phases 5 and 6: Everything We Learned at Comic-Con About the Multiverse Saga |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/marvel-studios-phase-5-phase-6-multiverse-saga-comic-con-1235323893/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724165117/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/marvel-studios-phase-5-phase-6-multiverse-saga-comic-con-1235323893/ |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

<ref name="THROutputRethinkFeb2023">{{Cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=February 16, 2023 |title=How Much Is Too Much Marvel and 'Star Wars'? Disney Rethinks Franchise Output |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-star-wars-tv-shows-movies-slowdown-1235326681/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216152056/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/marvel-star-wars-tv-shows-movies-slowdown-1235326681/ |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

<ref name="TwoEpisodeFinale">{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Timothy |date=September 13, 2024 |title=Marvel Announces Agatha All Along Two-Episode Finale on Devil's Night |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/marvel-agatha-all-along-two-episode-finale-devils-night-mcu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913205329/https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/marvel-agatha-all-along-two-episode-finale-devils-night-mcu/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |website=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="PolygonTeaser">{{Cite web |last=Polo |first=Susana |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Agatha All Along brings a whole coven of witches (and one demiurge) to the MCU |url=https://www.polygon.com/24194273/agatha-all-along-teaser-wandavision |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709050022/https://www.polygon.com/24194273/agatha-all-along-teaser-wandavision |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}} at [[Marvel.com]]
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Disney+ series}}

{{Navboxes
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Wheel of the Year

2024-10-30T01:14:55Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Beltane (May Day) */ revise

{{Short description|Annual cycle of seasonal festivals observed by modern pagans}}
{{Redirect|Sabbat|other uses of Sabbat|Sabbat (disambiguation)|Wheel of time|Wheel of time (disambiguation)|the song by GFriend|Walpurgis Night (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Wheel of the Year.png|thumb|349px|The '''Wheel of the Year''' in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Some Pagans in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] advance these dates six months to coincide with their own seasons.]]

The '''Wheel of the Year''' is an annual cycle of [[seasonal]] [[festival]]s, observed by a range of [[Modern paganism|modern pagan]]s, marking the [[year]]'s chief solar events ([[solstice]]s and [[equinox]]es) and the midpoints between them. Modern pagan observances are based to varying degrees on [[folk tradition]]s, regardless of the historical practices of world [[civilization]]s.<ref name="harvey_rpe">{{cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Graham |title=The Roots of Pagan Ecology |journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion |year=1994 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1080/13537909408580720}}</ref> [[Modern Paganism in the United Kingdom|British neopagans]] popularized the Wheel of the Year in the mid-20th century,<ref>{{cite podcast| url= https://druidcast.libsyn.com/druidcast_episode_1 | title= Druidcast Episode 1 | website= druidcast.libsyn.com | publisher= | host= | date= 1 Jun 2007 | time= | access-date= 22 June 2024}}</ref> combining the four solar events ("[[quarter days]]") marked by many European peoples, with the four midpoint festivals ("cross-quarter days") celebrated by [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]] peoples.<ref name="Williams 2013">{{cite web | last=Williams | first=Liz | title=Paganism, part 3: the Wheel of the Year | website=The Guardian | date=2013-07-29 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/29/paganism-part-3-wheel-year-dates | access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref>

Different paths of modern Paganism may vary regarding the precise timing of each observance, based on such distinctions as the [[lunar phase]] and [[Hemispheres of Earth|geographic hemisphere]]. Some [[Wiccans]] use the term '''sabbat''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|b|ə|t}}) to refer to each festival, represented as a [[spoke]] in the Wheel.<ref name=witchcraft_today>{{cite book|title=Witchcraft Today|first=Gerald|last=Gardner|page=147|year=1954}}</ref>

==Origins==
Seasonal festival activities of pagan peoples differed across [[Prehistoric Europe|ancient Europe]]. Among the British Isles, [[Anglo-Saxon]]s primarily marked the solar stations (solstices and equinoxes), while [[Insular Celts|Insular]] [[Celts|Celtic peoples]] marked the four midpoints between them.<ref name="Hutton">{{citation|last=Hutton |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Hutton |title=The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles |publisher=Oxford, Blackwell |isbn=0-631-18946-7 |pages=337–341|date=8 December 1993 }}</ref> The four Celtic festivals were known to the [[Gaels]] as [[Beltane]] (1 May), [[Lughnasadh]] (1 August), [[Samhain]] (1 November), and [[Imbolc]] (1 February).

Influential works such as ''[[The Golden Bough]]'' (1890) by [[James George Frazer]] explored various European seasonal festivals and their possible pagan roots. ''[[The Witch-Cult in Western Europe]]'' (1921) by [[Margaret Murray]] examined reports of the [[Witch trials in the early modern period|European witch trials]], including a 1661 trial record from [[Forfar]], Scotland, where the accused witch (Issobell Smyth) was alleged to attend witches meetings "[[Quarter days|every quarter]]" at [[Candlemas]] (2 February), [[Roodmas]] (3 May), [[Lammas]] (1 August), and [[Hallowmas]] (1 November).<ref>Kinloch, George Ritchie. ''Reliquiae Antiquae Scoticae''. Edinburgh, 1848.</ref> ''[[The White Goddess]]'' (1948) by [[Robert Graves]] suggested that, despite [[Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England|Christianisation]], the importance of agricultural and social cycles had preserved eight holidays of "the ancient British festal system", consisting of [[Candlemas]] (2 February), [[Lady Day]] (25 March), [[May Day]] (1 May), [[Midsummer Day]] (24 June), [[Lammas]] (1 August), [[Michaelmas]] (29 September), [[Halloween]] (31 October), and [[Christmas]] (25 December).<ref>Robert Graves, ''The White Goddess'', New York: Creative Age Press, 1948. Published in London by Faber & Faber.</ref>

[[File:Witches Hut 2006 side view.JPG|thumb|left|The Witches' Cottage, where the Bricket Wood coven celebrated their sabbats (2006)]]
Two [[neopagan]] streams in Britain popularised these seasonal festival calendars in the twentieth century: the [[Bricket Wood coven]], a [[Wicca]]n group founded by [[Gerald Gardner]], and the [[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]], a [[Druidry (modern)|neo-Druidic]] group founded by [[Ross Nichols]]. Legend holds that Gardner and Nichols harmonised an eight-fold calendar during a [[Naturism|naturist]] retreat, merging the four solar stations alongside their four midpoints as a unified festival cycle.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} Coordination eventually had the benefit of better aligning celebrations between the two neopagan groups.<ref name="lamond_fyw-p16">{{citation|last=Lamond |first=Frederic |title=Fifty Years of Wicca |year=2004 |location=Sutton Mallet, England |publisher=Green Magic |isbn=0-9547230-1-5 |pages=16–17}}</ref> Gardner's first publications refer to the Celtic festivals as "May eve, August eve, November eve (Hallowe'en), and February eve".<ref name=witchcraft_today/>

The phrase 'Wheel of the Year' was in use by the mid-1960s to describe an annual cycle of eight observances.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Witchcraft, the Sixth Sense—and Us|last=Glass|first=Justine|publisher=Neville Spearman|year=1965|location=London|pages=98}}</ref> Prominent Wiccan [[Aidan Kelly]] gave names to the Wiccan summer solstice (Litha) and equinox holidays (Ostara and Mabon) in 1974, which were then promoted by [[Oberon Zell-Ravenheart|Timothy Zell]] through his ''[[Green Egg]]'' magazine.<ref name=kelly>Kelly, Aidan. [https://www.patheos.com/blogs/aidankelly/2017/05/naming-ostara-litha-mabon/ About Naming Ostara, Litha, and Mabon]. Including Paganism. ''Patheos''. Accessed 8 May 2019.</ref> Popularisation of these names happened gradually; in her 1978 book ''Witchcraft For Tomorrow'', influential Wiccan author [[Doreen Valiente]] did not use Kelly's holiday names, instead simply identifying the solstices and equinoxes ("Lesser Sabbats") by their seasons.<ref name=beckett>Beckett, John. [https://www.patheos.com/blogs/johnbeckett/2018/09/enough-with-the-mabon-hate.html Enough With the Mabon Hate!] Under the Ancient Oaks. ''Patheos''. 11 Sep 2018.</ref> Valiente identified the four "Greater Sabbats", or fire festivals, by the names Candlemas, May Eve, Lammas, and Hallowe'en, while also naming their Gaelic counterparts Imbolc, Beltane, Lughnasa, and Samhain.<ref name=valiente_tomorrow>Valiente, Doreen. 1978. ''Witchcraft For Tomorrow''. London: Robert Hale Limited.</ref>

Due to early Wicca's influence on modern paganism and the [[syncretic]] adoption of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic motifs, Wheel of the Year festival names in English commonly combine the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] names used by Gardner and the [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]-derived names introduced by Kelly, regardless whether local celebrations are based on those cultures.

==Festivals==
[[File:Eight-spoked wheel.svg|thumb|right|The eight-armed [[sun cross]] is often used to represent the modern pagan Wheel of the Year.]]
[[File:Phases of the Sun (NHemi).png|thumb|right|The annual cycle of insolation for the northern hemisphere (Sun energy, shown in blue) with key points for seasons (middle), [[quarter days]] (top) and cross-quarter days (bottom) along with months (lower) and Zodiac houses (upper). The cycle of temperature (shown in pink) is delayed by [[seasonal lag]].]]
In many traditions of [[Modern Paganism|modern pagan]] [[Religious cosmology|cosmology]], all things are considered to be cyclical, with time as a perpetual cycle of growth and retreat tied to the [[Sun]]'s annual [[Death-rebirth deity|death and rebirth]]. This cycle is also viewed as a [[Macrocosm and microcosm|micro- and macrocosm]] of other life cycles in an immeasurable [[Recursion|series]] of cycles composing the Universe. The days that fall on the landmarks of the yearly cycle traditionally mark the beginnings and middles of the four [[season]]s. They are regarded with significance and host to major communal festivals. These eight festivals are the most common times for community celebrations.<ref name="harvey_rpe"/><ref name="Zell (2006):the Wheel">{{cite book |last1=Zell-Ravenheart |first1=Oberon |author-link=Oberon Zell-Ravenheart |last2=Zell-Ravenheart |first2=Morning Glory |title=Creating Circles & Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons And Reasons |year=2006 |publisher=Book-Mart Press |editor=Kirsten Dalley and Artemisia |page=192 |chapter=Book III: Wheel of the Year |isbn=1-56414-864-5}}</ref><ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival>{{cite book |last= Drury |first=Nevill |editor1-last=Pizza |editor1-first=Murphy |editor2-last=Lewis |editor2-first=James R |title=Handbook of Contemporary Paganism |year=2009 |chapter=The Modern Magical Revival: Esbats and Sabbats|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwzttsI9-NwC |pages=63–67 |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004163737}}</ref>

In addition to the quarter and cross-quarter days, other festivals may also be celebrated throughout the year, especially in the context of [[polytheistic reconstructionism]] and other [[Ethnic religion|ethnic]] traditions. While festivals of the Wheel are steeped in solar [[mythology]] and [[symbol]]ism, many Wiccan [[esbat]]s are commonly based on [[lunar cycle]]s. Together, they represent the most common celebrations in Wiccan-influenced forms of modern paganism, especially in [[Neopagan witchcraft]] groups.<ref name="Zell (2006):the Wheel"/><ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival />

===Winter Solstice (Midwinter / Yule)===
{{Main|Winter solstice|Yule}}
{{see also|Midwinter|Brumalia|Saturnalia}}

The [[winter solstice]], falling on or about 21 December in the Northern hemisphere, is celebrated by neopagans under various names, including ''[[Midwinter]]'' and ''[[Yule]]''. A name used by neo-druids is ''[[Alban Arthan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.druidry.org/druid-way/teaching-and-practice/druid-festivals/winter-solstice-alban-arthan|title=Winter Solstice - Alban Arthan|date=2012-01-10|website=Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

It has been recognised as a significant turning point in the yearly cycle since the [[Neolithic|late Stone Age]]. Ancient [[megalith]]ic sites [[Newgrange]] and [[Stonehenge]] were carefully aligned with the winter solstice sunrise and sunset.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Anthony |title=Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2008 |pages=252–253 |isbn=978-0-500-05155-9}}</ref> While commonly referred to as "Yule", after the Germanic and later Northern European winter festival of the same name, those celebrations by [[Germanic paganism|Germanic heathens]] likely followed the [[Christianisation of the Germanic peoples]]. Historical sources indicate those observances coinciding with the full moon of the lunisolar month following the winter solstice, ranging between January 5 and February 2 in the Gregorian calendar.<ref name=Nordberg>{{cite journal |last1=Nordberg |first1=Andreas |title=Jul, disting och förkyrklig tideräkning |journal=Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi |date=2006 |volume=91 |pages=155–156|url=https://www.academia.edu/1366945}}</ref> The reversal of the [[Sun]]'s ebbing presence in the sky symbolises the [[Death-rebirth deity|rebirth of the solar god]] and presages the return of fertile seasons.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} From Germanic to Roman tradition, this is the most important time of celebration.<ref name="Zell 2006:Yule">{{cite book |last1=Zell-Ravenheart |first1=Oberon |last2=Zell-Ravenheart |first2=Morning Glory |title=Creating Circles & Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons And Reasons |year=2006 |publisher=Career Press |pages=250–252 |chapter=7. Yule (Winter Solstice) |isbn=1-56414-864-5}}</ref><ref name="OEAGR">{{cite book |last=Gagarin |first=Michael |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome: Volume 1 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=231 |chapter=S |isbn=978-0-19517-072-6}}</ref>

Practices vary, but [[Sacrifice|sacrifice offerings]], feasting, and gift giving are common elements of Midwinter festivities. Bringing sprigs and wreaths of [[evergreen]]ery (such as [[holly]], [[ivy]], [[mistletoe]], [[Taxus|yew]], and [[pine]]) into the home and tree decorating are also common during this time.<ref name="Zell 2006:Yule"/><ref name="ERE6 Gifts">{{cite book |last=Selbie |first=John A. |title=Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 6 |year=1914 |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]; [[T. & T. Clark]] |location=[[New York City|New York]]; [[Edinburgh]] |editor-last=Hastings |editor-first=James |editor-link=James Hastings |page=212 |chapter=Gifts (Greek and Roman) |title-link=Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics}}</ref><ref name="Harvey 2000:Midwinter">{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Graham |title=Contemporary Paganism: Listening People, Speaking Earth |year=2000 |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |pages=6–8 |chapter=1: Celebrating the Seasons |isbn=0-8147-3549-5}}</ref>

===Imbolc (Candlemas)===
{{main|Imbolc|Candlemas}}
{{see also|Dísablót}}
''Imbolc'' is the traditional Gaelic name for 1 February and traditionally marks the first stirrings of [[Spring (season)|spring]]. In Christianity it is [[Brigid of Kildare|Saint Brigid's]] Day, while 2 February is [[Candlemas]]. It aligns with the contemporary observance of [[Groundhog Day]]. It is time for purification and [[spring cleaning]] in anticipation of the year's new life. In ancient Rome, it was a shepherd's holiday,<ref name="Plutarch">{{cite book |last=Plutarch |title=Life of Caesar |series=[[Parallel Lives]] |volume=[[Alexander and Caesar]] |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#61}}</ref> while the Gaels associated it with the onset of ewes' lactation, prior to birthing the spring lambs.<ref name="Chadwick and Cunliffe">{{Cite book |last1=Chadwick |first1=Nora K. |last2=Cunliffe |first2=Barry |title=The Celts |year=1970 |publisher=Penguin |location=Harmondsworth |page=181 |isbn=0-14-021211-6}}</ref><ref name="Rabinovitch and Lewis:232">{{cite book |last1=Rabinovitch |first1=Shelley T. |last2=Lewis |first2=James R. |title=The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism |year=2004 |publisher=[[Citadel Press]] |pages=232–233 |isbn=0-8065-2407-3}}</ref>

For [[Celtic neopaganism|Celtic neopagans]], the festival is dedicated to the goddess [[Brigid]], daughter of [[The Dagda]] and one of the [[Tuatha Dé Danann]].<ref name="Rabinovitch and Lewis:232"/>

In the [[Reclaiming (neopaganism)|Reclaiming tradition]], this is the traditional time for pledges and rededications for the coming year<ref name=Starhawk>{{cite book |author=Starhawk |author-link=Starhawk |title=The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess |url=https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star/page/7 |url-access=registration |year=1979 |publisher=[[Harper and Row]] |location=New York, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star/page/7 7–186, 246] |edition=1989 revised |isbn=0-06-250814-8}}</ref> and for [[initiation]] among [[Dianic Wicca]]ns.<ref name="Budapest 1980">{{cite book |last=Budapest |first=Zsuzsanna E. |title=The Holy Book of Women's Mysteries |year=1980 |publisher=Wingbow Press |isbn=0-914728-67-9}}</ref>

===Spring Equinox (Ostara)===
{{main|March equinox}}
{{see also|Liberalia|Hilaria|Nowruz}}
''Ostara'' is a name for the [[March equinox|spring equinox]] in some modern pagan traditions. The term is derived from a reconstruction produced by linguist [[Jacob Grimm]] of an Old High German form of the Old English ''[[Ēostre]]'', an [[List of Anglo-Saxon gods|Anglo-Saxon goddess]] for whom, according to [[Bede]], feasts were held in her [[Ēosturmōnaþ|eponymous month]], which he equated to April in the [[Julian calendar]].<ref name=Sermon>{{cite journal |last1=Sermon |first1=Richard |title=Eostre and the Matronae Austriahenae |journal=Folklore |date=3 April 2022 |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=139–157 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2021.1959143 |s2cid=249536135 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0015587X.2021.1959143 |issn=0015-587X}}</ref>

Known as ''Alban Eilir'' in strands of neo-druidry, this holiday is the second of three spring celebrations (the midpoint between Imbolc and Beltane), during which light and darkness are again in balance, with light on the rise. It is a time of new beginnings and of life emerging further from the grips of winter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.druidry.org/druid-way/teaching-and-practice/druid-festivals/spring-equinox-alban-eilir/deeper-alban-eilir|title=Deeper into Alban Eilir|date=2012-01-18|website=Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

===Beltane (May Day)===
{{main|Beltane}}
{{see also|May Day|Floralia|Walpurgis Night}}
''Beltane'' comes from the Gaelic name for [[May Day]] ({{lang-ga|Bealtaine}} and {{lang-gd|Bealtainn}}), with Welsh names {{lang|cy|Calan Mai}}, {{lang|cy|Calan Haf}}, or {{lang|cy|Cyntefin}}. A mark of early summer, it is known as [[Walpurgis Night]] in [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] countries.<ref name="Zell (2006):Beltane">{{cite book |last1=Zell-Ravenheart |first1=Oberon |author-link=Oberon Zell-Ravenheart |last2=Zell-Ravenheart |first2=Morning Glory |title=Creating Circles & Ceremonies: Rituals for All Seasons And Reasons |year=2006 |publisher=Book-Mart Press |editor=Kirsten Dalley and Artemisia |pages=203–206 |chapter=Book III: Wheel of the Year |isbn=1-56414-864-5}}</ref>

Ancient Rome observed [[Floralia]] at the same time of year; following the [[Christianisation]] of Europe, the adapted May Day festival was generally associated with [[maypole]] dancing and the crowning of the [[Queen of the May|May Queen]].

Beltane is celebrated across many pagan traditions; in neo-druidry, it recognises the power of life in its fullness, the greening of the world, youthfulness, and flourishing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.druidry.org/druid-way/teaching-and-practice/druid-festivals/beltane/deeper-beltane|title=Deeper Into Beltane|date=2012-01-18|website=Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

===Summer Solstice (Midsummer / Litha)===
{{Main|Midsummer|Summer solstice}}
The [[summer solstice]], falling on or about 21 June in the Northern hemisphere, is celebrated by neopagans under various names, including ''[[Midsummer]]'' and ''Litha''. A name used by neo-druids is ''[[Alban Hefin]]''.

The name ''Litha'', is found in [[Bede]]'s ''[[The Reckoning of Time]]'' (''{{lang|la|De Temporum Ratione}}'', eighth century), which preserves a list of the (then-obsolete) Anglo-Saxon names for the months of the [[early Germanic calendar]]. ''{{lang|ang|Ærra Liða}}'' (''first'' or ''preceding'' ''{{lang|ang|Liða}}'') roughly corresponds to June in the [[Gregorian calendar]], and ''{{lang|ang|Æfterra Liða}}'' (''following'' ''{{lang|ang|Liða}}'') to July. Bede writes that "Litha means ''gentle'' or ''navigable'', because in both these months the calm breezes are gentle and they were wont to sail upon the smooth sea".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beda |first1=Venerabilis |title=Bede, the reckoning of time |date=1999 |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |location=Liverpool |page=54 |isbn=9781846312663}}</ref>

In some neo-druid traditions the festival is called ''Alban Hefin''. The sun in its greatest strength is greeted and celebrated on this holiday. While it is the time of greatest strength of the solar current, it also marks a turning point, for the sun also begins its time of decline as the wheel of the year turns. Arguably the most important neo-druidic festival, due to the focus on the sun and its light as a symbol of divine inspiration. Neo-druid groups frequently celebrate this event at Stonehenge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.druidry.org/druid-way/teaching-and-practice/druid-festivals/summer-solstice-alban-hefin/deeper-alban-hefin|title=Deeper into Alban Hefin|date=2012-01-18|website=Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref>

===Lughnasadh (Lammas)===
{{main|Lughnasadh|Lammas}}
''Lughnasadh'' or ''Lúnasa'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|n|æ|s|ə}}) is the Gaelic name for a [[harvest]] festival held on or around 1 August.<ref name="Hutton"/><ref name="SpiralDance lammas">Starhawk (1979, 1989) ''The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess''. New York, Harper and Row {{ISBN|0-06-250814-8}} pp.191-2 (revised edition)</ref> Its Welsh name is {{lang|cy|Calan Awst}}. In English it is ''[[Lammas]]''. Some Wiccan traditions base their celebrations on the Celtic deity [[Lugh]], for whom the holiday is named, while others draw on more eclectic sources. While ''Lughnasadh'' is one of the most common names for the holiday in Wicca currently, in early versions of Wiccan literature, the festival is referred to as ''August Eve''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/gbos/gbos10.htm|title=Gardnerian Book of Shadows: The Sabbat Rituals: August Eve|website=www.sacred-texts.com|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

Lammas is often referenced interchangeably with Lughnasadh, though the two are sometimes recognised as distinct and separate holidays. While Lughnasadh has Celtic origins, Lammas has Anglo-Saxon origins, and was often marked with the blessing of loaves of bread by the church. The name ''Lammas'' (contraction of ''loaf mass'') implies it is an agrarian-based festival and feast of thanksgiving for grain and bread, which symbolises the first fruits of the harvest.<ref name="SpiralDance lammas"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Lammas (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lammas&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=etymonline.com|access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref>

===Autumn Equinox (Mabon)===
{{Main|September equinox}}
The holiday of the autumnal equinox is known variously among neopagans as ''Mabon'', ''Harvest Home'', or ''Feast of the Ingathering''. A name used by neo-druids is ''Alban Elfed''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Druid Calendar - The Eightfold Wheel of the Year |url=https://druidry.org/druid-way/teaching-and-practice/druid-festivals/the-eightfold-wheel-of-the-year |website=[[Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids]]}}</ref> It is a neopagan festival of thanksgiving for the fruits of the earth and a recognition of the need to share them to secure the blessings of the Goddess and the Gods during the coming winter months. The name ''Mabon'' was coined by [[Aidan Kelly]] around 1970 as a reference to {{lang|cy|[[Mabon ap Modron]]}}, a character from Welsh mythology.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zell-Ravenheart|first1=Oberon Zell-Ravenheart & Morning Glory|title=Creating circles & ceremonies : rituals for all seasons & reasons|date=2006|publisher=New Page Books|location=Franklin Lakes, NJ|isbn=1564148645|page=227}}</ref>

===Samhain (All Hallows)===
[[File:Candelabra and Grave Dirt (58205188).jpg|thumb|200px|Neopagans honoring the dead as part of a Samhain ritual]]
{{Main|Samhain|Halloween}}

''Samhain'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|w|ɪ|n}}), or ''Sauin'', is the name of a traditional Gaelic festival held around 1 November. Its Welsh name is {{lang|cy|Calan Gaeaf}}. For Wiccans, it is a time to celebrate the lives of those who have passed on, and it often involves paying respect to ancestors, family members, elders of the faith, friends, pets, and other loved ones who have died. Aligned with the contemporary observance of [[Halloween]] and [[Day of the Dead]], in some traditions the spirits of the departed are invited to attend the festivities. It is seen as a festival of darkness, which is balanced at the opposite point of the Wheel by the festival of [[Beltane]], which is celebrated as a festival of light and fertility.<ref name="SpiralDance samhain">Starhawk (1979, 1989) ''The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess''. New York, Harper and Row {{ISBN|0-06-250814-8}} pp.193-6 (revised edition)</ref> Many neopagans believe that the veil between this world and the afterlife is at its thinnest point of the year at Samhain, making it easier to communicate with those who have departed.<ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival />

Some authorities claim the Christian festival of [[All Hallows' Day]] (All Saints' Day, Hallowmas), and All Hallows' Eve, are [[Cultural appropriation|appropriations]] of Samhain by early Christian missionaries to the British Isles.<ref name="Smith2004">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|title=Women's History in Global Perspective|access-date=14 December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC |year=2004|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02931-8|page=66|quote=The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasise prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.}}</ref><ref name="Roberts1987">{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian K.|title=The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography|access-date=14 December 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-582-30143-6|quote=Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.}}</ref>

==Practice==
Celebration commonly takes place outdoors in the form of a communal gathering.

===Dates of celebration===
The precise dates on which festivals are celebrated often vary to some degree, as would the related agricultural milestones of the local region. Celebrations may occur on the astrologically precise quarter and cross-quarter days, the nearest [[full moon]], the nearest [[new moon]], or the nearest weekend for contemporary convenience. The festivals were originally celebrated by peoples in the [[middle latitudes]] of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Consequently, the traditional timing for seasonal celebrations do not align with the seasons in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] or near the equator. Pagans in the Southern Hemisphere often advance these dates by six months to coincide with their own seasons.<ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival /><ref>{{cite book |title=Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia |last=Hume |first=Lynne |year=1997 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=9780522847826}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vos|first=Donna|title=Dancing Under an African Moon: Paganism and Wicca in South Africa |year=2002|pages=79–86|publisher=Zebra Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=9781868726530}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bodsworth|first=Roxanne T|title=Sunwyse: Celebrating the Sacred Wheel of the Year in Australia |year=2003|publisher=Hihorse Publishing|location=Victoria, Australia|isbn=9780909223038}}</ref>

===Offerings===
[[File:Romuvan ceremony (6).PNG|thumb|[[Romuva (religion)|Romuva]] ceremony]]
{{See also|Blót|Holocaustos|Sacrificium Romanam|Thyesthai|Equus October|Ritual of oak and mistletoe|l1=Blótan}}
Offerings of food, [[libation|drink]], various objects, etc. have been central in [[ritual]] [[propitiation]] and [[Worship|veneration]] for millennia. Modern pagan practice strongly avoids [[Sacrifice|sacrificing]] animals in favour of grains, herbs, milk, wines, incense, baked goods, minerals, etc. The exception being with ritual feasts including [[ritual slaughter|meat]], where the inedible parts of the animal are often burned as offerings while the community eats the rest.<ref name="adf_nos">{{cite web|last=Thomas|first=Kirk|title=The Nature of Sacrifice|url=http://www.adf.org/articles/cosmology/nature-of-sacrifice.html|work=Cosmology|publisher=Ár nDraíocht Féin: A Druid Fellowship|access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bradbury|first=Scott|title=Julian's Pagan Revival and the Decline of Blood Sacrifice|journal=Phoenix|year=1995|volume=49|issue=4 (Winter)|pages=331–356|jstor=1088885|doi=10.2307/1088885}}</ref>

Sacrifices are typically offered to gods and [[Ancestor veneration|ancestor]]s by [[Burnt offering|burning]] them. Burying and leaving offerings in the open are also common in certain circumstances. The purpose of offering is to benefit the venerated, show gratitude, and give something back, strengthening the bonds between humans and divine and between members of a community.<ref name="adf_nos"/><ref>{{cite book|first1=Galina |last1=Krasskova |first2=Swain (forward) |last2=Wodening |title=Exploring the northern tradition: A guide to the gods, lore, rites, and celebrations from the Norse, German, and Anglo-Saxon traditions|date=2005|publisher=New Page Books|location=Franklin Lakes, NJ|isbn=9781435658943}}</ref><ref>Meuli 1946</ref>

===Heathen observances===
{{main|Heathen holidays}}
[[File:Heathen holidays.png|thumb|Holidays of the [[Ásatrú Alliance]],<ref name=AsatruHolidays />
with black text used for main terms, gray text for alternative terms, and purple for minor observances]]
[[Heathenry (new religious movement)|Heathens]] may add to the demarcations of the Wheel of the Year with various Days of Remembrance celebrating heroes of the [[Edda]] and the [[Saga]]s and figures of Germanic history such as [[Leif Ericson]], who explored [[Norse colonization of North America|parts of North America]]. Heathen organisations using the Wheel of the Year framework for their festival calendar include the Swedish group [[Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige]], the American inclusive group [[The Troth]], and the [[Völkisch#Modern usage in Heathenry|folkish]] [[Ásatrú Alliance]].<ref name="Årets högtider">{{cite web |title=Årets högtider, Samfundet Forn Sed Sverige |url=https://www.samfundetfornsed.se/blot/%C3%A5rets-h%C3%B6gtider-1283052 |website=www.samfundetfornsed.se |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asatru Holidays - The Troth - Inclusive Asatru and Heathenry |url=https://thetroth.org/resources/holidays/sigrblot |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=thetroth.org}}</ref><ref name=AsatruHolidays>{{cite web|title=Runic Era {{As written|Calender}} |url=http://asatru.org/holidays.php |publisher=asatru.org |access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Colours ===
According to some [[Neopagan witchcraft|pagan traditions]], for each holiday on the wheel, different [[Color|colours]] are displayed.<ref name="Mosely 10–13">{{Cite journal |last1=Mosely |first1=Spencer |last2=Johnson |first2=Pauline |last3=Koenig |first3=Hazel |date=September 1962 |title=Paper Decorating Ideas |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00119253.1962.10545389 |journal=Design |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=10–13 |doi=10.1080/00119253.1962.10545389 |issn=0011-9253}}</ref> This practice is not universal, however, and there are a wide range of ways which different sects or individuals would decorate for the sabbats.<ref name="Mosely 10–13"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Colour!! style="text-align:center;"|Holiday/Time of Year!! style="text-align:center;"|Significance
|-
| style="background:black;"|{{white|Black}}|
|[[Samhain]]
|Black is the primary colour of Samhain.<ref name="wikihow.com">{{Cite web |title=How to Celebrate Samhain: 12 Steps (with Pictures) |url=https://www.wikihow.com/Celebrate-Samhain |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=wikiHow }}</ref> Black symbolises the vastness and mystery of the [[Spirit world (Spiritualism)|spirit world]] (and the [[universe]] to a greater extent).<ref name="Yeats 1902 574">{{Cite journal |last=Yeats |first=W. B. |date=1902 |title=Notes: From "Samhain" |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20546256 |journal=All Ireland Review |volume=3 |issue=35 |pages=574–576 |doi=10.2307/20546256 |jstor=20546256 |issn=2009-2415}}</ref> It also represents the [[Death|dead]] and the [[Season|fading of light]] in the ‘dark half’ of the year.<ref name="Yeats 1902 574"/>
|-
| style="background:red;"|{{white|Red}}
|[[Beltane]], [[Yule]]
|In Beltane, red is symbolic of [[Physical strength|strength]], [[vitality]], [[Sexual arousal|sex and passion]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Habegger |first=Kimberly |title=Art as Reflection of the Rites and Rituals of Wine Consumption in Spain |date=2023-04-01 |work=Rites, Rituals & Religions |pages=6–16 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36tpj3q.7 |access-date=2024-06-24 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv36tpj3q.7 |isbn=978-1-78284-789-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-25 |title=Beltane April 30 - May 1 |url=https://www.goddessandgreenman.co.uk/blog/beltane-april-30---may-1 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.goddessandgreenman.co.uk }}</ref> as well as of [[bonfire]]s and other related symbols of the holiday. For Yule, [[Red in culture|red is symbolic of abundance]], prosperity and good tidings<ref name="Make Magic With the Colors of Yule">{{Cite web |title=Make Magic With the Colors of Yule |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/magical-colors-of-the-yule-season-2562957 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:gold;"|Gold
|[[Imbolc]], Yule
|For Imbolc, gold is symbolic of [[candle]] flames and light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imbolc Traditions and Customs |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/imbolc-traditions-and-customs-2562143 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> During Yule, gold is associated with the [[Sun]] and [[gift giving]]<ref name="Make Magic With the Colors of Yule"/>
|-
| White
|Imbolc
|White is the primary colour of Imbolc.<ref name="learnreligions.com">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the Imbolc Sabbat, February 2 |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/guide-to-celebrating-imbolc-2562102 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> Like gold, it symbolises [[light]] and candle flames.<ref name="learnreligions.com"/> It also symbolises the [[snow]], [[milk]] and [[Brigid]], along with other symbols of the [[Candlemas|season]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Pagan Imbolc Celebration |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/history-of-the-pagan-holiday-imbolc-2562118 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:darkgreen;"|{{white|Dark Green}}
|Yule
|In Yule, dark green symbolises the [[Evergreen|evergreen fauna]] which is used to decorate during the holiday - it is symbolic of [[wealth]] (gifts), [[nature]] and [[peace]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wiccan Wheel of the Year; Robin Wood |url=https://www.robinwood.com/LivingtreeGrove/BOS/BOSPages/WheelOfYear.html |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.robinwood.com}}</ref> In some traditions, dark green is representative of the [[Oak King]], who conquers the [[Holly King and Oak King|Holly King]] for dominance in the next half of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legend of the Holly King and the Oak King |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/holly-king-and-the-oak-king-2562991 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:lightgreen;"|Light Green
|[[Ostara]], [[Litha]], Beltane
|Light green is used in a wide range of holidays. For Ostara, light green is symbolic of the new [[Spring (season)|spring]] and the balance which nature brings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrate Ostara With Rites and Rituals |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/ostara-rites-and-rituals-2562469 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> In Litha, light green is also symbolic of balance and harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Great Ways to Celebrate Litha |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/great-ways-to-celebrate-litha-2562249 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> In Beltane, the colour has similar associations, but also of the [[wildness]] and raw energy of nature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Pagan Beltane Celebration |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/the-history-of-beltane-and-may-day-2561657 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:yellow;"|Yellow
|[[Litha]], [[Lughnasadh|Lughnasadh/Lammas]], Ostara
|Yellow is one of the most versatile colours, and used in a plethora of holidays. In Litha, yellow is the primary colour, and symbolic of the [[Sun]], joy and light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Customs and Traditions of Litha, the Summer Solstice |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/litha-customs-traditions-and-folklore-2561477 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> In Lughnasadh or [[Lammas]], yellow is symbolic of the [[grain]] the holiday [[Harvest festival|celebrates]] and the Sun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unknown |first=Unknown |date=March 7, 2013 |title=Celebrating Lammas, August 1st |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/celebrating-lammas-or-lughnasadh-in-august-2562156 |website=Learn Religions |access-date=24 June 2024 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624134058/https://www.learnreligions.com/celebrating-lammas-or-lughnasadh-in-august-2562156 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Ostara, it represents [[flower]]s and spring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything You Should Know About Ostara, the Spring Equinox |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/all-about-ostara-the-spring-equinox-2562471 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:orange;"|Orange
|[[September equinox|Mabon]], Samhain
|In Mabon, orange represents the [[season|changing of the season]] and the fading of light in the darker half of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Easy Decorating Ideas for Mabon |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/easy-decorating-ideas-for-mabon-2562269 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> For Samhain, the colour comes secondary to black,<ref name="wikihow.com"/> but has similar associations as in Mabon, and also represents [[flame]]s and a connection to the spirit world. In some sects the colour represents the Sun in [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]] when Yule arrives.<ref name="wikihow.com"/>
|-
| style="background:pink;"|Pink
|Ostara
|For Ostara, pink is symbolic of the flowers and new spring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Set Up Your Ostara Altar |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/setting-up-your-ostara-altar-2562484 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>
|-
| style="background:brown;"|{{white|Brown}}
|Mabon
|Brown is symbolic of the [[Autumn|fallen leaves]] and changing seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=How to Celebrate Mabon 2024 |url=https://www.mabonhouse.co/mabon |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Mabon House }}</ref>
|}
Many of these colours are also used in the different holidays interchangeably with the others, and colour decorations are not exclusively these colours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=13 Magical Colors to Use |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/color-magic-magical-correspondences-4105405 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref> However, it is widely believed that Samhain has a particular association with black (and orange) only.<ref name="wikihow.com"/> Colour associations vary across sects and practice, nor are they an integral part to a holiday. Some practitioners do not have colour associations for sabbats at all.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Things You Need to Know About Paganism |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/facts-about-paganism-and-wicca-2562832 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=Learn Religions }}</ref>

==Narratives==

===Celtic===
{{See also|Celtic mythology}}

It is a misconception in some quarters of the modern pagan community, influenced by the writings of [[Robert Graves]],<ref name="Hutton 1993:145">{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy |year=1993 |publisher=[[Blackwell publishing]] |location=[[Oxford]] |page=145 |isbn=0-631-18946-7}}</ref> that historical [[Celts]] had an overarching narrative for the entire cycle of the year. While the various [[Celtic calendar]]s include ''some'' cyclical patterns, and a belief in the balance of light and dark, these beliefs vary between the different [[Celtic polytheism|Celtic cultures]]. Modern [[Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism|preservationists and revivalists]] usually observe the four 'fire festivals' of the [[Gaels|Gaelic]] Calendar, and some also observe local festivals that are held on dates of significance in the different [[Celtic nations]].<ref name="Bonewits 2006">{{cite book |last=Bonewits |first=Isaac |title=Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism |year=2006 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Group |location=New York, New York |pages=179, 183–4, 128–140 |isbn=0-8065-2710-2}}</ref><ref name="McColman 2003">{{cite book |last=McColman |first=Carl |title=Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom |year=2003 |publisher=Alpha Press |pages=12, 51 |isbn=0-02-864417-4}}</ref>

===Slavic===
[[File:Kolomir00.jpg|thumb|150px|''Kołomir'' – the [[Slavs|Slavic]] example of Wheel of the Year indicating seasons of the year. Four-point and eight-point [[swastika]]-shaped wheels were more common.]]
{{See also|Slavic mythology}}
Slavic mythology tells of a persisting conflict involving [[Perun]], god of thunder and lightning, and [[Veles (god)|Veles]], the ''black god'' and ''horned god'' of the [[underworld]]. Enmity between the two is initiated by Veles' annual ascent up the [[world tree]] in the form of a [[Zmey|huge serpent]] and his ultimate theft of Perun's [[Cattle in religion|divine cattle]] from the heavenly domain. Perun retaliates to this challenge of the divine order by pursuing Veles, attacking with his lightning bolts from the sky. Veles taunts Perun and flees, transforming himself into various animals and hiding behind trees, houses, even people. (Lightning bolts striking down trees or homes were explained as results of this.) In the end Perun overcomes and defeats Veles, returning him to his place in the realm of the dead. Thus the order of the world is maintained.<ref name="cwm_sm">{{cite book |last=Leeming |first=David |title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[New York, New York]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/360 360] |chapter=A-Z Entries |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/360 |isbn=0-19-515669-2}}</ref><ref name="hlobil">{{cite book |last=Hlobil |first=Karel |title=Before You |year=2009 |publisher=[[Insomniac Press]] |chapter=Chapter Eleven:Slavic Mythology |isbn=978-1-92-658247-4}}</ref><ref name="sms_11">{{cite journal
|last=Lyle |first=Emily |title=Time and the Indo-European Gods in the Slavic Context. |journal=[[Studia Mythologica Slavica]]
|url=http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/11/SMS_11_Lyle.pdf |year=2008 |volume=11 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.3986/sms.v11i0.1691|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The idea that storms and thunder are actually divine battle is pivotal to the changing of the seasons. Dry periods are identified as chaotic results of Veles' thievery. This duality and conflict represents an opposition of the natural principles of earth, water, substance, and chaos (Veles) and of heaven, fire, spirit, order (Perun), not a clash of good and evil. The cosmic battle between the two also echoes the ancient [[Proto-Indo-European religion#Mythology|Indo-European narrative]] of a fight between the sky-borne storm god and [[chthonic]] [[dragon]].

On the ''great night'' ([[New Year]]), two children of Perun are born, [[Jarilo]], god of fertility and vegetation and son of the Moon, and [[Marzanna|Morana]], goddess of nature and death and daughter of the Sun. On the same night, the infant Jarilo is snatched and taken to the underworld, where Veles raises him as his own. At the time of the spring equinox, Jarilo returns across the sea from the world of the dead, bringing with him fertility and spring from the evergreen underworld into the realm of the living. He meets his sister Morana and courts her. With the beginning of summer, the two are married bringing fertility and abundance to Earth, ensuring a bountiful harvest. The union of Perun's kin and Veles' stepson brings peace between two great gods, staving off storms which could damage the harvest. After the harvest, however, Jarilo is unfaithful to his wife and she vengefully slays him, returning him to the underworld and renewing enmity between Perun and Veles. Without her husband, god of fertility and vegetation, Morana – and all of nature with her – withers and freezes in the ensuing winter. She grows into the old and dangerous goddess of darkness and frost, eventually dying by the year's end only to be reborn again with her brother in the new year.<ref name="cwm_sm"/><ref name="hlobil"/>

===Wicca and Druidry===
{{Wicca|expand=Holidays}}
[[File:Wheel of the Year.JPG|thumb|150px|Painted Wheel of the Year from the [[Museum of Witchcraft]], Boscastle]]
{{Further|Wiccan views of divinity}}
In [[Wicca]], the narrative of the Wheel of the Year traditionally centers on the [[sacred marriage]] of [[Wicca#The God and the Goddess|the God and the Goddess]] and the [[god]]/[[goddess]] duality. In this cycle, the God is perpetually born from the Goddess at Yule, grows in power at the [[vernal equinox (Northern Hemisphere)|vernal equinox]] (as does the Goddess, now in her ''maiden aspect''), courts and impregnates the Goddess at [[Beltane]], reaches his peak at the [[summer solstice]], wanes in power at [[Lammas]], passes into the underworld at [[Samhain]] (taking with him the fertility of the Goddess/Earth, who is now in her ''crone aspect'') until he is once again born from Her mother/crone aspect at Yule. The Goddess, in turn, ages and rejuvenates endlessly with the seasons, being courted by and giving birth to the [[Horned God]].<ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival /><ref>{{cite book|author=Vivianne Crowley|title=Wicca: The Old Religion in the New Age|location=London|publisher=Aquarian Press|year=1989|isbn=9780850307375|pages=162–200|author-link=Vivianne Crowley}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess: 20th Anniversary Edition|year=1999|publisher=HarperOne|location=San Francisco|isbn=9780062516329|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star_0/page/197 197–213]|author=Starhawk|author-link=Starhawk|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spiraldancerebir00star_0/page/197}}</ref>

Many Wiccan, [[modern Druids]], and eclectic modern pagans incorporate a narrative of the [[Holly King and Oak King]] as rulers of the waning year and the waxing year respectively. These two figures battle endlessly with the turning of the seasons. At the summer solstice, the Holly King defeats the Oak King and commences his reign.<ref name=fer>{{cite book|last1=Farrar|first1=Janet & Stewart Farrar; with line illustrations by Stewart|last2=Farrar|first2=photographs by Ian David & Stewart|title=A witches bible|date=1984|publisher=Magickal Childe|location=New York|isbn=093970806X}}</ref>{{rp|94}} After the [[Autumn equinox (Northern Hemisphere)|Autumn equinox]] the Oak King slowly begins to regain his power as the sun begins to wane. Come the [[winter solstice]] the Oak King in turn vanquishes the Holly King.<ref name=fer />{{rp|137}}After the [[spring equinox (Northern Hemisphere)|spring equinox]] the sun begins to wax again and the Holly King slowly regains his strength until he once again defeats the Oak King at the summer solstice. The two are ultimately seen as essential parts of a whole, light and dark aspects of the male God, and would not exist without each other.<ref name=DruryModernMagicalRevival /><ref name="Farrars 1988">{{cite book|author=Farrar, Janet and Stewart|title=Eight Sabbats for Witches, revised edition|publisher=Phoenix Publishing|year=1988|isbn=0-919345-26-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Joanne Pearson|title=A Popular Dictionary of Paganism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W02UMPejRwC |year=2002|pages=80|location=London|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd|isbn=9780700715916}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Carl McColman|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Paganism|location=Indianapolis, IN|publisher=Alpha|year=2002|isbn=9780028642666|pages=121}}</ref>

The Holly King is often portrayed as a woodsy figure, similar to the modern [[Santa Claus]], dressed in red with sprigs of holly in his hair and the Oak King as a [[fertility god]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Raven Grimassi |title=Encyclopedia of Wicca & Witchcraft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzp63ep-MlQC |year=2000|pages=219|location=St Paul, Minnesota|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=9781567182576}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wigington|first=Patti|title=The Legend of the Holly King and the Oak King|url=http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/yulethelongestnight/p/Holly_KIng_Yule.htm|publisher=paganwiccan.about.com|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129233157/http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/yulethelongestnight/p/Holly_KIng_Yule.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Ember days]], quarterly periods (usually three days) of [[prayer]] and [[fasting]] in the [[liturgical calendar]] of [[Western Christian]] churches.
* [[List of neo-pagan festivals and events]]
* [[Medicine wheel]], metaphor for a variety of [[Indigenous peoples of North America|Native American]] spiritual concepts
* [[Solar term]]s, year's divisions in China and East Asia


=== Calendars ===

* [[Celtic calendar]]
** [[Gaelic calendar]]
** [[Welsh seasonal festivals]]
* [[Germanic calendar]]
** [[Runic calendar]]
* [[Hellenic calendars]]
** [[Attic calendar]]
** [[Ancient Macedonian calendar|Macedonian calendar]]
* [[Roman calendar]]
** [[Roman festivals]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Wiccan holidays}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221107203437/https://archaeoastronomy.com/seasons.html Astronomical cusps and pagan holidays]
* [https://www.circlesanctuary.org/index.php/celebrating-the-seasons/celebrating-the-seasons Celebrating the Seasons at Circle Sanctuary]
* [https://sunmooncalendar.com/sun-moon-calendar/sun-moon-calendar-model.htm Sun Moon calendar]
* [http://piereligion.org/festivals.html Festival Calendar for the Indo-Europeans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111101711/http://piereligion.org/festivals.html |date=11 January 2021 }}
* [https://theapsocietyorg.wordpress.com/about/the-atheopagan-sabbaths/ Atheopagan Sabbaths]

{{Wheel of the Year}}
{{Calendars}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wheel Of The Year}}
[[Category:Modern pagan holidays]]
[[Category:Time in religion]]
[[Category:Wicca]]
[[Category:Neo-druidism]]
[[Category:1950s in modern paganism]]
[[Category:Autumn equinox]]
[[Category:Solstices]]
[[Category:Spring equinox]]

[[cs:Sabat (wicca)]]

Barbara Hutton

2024-10-29T23:58:34Z

Hiplibrarianship: Undid revision 1254077332 by 2600:4041:57B1:3E00:4543:76E9:77B5:C52B (talk)

{{Short description|American philanthropist and socialite (1912–1979)}}
{{POV|date=December 2021|talk=NPOV Challenge}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Barbara Hutton
| image = Barbara Hutton on a ship (cropped).jpg
| caption = Hutton in the 1930s
| birth_name = Barbara Woolworth Hutton
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|5|11|1912|11|13}}
| death_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[The Bronx]], New York
| spouse = {{Ubl
| {{marriage|[[Mdivani|Alexis Mdivani]]|1933|1935|end=div}}
| {{marriage|Count Kurt von [[Haugwitz|Haugwitz-Reventlow]]|1935|1938|end=div}}
| {{marriage|[[Cary Grant]]|1942|1945|end=div}}
| {{marriage|Prince [[Igor Troubetzkoy]]|1947|1951|end=div}}
| {{marriage|[[Porfirio Rubirosa]]|1953|1954|end=div}}
| {{marriage|Baron [[Gottfried von Cramm]]|1955|1959|end=div}}
| {{marriage|Prince Pierre Doan|1964|1966|end=div}}
}}
| occupation = [[Philanthropist]], [[Beneficiary|heiress]]
| years_active = 1933–1979
| children = [[Lance Reventlow]]
| relatives = {{Ubl
| [[Frank Winfield Woolworth]] (maternal grandfather)
| [[Charles Sumner Woolworth|Charles S. Woolworth]] (maternal granduncle)
| [[Edward Francis Hutton]] (paternal uncle)
| [[Dina Merrill]] (paternal first cousin)
}}
}}
'''Barbara Woolworth Hutton''' (November 14, 1912 – May 11, 1979) was an American [[debutante]], [[socialite]], [[beneficiary|heiress]], and [[philanthropist]]. She was dubbed the "Poor Little Rich Girl"—first when she was given a lavish and expensive [[debutante ball]] in 1930 amid the [[Great Depression]], and later due to a notoriously troubled private life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 9, 2019|title=Barbara Hutton: The 'Poor Little Rich Girl' Who Had Everything Except Happiness|url=https://thoughtcatalog.com/jeremy-london/2019/08/barbara-hutton/|access-date=June 9, 2020|website=Thought Catalog|language=en}}</ref>

Heiress to one-third of the estate of the retail tycoon [[Frank Winfield Woolworth]], Barbara Hutton was one of the wealthiest women in the world. She endured a childhood marked by the neglect of her father and the early loss of her mother at age four who died from suffocation due to [[mastoiditis]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Hutton Found Dead. Daughter of F. W. Woolworth Suffocated in Her Room at the Plaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/03/archives/mrs-hutton-found-dead-daughter-of-fw-woolworth-suffocated-in-her.html |quote=Mrs. Franklyn Laws Hutton, who was Edna Woolworth, daughter of F. W. Woolworth, was found dead in her apartment at the hotel Plaza. ... |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 3, 1917 |access-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> Rumors have persisted that she committed suicide.<ref name="Plunkett-Powell, Karen p. 131">Plunkett-Powell, Karen; Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of the World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime, MacMillan, p. 131.</ref> This set the stage for a life of difficulty forming relationships. Married and divorced seven times, she acquired grand foreign titles but was maliciously treated and often exploited by several of her husbands. Publicly she was much envied for her possessions, her beauty and her apparent life of leisure; privately she remained deeply insecure, often taking refuge in drink, drugs, and playboys.

Hutton was an inconsistent and insecure parent to her one child, exacerbated when the divorce from her second husband ended in a bitter custody battle, and she subsequently developed [[anorexia nervosa]]. Her son [[Lance Reventlow]] died in a 1972 plane crash, leaving Hutton devastated. A life of lavish spending, paired with exploitation by those entrusted to manage her estate, brought Hutton to the verge of bankruptcy before her death.

==Early life==
Born in [[New York City]], Barbara Hutton was the only child of Edna Woolworth (1883–1917), who was a daughter of [[Frank Woolworth|Frank W. Woolworth]], the founder of the successful [[F.W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth]] five-and-dime stores. Barbara's father was Franklyn Laws Hutton (1877–1940), a wealthy co-founder of [[E. F. Hutton & Company]] (owned by Franklyn's brother [[Edward Francis Hutton]]), a respected New York investment banking and stock brokerage firm.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.investmentnews.com/galleries/forgotten-facts-about-the-great-brokerage-titans | title=Forgotten facts about the great brokerage titans - InvestmentNews | access-date=October 27, 2020 | author=stewart | publisher=investmentnews.com}}</ref> She was a niece by marriage of cereal heiress [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]], who was for a time (1920–1935) married to E.F. Hutton; thus their daughter, actress-heiress [[Dina Merrill]] (born Nedenia Hutton), was a first cousin to Barbara Hutton. Merrill related on [[Biography (TV program)|A&E's ''Biography'']] that for a time Barbara lived with them following the death of her mother and abandonment by her father.<ref>Barbara Hutton; a candid biography - Page 17</ref>

Edna Hutton reportedly died on May 2, 1917, age 33, from suffocation due to [[mastoiditis]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Mrs. Hutton Found Dead. Daughter of F.W. Woolworth Suffocated in Her Room at the Plaza|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/03/archives/mrs-hutton-found-dead-daughter-of-fw-woolworth-suffocated-in-her.html |quote=Mrs. Franklyn Laws Hutton, who was Edna Woolworth, daughter of F. W. Woolworth, was found dead in her apartment at the hotel Plaza on May 2, 1917. ... |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 3, 1917 |access-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> but rumor persists that she committed suicide by poison in despair over her husband's philandering,<ref name="Plunkett-Powell, Karen p. 131"/> especially as the coroner decided that no autopsy was necessary.<ref>Pitrone, Jean Maddern; F.W. Woolworth and the American Five and Dime: A Social History, McFarland, p.59</ref> Four-year-old Barbara discovered her mother's body; the trauma haunted her for the rest of her life.<ref>Gressor, Megan & Cook, Kerry (2005). She never truly got over the trauma [https://books.google.com/books?id=uWuLNjXXOF4C&pg=PA260 ''An Affair to Remember: The Greatest Love Stories of All Time''], p. 260. Fair Winds Press.</ref> After her mother's death, she lived with various relatives, and was raised by a [[governess]]. Hutton attended Miss Hewitt's Classes, now [[The Hewitt School (New York, New York)|The Hewitt School]] in New York's [[Lenox Hill]] neighborhood and [[Miss Porter's School|Miss Porter's School for Girls]] in [[Farmington, Connecticut]]. She became an [[introvert]]ed child who had limited interaction with other children of her own age. Her closest friend and only confidante was her cousin [[James Paul Donahue Jr.|Jimmy Donahue]], the son of her mother's sister.<ref name=site>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulbowles.org/photosjanebowles.html |title=Jane Bowles, Libby Holman Reynolds and Barbara Hutton |work=The Authorized Paul Bowles Web Site |publisher=www.paulbowles.org |access-date=2007-04-13 |archive-date=2019-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216112141/http://www.paulbowles.org/photosjanebowles.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jimmy Donahue inherited a portion of the Woolworth estate with Barbara and also grew up to have notorious, and public, drug, alcohol and relationship problems.

In 1924, Barbara Hutton's grandmother Jennie (Creighton) Woolworth died and bequeathed to her $26.1 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=26100000|start_year=1924}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). Another $2.1 million in stock from Edna's inheritance was placed in a separate trust - both trusts were administered by Franklyn Hutton. By the time of her 21st birthday in 1933, Barbara Hutton's father had increased her inheritance to $42 million ($966,549,230.77 in 2023{{cn|date=May 2023}}) not including the additional $8 million from her mother's estate, making her one of the wealthiest women in the world.<ref>Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story</ref>

In accordance with New York's [[upper class|high society]] traditions, Barbara Hutton was given a lavish [[debutante|débutante]] [[ball (dance)|ball]] in 1930 on her 18th birthday, where guests from the [[Astor family|Astor]] and [[Rockefeller family|Rockefeller]] families, amongst other elites, were entertained by stars such as [[Rudy Vallee]] and [[Maurice Chevalier]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madame.lefigaro.fr/celebrites/barbara-hutton-la-vie-scandaleuse-dune-heritiere-croqueuse-de-diamants-et-de-maris-020721-197220|title = Barbara Hutton, la vie scandaleuse d'une héritière croqueuse de diamants… et de maris|date = July 11, 2021}}</ref> The ball cost $60,000, a veritable fortune in the days of the Depression. Public criticism was so severe that she was sent on a tour of Europe to escape the onslaught of the press.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Columbia |first1=David Patrick |title=What a Swell Party it Was! |url=https://www.newyorksocialdiary.com/what-a-swell-party-it-was/ |website=[[New York Social Diary]] |access-date=26 December 2022 |date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

She lived in the family home at 4 East 80th Street<ref name="DianeTuman">{{cite news |last1=Tuman |first1=Diane |title=New York's Woolworth Mansion Listed for $90 Million |url=https://www.zillow.com/blog/new-yorks-woolworth-mansion-listed-for-90-million-37724/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303000347/https://www.zillow.com/blog/new-yorks-woolworth-mansion-listed-for-90-million-37724/ |archive-date=2014-03-03 |access-date=December 26, 2022 |publisher=[[Zillow|Zillow Porchlight]] |date=March 20, 2011}}</ref> on the [[Upper East Side]].

==Marriages==

Popular poet [[Ogden Nash]] then took note of Hutton's public private life in the following light verse:

<blockquote>Said [[Aimee Semple McPherson|Aimee McPherson]] to Barbara Hutton, 
"How do you get a marriage to button?" 
"You'll have to ask some other person." 
Said Barbara Hutton to Aimee McPherson</blockquote>

Barbara Hutton married:
# 1933: [[Mdivani|Alexis Mdivani]], a self-styled [[Georgians|Georgian]] prince, divorced 1935
# 1935: Count Kurt Heinrich Eberhard Erdmann Georg von [[Haugwitz|Haugwitz-Hardenberg-Reventlow]], divorced 1938
# 1942: [[Cary Grant]], divorced 1945
# 1947: Prince [[Igor Troubetzkoy]], divorced 1951
# 1953: [[Porfirio Rubirosa]], divorced 1954
# 1955: Baron [[Gottfried von Cramm|Gottfried Alexander Maximilian Walter Kurt von Cramm]], divorced 1959
# 1964: Pierre Raymond Doan, divorced 1966

===Alexis Mdivani===

{{expand section|date=January 2014}}
Her first husband, {{ill|Alexis Mdivani|de}}, used her great wealth to his advantage. As a social climber, he and his siblings were part of the "Marrying Mdivanis" from Georgia who claimed to be "princes" after they fled [[Tbilisi]] in 1921 due to the [[Soviet invasion of Georgia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heyman|first1=David C.|title=Poor Little Rich Girl: The Life and Legend of Barbara Hutton|date=1983|publisher=Random House|location=New York, NY|pages=34–38}}</ref> Alexis was already married to Louise Van Alen, a friend Barbara met at [[Bailey's Beach]] in Rhode Island and a member of the [[Astor family]], when he met Barbara in Biarritz, France. Their meeting was engineered by Alexis' manipulative sister {{Ill|Isabelle Roussadana Mdivani|de|Roussadana Mdivani}} (aka ''Roussie'') who was always propelling her family into wealthy marriages even if a divorce was required. Roussie and Alexis devised a plan that would enable Alexis to divorce Louise, seduce Barbara, and force her into marriage all at once when Alexis, Louise, Barbara, Roussie, and others were visiting San Sebastian, Spain. Roussie timed Louise and other witnesses to a visit a guest cottage while Alexis seduced Barbara. The group caught the couple, prompting Barbara to flee to Paris to avoid facing the scandal,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heyman|first1=David C.|title=Poor Little Rich Girl: The Life and Legend of Barbara Hutton|date=1983|publisher=Random House|location=New York, NY|page=63}}</ref> but Roussie threatened Barbara with negative publicity if she did not marry her brother.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moats|first1=Alice-Leone|title=The Million Dollar Studs|date=1977|publisher=Delacorte Press|location=New York, NY|pages=105–120}}</ref> Alexis and Barbara were married on June 22, 1933, in the Russian Orthodox Church in Paris, France. Barbara's father provided a $1 million dowry. After spending millions of Barbara's inheritance on a home, polo ponies, clothes and men's jewelry, Alexis and Barbara divorced in March 1935.

===Kurt Haugwitz-Hardenberg-Reventlow===
Count Kurt Haugwitz-Hardenberg-Reventlow, with whom she had her only child, a son named [[Lance Reventlow|Lance]], was her second husband.<ref>This fabulous century - Page 156</ref> Reventlow dominated her through verbal and physical [[spousal abuse|abuse]], which escalated to a savage beating that left her hospitalized and put him in jail. He also persuaded her to [[relinquishment of United States nationality|give up her American citizenship]], and to take his native [[Denmark|Danish]] citizenship for tax purposes, which she did in December 1937 in a New York federal court. At this point she lapsed into [[drug abuse]]. Hutton then developed [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]], which would plague her for the rest of her life and would leave her unable to have further children. Lance Reventlow, the son, became a race car driver and builder of his own well-respected sports car, the Scarab, in the golden age of American sports car racing.

Hutton's divorce from Reventlow gave her [[child custody|custody]] of their son after a bitter court dispute. As her father had done, she left the raising of her child to a governess and private [[boarding school]]s.

In 1938, Hutton had a brief affair with [[Howard Hughes]] in London at the [[Savoy Hotel, London|Savoy Hotel]], where Hughes spent several afternoons with Hutton. Hughes, at the time, was engaged to [[Katharine Hepburn]] and had come to London to meet with government officials and arrange permission to overfly Europe as part of a plan to circumnavigate the globe by air. Hutton later recalled that "he felt he must absolutely be in control of a situation."<ref name="ReferenceB">"Howard Hughes - The Untold Story" by Peter Brown and Pat Broeske</ref>

Hughes had met Hepburn on the set of one of Cary Grant's movies, while visiting with Grant. Howard Hughes and Cary Grant were close, long-time friends.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

===Cary Grant===
As [[World War II]] threatened in 1939, Hutton moved to California. She was active during the war, giving money to assist the [[Free French Forces]] and donating her yacht to the Royal Navy. Using her high-profile image to sell [[war bond]]s, she received positive publicity after being derided by the press as a result of her marriage scandals. In [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], she met [[Cary Grant]], one of the biggest movie stars of the day, and later married him on July 8, 1942. The press dubbed the married couple "Cash and Cary", though Grant did not need her money nor did he need to benefit from her name, and he appeared to genuinely care for Hutton. Nevertheless, this marriage also failed. Grant did not seek or receive any money from Hutton in their divorce settlement.<ref>Cary Grant: A Class Apart, Graham McCann, Pg. 159</ref>

===Igor Troubetzkoy===
Hutton left California and moved to [[Paris]], France, before acquiring a palace in [[Tangier]]. Hutton then began dating [[Igor Troubetzkoy]], an expatriate [[Russia]]n prince of very limited means but world renown. In the spring of 1948 in [[Zürich]], Switzerland, she married him. That year, he was the driver of the first [[Ferrari]] to ever compete in [[Grand Prix motor racing]] when he raced in the [[Monaco Grand Prix]], and later won the [[Targa Florio]]. He ultimately filed for [[divorce]]. Hutton's subsequent attempted suicide made headlines around the world. Labeled by the press as the "Poor Little Rich Girl", her life made great copy and the media exploited her for consumption by a fascinated public.<ref>Barbara Hutton; a candid biography - Page 160</ref>

===Porfirio Rubirosa===
Her next marriage, lasting 53 days (December 30, 1953 – February 20, 1954), was to [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]] [[diplomat]] [[Porfirio Rubirosa]], a notorious international playboy who meanwhile continued his [[affair]] with actress [[Zsa Zsa Gabor]].<ref name=divasite>{{cite web|title=Barbara Hutton biography at divasthesite.com |url=http://www.divasthesite.com/Society_Divas/barbara_hutton_a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132841/http://www.divasthesite.com/Society_Divas/barbara_hutton_a.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref>The very rich: a history of wealth - Page 135</ref> She was granted Dominican citizenship in 1953.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mnEKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OUsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4794,4716056&dq=barbara-hutton+citizenship&hl=en|title=Barbara Hutton, Playboy Will Wed Wednesday|work=Ellensburg Daily Record|date=December 30, 1953|access-date=April 22, 2013}}</ref>

In a scathing review of the marriage ceremony in the ''[[Milwaukee Sentinel]]'', [[Phyllis Battelle]] coined the oft-quoted phrase: "The bride, for her fifth wedding, wore black and carried a scotch-and-soda."<ref>{{cite news| last=Battelle| first=Phyllis| title=Dazed Bride Wears Black, Carries Soda and Scotch at Spanish Ceremony| url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat=19531231&id=P3BQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xA8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5368,4033899|newspaper=[[The Milwaukee Sentinel]]| date=December 31, 2014| access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref>

Hutton then spent time with Americans James Douglas and Philip Van Rensselaer. Her lavish spending continued; already the owner of several [[mansion]]s around the world, in 1959 she built a luxurious [[Japan]]ese-style palace on a 30-acre (120,000 m2) estate in [[Cuernavaca]], [[Mexico]].<ref>Frommer's Portable Acapulco, Ixtapa & Zihuatanejo - Page 156</ref>

===Gottfried von Cramm===
Her next husband was an old friend, German tennis star [[Baron]] [[Gottfried von Cramm]]. This marriage also ended in divorce. He later died in an automobile crash near [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], in 1976.<ref>Barbara Hutton; a candid biography - Page 214</ref>

===Raymond Doan===
In Tangier, Hutton met her seventh husband, Prince Pierre Raymond Doan Vinh [[na Champassak]]. This marriage, too, was short-lived.<ref>F.W. Woolworth and the American five and dime: a social history</ref> Raymond Doan was an adopted member of the former royal family of the [[Kingdom of Champasak]] (roughly located in modern [[Laos]]).{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

===Other relationships===
Hutton lived with [[Frederick McEvoy]], purchasing a chalet at a ski resort in [[Franconia, New Hampshire|Franconia]], New Hampshire, after her marriage to actor Cary Grant. The couple never married and remained friends until McEvoy's death in 1951.<ref name="TCM">{{cite news| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50284868?searchTerm=fred%20mcevoy&searchLimits=| title=Woolworth Heiress May Marry Austn| work=[[The Courier-Mail]]| location=[[Brisbane]]| date=April 13, 1946| access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mc/freddie-mcevoy-1.html |title=Freddie McEvoy Biography and Olympic Results |access-date=October 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417114722/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mc/freddie-mcevoy-1.html |archive-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
Hutton frequently appeared intoxicated in public and was notorious throughout her life for lavish spending.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barry Robe |first=Lucy |date=1986 |title=Co-starring famous women and alcohol |publisher=CompCare Publications |page=[https://archive.org/details/costarringfamous00robe/page/26 26] |isbn=9780896381001 |url=https://archive.org/details/costarringfamous00robe/page/26 }}</ref> She was known to make gifts to total strangers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Martel |first=Judy |date=2006 |title=The dilemmas of family wealth: insights on succession, cohesion, and legacy |page=150 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9781576601907}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Van Rensselaer |first=Philip |date=1979 |title=Million dollar baby: an intimate portrait of Barbara Hutton |publisher=The University of Michigan |isbn=9780399123665}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2019}}

==Art and jewelry==
Over the years, apart from an important inheritance which included [[Old Master]] paintings and important sculptures,<ref name="ReferenceA">F.W. Woolworth and the American five and dime: a social history - Page 203</ref> she also personally acquired a magnificent collection of her own which included the spectrum of arts, porcelain,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> valuable jewelry, including elaborate historic pieces that had once belonged to [[Marie Antoinette]] and [[Empress Eugénie]] of France, and important pieces by [[Fabergé]] and [[Cartier S.A.|Cartier]].<ref>Cartier, by Hans Nadelhoffer, pg 124</ref><ref>Barbara Hutton; a candid biography - Page 166</ref><ref>F.W. Woolworth and the American five and dime: a social history - Page 166</ref> Among her pieces of jewelry was the {{convert|40|carat|g|adj=on}} Pasha Diamond, which she purchased as an unusual octagonal brilliant-cut but had recut into a round brilliant, bringing it down to {{convert|36|carat|g}}.<ref>Cartier By Hans Nadelhoffer Pg 325</ref>

==Final years and death==
[[File:F W Woolworth Woodlawn jeh.JPG|thumb|right|Woolworth family [[mausoleum]]]]
The death of her only son Lance Reventlow in a plane crash in 1972 sent Hutton into a state of despair. By this time, her fortune had diminished, due to her extreme generosity, including donating [[Winfield House]] to the United States government as a residence for its UK ambassador.<ref name=winfield>{{cite web| url=http://london.usembassy.gov/rcwinfld.html| title=Ambassador's Residence: Winfield House| publisher=Embassy of The United States in London, U.K.| access-date=August 27, 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825232732/http://london.usembassy.gov/rcwinfld.html| archive-date=August 25, 2014}}</ref> Alleged questionable deals by her longtime lawyer, Graham Mattison, also ate away at her fortune. Eventually she began liquidating assets in order to raise funds to live, yet continued to spend money on strangers willing to pay a little attention to her. She spent her final years in Los Angeles, living at the [[Beverly Wilshire Hotel]], where she died from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in May 1979, aged 66. One biographer wrote that, at her death, $3,500 was all that remained of her fortune, but some close to her said that was not the case. She was interred in the Woolworth family [[mausoleum]] at [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in [[The Bronx]], New York.

== In popular culture ==

* ''[[Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story]]'' (1987), based on David Heymann's biography, a television miniseries starring [[Farrah Fawcett]] as Barbara Hutton with [[Fairuza Balk]] portraying her at age 12 and Matilda Johansson at age 5. [[James Read]] portrays Cary Grant.
* ''[[Phantom Thread]]'' (2018), set in 1950s London a haute couture dressmaker (played by [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]) struggles with inspiration and relationships. The character Barbara Rose is inspired by Barbara Hutton around the time of her marriage with Rubirosa.
* ''[[Rubirosa (TV series)|Rubirosa]]'' (2018), a Mexican web television series co-starring [[Gabriela de la Garza]] as Barbara Hutton.
* ''As The Money Burns'' (2020-present), a history podcast reconstructing the Great Depression through the lives of heirs and heiresses. As a primary heiress, Barbara appears in multiple episodes beginning with the second episode "Welcome to Newport, Part 1" which covers the summer before the 1929 Wall Street Crash. Other episodes include her debutante ball, her bow at Buckingham Palace, and other key events and moments in her life.

==See also==
* [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworths]]
* ''[[Lady Hutton]]'' (yacht)
* [[List of people from Morelos, Mexico]]

{{Portal bar|Biography}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
Several books have been written about Barbara Hutton, the best known of which are:

* ''Barbara Hutton: A Candid Biography'', by Dean Jennings (F. Fell, 1968, 301pp.)
* ''Million Dollar Baby: An Intimate Portrait of Barbara Hutton'', by Philip Van Rensselaer (Putnam, 1979, 285pp.)
* ''Poor Little Rich Girl: The Life and Legend of Barbara Hutton'', by C. David Heymann (L. Stuart, 1984, 390pp.)
* ''In Search of a Prince: My Life with Barbara Hutton'', by Mona Eldridge (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1988, 210pp.)

A bibliography:

In 1987, a television motion picture titled ''[[Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story]]'' starred [[Farrah Fawcett]] in the role of Barbara Hutton.

==External links==
{{Commonscatinline}}
* {{IMDb name|1344304}}

{{Woolworth}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutton, Barbara}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:American debutantes]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Hutton family]]
[[Category:People from the Upper East Side]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Princesses by marriage]]
[[Category:Woolworth family]]
[[Category:Hewitt School alumni]]
[[Category:Miss Porter's School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American women]]
[[Category:20th-century American people]]

Clue (film)

2024-10-29T23:53:23Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* "Here's What Really Happened" */ revise

{{short description|1985 film by Jonathan Lynn}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Clue
| image = Clue_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jonathan Lynn]]
| screenplay = Jonathan Lynn
| story = {{ubl|[[John Landis]]|Jonathan Lynn}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Cluedo]]''|[[Anthony E. Pratt]]}}
| producer = [[Debra Hill]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eileen Brennan]]
* [[Tim Curry]]
* [[Madeline Kahn]]
* [[Christopher Lloyd]]
* [[Michael McKean]]
* [[Martin Mull]]
* [[Lesley Ann Warren]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Victor J. Kemper]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[David Bretherton]]|Richard Haines}}
| music = [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]
| studio = {{ubl|Guber-Peters Company|[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram Pictures]]|Debra Hill Productions}}
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1985|12|13}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clue |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/clue-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmzyxmtc |access-date=2022-11-27 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $15 million
| gross = $14.6 million
}}'''''Clue''''' is a 1985 American [[Black comedy film|black comedy]] [[mystery film]] based on the [[Cluedo|board game of the same name]]. Directed by [[Jonathan Lynn]], who co-wrote the script with [[John Landis]], and produced by [[Debra Hill]], it stars the [[ensemble cast]] of [[Eileen Brennan]], [[Tim Curry]], [[Madeline Kahn]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], [[Michael McKean]], [[Martin Mull]], and [[Lesley Ann Warren]], with [[Colleen Camp]] and [[Lee Ving]] in supporting roles.

Inspired by the nature of the board game, the film has multiple different endings. Originally screening one of three possibilities at different theaters, home media releases include all three endings. The film initially received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the [[box office]], grossing $14.6 million in the United States against its budget of $15 million,<ref name="Clue 1985" /> but later developed a considerable [[cult following]].<ref name="2015-12-10 Buzzfeed" /><ref name="HuffPost2015">{{cite web |last=Frank |first=Priscilla | title=30 Years Later and 'Clue' the Movie Is Still a Work of Cult Genius | website=HuffPost | date=2015-08-06 | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/clue-movie-exhibition_n_55c28993e4b0d9b743dac41c | access-date=2023-09-20}}</ref>

==Plot==
In 1954, six strangers are invited to a secluded New England mansion. Greeted by the butler Wadsworth and the maid Yvette, each guest receives a pseudonym to maintain confidentiality: "Colonel Mustard", "Mrs. White", "Mrs. Peacock", "Mr. Green", "Professor Plum", and "Miss Scarlet". During dinner, they discover they all hold government influence before being joined by Mr. Boddy, who has been [[blackmail]]ing everyone for some time. Wadsworth has called the police to arrest Boddy, but Boddy threatens to expose everyone's secrets if they turn him in. He then presents the six guests with weapons—a candlestick, rope, lead pipe, wrench, revolver, and dagger—and suggests someone kill Wadsworth to protect their secrets before turning out the lights. After a gunshot rings out, Boddy is found on the floor, seemingly dead.

As the guests investigate Boddy's death, Wadsworth explains how he became [[indentured servitude|indentured]] to Boddy and summoned the guests, hoping to force a confession from Boddy and turn him over to the police. As the group suspect the cook, only to find she was fatally stabbed with the dagger, someone discovers Boddy is alive before killing him with the candlestick. Wadsworth locks the weapons in a cupboard, but before he can throw away the key, a stranded motorist arrives and Wadsworth locks him in the [[Living room|lounge]] before throwing a key out the front door. The group [[Drawing lots (decision making)|draw lots]] to pair up before searching the manor. However, someone burns the blackmail evidence, unlocks the cupboard, and kills the motorist with the wrench. Discovering a secret passage, Mustard and Scarlet find themselves locked in the lounge with the motorist's corpse. When they scream for help, Yvette shoots the door open with the revolver. The group deduce that Wadsworth threw out the wrong key and the murderer pickpocketed the cupboard key from him.

A cop investigating the motorist's abandoned car arrives to use the phone. The mansion receives a call from [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] chief [[J. Edgar Hoover]], which Wadsworth takes alone. After successfully distracting the cop and concealing the bodies, the group resumes their search until someone turns off the electricity. In the darkness, Yvette, the cop, and an arriving [[singing telegram]] girl are murdered with the rope, pipe, and revolver, respectively. Wadsworth restores the power and gathers the group, having deduced what happened. Recreating the night's events and amidst a brief interruption from an evangelist, he explains how the other five victims were Boddy's informants who are each connected to one of the guests, which dovetails into one of three possible outcomes.

==="How It Could Have Happened"===
Yvette murdered the cook and Boddy under orders from Scarlet, who then killed her and the other victims. Intending to sell the guests' secrets, Scarlet prepares to use the revolver to kill Wadsworth, who argues there are no bullets left before disarming her just as law enforcement raid the manor and the evangelist is revealed to be the chief of police. Wadsworth further reveals he is an undercover FBI agent before accidentally firing the last bullet in the revolver at a chandelier, which narrowly misses Mustard as it falls.

==="How About This?"===
Peacock killed all the victims to prevent her exposure for taking bribes from foreign powers before holding the others at gunpoint to escape. To the others' confused relief, Wadsworth reveals he is an undercover FBI agent. Peacock is arrested outside before law enforcement raid the manor and the evangelist is revealed to be the chief of police.

==="Here's What Really Happened"===
Apart from Green, everyone committed a single murder: Peacock killed the cook, Plum killed Boddy, Mustard killed the motorist, Scarlet killed the cop, White killed Yvette, and Wadsworth killed the singing telegram girl. Holding the guests at gunpoint, Wadsworth reveals he is actually the real Mr. Boddy (previously faked by his butler), and announces his intent to continue blackmailing them. Green swiftly draws his own revolver and kills Wadsworth/Boddy. Green reveals he is an undercover FBI agent sent to investigate Boddy; the evangelist is revealed to be the chief of police, and law enforcement proceeds to arrest all the remaining suspects.

==Cast==
[[File:Clue 1985 film cast.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3636364|Miss Scarlet (Lesley Ann Warren), Colonel Mustard (Martin Mull), Mrs. White (Madeline Kahn), Mr. Green (Michael McKean), Wadsworth (Tim Curry), Professor Plum (Christopher Lloyd), and Mrs. Peacock (Eileen Brennan)]]
{{main|List of Cluedo characters}}
* [[Eileen Brennan]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Mrs. Peacock / Solictor Peacock|Mrs. Peacock]], the wife of a U.S. senator who has been accepting bribes from foreign powers
* [[Tim Curry]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|Wadsworth]], a [[butler]] who once worked for Mr. Boddy and seeks justice for his wife yet is revealed to be the real Mr. Boddy in one of the endings.
* [[Madeline Kahn]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Mrs. White / Chef White|Mrs. White]], the widow of a nuclear physicist and four previous men, all of whom died under suspicious circumstances
* [[Christopher Lloyd]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Professor Plum|Professor Plum]], a disgraced former psychiatrist working for the [[World Health Organization]]
* [[Michael McKean]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Reverend Green / Mr. Green / Mayor Green|Mr. Green]], a State Department employee and a [[Lavender Scare|closeted homosexual]] which is revealed to be part of his cover as an FBI agent in one of the endings.
* [[Martin Mull]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Colonel Mustard|Colonel Mustard]], an army officer guilty of [[war profiteering]]
* [[Lesley Ann Warren]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Miss Scarlett|Miss Scarlet]], a sassy Washington, D.C. [[Procurement (prostitution)|madam]]
* [[Colleen Camp]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|Yvette]], a voluptuous French [[maid]] who formerly worked as a [[call girl]] for Miss Scarlet and had an affair with one of Mrs. White’s late husbands.
* [[Lee Ving]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#The Victim|Mr. Boddy]], a man who has been blackmailing the six guests and Wadsworth's wife yet is revealed in one of the endings to be the butler to the real Mr. Boddy who is actually Wadsworth.
* [[Bill Henderson (performer)|Bill Henderson]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|The Cop]], a [[police officer]] whom Miss Scarlet had been bribing
* [[Jane Wiedlin]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|The Singing Telegram Girl]], a former patient of Professor Plum, with whom she had an affair
* [[Jeffrey Kramer]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|The Motorist]], Colonel Mustard's driver during World War II
* [[Kellye Nakahara]] as [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|The Cook]] (Mrs. Ho), the former [[Cook (domestic worker)|cook]] of Mr. Boddy and Mrs. Peacock

Additionally, [[Howard Hesseman]] makes an uncredited appearance as the [[List of Cluedo characters#Film|Chief of Police]] who works undercover as an evangelist.

==Production==
===Development===
Producer [[Debra Hill]] initially acquired the rights to adapt the game from [[Parker Brothers]] and intended to distribute through [[Universal Pictures]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=Stephen |date=1985-08-25 |title=OFF THE BOARD, ONTO THE SCREEN FOR CLUE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/25/arts/off-the-board-onto-the-screen-for-clue.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> As early as 1981 Hill mentioned plans to adapt the game into a movie, with [[P. D. James]] reported to be writing the screenplay with multiple endings.<ref name="TSR">{{cite news |last1=Freedman |first1=Richard |title=Double Bill: Tonight's 'Halloween' horrorthon based on writer's teen memories |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/572219842 |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=The Spokesman-Review |date=30 October 1981}}</ref>

=== Screenplay ===
The multiple-endings were developed by [[John Landis]], who had initially been set to direct, and who claimed in an interview to have invited playwright [[Tom Stoppard]], writer and composer [[Stephen Sondheim]], and actor [[Anthony Perkins]] to write the screenplay. The script was ultimately finished by Jonathan Lynn, who was invited to direct as a result.<ref name="2015-12-10 Buzzfeed" /><ref name=":0" />

A fourth ending was written for the film; according to Lynn, "It really wasn't very good. I looked at it, and I thought, 'No, no, no, we've got to get rid of that.'"<ref name="farr20120313">{{cite web | url=http://abnormaluse.com/2012/03/abnormal-interview-my-cousin-vinny-director-jonathan-lynn.html | title=Abnormal Interviews: My Cousin Vinny Director Jonathan Lynn | website=Abnormal Use | date=2012-03-13 | access-date=June 8, 2012 | last=Farr |first=Nick | archive-date=June 17, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617023353/http://abnormaluse.com/2012/03/abnormal-interview-my-cousin-vinny-director-jonathan-lynn.html | url-status=live}}</ref> In the scrapped ending: Wadsworth committed all the murders, and reveals he poisoned the champagne, leaving no witnesses when the six guests soon die. The officers arrive and capture Wadsworth, but he breaks free and steals a police car, though his escape is ultimately thwarted when three [[police dog]]s lunge from the back seat.{{sfn|Matthews|Landis|Lynn|1985|pp=57–59}}

===Casting===
[[Carrie Fisher]] was originally cast to portray Miss Scarlet, but withdrew to enter treatment for [[drug addiction|drug]] and [[alcoholism|alcohol addiction]]; she was replaced with Lesley Ann Warren.<ref name=ewbad>{{Cite web |url=http://movieline.com/2011/12/14/bad-movies-we-love-clue/ |title=Bad Movies We Love: ''Clue'' |website=[[Movieline]] |date=December 14, 2011 |access-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-date=May 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522013632/http://movieline.com/2011/12/14/bad-movies-we-love-clue/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/movies/clue-oral-history/ | title=An oral history of 'Clue,' the classic whodunnit | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref> Jonathan Lynn's first choice for Wadsworth was [[Leonard Rossiter]], but he died before filming commenced.<ref name="jackson">{{cite web|last=Jackson|first=Matthew|title=13 Mysterious Facts About Clue|url=https://mentalfloss.com/article/72462/13-mysterious-facts-about-clue|website=[[Mental Floss]]|date=April 1, 2016|access-date=September 26, 2019|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503024900/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/72462/13-mysterious-facts-about-clue|url-status=live}}</ref> The second choice was [[Rowan Atkinson]], but it was decided that he was not sufficiently well known at the time, so [[Tim Curry]] was cast.<ref name="jackson"/> The entire cast received the same salary and billing, despite their different levels of notability at the time.<ref name=":0" />

===Filming===
''Clue'' was filmed on [[sound stage]]s 17 and 18 at the [[Paramount Pictures]] film studios in Hollywood.<ref name="Fayetteville Mafia Press">{{cite book |last1=Hatch |first1=John |title="What Do You Mean, Murder?" Clue and the Making of a Cult Classic |date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=Fayetteville Mafia Press |isbn=978-1949024609}}</ref> The set design is credited to Les Gobruegge, Gene Nollmanwas, and William B. Majorand, with set decoration by Thomas L. Roysden.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088930/fullcredits#cast | title=Full cast and crew for Clue (1985) | access-date=2007-08-15 | website=[[IMDb]] | archive-date=January 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105231213/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088930/fullcredits#cast | url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2023}} To decorate the interior sets, authentic 18th- and 19th-century furnishings were rented from private collectors, including the estate of [[Theodore Roosevelt]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.fast-rewind.com/locations_clue.htm| title=Clue (1985) Movie Filming Locations | access-date=February 15, 2023| website=The 80s Movies Rewind| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017193553/https://www.fast-rewind.com/locations_clue.htm| archive-date=October 17, 2021| url-status=live}}</ref> After completion, the set was bought by the producers of ''[[Dynasty (1981 TV series)|Dynasty]]'', who used it as the fictional hotel The Carlton.

All interior scenes were filmed at the Paramount lot, except the ballroom scene. The ballroom, as well two driveway exteriors, were filmed on location at a mansion in [[South Pasadena, California]]. This site was destroyed in a fire on October 5, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://theartofmurder.com/table/stage/mansionphoto/mansionphoto.html| title=Photos from Filming Location – 2003| access-date=February 15, 2023| website=The Art of Murder| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810135637/https://theartofmurder.com/table/stage/mansionphoto/mansionphoto.html| archive-date=August 10, 2022| url-status=live}}</ref> The driveway and fountain were recreated on the Paramount lot and used for most shots, including the guests' arrivals. Exterior shots of the South Pasadena mansion were enhanced with [[matte painting]]s to make the house appear much larger; these were executed by matte artist Syd Dutton in consultation with [[Albert Whitlock]].

Jonathan Lynn screened ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' for the cast as inspiration for how to deliver their lines.<ref name=":0" /> Madeline Kahn improvised her monologue about "flames."<ref name="2015-12-10 Buzzfeed" />

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on December 13, 1985. Each theater received one of the three endings, and some theaters announced which ending the viewer would see.<ref name="ebert"/>

===Novelizations===
The [[novelization]] based on the screenplay is by [[Michael McDowell (author)|Michael McDowell]]. Landis, Lynn, and [[Ann M. Martin|Ann Matthews]] wrote the youth adaptation ''Clue: The Storybook''. Published in 1985, both adaptations feature a fourth ending cut from the film:{{sfn|Matthews|Landis|Lynn|1985}} in a variation on the-butler-did-it trope, Wadsworth explains how he killed Boddy and the other victims, then reveals to the guests that they've all been poisoned, leaving no witnesses to his perfect crime. As Wadsworth proceeds to disable the phones, the police chief (having previously posed as an [[Cluedo characters#The Inspector|evangelist]]) returns with a squad of officers who disarm Wadsworth. He nonetheless manages to escape, and attempts to getaway in a [[police car]], only to crash after [[Dobermann]]s attack from the back seat.<ref>{{cite book|last=McDowell|first=Michael|author-link=Michael McDowell (author)|title=Paramount Pictures Presents Clue|year=1985|publisher=[[Fawcett Gold Medal]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4491-3049-0|pages=188}}</ref>{{sfn|Matthews|Landis|Lynn|1985|p=61}}

===Home media===
The film was released to home video for both VHS and Betamax videocassette formats in Canada and the United States on August 20, 1986, and to other countries on February 11, 1991.<ref name="Fayetteville Mafia Press"/> It was released on DVD by [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] in June 17, 2000,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/clue/?dvd_ver=1#sell_thru_main |title=Clue Movie Reviews, Pictures |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date=December 13, 1985 |access-date=2009-08-07 |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020135205/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/clue/?dvd_ver=1#sell_thru_main |url-status=live}}</ref> and on [[Blu-ray]] by [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]] on August 7, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |last=Katz |first=Josh |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8058 |title=Paramount Teases Four Upcoming Blu-ray Releases |website=Blu-ray.com |date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2012-07-03 |archive-date=September 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926082424/http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=8058 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 12, 2023, Shout! Factory released a 4K UHD Blu-ray collector's edition of ''Clue.'' It includes new interviews with director Jonathan Lynn and production manager Jeffrey Chernov.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clue Collector's Edition |url=https://shoutfactory.com/collections/mystery/products/clue-collectors-edition?variant=40248326291590 |website=Shout! Factory |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

The home video, television broadcasts, and on-demand streaming by services such as [[Netflix]] include all three endings shown sequentially, with the first two characterized as possible endings but the third being the only true one. All Blu-ray and DVD versions offer viewers the option to watch the endings separately (chosen randomly by the player), as well as the "home entertainment version" ending with all three of them stitched together.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clue Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Clue-Blu-ray/37011/|website=Blu-ray.com|access-date=2017-12-03|archive-date=June 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619171645/https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Clue-Blu-ray/37011/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
La-La Land Records released the John Morris score for the film as a limited-edition CD soundtrack in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lalalandrecords.com/Clue.html |title=Clue: The Movie: Limited Edition |publisher=La-La Land Records |access-date=2011-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204060452/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/Clue.html |archive-date=February 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> For the film's 30th anniversary in 2015, Mondo issued a limited-edition 180-gram vinyl pressed on six different character-themed color variants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mondoshop.com/products/clue-the-movie-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-lp |title=Clue: The Movie – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack LP |publisher=[[Mondo (American company)|Mondo]] |access-date=July 17, 2021}}</ref> A vinyl reissue from Enjoy The Ride Records followed in 2022.

==Reception==
===Critical response===
The film initially received mixed reviews. [[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' panned it, writing that the beginning "is the only part of the film that is remotely engaging. After that, it begins to drag".<ref>{{cite news |last=Maslin |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/13/movies/screen-clue-from-game-to-film.html |title=Screen: 'Clue,' from Game to Film |date=December 13, 1985 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2009-08-07 |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122092349/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/13/movies/screen-clue-from-game-to-film.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "''Clue'' offers a few big laughs early on followed by a lot of characters running around on a treadmill to nowhere."<ref name=siskel>{{cite news |first=Gene |last=Siskel |author-link=Gene Siskel |title=Did The Butler Do It? Clue Offers 3 Answers |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=December 13, 1985 |page=A |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-12-13-8503260263-story.html |access-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503024913/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Siskel particularly criticized the decision to release the film to theaters with three separate endings, calling it a "gimmick" that would distract audiences from the rest of the film, and concluding, "''Clue'' is a movie that needs three different middles rather than three different endings."<ref name=siskel />

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing that it has a "promising" cast but the "screenplay is so very, very thin that [the actors] spend most of their time looking frustrated, as if they'd just been cut off right before they were about to say something interesting."<ref name="ebert">{{cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=December 12, 1985 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/clue-1985 |title=Clue |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=2014-06-05 |via=[[RogerEbert.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512063508/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/clue-1985 |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> On ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|Siskel & Ebert & the Movies]]'', both agreed that the "A" ending was the best while the "C" ending was the worst.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Siskel|first1=Gene|last2=Ebert|first2=Roger|title=At the Movies with Siskel & Ebert|via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hP5c9AbfnR0&t=19m7s|date=December 1985|quote=The best ending...is "A"...stay away from the worst which is "C".|access-date=December 9, 2018|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620042438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hP5c9AbfnR0&t=19m7s|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 72% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A robust ensemble of game actors elevate ''Clue'' above its schematic source material, but this farce's reliance on novelty over organic wit makes its entertainment value a roll of the dice."<ref name=":1" /> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 41 out of 100 based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/clue |title=Clue Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=July 5, 2023 |archive-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928023114/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/clue |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Clue'' has grossed $14.6 million in North America, just short of its $15 million budget.<ref name="Clue 1985">{{Cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2051704321/weekend/ |title=Clue (1985) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209012817/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2051704321/weekend/ |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

==Remake==
[[Hasbro Entertainment]] established deals in April 2024 with [[TriStar Pictures]] and [[Sony Pictures Television]] for new screen adaptations of the board game.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |title=Clue Film and TV Rights Land at Sony |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/clue-film-tv-sony-1235879769/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 17, 2024 |date=April 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Otterson | first=Joe | title='Clue' Film, TV Adaptations in the Works Under New Deal Between Hasbro and Sony | website=Variety | date=2024-04-23 | url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/clue-film-tv-adaptations-hasbro-sony-1235979732/ | access-date=2024-05-19}}</ref> Screenwriter [[Shay Hatten]] has been in talks for the new film script.<ref name="KOsep18">{{cite web | last=Outlaw | first=Kofi | title=Clue Movie Reboot Gets Major Update With the Perfect Director | website=ComicBook.com | date=2024-09-18 | url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/clue-movie-reboot-director-zach-cregger-barbarian/ | access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref><ref name="JRsep23">{{cite web | last=Ruimy | first=Jordan | title=Zach Cregger to Direct ‘Resident Evil' Reboot; Exits ‘Clue' Movie | website=World of Reel | date=2024-09-23 | url=https://www.worldofreel.com/blog/2024/9/23/zach-cregger-to-direct-resident-evil-reboot-exits-clue-movie | access-date=2024-09-26}}</ref>

Previous plans for a remake or reboot [[Development hell|have languished for years]]. Initially [[Gore Verbinski]] was developing a new Clue film in 2009,<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Michael |last=Fleming |url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000533.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |title=Gore Verbinski to develop 'Clue' |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=August 7, 2009 |archive-date=April 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429051110/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000533.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which was dropped by [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Katey |last=Rich |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Clue-Movie-Dropped-By-Universal-But-Hasbro-Is-Still-Making-It-On-Their-Own-26034.html |title=Clue Movie Dropped By Universal, But Hasbro Is Still Making It On Their Own |date=August 3, 2011 |website=[[CinemaBlend]] |access-date=2011-08-03 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920013202/https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Clue-Movie-Dropped-By-Universal-But-Hasbro-Is-Still-Making-It-On-Their-Own-26034.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Hasbro Studios moved the project to [[20th Century Fox]] by August 2016, envisioned as a "worldwide mystery" with action-adventure elements, potentially establishing a franchise with international appeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracking-board.com/20th-century-fox-gets-a-clue-and-will-produce-classic-board-game-remake-with-hasbro-exclusive/|title=20th Century Fox Gets A "Clue" And Will Produce Classic Board Game Remake With Hasbro (EXCLUSIVE)|website=The Tracking Board|last=Lyons|first=Josh|date=August 16, 2016|access-date=November 29, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128202602/https://www.tracking-board.com/20th-century-fox-gets-a-clue-and-will-produce-classic-board-game-remake-with-hasbro-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ryan Reynolds]] optioned a three-year [[first-look deal]] in January 2018, planning to star in the remake, with a script by [[Rhett Reese]] and [[Paul Wernick]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://variety.com/2018/film/news/ryan-reynolds-clue-movie-fox-1202672829/ | title = Ryan Reynolds Signs First-Look Deal at Fox With 'Clue' Movie in the Works | first = Dave | last = McNary | date = January 22, 2018 | access-date = January 25, 2018 | magazine = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | archive-date = January 25, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180125090454/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/ryan-reynolds-clue-movie-fox-1202672829/ | url-status = live}}</ref> [[Jason Bateman]] was briefly attached to the film in September 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/jason-bateman-in-talks-to-direct-and-star-in-clue-reboot-with-ryan-reynolds/|title=Jason Bateman in Talks to Direct and Star in 'Clue' Reboot With Ryan Reynolds|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=September 25, 2019|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=September 26, 2019|archive-date=September 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926004209/https://www.thewrap.com/jason-bateman-in-talks-to-direct-and-star-in-clue-reboot-with-ryan-reynolds/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by [[James Bobin]] attached as director in February 2020,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2020/02/james-bobin-clue-movie-ryan-reynolds-1202856873/ | title = James Bobin In Talks To Direct 'Clue' Movie At 20th Century | first = Patrick | last = Hipes | date = February 10, 2020 | access-date = February 10, 2020 | work = [[Deadline Hollywood]] | archive-date = February 11, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200211172055/https://deadline.com/2020/02/james-bobin-clue-movie-ryan-reynolds-1202856873/ | url-status = live}}</ref> with [[Oren Uziel]] hired to rewrite the script in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=August 23, 2022 |title=Oren Uziel Stepping In To Write Ryan Reynolds 'Clue' Movie At 20th Century Studios |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/ryan-reynolds-clue-movie-oren-uziel-1235098521/ |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Hasbro sought new rights deals for ''Clue'' in February 2024.<ref name="Bolt2024">{{cite web | last=Bolt | first=Neil | title=Hasbro Shopping Rights to a New Clue Movie | website=ComingSoon.net | date=2024-02-19 | url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1552778-new-clue-movie | access-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>

==Stage adaptations==
{{Main|Clue: On Stage}}

The screenplay for the film was adapted for stage performances in 2017 by the original screenwriter [[Jonathan Lynn]].<ref name="2015-12-10 Buzzfeed" /><ref name= "Variety">{{cite magazine |last=Cox |first=Gordon |url=https://variety.com/2016/legit/news/clue-on-stage-play-1201885192/ |title= 'Clue' on Stage: Play by Movie's Writer-Director to Bow in 2017 (EXCLUSIVE) |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref> The [[Clue: On Stage|stage production of ''Clue'']] premiered in 2017 at [[Bucks County Playhouse]], adapted by [[Hunter Foster]] with additional material by Eric Price. It was directed by Foster and starred [[Sally Struthers]] and [[Erin Dilly]].<ref>{{cite news |title="Clue: On Stage" Premieres at Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope May 2 |url=https://www.newhopefreepress.com/2017/03/31/clue-on-stage-premieres-at-bucks-county-playhouse-in-new-hope-may-2/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=New Hope Free Press |date=2017}}</ref> A revised adaptation by Sandy Rustin, incorporating material from Foster and Price, was first performed in 2020. Rustin's adaptation was described as "a welcome throwback to an era of physical comedy".<ref name=NYTimes>{{cite news |last=Ramírez |first=Juan A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/theater/clue-review-paper-mill-playhouse.html |title= 'Clue' Review: A Whodunit That Looks a Lot Like a Board Game |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2022-02-08 |access-date=2022-12-26 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216001426/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/theater/clue-review-paper-mill-playhouse.html |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The stage adaptations have been performed widely.<ref>{{cite news |title='Clyde's' Is Most-Produced Play, and Lynn Nottage Most-Produced Playwright, of 2022-23 Season |first=Rob |last=Weinert-Kendt |work=[[American Theatre (magazine)|American Theater]] |date=September 23, 2022 |url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2022/09/23/clydes-is-most-produced-play-and-lynn-nottage-most-produced-playwright-of-2022-23-season/ }}</ref>

A national tour of the mystery-comedy play launched in 2024, directed by Casey Hushion.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cullwell-Block |first1=Logan |title=Clue Will Embark on National Tour in 2024 |url=https://playbill.com/article/clue-will-embark-on-national-tour-in-2024 |website=Playbill.com |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rabinowitz2024">{{cite web | last=Rabinowitz | first=Chloe | title=CLUE North American Tour | website=Broadway World | date=2024-04-09 | url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photos-Video-See-New-Images-Footage-of-CLUE-North-American-Tour-20240409 | access-date=2024-04-13}}</ref>

==In other media==
* The 2010 ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "[[And Then There Were Fewer]]" parodies ''Clue'' alongside elements of [[Agatha Christie]]'s ''[[And Then There Were None]]''.
* The 2011 ''[[Adventure Time]] '' episode "[[Adventure Time (season 3)|The Creeps]]" sees Finn and company as guests to a mysterious masquerade hosted by a homicidal ghost in a spoof of the film.
* The 2012 ''[[CSI: NY]]'' episode "[[CSI: NY (season 9)|Clue: SI]]" makes several references to the film and game.
* The 2013 ''[[Psych]]'' episode "[[Psych (season 7)|100 Clues]]" features ''Clue'' stars [[Martin Mull]], [[Christopher Lloyd]], and [[Lesley Ann Warren]] as suspects in a series of murders at a mansion. The episode, in addition to many jokes and themes in homage to the film, includes multiple endings in which the audience (separately for East and West Coast viewership) decides who is the real killer. The episode was dedicated to the memory of [[Madeline Kahn]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/tvclub/psych-100-clues-95724|title=Psych: "100 Clues"|first=Kevin|last=McFarland|date=2013-05-28|access-date=2014-05-29|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|archive-date=August 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822095547/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/psych-100-clues-95724|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The 2014 ''[[Odd Squad]]'' episode "Crime at Shapely Manor" parodies ''Clue'' with a crime taking place at a mansion and characters having names including Lord Rectangle, Professor Square, Miss Triangle and Professor Pentagon.
* Writer-director [[Jonathan Lynn]] recorded a feature-length commentary for the film, independently produced by writer and devoted ''Clue'' fan Joshua Brandon. First released on episode 377 of the ''[[SModcast]]'' with [[Kevin Smith]] on June 17, 2017, the director's audio commentary has been distributed on multiple popular platforms.
* Warren guest starred on a 2019 episode of Mull's sitcom ''[[The Cool Kids (TV series)|The Cool Kids]]'' as a love interest for his character. Her role announcement in November 2018 was initially touted by the press as a ''Clue'' reunion, though only Mull and Warren appear.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swift|first=Andy|title=The Cool Kids Staging Clue Reunion With Lesley Ann Warren, Martin Mull|url=https://tvline.com/2018/11/09/the-cool-kids-clue-reunion-lesley-ann-warren-cast-season-1/|website=[[TVLine]]|access-date=November 9, 2018|date=November 9, 2018|archive-date=November 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110003650/https://tvline.com/2018/11/09/the-cool-kids-clue-reunion-lesley-ann-warren-cast-season-1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The retrospective tribute film ''Who Done It: The Clue Documentary'' debuted in November 2022, followed by an ETR Media Blu-ray release in February 2023, then streaming on [[Cineverse|Screambox]] in August 2023. The film details the making of ''Clue'' and its rise to cult status, based on interviews with surviving cast and crew.<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Jeff C. |title=Who Done It: The Clue Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7038516/ |website=IMDb |publisher=It Looks So Fake Productions |access-date=12 January 2021 |date=13 October 2018 |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731034926/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7038516/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist |refs=

<ref name="2015-12-10 Buzzfeed">{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/adambvary/something-terrible-has-happened-here-the-crazy-story-of-how |title=Something Terrible Has Happened Here: The Crazy Story of How 'Clue' Went from Forgotten Flop to Cult Triumph |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=2015-12-10 |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |language=en |access-date=2024-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725132526/https://www.buzzfeed.com/adambvary/something-terrible-has-happened-here-the-crazy-story-of-how |archive-date=2024-07-25 |quote=That a high-concept, fast-talking farce based on a board game was a box office bomb in 1985 is no huge mystery. But figuring out how it became an enduring favorite is a Hollywood whodunit for the ages. (The prime suspect: you, in the living room, with the remote control.)}}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=Ann |author-link1=Ann M. Martin |last2=Landis |first2=John |author-link2=John Landis |last3=Lynn |first3=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uXhKPQAACAAJ |title=Paramount Pictures Presents Clue: The Storybook |location=New York |publisher=[[Little Simon]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-6716-1867-4 |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215195239/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXhKPQAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Clue}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{AllMovie title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{TCMDb title}}
* {{AFI film}}
* [https://ew.com/movies/clue-oral-history/ An oral history of mystery classic ''Clue''] (2023)

{{Cluedo}}
{{Jonathan Lynn}}
{{authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Cluedo]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 crime films]]
[[Category:1985 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1985 thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]
[[Category:1985 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1980s comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:1980s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1985 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:American black comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:American comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:American crime comedy films]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]
[[Category:American mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language comedy mystery films]]
[[Category:English-language comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Fiction with multiple endings]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in the United States]]
[[Category:Films about McCarthyism]]
[[Category:Films based on games]]
[[Category:Films based on Hasbro toys]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jonathan Lynn]]
[[Category:Films produced by Debra Hill]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Morris]]
[[Category:Films set in 1954]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films set in New England]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by John Landis]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Jonathan Lynn]]
[[Category:Murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films]]

2024 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection

2024-10-29T23:22:24Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Background */ revise

{{short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Democratic vice presidential nomination
| flag_image = Democratic Disc.svg
| type = primary
| election_date = {{Start date|2024|08|06}}
| previous_election = 2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2028 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
| next_year = ''2028''
| image1 = Tim Walz by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| nominee1 = '''[[Tim Walz]]'''
| color1 = 1E90FF
| home_state1 = [[Minnesota]]
| title = Vice Presidential nominee
| before_election = [[Kamala Harris]]
| before_party =
| after_election = [[Tim Walz]]
| after_party =
}}{{US 2024 presidential elections series}}{{Kamala Harris series}}

Vice President [[Kamala Harris]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[President of the United States]] in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], considered several prominent individuals before selecting Governor [[Tim Walz]] of [[Minnesota]] as her running mate on August 6.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parnes|first1=Amie|last2=Samuels |first2=Brett|last3=Conradis|first3=Brandon |date=August 6, 2024 |title=Harris picks Walz for vice president|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=The Hill |language=en}}</ref> Harris and Walz were certified as the official nominees that evening by [[Democratic National Committee]] secretary [[Jason Rae]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Nazzaro|first1=Miranda |date=August 6, 2024 |title=Harris, Walz officially certified as Democratic nominees for president, vice president |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4814861-harris-walz-democratic-nomination/|access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=The Hill |language=en}}</ref> Walz is the first sitting governor selected as the Democratic vice presidential nominee since [[Charles W. Bryan]] of [[Nebraska]] in [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Joel |date=2024-08-09 |title=In Passing on a Swing State VP, Harris Makes a Pick That Fits Recent History |url=https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/in-passing-on-a-swing-state-vp-harris-makes-a-pick-that-fits-recent-history/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Center For Politics |language=en}}</ref> and if elected, would be the third vice president from Minnesota after [[Hubert Humphrey]] and [[Walter Mondale]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Intelligencer |date=2024-08-06 |title=Tim Walz Has Won the Harris Veepstakes: Live Updates, Analysis |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/tim-walz-kamala-harris-vp-pick-live-updates-analysis.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Intelligencer |language=en}}</ref> Walz is also the first sitting governor to appear on the Democratic ticket since [[Bill Clinton]] in 1992.

After formally accepting their nomination during the [[2024 Democratic National Convention]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/dnc-day-3-2024-tim-walz/|title=Watch DNC live as Tim Walz accepts VP nomination on Day 3 of convention|publisher=CBS News.com|language=EN|date=August 21, 2024|access-date=August 21, 2024}}</ref> the Harris–Walz ticket face the [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|Trump–Vance]] ticket in the general election.

==Background==
During [[Joe Biden]]'s [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|re-election campaign]], Kamala Harris was presumed the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nominee for a second term as [[Vice President of the United States]]. Biden [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|competed]] in the [[2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic presidential primaries]] facing candidates such as [[Minnesota]] [[US Representative]] [[Dean Phillips]], and businessman [[Jason Palmer (politician)|Jason Palmer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |last2=Watson |first2=Kathryn |last3=Yilek |first3=Caitlin |title=Who's running for president in 2024? Meet the candidates — and the ones who've dropped out |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/whos-running-president-2024-candidates-democratic-republican/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=29 September 2024 |date=23 August 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Pipia |first1=Lindsey |title=American Samoa primary victor Jason Palmer bows out of the presidential race |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/american-samoa-primary-victor-jason-palmer-bows-presidential-race-rcna152509 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=29 September 2024 |date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Biden became the [[presumptive nominee]] on March 12. However, amidst concerns about his [[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|age and ability to serve as president]], Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdrew from the election]] on July 21, and endorsed Harris to replace him as the presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kenning|first1=Chris|last2=Samuelsohn|first2=Darren|title='It's unprecedented': Biden's exit is a history-making moment in the American presidency|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/22/biden-drops-out-presidential-history/74491426007/|website=USA Today|date=July 22, 2024|access-date=August 29, 2024}}</ref> Harris launched [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|her own presidential campaign]] that same day and became the presumptive nominee the following day.

== Selection process ==
Harris secured enough delegate support to become the presumptive nominee on July{{nbsp}}22.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gambino|first=Lauren |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris earns enough delegate support to become Democratic nominee |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-delegates |access-date=July 23, 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001806/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/22/kamala-harris-democratic-delegates |url-status=live }}</ref> Her campaign's vetting process for potential running mates was conducted by [[Eric Holder]], the former [[United States Attorney General|U.S. Attorney General]] under President [[Barack Obama]], along with his law firm [[Covington & Burling]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Renshaw |first2=Jarrett |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Former attorney general Holder to vet Harris' potential running mates |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/former-attorney-general-holder-vet-harriss-potential-running-mates-sources-2024-07-22/ |access-date=July 23, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and [[Dana Remus]], formerly President Biden's [[White House counsel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Pritzker sees the writing on the Walz — calls Minnesota governor chosen for VP slot 'kind and decent human being' |url=https://www.wbez.org/government-politics/elections/2024/08/06/harris-vp-tim-walz-vice-president-running-mate-pick-2024-election |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=WBEZ Chicago |language=en}}</ref>

Harris was the only qualified candidate, with a virtual roll call vote taking place from August 1 until August 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarro |first=Aaron |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris closer to being nominee as DNC approves early virtual roll call vote |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-campaign-dnc-virtual-roll-call/ |access-date=August 1, 2024 |website=CBS News |language=en |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731004143/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-campaign-dnc-virtual-roll-call/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On August 2, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that former [[Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs]] [[Elizabeth M. Allen]] would lead Harris's running mate team and begin serving as their chief of staff the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/us/politics/elizabeth-allen-kamala-harris-campaign.html|title=Senior U.S. Diplomat Will Lead Kamala Harris's Running Mate's Team|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 2, 2024|accessdate=August 2, 2024}}</ref>

The Harris campaign conducted polling and focus groups on the candidates and found that all three finalists could help her win.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Goldmacher |first1=Shane |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |last3=Epstein |first3=Reid J. |last4=Glueck |first4=Katie |date=2024-08-07 |title=How Kamala Harris Trusted Her Gut and Picked Tim Walz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/06/us/politics/harris-tim-walz-vp-pick.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Announcement==
''[[Politico]]'' reported on July 30 that Harris planned to hold a rally with her running mate choice in [[Philadelphia]] on August 6, raising speculation that the pick was Pennsylvania Governor [[Josh Shapiro]]; however, a campaign aide for Harris cautioned against causing speculation behind Philadelphia being chosen as the venue for the rally.<ref name="politicojuly30">{{Cite news |last1=Otterbein |first1=Holly |last2=Daniels |first2=Eugene |date=July 30, 2024 |title=Harris to hold first rally with running mate Tuesday in Philadelphia |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/30/harris-first-rally-running-mate-tuesday-philadelphia-00171999 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |work=Politico |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130807/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/30/harris-first-rally-running-mate-tuesday-philadelphia-00171999 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Harris was expected to make an announcement on her running mate choice hours before the Philadelphia rally.<ref name=NYTfinal/> On the morning of August 6, awaiting Harris's decision, the [[United States Secret Service]] said it was ready to swiftly provide security to whomever the running mate was.<ref name=CNNaug6>{{cite web |title=Harris to name her VP running mate |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kamala-harris-trump-election-08-06-24/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=August 6, 2024 |publisher=CNN |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130852/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/kamala-harris-trump-election-08-06-24/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Later on August 6, Harris chose Walz.<ref name=CNNaug6/>

==Vetting process and developments==
An official reported to [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] on July{{nbsp}}23 that Arizona Senator [[Mark Kelly]] and Shapiro were the leading candidates,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Josh Shapiro and Mark Kelly said to be leading VP candidates for Harris |author1=Hutzler, Alexandra|author2=Reinstein, Julia|author3=Peller, Lauren|author4=El-Bawab, Nadile|author5=Sarnoff, Leah|author6=Pereira, Ivan|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/biden-drops-out-updates/?id=112113289&entryId=112193865 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001805/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/live-updates/biden-drops-out-updates/?id=112113289&entryId=112193865 |url-status=live }}</ref> while another source told ''[[Talking Points Memo]]'' the following day that North Carolina governor [[Roy Cooper]] was an additional top choice.<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Hunter|url=https://talkingpointsmemo.com/where-things-stand/the-petestakes-everyones-clamoring-for-the-empty-seat-at-harris-table|title=The Petestakes: Everyone's Clamoring For The Empty Seat At Harris' Table|work=[[Talking Points Memo]]|date=July 24, 2024|accessdate=July 24, 2024|archive-date=July 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002302/https://talkingpointsmemo.com/where-things-stand/the-petestakes-everyones-clamoring-for-the-empty-seat-at-harris-table|url-status=live}}</ref> On July{{nbsp}}23, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that Cooper, Kelly, and Shapiro had become the frontrunners, with donors preferring Cooper or Shapiro and "Hollywood Democrats" backing Kelly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shapiro, Kelly and Cooper frontrunners to be Harris's running mate, say donors |url=https://www.ft.com/content/be6fda7e-6ec5-494a-a8ea-fa57a7a1c9f5 |publisher=Financial Times |access-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724013243/https://www.ft.com/content/be6fda7e-6ec5-494a-a8ea-fa57a7a1c9f5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July{{nbsp}}24, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Walz was also "under serious consideration".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lerer |first1=Lisa |last2=Glueck |first2=Katie |title=What's More Exciting Than a Veepstakes? A Surprise Veepstakes. |date=July 24, 2024|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/us/politics/harris-vice-president-search.html#:~:text=Three%20people%20close%20to%20the,they%20warn%2C%20remains%20in%20flux. |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 26, 2024 |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726014716/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/us/politics/harris-vice-president-search.html#:~:text=Three%20people%20close%20to%20the,they%20warn%2C%20remains%20in%20flux. |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July{{nbsp}}26, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Cooper, Kelly and Shapiro were at the top of Harris's shortlist according to people close to the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/26/kamala-harris-running-mate-search/|author1=Svitek, Patrick|author2=Pager, Tyler|author3=Diamond, Dan|title=Harris embarks on sprint to find Democratic running mate|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 26, 2024|accessdate=July 26, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726193926/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/26/kamala-harris-running-mate-search/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[MSNBC]] also reported that the three frontrunners were reportedly at the top of a shortening list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Search for Kamala Harris' vice presidential running mate narrows with three top options |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/amp-video/mmvo215798853587 |website=[[MSNBC]] |access-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727185146/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/amp-video/mmvo215798853587 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bloomberg News]], however, reported on July{{nbsp}}27 that Kelly, Shapiro, and Walz were the three finalists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris Focuses on Three Potential Running Mate Candidates |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-27/kamala-harris-vice-presidential-search-focuses-on-3-candidates |access-date=July 27, 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727160939/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-27/kamala-harris-vice-presidential-search-focuses-on-3-candidates |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 28, ''[[USA Today]]'' reported Kentucky Governor [[Andy Beshear]] as "one of the most prominent potential running mates" being vetted by the Harris campaign.<ref>{{cite web |title=Andy Beshear, one of Kamala Harris' potential VP picks, makes campaign stop in pivotal swing state |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/28/beshear-harris-volunteers-georgia-campaign-event/74579670007/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=July 30, 2024 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130856/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/28/beshear-harris-volunteers-georgia-campaign-event/74579670007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 29, ''The New York Times'' reported Cooper had voluntarily withdrawn his name from consideration.<ref name=nytjuly29>{{Cite news |last1=Goldmacher |first1=Shane |last2=Epstein |first2=Reid J. |date=July 29, 2024 |title=Roy Cooper Is Said to Withdraw From Harris's Vice-Presidential Field |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/29/us/politics/roy-cooper-kamala-harris-vp.html |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729225839/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/29/us/politics/roy-cooper-kamala-harris-vp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same day, Beshear, Kelly, Shapiro and Walz were reported to be on Harris's shortlist by various media outlets<ref name="Newsweek out">{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Khaleda |date=July 19, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris running mate: Two candidates reportedly rule themselves out |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kamala-harris-running-mate-two-candidates-1927549 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721181632/https://www.newsweek.com/kamala-harris-running-mate-two-candidates-1927549 |archive-date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2024 |title=A few people are in the running to be VP if Harris becomes the presidential nominee |url=https://www.wesa.fm/2024-07-21/a-few-people-are-in-the-running-to-be-vp-if-harris-becomes-the-presidential-nominee |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722135851/https://www.wesa.fm/2024-07-21/a-few-people-are-in-the-running-to-be-vp-if-harris-becomes-the-presidential-nominee |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |website=90.5 WESA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Doherty |first=Erin |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Who could be Kamala Harris' vice presidential pick |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-vp-pick-running-mate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722140207/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-vp-pick-running-mate |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> along with [[CNBC]] reporting that Transportation Secretary [[Pete Buttigieg]] was on the shortlist as Harris's running mate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harris VP short list stacked with contenders who can raise big money |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/29/harris-vp-shortlist-can-raise-big-money.html |website=CNBC |date=July 29, 2024 |access-date=July 30, 2024 |archive-date=July 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729232716/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/29/harris-vp-shortlist-can-raise-big-money.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On July 30, ''[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]'' reported that several progressive leaders and political groups urged Harris to pick Beshear or Walz as her running mate over Shapiro as an attempt to consolidate key voting groups and the Democratic base.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4800359-kamala-harris-josh-shapiro-andy-beshear-tim-walz/|title=Progressives urge Harris to consider Beshear, Walz for VP, not Shapiro|work=The Hill|accessdate=July 30, 2024|date=July 30, 2024}}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' reported on July 30 that Harris planned on interviewing potential running mates in the following days.<ref name="politicojuly30"/>

''The Hill'' also reported on July 30 that while Harris had not yet finalized her running mate choice, she planned on campaigning with her eventual choice in several battleground states the following week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4800961-kamala-harris-vp-pick-battleground-states/|title=Harris says she hasn't chosen her running mate yet but is expected to travel with them next week|date=July 30, 2024|accessdate=July 30, 2024}}</ref> That same day, [[CBS News]] reported that Harris will start interviewing her shortlist candidates as early as the next day, with Beshear, Buttigieg, Kelly, Shapiro and Walz being cited as the campaign's 'top tier' list.<ref name=interview>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-top-contenders-vice-president-decision/|title=Kamala Harris focusing on final contenders for her VP pick, sources say|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=July 30, 2024|date=July 30, 2024|archive-date=July 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730230652/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-top-contenders-vice-president-decision/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a report from [[CNN]] on the same day cited Kelly, Shapiro and Walz as "top contenders" while people close to the selection process stated that Beshear and Buttigieg were not top contenders despite being "in conversation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/30/politics/harris-vice-presidential-selection/index.html|title=Harris nears vice presidential announcement as her team tests out top contenders|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=July 30, 2024|accessdate=July 31, 2023|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131254/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/30/politics/harris-vice-presidential-selection/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 1, [[NBC News]] reported that the Harris campaign's vetting team had formally met with six finalists, Beshear, Buttigieg, Kelly, Shapiro, Walz, and [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] [[J. B. Pritzker]].<ref name=NYTfinal/><ref name=NBCNewsfinal>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/harris-campaign-met-6-potential-vp-picks-selection-process-nears-end-rcna164706|title=Harris campaign has met with 6 potential VP picks as the selection process nears its end|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=August 1, 2024|date=August 1, 2024|archive-date=August 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801185210/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/harris-campaign-met-6-potential-vp-picks-selection-process-nears-end-rcna164706|url-status=live}}</ref> Pritzker had previously denied receiving vetting materials in July;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapos|first=Shia |date=July 23, 2024|title=Pritzker says he hasn't received vice presidential vetting material |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/23/pritzker-vice-president-vetting-kamala-harris-00170554 |access-date=July 23, 2024|website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723163917/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/23/pritzker-vice-president-vetting-kamala-harris-00170554 |url-status=live }}</ref> however, towards the end of the month it was reported he had undergone two vetting interviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wifr.com/2024/08/01/jb-pritzker-had-2-vetting-interviews-vice-president-this-week/|title=J.B. Pritzker had 2 vetting interviews for Vice President this week|publisher=WIFR|accessdate=August 1, 2024|date=August 1, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131357/https://www.wifr.com/2024/08/01/jb-pritzker-had-2-vetting-interviews-vice-president-this-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> That same day, Bloomberg News and ''Politico'' reported that Harris's vetting team had met privately with Kelly and Shapiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/01/kamala-harris-vice-president-running-mate-interviews/74613486007/|title=Harris interviewing VP finalists, decision coming in days|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=August 1, 2024|date=August 1, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131314/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/01/kamala-harris-vice-president-running-mate-interviews/74613486007/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that day that the vetting process, led by Eric Holder, was completed.<ref name=NYTfinal>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/01/us/trump-harris-election-news|title=Vetting of Harris V.P. Picks Is Said to Be Complete|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 1, 2024|accessdate=August 1, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131406/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/01/us/trump-harris-election-news|url-status=live}}</ref> That same report found that out of the six finalists, Shapiro, Kelly and Walz were considered to be top contenders while acknowledging that Beshear, Buttigieg and Pritzker were part of the six finalists that Harris had narrowed down to.<ref name=NYTfinal/> On August 4, Harris interviewed Shapiro, Kelly, and Walz in person at the [[Number One Observatory Circle]], as finalists. Following this, on August 5, it was reported the selection narrowed down to Walz and Shapiro.<ref name=USATodayFinal>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Nandita |title=Kamala Harris' running mate choice narrows to Tim Walz, Josh Shapiro, sources say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/05/kamala-harris-running-mate-tim-walz-josh-shapiro/74675106007/ |publisher=USA Today |access-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805173234/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/08/05/kamala-harris-running-mate-tim-walz-josh-shapiro/74675106007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Harris didn't decide on August 5, deciding to "sleep on it" and inform her running mate in the morning.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Picking a running mate: Inside the 16 days between Kamala Harris' launch and her choice of Tim Walz |url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-picks-tim-walz-running-mate-a64a91ae84953e880c8d086316d07c54 |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> On August 6, Harris chose Walz.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five things to know about Tim Walz |date=August 6, 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/election-2024-harris-vice-president-walz-minnesota-006bca6e18be7ce39ef4bfd97547c3b5 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref>

===Finalists===
On August 4, [[Reuters]] reported that the two finalists were Walz and Shapiro.<ref name=USATodayFinal/>
<gallery>

File:Governor Tim Walz at Bemidji Steel (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[Governor of Minnesota|Governor]] '''[[Tim Walz]]''' of [[Minnesota]] (2019–present)}}
File:Governor Shapiro (cropped).jpg|alt=|{{center|[[Governor of Pennsylvania|Governor]] '''[[Josh Shapiro]]''' of [[Pennsylvania]] (2023–present)}}
</gallery>

===Shortlist ===
On August 1, [[NBC News]] and ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the final shortlist included [[Andy Beshear]], [[Pete Buttigieg]], [[Mark Kelly]], [[J. B. Pritzker]], [[Josh Shapiro]] and [[Tim Walz]].<ref name=NYTfinal/><ref name=NBCNewsfinal/>
<gallery>
File:Andy Beshear 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Governor Andy Beshear of Kentucky (2019–present)|{{center|[[Governor of Kentucky|Governor]] '''[[Andy Beshear]]''' of [[Kentucky]] (2019–present)}}
File:Pete Buttigieg official photo (cropped).jpg|alt=Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg from Michigan (2021–present)(did not receive vetting materials)|{{center|[[United States Secretary of Transportation|Secretary of Transportation]] '''[[Pete Buttigieg]]''' of [[Michigan]]{{efn|name="Buttigieg Residency"|Buttigieg served as the mayor of [[South Bend, Indiana]], from 2012 to 2020 and was a resident of Indiana during his [[Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential campaign]]. He changed his residency to Michigan in 2022 and voted there in that year's [[2022 United States elections|midterm elections]].<ref name="Detroit Free Press Buttigieg">{{cite news |title=Pete Buttigieg now calls Michigan home, plans to vote in midterms |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/07/08/pete-buttigieg-michigan-resident-politico-reports/10015102002/ |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710074857/https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2022/07/08/pete-buttigieg-michigan-resident-politico-reports/10015102002/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="New Yorker Buttigieg">{{cite magazine |title=Ex-Mayor Pete Leaves South Bend for Michigan |first=Ed |last=Kilgore |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/07/pete-buttigieg-is-leaving-south-bend-for-michigan.html |archive-date=June 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628134034/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/07/pete-buttigieg-is-leaving-south-bend-for-michigan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hill Buttigieg">{{cite news |title= Buttigieg: 'I don't know if I'll run for office again or not' |first=Filip |last=Timotija|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url= https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/4543123-buttigieg-i-dont-know-if-ill-run-for-office-again-or-not/}}</ref>}} (2021–present)<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|title=Kamala Harris' Running Mate: Here's Who Could Be Her VP After Biden Drops Out And Endorses Her |first=Sara|last=Dorn |work=[[Forbes]] |date=July 21, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-running-mate-heres-who-could-be-her-vp-after-biden-drops-out-and-endorses-her/|archive-date=July 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721214441/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2024/07/21/kamala-harris-running-mate-heres-who-could-be-her-vp-after-biden-drops-out-and-endorses-her/|url-status=live }}</ref> }}
File:Mark Kelly, Official Portrait 117th (cropped).jpg|alt=Senator Mark Kelly from Arizona (2020–present)|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Mark Kelly]]''' of [[Arizona]] (2020–present)}}
File:J.B. Pritzker April 2023.jpg|{{center|[[Governor of Illinois|Governor]] '''[[J. B. Pritzker]]''' of [[Illinois]] (2019–present)}}
</gallery>

===Formally vetted===
The following candidates either reportedly received vetting materials from the Harris campaign on July{{nbsp}}23, 2024, or were reportedly being considered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roche|first=Darragh |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Kamala Harris' running mate selection narrows: Report |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kamala-harris-running-mate-selection-narrows-report-1928839 |access-date=July 23, 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723105503/https://www.newsweek.com/kamala-harris-running-mate-selection-narrows-report-1928839 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2024 |title=Reports: Gov. Andy Beshear one of four candidates being vetted by Harris campaign |url=https://www.whas11.com/article/news/politics/national-politics/report-gov-andy-beshear-asked-to-submit-vetting-materials-vp-kamala-harris/417-6487ff84-ad75-451f-8f7a-e259861f1dfd |access-date=July 23, 2024|website=whas11.com |language=en-US|archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001312/https://www.whas11.com/article/news/politics/national-politics/report-gov-andy-beshear-asked-to-submit-vetting-materials-vp-kamala-harris/417-6487ff84-ad75-451f-8f7a-e259861f1dfd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Irvine |first1=Bethany |title=Playbook PM: Wray shares new details about Trump shooter|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook-pm/2024/07/24/wray-shares-new-details-about-trump-shooter-00132333 |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=Politico |date=July 24, 2024|archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001340/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/playbook-pm/2024/07/24/wray-shares-new-details-about-trump-shooter-00132333 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite being listed as a serious contender, Michigan Governor [[Gretchen Whitmer]] stated on July 29 that she never received any vetting materials and declined to be considered, preferring to serve the remainder of her term.<ref name=whitmerout>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/29/whitmer-on-harris-vice-president-vetting/74586107007/|title=Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer: I have not been vetted as Kamala Harris' running mate|publisher=People|accessdate=July 29, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131257/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/07/29/whitmer-on-harris-vice-president-vetting/74586107007/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=whitmerout2>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gretchen-whitmer-vice-presidential-pick-vetting/|title=Gov. Gretchen Whitmer says she's "not a part of the vetting" for Harris' VP pick|date=July 29, 2024 |publisher=CBS|accessdate=July 29, 2024|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131409/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gretchen-whitmer-vice-presidential-pick-vetting/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Roy Cooper in November 2023 (cropped).jpg|alt=Roy Cooper|{{center|[[Governor of North Carolina|Governor]] '''[[Roy Cooper]]''' of [[North Carolina]] (2017–present)<ref name=nytjuly29/> (withdrew)}}
File:Michelle Lujan Grisham 2021.jpg|{{center|[[Governor of New Mexico|Governor]] '''[[Michelle Lujan Grisham]]''' of [[New Mexico]] (2019–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/07/us/politics/tim-walz-kamala-harris-2024.html |title=Tim Walz's Sudden Rise in the Democratic Party Was No Accident |first1=Reid J. |last1=Epstein |first2=Lisa |last2=Lerer |first3=Shane |last3=Goldmacher |first4=Theodore |last4=Schleifer |date=August 7, 2024 |accessdate=August 8, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |quote=Her advisers had begun by considering nine candidates—in addition to the widely reported final six, Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham of New Mexico, Gov. Wes Moore of Maryland and Gina Raimondo, the secretary of commerce, were vetted—and Mr. Walz was not perceived as a front-runner.}}</ref>}}
File:Gina Raimondo (cropped 2).jpg|{{center|[[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]] '''[[Gina Raimondo]]''' of [[Rhode Island]] (2021–present)<ref name="CBS Dozen">{{cite news |last1=Cordes |first1=Nancy |last2=Gómez|first2=Fin |last3=Navarro |first3=Aaron |title=Kamala Harris vetting about a dozen possible VP candidates |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-vp-vetting/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=CBS News |date=July 24, 2024 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725001321/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kamala-harris-vp-vetting/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:Cedric Richmond 116th Congress (cropped).jpg|alt=|{{center|Former [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] '''[[Cedric Richmond]]''' of [[Louisiana]] (2011–2021)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Friedmann |first1=Meghan |title=Kamala Harris campaign vets former Louisiana Congressman Cedric Richmond as VP candidate |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/harris-campaign-vets-cedric-richmond-as-vp-candidate/article_a1d77dec-9f1e-57a9-a85a-a837af68d2e6.html |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=The Advocate |date=July 23, 2024 |language=en |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723163627/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/harris-campaign-vets-cedric-richmond-as-vp-candidate/article_a1d77dec-9f1e-57a9-a85a-a837af68d2e6.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
</gallery>

==Media speculation on possible candidates==
The following were individuals speculated to be in consideration as Kamala Harris's running mate, but were not reported to have been vetted or otherwise seriously considered.

===Members of Congress===
<gallery>
File:Amy Klobuchar 2019 (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Amy Klobuchar]]''' from [[Minnesota]] (2007–present)<ref name="The Hill">{{cite news |title=6 Democrats who could be VP picks for Harris |first=Jared |last=Gans |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=July 14, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4769391-vice-president-harris-running-mate/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718153158/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4769391-vice-president-harris-running-mate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Forbes" />}}
File:Sen Chris Murphy in 2023.jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Chris Murphy]]''' from [[Connecticut]] (2013–present)<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kapur |first1=Sahil |last2=Thorp |first2=Frank V |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Senate Democrats say Mark Kelly would be a 'superb' VP pick. But there's some anxiety. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/senate-democrats-say-mark-kelly-superb-vp-pick-anxiety-rcna163220 |access-date=July 24, 2024 |work=[[NBC News]] |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728200042/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/senate-democrats-say-mark-kelly-superb-vp-pick-anxiety-rcna163220 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:Gary Peters official photo 115th congress (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Gary Peters]]''' of [[Michigan]] (2015–present)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Neukam|first1=Stephen|last2=Solender|first2=Andrew|last3=Robinson|first3=Samuel|title=Scoop: Sen. Gary Peters emerges as VP dark horse|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/29/harris-vp-pick-michigan-senator-gary-peters|access-date=29 July 2024|publisher=Axios|archive-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131914/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/29/harris-vp-pick-michigan-senator-gary-peters|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
File:Jamie Raskin Official Portrait 2019 (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] '''[[Jamie Raskin]]''' from [[Maryland]] (2017–present)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kamala Harris' VP: Possible running mates if she runs for president |first=David M. |last=Zimmer |work=[[North Jersey Media Group]] |date=July 19, 2024 |access-date=July 21, 2024 |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/politics/2024/07/19/kamala-harris-possible-vp-candidates/74474001007/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134903/https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/politics/2024/07/19/kamala-harris-possible-vp-candidates/74474001007/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:Raphael Warnock for Senate (cropped).jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Raphael Warnock]]''' from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (2021–present)<ref name="Forbes" />}}
</gallery>

===Governors===
<gallery>
File:Tony Evers (cropped).jpg|alt=|{{center|[[Governor of Wisconsin|Governor]] '''[[Tony Evers]]''' of [[Wisconsin]] (2019–present)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://madison.com/madison.com/tncms/admin/action/main/preview/site/lee-ds-v3/-/article_c296cebe-4b7d-11ef-a591-875cead8eece.html |title=Hands on Wisconsin: Could Tony Evers be Kamala Harris' VP pick? |date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |last=Hands |first=Phil |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131800/https://madison.com/madison.com/tncms/admin/action/main/preview/site/lee-ds-v3/-/article_c296cebe-4b7d-11ef-a591-875cead8eece.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:Governor Phil Murphy 2023 (cropped).jpg|alt=Phil Murphy from New Jersey (2018–present)|{{Center|[[Governor of New Jersey|Governor]] '''[[Phil Murphy]]''' of [[New Jersey]] (2018–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Daniel |date=2024-07-21 |title=New Jersey Gov. Phil Murphy's allies push him for VP pick |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/07/21/joe-biden-drops-out-election/murphy-vp-talk-00170062 |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=[[Politico]] |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134838/https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2024/07/21/joe-biden-drops-out-election/murphy-vp-talk-00170062 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
File:Jared Polis in Taiwan (3x4).jpg|alt=Jared Polis from Colorado (2019–present)|{{center|[[Governor of Colorado|Governor]] '''[[Jared Polis]]''' of [[Colorado]] (2019–present)<ref name="Forbes" />}}
File:Tom Wolf in 2023.jpg|alt=Tom Wolf from Pennsylvania (2015–2023)|{{center|Former [[Governor of Pennsylvania|Governor]] '''[[Tom Wolf]]''' of [[Pennsylvania]] (2015–2023)<ref name="Forbes" />}}
</gallery>

==Declined to be considered==
The following were noted by media as potential running mates, but either publicly or privately withdrew their names from consideration. Some media outlets said that Whitmer was being vetted, but she denied this and declined to be considered.

<gallery>
File:Senator Manchin (cropped 2).jpg|{{center|[[United States Senate|Senator]] '''[[Joe Manchin]]''' from [[West Virginia]] (2010–present) (''Independent'')<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nazzaro |first1=Miranda |title=Manchin says he wouldn't serve as Harris VP |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4785430-joe-manchin-vp-kamala-harris/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The Hill |date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>}}
File:Chancellor McRaven February 2017 (32226902794) (cropped).jpg|{{center|Commander of [[United States Special Operations Command|USSOCOM]] '''[[William H. McRaven]]''' from [[Texas]] (2011–2014)<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/maddowblog/veepstakes-process-democrats-appear-widen-aperture-rcna163616|title = In 'veepstakes' process, Democrats appear to widen the aperture|last = Benen|first = Steve|date = July 25, 2024|accessdate = July 28, 2024|work = [[The Rachel Maddow Show|MaddowBlog]]|publisher = [[MSNBC]]|archive-date = July 26, 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240726024025/https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/maddowblog/veepstakes-process-democrats-appear-widen-aperture-rcna163616|url-status = live}}</ref>}}
File:Wes Moore Official Governor Portrait (9x12).jpg|{{center|[[Governor of Maryland|Governor]] '''[[Wes Moore]]''' of [[Maryland]] (2023–present)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Pamela |title=Maryland Gov. Moore as vice president? 'I have no interest in the job.' |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/politics-power/state-government/wes-moore-vice-president-GLK27AQAKJAOPJXUT662QD6GFI/ |access-date=July 22, 2024 |work=The Baltimore Banner |date=July 22, 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}|alt=Governor Wes Moore from Maryland (2023–present)
File:Newsom April 2024 (cropped2).jpg|{{center|[[Governor of California|Governor]] '''[[Gavin Newsom]]''' of [[California]] (2019–present)<ref name="Newsweek out" />}}|alt=Governor Gavin Newsom from California (2019–present)
File:8R4A9872 (53367444225) (Whitmer1).jpg|{{center|[[Governor of Michigan|Governor]] '''[[Gretchen Whitmer]]''' of [[Michigan]] (2019–present) <ref name=whitmerout/><ref name=whitmerout2/>}}
</gallery>

== Analysis ==
The selection was described by ''The New York Times'' as a [[proxy war]] between progressive and moderate Democrats. Progressive activists accused Shapiro and Kelly of being too conservative, specifically on labor issues and the [[Israel–Hamas war]], therefore backing Walz. Moderates defended Shapiro, accusing progressives of antisemitism in their attacks. Both sides seemingly accepted Beshear.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live Election Updates: Harris, Having Met With V.P. Finalists, Is Set to Unveil Choice by Tuesday Morning |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/05/us/harris-trump-election#kamala-harris-vp-democrats-divided |work=The New York Times |access-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131800/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/08/05/us/harris-trump-election#kamala-harris-vp-democrats-divided |url-status=live |last1=Corasaniti |first1=Nick }}</ref> An opinion piece in ''USA Today'' said that not picking Shapiro would signal support for a progressive platform, and one in ''[[The Guardian]]'' said picking Shapiro would signal moderation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harris' VP pick will set the tone for Democrats. It needs to be progressive. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/08/04/harris-vice-president-pick-kelly-shapiro-walz-democrats/74637119007/ |publisher=USA Today |access-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806131801/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/columnist/2024/08/04/harris-vice-president-pick-kelly-shapiro-walz-democrats/74637119007/ |url-status=live |author=Pequeño, Sara|date=August 4, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Josh Shapiro, Kamala Harris's potential vice-presidential pick? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/02/josh-shapiro-kamala-harris|work=The Guardian |access-date=August 5, 2024 |last1=Pengelly |first1=Martin }}</ref>

== Endorsements ==
{{Endorsements box
|title=Andy Beshear
|list=
;Notable Individuals
* [[Shawn Fain]], president of the [[United Auto Workers]] (''Co-endorsement with Tim Walz'')<ref name="uawendorsement">{{Cite web |title=UAW president says Beshear, Walz are union's "top two" VP picks for Harris |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/beshear-walz-are-uaws-vp-picks-harris/ |last=Hubbard |first=Kaia |website=CBS News|date=August 4, 2024 |language=en-EN}}</ref>
}}
{{Endorsements box
|title=Mark Kelly
|list=
;Political parties
*[[Arizona Democratic Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Small |first=Jim |title=AZ Dem Party endorses Mark Kelly for VP, urges Kamala Harris to pick him • Arizona Mirror |url=https://azmirror.com/briefs/az-dem-party-endorses-mark-kelly-for-vp-urges-kamala-harris-to-pick-him/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Arizona Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}
{{Endorsements box
|title=Josh Shapiro
|list=
;Governors
* [[Chris Christie]], 55th Governor of New Jersey (''Republican'')<ref> {{Cite web |title=Chris Christie says Trump 'created' Josh Shapiro, blaming ex-prez for VP hopeful's rise |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/chris-christie-says-trump-created-josh-shapiro-blaming-ex-prez-for-vp-hopeful-s-rise/ar-AA1odE69?ocid=BingNewsSerp |website=msn.com |language=en-EN}}</ref>

;Local officials
*[[Bob Brady]], Chair of the Democratic Party of [[Philadelphia]] (1986-present), [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for {{ushr|PA|1|1st}} (1998-2019)<ref name=Brady>{{Cite web |last1=Weaver |first1=Jared |last2=Stockburger |first2=George |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Harris-Shapiro endorsed by Philadelphia Democratic party for the 2024 ticket |url=https://www.abc27.com/pennsylvania-politics/harris-shapiro-endorsed-by-philadelphia-democratic-party-for-the-2024-ticket/ |access-date=August 10, 2024}}</ref>
*[[Cherelle Parker]], [[Mayor of Philadelphia]] (2024-present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orso |first=Gillian |date=2024-07-26 |title=More than 50 Pa. labor leaders — including teachers unions — are rallying around Gov. Josh Shapiro, as veepstakes continue |url=https://www.inquirer.com/politics/election/josh-shapiro-vice-president-labor-leaders-support-20240726.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Philadelphia Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>

;Political parties
*[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] of [[Philadelphia]]<ref name=Brady/>
}}
{{Endorsements box
|title=Tim Walz
|list=
;U.S. Senators
*[[Bernie Sanders]], [[U.S. Senator]] from [[Vermont]] (2007–present), [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|2016]] and [[Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign|2020 candidate]] for the Democratic nomination for president ''(Independent)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanders Says Possible VP Walz 'Understands the Needs of Working Families' |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/governor-tim-walz |website=Common Dreams|language=en-EN}}</ref>
;U.S. Representatives
*[[Nancy Pelosi]], [[US Representative|U.S. Representative]] from [[CA-11]] (1987–present), Speaker of the House of Representatives (2007–2011; 2019–2023), House Minority Leader (2003–2007; 2011–2019)<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Nancy Pelosi Reportedly Has a Favorite V.P. Pick for Kamala |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/nancy-pelosi-reportedly-has-a-favorite-vp-pick-for-kamala/ar-BB1r6HGF?ocid=BingNewsSerp |magazine=The New Republic|language=en-EN}}</ref>
*[[Dean Phillips]], [[US Representative|U.S. Representative]] from [[MN-03]] (2019-present), [[Dean Phillips 2024 presidential campaign|2024 candidate]] for the Democratic nomination for president<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kashiwagi |first1=Sydney |title=Prominent Minnesota Dems mostly backing Gov. Tim Walz for Kamala Harris’ VP pick |url=https://www.startribune.com/prominent-minnesota-dems-mostly-backing-gov-tim-walz-for-kamala-harris-vp/600386535 |publisher=The Minnesota Star Tribune |access-date=14 October 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

;Individuals
*[[Shawn Fain]], president of the [[United Auto Workers]] (''Co-endorsement with Andy Beshear'')<ref name="uawendorsement" />
}}

== Opinion polling ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:20px"
|+Vice presidential polling
|-valign=bottom
! style="background-position: right 85%;" | Poll source
! style="width:120px; background-position: right 85%;"|Date(s) administered
! style="width:90px; background-position: right 85%;"|Sample size{{efn|name=key|Key: A – all adults RV – registered voters LV – likely voters V – unclear}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Andy Beshear}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Pete Buttigieg}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Roy Cooper}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Mark Kelly}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Wes Moore}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|J. B. Pritzker}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Josh Shapiro}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|Gretchen Whitmer}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|mw=8|''Others''}}
! {{vert header|stp=1|''Undecided''}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[https://d3nkl3psvxxpe9.cloudfront.net/documents/Harris_Running_Mates_poll_results.pdf YouGov]
|July 29–31, 2024
|1,127 (A)
|5%
|12%
|1%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''16%'''
|–
|2%
|8%
|5%
|18%{{Efn|Includes [[Gavin Newsom]] on 6%, [[Tim Walz]] on 5%, [[Raphael Warnock]] on 2%|name=YouGov others}}
|{{party shading/Undecided}}|'''34%'''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[https://leger360.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Leger_U.S-Politics-July-29th-2024.pdf Leger]
|July 26–28, 2024
|301 (A)
|7%
|11%
|8%
|10%
|2%
|4%
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|'''18%'''
|–
|–
|{{party shading/Undecided}}|'''41%'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[https://maristpoll.marist.edu/polls/election-2024-whats-next/ NPR/PBS News/Marist National]
|July 22–23, 2024
|1,309 (LV)
|6%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |'''21%'''
|8%
|13%
|6%
|7%
|17%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |'''21%'''
|–
|–
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |[https://fairvote.org/potus-and-vp-poll-july2024/ SurveyUSA/FairVote]
|July 8–10, 2024
|2,050 (LV)
|3%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |'''20%'''
|3%
|–
|–
|5%
|14%
|19%
|12%{{Efn|name=SurveyUSA others|Includes [[Amy Klobuchar]] on 5%, [[Jared Polis]] on 3%, and [[Jamie Raskin]] on 5%}}
|19%
|}

== See also ==
*[[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign]]
*[[2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates]]
*[[2024 Democratic National Convention]]
*[[2024 United States presidential election]]
*[[List of United States major party presidential tickets]]
*[[2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2024 United States presidential election}}
{{United States vice presidential candidate selection}}
{{Kamala Harris}}
{{Tim Walz}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 in American politics]]
[[Category:Kamala Harris]]
[[Category:Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Pete Buttigieg]]
[[Category:Amy Klobuchar]]
[[Category:Gavin Newsom]]
[[Category:Josh Shapiro]]
[[Category:Tim Walz]]
[[Category:Gretchen Whitmer]]

Barbara Hutton

2024-10-29T01:23:25Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

John Rhŷs

2024-10-29T00:43:36Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise

{{short description|Welsh scholar and Celticist (1840–1915)}}
{{Distinguish|John Rhys-Davies}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] [[Sir]]
| name = John Rhŷs
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|PC|size=100}}
| image = File:The Right Hon. Sir John Rhŷs, P.C., M.A., D.Litt (5227644) (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = John Rees
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1840|6|21}}
| birth_place = [[Ponterwyd]], [[Ceredigion]], [[Wales]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1915|12|17|1840|6|21}}
| death_place = Oxford, England
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|academic|[[philology|philologist]]|poet}}
| citizenship = British

| spouse = {{marriage|[[Elspeth Hughes-Davies]]|6 August 1872|29 April 1911|end=died}}
| children = {{hlist | [[Myvanwy Rhys|Myvanwy]] | [[Olwen Rhys|Olwen]] }}
| known_for = prominent scholar of Celtic studies, first professor of Celtic studies at Oxford University
| signature =
| relatives =
| education = [[British School|Penllwyn British School]] [[Bangor Normal College]] [[Jesus College, Oxford]] [[Merton College, Oxford]] [[Leipzig University]]
}}
[[File:Birthplace of Sir John Rhys Ponterwyd.JPG|thumb|Birthplace of Sir John Rhŷs, Ponterwyd]]
'''Sir John Rhŷs''',{{Need-IPA}} {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|PC|size=100}} (also spelled '''Rhys''';<ref name="Williams"/> 21 June 1840 – 17 December 1915) was a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] scholar, [[fellow]] of the [[British Academy]], [[Celtic studies|Celticist]] and the first professor of [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] at [[Oxford University]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Sir John Rhys Papers | work=Sir John Rhys Papers, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Archives – Network – Wales | url=http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=42&coll_id=10013&expand= | access-date=13 April 2005 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526095459/http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=42&coll_id=10013&expand= | archive-date=26 May 2006 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early years and education==
He was born '''John Rees''' at [[Ponterwyd]] in [[Ceredigion]], to a lead miner and farmer, Hugh Rees, and his wife. Rhŷs was educated at schools in Bryn-chwyth, Pantyffynnon  and [[Ponterwyd]] before moving to the [[British and Foreign School Society|British School]], a recently opened institution at Penllwyn, in 1855. Here Rhŷs was enrolled as a pupil and teacher, and after leaving studied at [[Bangor Normal College]] from 1860 to 1861. Upon leaving Bangor Normal College, Rhŷs gained employment as headmaster at [[Rhos-y-bol]], [[Anglesey]]. It was here that Rhŷs was introduced to Dr [[Charles Williams (academic)|Charles Williams]], then the [[Principal (college)|Principal]] of [[Jesus College, Oxford]], in 1865. This meeting eventually led to Rhŷs being accepted into the college, where he studied ''[[literae humaniores]]''. In 1869, he was elected to a [[fellow]]ship at [[Merton College]].<ref name="ODNB">[[John Fraser (Celticist)|John Fraser]], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35734 ‘Rhŷs , Sir John (1840–1915)’], rev. Mari A. Williams, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006; accessed 15 January 2007]</ref>

Rhŷs also travelled and studied in Europe during this period, staying in Paris, [[Heidelberg]], Leipzig, and [[Göttingen]]. He attended lectures by [[Georg Curtius]] and [[August Leskien]] while in Leipzig, and it was during this period that his interest in [[philology]] and [[linguistics]] developed. Rhŷs [[Matriculation|matriculated]] from Leipzig in 1871, and it was around this time that he adopted the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] spelling of his name. He returned to Wales as a government inspector of schools, covering [[Flint, Flintshire|Flint]] and [[Denbigh]], and he settled in [[Rhyl]]. Rhŷs also began to write, with articles on the grammar of the [[Celtic language]] and articles on the [[glosses]] in the [[Codex Mariendalensis|Luxembourg manuscript]] being printed, the latter in the ''[[Revue Celtique]]''. In 1872 Rhŷs married [[Elspeth Hughes-Davies]] and together they had three children: Gwladus (born 1873, died as an infant), [[Myvanwy Rhys|Myvanwy]], and [[Olwen Rhys|Olwen]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=RHŶS, ELIZABETH (Elspeth) (1841 - 1911), teacher, hostess and campaigner for women's rights |url=https://biography.wales/article/s14-RHYS-ELI-1841 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=biography.wales |language=en}}</ref>
[[Image:John Rhys' grave in Holywell Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Grave of Rhŷs and his wife Elspeth at [[Holywell Cemetery]], Oxford|alt=]]
==Career==
In 1874 Rhŷs delivered a series of lectures in [[Aberystwyth]], later published as ''Lectures on Welsh Philology'', which served to establish his reputation as a leading scholar of the Celtic language. This reputation saw him appointed as the first [[Jesus Professor of Celtic|Professor of Celtic]] at Oxford University in 1877. He was also made a [[Fellow]] of [[Jesus College, Oxford]]. Rhŷs was elected [[bursar]] of the college in 1881, a position he held until 1895, when he succeeded [[Daniel Harper (headmaster)|Daniel Harper]] as principal.<ref name="ODNB"/>

Rhŷs served on several public bodies.<ref name="ODNB"/>
*1881 – [[Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare|Lord Aberdare]]'s departmental committee on [[Education in Wales|Welsh education]]
*1887 – Secretary to the commission on the [[tithe]] agitation in Wales
*1889 – Royal Commission on Sunday closing in Wales
*1893 – Royal Commission on Land Tenure in Wales
*1891 – Royal Commission on University Education in Ireland
*1907 – Sir Thomas Raleigh's commission on the Welsh university and its constituent colleges
*1908 – [[Christopher Palles|Chief Baron Palles's]] commission for a national university of Ireland
*1908 – First chairman of the [[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales]], a post that he held until his death.<ref name="Williams">{{cite DWB|last=Williams|first=Sir Ifor|author-link=Ifor Williams|title=RHYS , Sir JOHN (1840–1915), Celtic scholar|id=s-RHYS-JOH-1840|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

==Awards==
Rhŷs gained his [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]] in 1907, and in 1911 was appointed to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]]. Rhŷs was one of the founding Fellows of [[British Academy|The British Academy]] when it was given its [[royal charter]] in 1902, and after his death the academy established an annual lecture in his name, the Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. The ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' declares him to be "foremost among the scholars of his time" in his published fields, noting that "his pioneering studies provided a firm foundation for future Celtic scholarship and research for many decades."<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Works==
* ''Lectures on Welsh Philology'' (1877)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000309118 ''Celtic Britain''] (1882,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''Origins of English History'' by Charles Elton, 1882; ''Celtic Britain'' by J. Rhys, 1882; ''The Making of England'' by J. R. Green, 1881; ''The Conquest of England'', 1883; ''The Student's Hume'' revised by J. S. Brewer, 1880|journal=The Quarterly Review|date=April 1885|volume=159|pages=424–450|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924065563524;view=1up;seq=436}}</ref> last edition 1908)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100760242 ''Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom''] (1888, based on lectures delivered in 1886)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001110680 ''Studies in the Arthurian Legend''] (1891)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001276536 ''Celtic Folklore, Welsh and Manx''] (1901)
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009574665 ''The Welsh People''] (with D. B. Jones, 1900)

[[John Morris-Jones]] and Rhŷs prepared an edition of ''The Elucidarium and other tracts in Welsh from Llyvyr agkyr Llandewivrevi A.D. 1346'' (The Book of the [[Anchorite]] of [[Llanddewi Brefi]]), a collection of Medieval Welsh manuscripts in the library of Jesus College Oxford, which they published in 1894.<ref>{{cite DWB|last=Parry|first=Sir Thomas|author-link=Thomas Parry (author)|title=MORRIS-JONES (formerly JONES ), Sir JOHN (MORRIS) ( 1864–1929 ), scholar, poet, and critic|id=s-MORR-JOH-1864|date=1959}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Thomas |date= 1937|title=The Book of the Anchorite of Llanddewi Brefi (Llyvyr Agkyr Llandewivrevi) |url=http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewpage/llgc-id:1177372/llgc-id:1178863/llgc-id:1178930/get650 |journal=Transactions and Archaeological Record, Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society |volume=12 |pages=65–66 |access-date=31 October 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Morris-Jones|first1=John|last2=Rhys|first2=John, Sir|author-link2=John Rhŷs|title=The Elucidarium and other tracts in Welsh from Llyvyr agkyr Llandewivrevi A.D. 1346 (Jesus college ms. 119)|date=1894|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon press |ol=6595516M|oclc=4577911|url=https://archive.org/details/elucidariumando00morrgoog}}</ref> In the 1890s, Rhŷs and his daughter Olwen decoded a Greek and Latin [[cryptogram]] in the [[Juvencus Manuscript]].<ref>{{cite book|last=McKee |first= Helen |title= The Cambridge Juvencus Manuscript Glossed in Latin, Old Welsh, and Old Irish: Text and Commentary |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgejuvencu0000juve/page/26 |page=27|publisher= CMCS Publications|location =Aberystwyth, UK |year=2000|isbn=978-0-9527478-2-6}}</ref>

==The "Bangor dispute"==
The daughter of Rhŷs and his wife Elspeth, [[Myvanwy Rhys|Myfanwy]], attended the [[University College of North Wales]] in Bangor where she lived at the women's hall. The head of the hall was [[Frances Hughes]] and she was concerned that their daughter was leaving the hall to visit Violet Osborn who was a student who had chosen to not live in the hall.<ref name=forb/> She spoke, in confidence, to Elspeth who was a teacher and a prominent campaigner for the education of women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elspeth Hughes-Davies |url=https://www.merchedchwarel.org/elspeth-hughesdavies |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Merched Chwarel |language=en-US}}</ref> It was against the rules for students staying at the halls to visit students who lived elsewhere and Osborn's character was questioned. News of this conversation spread and Violet Osborn and her supporters were concerned at the implication on her reputation. Frances had expressed doubts about Violet's intentions and her integrity. The hall's governor's asked Frances to explain herself but she refused to reveal her sources. The governors supported Frances when the university senate demanded that the governors should sack her. There was a huge public debate and the senate after issuing an ultimatum withdrew the hall's licence and the hall was obliged to close (while it re-negotiated).<ref name=forb>{{Cite ODNB |title=Frances Hughes |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48527 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |access-date=2023-07-25 |place=Oxford |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/48527 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
{{Wikisource}}
*{{Gutenberg author|id=48154}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sir John Rhys}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061209144201/http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=lectures%2Frhys Sir John Rhys Memorial Lectures]
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp80241 Sir John Rhys at the National Portrait Gallery]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172045/http://www.rhwydwaitharchifaucymru.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=42&coll_id=10013&expand= Sir John Rhys Papers]

{{Jesus College, Oxford}}
{{FBA 1902}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhŷs, John}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Celtic studies scholars]]
[[Category:Fellows of Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Principals of Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Linguists from Wales]]
[[Category:Members of the Cambrian Archaeological Association]]
[[Category:Welsh non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Jesus Professors of Celtic]]
[[Category:Arthurian scholars]]
[[Category:Burials at Holywell Cemetery]]

Green Feather Movement

2024-10-28T03:05:59Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* McCarthyism */ revise

{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
The '''Green Feather Movement''' was a series of college protests directed against [[McCarthyism]] at the height of the [[Red Scare]] in the United States. The movement arose in response to an attempt to censor [[Robin Hood]] because of its alleged [[communism|communist]] connotations and eventually spread to universities across the nation.

==Background==
The Green Feather Movement came during the height of the [[Red Scare]] and [[McCarthyism]] in the United States following [[World War II]] and the establishment of Communist governments abroad and the [[Great Depression]], after which many were disillusioned by capitalism. Americans were especially paranoid about possibly having communists in the country, especially in the government, so alleged communists were often tried and fired. People like Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] were able to capitalize on this widespread fear of communism to gain political power. McCarthy claimed to have the names of more than 200 communists in the state department, and he held a series of televised smear campaigns in order to rid the government of communists. However, his attempts to find communists were largely unsuccessful; he ended up accusing the US army of containing communists, leading to his downfall and irrelevance after his inquiry of the army starting in 1953.

===Censorship===
Censorship was an important part of the Red Scare and containment of communism in the United States. The film and music industries were especially censored, as well as literature. Writers, screenwriters, directors, etc. were often investigated and blacklisted due to claims of their alleged communist beliefs. Lawyers, social workers, and especially teachers lost their jobs for the same reason. Loyalty oaths from teachers were also required in more than 39 states to ensure that they will not teach communist-leaning lessons to students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/fifties/essays/anti-communism-1950s|title=Anti-Communism in the 1950s {{!}} The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|date=2012-08-15|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> Educational literature and literature in college curricula were especially targeted under McCarthyism due to the fear that communism will be taught to students. As a result, many famous works were censored during the 1950s, including [[Invisible Man]] by [[Ralph Ellison]], [[Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)]] by [[Henry David Thoreau]], and [[The Grapes of Wrath]] by [[John Steinbeck]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://classroom.synonym.com/forms-censorship-during-1950s-8608.html|title=Forms of Censorship During the 1950s {{!}} Synonym|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en}}</ref> The newly popular genre of writing, comic books, was also especially targeted because they were seen as corrupting the minds of young people. The [[United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency|Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency]] oversaw this problem and aimed to completely ban comic books.

=== McCarthyism ===
Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin held a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s aimed at exposing supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government. McCarthy gained prominence in February 1950 claiming he had a list of communists who had infiltrated the State Department. Elected chairman of the Committee on Government Operations in 1952, he proceeded to use his position on the Investigations Subcommittee to conduct a wide-ranging smear campaign. Despite investigating various departments and questioning witnesses about their suspected communist affiliations, he failed to identify any communists in the government. McCarthyism both reached its peak and began its decline when he launched an investigation into possible espionage and subversive activities at the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey: 36 days of televised investigative hearings in 1954. McCarthy however then switched the investigation into whether the Army had promoted a dentist who had refused to answer questions for the Loyalty Security Screening Board. The hearings reached their climax when McCarthy claimed that Joseph Welch, the Army's lawyer had employed a man who at one time had belonged to a communist front group. Welch rebuked the senator saying, “Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?” and discredited McCarthy and his investigation. This and the broadcast of McCarthy tactics turned the public against him and support for him plummeted. McCarthy was further undermined by a critical television editorial by journalist Edward R. Murrow. The Senate voted (67 to 22) in December 1954 to censure McCarthy for conduct unbecoming.<ref>{{Cite web|title=McCarthyism: History & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/McCarthyism|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>Henretta, J. A., Hinderaker, E., & Self, R. O. (2018). McCarthyism. In R. Edwards (Ed.), ''America's History for the AP Course'' (Ninth ed., pp. 766-767). Boston, MA: Bedford, freeman & worth.</ref>

== Motivation ==
The students responsible for starting this movement were motivated not only by the Red Scare, but also by their religious faith. In an interview, Bernard Bray, one of the original 5 students, talked about how he and his friends attended the Roger Williams Fellowship at a local Baptist church to discuss social issues while performing vespers. The group met for Wednesday night discussion and communal Sunday night suppers led by Dr. W. Douglas Rae, church adviser, and Miss Emily Watson, faculty adviser. The purpose of the group was to promote Christian social action in the community and on campus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Green Feather Movement|url=https://pride.iu.edu/pride-and-tradition/the-green-feather-movement/|last=Bicentennial|first=IU Office of the|date=2019-08-01|website=Pride.IU.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> Bray explained the importance of these meetings by saying that “my sort of spirituality was a . . . struggle to find a way to make God’s will become a reality in my life and to that working in fellowship with others and the Roger Williams Fellowship was the ideal context for doing that.” As McCarthyism became more and more popular, the students felt a need to stand up. Bray preferred to think of the movement more as Christian work, rather than courageous activism. And it was through that faith, that the five students found the strength to face potential consequences.

He was also inspired by a seminarian he knew growing up who refused to fight in World War II and was, as a result, jailed. The religious activism of his parents, Helen and Earl Bray, who stood up and walked out of their church after someone made a racist comment about a Japanese American, also prompted his action. When asked why attempts to censor Robin Hood pushed Bray to action, he explained that the issue wasn’t Robin Hood as much as “a great opportunity to find a symbol to fight McCarthyism — it was more a matter of principle.”

==The Movement==
On November 13, 1953, Mrs. Thomas J. White, a member of the Indiana school textbook commission, proposed to ban [[Robin Hood]] from the grade school curriculum because of its supposed communist connotations. She claimed that Robin Hood embodied communist and socialist ideals because he stole from the rich and gave to the poor, saying that "there is now a Communist directive in education now to stress the story of Robin Hood. They want to stress it because he robbed the rich and gave it to the poor. That’s the Communist line. It’s just a smearing of law and order and anything that disrupts law and order is their meat." Robin Hood was not banned from Indiana schools, however Indiana Governor George Craig did say that "Communists have gone to work twisting the meaning of the Robin Hood legend." In fact, Mrs. White’s push to have the subject banned had the opposite effect of what was desired.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Students Allied Themselves With Robin Hood During This Anti-McCarthyism Movement|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/students-allied-themselves-robin-hood-during-1950s-anti-mccarthyism-movement-180967156/|last=Eschner|first=Kat|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref>

In response to this attempt to ban Robin Hood, and the larger McCarthy witch hunt it was a part of, five college students, junior Bernard Bray, sophomore Mary Dawson, Graduate student Edwin Napier, junior Blas Davila, and senior Jeanine Carter, at [[Indiana University Bloomington]] started the Green Feather Movement. These students were Indiana natives from mostly small towns, although the leader of the group, Blas Davis, was from the Gary-Hammond-East Chicago area. Most were liberal arts undergraduates with one graduate student in history.<ref name=":2" /> The students went to a local poultry farm, bought six large bags of chicken feathers, took them to the basement of a nearby house and dyed them green to represent the one worn by Robin Hood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://zinnedproject.org/materials/the-green-feather-movement/|title=» The Green Feather Movement Zinn Education Project|website=zinnedproject.org|date=October 2016 |language=en|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> Then on March 1, 1954, they put one on every bulletin board on campus to protest censorship and attaching them to white buttons with slogans like "They’re your books; don’t let McCarthyism burn them".<ref name=":2" /> These students called themselves Robin Hood's "Merry Outlaws" and circulated an anonymous protest papers against McCarthyism. Blas Davila, one of the 5 undergraduate students who came up with the plan, later became a psychology professor at the University of Indianapolis.

The reactions to the movement were mixed. Students were generally supportive with positive comments from the student newspaper, The Indiana Daily Student, Indiana University's student newspaper and the local television station. Some financial contributions allowed organizers to order more feathers and buttons once the first batch had been distributed. They distributed a statement of purpose, "This I Believe" with help from a printer in town, outlining their support for academic freedom and free speech while warning of the dangers that McCarthyism posed to these ideals.<ref name=":2" /> However, their actions were extremely radical during a time when IU freshmen and sophomore men were still required to participate in ROTC and more than 50% of the nation was in support of McCarthyism and only 29% viewed him unfavorably according to a 1954 Gallup poll. The students were investigated by the FBI and a local newspaper, eventually owning up to the deed in a letter to The Indiana Daily Student.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Green Feather Movement Papers|url=https://www.indianahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/the-green-feather-movement-papers.pdf|date=27 May 2020}}</ref> The ''Bloomington Herald Telephone'' called the activists "dupes" and "long-hairs".<ref name=":1">[http://www.teachingforchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/zep_indianaaulm_article_greenfeather.pdf Branigin, John, "What Did it Matter: The Legacy of Protest," ''Indiana Alumni Magazine'', March-April 2001. Retrieved November 29, 2009.]</ref> Faculty from the psychology department and the School of Law, as well as the local chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, however supported the movement. Even though some faculty refused to comment on the movement because of fear of retribution, the psychology department lent some support by providing some administrative protection. Attempts by Green Feathers organizers to bring Sen. J. William Fulbright, a prominent critic of Sen. McCarthy, to campus were rejected by administrators who told them that only university approved organizations could use campus facilities for political purposes, citing a 1945 policy from the board of trustees.

In May 1954, the group decided to seek official recognition as a University organization and sent a constitution to the student senate stating that they would be open to all students to promote political discussions from all points of view. Although the student senate approved the constitution, IU President Herman B. Wells denied the Green Feather Movement’s request for official recognition because they were too political, and he feared that university approval would be interpreted as endorsing the group’s anti-McCarthy position, again citing the 1945 policy. The IU chapter of the American Association of University responded to Wells with a strong statement of support for the Green Feathers movement and affirming their commitment to the role of the university in promoting open discussion of controversial political issues.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> After this, the students decided to switch their focus from a fight against McCarthyism to the right to protest. Shortly after the university announced their decision to reject the Green Feathers, a letter to the editor appeared in the Indiana Daily Student from the "Executive Council of the Green Feathers." A segment of the letter reads, "Indeed, we can hardly conceive of any meaningful kind of academic freedom on a campus, unless the formation of partisan groups is allowed, if not encouraged."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruffled Feathers |url=http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx#selection-561.0-561.16 |date=28 May 2020 |website=Indiana Daily Student |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141020130141/http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx#selection-561.0-561.16 |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Even though support for McCarthyism was high, there were also many contrary voices to this abusive power of the government, with these 5 students being a prime example. Louise Derman-Sparks, who joined the Green Feather movement as a high schooler, said that "as a child of the McCarthy period, I was angry at the repression and also scared."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.teachingforchange.org/green-feather-movement|title=Green Feather Movement - Teaching for Change|date=2013-11-18|work=Teaching for Change|access-date=2017-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

However, the movement did not last long. When student left school for the summer, their interest in issues of free speech and academic freedom waned. Moreover, Senator McCarthy's downfall was also brought down the movement. The Army-McCarthy hearings that year were televised and thousands of Americans watched the Army’s attorney, Joseph Welch, publicly rebuke the Senator, who was later condemned by the U.S. Senate. When students returned to classes in the fall, the Green Feathers organizers did not resume their efforts to promote political discussions on campus. Thus the movement ended.

== Effects ==
News of the IU Green Feather Movement spread to other universities through local and college newspapers throughout the country as well as through ''The Young Socialist Challenge'', the bulletin of the Young People’s Socialist League. The [[Labor Youth League]] (LYL), an offshoot of the Young Communist League USA, distributed small white buttons with the green feather as a symbol of solidarity. Students at other colleges would contact them to order literature, protest buttons and feathers, and in the course of a few weeks the protest mushroomed into a nationwide campus movement, starting with chapters in Wisconsin and Michigan and spreading around the country. Green Feather groups subsequently spread to the universities of Harvard, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Chicago, and Purdue.<ref name=":0" />

=== Harvard and UCLA ===
By May 21 the [[Harvard Crimson]] was reporting that a Green Feather club had formed at Harvard and was seeking recognition in order to distribute Green Feather buttons in the dining halls.<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1954/5/21/green-feather-asks-recognition-pan-undergraduate/ " 'Green Feather' Asks Recognition", ''Harvard Crimson'', May 21, 1954. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2009.]</ref> Stephen S. Willoughby, who had organized a "Joe must go" campaign to recall Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], led the Green Feather organization at Harvard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1954/5/11/green-feather-group-to-fight-mccarthyism/|title=Green Feather Group To Fight McCarthyism Will Start Here Soon {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|website=www.thecrimson.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref> At the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), students planned to march in support of the Green Feather Movement. The march drew 500 participants; according to [[Maurice Isserman]] the march organizers were an unlikely coalition of campus communists and [[Shachtmanites]].<ref>Isserman, Maurice, ''If I had a hammer: the death of the old left and the birth of the new left'' (Basic Books, 1987), p. 63.</ref> Unfortunately, the pins they ordered for the march did not reach them in time. Similar to the IU group, they went to the local poultry shop to purchase feathers and dyed them green. Green feathers were spread throughout campus during the march, which featured a crier dressed as Robin Hood followed by 200 students dressed as his Merry Men while chanting anti-McCarthy slogans. At end of the march, Professor Currin V. Shields gave a speech in defense of the First Amendment. Many students continued to wear the movement’s pins and feathers after the initial events.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ides|first=Matthew|date=May 28, 2020|title=Cruising For Community: Youth Culture and Politics in Los Angeles, 1910-1970|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/62236/mides_1.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> The Green Feather movement even spread to Nottinghamshire, England, the traditional home of Robin Hood, and the residents there mocked the association of Robin Hood with communism.<ref name=":0" /> Although the Green Feather movement lasted only through two semesters and came to an end after Sen. McCarthy was censured by the US Senate in December, 1954, it successfully prevented the censorship of Robin Hood<ref>Clark, Thomas D., ''Indiana University: Midwestern Pioneer'' (Indiana University Press, 1977) vol. 4, p. 232-238.</ref> and served as an important challenge to the abusive power of McCarthyism and the government in people's lives.

=== 1960s and Beyond ===
Although the actual movement was short lived and only lasted less than a year, its effects are still felt to day as student activism continue to be an important way for students to let their voices be heard. The Green Feather Movement advocated for inclusion, fairness, and justice for all, based on their religious faith. These ideals that would be important themes to later student activists in the 1960s and beyond. The Green Feather Movement in UCLA was said to be "a turning point in student activism on campus because this type of political performance was not sanctioned by the administration."<ref name=":0" /> Universities have increasingly begun to include more student activist groups following the Green Feather Movement allowing students to have conversations about pressing issues of the day and to plan and take action. New improvements in technology have also allowed students to express their opinion through different mediums to reach a larger audience, making student activism much more prominent and common following the Green Feather Movement. The issues with censorship as seen in this movement is also one that people still face today.

==References==
{{Portal|1950s}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://zinnedproject.org/materials/the-green-feather-movement/ "The Green Feather Movement" by Alison Kysia, based on an interview in 2013 with participant Bernard Bray]
*[http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/the-green-feather-movement-papers.pdf "THE GREEN FEATHER MOVEMENT PAPERS, 1953- 1954, 2005"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608200207/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/the-green-feather-movement-papers.pdf |date=2015-06-08 }}
*[https://archive.today/20141020130141/http://bl-ids-website.ads.iu.edu/news/story.aspx?id=39984 Ruffled Feathers In an era intimidated by red, a group of students saw green] Indiana Daily Student Article from 2005

[[Category:1950s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Student political organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:McCarthyism]]

List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood

2024-10-28T01:52:00Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Theatrical features */ better

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

The following are some of the notable adaptations of the [[Robin Hood]] story in [[film]] and [[television]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Can Merry Men Make It in the S&L Age?|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=28 June 1991|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-28-ca-1411-story.html|access-date=2 October 2010|first=Michael|last=Wilmington}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legend of Robin Hood |url=https://www.genordell.com/stores/spirit/RobinHood.htm#movies |website=www.genordell.com}}</ref>
[[File:Fairbanks Robin Hood standing by wall w sword.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Douglas Fairbanks]] as Robin Hood in the [[Robin Hood (1922 film)|1922 film version]].]]

==Robin Hood, English-language live-action films and television series==
===Theatrical shorts===
*1908: ''[[Robin Hood and His Merry Men]]'', a [[silent film]] directed by [[Percy Stow]], and the first appearance of Robin Hood on the screen.
*1912: ''[[Robin Hood (1912 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[Robert Frazer]] as Robin Hood.
*1912: ''[[Robin Hood Outlawed]]'', a British silent film starring [[A. Brian Plant]] as Robin Hood.
*1913: ''[[Robin Hood (1913 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[William Russell (American actor)|William Russell]] as Robin Hood.
*1913: ''[[In the Days of Robin Hood]]'', a British [[short film]] starring [[Harry Agar Lyons]] as Robin Hood.

===Theatrical features===
*1922: ''[[Robin Hood (1922 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[Douglas Fairbanks]].
*1938: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', starring [[Errol Flynn]] as [[Robin Hood]], his most acclaimed role, with [[Olivia de Havilland]] as [[Maid Marian]], [[Eugene Pallette]] as [[Friar Tuck]], [[Alan Hale, Sr.]] as [[Little John]], [[Basil Rathbone]] as [[Guy of Gisborne]], [[Claude Rains]] as Prince John, [[Patric Knowles]] as [[Will Scarlet]], [[Melville Cooper]] as the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]], and [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]] as [[Richard I of England]]. Considered by many to be the best Robin Hood movie.<ref>{{cite news|title= Classic Hollywood: 100 years of Robin Hood movies|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=12 May 2010|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-12-la-et-classic-hollywood-20100512-story.html|access-date=2 October 2010|first=Susan|last=King}}</ref>
*1946: ''[[The Bandit of Sherwood Forest]]'', a film starring [[Cornel Wilde]] as Robert of Nottingham, Robin Hood's son; Robin Hood is played by [[Russell Hicks (actor)|Russell Hicks]].
*1948: ''[[The Prince of Thieves]]'', a film starring [[Jon Hall (actor)|Jon Hall]] as Robin Hood.
*1950: ''[[Rogues of Sherwood Forest]]'', a film starring [[John Derek]] as Robin Hood's son, Robin of Huntington.
*1951: ''[[Tales of Robin Hood]]'', a [[Robert Lippert]] film with [[Robert Clarke]] as Robin Hood
*1952: ''[[The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men]]'', a feature from [[Walt Disney]], starring [[Richard Todd]] as Robin, [[Joan Rice]] as Marian, [[Peter Finch]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[James Hayter (actor)|James Hayter]] as Friar Tuck, [[James Robertson Justice]] as Little John, [[Hubert Gregg]] as Prince John, [[Elton Hayes]] as [[Alan-a-Dale]], [[Anthony Forwood]] as Will Scarlet, as [[Patrick Barr]] as King Richard.
*1954: ''[[The Men of Sherwood Forest]]'', a [[Hammer Films]] feature starring [[Don Taylor (American actor and director)|Don Taylor]] as Robin.
*1958: ''[[The Son of Robin Hood]]'', in which the 'son' of Robin Hood, actually his daughter, is played by [[June Laverick]].
*1960: ''[[Sword of Sherwood Forest]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version, with [[Richard Greene]] reprising his television role.
*1967: ''[[A Challenge for Robin Hood]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version, with [[Barrie Ingham]] as Robin Hood.
*1969: ''[[Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version.
*1976: '' [[Robin and Marian]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]] as Robin, [[Audrey Hepburn]] as [[Maid Marian]], [[Nichol Williamson]] as [[Little John]] and [[Ronnie Barker]] as [[Friar Tuck]].
*1991: ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]'', starring [[Kevin Costner]] as Robin, [[Morgan Freeman]] as Azeem, [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]] as Marian, [[Christian Slater]] as Will Scarlet, [[Alan Rickman]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Mike McShane]] as Friar Tuck, [[Nick Brimble]] as Little John, and [[Michael Wincott]] as Guy of Gisbourne, with [[Sean Connery]] appearing as King Richard in the finale.
*1991: ''[[Robin Hood (1991 British film)|Robin Hood]]'', starring [[Patrick Bergin]] and [[Uma Thurman]], a reinvention of the story pitting Robin Hood against different antagonists.<ref>{{cite news|title= Robin and His Merry Men: A Rich Tradition, Sometimes Poorly Done|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 September 1993|url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60371683.html?dids=60371683:60371683&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+02,+1993&author=MARK+CHALON+SMITH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Robin+and+His+Merry+Men:+A+Rich+Tradition,+Sometimes+Poorly+Done&pqatl=google|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014023/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60371683.html?dids=60371683:60371683&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+02,+1993&author=MARK+CHALON+SMITH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Robin+and+His+Merry+Men:+A+Rich+Tradition,+Sometimes+Poorly+Done&pqatl=google|url-status= dead|archive-date= 4 November 2012|access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> The film was released theatrically in Europe, Australia and Japan, and on television on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] network in the United States and in South America.
*1993: ''[[Robin Hood: Men in Tights]]'', a film by [[Mel Brooks]] that spoofs both the 1938 and the 1991 films and recycles bits from his short-lived late-1975 Robin Hood TV sitcom ''When Things Were Rotten''. [[Cary Elwes]] plays Robin in the movie. [[Richard Lewis (comedian)|Richard Lewis]] plays Prince John while [[Roger Rees]] plays the Sheriff of Nottingham. [[Amy Yasbeck]] plays Marian, [[Eric Alan Kramer]] is Little John, and [[Matthew Porretta]] is Will Scarlet. [[Patrick Stewart]] appears in the ending, spoofing Sean Connery's take on King Richard.
*2010: ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a film directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and starring [[Russell Crowe]] as Robin, [[Cate Blanchett]] as Marian, [[Oscar Isaac]] as Prince John, [[Danny Huston]] as King Richard, [[Mark Addy]] as Friar Tuck, [[Matthew Macfadyen]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Kevin Durand]] as Little John, [[Scott Grimes]] as Will Scarlet, and [[Alan Doyle]] as Alan-a-Dale.
*2018: ''[[Robin Hood (2018 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a film directed by [[Otto Bathurst]] previously titled ''Robin Hood: Origins'', starring [[Taron Egerton]] as Robin, [[Jamie Foxx]] as Little John, [[Ben Mendelsohn]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Eve Hewson]] as Marian, [[Tim Minchin]] as Friar Tuck, [[Jamie Dornan]] as Will Scarlet, and [[Paul Anderson (actor)|Paul Anderson]] as Guy of Gisborne<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-leonardo-dicaprio-joby-harold-team-up-for-robin-hood-origins-spec-now-on-the-market/|title={TB EXCLUSIVE} LEONARDO DICAPRIO & JOBY HAROLD TEAM UP FOR "ROBIN HOOD: ORIGINS" SPEC, NOW ON THE MARKET|publisher=The Tracking Board|last=Allen|first=Clark|date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/robin-hood-origins-lionsgate-1201456401/|title=Lionsgate Lands 'Robin Hood: Origins' From Joby Harold|publisher=Variety|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/06/robin-hood-origins-otto-bathurst-lionsgate-peaky-blinders-1201438038/|title=Lionsgate Engaging 'Peaky Blinders' Helmer Otto Bathurst To Helm 'Robin Hood: Origins'|publisher=Deadline|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/jack-reynor-taron-egerton-jack-huston-robin-hood-leonardo-dicaprio-lionsgate-1201488568/|title='Robin Hood: Origins' Shortlist: Jack Reynor, Taron Egerton in Mix For Lionsgate|publisher=Deadline|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|last2=Jaafar|first2=Ali|date=31 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/taron-egerton-robin-hood-lionsgate-peaky-blinders-sherwood-forest-kingsman-matthew-vaughn-otto-bathurst-1201493335/|title=Taron Egerton in Talks For Lionsgate's 'Robin Hood: Origins'|publisher=Deadline|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|last2=Jaafar|first2=Ali|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robin-hood-reboot-pushed-kingsman-831520|title=Robin Hood Reboot Pushed for 'Kingsman 2' Shoot (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/power-rangers-robin-hood-kingkiller-chronicle-lionsgate-movies-1201957052/|title=Lionsgate Offers New Details About 'Power Rangers,' 'Robin Hood,' 'Kingkiller Chronicle'|publisher=Variety|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*TBA: ''The Death of Robin Hood'', directed by [[Michael Sarnoski]], it will tell the story of Robin Hood (Hugh Jackman) after he commits a life of crime and murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/hugh-jackman-jodie-comer-death-robin-hood-michael-sarnoski-cannes-market-1235903543/|title=Hugh Jackman & Jodie Comer To Star In Robin Hood Reimagining ‘The Death Of Robin Hood’ For ‘A Quiet Place: Day One’ Director Michael Sarnoski — Cannes Market Hot Project|publisher=Deadline}}</ref>

===Direct-to-video features===
*1994: ''Robin Hood: Prince of Sherwood'', starring Jason Braly as Robin Hood
*2007: ''Splitting the Arrow''. Sometime in the 12th Century, a documentary crew entered Sherwood Forest in search of a legend. This is what followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1419840/|title=Splitting the Arrow|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Calvert Tooley plays Robin Hood.
*2018: ''Robin Hood: The Rebellion,'' a film directed by Nicholas Winter.<ref>{{Citation|title=Robin Hood: The Rebellion|date=5 November 2018|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7052244/|access-date=2020-07-04}}</ref>

===Television films===
*1968: ''[[The Legend of Robin Hood (1968 film)|The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a 90-minute American television musical, featuring the songs of [[Sammy Cahn]] and [[Jimmy Van Heusen]]. Starring [[David Watson (actor)|David Watson]] as Robin Hood, and [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] as King Richard.
*1975: ''[[Robin Hood Junior]]'', starring [[Keith Chegwin]] as a young Robin. This was spun off in 1976 into a short series, ''The Unbroken Arrow'', with different actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1816389/|title=The Unbroken Arrow (1976)|website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
*1984: ''[[The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a [[made-for-TV movie|made-for-TV]] spoof starring [[George Segal]] (Robin), [[Morgan Fairchild]] (Marian) and [[Roddy McDowall]] (Prince John).
*2001: ''[[Princess of Thieves]]'', a Disney-produced American made-for-TV movie, starred [[Keira Knightley]] as Robin Hood's ([[Stuart Wilson (actor)|Stuart Wilson]]) heroic adolescent daughter, Gwyn, who takes over her father's role and comes to his rescue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272790/|title=Princess of Thieves|date=11 March 2001|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
*2009: ''[[Beyond Sherwood Forest]]'', a TV movie starring [[Robin Dunne]] as Robin Hood and [[Erica Durance]] as Maid Marian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dreadcentral.com/news/30402/robin-hood-monster-slayer-tights|title=Exclusive: Theatrical One-Sheet for Intruders - Dread Central|website=www.dreadcentral.com|date=February 2012}}</ref>
*2022: ''[[The Adventures of Maid Marian]]''. A TV movie focusing on Maid Marian ([[Sophie Craig]]), with [[Dominic Andersen]] playing Robin Hood.<ref>"Review-''The Adventures of Maid Marian''". ''[[Peterborough Evening Telegraph]]'', 26 March 2022, (p. 56)</ref>

===Television series===
*1953: ''[[Robin Hood (1953 TV series)|Robin Hood]]'' a television series on [[BBC Television]], featured [[Patrick Troughton]], in the first representation of Robin Hood on television.
*1955–1959: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a long-running British series starring [[Richard Greene]] that is also remembered for its catchy theme tune.
**1955: ''Robin Hood, the Movie'' (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 release, according to some sources)
**1956: ''Robin Hood's Greatest Adventures'' (also starring [[Donald Pleasence]] as Prince John) (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 release, according to some sources)
**1958: ''Robin Hood: The Quest for the Crown'' (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 or 1995 release, according to some sources)
*1975: ''[[The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)|The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a six-episode [[BBC]] [[miniseries]] starring [[Martin Potter (actor)|Martin Potter]] in the title role, [[Paul Darrow]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham and [[Diane Keen]] as Lady Marion. The adaptation was aired on [[public television]] in the USA later in the 1970s.
*1975: ''[[When Things Were Rotten]]'', a comedy TV series produced by [[Mel Brooks]] and starring [[Richard Gautier]] (as an imbecilic Robin Hood), [[Bernie Kopell]] and [[Misty Rowe]].
*1984–1986: ''[[Robin of Sherwood]]'', a fantasy-style British television series starring [[Michael Praed]] and later [[Jason Connery]] as Robin. The series set the template for many of the adaptations that followed, most notably the introduction of a Saracen ([[Muslim]]) outlaw and the move to a grittier tone.
*1989–1994: ''[[Maid Marian and her Merry Men]]'', a British children's TV show, rewrote the legend somewhat, with Marian as the dynamic leader of the resistance against Prince John, Robin as her thick-headed, cowardly, buffoonish figurehead, and Nottingham as John's put-upon, sarcastic enforcer.
*1997–1998: ''[[The New Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a French–U.S. TV series, starred [[Matthew Porretta]] as a black-leather-clad Robin in the first two seasons and [[John Bradley (American actor)|John Bradley]] taking over the lead role in the final two seasons. The tone of the series resembled its contemporaries ''[[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]]'' and ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]''. Porretta had appeared as Will Scarlet O'Hara in ''Men in Tights''.
*2006–2009: ''[[Robin Hood (2006 TV series)|Robin Hood]]'', a [[BBC One]] television series was produced by [[Tiger Aspect]]. It was first broadcast as thirteen-episode series in the UK from October to December 2006, with a second series following in 2007, and a third in 2009. [[Jonas Armstrong]] stars in the title role.
*2023: ''[[Robyn Hood]]'', a Canadian series created by [[Director X]] which reimagines Robin Hood as "Robyn" (a female rapper) and "The Hood" (a masked hip-hop band) living in a working class area in the fictional city of New Nottingham and sparring with antagonists including The Sheriff and a property tycoon named John Prince.

==Robin Hood in Ivanhoe, English-language live-action films and television series==
'''''[[Ivanhoe|Ivanhoe: A Romance]]''''' by [[Walter Scott]] is a [[Ivanhoe: A Romance|historical novel]] published in three volumes in 1819, proved to be one of the best-known and most influential of Scott's novels, so much so that it influenced popular perceptions of [[Robin Hood]]. The following adaptions of the novel feature Robin Hood:

===Theatrical features===
*1913: ''[[Ivanhoe (1913 U.S. film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring Walter Thomas as Robin Hood.
*1952: ''[[Ivanhoe (1952 film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring [[Harold Warrender]] as Locksley (Robin Hood).

===Television films===
*1982: ''[[Ivanhoe (1982 film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring David Robb as Robin Hood.

===Television series===
*1958-1959: ''[[Ivanhoe (1958 TV series)|Ivanhoe]]'', starring [[Roger Moore]] as Ivanhoe. Also features [[Emerton Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1004188/|title=Emerton Court|website=IMDb}}</ref> as "Sir Robert" in the episode "Arms and the Women".
*1997: ''[[Ivanhoe (1997 TV series)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring Aden Gillett as Robin of Locksley.

==Robin Hood–themed parodies, English-language live-action films and television series==
Since Robin Hood is a character in the [[public domain]], there is no restriction on his use. Thus, he has often appeared in other films and TV series that do not revolve around the legend in strictest terms, and some other characters have played a Robin Hood-like role. or be an In others Robin Hood is interactive with other characters that originate in other TV shows and films.

===Theatrical features and serials===
*1939: ''[[Mexicali Rose (1939 film)|Mexicali Rose]]''' is an American [[Western (genre)|Western]] film directed by [[George Sherman]] and starring [[Gene Autry]], [[Smiley Burnette]], and [[Noah Beery]]. Based on a story by [[Luci Ward]] and [[Connie Lee]]
*1946: ''[[Son of the Guardsman]]'' is a serial with a period setting, in this case 12th century England. The serial is largely based on the [[Robin Hood]] legends, to the extent of including outlaws from [[Sherwood Forest]], but it does not include or reference Robin Hood himself.
*1952: ''[[Miss Robin Hood]]'', a British film starring [[Margaret Rutherford]] as a modern-day female Robin Hood.
*1963: ''[[Siege of the Saxons]]'', a British [[Arthurian]] film starring [[Janette Scott]] as Princess Katherine (King Arthur's daughter) and [[Ronald Lewis (actor)|Ronald Lewis]] as Robert Marshall, a thieving archer who proclaims he only steals from the rich. The two go on the run as outlaws and fall in love after the evil [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall|Edmund of Cornwall]] attempts to usurp Arthur's throne after his death.
*1964: ''[[Robin and the 7 Hoods]]'', a [[musical film]] set in 1930s gangster [[Chicago]], with [[Frank Sinatra]] as "Robbo".
*1971: ''[[Up the Chastity Belt]]'', starring [[Frankie Howerd]], with [[Hugh Paddick]] as Robin Hood.
*1981: ''[[Time Bandits]]'', starring [[John Cleese]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Shelley Duvall]]; written and directed by [[Terry Gilliam]] had a short spoof of the Robin Hood legend, with Robin (played by Cleese) being portrayed as an upper class twit and as a parody of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]].

===Television series===
*1963: "Opie and His Merry Men", an episode of ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'': A hobo tells [[Opie Taylor]] and his friends stories about Robin Hood and encourages them to emulate him.
*1966: [[Art Carney]] played the supervillain The Archer, who was based on Robin Hood, in season 2 of ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' ("[[Shoot a Crooked Arrow]]" and "[[Walk the Straight and Narrow]]", 1966).
*1968: In ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'' episode "The Revenge of Robin Hood", the former outlaw is the Earl of Huntington who gets [[John of England|King John]] to sign the [[Magna Carta]].
*1970: A 1970s [[The Muppets|Muppet]] skit from ''[[Sesame Street]]'' featured [[Ernie (Sesame Street)|Ernie]] as Robin Hood, auditioning new recruits for his Merry Men, including Harvey Kneeslapper.
*1970: ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' did their version of Robin Hood for one episode with [[Kermit the Frog]] as the titular character, [[Fozzie Bear]] as Little John, [[Gonzo (Muppet)|Gonzo the Great]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham with guest star [[Lynn Redgrave]] as Maid Marian. The show takes an unusual twist mid-way when [[Miss Piggy]], jealous that Redgrave is the leading lady instead of her (gets a consolation role as "Sister Tuck" as opposed to Friar Tuck), kidnaps her, locks her up in her dressing room and unsuccessfully takes her place during the rescue scene, to which Kermit and his Merry Men end up saving the real Maid Marian (Lynn Redgrave).
*1973: Dennis Moore is a sketch that appears in "Dennis Moore," the thirty-seventh episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus. Dennis Moore is a Highwayman who steals 'Lupins' from the rich and gives them to the poor, once the rich become poor and the poor become rich and pompous, he steals the 'lupins' from the poor, returning them to the rich.
The melody for the Dennis Moore song is taken from a song originally about Robin Hood ("Robin Hood, Robin Hood, Riding through the glen...").
*1982: ''[[Voyagers!]]'' (TV series) (Episode 10 "An Arrow Pointing East" aired 12 December 1982) Voyagers [[Jon-Erik Hexum]] (Phineas Bogg) and [[Meeno Peluce]] (Jeffrey Jones) help [[Robin Hood]] played by Dan Hamilton sneak into an archery competition to rescue [[Maid Marian]].<ref name="TV.com">[http://www.tv.com/voyagers%21/an-arrow-pointing-east/episode/51482/summary.html?tag=ep_guide;summary TV.com],</ref>
*1991: ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Qpid]]" features the crew being forced to play out a real-Robin Hood tale ([[Jean-Luc Picard|Captain Picard]], played by [[Patrick Stewart]], as Robin Hood) when [[Q (Star Trek)|Q]] recreates it.
*1995: The ''[[Sliders (TV series)|Sliders]]'' episode "[[List of Sliders episodes#Season 1 (1995)|Prince of Wails]]" is set in an alternate history where Great Britain successfully suppressed the American Revolution. The plot of the episode broadly follows the story of Robin Hood, with the British States of America being a heavily taxed and oppressed corner of the British Empire, the villain (an alternate version of Maximillian Arturo) being styled as the Sheriff of San Francisco but serving as a viceroy, and Quinn Mallory and the revolutionary [[Oakland Raiders]] serving as Robin Hood and his Merry Men (particularly after adopting the tactic of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor).
*1996: [[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]] plays Robin Hood in the [[List of Wishbone episodes|episode "Paw Prints of Thieves"]], to portray Joe's fight to give leftover food to a homeless shelter, even if it is against regulations.
*1996: ''[[Robin of Locksley (film)|Robin of Locksley]]'', a made-for-TV movie starring [[Devon Sawa]] as a modern teenage Robin attending a prep school with the snobbish John Prince, played by [[Joshua Jackson]]. Set in modern times.
*1999: The ''[[Blackadder]]'' Millennium Special ''[[Blackadder: Back & Forth|Back & Forth]]'' featured Robin Hood much like the recurring character [[Lord Flashheart]], with similar boisterous personas and played by the same actor ([[Rik Mayall]]), with [[Kate Moss]] as Maid Marian. In his role, he proclaims his Merry Men have "strong muscle tone and are not [[homosexuality|gay]]!" though his Merry Men later betray and kill him after a time-travelling [[Lord Edmund Blackadder V|Blackadder]] convinced them that their purpose of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor is ultimately pathetic.
*1999: ''[[Back to Sherwood]]'', a children's series featuring a teenage descendant of Robin ("Robyn Hood") who discovers she has the power to travel back in time, and joins with the children of her ancestor's band (Joan Little, Phil Scarlet, etc.).
*2005: ''[[Charmed]]'' episode 7.14, "Carpe Demon", an ex-demon named Drake uses his powers to turn himself and the sisters into Robin Hood, Maid Marion, and Robin's merry men. A sorcerer casts a spell on Drake making him believe that he is Robin Hood and that Phoebe is Maid Marion.
*2007: ''[[Chucklevision]]'' episode 19.6 "Sherwood Chuckle": the Chuckle Brothers join Robin Hood and his merry men and set out to save Maid Marion from the Sheriff of Nottingham.
*2001–2006: ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'': [[List of Last of the Summer Wine characters|Billy Hardcastle]] often claims himself as being a 'direct descendant of Robin Hood'.
*2011–2018: ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'', an [[ABC Studios|ABC]] television series based on major Disney animated films. Robin Hood appears as a recurring character, where he is played first by [[Tom Ellis (actor)|Tom Ellis]] in Season Two and later [[Sean Maguire]] starting in Season Three. In Season Six, Maguire plays a different version of the character who follows Regina home from a fantasy world.
*2013: In ''[[Once Upon a Time in Wonderland]]'': Robin Hood (played as above by Maguire) appears in the "Forget Me Not" episode of the series in which [[Will Scarlett]] joins the Merry Men. Scarlett is the real name of "The Knave", a lead character in the ''Wonderland'' series.
*2013: Series 3 of ''[[Gigglebiz]]'' introduced Will Singalot (played by [[Justin Fletcher]] like many other characters in the series) who was the minstrel of Robin Hood (played by Tom Golding). Will would always constantly sing and spoil Robin's plans to impress Maid Marian (played by Ellie Kirk).
*2014: In ''[[Doctor Who]]'', Robin Hood appears in the third episode of [[Doctor Who (series 8)|eighth series]], "[[Robot of Sherwood]]" by [[Mark Gatiss]], played by actor [[Tom Riley (actor)|Tom Riley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Series 8 Filming: A Merry Day|url=http://www.doctorwhotv.co.uk/series-8-filming-a-merry-day-62438.htm|access-date=22 May 2014|newspaper=DoctorWhoTV.co.uk|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>
*2015: Though never having made an appearance, Robin Hood is mentioned in the [[Arrowverse]]. He is one of the inspirations that is adopted by [[Green Arrow|Oliver Queen]] for which he becomes the vigilante [[Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)|Green Arrow]] in the superhero television series ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]''. In the related series, ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', antagonist [[Vandal Savage]] mentions that he trained Robin Hood to become the professional archer that he was known as.
*Elements of Robin Hood are used for some episodes of the [[Disney+]]/MCU animated series [[What If...? (TV series)|''What If...?'']]. In "[[What If... T'Challa Became a Star-Lord?]]", the titular protagonist uses the story of Robin Hood as an inspiration for him to redeem the Ravagers, who develop a vow to steal from the rich and donate to the poor. In "[[What If... the Avengers Assembled in 1602?]]", a version of [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers]] also becomes a Robin Hood-themed character, with [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang]] and [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky Barnes]] being versions of the Merry Men.

===Abandoned projects===
*In 2010, [[The Wachowskis|Lana and Lilly Wachowski]] announced their intention to direct the film ''Hood'', a modern adaptation of the Robin Hood legend.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/wachowskis-putting-new-hood/|work=Empire| first=James | last=White | title=Wachowskis Putting on a New Hood|date=8 December 2010}}</ref>
*In 2014, [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] were developing a Robin Hood movie provisionally titled ''Nottingham & Hood'', with first time screenwriter Brandon Barker writing, and a tone similar to the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' film series. The hope was to launch a new adventure franchise that fit Disney's global brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/robin-hood-nottingham-hood-disney-1201309689/|title=Robin Hood Now A Race As Disney Acquires Spec 'Nottingham & Hood'|publisher=Deadline|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=4 December 2014}}</ref>
*Also in 2014, [[Sony Pictures]] mooted the idea of building a [[shared universe]] based on various characters from the Robin Hood mythos, spinning off Merry Men like Will Scarlett and Little John into their own separate films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/robin-hood-shared-universe-movie-sony|title=Sony Buys Avengers-Style Shared Universe Robin Hood Pitch|publisher=Collider|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==Robin Hood - Musicals==
"Arrow: The Legend of Robin Hood" was a musical production made by the Stage Musicals Group at the [[Gibraltar Botanic Gardens|Alameda Open Air Theatre]] in [[Gibraltar]] from 23 June 2003 to 30 June 2003. It was directed by one of its writers, Mr. Trevor Galliano.<ref>[[Gibraltar Chronicle]] newspaper; 10/06/2003; Page 17</ref>

==Robin Hood, English-language animated films and television series==
===Theatrical shorts===
*1939: ''[[Robin Hood Makes Good]]'', a [[Chuck Jones]] animated cartoon.
*1948: ''[[Robin Hood-Winked]]'', an animated cartoon with [[Popeye]].
*1949: ''[[Rabbit Hood]]'', a Chuck Jones animated cartoon with [[Bugs Bunny]] and footage of [[Errol Flynn]].
*1949: ''[[Robin Hoodlum]]'' A UPA cartoon starring Fox and Crow with the Fox as Robin Hood, and the Crow as Sheriff is hence man.
*1958: ''[[Robin Hood Daffy]]'', a Chuck Jones animated cartoon in which [[Daffy Duck]] believes he is Robin Hood and tries unsuccessfully to convince an unbelieving [[Porky Pig]] (himself dressed like Friar Tuck).
*1958: ''[[Robin Hoodwinked]]'', an animated cartoon with [[Tom and Jerry]].
*1962: "Not in Nottingham", featuring [[Loopy de Loop]] and Robin Hood.
*1968: ''[[Pinkcome Tax]]'', a [[DePatie-Freleng Enterprises]] cartoon directed by [[Arthur Davis (animator)|Arthur Davis]] and starring the [[Pink Panther (character)|Pink Panther]], who takes on the role of a Merry Man, and unsuccessfully tries to free an imprisoned peasant (played by the Panther's recurring foil, [[The Little Man (The Pink Panther)|The Little Man]]) who is locked up for being too poor to pay his taxes. After both of them wind up in the dungeon, they get a letter from Robin Hood who promises to save them, only for Robin to be jailed as well.

===Theatrical features===
*1973: ''[[Robin Hood (1973 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a [[Walt Disney Productions|Walt Disney]] production depicting various characters as [[anthropomorphic]] animals, including Robin Hood and [[Maid Marian]] as [[fox]]es.
*2001: Robin Hood (credited as "Monsieur Hood" and voiced by [[Vincent Cassel]]) and the Merry Men make a brief appearance as unwelcome rescuers in the film ''[[Shrek]]''. Here, they speak with [[French language|French]] accents, partake in [[Ireland|Irish]] [[step-dancing]], and are defeated by [[Princess Fiona]]. The Latin American dub depicts Robin Hood commanding the [[The Three Musketeers|Musketeers]].

===Direct-to-video features===
*2012: ''[[Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse]]'', a film released in October 2012 starring [[Tom and Jerry]].

===Animated television films===
*1971: ''The Legend Of Robin Hood'', an animated TV Movie from CBS [[Famous Classic Tales]] (46 minutes)
*1972: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik]]'', a TV movie produced by [[Hanna-Barbera]] whose all-animal cast predates [[Robin Hood (1973 film)|the Disney version]] by one year.
*1986: ''Ivanhoe'', animated TV movie with Robert Coleby providing the voice of Robin Hood.
*1988: ''Storybook Classics - The Adventures Of Robin Hood'', animated. [[Burbank Films Australias]]
*2007: ''Robin Hood: Quest for the King'', animated TV film, with antrophomorphed characters. Produced by BKN
*2012: ''Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men'', a [[VeggieTales]] TV film released in spring 2012.

===Television series===
*1959: "Robin Hood Yogi", a [[Yogi Bear]] short from ''[[The Huckleberry Hound Show]]''.
*1959: "Nottingham and Yeggs", a [[Huckleberry Hound]] short from ''The Huckleberry Hound Show''.
*1960: "Robin Hood", an episode of ''[[Mr. Peabody|Peabody's Improbable History]]''.
*1964: "Robin Hood", a four-part episode of ''[[The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo]]'', featuring [[Mr. Magoo]] in the role of [[Friar Tuck]].
*1967: ''[[Rocket Robin Hood]]'', a space-age version of the Robin Hood legend, where he and his band of Merry Spacemen live in the year 3000 on Sherwood Asteroid and fight the evil Sheriff who rules the space territory of N.O.T.T. (Trillium / Steve Krantz Production)
*1982: In [[The Smurfs]] cartoon series, there was a second-season episode titled "[[List of The Smurfs episodes|The Adventures of Robin Smurf]]” where Vanity Smurf took the role of Robin Hood, [[Smurfette]] was Maid Marian, Brainy Smurf as Prince John, and Clumsy Smurf as the Sheriff of Nottingham.
*1984: ''[[Danger Mouse (1981 TV series)|Danger Mouse]]'' launched their sixth season of the show with a spoof titled "Once Upon A Timeslip", in which the narrator discovered his voice controlled the on-screen antics, and who then put Danger Mouse and his assistant Penfold through a comic adventure as Robin Hood and Little John.
*1988: ''[[ALF Tales]]'', has an episode called "Robin Hood", where the cast fights for the right to promote their swing band, Ye Merry Men.
*1989: Robin Hood was parodied in an episode of ''[[Super Mario Bros. (TV series)#The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!|The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]]'' as Hooded Robin, an Albatoss who can imitate anyone's voice, and helped the young [[Toad (Nintendo)|Mushroom People]]s of Sharewood Village against [[Bowser (character)|the Sheriff of Koopingham]].
*1990: A ''[[Garfield and Friends]]'' episode was called "Robin Hog", a ''[[U.S. Acres]]'' where Orson fantasizes himself as Robin Hog.
*1990: The ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'' episode "Weirdest Story Ever Told" featured a segment titled "Robin Hare". This version featured [[Buster Bunny|Buster]] as the title character and [[Montana Max]] as the "Sheriff of Naughty Ham". A book loosely based on the episode was also released, possibly as "Buster Hood".
*1991: An episode of ''[[Captain N: The Game Master]]'', "Misadventures in Robin Hood Woods", had the heroes from the show aid Robin in defeating Prince John and rescuing Maid Marian.
*1991: ''[[Young Robin Hood]]'', an animated series developed by [[Cinar]] and [[Hanna-Barbera]], tells a version of the story in which Robin (Voiced by [[Thor Bishopric]]) and his men, as well as Maid Marian, are teenagers. This version also incorporates several [[fantasy]] elements. For example, Robin is sometimes assisted by a forest-dwelling old woman who knows [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].
*1991: ''[[The Ren and Stimpy Show]]'' episode ''Robin Höek'' from the first season had [[Ren Höek]] and [[Stimpy]] recreate the story of Robin Hood with Ren as Robin Hood and Stimpy as everyone else. Though it was a story Stimpy read, it ended as a nightmare for Ren.
*2001: Robin Hood and his merry men have a brief cameo in the first episode of [[Cartoon Network]]'s ''[[Samurai Jack]]'' as Jack's mentors when he visits England during his training.
*2005: ''[[King Arthur's Disasters]]'', a British animated series features Robin Hood who rivals Arthur.
*2008: An episode of the Canadian-American children's TV series, ''[[The Backyardigans]],'' released the episode "Robin Hood the Clean", which shows Pablo the Penguin assuming his own playful version of the character Robin Hood as he happily works to clean up the village of Filthingham.
*2012: ''[[VeggieTales]]: Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men'' features a version of the legend featured as the titular segment. This version featured [[Larry the Cucumber]] as the title character (Robin Hood), [[Jimmy Gourd]] as Little John, [[Archibald Asparagus]] as Friar Cluck (Friar Tuck), [[Mr. Lunt]] as Bill Scarlet, [[Bob the Tomato]] as the Sheriff of Bethlingham (Sheriff of Nottingham), and [[Mr. Nezzer]] as Prince John.
*2013: In ''[[Ever After High]]'', the son of Robin Hood, Sparrow Hood, appears. He has a band called The Merry Men.
*2019: [[Sherwood (2019 TV series)|''Sherwood'']] is an American animated science fiction web television series created by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton that premiered on March 6, 2019, on YouTube Premium. It is a new telling of the Robin Hood legend.

==Robin Hood-themed non-English language films and television series==
===Live-action theatrical features===
*1960: ''[[Robin Hood and the Pirates]]'' (''Robin Hood e i pirati''), an Italian film with [[Lex Barker]] as Robin Hood.
*1962: ''[[The Triumph of Robin Hood]]'', an Italian film with [[Don Burnett]] as Robin Hood and [[Samson Burke]] as Little John.
*1962: ''Sakhi Robin'', an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film by B. J. Patel, starring Rajan Kapoor as the outlaw and Shalini as [[Maid Marian]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>
*1965: ''Adventure of Robin Hood and Bandits'', an Indian Hindi-language film again by B.J. Patel, starring Prashant as Robin Hood, Parveen Choudhary as Maid Marian, Shyam Kumar as [[John, King of England|Prince John]], Saudagar Singh as [[Little John]], Lord Jambal as [[Sheriff of Nottingham]], and Nilofer as Christabel - the fiancée of [[Alan-a-Dale]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hervé Dumont|title=Moyen Age et Renaissance au cinéma: L'Angleterre: (partie I)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcZDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|year=2017|publisher=Books on Demand|isbn=978-2-322-10140-5|page=159}}</ref>
*1970: ''[[Robin Hood, el arquero invencible]]'' a Spanish/Italian co-production with Carlos Quiney as Robin Hood
*1971 : ''[[The Scalawag Bunch|L'Arciere di fuoco]]'' (known under the English-language titles ''Long Live Robin Hood'' and ''The Scalawag Bunch''), an [[Italy|Italian]] film starring [[Giuliano Gemma]] as Robin Hood.
*1975: ''[[The Arrows of Robin Hood]]'' (''Strely Robin Guda'', ''Стрелы Робин Гуда''), a Soviet adaptation in Russian by Sergey Tarasov, starring [[Boris Khmelnitsky]] as Robin Hood, with songs of [[Vladimir Vysotsky]].
*1983: ''[[The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe]]'' (''Ballada O Doblestnom Rytsare Ayvengo'', ''Баллада о доблестном рыцаре Айвенго''), a Russian adaptation of [[Sir Walter Scott]]'s ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' by Sergey Tarasov, with songs of [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], starring [[Boris Khmelnitsky]] as Robin Hood, who helps Ivanhoe to restore [[Richard I of England|Richard]]'s kingdom.
*1986: ''[[Superfantozzi]]'', an Italian film, the fifth of the Fantozzi comedy film series. Directed by [[Neri Parenti]], it stars [[Paolo Villaggio]] as several incarnations of the character [[Ugo Fantozzi]] during the whole [[history of humanity]]. In one segment set in [[medieval England]], a poor Fantozzi is given a large sum of gold from Robin Hood (played by [[Luc Merenda]]), only to be robbed minutes later by Robin himself because that gold made him rich.
*1988: ''[[Aaj Ka Robin Hood]]'' (Translation: Today's [[Robin Hood]]) is a 1988 [[adventure film|adventure-drama]] Indian Hindi film directed and produced by [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Production details of Aaj Ka Robin Hood|access-date=2014-01-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/176072/Aaj-Ka-Robin-Hood/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173343/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/176072/Aaj-Ka-Robin-Hood/overview|url-status=dead|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Clarke Fountain|date=2014|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> It stars [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Rabi Ghosh]] and [[Satish Shah]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casting of 1988 hindi film Aaj ka Robin Hood|access-date=2014-01-07|url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-cast-and-crew/aaj-ka-robin-hood/|publisher=movies.msn.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201930/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-cast-and-crew/aaj-ka-robin-hood/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*1990: ''[[Xuxa e os Trapalhões em O Mistério de Robin Hood]]'' (English: Xuxa and the Bumbling in The Mystery of Robin Hood) is a 1990 Brazilian comedy-adventure film, directed by José Alvarenga Júnior. The film is starring Xuxa Meneghel and Os Trapalhões.
*1991: ''Robin Good: Sugod Ng Sugod '' A filipino Parody comedy movie released by Viva Entertainment and directed by Tony Y. Reyes
*2012: ''[[Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood]]'', a German/US [[international co-production]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1572503/|title=Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood|date=9 November 2012|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

===Live-action television films===
*1966: ''[[Robin Hood der edle Räuber]]'', a German TV-film (2 parts) with Hans von Borsody as Robin Hood

===Live-action television series===
*2008: ''[[Catch Me Now]]'', a Chinese TV series, with modern settings
*2016: ''[[Alyas Robin Hood]]'', a Philippine primetime series produced by [[GMA Network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/24454/strongpep-exclusivestrong-alyas-robin-hood-consultant-differentiates-show-as-arrow-actor-reacts-to-t#YDQ0MLLgB567oFoG.99|title=Alyas Robin Hood consultant differentiates show from Arrow|first=James Patrick|last=Anarcon|publisher=PEP}}</ref>

===Parodies, theatrical films===
*1966: ''[[Beware of the car]]'' updates the legend to modern Russia, with [[Innokenty Smoktunovsky]] playing a taxi driver turned car thief who gives the stolen money to orphanages.
*1968: ''[[About Seven Brothers]]'' (''Noin seitsemän veljestä'') is a Finnish loose-based parody of the Robin Hood story, directed by [[Jukka Virtanen (director)|Jukka Virtanen]], and written, produced and starred by [[Spede Pasanen]].

===Parodies, short films===
*2004: ''Nottingham 2051''. Year 2051. Robin Hood and Little John want to deliver "essential pharmacies" in the third world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1451796/|title=Nottingham 2051|date=4 September 2004|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Robin Hood is played by Tiziano Scrocca. Italian production

===Parodies, theatrical films===
*1985:''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' is a Tamil-language action thriller film directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar.
*1985:''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]'' is a Telugu film starring Suman and Jayasudha in the lead roles
*2008: ''[[Iljimae]]'', a South Korean television drama series, based on a [[Chinese folklore]] from the [[Ming dynasty]] about a masked Robin Hood-esque character during the [[Joseon era]].
*2009: ''[[The Return of Iljimae]]'', a South Korean television drama series, based on comic strip ''Iljimae'', published between 1975 and 1977, by Ko Woo-yung which was based on a [[Chinese folklore]] from the [[Ming dynasty]] about a masked [[Robin Hood]]-esque character during the [[Joseon era]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Cathy Rose A.|title=Retrospective on Comic Artist Ko Woo-young|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2008/07/135_27411.html|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=Korea Times|date=11 July 2008}}</ref>
*2015: [[Kamen Rider Ghost]] can access a green archer form called Robin Hood Damashii which is accessed by the ghost of Robin Hood himself. Robin Hood's spirit also helps Kamen Rider Ghost/Takeru Tenkuuji on his journey to unite the 15 Legendary Heroic Souls.

===Animated features===
*1970: ''Brave Robin Hood'' a Soviet stop-motion animated film of a film studio "[[Soyuzmultfilm]]" which was created by the director Anatoliy Karanovich on [[Evgeny Agranovich]]'s verses performed by Mikhail Ziv.

===Animated TV series===
*1990–1992: ''[[Robin Hood (anime series)|Robin Hood]]'' ({{lang-ja|ロビンフッドの大冒険}}, ''Robin Hood no Daibōken''), a Japanese animated series developed by Tatsunoko Productions, tells a version of the story in which Robin (Voiced by [[Kazue Ikura]]) and his men (and women), as well as Maid Marian, are – in majority – children. This version also incorporates several [[fantasy]] elements, mainly expressed in mystic powers of the nature and a powerful treasure protected by the forest Sherwood itself. The whole series contains strong environmental messages as well as morals relating to real life.
*1994: [[Keroppi]] The Sanrio anime Keroppi (Kero Kero Keroppi) has a Robin Hood episode, in which the cast reenacts the legend.
*1997: In an episode of ''[[Cutey Honey Flash]]'' anime, one of the forms Honey takes in that episode is Robin Hood Honey.
*2013: ''[[Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood]]'', an Indian-French CGI animated series produced by Method Animation and DQ Enternainement. Shows a children's version of Robin Hood.
*2018: Robin Hood is featured as a servant summoned from the past to fight in a Holy Grail War in the anime series ''[[Fate/Extra Last Encore]]'', a part of the ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' franchise created by [[Kinoko Nasu]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Robin Hood}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Films And Television Series Featuring Robin Hood}}
[[Category:Robin Hood films| ]]
[[Category:Robin Hood television series| ]]
[[Category:Lists of films and television series]]
[[Category:Topics in culture|Robin Hood]]

List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood

2024-10-28T01:49:26Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Theatrical features */ revise

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

The following are some of the notable adaptations of the [[Robin Hood]] story in [[film]] and [[television]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Can Merry Men Make It in the S&L Age?|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=28 June 1991|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-28-ca-1411-story.html|access-date=2 October 2010|first=Michael|last=Wilmington}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legend of Robin Hood |url=https://www.genordell.com/stores/spirit/RobinHood.htm#movies |website=www.genordell.com}}</ref>
[[File:Fairbanks Robin Hood standing by wall w sword.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Douglas Fairbanks]] as Robin Hood in the [[Robin Hood (1922 film)|1922 film version]].]]

==Robin Hood, English-language live-action films and television series==
===Theatrical shorts===
*1908: ''[[Robin Hood and His Merry Men]]'', a [[silent film]] directed by [[Percy Stow]], and the first appearance of Robin Hood on the screen.
*1912: ''[[Robin Hood (1912 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[Robert Frazer]] as Robin Hood.
*1912: ''[[Robin Hood Outlawed]]'', a British silent film starring [[A. Brian Plant]] as Robin Hood.
*1913: ''[[Robin Hood (1913 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[William Russell (American actor)|William Russell]] as Robin Hood.
*1913: ''[[In the Days of Robin Hood]]'', a British [[short film]] starring [[Harry Agar Lyons]] as Robin Hood.

===Theatrical features===
*1922: ''[[Robin Hood (1922 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a silent film starring [[Douglas Fairbanks]].
*1938: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', starring [[Errol Flynn]] as [[Robin Hood]], his most acclaimed role, with [[Olivia de Havilland]] as [[Maid Marian]], [[Eugene Pallette]] as [[Friar Tuck]], [[Alan Hale, Sr.]] as [[Little John]], [[Basil Rathbone]] as [[Guy of Gisborne]], [[Claude Rains]] as Prince John, [[Patric Knowles]] as [[Will Scarlet]], [[Melville Cooper]] as the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]], and [[Ian Hunter (actor)|Ian Hunter]] as [[Richard I of England]]. Considered by many to be the best Robin Hood movie.<ref>{{cite news|title= Classic Hollywood: 100 years of Robin Hood movies|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=12 May 2010|url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-12-la-et-classic-hollywood-20100512-story.html|access-date=2 October 2010|first=Susan|last=King}}</ref>
*1946: ''[[The Bandit of Sherwood Forest]]'', a film starring [[Cornel Wilde]] as Robert of Nottingham, Robin Hood's son; Robin Hood is played by [[Russell Hicks (actor)|Russell Hicks]].
*1948: ''[[The Prince of Thieves]]'', a film starring [[Jon Hall (actor)|Jon Hall]] as Robin Hood.
*1950: ''[[Rogues of Sherwood Forest]]'', a film starring [[John Derek]] as Robin Hood's son, Robin of Huntington.
*1951: ''[[Tales of Robin Hood]]'', a [[Robert Lippert]] film with [[Robert Clarke]] as Robin Hood
*1952: ''[[The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men]]'', a feature from [[Walt Disney]], starring [[Richard Todd]] as Robin, [[Joan Rice]] as Marian, [[Peter Finch]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[James Hayter (actor)|James Hayter]] as Friar Tuck, [[James Robertson Justice]] as Little John, [[Hubert Gregg]] as Prince John, [[Elton Hayes]] as [[Alan-a-Dale]], [[Anthony Forwood]] as Will Scarlet, as [[Patrick Barr]] as King Richard.
*1954: ''[[The Men of Sherwood Forest]]'', a [[Hammer Films]] feature starring [[Don Taylor (American actor and director)|Don Taylor]] as Robin.
*1958: ''[[The Son of Robin Hood]]'', in which the 'son' of Robin Hood, actually his daughter, is played by [[June Laverick]].
*1960: ''[[Sword of Sherwood Forest]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version, with [[Richard Greene]] reprising his television role.
*1967: ''[[A Challenge for Robin Hood]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version, with [[Barrie Ingham]] as Robin Hood.
*1969: ''[[Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a [[Hammer Horror|Hammer]] version.
*1976: '' [[Robin and Marian]]'', starring [[Sean Connery]] as Robin, [[Audrey Hepburn]] as [[Maid Marian]], [[Nichol Williamson]] as [[Little John]] and [[Ronnie Barker]] as [[Friar Tuck]].
*1991: ''[[Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves]]'', starring [[Kevin Costner]] as Robin, [[Morgan Freeman]] as Azeem, [[Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio]] as Marian, [[Christian Slater]] as Will Scarlet, [[Alan Rickman]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Mike McShane]] as Friar Tuck, [[Nick Brimble]] as Little John, and [[Michael Wincott]] as Guy of Gisbourne, with [[Sean Connery]] appearing as King Richard in the finale.
*1991: ''[[Robin Hood (1991 British film)|Robin Hood]]'', starring [[Patrick Bergin]] and [[Uma Thurman]], a reinvention of the story pitting Robin Hood against different antagonists.<ref>{{cite news|title= Robin and His Merry Men: A Rich Tradition, Sometimes Poorly Done|work= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=2 September 1993|url= https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60371683.html?dids=60371683:60371683&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+02,+1993&author=MARK+CHALON+SMITH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Robin+and+His+Merry+Men:+A+Rich+Tradition,+Sometimes+Poorly+Done&pqatl=google|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014023/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60371683.html?dids=60371683:60371683&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+02,+1993&author=MARK+CHALON+SMITH&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Robin+and+His+Merry+Men:+A+Rich+Tradition,+Sometimes+Poorly+Done&pqatl=google|url-status= dead|archive-date= 4 November 2012|access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> The film was released theatrically in Europe, Australia and Japan, and on television on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] network in the United States and in South America.
*1993: ''[[Robin Hood: Men in Tights]]'', a film by [[Mel Brooks]] that spoofs both the 1938 and the 1991 films and recycles bits from his short-lived late-1975 Robin Hood TV sitcom ''When Things Were Rotten''. [[Cary Elwes]] plays Robin in the movie. [[Richard Lewis (comedian)|Richard Lewis]] plays Prince John while [[Roger Rees]] plays the Sheriff of Nottingham. [[Amy Yasbeck]] plays Marian, [[Eric Alan Kramer]] is Little John, and [[Matthew Porretta]] is Will Scarlet. [[Patrick Stewart]] appears in the ending, spoofing Sean Connery's take on King Richard.
*2010: ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a film directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and starring [[Russell Crowe]] as Robin, [[Cate Blanchett]] as Marian, [[Oscar Isaac]] as Prince John, [[Danny Huston]] as King Richard, [[Mark Addy]] as Friar Tuck, [[Matthew Macfadyen]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Kevin Durand]] as Little John, [[Scott Grimes]] as Will Scarlet, and [[Alan Doyle]] as Alan-a-Dale.
*2018: ''[[Robin Hood (2018 film)|Robin Hood]]'', a film directed by [[Otto Bathurst]] previously titled ''Robin Hood: Origins'', starring [[Taron Egerton]] as Robin, [[Jamie Foxx]] as Little John, [[Ben Mendelsohn]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham, [[Eve Hewson]] as Marian, [[Tim Minchin]] as Friar Tuck, [[Jamie Dornan]] as Will Scarlet, and [[Paul Anderson (actor)|Paul Anderson]] as Guy of Gisborne<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-leonardo-dicaprio-joby-harold-team-up-for-robin-hood-origins-spec-now-on-the-market/|title={TB EXCLUSIVE} LEONARDO DICAPRIO & JOBY HAROLD TEAM UP FOR "ROBIN HOOD: ORIGINS" SPEC, NOW ON THE MARKET|publisher=The Tracking Board|last=Allen|first=Clark|date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/robin-hood-origins-lionsgate-1201456401/|title=Lionsgate Lands 'Robin Hood: Origins' From Joby Harold|publisher=Variety|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/06/robin-hood-origins-otto-bathurst-lionsgate-peaky-blinders-1201438038/|title=Lionsgate Engaging 'Peaky Blinders' Helmer Otto Bathurst To Helm 'Robin Hood: Origins'|publisher=Deadline|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/jack-reynor-taron-egerton-jack-huston-robin-hood-leonardo-dicaprio-lionsgate-1201488568/|title='Robin Hood: Origins' Shortlist: Jack Reynor, Taron Egerton in Mix For Lionsgate|publisher=Deadline|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|last2=Jaafar|first2=Ali|date=31 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/08/taron-egerton-robin-hood-lionsgate-peaky-blinders-sherwood-forest-kingsman-matthew-vaughn-otto-bathurst-1201493335/|title=Taron Egerton in Talks For Lionsgate's 'Robin Hood: Origins'|publisher=Deadline|last1=Fleming|first1=Mike Jr.|last2=Jaafar|first2=Ali|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robin-hood-reboot-pushed-kingsman-831520|title=Robin Hood Reboot Pushed for 'Kingsman 2' Shoot (Exclusive)|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/power-rangers-robin-hood-kingkiller-chronicle-lionsgate-movies-1201957052/|title=Lionsgate Offers New Details About 'Power Rangers,' 'Robin Hood,' 'Kingkiller Chronicle'|publisher=Variety|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
*TBA: ''The Death of Robin Hood'', directed by [[Michael Sarnoski]], it will tell the story of Robin Hood (Hugh Jackman) after he commits a life of crime and murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/hugh-jackman-jodie-comer-death-robin-hood-michael-sarnoski-cannes-market-1235903543/|title=Hugh Jackman & Jodie Comer To Star In Robin Hood Reimagining ‘The Death Of Robin Hood’ For ‘A Quiet Place: Day One’ Director Michael Sarnoski — Cannes Market Hot Project|publisher=Deadline}}</ref>

===Direct-to-video features===
*1994: ''Robin Hood: Prince of Sherwood'', starring Jason Braly as Robin Hood
*2007: ''Splitting the Arrow''. Sometime in the 12th Century, a documentary crew entered Sherwood Forest in search of a legend. This is what followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1419840/|title=Splitting the Arrow|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Calvert Tooley plays Robin Hood.
*2018: ''Robin Hood: The Rebellion,'' a film directed by Nicholas Winter.<ref>{{Citation|title=Robin Hood: The Rebellion|date=5 November 2018|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7052244/|access-date=2020-07-04}}</ref>

===Television films===
*1968: ''[[The Legend of Robin Hood (1968 film)|The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a 90-minute American television musical, featuring the songs of [[Sammy Cahn]] and [[Jimmy Van Heusen]]. Starring [[David Watson (actor)|David Watson]] as Robin Hood, and [[Douglas Fairbanks Jr.]] as King Richard.
*1975: ''[[Robin Hood Junior]]'', starring [[Keith Chegwin]] as a young Robin. This was spun off in 1976 into a short series, ''The Unbroken Arrow'', with different actors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1816389/|title=The Unbroken Arrow (1976)|website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
*1984: ''[[The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a [[made-for-TV movie|made-for-TV]] spoof starring [[George Segal]] (Robin), [[Morgan Fairchild]] (Marian) and [[Roddy McDowall]] (Prince John).
*2001: ''[[Princess of Thieves]]'', a Disney-produced American made-for-TV movie, starred [[Keira Knightley]] as Robin Hood's ([[Stuart Wilson (actor)|Stuart Wilson]]) heroic adolescent daughter, Gwyn, who takes over her father's role and comes to his rescue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0272790/|title=Princess of Thieves|date=11 March 2001|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
*2009: ''[[Beyond Sherwood Forest]]'', a TV movie starring [[Robin Dunne]] as Robin Hood and [[Erica Durance]] as Maid Marian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dreadcentral.com/news/30402/robin-hood-monster-slayer-tights|title=Exclusive: Theatrical One-Sheet for Intruders - Dread Central|website=www.dreadcentral.com|date=February 2012}}</ref>
*2022: ''[[The Adventures of Maid Marian]]''. A TV movie focusing on Maid Marian ([[Sophie Craig]]), with [[Dominic Andersen]] playing Robin Hood.<ref>"Review-''The Adventures of Maid Marian''". ''[[Peterborough Evening Telegraph]]'', 26 March 2022, (p. 56)</ref>

===Television series===
*1953: ''[[Robin Hood (1953 TV series)|Robin Hood]]'' a television series on [[BBC Television]], featured [[Patrick Troughton]], in the first representation of Robin Hood on television.
*1955–1959: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)|The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a long-running British series starring [[Richard Greene]] that is also remembered for its catchy theme tune.
**1955: ''Robin Hood, the Movie'' (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 release, according to some sources)
**1956: ''Robin Hood's Greatest Adventures'' (also starring [[Donald Pleasence]] as Prince John) (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 release, according to some sources)
**1958: ''Robin Hood: The Quest for the Crown'' (compilation from the Richard Greene TV series) (1991 or 1995 release, according to some sources)
*1975: ''[[The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)|The Legend of Robin Hood]]'', a six-episode [[BBC]] [[miniseries]] starring [[Martin Potter (actor)|Martin Potter]] in the title role, [[Paul Darrow]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham and [[Diane Keen]] as Lady Marion. The adaptation was aired on [[public television]] in the USA later in the 1970s.
*1975: ''[[When Things Were Rotten]]'', a comedy TV series produced by [[Mel Brooks]] and starring [[Richard Gautier]] (as an imbecilic Robin Hood), [[Bernie Kopell]] and [[Misty Rowe]].
*1984–1986: ''[[Robin of Sherwood]]'', a fantasy-style British television series starring [[Michael Praed]] and later [[Jason Connery]] as Robin. The series set the template for many of the adaptations that followed, most notably the introduction of a Saracen ([[Muslim]]) outlaw and the move to a grittier tone.
*1989–1994: ''[[Maid Marian and her Merry Men]]'', a British children's TV show, rewrote the legend somewhat, with Marian as the dynamic leader of the resistance against Prince John, Robin as her thick-headed, cowardly, buffoonish figurehead, and Nottingham as John's put-upon, sarcastic enforcer.
*1997–1998: ''[[The New Adventures of Robin Hood]]'', a French–U.S. TV series, starred [[Matthew Porretta]] as a black-leather-clad Robin in the first two seasons and [[John Bradley (American actor)|John Bradley]] taking over the lead role in the final two seasons. The tone of the series resembled its contemporaries ''[[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]]'' and ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]''. Porretta had appeared as Will Scarlet O'Hara in ''Men in Tights''.
*2006–2009: ''[[Robin Hood (2006 TV series)|Robin Hood]]'', a [[BBC One]] television series was produced by [[Tiger Aspect]]. It was first broadcast as thirteen-episode series in the UK from October to December 2006, with a second series following in 2007, and a third in 2009. [[Jonas Armstrong]] stars in the title role.
*2023: ''[[Robyn Hood]]'', a Canadian series created by [[Director X]] which reimagines Robin Hood as "Robyn" (a female rapper) and "The Hood" (a masked hip-hop band) living in a working class area in the fictional city of New Nottingham and sparring with antagonists including The Sheriff and a property tycoon named John Prince.

==Robin Hood in Ivanhoe, English-language live-action films and television series==
'''''[[Ivanhoe|Ivanhoe: A Romance]]''''' by [[Walter Scott]] is a [[Ivanhoe: A Romance|historical novel]] published in three volumes in 1819, proved to be one of the best-known and most influential of Scott's novels, so much so that it influenced popular perceptions of [[Robin Hood]]. The following adaptions of the novel feature Robin Hood:

===Theatrical features===
*1913: ''[[Ivanhoe (1913 U.S. film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring Walter Thomas as Robin Hood.
*1952: ''[[Ivanhoe (1952 film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring [[Harold Warrender]] as Locksley (Robin Hood).

===Television films===
*1982: ''[[Ivanhoe (1982 film)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring David Robb as Robin Hood.

===Television series===
*1958-1959: ''[[Ivanhoe (1958 TV series)|Ivanhoe]]'', starring [[Roger Moore]] as Ivanhoe. Also features [[Emerton Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1004188/|title=Emerton Court|website=IMDb}}</ref> as "Sir Robert" in the episode "Arms and the Women".
*1997: ''[[Ivanhoe (1997 TV series)|Ivanhoe]]'', featuring Aden Gillett as Robin of Locksley.

==Robin Hood–themed parodies, English-language live-action films and television series==
Since Robin Hood is a character in the [[public domain]], there is no restriction on his use. Thus, he has often appeared in other films and TV series that do not revolve around the legend in strictest terms, and some other characters have played a Robin Hood-like role. or be an In others Robin Hood is interactive with other characters that originate in other TV shows and films.

===Theatrical features and serials===
*1939: ''[[Mexicali Rose (1939 film)|Mexicali Rose]]''' is an American [[Western (genre)|Western]] film directed by [[George Sherman]] and starring [[Gene Autry]], [[Smiley Burnette]], and [[Noah Beery]]. Based on a story by [[Luci Ward]] and [[Connie Lee]]
*1946: ''[[Son of the Guardsman]]'' is a serial with a period setting, in this case 12th century England. The serial is largely based on the [[Robin Hood]] legends, to the extent of including outlaws from [[Sherwood Forest]], but it does not include or reference Robin Hood himself.
*1952: ''[[Miss Robin Hood]]'', a British film starring [[Margaret Rutherford]] as a modern-day female Robin Hood.
*1963: ''[[Siege of the Saxons]]'', a British [[Arthurian]] film starring [[Janette Scott]] as Princess Katherine (King Arthur's daughter) and [[Ronald Lewis (actor)|Ronald Lewis]] as Robert Marshall, a thieving archer who proclaims he only steals from the rich. The two go on the run as outlaws and fall in love after the evil [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall|Edmund of Cornwall]] attempts to usurp Arthur's throne after his death.
*1964: ''[[Robin and the 7 Hoods]]'', a [[musical film]] set in 1930s gangster [[Chicago]], with [[Frank Sinatra]] as "Robbo".
*1971: ''[[Up the Chastity Belt]]'', starring [[Frankie Howerd]], with [[Hugh Paddick]] as Robin Hood.
*1981: ''[[Time Bandits]]'', starring [[John Cleese]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Shelley Duvall]]; written and directed by [[Terry Gilliam]] had a short spoof of the Robin Hood legend, with Robin (played by Cleese) being portrayed as an upper class twit and as a parody of [[Charles, Prince of Wales]].

===Television series===
*1963: "Opie and His Merry Men", an episode of ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'': A hobo tells [[Opie Taylor]] and his friends stories about Robin Hood and encourages them to emulate him.
*1966: [[Art Carney]] played the supervillain The Archer, who was based on Robin Hood, in season 2 of ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'' ("[[Shoot a Crooked Arrow]]" and "[[Walk the Straight and Narrow]]", 1966).
*1968: In ''[[The Time Tunnel]]'' episode "The Revenge of Robin Hood", the former outlaw is the Earl of Huntington who gets [[John of England|King John]] to sign the [[Magna Carta]].
*1970: A 1970s [[The Muppets|Muppet]] skit from ''[[Sesame Street]]'' featured [[Ernie (Sesame Street)|Ernie]] as Robin Hood, auditioning new recruits for his Merry Men, including Harvey Kneeslapper.
*1970: ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' did their version of Robin Hood for one episode with [[Kermit the Frog]] as the titular character, [[Fozzie Bear]] as Little John, [[Gonzo (Muppet)|Gonzo the Great]] as the Sheriff of Nottingham with guest star [[Lynn Redgrave]] as Maid Marian. The show takes an unusual twist mid-way when [[Miss Piggy]], jealous that Redgrave is the leading lady instead of her (gets a consolation role as "Sister Tuck" as opposed to Friar Tuck), kidnaps her, locks her up in her dressing room and unsuccessfully takes her place during the rescue scene, to which Kermit and his Merry Men end up saving the real Maid Marian (Lynn Redgrave).
*1973: Dennis Moore is a sketch that appears in "Dennis Moore," the thirty-seventh episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus. Dennis Moore is a Highwayman who steals 'Lupins' from the rich and gives them to the poor, once the rich become poor and the poor become rich and pompous, he steals the 'lupins' from the poor, returning them to the rich.
The melody for the Dennis Moore song is taken from a song originally about Robin Hood ("Robin Hood, Robin Hood, Riding through the glen...").
*1982: ''[[Voyagers!]]'' (TV series) (Episode 10 "An Arrow Pointing East" aired 12 December 1982) Voyagers [[Jon-Erik Hexum]] (Phineas Bogg) and [[Meeno Peluce]] (Jeffrey Jones) help [[Robin Hood]] played by Dan Hamilton sneak into an archery competition to rescue [[Maid Marian]].<ref name="TV.com">[http://www.tv.com/voyagers%21/an-arrow-pointing-east/episode/51482/summary.html?tag=ep_guide;summary TV.com],</ref>
*1991: ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Qpid]]" features the crew being forced to play out a real-Robin Hood tale ([[Jean-Luc Picard|Captain Picard]], played by [[Patrick Stewart]], as Robin Hood) when [[Q (Star Trek)|Q]] recreates it.
*1995: The ''[[Sliders (TV series)|Sliders]]'' episode "[[List of Sliders episodes#Season 1 (1995)|Prince of Wails]]" is set in an alternate history where Great Britain successfully suppressed the American Revolution. The plot of the episode broadly follows the story of Robin Hood, with the British States of America being a heavily taxed and oppressed corner of the British Empire, the villain (an alternate version of Maximillian Arturo) being styled as the Sheriff of San Francisco but serving as a viceroy, and Quinn Mallory and the revolutionary [[Oakland Raiders]] serving as Robin Hood and his Merry Men (particularly after adopting the tactic of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor).
*1996: [[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]] plays Robin Hood in the [[List of Wishbone episodes|episode "Paw Prints of Thieves"]], to portray Joe's fight to give leftover food to a homeless shelter, even if it is against regulations.
*1996: ''[[Robin of Locksley (film)|Robin of Locksley]]'', a made-for-TV movie starring [[Devon Sawa]] as a modern teenage Robin attending a prep school with the snobbish John Prince, played by [[Joshua Jackson]]. Set in modern times.
*1999: The ''[[Blackadder]]'' Millennium Special ''[[Blackadder: Back & Forth|Back & Forth]]'' featured Robin Hood much like the recurring character [[Lord Flashheart]], with similar boisterous personas and played by the same actor ([[Rik Mayall]]), with [[Kate Moss]] as Maid Marian. In his role, he proclaims his Merry Men have "strong muscle tone and are not [[homosexuality|gay]]!" though his Merry Men later betray and kill him after a time-travelling [[Lord Edmund Blackadder V|Blackadder]] convinced them that their purpose of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor is ultimately pathetic.
*1999: ''[[Back to Sherwood]]'', a children's series featuring a teenage descendant of Robin ("Robyn Hood") who discovers she has the power to travel back in time, and joins with the children of her ancestor's band (Joan Little, Phil Scarlet, etc.).
*2005: ''[[Charmed]]'' episode 7.14, "Carpe Demon", an ex-demon named Drake uses his powers to turn himself and the sisters into Robin Hood, Maid Marion, and Robin's merry men. A sorcerer casts a spell on Drake making him believe that he is Robin Hood and that Phoebe is Maid Marion.
*2007: ''[[Chucklevision]]'' episode 19.6 "Sherwood Chuckle": the Chuckle Brothers join Robin Hood and his merry men and set out to save Maid Marion from the Sheriff of Nottingham.
*2001–2006: ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'': [[List of Last of the Summer Wine characters|Billy Hardcastle]] often claims himself as being a 'direct descendant of Robin Hood'.
*2011–2018: ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'', an [[ABC Studios|ABC]] television series based on major Disney animated films. Robin Hood appears as a recurring character, where he is played first by [[Tom Ellis (actor)|Tom Ellis]] in Season Two and later [[Sean Maguire]] starting in Season Three. In Season Six, Maguire plays a different version of the character who follows Regina home from a fantasy world.
*2013: In ''[[Once Upon a Time in Wonderland]]'': Robin Hood (played as above by Maguire) appears in the "Forget Me Not" episode of the series in which [[Will Scarlett]] joins the Merry Men. Scarlett is the real name of "The Knave", a lead character in the ''Wonderland'' series.
*2013: Series 3 of ''[[Gigglebiz]]'' introduced Will Singalot (played by [[Justin Fletcher]] like many other characters in the series) who was the minstrel of Robin Hood (played by Tom Golding). Will would always constantly sing and spoil Robin's plans to impress Maid Marian (played by Ellie Kirk).
*2014: In ''[[Doctor Who]]'', Robin Hood appears in the third episode of [[Doctor Who (series 8)|eighth series]], "[[Robot of Sherwood]]" by [[Mark Gatiss]], played by actor [[Tom Riley (actor)|Tom Riley]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Series 8 Filming: A Merry Day|url=http://www.doctorwhotv.co.uk/series-8-filming-a-merry-day-62438.htm|access-date=22 May 2014|newspaper=DoctorWhoTV.co.uk|date=15 April 2014}}</ref>
*2015: Though never having made an appearance, Robin Hood is mentioned in the [[Arrowverse]]. He is one of the inspirations that is adopted by [[Green Arrow|Oliver Queen]] for which he becomes the vigilante [[Oliver Queen (Arrowverse)|Green Arrow]] in the superhero television series ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]''. In the related series, ''[[The Flash (2014 TV series)|The Flash]]'', antagonist [[Vandal Savage]] mentions that he trained Robin Hood to become the professional archer that he was known as.
*Elements of Robin Hood are used for some episodes of the [[Disney+]]/MCU animated series [[What If...? (TV series)|''What If...?'']]. In "[[What If... T'Challa Became a Star-Lord?]]", the titular protagonist uses the story of Robin Hood as an inspiration for him to redeem the Ravagers, who develop a vow to steal from the rich and donate to the poor. In "[[What If... the Avengers Assembled in 1602?]]", a version of [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers]] also becomes a Robin Hood-themed character, with [[Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Scott Lang]] and [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky Barnes]] being versions of the Merry Men.

===Abandoned projects===
*In 2010, [[The Wachowskis|Lana and Lilly Wachowski]] announced their intention to direct the film ''Hood'', a modern adaptation of the Robin Hood legend.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/wachowskis-putting-new-hood/|work=Empire| first=James | last=White | title=Wachowskis Putting on a New Hood|date=8 December 2010}}</ref>
*In 2014, [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] were developing a Robin Hood movie provisionally titled ''Nottingham & Hood'', with first time screenwriter Brandon Barker writing, and a tone similar to the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' film series. The hope was to launch a new adventure franchise that fit Disney's global brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2014/12/robin-hood-nottingham-hood-disney-1201309689/|title=Robin Hood Now A Race As Disney Acquires Spec 'Nottingham & Hood'|publisher=Deadline|last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr.|date=4 December 2014}}</ref>
*Also in 2014, [[Sony Pictures]] mooted the idea of building a [[shared universe]] based on various characters from the Robin Hood mythos, spinning off Merry Men like Will Scarlett and Little John into their own separate films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/robin-hood-shared-universe-movie-sony|title=Sony Buys Avengers-Style Shared Universe Robin Hood Pitch|publisher=Collider|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

==Robin Hood - Musicals==
"Arrow: The Legend of Robin Hood" was a musical production made by the Stage Musicals Group at the [[Gibraltar Botanic Gardens|Alameda Open Air Theatre]] in [[Gibraltar]] from 23 June 2003 to 30 June 2003. It was directed by one of its writers, Mr. Trevor Galliano.<ref>[[Gibraltar Chronicle]] newspaper; 10/06/2003; Page 17</ref>

==Robin Hood, English-language animated films and television series==
===Theatrical shorts===
*1939: ''[[Robin Hood Makes Good]]'', a [[Chuck Jones]] animated cartoon.
*1948: ''[[Robin Hood-Winked]]'', an animated cartoon with [[Popeye]].
*1949: ''[[Rabbit Hood]]'', a Chuck Jones animated cartoon with [[Bugs Bunny]] and footage of [[Errol Flynn]].
*1949: ''[[Robin Hoodlum]]'' A UPA cartoon starring Fox and Crow with the Fox as Robin Hood, and the Crow as Sheriff is hence man.
*1958: ''[[Robin Hood Daffy]]'', a Chuck Jones animated cartoon in which [[Daffy Duck]] believes he is Robin Hood and tries unsuccessfully to convince an unbelieving [[Porky Pig]] (himself dressed like Friar Tuck).
*1958: ''[[Robin Hoodwinked]]'', an animated cartoon with [[Tom and Jerry]].
*1962: "Not in Nottingham", featuring [[Loopy de Loop]] and Robin Hood.
*1968: ''[[Pinkcome Tax]]'', a [[DePatie-Freleng Enterprises]] cartoon directed by [[Arthur Davis (animator)|Arthur Davis]] and starring the [[Pink Panther (character)|Pink Panther]], who takes on the role of a Merry Man, and unsuccessfully tries to free an imprisoned peasant (played by the Panther's recurring foil, [[The Little Man (The Pink Panther)|The Little Man]]) who is locked up for being too poor to pay his taxes. After both of them wind up in the dungeon, they get a letter from Robin Hood who promises to save them, only for Robin to be jailed as well.

===Theatrical features===
*1973: The [[Walt Disney Productions|Walt Disney]] animated film ''[[Robin Hood (1973 film)|Robin Hood]]'' depicts various characters as [[anthropomorphic]] animals, including Robin Hood and [[Maid Marian]] as [[fox]]es.
*2001: Robin Hood (credited as "Monsieur Hood" and voiced by [[Vincent Cassel]]) and the Merry Men make a brief appearance as unwelcome rescuers in the film ''[[Shrek]]''. Here, they speak with [[French language|French]] accents, partake in [[Ireland|Irish]] [[step-dancing]], and are defeated by [[Princess Fiona]]. The Latin American dub depicts Robin Hood commanding the [[The Three Musketeers|Musketeers]].

===Direct-to-video features===
*2012: ''[[Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse]]'', a film released in October 2012 starring [[Tom and Jerry]].

===Animated television films===
*1971: ''The Legend Of Robin Hood'', an animated TV Movie from CBS [[Famous Classic Tales]] (46 minutes)
*1972: ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hoodnik]]'', a TV movie produced by [[Hanna-Barbera]] whose all-animal cast predates [[Robin Hood (1973 film)|the Disney version]] by one year.
*1986: ''Ivanhoe'', animated TV movie with Robert Coleby providing the voice of Robin Hood.
*1988: ''Storybook Classics - The Adventures Of Robin Hood'', animated. [[Burbank Films Australias]]
*2007: ''Robin Hood: Quest for the King'', animated TV film, with antrophomorphed characters. Produced by BKN
*2012: ''Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men'', a [[VeggieTales]] TV film released in spring 2012.

===Television series===
*1959: "Robin Hood Yogi", a [[Yogi Bear]] short from ''[[The Huckleberry Hound Show]]''.
*1959: "Nottingham and Yeggs", a [[Huckleberry Hound]] short from ''The Huckleberry Hound Show''.
*1960: "Robin Hood", an episode of ''[[Mr. Peabody|Peabody's Improbable History]]''.
*1964: "Robin Hood", a four-part episode of ''[[The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo]]'', featuring [[Mr. Magoo]] in the role of [[Friar Tuck]].
*1967: ''[[Rocket Robin Hood]]'', a space-age version of the Robin Hood legend, where he and his band of Merry Spacemen live in the year 3000 on Sherwood Asteroid and fight the evil Sheriff who rules the space territory of N.O.T.T. (Trillium / Steve Krantz Production)
*1982: In [[The Smurfs]] cartoon series, there was a second-season episode titled "[[List of The Smurfs episodes|The Adventures of Robin Smurf]]” where Vanity Smurf took the role of Robin Hood, [[Smurfette]] was Maid Marian, Brainy Smurf as Prince John, and Clumsy Smurf as the Sheriff of Nottingham.
*1984: ''[[Danger Mouse (1981 TV series)|Danger Mouse]]'' launched their sixth season of the show with a spoof titled "Once Upon A Timeslip", in which the narrator discovered his voice controlled the on-screen antics, and who then put Danger Mouse and his assistant Penfold through a comic adventure as Robin Hood and Little John.
*1988: ''[[ALF Tales]]'', has an episode called "Robin Hood", where the cast fights for the right to promote their swing band, Ye Merry Men.
*1989: Robin Hood was parodied in an episode of ''[[Super Mario Bros. (TV series)#The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!|The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]]'' as Hooded Robin, an Albatoss who can imitate anyone's voice, and helped the young [[Toad (Nintendo)|Mushroom People]]s of Sharewood Village against [[Bowser (character)|the Sheriff of Koopingham]].
*1990: A ''[[Garfield and Friends]]'' episode was called "Robin Hog", a ''[[U.S. Acres]]'' where Orson fantasizes himself as Robin Hog.
*1990: The ''[[Tiny Toon Adventures]]'' episode "Weirdest Story Ever Told" featured a segment titled "Robin Hare". This version featured [[Buster Bunny|Buster]] as the title character and [[Montana Max]] as the "Sheriff of Naughty Ham". A book loosely based on the episode was also released, possibly as "Buster Hood".
*1991: An episode of ''[[Captain N: The Game Master]]'', "Misadventures in Robin Hood Woods", had the heroes from the show aid Robin in defeating Prince John and rescuing Maid Marian.
*1991: ''[[Young Robin Hood]]'', an animated series developed by [[Cinar]] and [[Hanna-Barbera]], tells a version of the story in which Robin (Voiced by [[Thor Bishopric]]) and his men, as well as Maid Marian, are teenagers. This version also incorporates several [[fantasy]] elements. For example, Robin is sometimes assisted by a forest-dwelling old woman who knows [[magic (paranormal)|magic]].
*1991: ''[[The Ren and Stimpy Show]]'' episode ''Robin Höek'' from the first season had [[Ren Höek]] and [[Stimpy]] recreate the story of Robin Hood with Ren as Robin Hood and Stimpy as everyone else. Though it was a story Stimpy read, it ended as a nightmare for Ren.
*2001: Robin Hood and his merry men have a brief cameo in the first episode of [[Cartoon Network]]'s ''[[Samurai Jack]]'' as Jack's mentors when he visits England during his training.
*2005: ''[[King Arthur's Disasters]]'', a British animated series features Robin Hood who rivals Arthur.
*2008: An episode of the Canadian-American children's TV series, ''[[The Backyardigans]],'' released the episode "Robin Hood the Clean", which shows Pablo the Penguin assuming his own playful version of the character Robin Hood as he happily works to clean up the village of Filthingham.
*2012: ''[[VeggieTales]]: Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men'' features a version of the legend featured as the titular segment. This version featured [[Larry the Cucumber]] as the title character (Robin Hood), [[Jimmy Gourd]] as Little John, [[Archibald Asparagus]] as Friar Cluck (Friar Tuck), [[Mr. Lunt]] as Bill Scarlet, [[Bob the Tomato]] as the Sheriff of Bethlingham (Sheriff of Nottingham), and [[Mr. Nezzer]] as Prince John.
*2013: In ''[[Ever After High]]'', the son of Robin Hood, Sparrow Hood, appears. He has a band called The Merry Men.
*2019: [[Sherwood (2019 TV series)|''Sherwood'']] is an American animated science fiction web television series created by Diana Manson and Megan Laughton that premiered on March 6, 2019, on YouTube Premium. It is a new telling of the Robin Hood legend.

==Robin Hood-themed non-English language films and television series==
===Live-action theatrical features===
*1960: ''[[Robin Hood and the Pirates]]'' (''Robin Hood e i pirati''), an Italian film with [[Lex Barker]] as Robin Hood.
*1962: ''[[The Triumph of Robin Hood]]'', an Italian film with [[Don Burnett]] as Robin Hood and [[Samson Burke]] as Little John.
*1962: ''Sakhi Robin'', an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film by B. J. Patel, starring Rajan Kapoor as the outlaw and Shalini as [[Maid Marian]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>
*1965: ''Adventure of Robin Hood and Bandits'', an Indian Hindi-language film again by B.J. Patel, starring Prashant as Robin Hood, Parveen Choudhary as Maid Marian, Shyam Kumar as [[John, King of England|Prince John]], Saudagar Singh as [[Little John]], Lord Jambal as [[Sheriff of Nottingham]], and Nilofer as Christabel - the fiancée of [[Alan-a-Dale]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hervé Dumont|title=Moyen Age et Renaissance au cinéma: L'Angleterre: (partie I)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcZDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|year=2017|publisher=Books on Demand|isbn=978-2-322-10140-5|page=159}}</ref>
*1970: ''[[Robin Hood, el arquero invencible]]'' a Spanish/Italian co-production with Carlos Quiney as Robin Hood
*1971 : ''[[The Scalawag Bunch|L'Arciere di fuoco]]'' (known under the English-language titles ''Long Live Robin Hood'' and ''The Scalawag Bunch''), an [[Italy|Italian]] film starring [[Giuliano Gemma]] as Robin Hood.
*1975: ''[[The Arrows of Robin Hood]]'' (''Strely Robin Guda'', ''Стрелы Робин Гуда''), a Soviet adaptation in Russian by Sergey Tarasov, starring [[Boris Khmelnitsky]] as Robin Hood, with songs of [[Vladimir Vysotsky]].
*1983: ''[[The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe]]'' (''Ballada O Doblestnom Rytsare Ayvengo'', ''Баллада о доблестном рыцаре Айвенго''), a Russian adaptation of [[Sir Walter Scott]]'s ''[[Ivanhoe]]'' by Sergey Tarasov, with songs of [[Vladimir Vysotsky]], starring [[Boris Khmelnitsky]] as Robin Hood, who helps Ivanhoe to restore [[Richard I of England|Richard]]'s kingdom.
*1986: ''[[Superfantozzi]]'', an Italian film, the fifth of the Fantozzi comedy film series. Directed by [[Neri Parenti]], it stars [[Paolo Villaggio]] as several incarnations of the character [[Ugo Fantozzi]] during the whole [[history of humanity]]. In one segment set in [[medieval England]], a poor Fantozzi is given a large sum of gold from Robin Hood (played by [[Luc Merenda]]), only to be robbed minutes later by Robin himself because that gold made him rich.
*1988: ''[[Aaj Ka Robin Hood]]'' (Translation: Today's [[Robin Hood]]) is a 1988 [[adventure film|adventure-drama]] Indian Hindi film directed and produced by [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Production details of Aaj Ka Robin Hood|access-date=2014-01-07|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/176072/Aaj-Ka-Robin-Hood/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173343/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/176072/Aaj-Ka-Robin-Hood/overview|url-status=dead|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Clarke Fountain|date=2014|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref> It stars [[Anil Chatterjee]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Rabi Ghosh]] and [[Satish Shah]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Casting of 1988 hindi film Aaj ka Robin Hood|access-date=2014-01-07|url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-cast-and-crew/aaj-ka-robin-hood/|publisher=movies.msn.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201930/http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-cast-and-crew/aaj-ka-robin-hood/|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*1990: ''[[Xuxa e os Trapalhões em O Mistério de Robin Hood]]'' (English: Xuxa and the Bumbling in The Mystery of Robin Hood) is a 1990 Brazilian comedy-adventure film, directed by José Alvarenga Júnior. The film is starring Xuxa Meneghel and Os Trapalhões.
*1991: ''Robin Good: Sugod Ng Sugod '' A filipino Parody comedy movie released by Viva Entertainment and directed by Tony Y. Reyes
*2012: ''[[Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood]]'', a German/US [[international co-production]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1572503/|title=Robin Hood: Ghosts of Sherwood|date=9 November 2012|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

===Live-action television films===
*1966: ''[[Robin Hood der edle Räuber]]'', a German TV-film (2 parts) with Hans von Borsody as Robin Hood

===Live-action television series===
*2008: ''[[Catch Me Now]]'', a Chinese TV series, with modern settings
*2016: ''[[Alyas Robin Hood]]'', a Philippine primetime series produced by [[GMA Network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/24454/strongpep-exclusivestrong-alyas-robin-hood-consultant-differentiates-show-as-arrow-actor-reacts-to-t#YDQ0MLLgB567oFoG.99|title=Alyas Robin Hood consultant differentiates show from Arrow|first=James Patrick|last=Anarcon|publisher=PEP}}</ref>

===Parodies, theatrical films===
*1966: ''[[Beware of the car]]'' updates the legend to modern Russia, with [[Innokenty Smoktunovsky]] playing a taxi driver turned car thief who gives the stolen money to orphanages.
*1968: ''[[About Seven Brothers]]'' (''Noin seitsemän veljestä'') is a Finnish loose-based parody of the Robin Hood story, directed by [[Jukka Virtanen (director)|Jukka Virtanen]], and written, produced and starred by [[Spede Pasanen]].

===Parodies, short films===
*2004: ''Nottingham 2051''. Year 2051. Robin Hood and Little John want to deliver "essential pharmacies" in the third world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1451796/|title=Nottingham 2051|date=4 September 2004|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref> Robin Hood is played by Tiziano Scrocca. Italian production

===Parodies, theatrical films===
*1985:''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' is a Tamil-language action thriller film directed by S. A. Chandrasekhar.
*1985:''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]'' is a Telugu film starring Suman and Jayasudha in the lead roles
*2008: ''[[Iljimae]]'', a South Korean television drama series, based on a [[Chinese folklore]] from the [[Ming dynasty]] about a masked Robin Hood-esque character during the [[Joseon era]].
*2009: ''[[The Return of Iljimae]]'', a South Korean television drama series, based on comic strip ''Iljimae'', published between 1975 and 1977, by Ko Woo-yung which was based on a [[Chinese folklore]] from the [[Ming dynasty]] about a masked [[Robin Hood]]-esque character during the [[Joseon era]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Cathy Rose A.|title=Retrospective on Comic Artist Ko Woo-young|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2008/07/135_27411.html|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=Korea Times|date=11 July 2008}}</ref>
*2015: [[Kamen Rider Ghost]] can access a green archer form called Robin Hood Damashii which is accessed by the ghost of Robin Hood himself. Robin Hood's spirit also helps Kamen Rider Ghost/Takeru Tenkuuji on his journey to unite the 15 Legendary Heroic Souls.

===Animated features===
*1970: ''Brave Robin Hood'' a Soviet stop-motion animated film of a film studio "[[Soyuzmultfilm]]" which was created by the director Anatoliy Karanovich on [[Evgeny Agranovich]]'s verses performed by Mikhail Ziv.

===Animated TV series===
*1990–1992: ''[[Robin Hood (anime series)|Robin Hood]]'' ({{lang-ja|ロビンフッドの大冒険}}, ''Robin Hood no Daibōken''), a Japanese animated series developed by Tatsunoko Productions, tells a version of the story in which Robin (Voiced by [[Kazue Ikura]]) and his men (and women), as well as Maid Marian, are – in majority – children. This version also incorporates several [[fantasy]] elements, mainly expressed in mystic powers of the nature and a powerful treasure protected by the forest Sherwood itself. The whole series contains strong environmental messages as well as morals relating to real life.
*1994: [[Keroppi]] The Sanrio anime Keroppi (Kero Kero Keroppi) has a Robin Hood episode, in which the cast reenacts the legend.
*1997: In an episode of ''[[Cutey Honey Flash]]'' anime, one of the forms Honey takes in that episode is Robin Hood Honey.
*2013: ''[[Robin Hood: Mischief in Sherwood]]'', an Indian-French CGI animated series produced by Method Animation and DQ Enternainement. Shows a children's version of Robin Hood.
*2018: Robin Hood is featured as a servant summoned from the past to fight in a Holy Grail War in the anime series ''[[Fate/Extra Last Encore]]'', a part of the ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' franchise created by [[Kinoko Nasu]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Robin Hood}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Films And Television Series Featuring Robin Hood}}
[[Category:Robin Hood films| ]]
[[Category:Robin Hood television series| ]]
[[Category:Lists of films and television series]]
[[Category:Topics in culture|Robin Hood]]

Patti LuPone

2024-10-26T02:56:00Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{short description|American actress and singer (born 1949)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = PattiLuPone-DouglasFriedman 2-1024x683.jpg
| caption = LuPone in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|4|21}}
| birth_place = [[Northport, New York]], U.S.
| education = [[Juilliard School]] ([[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]])
| occupation = Actress, singer
| years_active = 1971–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Matthew Johnston |December 12, 1988}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|pattilupone.net}}
| relatives = [[Robert LuPone]] (brother) [[Adelina Patti]] (great-great aunt)
}}

'''Patti Ann LuPone''' (born April 21, 1949) is an American actress and singer best known for her work in [[musical theater]]. After starting her professional career with [[The Acting Company]] in 1972 she soon gained acclaim for her leading performances on the [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]] and [[West End (theatre)|West End]] stage. She has won three [[Tony Award]]s, two [[Olivier Awards]], and two [[Grammy Award]]s, and was a 2006 inductee to the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/theater-dance/2007/01/31/Theater-Hall-of-Fame-honors-August-Wilson-seven-others/stories/200701310196|title=Theater Hall of Fame honors August Wilson, seven others|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|access-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/history/pastwinners/|title=Tony Awards past winners|access-date=March 3, 2014|archive-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113810/https://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/history/pastwinners/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She made her [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut in ''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]'' in 1973. She went on to receive three [[Tony Awards]]: two for [[Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]] for her roles as [[Eva Perón]] in [[Tim Rice]] and [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'' (1980), and [[Rose Thompson Hovick|Rose]] in ''[[Gypsy: A Musical Fable|Gypsy]]'' (2008) and one for [[Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical|Best Featured Actress in a Musical]] for playing Joanne in the [[Stephen Sondheim]] revival ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://companymusical.com/cast-creative/|title= Cast & Creative – Company Musical on Broadway|website= companymusical.com|access-date= July 7, 2021}}</ref> She was Tony-nominated for ''[[The Robber Bridegroom (musical)|The Robber Bridegroom]]'' (1975), ''[[Anything Goes]]'' (1988), ''[[Sweeney Todd (musical)|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' (2006), ''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (musical)|Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]'' (2010), and ''[[War Paint (musical)|War Paint]]'' (2017).

For her performances on the [[West End (theatre)|West End]] stage she received two [[Laurence Olivier Awards]]: one for [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical|Best Actress in a Musical]] for her performances as [[Fantine]] in the original London cast of ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'' and Moll in ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'' in 1985, and the second for [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical]] for ''Company'' in 2019. She was nominated for her role as [[Norma Desmond]] in ''[[Sunset Boulevard (musical)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' in 1993. She has two [[Grammy Awards]] for the recording of the 2007 [[Los Angeles Opera]] production of ''[[Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]''.

On television, she starred in the drama series ''[[Life Goes On (TV series)|Life Goes On]]'' (1989–1993) and received [[Emmy Award]] nominations for the TV movie ''The Song Spinner'' (1995) and her guest role in the [[sitcom]] ''[[Frasier]]'' (1998). She appeared in three [[Ryan Murphy (producer)|Ryan Murphy]] series: ''[[American Horror Story]]'' (2013–2014, 2022), ''[[Pose (TV series)|Pose]]'' (2019), and ''[[Hollywood (miniseries)|Hollywood]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Patti LuPone Is Now Starring In 'Hollywood' Show On Netflix|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/11/854115432/actress-patti-lupone-is-now-starring-in-hollywood-show-on-netflix|access-date=October 6, 2020|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref> Additional television credits include ''[[Penny Dreadful (TV series)|Penny Dreadful]]'' (2014–2016), ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]'' (2017), and ''[[Agatha All Along (miniseries)|Agatha All Along]]'' (2024). LuPone's film roles include ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'' (1979), ''[[Witness (1985 film)|Witness]]'' (1985), ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'' (1989), ''[[Summer of Sam]]'' (1999), ''[[State and Main]]'' (2000), and ''[[Beau Is Afraid]]'' (2023).

==Early life and training==
LuPone was born on April 21, 1949, in [[Northport, New York]], on [[Long Island]], the daughter of Italian-American parents Angela Louise (née Patti), a library administrator at the [[C.W. Post]] Campus of [[Long Island University]], and Orlando Joseph LuPone, a school administrator and English teacher at [[Walt Whitman High School (New York)|Walt Whitman High School]] in [[Huntington, Long Island|Huntington, NY]].{{Citation needed |date=September 2021}} Her great-great aunt was 19th-century Spanish-born Italian opera singer [[Adelina Patti]].<ref name="ref09">{{cite news |last=Newmark |first=Judith |date=March 29, 2009 |title=Patinkin, LuPone return to stage |publisher=Suburban Journals |url=http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/entertainment/stories.nsf/stage/story/12EC199F277EAC9E8625758600774640?OpenDocument |access-date=March 28, 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Her father's side came from [[Abruzzo]], while her mother's side is [[Sicilians|Sicilian]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.virtuquotidiane.it/cultura/patti-lupone-regina-del-musical-americano-a-broadway-figlia-dellabruzzo.html | title=Patti Lupone, Regina del Musical Americano a Broadway, Figlia dell'abruzzo | date=March 16, 2019 }}</ref> Her older brother [[Robert LuPone]] was a Tony-nominated actor, dancer, and director who originated the role of Zach, the director, in ''[[A Chorus Line]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Robert LuPone Tony Awards Info|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardspersoninfo.php?nomname=Robert%20LuPone|access-date=October 6, 2020|website=www.broadwayworld.com}}</ref> She grew up [[Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/theater/watch-patti-lupone-play-a-rabbi-on-crazy-ex-girlfriend.html|title=Watch Patti LuPone Play a Rabbi on 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend'|first=Erik|last=Piepenburg|date=January 12, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 17, 2019}}</ref>

LuPone was part of the first graduating class of [[Juilliard]]'s Drama Division (1968–1972: ''[[List of Juilliard School people|Group 1]]''),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pattilupone.net/theatre.html | title = Patti LuPone: Theatre Chronology | publisher = PattiLuPone.net | access-date = April 3, 2012}}</ref> which also included actors [[Kevin Kline]] and [[David Ogden Stiers]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://movies.yahoo.com/person/kevin-kline/biography.html | title = Kevin Kline Biography | publisher = Yahoo! Movies | access-date = April 3, 2012}}</ref> She graduated from Juilliard in 1972 with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] degree.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://movies.nytimes.com/person/531610/Patti-LuPone/biography | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130515043328/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/531610/Patti-LuPone/biography | url-status = dead | archive-date = May 15, 2013 | department = Movies & TV Dept. | work = [[The New York Times]] | first = Hal | last = Erickson | title = Patti LuPone | author-link = Hal Erickson (author) | date = 2013 | access-date = April 2, 2012}}</ref> LuPone has a [[mezzo-soprano]] vocal range,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/patti-lupone-takes-stage-rare-770561|title=Patti LuPone Takes the Stage in Rare Opera Performance|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 6, 2015|access-date=February 3, 2018|last=Riefe|first=Jordan}}</ref><ref name="EverythingSinging">{{Cite book|title= The Everything Singing Book with CD: From Mastering Breathing Techniques to Performing Live—all You Need to Hit the Right Notes|last= Sheppard|first= Bettina|year= 2008|publisher= Everything Books|isbn= 9781598695397|page= 101|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FQ4ItFJXHEwC&q=Christina+Aguilera+AND+soprano&pg=PA100|access-date= March 11, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142344/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FQ4ItFJXHEwC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=Christina+Aguilera+AND+soprano&source=bl&ots=ltpzYyOTnM&sig=lBitwRIFmUWRllzVAflIJQ45tFI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji0eWcrMjXAhUHPBoKHYx2De84FBDoAQg0MAE#v=onepage&q=Christina%20Aguilera%20AND%20soprano&f=false|archive-date= June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/qa-with-patti-lupone-musical-life-goes-on-and-shes-in-charge/| title = Q&A with Patti LuPone: Musical life goes on, and she's in charge| work=[[The Seattle Times]]| date=April 12, 2005| access-date=March 10, 2018| first=Misha| last=Berson}}</ref> and she is known for her strong/high "Broadway" [[Belting (music)|belt singing]] voice. In a 2008 interview, she maintained that she was "an actor who sings", and thankful she "had a voice".<ref>{{Citation|last=CBS|title=Patti LuPone CBS Interview|date=June 29, 2008|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvnA9fyfa4s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/QvnA9fyfa4s| archive-date=December 12, 2021 |url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Theatre===
==== 1970s: Early career ====
In 1972, LuPone became one of the original members of [[The Acting Company]], formed by [[John Houseman]].<ref>Hornby, Richard. ''Mad About Theater'', Hal Leonard Corporation, 1996, {{ISBN|1-55783-260-9}}, p. 245</ref> The Acting Company is a nationally touring repertory theater company.<ref>[http://www.theactingcompany.org/ Alumni] theactingcompany.org. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref> LuPone's stint with the company lasted from 1972 to 1976, and she appeared in many of their productions, such as ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'', ''[[The School for Scandal]]'', ''[[Women Beware Women]]'', ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'', ''[[The Time of Your Life]]'', ''[[The Lower Depths]]'', ''[[The Hostage (play)|The Hostage]]'', ''Next Time I'll Sing to You'', ''[[Measure for Measure]]'', ''[[Les Fourberies de Scapin|Scapin]]'', ''[[Edward II (play)|Edward II]]'', ''The Orchestra'', ''Love's Labours Lost'', ''Arms and the Man'', and ''[[The Way of the World]]''. She made her [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] debut in the [[play (theater)|play]] ''[[Three Sisters (play)|The Three Sisters]]'' as Irina in 1973.<ref>Hischak, Thomas S. and Boardman, Gerald. ''American theater''. Oxford University Press US, 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-512347-6}}. p.94</ref> For her work in ''[[The Robber Bridegroom (musical)|The Robber Bridegroom]]'' (1975) she received her first [[Tony Award]] nomination, for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.broadwayworld.com/tonyawardssearch.cfm?year=1976&cat=Best+Performance+by+an+Actress+in+a+Featured+Role+in+a+Musical&nominee=Patti+LuPone&showname=The+Robber+Bridegroom | title = Tony Awards Database | via = broadwayworld.com | website = Broadway World | access-date = June 17, 2019}}</ref> The Acting Company honored LuPone on March 12, 2012, in an event called "Patti's Turn" at the [[Kaye Playhouse]].<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/pattis-turn-tribute-to-patti-lupone-will-feature-kristin-chenoweth-kevin-kline-sutton-foster-laura-benanti-com-187416# "Patti's Turn, Tribute to Patti LuPone, Will Feature Kristin Chenoweth, Kevin Kline, Sutton Foster, Laura Benanti"] Playbill, February 13, 2012, retrieved January 11, 2017</ref>

In 1976, theater producer [[David Merrick]] hired LuPone as a replacement to play Genevieve, the title role of the troubled pre-Broadway production of ''[[The Baker's Wife]]''. The production toured at length but Merrick deemed it unworthy of Broadway and it closed out of town.<ref>[http://www.musicalschwartz.com/the-bakers-wife-info.htm "'The Baker's Wife' history"] www.musicalschwartz.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010</ref>

Since 1977, LuPone has frequently collaborated with [[David Mamet]], appearing in his plays ''[[The Woods (Mamet play)|The Woods]]'', ''All Men Are Whores'', ''The Blue Hour'', ''The Water Engine'' (1978),<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=4045 "'The Water Engine' listing, 1978] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</ref> ''Edmond'', ''The Old Neighborhood'' (1997),<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=4844 " 'The Old Neighborhood' listing, 1997"] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</ref> and ''[[The Anarchist (play)|The Anarchist]]'' (2012). ''[[The New York Times]]'' reviewer wrote of LuPone in ''The Old Neighborhood'', "Those who know Ms. LuPone only as a musical comedy star will be stunned by the naturalistic fire she delivers here. As Jolly, a part inspired by Mr. Mamet's real-life sister and his realized female character, Ms. LuPone finds conflicting layers of past and present selves in practically every line. She emerges as both loving matriarch and wounded adolescent, sentimental and devastatingly clear-eyed."<ref>Brantley, Ben.[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/20/theater/theater-review-a-middle-aged-man-goes-home-to-mametville.html THEATER REVIEW; A Middle-Aged Man Goes Home, to Mametville] ''The New York Times'', November 20, 1997</ref> In 1978, she appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of [[Studs Terkel]]'s ''[[Working (musical)|Working]]'', which ran for only 24 performances.<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=4061 "Internet Broadway Database listing, 'Working' "] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref>

In 1979, LuPone starred in the original Broadway production of ''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]'', the musical based on the life of [[Eva Perón]], composed by [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and [[Tim Rice]], and directed by [[Harold Prince]].<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=3809 "Internet Broadway Database listing, 'Evita'"] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref> Although LuPone was hailed by critics, she has since said that her time in ''Evita'' was not an enjoyable one. In a 2007 interview, she stated "''Evita'' was the worst experience of my life," she said. "I was screaming my way through a part that could only have been written by a man who hates women. And I had no support from the producers, who wanted a star performance onstage but treated me as an unknown backstage. It was like Beirut, and I fought like a banshee."<ref>Green, Jesse.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/08/theater/08gree.html "Adapted from "Let Her Entertain You. Please!"]''The New York Times'', July 8, 2007</ref> Despite the trouble, LuPone won her first [[Tony Award]] for Best Actress in a Musical.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.tonyawards.com/winners/?q=Patti%20LuPone | title = Winners | website = [[Tony Awards]] | via = www.tonyawards.com | access-date = June 17, 2019}}</ref> It was not until she had reprised the role in a production in [[Sydney]] when she had finally enjoyed the part and felt comfortable singing the score.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1asS7GdEO5I |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/1asS7GdEO5I| archive-date=December 12, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Broadway legend Patti LuPone on InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse |work=HoustonPBS |date=January 27, 2010 |access-date=August 6, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Riefe|first=Jordan|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/patti-lupone-one-woman-show-a-life-in-notes-broadway-dumb-down-1235864074/|title=While Patti Lupone Vows She'll Never Do Another Musical, She Is Singing Soon Onstage in L.A.|date=April 4, 2024|accessdate=September 11, 2024}}</ref> LuPone and her co-star, [[Mandy Patinkin]], remained close friends both on and off the stage.

==== 1980s ====
In May 1983, founding alumni of The Acting Company reunited for an off-Broadway revival of [[Marc Blitzstein]]'s landmark labor musical ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'' at the [[American Place Theater]]. It was narrated by [[John Houseman]] with LuPone in the roles of Moll and Sister Mister.<ref>Rich, Frank. "'Labor Opera' By Blitzstein Is Revived", ''The New York Times'', May 10, 1983. p. C11</ref> The production premiered at The Acting Company's summer residence at Chautauqua Institution, toured the United States including an engagement at the Highland Park, Illinois' [[Ravinia Festival]] in 1984 and played in London's [[West End theater|West End]].

When the run ended, LuPone remained in London to create the role of [[Fantine]] in [[Cameron Mackintosh]]'s original London production of ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'', in 1985, which premiered at the [[Barbican Theatre]], at that time the London home of the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]].<ref>[http://johncaird.com/musicals/les_miserables_rsc.html " 'Les Misérables' listing, 1985"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713113139/http://johncaird.com/musicals/les_miserables_rsc.html |date=July 13, 2011 }} johncaird.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref> LuPone had previously worked for Mackintosh in a short-lived Broadway revival of ''[[Oliver!]]'' in 1984, playing Nancy opposite [[Ron Moody]] as Fagin.<ref>Rich, Frank. "Theater: Moody in 'Oliver!'", ''The New York Times'', April 30, 1984, p. C11</ref> For her work in both ''The Cradle Will Rock'' and ''Les Misérables'', LuPone received the 1985 [[Olivier Award]] for Best Actress in a Musical.<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/lupone_p.html "Patti LuPone biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318134417/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/lupone_p.html |date=March 18, 2012 }} pbs.org. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/olivier_awards/past_winners/view/item98520/Olivier-Winners-1985/ "Olivier Winners 1985"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221173718/http://officiallondontheatre.co.uk/olivier_awards/past_winners/view/item98520/Olivier-Winners-1985/ |date=December 21, 2010 }} officiallondontheater.co.uk. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref>

She returned to Broadway in 1987 to star as [[nightclub singer]] Reno Sweeney in the [[Lincoln Center Theater]] revival of [[Cole Porter]]'s ''[[Anything Goes]]''. She starred opposite [[Howard McGillin]], and they both received Tony nominations for their performances.<ref>Bennetts, Leslie.[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/22/theater/no-tears-for-lupone-s-reno.html?ref=patti_lupone "No Tears For LuPone's Reno"]''The New York Times'', October 22, 1987</ref><ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=4483 Internet Broadway database listing, 'Anything Goes'"] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref> The Lincoln Center cast reassembled for a one-night-only concert performance of ''Anything Goes'' in New York in 2002.<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=13405 "Internet Broadway database listing, 'Anything Goes' concert"] ibdb.com. Retrieved August 24, 2010.</ref>

==== 1990s ====
In 1993, LuPone returned to London to create the role of Norma Desmond in the original production of [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]]'s ''[[Sunset Boulevard (musical)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' at the [[Adelphi Theater]]. There was much anticipation of LuPone appearing in another Lloyd Webber musical, the first since her performance in ''Evita''. Her time in the show was difficult, and she was abruptly fired by Lloyd Webber. Lloyd Webber then selected [[Glenn Close]] to open the show in Los Angeles and eventually on [[Broadway theater|Broadway]], despite LuPone being contracted to open both productions.<ref name="marks">Marks, Peter.[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/30/theater/theater-a-diva-s-life-isn-t-always-happy-ask-callas-and-lupone.html?ref=patti_lupone "Theater:Diva's Life Isn't Always Happy; Ask Callas (and LuPone)"]''The New York Times'', June 30, 1996</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Weber |first=Bruce |title=Following 'Sunset,' Shadows Over Lloyd Webber's Empire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/24/theater/following-sunset-shadows-over-lloyd-webber-s-empire.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=December 5, 2021 |date=March 24, 1997}}</ref>

In November 1995, LuPone starred in her one-woman show, ''Patti LuPone on Broadway'', at the [[Walter Kerr Theatre]].<ref>Willis, John. ''Theater World 1995–1996 Season''. Hal Leonard Corporation, 2000. {{ISBN|1-55783-323-0}}. p. 15</ref> For her work, she received an [[Outer Critics Circle Award]]. The following year, she was selected by producer [[Robert Whitehead (producer)|Robert Whitehead]] to succeed his wife, [[Zoe Caldwell]] in the Broadway production of [[Terrence McNally]]'s play ''[[Master Class]]'', based on the master classes given by operatic diva [[Maria Callas]] at [[Juilliard]].<ref name="marks" /> LuPone received positive reviews, with [[Vincent Canby]] writing "Ms. LuPone really is vulnerable here in a way that wasn't anticipated: she's in the process of creating a role for which she isn't ideally suited, but she's working like a trouper to get it right."<ref>Canby, Vincent.[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/26/theater/theater-review-patti-lupone-s-arrival-changes-the-effect-of-mcnally-s-script.html THEATER REVIEW;Patti LuPone's Arrival Changes the Effect Of McNally's Script]''The New York Times'', July 26, 1996</ref> She appeared in the play in the [[West End of London|West End]]. In November 2001, she starred in a Broadway revival of ''[[Noises Off]]'', with [[Peter Gallagher]] and [[Faith Prince]].<ref>Jones, Kenneth.[http://www.playbill.com/article/dont-you-love-farce-noises-off-opens-on-bway-nov-1-com-99491 "Don't You Love Farce? 'Noises Off' Opens on Broadway Nov. 1"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222349/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/63035-Dont-You-Love-Farce-Noises-Off-Opens-on-Bway-Nov-1 |date=October 17, 2012 }} playbill.com, November 1, 2001, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>
[[File:Ken Fallin and Patti Lupone 2014 New York.jpg|thumb|LuPone with artist [[Ken Fallin]] at ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'s'' [[Tony Awards]] party, which LuPone hosted and at which Fallin's work was auctioned for charity]]
LuPone has performed in many New York concert productions of musicals including ''[[Pal Joey (musical)|Pal Joey]]'' with [[Peter Gallagher]] and [[Bebe Neuwirth]], ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' with Peter Gallagher, ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (musical)|Sweeney Todd]]'' with [[George Hearn]] in both New York and [[San Francisco]], ''[[Anything Goes]]'' with [[Howard McGillin]], ''[[Can-Can (musical)|Can-Can]]'' with [[Michael Nouri]] for ''[[City Center]] [[Encores!]]'', ''[[Candide]]'' with [[Kristin Chenoweth]], ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]'' with [[Michael Cerveris]] and [[Audra McDonald]] and ''[[Gypsy: A Musical Fable|Gypsy]]'' with [[Boyd Gaines]] and [[Laura Benanti]] for City Center Encores!. Her performances in ''Sweeney Todd'', and ''Candide'' were recorded and broadcast for [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]s ''[[Great Performances]]'' and were released on DVD. The concert staging of ''Passion'' was televised as part of ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]''.

==== 2000s ====
Since 2001, LuPone has been a regular performer at the Chicago [[Ravinia Festival]]. She starred in a six-year-long series of concert presentations of [[Stephen Sondheim]] musicals, which began in honor of his seventieth birthday. Her roles here have included Mrs. Lovett in ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (musical)|Sweeney Todd]]'', Fosca in ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]'', Cora Hoover Hooper in ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'', Rose in ''[[Gypsy: A Musical Fable|Gypsy]]'' and two different roles in ''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]''.<ref name="playnov05">Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-will-be-mama-rose-in-ravinia-gypsy-com-129100 Patti LuPone Will Be Mama Rose in Ravinia 'Gypsy' "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017221821/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/96170-Patti-LuPone-Will-Be-Mama-Rose-in-Ravinia-Gypsy |date=October 17, 2012 }} Playbill, November 10, 2005, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>

She returned to Broadway in October 2005 to star as Mrs. Lovett in [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]]'s new Broadway production of ''Sweeney Todd''. In this radically different interpretation of the musical, the ten actors on stage also served as the show's orchestra, and LuPone played the tuba and orchestra bells as well as performing the score vocally.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/features/article/99298-The-Lady-with-the-Tuba "The Lady with the Tuba"] playbill.com, April 25, 2006</ref> For her performance, she received a [[Tony Award]] nomination as well as Golden Icon Award for Best Female Musical Theater Performance.<ref>Hernandez, Ernio.[http://www.playbill.com/article/lupone-and-cerveris-to-serve-man-in-sweeney-todd-on-broadway-through-thanksgiving-com-133420 "LuPone and Cerveris to Serve Man in Sweeney Todd on Broadway Through Thanksgiving"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308223357/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/100538-LuPone-and-Cerveris-to-Serve-Man-in-Sweeney-Todd-on-Broadway-Through-Thanksgiving |date=March 8, 2011 }} Playbill, June 26, 2006 Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> In August 2006, LuPone took a three-week leave from ''Sweeney'' in order to play Rose in [[Lonny Price]]'s production of ''[[Gypsy: A Musical Fable|Gypsy]]'' at Ravinia.<ref name="playnov05" /> ''Sweeney Todd'' closed in September 2006.

On February 10, 2007, LuPone starred with [[Audra McDonald]] in the [[Los Angeles Opera]] production of [[Kurt Weill]]'s opera ''[[Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]'' directed by [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]].<ref>[[Simonson, Robert]] and Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/doyle-to-direct-lupone-and-mcdonald-in-mahagonny-com-130266 "Doyle to Direct LuPone and McDonald in 'Mahagonny' "] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120917114709/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/97344-Doyle_to_Direct_LuPone_and_McDonald_in_Mahagonny |date=September 17, 2012 }}, Playbill, January 16, 2006, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> The cast recording of ''Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny'' was recognized at [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|the 51st Grammy Awards]] as [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording|Best Opera Recording]] in February 2009.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/in-the-heights-cast-recording-wins-grammy-hudson-and-lupone-mcdonald-mahagonny-also-win-com-157800 "In the Heights Cast Recording Wins Grammy; Hudson and LuPone-McDonald "Mahagonny" Also Win"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527013234/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/126077-In_the_Heights_Cast_Recording_Wins_Grammy_Hudson_and_LuPone-McDonald_Mahagonny_Also_Win |date=May 27, 2009 }}, Playbill, February 8, 2009, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>

Following the Ravinia Festival production of ''Gypsy'', LuPone and author [[Arthur Laurents]] mended a decade-long rift, and she was cast in the City Center Encores! ''Summer Stars'' production of the show. Laurents directed LuPone in ''Gypsy'' for a 22-performance run (July 9, 2007 – July 29, 2007) at City Center.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/mommas-doin-fine-lupone-gypsy-directed-by-laurents-begins-city-center-run-com-142042 "Momma's Doin' Fine: LuPone Gypsy, Directed by Laurents, Begins City Center Run"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222111/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/109359-Mommas-Doin-Fine-LuPone-Gypsy-Directed-by-Laurents-Begins-City-Center-Run |date=October 17, 2012 }} Playbill, July 9, 2007, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> This production of ''Gypsy'' then transferred to [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], opening March 27, 2008 at the [[St. James Theatre]].<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/her-turn-gypsy-starring-patti-lupone-opens-on-broadway-com-148637 "Her Turn: 'Gypsy', Starring Patti LuPone, Opens on Broadway"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222223/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/116157-Her-Turn-Gypsy-Starring-Patti-LuPone-Opens-on-Broadway |date=October 17, 2012 }} Playbill, March 27, 2008, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> LuPone won the [[Outer Critics Circle Award]], Drama League Award, [[Drama Desk Award]] and [[Tony Award]] for her performance in ''Gypsy''.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[https://www.playbill.com/article/august-and-passing-strange-win-top-honors-at-drama-desk-awards-com-150197 "August and Passing Strange Win Top Honors at Drama Desk Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126074958/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/117848-August-and-Passing-Strange-Win-Top-Honors-at-Drama-Desk-Awards |date=January 26, 2011 }} Playbill, May 18, 2008, Retrieved December</ref><ref>Jones, Kenneth.[http://www.playbill.com/article/august-south-pacific-in-the-heights-boeing-boeing-lupone-are-tony-winners-com-150913 "August, South Pacific, In the Heights, Boeing-Boeing, LuPone Are Tony Winners"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017221549/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/118679-August-South-Pacific-In-the-Heights-Boeing-Boeing-LuPone-Are-Tony-Winners |date=October 17, 2012 }} Playbill, June 15, 2008, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> It closed on January 11, 2009.

==== 2010s ====
In August 2010, LuPone appeared in a three-day run of [[Irving Berlin]]'s ''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]'' where she played the title role opposite [[Patrick Cassidy (actor)|Patrick Cassidy]] at the Ravinia Festival, directed by Lonny Price.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/they-say-its-wonderful-patti-lupone-stars-in-annie-get-your-gun-at-the-ravinia-festival-com-170849 "They Say It's Wonderful": Patti LuPone Stars in Annie Get Your Gun at the Ravinia Festival"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818075409/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/142023-They-Say-Its-Wonderful-Patti-LuPone-Stars-in-Annie-Get-Your-Gun-at-the-Ravinia-Festival |date=August 18, 2010 }} Playbill, August 13, 2010, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> That same year, LuPone created the role of Lucia in the original Broadway production of ''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (musical)|Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]'', which opened at the [[Belasco Theater]] on November 4, 2010, and closed on January 2, 2011, after 23 preview and 69 regular performances. LuPone was nominated for a Tony and Drama Desk, and an Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance.

LuPone's [[memoir]] recounting her life and career from childhood onwards, was published in September 2010 titled ''Patti LuPone: A Memoir''.<ref>Hetrick, Adam.[http://www.playbill.com/article/lupone-chooses-a-tell-it-like-it-is-title-for-upcoming-autobiography-com-167316 "LuPone Chooses a Tell-It-Like-It-Is Title for Upcoming Autobiography"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504221349/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/138381-LuPone-Chooses-a-Tell-It-Like-It-Is-Title-for-Upcoming-Autobiography |date=May 4, 2010 }} Playbill April 1, 2010, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref><ref>Hetrick, Adam.[http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-will-sign-her-memoir-at-barnes-and-noble-performance-too-com-170592 Patti LuPone Will Sign Her Memoir at Barnes and Noble; Performance, Too"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807114959/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/141757-Patti-LuPone-Will-Sign-Her-Memoir-at-Barnes-and-Noble-Performance-Too |date=August 7, 2010 }} Playbill, August 3, 2010, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>

In 2011, LuPone played the role of Joanne in a four-night limited engagement concert production of [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s musical ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' at the [[New York Philharmonic]], conducted by [[Paul Gemignani]]. The production starred [[Neil Patrick Harris]] as Bobby. Harris had previously worked with LuPone in the 2000 and 2001 concert productions of ''Sweeney Todd''. The cast of ''Company'' performed the song "Side by Side by Side" at the [[65th Tony Awards]] on June 12, 2011.

LuPone made her [[New York City Ballet]] debut in May 2011 in a production of ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)|The Seven Deadly Sins]]'' directed and choreographed by [[Lynne Taylor-Corbett]]. A piece she had previously performed, LuPone sang the role of Anna in the [[Kurt Weill]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]] score.<ref>Jones, Kenneth.[http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-to-sing-seven-deadly-sins-susan-stroman-creates-ellington-piece-for-ny-city-ballet-com-174691 "Patti LuPone To Sing Seven Deadly Sins, Susan Stroman Creates Ellington Piece for NY City Ballet"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229163841/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146128-Patti-LuPone-To-Sing-Seven-Deadly-Sins-Susan-Stroman-Creates-Ellington-Piece-for-NY-City-Ballet |date=December 29, 2010 }} Playbill, December 27, 2010, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>

[[File:Patti LuPone 1 13 12.JPG|thumb|Patti LuPone on January 13, 2012, outside the [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]]]]
LuPone concluded a 63-performance Broadway engagement of her concert with former ''Evita'' co-star [[Mandy Patinkin]] entitled ''An Evening with Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin''. The run started on November 21, 2011, at the [[Ethel Barrymore Theater]] and ended on January 13, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pattiandmandyonbroadway.com/ |title=An Evening with Patti Lupone and Mandy Patinkin |publisher=Pattiandmandyonbroadway.com |access-date=October 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218005935/http://pattiandmandyonbroadway.com/ |archive-date=December 18, 2014}}</ref>

In late 2012, LuPone appeared with [[Debra Winger]] in the premiere of David Mamet's play ''[[The Anarchist (play)|The Anarchist]]''.{{fact|date=October 2024}}

In early 2015, she returned to Los Angeles Opera to perform the role of Samira in a new production of [[John Corigliano]]'s ''[[The Ghosts of Versailles]]'', receiving positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news| work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Zachary| last=Woolfe| title=Review: 'Ghosts' of the Guillotine Reunite at Versailles| date=February 27, 2015| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/28/arts/music/review-ghosts-of-the-guillotine-reunite-at-versailles.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| work=[[The Orange County Register]]|first=Timothy| last=Mangan| title='Ghosts of Versailles' debuts at Los Angeles Opera| date=February 9, 2015| url=https://www.ocregister.com/2015/02/09/ghosts-of-versailles-debuts-at-los-angeles-opera/}}</ref> In April 2016, an audio recording of the production was released by [[Pentatone (record label)|Pentatone]] (PTC 5186538, a 2-SACD album).<ref>[http://www.pentatonemusic.com/corigliano-the-ghosts-of-versailles-la-opera-james-conlon ''The Ghosts of Versailles'', Pentatone recording details] May 2016.</ref> It won the [[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017 Grammy Award]]s for [[Grammy Award for Best Classical Album|Best Classical Album]] and for [[Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording|Best Opera Recording]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/12/arts/music/grammys-winners-list.html "Grammy Winners 2017"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 12, 2017</ref>

In June 2015, LuPone appeared in the [[Douglas Carter Beane]] play ''Shows for Days'' at Lincoln Center Theater.<ref>Brantley, Ben. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/28/theater/patti-lupone-as-a-diva-in-shows-for-days.html "Patti LuPone as a Diva in 'Shows for Day'"] ''The New York Times'', June 24, 2015</ref> In October 2015, LuPone, along with the current Fantine on the West End, joined her castmates to celebrate the 30th anniversary of ''Les Misérables''.<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/les-mis-at-30-original-cast-reunite/ | title = Les Mis at 30: original London cast reunite to celebrate | work = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] | date = October 9, 2015 | access-date = June 16, 2019 | first = Serena | last = Davies | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074516/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/les-mis-at-30-original-cast-reunite/ | archive-date = February 23, 2019 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, LuPone originated the role of [[Helena Rubinstein]] in the musical ''[[War Paint (musical)|War Paint]]'' on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], after performing the role in the summer of 2016 in the musical's world premiere at [[Chicago]]'s [[Goodman Theatre]].<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-and-christine-ebersole-apply-war-paint-on-broadway-starting-march-7# "Patti LuPone and Christine Ebersole Apply 'War Paint' on Broadway, Starting March 7"] Playbill, March 7, 2017</ref> Performing opposite [[Christine Ebersole]] as Rubinstein's longtime competitor [[Elizabeth Arden]], LuPone stayed with the role for ''War Paint''<nowiki/>'s entire run at the [[Nederlander Theatre]], from March 7 to November 5, 2017.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/war-paint-starring-patti-lupone-and-christine-ebersole-moves-up-broadway-closing-date# " 'War Paint', Starring Patti LuPone and Christine Ebersole, Moves Up Broadway Closing Date"] Playbill, October 13, 2017</ref> The show closed prematurely to allow LuPone to undergo hip surgery.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Libbey |first=Peter |date=2017-10-13 |title=LuPone Surgery Forces 'War Paint' to Announce Early Closing |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/theater/war-paint-closing-broadway-patti-lupone.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> LuPone disclosed in an interview that ''War Paint'' would be her last musical on stage: "I'm too old. It's been hard—it's been harder than it's ever been. I can't do it anymore."<ref>{{Cite web |last=DiLella |first=Frank |date=2017-06-17 |title='War Paint' Stars Talk Show's Makeup and Foundation |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/on-stage/2017/06/6/war-paint-stars-interview |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=[[NY1]] |language=en}}</ref>

Nevertheless, in September 2017 it was announced that LuPone would star as Joanne in the 2018 London revival of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' alongside [[Rosalie Craig]] as Bobbie in a gender-swapped production directed by [[Marianne Elliott (director)|Marianne Elliot]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Ladies-Will-Be-Lunching-in-London-Patti-LuPone-Rosalie-Craig-to-Lead-COMPANY-in-the-West-End-20170921|title=Ladies Will Be Lunching in London! Patti LuPone & Rosalie Craig to Lead COMPANY in the West End|author=|work=Broadway World|access-date=September 22, 2017|language=en}}</ref> For her performance she received her second [[Laurence Olivier Award]], this time for [[Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical|Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical]]. In August 2019, it was announced that the production would move to Broadway, with LuPone returning as Joanne and [[Katrina Lenk]] as Bobbie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/londons-gender-bent-company-will-play-broadway-with-katrina-lenk-and-patti-lupone|title=London's Gender-Bent Company Will Play Broadway With Katrina Lenk and Patti LuPone|last=McPhee|first=Ryan|date=August 30, 2019|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref>

==== 2020s ====
A transfer of the successful [[West End theatre|West End]] production of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' was set to open at the [[Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre]] on March 22, 2020, coinciding with [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s 90th birthday, but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/08/patti-lupone-katrina-lenk-star-company-broadway.html|title=Patti LuPone and Katrina Lenk to Star in Gender-Bent Company on Broadway|last=Haylock|first=Zoe|date=August 30, 2019|website=Vulture|language=en|access-date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> The production returned, featuring LuPone starring opposite [[Katrina Lenk]], with previews starting on November 15, 2021, before officially opening December 9, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadway.com/shows/company/|title= Company – Broadway|website= broadway.com|access-date= July 7, 2021}}</ref> LuPone won her third Tony Award for the role.

Following the closing of ''Company'', LuPone resigned from [[Actors' Equity Association]], the union for professional stage managers and actors in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paulson |first=Michael |date=2022-10-17 |title=Patti LuPone Says She Resigned From Stage Actors' Union |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/17/theater/patti-lupone-broadway-labor-union.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It was announced that LuPone would return to Broadway in the [[Jen Silverman]] play ''[[The Roommate (play)|The Roommate]]'' starring opposite [[Mia Farrow]] at the [[Booth Theatre]] in August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Patti-LuPone-Will-Return-to-Broadway-in-THE-ROOMMATE-Opposite-Mia-Farrow-20240411|title= Patti LuPone Will Return to Broadway in THE ROOMMATE Opposite Mia Farrow|website= BroadwayWorld|accessdate= April 11, 2024}}</ref>

===Solo concerts and tours===
LuPone performs regularly in her solo shows ''Matters of the Heart''; ''Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda''; and ''The Lady With the Torch''<ref>Buehler, Pati.[http://pennsylvania.broadwayworld.com/article/Patti_Lupone_The_Lady_With_a_Torch_20050629 "Patti LuPone – The Lady With a Torch"] broadwayworld.com, June 29, 2005</ref> which sold out at [[Carnegie Hall]]. For example, she performed her one-woman show ''The Gypsy In My Soul'' at the Caramoor Fall Festival, New York, in September 2010.<ref>Hetrick, Adam.[http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-will-reveal-the-gypsy-in-my-soul-at-caramoor-fest-com-170891 "Patti LuPone Will Reveal The Gypsy In My Soul at Caramoor Fest"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816062155/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/142068-Patti-LuPone-Will-Reveal-The-Gypsy-In-My-Soul-at-Caramoor-Fest |date=August 16, 2010 }} Playbill, August 13, 2010, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>

She also appears at venues across North America in concerts with [[Mandy Patinkin]], at such venues as the Mayo Center for the Performing Arts in September 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://nationalpost.com/arts/story.html?id=2528862 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20100212024217/http://www.nationalpost.com/arts/story.html?id=2528862 | url-status=dead | archive-date = February 12, 2010 | title = intimate intensity: Mandy Patinkin and Patti LuPone | publisher = National Post | date = February 5, 2010 | access-date = March 27, 2010 }}</ref><ref>Bacalzo, Dan.[http://www.theatermania.com/new-jersey/news/08-2010/patti-lupone-and-mandy-patinkin-to-play-mayo-cente_29625.html "Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin to Play Mayo Center September 11"] theatermania.com, August 12, 2010</ref>

She appeared as the inaugural act at a new [[cabaret]] space, [[54 Below]], in New York City in June 2012. According to ''The New York Times'' reviewer, "Nowadays Ms. LuPone generates more raw excitement than any other performer on the Broadway and cabaret axis, with the possible exception of [[Liza Minnelli]].... And her brilliant show, conceived and directed by her long-time collaborator, Scott Wittman, deserves many lives, perhaps even a Broadway run in an expanded edition. It certifies Ms. LuPone's place in the lineage of quirky international [[chanteuse]]s like [[Lotte Lenya]], [[Marlene Dietrich]] and [[Edith Piaf]], who, like Ms. LuPone, conquered show business with forceful, outsize personalities while playing by their own musical rules."<ref>Holden, Stephen.[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/arts/music/patti-lupone-is-first-headliner-at-the-cabaret-54-below.html?_r=2&ref=theater "Music Review. Patti LuPone Is First Headliner at the Cabaret 54 Below], ''The New York Times'', June 14, 2012</ref>

She also appeared as the inaugural act at the Sharon L. Morse Entertainment Center in [[The Villages, Florida]] on April 30, 2015, to a sold-out audience of residents mainly 55 years-of-age and older.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Tony-winning Patti LuPone to christen The Sharon Thursday |newspaper=Villages-News |url= http://www.villages-news.com/tony-winning-patti-lupone-to-christen-the-sharon-thursday/|access-date=April 29, 2015 }}</ref>

===Film and television work===
Among LuPone's film credits are ''Fighting Back'', ''[[Witness (1985 film)|Witness]]'', ''[[Steven Universe: The Movie]]'', ''[[Just Looking]]'', ''The Victim'', ''[[Summer of Sam]]'', ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'', ''[[King of the Gypsies (film)|King of the Gypsies]]'', ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]'', ''[[Wise Guys (1986 film)|Wise Guys]]'', [[Nancy Savoca]]'s ''[[The 24 Hour Woman]]'' and Savoca's ''Union Square'', ''[[Family Prayers]]'', and ''[[City by the Sea]]''. She has also worked with playwright [[David Mamet]] on ''[[The Water Engine]]'', the critically acclaimed ''[[State and Main]]'', and ''[[Heist (2001 film)|Heist]]''. In 2011, the feature film ''[[Union Square (film)|Union Square]]'', co-written and directed by the [[Sundance Film Festival]]'s Grand Jury Award Winner, [[Nancy Savoca]], was premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]. In it, LuPone co-starred with [[Mira Sorvino]], [[Tammy Blanchard]], [[Mike Doyle (actor)|Mike Doyle]], [[Michael Rispoli]] and [[Daphne Rubin-Vega]].<ref>[http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2011/unionsquare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911140915/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2011/unionsquare|date=September 11, 2011}}</ref>

She played [[Lady Bird Johnson]] in the TV movie, ''[[LBJ: The Early Years]]'' (1987).<ref>[http://www.allmovie.com/work/64031 "LBJ listing"] allmovie.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.</ref><ref>Corry, Johm.[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/01/arts/tv-view-lbj-a-powerful-portrait.html?pagewanted=all "TV VIEW; 'LBJ' – A POWERFUL PORTRAIT"] New York Times, February 1, 1987</ref> LuPone played Libby Thatcher on the television drama ''[[Life Goes On (TV series)|Life Goes On]]'', which ran on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] from 1989 to 1993.<ref>Harris, Mark.[http://www.ew.com/article/1991/03/01/patti-lupones-life-goes-grievances Patti LuPone's ''Life Goes On'' grievances]''Entertainment Weekly'', Issue 55, March 1, 1991</ref><ref name="times1990">Anderson, Susan Heler.[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/23/nyregion/chronicle-576090.html "Chronicle"] New York Times, November 23, 1990</ref><ref>Buck, Jerry.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=f-ArAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TWQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3353,2004603&dq=life-goes-on+patti-lupone&hl=en "Patti LuPone Starring in 'Life Goes On'"]''Kentucky New Era'', (news.google.com), September 21, 1989</ref> In the 1990s she had a recurring role as defense attorney Ruth Miller on ''[[Law & Order]]''. She has twice been nominated for an [[Emmy Award]]: for the TV movie ''The Song Spinner'' (1995, Daytime Emmy Award nominee),<ref>''The Hollywood Reporter''. "Daytime Emmys List", Performer in a Children's Special, ''BPI Entertainment News Wire'', April 4, 1996 (no page number)</ref> and for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series on ''[[Frasier]]'' in 1998.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} She had a cameo as herself that year on an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' hosted by [[Kelsey Grammer]].

LuPone's TV work also included a recurring role on her cousin Tom Fontana's HBO series in its final season, ''[[Oz (TV series)|Oz]]'' (2003).<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/theatre-stars-head-cast-of-final-oz-season-hbo-series-debuts-jan-5-com-110845 "Theatre Stars Head Cast of Final "Oz" Season; HBO Series Debuts Jan. 5"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222833/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/77155-Theatre-Stars-Head-Cast-of-Final-Oz-Season-HBO-Series-Debuts-Jan-5 |date=October 17, 2012 }} playbill.com, January 5, 2003, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> She appeared as herself on a February 2005 episode of ''[[Will & Grace]]''.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[https://www.playbill.com/article/lupone-and-goldblum-guest-on-feb-3-will-grace-com-123843 "LuPone and Goldblum Guest on Feb. 3 "Will & Grace"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222907/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/90865-LuPone-and-Goldblum-Guest-on-Feb-3-Will-Grace |date=October 17, 2012 }}Playbill, February 3, 2005, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> She also appeared on the series ''[[Ugly Betty]]'' in March 2007 as the mother of Marc St. James (played by [[Michael Urie]]).<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/dont-ask-dont-tell-patti-lupone-to-guest-on-march-22-ugly-betty-com-139089 "Don't Ask, Don't Tell": Patti LuPone to Guest on March 22 "Ugly Betty"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017223043/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/106324-Dont-Ask-Dont-Tell-Patti-LuPone-to-Guest-on-March-22-Ugly-Betty |date=October 17, 2012 }} playbill.com, March 7, 2007, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> LuPone had a recurring guest role as [[Frank Rossitano]]'s mother on ''[[30 Rock]]''. LuPone appeared as herself in the [[New York (Glee)|season two finale]] of the television series ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive Photos! Patti LuPone Films Glee Guest Spot Opposite Lea Michele and Cory Monteith |url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/156197/exclusive-photos-patti-lupone-films-glee-guest-spot-opposite-lea-michele-and-cory-monteith/ |website=Broadway.com |access-date=December 5, 2021 |date=April 28, 2011}}</ref>

LuPone guest starred on ''[[Army Wives]]'' on July 8, 2012. She reunited with fellow guest star [[Kellie Martin]] as her mother once again.<ref>{{cite web|last=Arellano |first=Jennifer |url=https://ew.com/article/2012/04/23/kellie-martin-army-wives/ |title='Army Wives': Kellie Martin talks Patti LuPone, Nicole's reveal|magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=April 23, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvequals.com/2012/07/08/army-wives-battle-scars-season-6-episode-16/ |title=Army Wives "Battle Scars" Season 6 Episode 16 |publisher=TV Equals |date=July 8, 2012 |access-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018030419/http://www.tvequals.com/2012/07/08/army-wives-battle-scars-season-6-episode-16/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> LuPone appeared in the 2013 film ''[[Parker (2013 film)|Parker]]'', an action-thriller.<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-cast-in-new-film-parker-taylor-hackford-directs-com-181556 "Patti LuPone Cast in New Film "Parker"; Taylor Hackford Directs"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926095543/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/153433-Patti-LuPone-Cast-in-New-Film-Parker-Taylor-Hackford-Directs |date=September 26, 2013 }} Playbill, August 5, 2011, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref> She voiced the character Yellow Diamond in the [[animated series]] ''[[Steven Universe]]'' (2013–2019) and ''[[Steven Universe Future]]'' (2019–2020).

In 2013, LuPone was cast in the [[American Horror Story: Coven|third season]] of the FX series ''[[American Horror Story]]'' as [[Joan Ramsey]], a religious mother with a hidden past,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/american-horror-story-coven-books-521404 | title='American Horror Story: Coven' Books Angela Bassett, Patti LuPone | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 12, 2013 | access-date=May 12, 2013 | first=Lesley| last=Goldberg}}</ref> and played herself in the third season of HBO's ''[[Girls (TV series)|Girls]]''. In 2015, she appeared in several episodes of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] horror series ''[[Penny Dreadful (TV series)|Penny Dreadful]]'' as a cantankerous yet powerful [[folk healer|white witch]]. She returned to the show in 2016 in the role of Dr. Seward, an [[psychiatrist|alienist]] aiding [[Eva Green]]'s character. Seward is an adaptation of [[John Seward]] from [[Bram Stoker]]'s [[Dracula (novel)|Dracula]], and claims to be a descendant of Joan Clayton, the character LuPone portrayed in the second season. Also in 2016, she began appearing in ''[[Steven Universe]]'' as the voice of Yellow Diamond, reprising the role in [[Steven Universe: The Movie|the movie]] and the epilogue series ''[[Steven Universe Future]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ianjq|author=ian jq|number=685238374509101056|date=January 7, 2016|title=Yellow Diamond is voiced by VERY special guest: star of stage and screen, the one and only Patti Lupone! #StevenUniverse}}</ref> In 2019, LuPone played an antagonistic role in ''[[Pose (TV series)|Pose]]'', appearing in second season of the series. The following year she teamed up with social media star [[Randy Rainbow]] to perform a duet song criticizing [[Donald Trump]] three weeks before the 2020 US election.

In 2023 she played Beau's mother, Mona, in the [[Ari Aster]] [[surrealist]] [[horror film|horror]] film ''[[Beau Is Afraid]]''. The film stars [[Joaquin Phoenix]], [[Nathan Lane]], [[Richard Kind]], and [[Amy Ryan]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/beau-is-afraid-plot-details-cast-release-date/|title= Everything to Know About Ari Aster's 'Beau Is Afraid' Starring Joaquin Phoenix|website= [[IndieWire]]|accessdate= February 12, 2023}}</ref> LuPone received critical acclaim for her performance with David Rooney of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' writing "[the film] features fabulous performances...most of all, LuPone in all her magnificent, scenery-chomping glory."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/beau-is-afraid-review-joaquin-phoenix-ari-aster-1235369262/|title= 'Beau Is Afraid' Review: Joaquin Phoenix Grapples With Mother Issues in Ari Aster's Bonkers Freudian Freakout|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date= April 11, 2023|accessdate= April 16, 2023}}</ref> Anthony Lane of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' also praised LuPone performance, comparing her role of an imperious mother to that of [[Angela Lansbury]]'s in ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]'' (1962).<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/24/beau-is-afraid-movie-review-everything-went-fine|title= "Beau Is Afraid" 's Wearisome Excess|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|date= April 14, 2023|accessdate= April 16, 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, LuPone revealed that she will play the role of [[Lilia Calderu]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] [[Disney+]] series ''[[Agatha All Along (miniseries)|Agatha All Along]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanders |first=Savannah |date=2023-04-18 |title=WandaVision's Agatha Spin-off Show: First New Character Announced |url=https://thedirect.com/article/wandavision-agatha-spin-off-show-character |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=The Direct |language=en}}</ref> Calderu is a Romani character in the comics.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Will |last1=Salmon |date=2023-04-19 |title=Who is Lilia Calderu? Meet the mysterious witch who may be key to Agatha: Coven of Chaos |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/lilia-calderu-the-witch-who-be-vital-to-agatha-coven-of-chaos/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref>

==Views on theater conduct==
LuPone has expressed concern about the conduct and etiquette of some theatergoers. "Where's the elegance?" she asked in a blog post on her official site. "I mean, I'm glad they show up because God knows it's a dying art form and I guess I'm glad they're all comfortable, sleeping, eating and drinking, things they should be doing at home and in a restaurant. But it's just not done in the theater or shouldn't be."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pattilupone.net/ramblings52.html | title = Ramblings From the Road |publisher=Pattilupone.net |date=January 24, 2006 |access-date=March 29, 2010}}</ref>

=== 2009 incident ===
At the penultimate performance of ''Gypsy'' on January 10, 2009, LuPone, irritated by an attendee taking flash photography in apparent violation of theater policy, stopped in the middle of "Rose's Turn" and demanded that the attendee be removed from the theater. After he was removed, LuPone restarted her number. The audience applauded her stance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Higgins |first=Charlotte | url = https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2009/jan/27/gypsy-rose-lee-photographs | title = Gypsy – Rose Lee Photographs (Patti's Rant) |publisher=Guardian |date=January 27, 2009 |access-date=March 27, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.kansascity.com/node/3402 |title=Broadway diva Patti LuPone tells off shutterbug | Midwest Voices |publisher=Voices.kansascity.com |access-date=March 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206013138/http://voices.kansascity.com/node/3402 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 }}</ref> The event was recorded by another audience member, who released it on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mf8uGRpEVis |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/mf8uGRpEVis| archive-date=December 12, 2021 |url-status=live|title=''Patti LuPone stops 'Gypsy' mid-show to yell at a photographer'' – YouTube video |publisher=YouTube |date=July 1, 2009 |access-date=October 18, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She later stated that such distractions drive "people in the audience nuts. They can't concentrate on the stage if, in their peripheral vision, they're seeing texting, they're seeing cameras, they're listening to phone calls. How can we do our job if the audience is distracted?", and also mentioned that "the interesting thing is I'm not the first one that's done it".<ref>{{cite web |last=Azzopardi |first=Chris |url=http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14867 |title=GLT " Everything's Coming Up Patti |publisher=Gaylesbiantimes.com |date=June 11, 2009 |access-date=March 29, 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728154538/http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=14867 |archive-date=July 28, 2011}}</ref>

=== 2015 incident ===
On July 8, 2015, during the second act of ''[[Douglas Carter Beane|Shows for Days]]'' at the [[Lincoln Center Theater]], LuPone grabbed an audience member's cellphone while leaving the stage as the audience member had been using their phone during the play. It was returned after the show. LuPone stated:<blockquote>We work hard on stage to create a world that is being totally destroyed by a few, rude, self-absorbed and inconsiderate audience members who are controlled by their phones. They cannot put them down. When a phone goes off or when a LED screen can be seen in the dark it ruins the experience for everyone else – the majority of the audience at that performance and the actors on stage. I am so defeated by this issue that I seriously question whether I want to work on stage anymore. Now I'm putting battle gear on over my costume to marshal the audience as well as perform.<ref>[https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/patti-lupone-explains-why-she-confiscated-cellphone-from-rude-self-absorbed-theatergoer-last-night "Patti LuPone Explains Why She Confiscated Cellphone From "Rude, Self-Absorbed" Theatergoer Last Night"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711232818/http://gothamist.com/2015/07/09/patti_lupone_cellphone.php |date=2015-07-11 }} Gothamist. Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref></blockquote>

=== 2022 incident ===
On May 10, 2022, during a live conversation with the [[American Theatre Wing]] and her ''Company'' co-stars, LuPone called out at audience members who were not wearing their [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]] "properly" during the event and not adhering to the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts|COVID-19 safety protocols]] implemented by [[The Broadway League]] yelling, "Put your mask over your nose. That's why you're in the theater ... That is the rule. If you don't want to follow the rule, get the fuck out. I'm serious. Who do you think you are if you do not respect the people sitting around you?" When an audience member called out in response, "I pay your salary," LuPone replied, "You pay my salary? Bullshit. Chris Harper [the producer of ''Company''] pays my salary".<ref>{{cite news|url = https://variety.com/2022/legit/news/patti-lupone-company-anti-mask-covid-1235264323/|title = Patti LuPone Shuts Down Anti-Mask Audience Member: 'Who Do You Think You Are?'|last = Chapman|first = Wilson|work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date = May 11, 2022|accessdate = May 16, 2022}}</ref> After the incident, a spokesperson for the show said in a statement: "We stand with Patti [...] support her efforts to keep our entire community—from patrons to ushers, cast to stage crew—safe and healthy so we can keep Broadway open". This also resulted in the League extending the mask guideline end date from May 31 to June 30, 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/patti-lupone-blasts-broadway-theatergoers-not-adhering-mask-policy-rcna28384|title = Patti LuPone blasts Broadway theatergoers for not adhering to mask policy|work =[[NBC News]]|date = May 11, 2022|accessdate = May 16, 2022|last = Hemedy|first = Saba}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/broadway-covid-mask-mandate-june-1235028945/ | title=Broadway Extends Audience Mask Mandate Through June | date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref>

In an interview, LuPone later explained that prior to her dispute with the patron, the patron had already been approached by the theater's COVID safety manager and been asked to wear the mask over her nose and mouth, and that the patron had responded mockingly by placing the mask over her eyes in a dismissive manner. It was the entirety of the patron's disrespectful behavior, not just the manner in which she was wearing her mask, that LuPone was responding to in her outburst.<ref>{{cite interview |last=LuPone |first=Patti |interviewer=[[Stephen Colbert]] |title=An Interview with Patti LuPone |work=[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]] |publisher=CBS |location=New York |date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.cbs.com/shows/video/XlRMOtu_YfVCw70aS5aIz4ypsSLwS6yH/}}</ref>

==Personal life==
LuPone is married to Matthew Johnston. The couple's wedding ceremony was on the stage of the [[Vivian Beaumont Theater]] at the Lincoln Center on December 12, 1988, after filming the TV movie ''LBJ''; Johnston was a cameraman.<ref>(AP).[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zdwlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SP0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4679,3289361&dq=patti-lupone&hl=en "People:Patti LuPone marries miniseries cameraman"], ''Gettysburg Times'' (news.google.com), December 15, 1988.</ref> They have one child.<ref name="times1990" /> They reside in [[Edisto Beach, South Carolina]],<ref>Rapkin, Mickey.[https://www.out.com/entertainment/2010/08/15/patti-lupone-ladys-night "Patti LuPone: Lady's Night"] ''Out Magazine''. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</ref> and [[Kent, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite news | last = Gerard | first = Jeremy | title = In 'Gypsy' Patti LuPone Creates Diva Role She Was Born to Play | work = Bloomberg News | publisher = [[Bloomberg L.P.]] | date = March 4, 2008 | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ac.p_ucxg550 | access-date = May 11, 2011}}</ref>

==Acting credits==
{{BLP sources section|date = November 2019}}

=== Theatre ===
Sources: Playbill Vault;<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/person/patti-lupone-vault-0000068230# "Patti LuPone Broadway"] Playbill Vault, accessed November 17, 2019</ref> Internet Broadway Database;<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/patti-lupone-50271 "Patti LuPone Broadway Credits"] Internet Broadway Database, accessed November 17, 2019</ref> Internet Off-Broadway Database<ref>[http://iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/4548 "Patti LuPone Off-Broadway"] Internet Off-Broadway Database, accessed November 18, 2019</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Notes
! Ref.
|-
|1971
|''[[Iphigenia (rock musical)|Iphigenia]]''
|Unknown
|Young Vic, London (professional stage debut)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1972
|''[[The School for Scandal]]''
|Lady Teazle
| rowspan="5" | Off-Broadway (City Center Acting Company)
|
|-
|''[[Women Beware Women]]''
|Bianca
|
|-
|''[[The Hostage (play)|The Hostage]]''
|Colette/ Kathleen
|
|-
|''[[The Lower Depths]]''
|Natasha
|
|-
|''Next Time I'll Sing To You''
|Lizzie
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1973
|''[[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]]''
|Irina
|Broadway (debut)
|
|-
|''[[The Beggar's Opera]]''
|Lucy Lockit
| rowspan="4" |Broadway
|
|-
|''[[Measure For Measure]]''
|Boy and Understudy, Julietta
|
|-
|''[[Scapin the Schemer|Scapin]]''
|Hyancinthe
|
|-
|1974
|''Next Time I'll Sing To You''
|Lizzie
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1975
|''[[The Robber Bridegroom (musical)|The Robber Bridegroom]]''
|Rosamund Musgrove
|Original Broadway Production
|
|-
|''[[Edward II (play)|Edward II]]''
|[[Edward III of England|Prince Edward]]
| rowspan="3" |Broadway
|
|-
|''[[The Time of Your Life]]''
|Kitty Duval
|
|-
|''Three Sisters''
|Irina
|
|-
|1976
|''[[The Baker's Wife]]''
|Genevieve
|Off-Broadway Tour (Los Angeles, San Francisco, St. Louis, Boston and Washington)
|
|-
|1977
|''[[The Woods (play)|The Woods]]''
|Ruth
|St. Nicholas Theatre, Chicago
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978
|''[[The Water Engine]]''
|Rita, Lily La Pon
| rowspan="2" |Broadway
|
|-
|''[[Working (musical)|Working]]''
|Nora Watson, Roberta Victor
|
|-
|''Catchpenny Twist''
|Monagh
|Hartford Stage;
|<ref>[http://www.abouttheartists.com/productions/69423-catchpenny-twist-at-john-w-huntington-theatre-1978 ''Catchpenny Twist''] abouttheartists.com, accessed November 19, 2019</ref>
|-
|1979
| rowspan="2" |''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Eva Perón]]
|Original Broadway Production
|
|-
|1981
|Original Australia Production
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982
|''The Woods''
|Ruth
|Off-Broadway
|<ref>[https://pattilupone.net/woods.html] pattilupone.net, accessed December 9, 2019</ref>
|-
|''[[Edmond (play)|Edmond]]''
|Mrs. Burke
|Replacement
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''America Kicks Up Its Heels''
|Cleo
| rowspan="2" |Off-Broadway
|<ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/cast.php?showid=3166 ''America Kicks Up Its Heels''] broadwayworld.com, accessed November 18, 2019</ref>
|-
|''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]''
|Moll/Sister Mister
|<ref>Rich, Frank. [https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/10/theater/theater-labor-opera-by-blitzstein-is-revived.html "Theater: 'Labor Opera' by Blitzstein is Revived"] ''The New York Times'', May 10, 1983</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|''[[Oliver!]]''
|[[Nancy (Oliver Twist)|Nancy]]
|Broadway Revival
|
|-
|''[[Accidental Death of an Anarchist]]''
|The Reporter
|Broadway
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]''
|Moll
| rowspan="2" |Original West End Production, Old Vic
|<ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/backstage.php?showid=4143 "''The Cradle Will Rock'', 1985"] broadwayworld.com, accessed November 18, 2019</ref>
|-
|''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]''
|[[Fantine]]
|<ref>[http://www.johncaird.com/musicals/les_miserables_rsc.html ''Les Misérables''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220174259/http://www.johncaird.com/musicals/les_miserables_rsc.html |date=February 20, 2020 }} johncaird.com, accessed November 18, 2019</ref>
|-
|1987
|''[[Anything Goes]]''
|Reno Sweeney
|Broadway Revival
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|Host
|Concert staging of the show
|
|-
|''[[Sunset Boulevard (musical)|Sunset Boulevard]]''
|Norma Desmond
|Original West End Production
|<ref>Rich, Frank. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/14/theater/critic-s-notebook-upstaging-a-new-lloyd-webber-musical.html "Upstaging a New Lloyd Webber Musical"] ''The New York Times'', July 14, 1993</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''Patti LuPone on Broadway''
|Herself
|Broadway (Walter Kerr Theatre); Solo concert
|<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/patti-lupone-on-broadway-walter-kerr-theatre-vault-0000010049# ''Patti LuPone on Broadway''] Playbill, accessed November 20, 2019</ref><ref>Evans, Greg. [https://variety.com/1995/film/reviews/patti-lupone-on-broadway-1200443409/ "Review. ''Patti LuPone on Broadway''] ''Variety'', October 16, 1995</ref>
|-
|''[[Pal Joey (musical)|Pal Joey]]''
|Vera Simpson
|[[Encores!]] Staged Concert
|<ref>Canby, Vincent. [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/06/theater/theater-review-adventures-and-song-in-chicago.html "Review. Adventures and Song and Dance in Chicago"] ''The New York Times'', May 6, 1995</ref>
|-
|1996
| rowspan="2" |''[[Master Class]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Maria Callas]]
|Broadway Replacement (July 1996 – January 1997)
|<ref>[https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/master-class-4314 ''Master Class''] Internet Broadway Database, accessed November 18, 2019</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
|Original West End Production
|
|-
|''[[The Old Neighborhood (play)|The Old Neighborhood]]''
|Jolly
|Broadway
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Annie Get Your Gun (musical)|Annie Get Your Gun]]''
|[[Annie Oakley]]
|Lincoln Center Theater (Benefit Performance)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''Matters of the Heart''
|Herself
|Solo Concert at Lincoln Center Beaumont Theater
|<ref>Isherwood, Christopher. [https://variety.com/2000/legit/reviews/patti-lupone-matters-of-the-heart-2-1200465434/ "Review. ''Patti LuPone: Matters of the Heart''] ''Variety'', November 13, 2000</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Mrs. Lovett]]
|New York Philharmonic Concert
|<ref>[http://www.sondheimguide.com/concerts.html "Sondheim Concerts"] sondheimguide.com, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|San Francisco Symphony Concert (Televised on PBS)
|
|-
|[[Ravinia Festival]]
|
|-
|''[[Noises Off]]''
|Dotty Ottley
|Broadway Revival
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''Runt of the Litter''
|VO: National Anthem
|
|
|-
|''Anything Goes''
|Reno Sweeney
|Reunion Concert, Lincoln Center, Beaumont Theater
|<ref>[https://www.broadwayworld.com/shows/backstage.php?showid=3243 " ''Anything Goes'' Concert"] broadwayworld.com, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
|''[[A Little Night Music]]''
|Desiree Armfeldt
|Ravinia Festival
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''
|Fosca
|Ravinia Festival
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
|''[[Can-Can (musical)|Can-Can]]''
|La Mome Pistache
|[[Encores!]] Staged Concert
|<ref>Miller, Mark. [https://www.theatermania.com/new-york/reviews/can-can_4378.html "reviews. ''Can-Can''"]
theatermania.com, February 13, 2004</ref>
|-
|''[[Candide (operetta)|Candide]]''
|Old Lady
|New York Philharmonic Staged Concert (Televised on PBS)
|<ref>Portantiere, Michael. [https://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/reviews/candide_4694.html "Review. ''Candide''] theatermania.com, May 10, 2004</ref>
|-
|''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]''
|Yvonne / Blair Daniels
|Ravinia Festival
|<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/mcdonald-lupone-cerveris-sunday-in-the-park-with-george-begins-sept-3-com-121614# "McDonald-LuPone-Cerveris ''Sunday in the Park'' with George Begins Sept. 3"] Playbill, September 3, 2004</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005
|''[[Regina (Blitzstein)|Regina]]''
|Regina Giddens
|Kennedy Center
|<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/regina-with-tony-winner-lupone-plays-kennedy-center-march-10-12-com-124607# " ''Regina'' — with Tony Winner LuPone — Plays Kennedy Center March 10–12"] Playbill, March 10, 2005</ref>
|-
|''Passion''
|Fosca
|Lincoln Center Theater (Televised on PBS)
|
|-
|''Children And Art''
| Performer
|Stephen Sondheim Tribute Concert Benefit New Amsterdam Theatre, New York City
|<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/housewives-join-sondheim-children-and-art-concert-streisand-too-com-124778# ""Housewives" Join Sondheim Children and Art Concert; Streisand, Too"] Playbill, March 18, 2005</ref>
|-
|''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]''
|Cora Hoover Hooper
|Ravinia Festival
|<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/me-and-my-town-lupone-mcdonald-and-cerveris-star-in-anyone-can-whistle-com-127668# ""Me and My Town": LuPone, McDonald and Cerveris Star in ''Anyone Can Whistle''"] Playbill, August 26, 2005</ref>
|-
|''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]''
|Mrs. Lovett
|Broadway Revival
|
|-
|2006
|rowspan=2|''[[Gypsy (musical)|Gypsy]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Rose Thompson Hovick|Rose Hovick]]
|Ravinia Festival
|
|-
|2007
|Encores! Staged Concert
|
|-
|2006
|''[[To Hell and Back (opera)|To Hell and Back]]''
|Anne
|World Premiere
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]''
|Begbick
|Los Angeles Opera Revival
|<ref>Rich, Alan. [https://variety.com/2007/legit/markets-festivals/rise-and-fall-of-the-city-of-mahagonny-1200510436/ "Review. ''Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny''"] ''Variety'', February 11, 2007</ref>
|-
|2008
|''Gypsy''
|Rose Hovick
|Broadway Revival
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''Annie Get Your Gun''
|Annie Oakley
|Ravinia Festival
|
|-
|''[[Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (musical)|Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown]]''
|Lucia
|Original Broadway Production
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''An Evening with Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin''
|Herself
|Concert, [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]]
|<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/production/an-evening-with-patti-lupone-and-mandy-patinkin-ethel-barrymore-theatre-vault-0000013750# ''An Evening with Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin''] Playbill, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
| ''Company''
| Joanne
|[[New York Philharmonic]] Concert
|<ref>[https://www.broadway.com/buzz/155199/stephen-colbert-patti-lupone-more-join-neil-patrick-harris-in-new-york-philharmonics-company/ "Stephen Colbert, Patti LuPone & More Join Neil Patrick Harris in New York Philharmonic's "Company""] broadway.com, February 8, 2011</ref>
|-
|''[[The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)|The Seven Deadly Sins]]''
|Anna I (Singer)
|New York City Ballet Production
|
|-
|2012
|''[[The Anarchist (play)|The Anarchist]]''
|Cathy
|Original Broadway Production
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[The Ghosts of Versailles]]''
|Samira
|Los Angeles Opera Revival
|<ref>[https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/5/Reviews/LOS_ANGELES__The_Ghosts_of_Versailles.html "''The Ghosts of Versailles'' LAOpera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117174555/https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/5/Reviews/LOS_ANGELES__The_Ghosts_of_Versailles.html |date=November 17, 2019 }} ''Opera News'', February 8, 2015</ref>
|-
|''Shows For Days''
|Irene
|Off-Broadway
|<ref>Hetrick, Adam. [http://www.playbill.com/article/shows-for-days-starring-patti-lupone-and-michael-urie-plays-its-final-off-broadway-show-today-com-358859# " ''Shows for Days'', Starring Patti LuPone and Michael Urie, Plays Its Final Off-Broadway "Show" Today"] Playbill, August 23, 2015</ref>
|-
|2016
|rowspan=2|''[[War Paint (musical)|War Paint]]''
|rowspan=2|[[Helena Rubinstein]]
|World Premiere (Chicago)
|
|-
|2017
|Original Broadway Production
|
|-
|2018
| rowspan=3|''Company''
| rowspan=3|Joanne
|West End Revival
|<ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/rosalie-craig-and-patti-lupone-star-in-gender-swapped-company-opening-in-london-october-17# "Rosalie Craig and Patti LuPone Star in Gender-Swapped ''Company'', Opening in London October 17"] Playbill, October 17, 2018</ref>
|-
|2020
|rowspan=2|Broadway Revival
|rowspan=2|<ref>Franklin, Marc J.[http://www.playbill.com/article/meet-the-cast-of-broadways-gender-bent-revival-of-company# "Meet the Cast of Broadway's Upcoming Revival of ''Company''"] Playbill, October 26, 2019</ref>
|-
| 2021–22
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Gutenberg! The Musical!]]''
| The Producer
| Broadway (One night only)
| <ref>[https://www.instagram.com/p/Cztq5StuDro/?igshid=MzY1NDJmNzMyNQ== patti lupine gutenberg]</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[The Roommate (play)|The Roommate]]''
|Robyn
|Original Broadway Production
| <ref>Culwell-Block, Logan [https://playbill.com/article/the-roommate-starring-mia-farrow-and-patti-lupone-opens-september-12-see-newly-released-production-shots "The Roommate, Starring Mia Farrow and Patti LuPone, Opens September 12; See Newly Released Production Shots"] Playbill, September 12, 2024</ref>
|}

===Film===
Sources: TCM;<ref name=tcm>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/117747|0/Patti-Lupone/ "Patti LuPone Filmography"] tcm.com, accessed November 17, 2019</ref> AllMovie<ref name=all>[https://www.allmovie.com/artist/patti-lupone-p43573/filmography "Patti LuPone Film"] allmovie.com, accessed November 17, 2019</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1978
| ''[[King of the Gypsies (film)|King of the Gypsies]]''
| Unknown
| Uncredited
|
|-
| 1979
| ''[[1941 (film)|1941]]''
| Lydia Hedberg
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Fighting Back (1982 American film)|Fighting Back]]''
| Lisa D'Angelo
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Witness (1985 film)|Witness]]''
| Elaine Book
|
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Wise Guys (1986 film)|Wise Guys]]''
| Wanda Valentini
|
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]''
| Florine Werthan
|
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Family Prayers]]''
| Aunt Nan
|
| <ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/family_prayers/ ''Family Prayers''] rottentomatoes.com, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The 24 Hour Woman]]''
| Joan Marshall
|
| <ref>[https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-24-hour-woman-v175634 "''The 24 Hour Woman'' Overview"] allmovie.com, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Summer of Sam]]''
| Helen
|
| <ref>[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/summer_of_sam " ''Summer of Sam'' Cast"] rottentomatoes.com, accessed November 20, 2019</ref>
|-
| 2000
| ''[[State and Main]]''
| Sherry Bailey
|
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Heist (2001 film)|Heist]]''
| Betty Croft
|
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[City by the Sea]]''
| Maggie
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''[[Company (2011 film)|Company]]''
| Joanne
| Filmed production
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holmes|first=Linda|date=June 20, 2011|title=Stephen Sondheim's 'Company': Can Theater-To-Film Take Off?|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/06/20/137295118/stephen-sondheims-company-can-theater-to-film-take-off|access-date=December 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>Gans, Andrew. [http://www.playbill.com/article/film-of-company-with-neil-patrick-harris-and-patti-lupone-airs-on-pbs-nov-8-com-211573# "Film of ''Company'', With Neil Patrick Harris and Patti LuPone, Airs on PBS Nov. 8"] Playbill, November 8, 2013</ref>
|-
| ''[[Union Square (film)|Union Square]]''
| Lucia
|
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Parker (2013 film)|Parker]]''
| Ascension Cienfuegos
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[The Comedian (2016 film)|The Comedian]]''
| Flo Berkowitz
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Cliffs of Freedom]]''
| Yia-Yia
|
|
|-
| ''[[Steven Universe: The Movie]]''
| Yellow Diamond
|
|
|-
| ''[[Last Christmas (film)|Last Christmas]]''
| Joyce
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The School for Good and Evil (film)|The School for Good and Evil]]''
| Mrs. Deauville
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Beau Is Afraid]]''
| Mona Wassermann
|
|
|}

===Television===
Sources: TCM;<ref name=tcm/> AllMovie<ref name=all/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 1976
| ''The Time of Your Life''
| Kitty Duval
| rowspan="3" | Television film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
| ''Cowboy Joe''
| Linda Tidmunk
|
|-
| ''[[LBJ: The Early Years]]''
| [[Lady Bird Johnson]]
|
|-
| 1989–93
| ''[[Life Goes On (TV series)|Life Goes On]]''
| Elizabeth "Libby" Thatcher
| 83 episodes
|
|-
| 1992
| ''[[The Water Engine (film)|The Water Engine]]''
| Rita Lang
| Television film
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Frasier]]''
| Pam (voice)
| Episode: "Dinner at Eight"
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[The Song Spinner (film)|The Song Spinner]]''
| Zantalalia
| Television film
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Remember WENN]]''
| Grace Cavendish
| Episode: "There But for the Grace"
|
|-
| 1996–97
| ''[[Law & Order]]''
| Ruth Miller
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| 1998
| ''Frasier''
| Aunt [[Zora Crane]]
| Episode: "[[Beware of Greeks (Frasier)|Beware of Greeks]]"
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Encore! Encore!]]''
| Wine critic
| Episode: "A Review to Remember"
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Touched by an Angel]]''
| Alice Dupree
| Episode: "Thief of Hearts"
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Monday Night Mayhem]]''
| Emmy Cosell
| Television film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[In-Laws]]''
| Rochelle Landis
| Episode: "Mother's Nature"
|
|-
| ''[[Oz (TV series)|Oz]]''
| Stella Coffa
| 7 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Live from Lincoln Center]]''
| Fosca
| Episode: "Passion"
|
|-
| ''[[Will & Grace]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Bully Woolley"
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Ugly Betty]]''
| Mrs. Weiner
| Episode: "[[Don't Ask, Don't Tell (Ugly Betty)|Don't Ask, Don't Tell]]"
|
|-
| 2009–12
| ''[[30 Rock]]''
| Sylvia Rossitano
| 3 episodes
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[New York (Glee)|New York]]"
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Army Wives]]''
| Ms. Galassini
| Episode: "Battle Scars"
|
|-
| 2013–14
| ''[[American Horror Story: Coven]]''
| [[Joan Ramsey]]
| 4 episodes
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Girls (TV series)|Girls]]''
| Herself
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''
| Lydia Lebasi
| Episode: "Agent Provocateur"
|
|-
| ''[[Penny Dreadful (TV series)|Penny Dreadful]]''
| Joan Clayton
| Episode: "The Nightcomers"
|
|-
| 2016–19
| ''[[Steven Universe]]''
| Yellow Diamond
| Voice; 8 episodes
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Penny Dreadful (TV series)|Penny Dreadful]]''
| [[John Seward|Dr. Florence Seward]]
| 8 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''
| Rabbi Shari
| Episode: "Will Scarsdale Like Josh's Shayna Punim?"
|
|-
| ''[[BoJack Horseman]]''
| Mimi Stilton
| Voice; Episode: "The Judge"
|
|-
| 2017–21
| ''[[Vampirina]]''
| Nanpire
| Voice; 19 episodes
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mom (TV series)|Mom]]''
| Rita
| Episode: "Taco Bowl and a Tubby Seamstress"
| <ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://ew.com/tv/2018/03/07/mom-patti-lupone-casting/|title=Mom casts Patti LuPone as a demanding divorcée|first=Lynette|last=Rice|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|date=March 7, 2018|access-date=March 9, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[The Simpsons]]''
| Cheryl Monroe
| Voice; Episode: "[[The Girl on the Bus]]"
|
|-
| ''[[Pose (TV series)|Pose]]''
| Ms. Frederica Norman
| 5 episodes
|<ref>McPhee, Ryan. [http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-joins-second-season-of-fxs-pose# "Patti LuPone Joins Second Season of FX's ''Pose''"] Playbill, March 24, 2019</ref><ref>Dow, Stephen. [https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8523690/pose-season-2-episode-6-recap "Performing Through Pain: 5 Key Takeaways From 'Pose' Season 2, Episode 6"] ''Deadline'', July 24, 2019</ref>
|-
| ''[[Steven Universe: The Movie]]''
| rowspan="2" | Yellow Diamond
| Voice; Television film
|<ref>Haring, Bruce. [https://deadline.com/2019/06/steven-universe-the-movie-chance-the-rapper-patti-lupone-cartoon-network-1202631825/ " ''Steven Universe The Movie'' Adds Chance The Rapper, Patti LuPone And More To Musical"] ''deadline'', June 13, 2019</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| ''[[Steven Universe Future]]''
| Voice; 2 episodes
|
|-
| ''[[Hollywood (miniseries)|Hollywood]]''
| Avis Amberg
| 7 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-heads-to-hollywood-in-ryan-murphys-netflix-series|title= Patti LuPone Heads to Hollywood in Ryan Murphy's Netflix Series|website= Playbill|accessdate= June 17, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Penny Dreadful: City of Angels]]''
| Vocalist
| Episode: "Hide and Seek"
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tvguide.com/news/penny-dreadful-city-of-angels-season-1-finale-john-logan/|title= Penny Dreadful: City of Angels Creator on the 'Eerie and Disturbing' Timeliness of the Season 1 Finale|website= [[TV Guide]]|accessdate= June 17, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Central Park (TV series)|Central Park]]''
| Roberta McCullough
| Voice; Episode: "Down to the Underwire"
|<ref>{{cite web|url= https://screenrant.com/central-park-broadway-performer-cast-cameos/|title= 10 Amazing Broadway Performers In The Cast Of Central Park|website= ScreenRant|date= May 19, 2022|access-date= June 17, 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[F Is for Family]]''
| Nora Murphy
| Voice; 3 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web |author1=Netflix |title=F is for Family {{!}} S5 Date + Guest Announcement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrqgzUiriVE|website=YouTube |date=November 9, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[American Horror Story: NYC]]''
| Kathy Pizazz
| Main role, 5 episodes
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2022|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title='American Horror Story' Season 11 Cast Comes Into Focus With Franchise Favorites Returning|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/american-horror-story-season-11-cast-zachary-quinto-billie-lourd-isaac-powell-and-patti-lupone-sandra-bernhard-1235089470/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|access-date=10 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-date=August 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811031014/https://deadline.com/2022/08/american-horror-story-season-11-cast-zachary-quinto-billie-lourd-isaac-powell-and-patti-lupone-sandra-bernhard-1235089470/}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Agatha All Along (miniseries)|Agatha All Along]]''
| [[Lilia Calderu]]
| Main role, 6 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2023/04/agatha-coven-of-chaos-patti-lupone-not-familiar-with-mcu-before-joining-series-1235351263/|title= 'Agatha: Coven Of Chaos' Star Patti LuPone "Still Not Familiar" With The MCU Before Joining Series But "Having A Blast" Filming|website= [[Deadline Hollywood]]|date= April 30, 2023|accessdate= June 17, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Discography ==
Selected recordings include:
* ''The Baker's Wife'' (Original cast recording)
* ''Evita'' (Original Broadway cast recording)
* ''The Cradle Will Rock'' (The Acting Company recording)
* ''Les Misérables'' (Original London Cast recording)
* ''Anything Goes'' (New Broadway Cast Recording)
* ''Heat Wave'' (John Mauceri conducting the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra)
* ''Patti LuPone Live'' (Solo Album)
* ''Sunset Boulevard'' (World Premiere/Original London Cast Recording)
* ''Matters of the Heart'' (Solo Album)
* ''Sweeney Todd'' (New York Philharmonic recording)
* ''Sweeney Todd'' (2005 Broadway Cast recording)
* ''The Lady with the Torch'' (Solo Album)
* ''The Lady With the Torch...Still Burning'' (Solo Album)
* ''To Hell and Back'' (Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra World Premier recording)
* ''Gypsy'' (2008 Broadway Revival Cast Recording)
* ''Patti LuPone At Les Mouches'' (Live Solo Recording of 1980 club act)<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/article/patti-lupone-at-les-mouches-vintage-lupone-club-act-arrives-in-stores-nov-11-com-155028 "Patti LuPone at Les Mouches," Vintage LuPone Club Act, Arrives in Stores Nov. 11"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017222812/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/123161-Patti-LuPone-at-Les-Mouches-Vintage-LuPone-Club-Act-Arrives-in-Stores-Nov-11 |date=October 17, 2012 }} Playbill, November 11, 2008, Retrieved December 5, 2021</ref>
* ''Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown'' (Original Broadway Cast Recording)
* ''Far Away Places'' (Solo Album)
* ''Company'' (New York Philharmonic recording)
* ''War Paint'' (Original Broadway cast recording)
* ''Don't Monkey with Broadway'' (Solo Album)
* ''Company'' (Revival London cast recording)

Her live performance of "[[Don't Cry for Me Argentina]]" at the [[Grammy Awards]] was released on the 1994 album ''Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume IV''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000BTMTK4/|title=Grammy's Greatest Moments, Volume IV|website=Amazon|access-date=November 23, 2011}}</ref>

In 2009, LuPone's 1985 recording of "[[I Dreamed a Dream]]" reached No. 45 on the [[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/We%20Weren%27t%20Born%20To%20Follow UK Singles Chart info] OfficialCharts.com. Retrieved April 26, 2009.</ref> It also reached the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine [[Hot Digital Songs]] and [[Hot Singles Recurrents]] charts in the US.

LuPone recorded a duet with [[Seth MacFarlane]] (who was in character as [[Glenn Quagmire]]) on the 2005 album ''[[Family Guy: Live in Vegas|Family Guy: Live In Vegas]]''.

A live concert special film, ''An Evening with Patti LuPone'', was filmed in July 2012 and released in November 2012 on SethTv.com with 104 minutes of Patti LuPone songs and stories with host Seth Rudetsky.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sethtv.com/patti/|title=Patti Lupone Concert Special|publisher=Sethtv.com|access-date=December 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210191755/http://www.sethtv.com/patti/|archive-date=December 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A new CD of one of her shows, ''The Lady with the Torch'', was released in 2006 on [[Sh-K-Boom Records]]. In December she released bonus tracks for that CD only available on iTunes and the Sh-K-Boom website.<ref>[http://www.sh-k-boom.com/PattiLupone.html "Patti LuPone listing"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611142349/http://www.sh-k-boom.com/PattiLupone.html |date=June 11, 2008 }} www.sh-k-boom.com</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Patti LuPone}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{external links|date=October 2022}}
{{Sister project links |c=Category:Patti LuPone |d=Q270324 |n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|species=no|q=no|wikt=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IOBDB name|4548}}
* {{IMDb name|526985}}
* {{discogs artist|Patti LuPone}}
* {{people.com}}
* {{Playbill person}}
* [http://atlantaboy.com/patti-lupone-atlanta-interview/ Patti LuPone Interview]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7772821298130928783&q=innerviews InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Patti LuPone] (TV Interview)
* [https://soundcloud.com/american-theatre-wing/episode88 Patti LuPone] – ''Downstage Center'' interview at [[American Theatre Wing]].org
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110831173521/http://uarts.info/wiki/index.php?title=Patti_LaPone University of the Arts ''Show Music Magazine'' Database]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121210191755/http://www.sethtv.com/patti/ Patti LuPone concert special on SethTV.com. Filmed July, 2012.]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead//nnc-rb/ldpd_14208859 Patti LuPone Papers] at the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York, NY

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420 (cannabis culture)

2024-10-24T05:37:13Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Other effects */ revise

{{short description|Number referring to cannabis}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = 420 originally "4:20 Louis"
|type = secular
|image = Louis Pasteur statue, San Rafael High School (crop).jpg
|imagesize =
|caption =
Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]] at [[San Rafael High School]], by [[Benny Bufano]] (1940),<ref>{{cite web|title=Daily Independent Journal from San Rafael, California|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71688761/|access-date=April 22, 2017|date=November 20, 1954}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chronicle|first1=San Francisco|title=The San Francisco Chronicle Reader|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://archive.org/details/sanfranciscochro00sanf|url-access=registration|access-date=April 22, 2017|language=en|year=1962}}</ref> site of the earliest 4:20 gatherings in 1971
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] [[counterculture]], [[Legality of cannabis|legal reformers]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|entheogenic spiritualists]], and general users of cannabis
|date = 4:20 p.m./April 20
|observances = [[Cannabis consumption]], traditionally [[cannabis smoking]], [[Cannabis dispensaries in the United States|dispensary]] discounts
|relatedto =
|significance = Time/date to celebrate cannabis
|frequency = Daily, annually
}}

'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') is [[cannabis culture]] slang for [[Cannabis consumption|marijuana and hashish consumption]], especially [[Cannabis smoking|smoking]] around the time 4:20 p.m. (16:20). It also refers to [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]-oriented celebrations that take place annually on April 20 (4/20 in [[Date and time notation in the United States|U.S.]] date form).<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archive-date = April 26, 2007}}</ref><ref name="McCoy 2014">{{cite news | last=McCoy | first=Terrence | title=The strange story of how the pot holiday '4/20' got its name | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2014-04-18 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/18/the-strange-story-of-how-the-pot-holiday-420-got-its-name/ | access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref>

==Origins==
In 1971, five high school students in [[San Rafael, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/04/20/MN101165.DTL|title=Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael – Snickering high schoolers brought '420' into lexicon |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=April 4, 2012|date=April 20, 2000 }}</ref><ref name=NYT2009>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html |work=The New York Times|date=April 19, 2009|access-date=January 23, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101218011241/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html| archive-date=December 18, 2010| url-status= live}}</ref> used the term "4:20" in connection with a plan to search for an abandoned cannabis crop, based on a [[treasure map]] made by the grower.<ref name=HuffPost2010>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=The Huffington Post|date=April 20, 2010|access-date=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|author-link=Ryan Grim}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Bay-Area-originators-of-420-term-marijuana-7255771.php|date=April 20, 2016|title=Local originators of term 420 solve 45-year-old mystery|author=Alyssa Pereira|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> Calling themselves the Waldos,<ref name="Times2012">{{cite book|author=High Times|title=The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-vas6K75YYC&pg=PA97|access-date=April 19, 2012|year=2012|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0133-0|pages=97–}}</ref><ref name="WSJ2012">{{cite web|first1=Rachel Emma|last1=Silverman|first2=Rachel|last2=Dodes|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303425504577354021179378292|title=High Expectations: Marketers Hope for Buzz on 4/20|date=April 20, 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> because their typical hang-out spot "was a wall outside the school",<ref name=HuffPost2009>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|access-date=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|author-link=Ryan Grim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130014421/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|archive-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> the five students—Steve Capper, Dave Reddix, Jeffrey Noel, Larry Schwartz, and Mark Gravich<ref name="time_What">{{Cite magazine| title = What the Guys Who Coined '420' Think About Their Place in Marijuana History| author = Olivia B. Waxman| magazine = Time| date = April 19, 2017| access-date = April 20, 2017| url = http://time.com/4739364/marijuana-420-day-inventors/| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170420013416/http://time.com/4739364/marijuana-420-day-inventors/| archive-date = April 20, 2017}}</ref>—designated the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue<ref>Statue by [[Beniamino Bufano]], {{cite web|url=https://newdealartregistry.org/artist/BufanoBeniamino/#|title=Louis Pasteur – 1940|publisher=New Deal Art Registry|access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref> on the grounds of [[San Rafael High School]] as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.<ref name=HuffPost2009 /> The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". After several failed attempts to find the crop, the group eventually shortened their phrase to "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a code-word the teens used to refer to consuming cannabis.<ref name=HuffPost2010/>

[[Steven Hager]] of ''[[High Times]]'' popularized the story of the Waldos.<ref name="Edison2009">{{cite book |author-link=Mike Edison |last=Edison|first=Mike|title=I Have Fun Everywhere I Go: Savage Tales of Pot, Porn, Punk Rock, Pro Wrestling, Talking Apes, Evil Bosses, Dirty Blues, American Heroes, and the Most Notorious Magazines in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9lMGpb0HD4C&pg=PA207|access-date=April 20, 2013|year=2009|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-86547-903-6|pages=207–}}</ref> The first ''High Times'' mention of 4:20 smoking and a 4/20 holiday appeared in May 1991<ref>[http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/First420story.jpg "Wake 'n' Bake!"]</ref> and erroneously attributed the origin of the term to a police code; this and other spurious incorrect origin stories became common.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/420/ | title=The Origins of 420 | date=September 14, 2002 }}</ref> The connection to the Waldos appeared in December 1998. Hager attributed the early spread of the phrase to [[Deadhead|Grateful Dead followers]]<ref name="dead"/>—after "Waldo" Reddix became a [[Road crew|roadie]] for the [[Grateful Dead]]'s bassist, [[Phil Lesh]]<ref name="time_What" />—and called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted time of the day to consume cannabis.<ref name="dead">{{cite web|url=http://hightimes.com/entertainment/ht_admin/834|title=Stoner Smart, or Stoner Stupid?|work=High Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514155600/http://hightimes.com/entertainment/ht_admin/834|archive-date=May 14, 2012|access-date=April 20, 2012|date=August 2002}}</ref>

Another San Rafael group claims to have originated the term before the Waldos.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bay Area origins of '420' are full of controversy|author=Lester Black|website=[[SFGATE]]|publisher=Hearst Communications|date=April 17, 2023|url=https://www.sfgate.com/cannabis/article/420-bay-area-origins-controversy-17897296.php}}</ref>

==International observance of April 20==
[[File:Vancouver Canada 2012 April 20 crowd.jpg|thumb|Vancouver, April 20, 2012]]
[[April 20]] has become an international [[counterculture]] [[holiday]] based on the celebration and consumption of cannabis.<ref name=UCSC /><ref name="hightimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://hightimes.com/read/power-420 |title=The power of 420 |last1=Halnon |first1=Karen Bettez |date=April 11, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513011500/http://hightimes.com/read/power-420 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cannabis.shoutwiki.com/wiki/420_event_lists|title=420 event lists}}</ref> Events typically advocate for cannabis [[Drug liberalization|liberalization]] and [[Legality of cannabis|legalization]]. [[Vivian McPeak]], a founder of Seattle's [[Seattle Hempfest|Hempfest]], states that 4/20 is "half celebration and half call to action".<ref name="nyp1">{{cite news|title=How marijuana's high holiday came to be|url=https://nypost.com/2017/04/20/how-marijuanas-high-holiday-came-to-be/|newspaper=New York Post|access-date=April 22, 2017|date=April 20, 2017}}</ref> Paul Birch calls it a global movement and suggests that one cannot stop events like these.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gayle|first1=Damien|title=Thousands of cannabis users roll up in Hyde Park for annual 4/20 event|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/apr/19/thousands-cannabis-users-hyde-park-annual-420-event-end-prohibition|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=April 22, 2017|date=April 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227133922/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/apr/19/thousands-cannabis-users-hyde-park-annual-420-event-end-prohibition|archive-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

Many marijuana users protest in [[civil disobedience]] by [[Smoke-in|gathering in public to smoke]] at 4:20 p.m.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marijuana's big day is here: '420' celebrations ready to roll|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/04/19/marijuanas-big-day-here-420-celebrations-ready-roll/100663642/|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=April 22, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

As marijuana continues to be decriminalized and legalized around the world, cannabis activist [[Steve DeAngelo]] notes that "even if our activist work were complete, 420 morphs from a statement of conscience to a celebration of acceptance, a celebration of victory, a celebration of our amazing connection with this plant" which "will always be worthy of celebration".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Does 4/20 Still Matter?|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/does-420-still-matter-w477104|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Annual 420 pot rally will be more celebration than protest: Organizers|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2016/04/17/annual-420-pot-rally-will-be-more-celebration-than-protest-organizers|newspaper=Toronto Sun|access-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref>{{clear left}}

===In North America===
North American observances have been held at many locations, including:
*[[New York City]]: [[Washington Square Park]] in [[Manhattan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ny.curbed.com/2010/4/21/10515924/washington-square-gets-its-grit-back-on-420-day|title=Washington Square Gets Its Grit Back on 420 Day|last=Davies|first=Pete|date=April 21, 2010|work=[[Curbed]] NY|access-date=January 7, 2018}}</ref>
*[[Boston]]: [[Boston Common]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Reed|first=Matt|title=Boston celebrates 4/20|date=2018-04-20|url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/boston-celebrates-4-20/19876737|language=en|access-date=2021-04-20}}</ref>
*[[San Francisco]]: "[[Hippie Hill]]" in [[Golden Gate Park]] near the [[Haight-Ashbury]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/|title=A Huge Turn Out for 420 Day on Hippie Hill in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park " San Francisco Citizen |publisher=Sfcitizen.com|date=April 20, 2010|access-date=April 20, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430000040/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/| archive-date= April 30, 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*[[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]]: [[Porter College]] meadows at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/students-mark-420-at-uc-santa-cruz|title=Students mark 420 at UC Santa Cruz|date=2019-04-21|website=Santa Cruz Sentinel|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7news.com/5261194/|title=Pot enthusiasts in Santa Cruz prepare for 4/20 toker tradition|last=Amanda del Castillo|date=2019-04-20|website=ABC7 San Francisco|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*[[Washington, D.C.]]: [[National Mall]], [[United States Capitol]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Perry|last=Stein|title=D.C. residents and activists light up on the National Mall for 4/20|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 20, 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/04/20/d-c-residents-and-activists-light-up-on-the-national-mall-for-420/|access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jessica|last=Estepa|title=D.C. activists to hand out joints near U.S. Capitol on 4/20|work=[[USA Today]]|date=April 19, 2017|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/04/19/dc-activists-hand-out-joints-near-capitol/100659498/|access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref>
*[[Vancouver]]: The [[Vancouver Art Gallery]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straight.com/news/680806/marijuana-protest-planned-vancouver-art-gallery-despite-420-moving-sunset-beach|title=Marijuana protest planned for the Vancouver Art Gallery despite 4/20 moving to Sunset Beach|date=April 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wiki4weed.com/archive/thousands-marijuana-smokers-gather-vancouver-celebrate-420/|title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420"|last=Hall|first=Neal|date=May 2, 2009|work=[[The Vancouver Sun]]|access-date=September 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910092757/http://wiki4weed.com/archive/thousands-marijuana-smokers-gather-vancouver-celebrate-420/|archive-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref> and [[Sunset Beach (Vancouver)|Sunset Beach]] between 2016 and 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/4-20-pot-rally-vancouver-1.3545092|title=4/20 pot rally draws tens of thousands in Vancouver|last=Johnson|first=Lisa|date=April 20, 2016|work=CBC News|access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Montréal]]: Le [[Mont Royal]] [[George-Étienne Cartier Monument]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/|title=420 Day – Cannabis Festival|publisher=samesun.com Samesun Nation Travel Blog|access-date=April 20, 2011|archive-date=October 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022101515/http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|title=Canada's marijuana activists unite against American-style drug laws – 420 vote mobs to be held in over 10 cities across Canada on April 20th|publisher=newswire.ca CNW Group|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907092316/http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|archive-date=September 7, 2012|access-date=April 20, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Denver]]: [[Civic Center, Denver|Civic Center Park]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theknow.denverpost.com/2018/03/08/mile-high-420-festival-lineup-2018/178800/|title=Denver's new Mile High 420 Festival announces all-star lineup " Denver Post|date=March 8, 2018|publisher=denverpost.com|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221231/https://theknow.denverpost.com/2018/03/08/mile-high-420-festival-lineup-2018/178800/}}</ref>
*[[Ottawa]]: [[Parliament Hill]] and [[Major's Hill Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |access-date=April 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712204535/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |archive-date=July 12, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 |title=Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |access-date=April 20, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511102321/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409| archive-date= May 11, 2011 | url-status= live|date=April 11, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[Edmonton]]: The [[Alberta Legislature Building]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2013/04/20/hundreds-of-tokers-flood-alberta-legislature-in-protest-to-push-for-legalization-of-marijuana|title=Hundreds of Tokers Flood Alberta Legislature in Protest to Push for Legalization of Marijuana|access-date=April 22, 2013|date=April 21, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]]: campus of the [[University of Colorado Boulder]]<ref name="NYT2009" /><ref name="autogenerated1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu|title=Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event – Boulder Daily Camera|publisher=Dailycamera.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022905/http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com|archive-date=April 30, 2011|url-status=live|access-date=April 20, 2011|date=April 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-420-explained-20170420-story.html|title=How 4/20 ... grew ... into a 'holiday'|last1=Johnson|first1=Gene|website=chicagotribune.com|date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/2017/04/19/denver-420-trump-era/|title=Denver 420 event will be a mix of marijuana politics and celebration|access-date=April 22, 2017|date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Toronto]]: [[Nathan Phillips Square]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4156770/4-20-celebration-nathan-phillips-square/|title=4/20 celebrations take place at Nathan Phillips Square without permit|access-date=April 20, 2020|date=April 20, 2018}}</ref> and [[Yonge-Dundas Square]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3391063/thousands-expected-to-attend-toronto-420-marijuana-rally-at-yonge-dundas-square/|title=Thousands expected to attend Toronto 4/20 marijuana rally at Yonge-Dundas Square|access-date=April 20, 2020|date=April 20, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]: campus of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] on the Memorial Glade north of the [[Doe Memorial Library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berkeleyside.com/2016/04/21/photos-100s-turn-up-chill-out-for-420-day-on-cal-campus|title=Photos: 100s turn up, chill out for 420 day on Cal campus|access-date=October 22, 2020|date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Mexico City]]: [[Mexican Senate]] under the slogan Planton 420.<ref>{{cite web|title=#Plantón420 Has Been Camping Outside the Mexican Senate For a Month|date=March 6, 2020|url=https://hightimes.com/news/planton420-camping-outside-mexican-senate-month/}}</ref>
*[[Ann Arbor]]: [[Hash Bash]]
*[[St. Louis, Missouri]]: Loop 420 Fest at [[Delmar Loop]] ([[University City, Missouri|University City]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: St. Louis celebrates first '4/20 Day' since recreational marijuana became legal in Missouri |author=David Carson |author2=Christine Tannous|newspaper= St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=April 20, 2023|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/photos-st-louis-celebrates-first-4-20-since-recreational-marijuana-became-legal/collection_8deae7d0-dfd2-11ed-8612-2fd8750aaa9e.html}}</ref>

=== In Australia ===
Australian observances have been held at many locations, over many years, including:

*"Who Are We Hurting?" – [[Sydney central business district|Sydney City]]: [[Martin Place]], [[New South Wales|NSW]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10daily.com.au/news/a190419yas/a-giant-cannabis-plant-was-put-up-at-martin-place-overnight-heres-why-20190419|title=A Giant Cannabis Plant Was Put Up At Martin Place Overnight, Here's Why|date=2019-04-19|website=10 daily|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Collective |first=Craze |date=2019-04-20 |title=A Giant Cannabis Plant Was Put Up At Martin Place Overnight, Here's Why |url=https://crazeco.com.au/blog-a-giant-cannabis-plant-was-put-up-at-martin-place-overnight-heres-why/ |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=Craze Collective |language=en-AU}}</ref>
*420 Picnic 2019 – [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|VIC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/thousands-gather-for-weed-day-in-melbourne-20170420-4t5jb.html|title=Thousands gather for 'Weed Day' in Melbourne|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=April 21, 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
*"Who Are We Hurting?" – [[Sydney]][[Kings Cross, New South Wales|, NSW]] (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dopamine.net.au/cannabis-plants-sydney-cbd-420-2018/|title=Artists hide 'cannabis plants' around Sydney CBD for 420 protest|last=Dopamine|date=2018-04-19|website=Dopamine|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2018/04/19/marijuana-plants-hidden-420/|title=Marijuana plants hidden in plain sight for 4/20 stunt|last=Connellan|first=Shannon|website=Mashable|date=April 20, 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junkee.com/420-weed-cannabis-sydney/155337|title=Happy 4/20: Activists Have Hidden Weed Plants All Around Sydney|date=2018-04-20|website=Junkee|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beat.com.au/these-two-weapons-covered-sydney-in-cannabis-plants-to-celebrate-4-20/|title=These two weapons covered Sydney in 'cannabis plants' to celebrate 4/20|date=2018-04-20|website=Beat Magazine|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
*"Who Are We Hurting?" – [[Sydney central business district|Sydney City]]: [[Kings Cross, New South Wales|Kings Cross]], [[New South Wales|NSW]] (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/some-blaze-lord-put-a-hydroponic-weed-pop-up-in-sydneys-kings-x-for-420/|title=Some Blaze Lord Put A Hydroponic Weed Pop-Up In Sydney's Kings X For 4/20|date=2017-04-20|website=Pedestrian TV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadsheet.com.au/sydney/city-file/article/cannabis-shop-appears-kings-cross|title=A Public Cannabis Nursery Appears in Kings Cross|website=Broadsheet|language=en|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
*Happy Birthday Weed Craze Collective- 2016 – [[City of Sydney|Sydney, NSW]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Hyjak – Mother Natures Gift MUSIC VIDEO – #Superbong does 420 #Whoarewehurting? | date=April 21, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RaWOjHN_sY |language=en |access-date=2022-09-09}}</ref>
* 420 Protest at [[Sydney Town Hall]] by Jesse Willesee – 2015 <ref>{{cite AV media |title=420 Protest At Sydney Town Hall |publisher=PEDESTRIAN.TV |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-rK7xcofLQ |language=en |access-date=2022-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Briana Domjen |author2=Annette Sharp |date=April 22, 2014 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |title=Jesse Willesee joins the 420 pro-marijuana movement with a smoking session outside Parliament House |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/jesse-willesee-joins-the-420-promarijuana-movement-with-a-smoking-session-outside-parliament-house/news-story/774d2386b1480bac26ee9822de1ab6f6}}</ref>

===Elsewhere===
Events have also been held in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in [[London]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/21/thousands-roll-up-420-cannabis-picnic-londons-hyde-park|title=Police make 20 arrests at cannabis picnic in London's Hyde Park|last=Gayle|first=Damien|date=April 21, 2016|website=the Guardian|access-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref> and [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, at the [[University of Otago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|access-date=October 7, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081022143006/http://ch9.co.nz/node/7704| archive-date= October 22, 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|access-date=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

In [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]], the University of Ljubljana's student organization has carried out several annual cannabis-themed protests that have contributed to the debate on cannabis status in Slovenia and the subsequent legislation proposals in 2018 by gathering responses from various political parties in Slovenia and ranking them accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marihuanamars.si/2019/03/14/politicni-semafor/|title=Politični Semafor|date=March 20, 2018|website=marihuanamars|access-date=February 3, 2018|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926041047/http://marihuanamars.si/2019/03/14/politicni-semafor/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtvslo.si/slovenija/bo-konoplja-kmalu-legalizirana/445222|title=Bo konoplja kmalu legalizirana?|last=Ma|first=Al|date=February 2, 2018|website=RTVSLO|access-date=February 3, 2018}}</ref>

In [[Northern Cyprus]], known for strict drug laws and intolerance to cannabis consumption,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.detaykibris.com/iste-kktcnin-uyusturucu-raporu-84360h.htm|title=İşte KKTC'nin uyuşturucu raporu|date=June 29, 2015|website=detaykibris|access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> the first 420 event was held in the capital city [[North Nicosia|Lefkoşa]] in 2015. On April 20, 2017, a small group of protesters carried out an event near the parliament building and made a public statement, demanding the legalization of cannabis sale, consumption, and production with state regulations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/hint-keneviri-serbesiyeti-talep-edildi-88920h.htm|title=Meclis önünde 'Elini Otumdan Çek' eylemi|date=April 20, 2017|website=yeniduzen|access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>

==Other effects==
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
===Traffic safety===

Despite two studies reporting a supposed increase in the risk of [[Traffic collision|fatal motor vehicle crashes]] on April 20,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Staples|first1=John A.|last2=Redelmeier|first2=Donald A.|title=The April 20 Cannabis Celebration and Fatal Traffic Crashes in the United States|journal=[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]|date=2018|volume=178|issue=4|pages=569–572|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.8298|pmid=29435568|pmc=5876802| issn=2168-6106 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vandoros |first1=Sotiris |last2=Kawachi |first2=Ichiro |title=The relative risk of motor vehicle collision on cannabis celebration day in Great Britain |journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention |date=July 2019 |volume=128 |pages=248–252 |doi=10.1016/j.aap.2019.02.013 |pmid=30902341 |s2cid=85457198 |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/107744781/420_accepted_version.pdf }}</ref> further investigation and analysis found the evidence did not support such claims.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harper|first1=Sam|last2=Palayew|first2=Adam|date=2019-01-29|title=The annual cannabis holiday and fatal traffic crashes|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=25|issue=5|pages=433–437|language=en|doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043068|pmid=30696698|s2cid=59413349|issn=1353-8047|url=http://osf.io/tzcsy/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aydelotte |first1=Jayson D. |last2=Mardock |first2=Alexandra L. |last3=Teixeira |first3=Pedro G. |last4=Brown |first4=Lawrence H. |title=Re-examining the Association Between '4/20' and Fatal Crashes—Doobie-ous Data? |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |date=1 November 2018 |volume=178 |issue=11 |pages=1565 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5856 |pmid=30398555 |s2cid=53223889 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staples |first1=John A. |last2=Redelmeier |first2=Donald A. |title=Association Between April 20 Cannabis Celebration and Fatal Crashes |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |date=1 March 2019 |volume=179 |issue=3 |pages=456 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.8094 |pmid=30715145 |s2cid=73432259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Staples |first1=John A |last2=Redelmeier |first2=Donald A |title=Crashes on cannabis celebration day |journal=Injury Prevention |date=October 2019 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=476–477 |doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043262 |pmid=31302609 |s2cid=196618121 }}</ref>

===Stolen signs===
{{Further|Street sign theft}}
In the US, signs bearing the number 420 have been frequently stolen. In Colorado, the [[Colorado Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on [[I-70]] east of Denver with one reading 419.99 in an attempt to stop the thievery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/01/11/colorado-changes-sign-thieves/4435753/|title=State alters 420 MM sign to thwart thieves |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=April 18, 2018}}</ref> The Colorado DOT usually will not replace signs that are repeatedly taken, but began the practice of replacing further down the road after "[[69 (sex position)|69]]" mile marker signs were frequently stolen—these were replaced with "68.5 mile" ones.<ref name=MF/> The [[Idaho Department of Transportation]] (ITD) replaced the mile marker 420 sign on [[U.S. Route 95 in Idaho|U.S. Highway 95]], just south of [[Coeur d'Alene, Idaho|Coeur d'Alene]], with mile marker 419.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvb.com/story/news/local/idaho/2015/08/18/idaho-replaces-mile-marker-420-with-4199-to-thwart-stoners/31928433/|title=Idaho replaces mile marker 420 with 419.9 to thwart stoners|work=[[KTVB]]|access-date=August 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820184544/http://www.ktvb.com/story/news/local/idaho/2015/08/18/idaho-replaces-mile-marker-420-with-4199-to-thwart-stoners/31928433/|archive-date=August 20, 2015}}</ref> The [[Washington State Department of Transportation]] implemented similar measures,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/12/us/washington-highway-sign-420.html|title=Washington State Wants to Stop Theft of Mile 420 Signs. Its Solution? Mile 419.9.|last=Jacobs|first=Julia|date=January 12, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 13, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but only replaced one of the two 420 signs in the state, with the remaining one being subsequently stolen.<ref name=MF>{{cite web|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/67576/stoners-keep-stealing-420-mile-markers-so-some-states-have-replaced-them-4199|title=Stoners Keep Stealing 420 Mile Markers, So Some States Have Replaced Them With 419.9|author=Keyser, Hannah|website=[[Mental Floss]]|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', there are eleven 420 mile markers in the US, after three replacements and one stolen and not replaced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/08/20/a-map-of-the-remaining-420-mile-markers-in-the-u-s|title=A map of the remaining 420-mile markers in the U.S.|author=Ingraham, Christopher|newspaper=Washington Post|date=August 20, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> In [[Goodhue County, Minnesota]], officials have changed "420 St" street signs to "42x St".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/after-deadline-county-finds-fix-for-missing-signs/article_b88939fb-3c91-5523-b41e-a3b6c2dff8e4.html|title=County finds fix for missing 420 signs|work=[[Post-Bulletin]]|date=July 20, 2015 |access-date=July 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430012124/http://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/after-deadline-county-finds-fix-for-missing-signs/article_b88939fb-3c91-5523-b41e-a3b6c2dff8e4.html|archive-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref> The mile marker 420 sign on [[U.S. Route 89 in Utah|U.S. Route 89]], the only 420 marker in the state of [[Utah]], is frequently stolen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Officials say theft of '420' road signs no laughing matter|date=August 26, 2015|author=Kelly Keiter|publisher=[[KSTU]]|location=Salt Lake City|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2019/01/10/washington-taxpayers-pay-price-stolen-420-69-road-signs/2544449002/}}</ref>

===Legislation and other government recognition===
In 2003, [[California Senate Bill 420]] was introduced to regulate medical marijuana use. An unsuccessful 2010 bill to legalize [[cannabis in Guam]] was called Bill 420.<ref>{{cite web |author=Only one shows up for pot bill |url=http://mvguam.com/local/news/13221-only-one-shows-up-for-pot-bill.html |title=Only one shows up for pot bill |publisher=Mvguam.com |date=July 15, 2010 |access-date=July 15, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715182329/http://mvguam.com/local/news/13221-only-one-shows-up-for-pot-bill.html |archive-date=July 15, 2015 }}</ref> A North Dakota bill to legalize cannabis was HB 1420, introduced in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Actions for HB 1420|publisher=North Dakota legislative branch|website=nd.gov official portal for North Dakota government|url=https://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/67-2021/bill-actions/ba1420.html|access-date=April 20, 2021|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326000755/https://www.legis.nd.gov/assembly/67-2021/bill-actions/ba1420.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Marijuana Freedom and Opportunity Act (which if enacted would [[Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|decriminalize]] and deschedule cannabis in the United States) was announced by Senator and [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Chuck Schumer]] (D-New York) on April 20, 2018.<ref name="Guild 2018">{{cite news | last=Guild | first=Blair | title=On 4/20, Sen. Schumer introduces bill to decriminalize marijuana | website=CBS News | date=April 20, 2018 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/on-420-sen-schumer-introduces-bill-to-decriminalize-marijuana/ | access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gstalter 2018">{{cite web | last=Gstalter | first=Morgan | title=Schumer unveils bill to decriminalize marijuana | website=The Hill | date=June 28, 2018 | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/394562-schumer-unveils-bill-to-decriminalize-marijuana | access-date=April 19, 2019}}</ref> On January 9, 2019, H.R. 420 was introduced into the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]] by Representative [[Earl Blumenauer]] (D-Oregon), named the Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Act, which is designed to remove [[cannabis]] from the [[Controlled Substances Act]] and return regulation to the states.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tom Angell|title= New Congressional Marijuana Bill Is Actually Numbered H.R. 420|work=Marijuana Moment |via=Forbes|date= January 9, 2019|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2019/01/09/new-congressional-marijuana-bill-is-actually-numbered-h-r-420}}</ref>

The State of Colorado auctioned off several cannabis-themed personalized license plates in 2021, with the bidding to be closed on April 20 (4/20). The highest bid shortly before the auction closed was over $6,500 for "ISIT420".<ref>{{citation|title=Colorado to auction off cannabis-themed license plates|publisher=Associated Press|date=April 13, 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/colorado-auction-marijuana-theme-license-plates-e2e2661f06b68efb877ef0820c807d54}}</ref>

Following the success of Washington, D.C.'s [[2014 Washington, D.C. Initiative 71|Initiative 71]] to legalize cannabis in 2014, Mayor [[Muriel Bowser]] granted [[Vehicle registration plates of Washington, D.C.|license plate]] number 420 to the campaign's leader, [[Adam Eidinger]].<ref>{{cite news|title=D.C. mayor offers pot activist Tag 420 for his efforts|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/03/13/d-c-mayor-offers-special-420-license-plate-to-pot-activist/|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>

===Literature===
Several [[List of books about cannabis|books about cannabis]] have "420" in the title, including the [[cannabis cookbook]]s ''The 420 Cannabis Cookbook'', published by [[Simon & Schuster]],<ref>{{cite web|website=Stylecaster|publisher=[[SHE Media]]|title=The Best 4/20 Cookbooks for When You Have a Case of the Munchies|author=Maggie GRISWOLD |date=April 14, 2020 |url=https://stylecaster.com/best-4-20-cookbooks/}}</ref> and ''The 420 Gourmet'' published in 2016 by [[HarperCollins]].<ref>{{citation|website =spy.com|publisher=[[Penske Media]]|title=Celebrate the High Holy Day With These Celebrated Marijuana Cookbooks |author=Naima Karp |author2=Destynee Powell |date=November 8, 2018|url=https://spy.com/articles/hacks/kitchen/420-friendly-cookbooks-cannabis-snoop-dogg-140841/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|title=Cookbooks Previews: June 2016|author=Jonathan Segura | date=May 17, 2016|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/cooking/article/70403-cookbooks-previews-june-2016.html}}</ref>

===Commerce===
Some American restaurants offer [[Cannabis in the restaurant industry#April 20 ("420") promotions|"420" themed promotions]] to coincide with April 20.

[[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] CEO [[Elon Musk]] tweeted in 2018 about taking his company private at $420 a share. Musk testified during the trial that any associations with cannabis were coincidental.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Kari |last2=McCormick |first2=Erin |date=2023-02-03 |title=Jury sides with Elon Musk over 2018 tweets claiming he would take Tesla private |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/03/elon-musk-tesla-investors-lawsuit-twitter |access-date=2023-02-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anon |date=28 January 2023 |title=The world this week |newspaper=The Economist |pages=10}}</ref> Musk purchased Twitter in 2022 at $54.20 per share, acknowledging the reference to marijuana culture and because his girlfriend thought it was funny.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hu |first1=Krystal |last2=Sen |first2=Anirban |date=2022-04-26 |title=From weed joke to agreed deal: Inside Musk's $44 bln Twitter buyout |language=en-GB |work=Reuters |url=
https://www.reuters.com/business/weed-joke-agreed-deal-inside-musks-44-bln-twitter-buyout-2022-04-26 |access-date=2024-04-15 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cannabis|Holidays}}
* [[420 (Family Guy)|"420" (2009 ''Family Guy'' episode)]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[List of multinational festivals and holidays]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|420}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hager |first1=Steven |title=The History of 420, in Three Acts |journal=Freedom Leaf |date=April 2015 |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=32–37+ |url=http://online.fliphtml5.com/wixy/kqlu/#p=32}}

{{Cannabis events}}
{{Cannabis}}
{{U.S. Holidays}}
{{drug use}}

{{authority control}}
[[Category:1971 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1971]]
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis events]]
[[Category:Counterculture]]
[[Category:Counterculture of the 1970s]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]

Time in a Bottle

2024-10-24T05:03:23Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* In popular culture */

{{short description|1973 single by Jim Croce}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Time in a Bottle
| cover = Time in a Bottle.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Jim Croce]]
| album = [[You Don't Mess Around with Jim]]
| B-side = Hard Time Losin' Man
| released = November 1973
| recorded = January–March 1972
| studio =
| venue =
| genre =
* [[Psychedelic folk]]<ref name="Breihan 2019">{{cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=May 1, 2019 |title=The Number Ones: Jim Croce's "Time in a Bottle"|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2041844/the-number-ones-jim-croces-time-in-a-bottle/columns/the-number-ones/|accessdate=January 25, 2023 |website=[[Stereogum]]}}</ref>
| length = 2:29
| label = [[ABC Records|ABC]]
| writer = Jim Croce
| producer = [[Terry Cashman]], [[Tommy West (producer)|Tommy West]]
| prev_title = [[I Got a Name (song)|I Got a Name]]
| prev_year = 1973
| next_title = [[It Doesn't Have to Be That Way]]
| next_year = 1973
}}

"'''Time in a Bottle'''" is a song by singer-songwriter [[Jim Croce]]. He wrote the lyrics after his wife Ingrid told him she was pregnant in December 1970.<ref>Hyatt, Wesley. ''The Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits'', Billboard Books, 1999, p. 132.</ref> It appeared on Croce's 1972 [[ABC Records|ABC]] debut album ''[[You Don't Mess Around with Jim]]'' and was featured in the 1973 [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] made-for-television movie ''[[She Lives!]]'' After he was killed in a plane crash in September 1973, the song was aired frequently on radio, and demand for a single release built. The single of "Time in a Bottle" became Croce's second, and final track to reach number one in the United States.<ref>Whitburn, Joel. ''The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits'', 7th edition, Billboard Books, 2000, p. 159.</ref>

==Production and arrangement==
The arrangement features a [[harpsichord]] that producer Tommy West discovered had been left in the mixing studio.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eskow |first=Gary |url=http://www.mixonline.com/news/profiles/classic-tracks-jim-croces-time-bottle/366137 |title=Classic Tracks: Jim Croce's "Time in a Bottle" |work=Mix (magazine) |date=November 2009 |access-date=April 26, 2015}}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[Cash Box]]'' magazine called the song "a sweet, tender [[Sentimental ballad|ballad]] filled with Croce’s magical vocal touch".<ref>{{cite news|title=CashBox Record Reviews|date=November 17, 1973|page=20|accessdate=2021-12-11|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1973/Cash-Box-1973-11-17.pdf|newspaper=Cash Box}}</ref> ''[[Record World]]'' called it "an instant classic and an extremely moving record."<ref name=rw>{{cite magazine|magazine=Record World|date=November 17, 1973|accessdate=2023-03-20|title=Hits of the Week|page=1|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/73/RW-1973-11-17.pdf}}</ref>

"Time in a Bottle" was the third posthumous ''Billboard'' number-one hit after "[[Sittin' on the Dock of the Bay]]" by [[Otis Redding]] and "[[Me and Bobby McGee]]" by [[Janis Joplin]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8463015/artists-who-hit-no-1-hot-100-posthumously-xxxtentacion|title=Artists Who Hit No. 1 On The Hot 100 Posthumously: XXXTentacion & More|magazine=Billboard|date=June 27, 2018|accessdate=May 23, 2021|first=Xander|last=Zellner}}</ref>

After the single finished its two-week run at the top of the charts in early January 1974, the album ''You Don't Mess Around with Jim'' became No. 1 for five weeks.<ref>Whitburn, Joel. ''The Billboard Book of Top Pop Albums 1955–1985'', Record Research Inc., 1985, p. 88, 505.</ref>

In 1977, ''Time in a Bottle'' was chosen as the title of a [[Time in a Bottle: Jim Croce's Greatest Love Songs|compilation album]] of Croce's love songs.

==Track listing==
'''7" single (ABC-11405)'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Jim-Croce-Time-In-A-Bottle-Hard-Time-Losin-Man/master/282793|title=Jim Croce – Time in a Bottle|year=1973 |publisher=discogs|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>
# "Time in a Bottle" – 2:24
# "Hard Time Losin' Man" – 2:23

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1973–1974)
!Peak position
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Easy Listening<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicvf.com/song.php?id=21616|title=Time in a Bottle (song by Jim Croce) ••• Music VF, US & UK hits charts|website=musicvf.com|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|U.S. ''Cash Box'' Top 100
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|Australian Top 100 Singles{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
| style="text-align:center;"|60
|-
|Canadian ''RPM'' Top Singles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4970a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=lj8rd15qpcmqn9eqpupr7ao955|title=Top Singles – Volume 20, No. 23, January 19 1974|website=collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021084016/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4970a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=lj8rd15qpcmqn9eqpupr7ao955|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|Canadian ''RPM'' Adult Contemporary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4967&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=lj8rd15qpcmqn9eqpupr7ao955|title=Adult Contemporary – Volume 20, No. 23, January 19 1974|website=collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021084111/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4967&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=lj8rd15qpcmqn9eqpupr7ao955|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1974)
!Rank
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1974|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
| style="text-align:center;"|24
|-
|U.S. ''Cash Box'' Top 100<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213200726/http://cashboxmagazine.com/archives/70s_files/1974YESP.html|title=Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1974|archive-date=December 13, 2010|website=www.cashboxmagazine.com}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|36
|-
|Canadian RPM Top Singles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3893a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=f97bvp4ofoo3nqov669qmibn30|title=The RPM Year-End Charts: 1974|website=collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603150921/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3893a&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=f97bvp4ofoo3nqov669qmibn30|archive-date=3 June 2016}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|39
|}

===All-time charts===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Chart (1958–2018)
! Position
|-
|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|592
|}
{{col-end}}

== Certifications ==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|artist=Jim Croce|title=Time in a Bottle
|type=single|award=Gold|relyear=1973|certyear=1973|access-date=August 15, 2024}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true}}

==In popular culture==
*The song was performed on a 1977 episode of ''[[The Muppet Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmji.com/onair/don-action-jackson-257/jim-croce-hits-number-1-with-10681201/ |title=Jim Croce hits Number 1 with 'Time in a Bottle' |publisher = [[WMJI]] |first=Don |last=Jackson | date=January 9, 2013 |access-date=June 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915105628/https://wmji.iheart.com/onair/don-action-jackson-257/jim-croce-hits-number-1-with-10681201/|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref>
* The song was used in television commercials for [[Mateus (wine)|Mateus wine]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOoSAQAAMAAJ&q=time+in+a+bottle|title=Marketing & Media Decisions|date=April 30, 1983|publisher=Decisions Publications|access-date=April 30, 2018|via=Google Books | quote= Mateus highlights "Time in a Bottle" campaign on spot tv. Thirty- second spots created by Shaller Rubin & Winer link Mateus with romance and intimacy to the tune of Jim Croce's love ballad, "Time ... }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SA5VAAAAMAAJ&q=time+in+a+bottle|title=Art Direction|date=April 30, 1984|publisher=Advertising Trade Publications.|access-date=April 30, 2018|via=Google Books | quote= Last year's Mateus ad centered around Jim Croce's "Time in a Bottle," and the current spot continues on a similar note with its "Spend the good times with Mateus" ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2k4sAQAAMAAJ&q=time+in+a+bottle|title=Beverage World|date=April 30, 1985|publisher=Keller Publishing Corporation|access-date=April 30, 2018|via=Google Books | quote=The major advertislng support for Mateus during the past growth year was the 'Time in a Bottle" television spot, with its message. "Spend the Good Times with Mateus." }}</ref>
*The song was sung by Leslie Chow ([[Ken Jeong]]) and Alan Garner ([[Zach Galifianakis]]) in an elevator in ''[[The Hangover Part II]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-05-26/movie-review-hangover-part-ii |title=MOVIE REVIEW: The Hangover Part II |work=SanDiego.com |first=Josh | last=Board | date=May 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112110059/http://www.sandiego.com/articles/2011-05-26/movie-review-hangover-part-ii |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref>
*The song was featured in ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]'' in a slow-motion sequence showcasing the character [[Peter Maximoff]]/[[Quicksilver (comics)|Quicksilver]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/How-Did-They-Film-Quicksilver-Amazing-X-Men-Days-Future-Past-Scene-43157.html |title=How Did They Film Quicksilver's Amazing X-Men: Days Of Future Past Scene? |work=Cinema Blend |first=Sean |last=O'Connell | date=May 23, 2014 |access-date=June 17, 2014}}</ref>
*In 2016, Apple released an iPhone 6s commercial called "Timer" which played some of "Time in a Bottle"; the commercial also features ''[[Sesame Street]]''{{'}}s [[Cookie Monster]] interacting with [[Siri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Apple enlists help of Cookie Monster to highlight 'Hey Siri' in new iPhone 6s ad|url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/16/03/16/apple-enlists-help-of-cookie-monster-to-highlight-hey-siri-in-new-iphone-6s-ad|website=Apple Insider|access-date=March 16, 2016}}</ref>
*The song was covered by ''[[Yungblud]]'' and was featured in ''[[Hobbs & Shaw]]'' in the opening sequence.
*A version of the song by Rob Lane and Julia Church was featured in Season 2 of the television series ''[[A Discovery of Witches (TV series)|A Discovery of Witches]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.songfacts.com/lyrics/jim-croce/time-in-a-bottle Lyrics of this song]
* {{YouTube|9h1davKgBYM|Jim Croce - Time in a Bottle}}

{{Jim Croce}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 songs]]
[[Category:1973 singles]]
[[Category:Jim Croce songs]]
[[Category:Lena Horne songs]]
[[Category:Glen Campbell songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Cashbox number-one singles]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs released posthumously]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jim Croce]]
[[Category:Songs about death]]
[[Category:ABC Records singles]]
[[Category:Folk ballads]]

Pálinka

2024-10-22T01:20:45Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Similar products */ revise

{{short description|Central European alcohol}}
[[Image:Sopron barack 07.JPG|thumb|150px|A glass of apricot pálinka]]

'''Pálinka''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈpaːliŋkɒ|-|Hu-pálinka.ogg}}) is a traditional fruit spirit (or [[fruit brandy]]) with origins in the medieval [[Hungary]], known under several names. Protected as a [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|geographical indication]] of the [[European Union]], only fruit spirits mashed, distilled, matured and bottled in Hungary and similar [[apricot]] spirits from four provinces of [[Austria]] can be called "''pálinka''", while ''"Tótpálinka"'' refers to wheat-derived beverages. [[Törkölypálinka]], a different product in the legal sense, is a similarly protected [[pomace]] spirit that is commonly included with pálinka. While pálinka may be made of any locally grown fruit, the most common ones are plums, apricots, apples, pears, and cherries.<ref>{{citation |title=E.U. regulations of spirit drinks, 110/2008, M(b) |year=2008 |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R0110:EN:NOT}}</ref>

A similar product exists in the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] where it is known as [[pálenka]], and in [[Romania]] ([[History of Transylvania|Transylvania]]), [[Italy]], and [[Greece]] under the name ''palincă''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/geographical-indications-register/|title = EAmbrosia}}</ref><ref>https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/geographical-indications-register/includes/showSpecification.cfm?attachmentId=55652 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> In Turkey it is known as [[Boğma]].

==Etymology==
[[File:Palincă.jpg|thumb|Romanian palincă from [[Maramureș]]]]
The words ''pálinka'' (in Hungarian), ''pálenka'' (Czech and Slovak), and ''pălincă'' (Romanian) derive from the Slavonic [[word stem|stem]] ''paliti'', "to burn, to distill".<ref name="Miklosich1886">{{cite book|author=Franz Miklosich|title=Etymologisches wörterbuch der slavischen sprachen|url=https://archive.org/details/etymologischesw00miklgoog|year=1886|publisher=W. Braumüller|page=[https://archive.org/details/etymologischesw00miklgoog/page/n250 235]}}</ref> In Hungarian, the word ''Tótpálinka'' (literally 'Slavic pálinka') was used to refer to alcoholic drinks derived from wheat.<ref>{{cite web|title=apalinkatortenete|trans-title=The history of pálinka|publisher=Palinka Oldal|url=http://www.palinkaoldal.hu/eng/apalinkatortenete.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105093100/http://www.palinkaoldal.hu/eng/apalinkatortenete.php|archive-date=2010-11-05}}</ref>

The Hungarian name {{lang|hu|stampedli}} derives from German {{lang|de|stamperl}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=stampedli {{!}} Magyar etimológiai szótár {{!}} Kézikönyvtár |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyar-etimologiai-szotar-F14D3/s-F3B58/stampedli-F3D07/ |website=www.arcanum.com}}</ref>

==Legal definitions==
The production of Hungarian pálinka is regulated by local law LXXIII of 2008, often referred to as "pálinka law", which is based on the regulation of generic fruit spirits of the European Union. An alcoholic beverage may be called pálinka if:

# it is fermented exclusively from fruit (excluding concentrates and dried fruits) grown in Hungary, and free of additional ingredients;
# it is grown, distilled and bottled in Hungary; and
# it is not rectified higher than 86% and is bottled with at least 37.5% [[ABV]].

While pálinka is traditionally made from a mash of ripe fruit, the law does not control the addition of non-concentrated fruit juice, and explicitly allows the use of fruit pulp. Dried fruits are excluded from the mash only, and may be used in the aging process.<ref>[http://www.vm.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=2537&articleID=13398&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 Law LXXIII of 2008 in Hungarian] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805211501/http://www.vm.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=2537&articleID=13398&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 |date=2012-08-05 }}</ref>

As a consequence of this regulation, a whole family of popular Hungarian products were rebranded as ''szeszes ital'' ([[distilled beverage|spirit]] drinks). Traditional pálinkas mixed with honey were also rebranded as ''szeszes ital'' (or [[liqueur]] if the sugar content exceeded the required limit), even if there were no unorthodox steps in the process of distillation. Most of the brands re-categorized as spirit drinks, however, are cheap mixtures of flavorings, water, and [[rectified spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://index.hu/bulvar/kommers/|title=A Nagy Kommersztesz|publisher=Index.hu|year=2002}} Hungarian 2002 article reviewing low-shelf spirit drinks, including two brands of „pálinka” made of rectified spirit and artificial flavourings.</ref>

In 2004, the European Union accepted pálinka as a Hungarian speciality, and hence its production is limited to Hungary and four provinces of Austria for pálinka made from apricots. This caused some confusion in neighbouring countries, as some claimed that producers of fruit spirits would have to pay a royalty to Hungary.<ref>Cazacu, Sorin, "The Battle for Palinka", in EU Observer, Transitions Online (03/04/2003)</ref> This is, however, not the case. It is the brand "pálinka" that is protected by Hungarian and EU law, hence producers outside of Hungary are not allowed to use the brand "pálinka" for their products, but they are free to produce fruit spirits and sell them under different names. This is in spite of the drink being historically distilled in most of the former [[Kingdom of Hungary]], much of which falls outside present-day Hungary.

In Austria, four provinces are allowed to label local apricot spirits as ''Barack Palinka'' (transliteration of Hungarian ''barackpálinka''): [[Burgenland]], [[Lower Austria]], [[Styria]], and [[Vienna]]. Unlike Hungarian pálinka, its Austrian counterpart may not be made with [[column still]]s, and in order to achieve a full character, careful slow distillation is required by law.<ref name=CAA>[http://portal.wko.at/wk/dok_detail_file.wk?AngID=1&DocID=1264577&DstID=323&StID=533567 Codex Alimentarius Austriacus B 23 - Spirituosen]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Geographical protection===
Pálinka as a geographical indication (in other terms, a [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected designation of origin .28PDO.29|product with protected designation of origin]] or PDO) has been officially registered in the [[European Union]] since 2004.

While pálinka has PDO on its own, some regions of Hungary are especially suitable for the production of certain fruits, and pálinka of excellent quality has been produced in those regions for centuries. These local variations are protected as separate geographical indications and have their own well-detailed regulations. In order to use these protected names on the label, strict geographical and technical requirements must be met. A product not meeting the special requirements of ''gönci barackpálinka'' (apricot pálinka of Gönc) for example, cannot be labeled as such, not even if it is otherwise a legitimate apricot pálinka from [[Gönc]]. In Hungary, only these local variations are referred to as pálinka with protected designations of origin.

===The eight palinkas with local PDO===
Pálinkas with [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union#Protected designation of origin .28PDO.29|PDO]] include ''szatmári szilvapálinka'' ([[plum]] pálinka of [[Szatmár]]), ''kecskeméti barackpálinka'' ([[apricot]] pálinka of [[Kecskemét]]), ''szabolcsi almapálinka'' ([[apple]] pálinka of [[Szabolcs County|Szabolcs]]), ''békési szilvapálinka'' ([[plum]] pálinka of [[Békés County|Békés]]), ''gönci barackpálinka'' ([[apricot]] pálinka of [[Gönc]]), ''újfehértói meggypálinka'' ([[sour cherry]] pálinka of [[Újfehértó]]), ''göcseji körtepálinka'' ([[pear]] pálinka of [[Göcsej]]), and ''pannonhalmi törkölypálinka'' ([[pomace]] pálinka of [[Pannonhalma]]).

== History ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2013}}
The first records of the Hungarian spirit date back to the fourteenth century (1332); called ''Aqua vitae reginae Hungariae''. This spirit was probably a spirit blended with rosemary, and had its use in medicine, as both the king and the queen suffered from [[arthritis]].
[[File:Butella (1).JPG|thumb|Hungarian pálinka bottle]]
In the 19th century, breweries and pálinka distilleries operated in tandem. Comenius described the equipment used to make pálinka in ''Orbis sensualium pictus'' ("The World in Pictures"), his famous book written for children in the Hungarian town of Sárospatak. Distilling itself was the right of landowners, and laws were introduced to prevent peasants from making pálinka at home. The use of wheat was banned, and distillation was forbidden on religious holidays. Despite this, the church still oversaw alcohol production. Records show that Cistercian monks in Heves County were brewing beer and distilling pálinka in 1715. The role of Jewish lenders and businessmen also grew with the production of alcohol, and Saint Michael was designated patron saint of distilling. Textbooks and publications also began to appear on the subject around this time.

The larger-scale production of distillates, pálinka and liqueurs from 1799 resulted in guidelines being drawn up for distillation, and the priority rights granted to landowners were made law. It was not long before a pálinka tax was introduced, and by 1850 distillation was a state monopoly. In 1920, there were 260 pálinka distilleries in Hungary, a figure that grew to 1,070 in 1970 before falling back down to 815 in 1982. In the meantime, various laws were introduced to restrict production, including prohibition during the short-lived [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] in 1919 and the splitting of production 50-50 with the state from 1952 to 1970.

Illegal home distilling became popular in the 18th century when peasant breweries were shut down. The practice was fuelled by the desire to make use of fruit that had fallen from the tree and could not be eaten, coupled with the knowledge that making pálinka at home was much less expensive. Because the end product was often inferior, it was reserved for personal use and only offered to friends and guests.

The word pálinka became widespread in Hungary in the 17th century, but it still referred to distillates made from grain. The meaning was later transferred to fruit spirits while wheat distillates were referred to as ''crematura''. Distillation became a privilege of the landlords, which led to the proliferation of home stills. Law forbade the use of bread-stuffs for distillation, hence the use of fruits. Private distilleries and factories started to appear towards the end of the eighteenth century, which led to legislation and to the introduction of a pálinka tax.

== Varieties ==
A popular saying in Hungary says: what can be used to prepare jam can also be used to produce pálinka. For a fruit to be suitable for jam production it has to contain some sugar. This saying suggests that pálinka can be made from a variety of fruit, and indeed it is made from most of the fruits available in Hungary.

The most common pálinkas are made from apricots, pears, and plums. Other fruits that are often used are sour cherries, apples, mulberries, and quince. Pálinka made from chestnuts or walnuts is also available.

* Kisüsti (literally 'small pot, cauldron') is a double-distilled pálinka made in a copper pot not exceeding a volume of 1000 litres.
* Érlelt ('aged') is a pálinka aged for at least three months in a wooden cask smaller than 1000 litres, or for at least six months in a wooden cask of 1000 litres or above.
* Ó ('old') is a pálinka aged for at least 12 months in a wooden cask smaller than 1000 litres, or for at least 24 months in a wooden cask of 1000 litres or above.
* Ágyas ('bedded') is a pálinka aged for at least three months together with fruit. The fruit can be of the same sort used to obtain the distillate or of another sort. To 100 liters of pálinka at least 10 kg of ripe or 5 kg of dried fruit must be added.
* [[Törkölypálinka|Törköly]] (Pomace pálinka, also Törkölypálinka) is a pálinka made from grape [[pomace]]. One of the oldest types of pálinka, it helps digestion and is usually consumed in small quantities after meals.<ref>[http://www.vm.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=2537&articleID=13398&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 Act 73/2008 about pálinka, törkölypálinka, and Pálinka National Council] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120805211501/http://www.vm.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=2537&articleID=13398&ctag=articlelist&iid=1 |date=2012-08-05 }}</ref> Very popular, typically drunk in wine-producing regions.
* Barack (pronounced "baratsk") is a type of pálinka made of [[apricot]]s. The word ''barack'' is a collective term for both apricot (in Hungarian ''sárgabarack'', lit. "yellow-peach") and [[peach]] (in Hungarian ''őszibarack'', lit. "autumn-peach").

== Consumption ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2009}}
[[File:Cognac glass - tulip shaped.JPG|thumb|150px|A [[tulip glass]]]]
Pálinka should be served at {{convert|18|–|23|C|F}} because it is at this temperature that the fine smell and taste of the fruit can be best enjoyed. If served too cold, the smell and the taste will be difficult to appreciate.

The form of the glass used to drink pálinka affects the drinking experience. The ideal glass is wide at the bottom and narrow at the rim, that is, tulip-shaped. The relatively narrow neck of the glass concentrates the "[[Wine tasting#Connoisseur wine tasting|nose]]" released from the larger surface at the bottom of the glass, magnifying the smell of drink.

== Production ==

===Modern production===
Modern commercial production occurs in [[Hungary]] and parts of [[Austria]]. It is commonly made from the fermentation of [[plum]]s, but other fruits used include [[apricot]]s, [[apple]]s, [[pear]]s, [[peach]]es, and [[cherry|cherries]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Lucy | last=Mallow | title=Transylvania | pages=90–91 | publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |date=October 2008 | isbn=978-1-84162-230-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ryan | first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jca_nfnrDIC&pg=PA190 | title=Frommer's Budapest & the Best of Hungary | publisher=Frommer's | year=2010 |page= 190| isbn=9780470665886 }}</ref> The traditional double distillation process results in a strong alcohol content of 40 to 70 percent [[ABV]].<ref>{{cite journal | first1=N. | last1=Muica | first2=D. | last2=Turnock | title=The potential for traditional food and drink products in Eastern Europe: Fruit processing — especially brandy ("tuica") distilling—in Romania | journal=GeoJournal | volume=38 | number=2 | pages=197–206 |doi=10.1007/BF00186670| s2cid=153366394 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Quality and Safety Analysis for some Traditional Homemade Fruit Distillates from Transylvania (North West Romania) | first1=Teodora | last1= Rusu | first2=Carmen |last2=Sociaciu | first3=Carmen | last3=Parau | first4=Augustin | last4=Mocan | journal=Bulletin UASVM Agriculture| volume=67 | number=2 | year=2010}}</ref>

===Commercial production===
Commercially available pálinka is always distilled in one of the registered [[distillery|distilleries]].

The quality of pálinka is largely influenced by the quality of the fruit used, hence the distiller has to choose good quality fruit with a rich taste.

The first step in the production process is the preparation of the fruit mash. The stony seed is removed from the fruits that have such (e.g., cherry, apricot, plum) in order to prevent the [[cyanide]] contained in these seeds from ending up in the distillate. Some fruits (e.g., apple, pear, quince) are ground in order to make the mash soft.

The second step in the production process is [[fermentation]]. Some fruits, like quince, require an additive to start the fermentation process (e.g., citric acid). The fermentation is carried out in an anaerobic environment. The ideal temperature for the fermentation process is between {{convert|14|-|16|C|F}}, and the process takes between 10 and 15 days.

The third step in the production process is [[distillation]]. There are two types of distillation processes used: in a pot still or in a column still. Distillation in a pot still is considered to be the traditional way of distillation (''kisüsti'' pálinka refers to a pálinka distilled in a pot still no bigger than 1000 litres). Pálinka distilled in a pot still is always double distilled. In the first step, the alcohol is extracted from the fermented mash; the result is called ''alszesz'' (low alcohol). In the second step, the taste of the fruit is extracted from the fermented mash. The second distillation has the biggest influence on the quality of the pálinka and thus requires special skills. During the second distillation one distinguishes between ''előpárlat'' (foreshots), ''középpárlat'' (middle cut) and ''utópárlat'' (feints). The ''előpárlat'' is not used, even though much of the taste is contained in this cut. The ''középpárlat'' is the one that gives the body of the distillate.

Distillation in a [[column still]] involves a single distillation. The process is faster and cheaper than distillation in a [[pot still]], and hence the resulting pálinka is cheaper.

The last step in the process is [[aging]]. Pálinka can be aged in wooden casks (made of, e.g., [[mulberry]] wood) or in tanks made of metal. Not all varieties of pálinka can be aged in wooden casks because the wood can cancel the fruity taste of the drink.

===Non-commercial production===
In Hungary, one can ferment a batch of fruit [[mashing|mash]] at home, then take the fermented mash to a [[distiller]], who can then legally [[distill]] the mash to the desired strength. Legislation legalized small home distillers in 2010.<ref name="The Budapest Report">{{cite news|url = http://www.budapestreport.com/2010/08/05/hungarian-moonshine/ |title=Hungarian moonshine |publisher=The Budapest Report |access-date=2010-08-05}}</ref>

The most alcoholic pálinkas are (informally) referred to as ''kerítésszaggató'' in Hungarian, which literally means "fence-ripper" (referring to a drunkard's loss of balance) or "guggolós" ("squatter"), referring to the action required while walking near the windows of the houses of non-professional distillers to avoid getting invited (again) to taste their home-made pálinka. These potent, homemade, ''házi'' (home-made) pálinkas are commercially available in small portions and are very common in the countryside.

==Similar products==
* [[Pálenka]], Czech and Slovak fruit spirit similar to pálinka
* [[Rakia]], fruit brandy common throughout Southeastern Europe
* [[Slivovitz]], popular plum brandy
* [[Țuică]], Romanian plum spirit

==See also==
* [[National symbols of Hungary]]
{{portal bar|Liquor|Drink}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Farnadi, Éva (ed.): Hagyományok, ízek, régiók, Alföldi Nyomda, 2000 ({{ISBN|9632129539}})

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101105093100/http://www.palinkaoldal.hu/eng/apalinkatortenete.php The History of Pálinka] A site dedicated for the beverage (in English)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060116030934/http://palinka.lap.hu/ palinka.lap.hu] A site with a collection of links about Pálinka
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091121064152/http://www.vendegvaro.hu/Eredetvedett-palinkak-leirasa A description of the palinka with protected designation of origin (in Hungarian)]

{{Alcoholic beverages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palinka}}
[[Category:Fruit brandies]]
[[Category:Hungarian spirits]]

Pálenka

2024-10-22T01:18:41Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* See also */ revise

{{Short description|Czech and Slovak distilled alcohol, especially fruit brandy}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2009}}

In the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], '''pálenka''' is any kind of [[distilled beverage]] but especially [[fruit brandy]]. The term is often used generically for all kinds of liquors, including [[vodka]], [[gin]] and [[borovička]].<ref>{{cite web|title=palenka- English Translation|url=http://en.bab.la/dictionary/czech-english/palenka|accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> The word derives from the Slavic verb *''paliti'' ({{lang-cz|pálit}}, {{lang-sk|páliť}}) 'to burn; to distill'.

Similar products exist in [[Hungary]] under the name [[pálinka]] and in [[Romania]] under the name [[palincă]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emen|first=Jake|date=2015-08-27|title=Brandy: A Beginner's Guide|url=https://www.eater.com/drinks/2015/8/27/9210409/brandy-a-beginners-guide|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Eater|language=en}}</ref> The product is also often compared to [[Rakia]], a spirit found throughout much of the [[Balkans]].

Most traditional types of pálenka in Moravia and Slovakia are [[slivovica]] (plum spirit), ražná (grain spirit), [[borovička]] (a special kind of liquor distilled from the berries of [[Juniperus communis]]), hruškovica (pear spirit), jablkovica (apple spirit). Popular are also čerešňovica (cherry spirit) and marhuľovica (apricot spirit). Very distinctive among pálenkas are the ones distilled from fermented forest berries, including raspberries, blueberries, wild black thorn (planá trnka) and cranberries. Drienkovica (a spirit distilled from [[Cornelian cherry|Cornelian cherries]] ([[Cornus mas]]) was popularized by the former Slovak president [[Rudolf Schuster]].

Less common now but historically popular distillates include jeřabinka (made from [[Rowan]] berries) and {{Interlanguage link multi|kontušovka|cs}} (made from vodka, and flavoured with star anise and other spices, and sweetened with honey). The latter was quite popular prior to the First World War, and features prominently in the works of [[Jaroslav Hašek]], [[Petr Bezruč]] and [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref>[http://czechabsinthe.wordpress.com/2007/11/27/lada-hasek-and-kontusovka/ Lada, Hašek and Kontušovka]</ref>

It was the title of a 2014 award-winning novel by Matěj Hořava, about a Czech-speaking minority community in a village in Romania in [[Banat]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hořava|first=Matěj|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/900560395|title=Pálenka : prózy z Banátu|date=2014|isbn=978-80-7491-404-1|edition=První vydání|location=Brno|oclc=900560395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Ilustrace knihy Pálenka (Prózy z Banátu)|url=https://is.muni.cz/th/sfevd/?kod=C4720;lang=en;id=271163|publisher=Masaryk University, Faculty of Education|date=2018|first=Zuzana|last=Vývodová}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hořava|first=Matěj|others=Translated by Andrew Oakland|title=Distilled Spirits and Other Stories from the Banat - Asymptote|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/nonfiction/matej-horava-distilled-spirits-and-other-stories-from-the-banat/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=Asymptote Journal|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pálinka]], Hungarian fruit spirit similar to pálenka
* [[Rakia]], fruit brandy common throughout Southeastern Europe
* [[Slivovitz]], popular plum brandy
* [[Țuică]], Romanian plum spirit

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Alcoholic beverages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palenka}}
[[Category:Fruit brandies]]
[[Category:Czech distilled drinks]]

The Herculoids

2024-10-21T03:12:02Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Legacy */ +wl

{{short description|Animated television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Herculoid logo.jpg
| caption = Title card
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| producer = [[William Hanna]] [[Joseph Barbera]]
| runtime = 22 min. – two 11-min. segments (1967–1969) 6-min. segments of ''[[Space Stars]]'' (1981–1982)
| creator = [[Alex Toth]]
| director = [[William Hanna]] [[Joseph Barbera]]
| voices = [[Mike Road]] [[Virginia Gregg]] [[Teddy Eccles]] [[Don Messick]]
| company = [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]]
| country = United States
| composer = [[Ted Nichols]]
| network = [[CBS]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1968|1|6}}
| num_episodes = 18 (36 segments, 1967–1969) 11 (1981–1982)
| related = ''[[Space Stars]]''
}}
'''''The Herculoids''''' is an American [[Saturday-morning cartoon|Saturday-morning animated-cartoon television series]], created and designed by [[Alex Toth]], that was produced by [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]]. The show debuted on September 9, 1967, on [[CBS]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.toonopedia.com/hercloid.htm|title= The Herculoids|first= Don|last= Markstein|year= 2007|publisher= [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120630115522/http://www.toonopedia.com/hercloid.htm|archive-date= June 30, 2012|url-status= live|quote= Like the majority of Hanna-Barbera's late '60s adventure characters... The Herculoids were created by designer Alex Toth.}}</ref> Hanna-Barbera produced one season for the original airing of the show, although the original 18 episodes were rerun during the 1968–69 television season, with ''The Herculoids'' ending its run on September 6, 1969.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=407–408}}</ref> Eleven new episodes were produced in 1981 as part of the ''[[Space Stars]]'' show.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=771–772}}</ref> The plotlines are rooted in [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]].

==Plot==
On the planet Amzot (renamed Quasar in the revival), the space barbarian family Zandor, Tara, and son Dorno fight alongside their giant pets—laser dragon Zok, space rhinoceros Tundro, rock ape Igoo, and the shape-shifting duo Gloop and Gleep—to keep their planet safe from invaders. The Herculoids pets understood human speech and often displayed various emotions.<ref name=Perlmutter>{{cite book |last1=Perlmutter |first1=David |title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538103739 |page=279}}</ref> The Herculoids team battled against an endless stream of villains: invading robots, mad scientists, and mutants, including "the Faceless People, Destroyer Ants, Raider Apes, Mutoids, Arnoids, Zorbots, the Mekkano mechanical men and the Ogs, a strange form of vegetable life."<ref name=Woolery>{{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981 |date=1983 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1557-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/138/mode/2up |access-date=14 March 2020 |pages=139–140}}</ref>

==Characters==
There are eight regular characters who make up the Herculoids:

===The Herculoids===

====Humans====
The three humans were the only ones who could communicate in English.
* Zandor (voiced by [[Mike Road]]) – The protector of Amzot/Quasar, and leader of The Herculoids.
* Tara (voiced by [[Virginia Gregg]]) – Zandor's wife.
* Dorno (voiced by [[Ted Eccles]] in the original series, [[Sparky Marcus]] in 1981) – Son of Zandor and Tara. Despite being their son, he still refers to them by their first names, rather than "Mother" and "Father". However, this changed in the 1980s revival of the series.

====Creatures====
The five creature characters of ''The Herculoids'' are:
* Zok (voiced by Mike Road) – A bat-winged laser dragon. He can emit [[laser]] beams from his eyes and tail. His eyes also produce a "nega-beam" that can neutralize certain energy attacks. Zok can survive in [[Outer space|space]] unaided, is capable of [[interstellar travel]], and can also breathe fire.
* Igoo (voiced by Mike Road) – A rock [[ape]]. An extremely large and powerful simian, he has extremely dense, rocklike skin and is nearly invulnerable to harm. In one episode, Igoo wades through a pond of molten [[lava]]. Igoo has a kind and gentle temperament, except when his loved ones or home are threatened, and displays great fondness of and devotion to Tara in particular.
* Tundro (voiced by Mike Road) – A ten-legged, four-horned [[rhinoceros]]/''[[Triceratops]]'' hybrid. He can shoot [[explosive]] energy rocks from his [[cannon]]-horn (Zandor, Tara and Dorno also occasionally shoot similar rocks with slingshots). His natural armor plating is exceptionally strong, similar to Igoo's rock skin. His legs have the ability to extend to a remarkable length, somewhat like [[stilts]]. He can also spin his head at blinding speed, allowing him to drill through solid rock, and has the ability to make magnificent leaps.
* Gloop and Gleep (both voiced by [[Don Messick]]) – Two [[protoplasm]]ic creatures. They are able to absorb and deflect energy blasts and laser beams, often placing themselves between attackers and other Herculoids to act as shields. They also possess the ability to shape-shift which they have used in numerous ways, including transforming into cushions, trampolines, or parachutes to break falls; stretching themselves between tree limbs or rocks to act as slingshots; and binding an attacker's limbs to restrain them, or, alternatively, encircling their entire body to squeeze and render them unconscious. They can also momentarily divide their body mass into separate portions under their full control when necessary until they quickly reunite. Gloop is the larger of the two and Gleep is the smaller.

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', [[CBS]]' head of daytime programming, [[Fred Silverman]], commissioned [[Hanna-Barbera]] to develop three new action-adventure series in the same vein for the [[1967–68 United States network television schedule (daytime)|1967–68 fall schedule]] consisting of ''The Herculoids'', ''[[Shazzan]]'', and ''[[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor]]''.<ref name="ArtofHB">{{cite book |title=The Art of Hanna-Barbera: Fifty Years of Creativity |date=October 30, 1989 |last=Sennett|first=Ted|publisher=Studio |pages=|isbn=978-0670829781}}</ref>

==Legacy==
After its initial run, ''The Herculoids'' was featured in several [[Anthology series|anthology]] [[wheel series]] produced by Hanna-Barbera including ''[[Hanna–Barbera's World of Super Adventure]]'', ''[[Space Stars]]'' (for which 11 additional episodes were created), ''[[List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network#Former programming blocks|Power Zone]]'' on [[Cartoon Network]], and both the Cartoon Network and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] incarnations of ''Super Adventures''. The series has also influenced other artists across various media.

Award-winning video game designer [[David Crane (programmer)|David Crane]] has stated that he enjoyed the series as a child and that the character of Blobert from the ''[[A Boy and His Blob]]'' franchise was directly inspired by Gloop and Gleep.<ref name="crane">{{cite web|author=G4 staff|date=April 10, 2009|title=David Crane Interview Part 2: ''Pitfall'' and ''A Boy and His Blob'' in High Definition|url=http://g4tv.com/videos/37663/David-Crane-Interview-Part-2-Pitfall-and-A-Boy-and-His-Blob/|format=Flash video|publisher=[[G4 (U.S. TV channel)|G4]]|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Jamaican-American DJ [[DJ Kool Herc]] at one time employed a backing band which also drew its name from the show, fictionalized versions of which appear in the [[Netflix]] period series ''[[The Get Down]]''.

===Cameos===
Roughly contemporaneous to their own series premiere, the Herculoids made a crossover appearance in an episode of ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', "The Molten Monsters of Moltar" (sources are unclear and/or inconsistent as to exact airdates). In the "Council of Doom" story arc, [[Space Ghost]], while battling the combined might of all of his enemies, meets a number of Hanna-Barbera heroes just as they were debuting in their own respective series. Along with the Herculoids were [[Shazzan]], Moby Dick and the Mighty Mightor, the last two [[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor|sharing one series]].

Several episodes of ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]'' mention or show the Herculoids. In "Lawsuit", Space Ghost mentions the Herculoids' planet. In the episode "Sequel", he goes to their planet and refers to it as a "rotten [[hippie]] monster commune" after they demand he leaves while pelting him with stones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequel|url=http://www.snard.com/sg/guide/?ep=72&fmt=0|via=snard.com|publisher=Mike Shawaluk|website=Ghost Planet Central: Space Ghost Coast to Coast Episode Guide|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

Gloop is featured prominently and is mentioned by name in the ''[[Sealab 2021]]'' episode "[[List of Sealab 2021 episodes#Hail Squishface|Hail, Squishface]]".

Gloop and Gleep make several guest appearances on ''[[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]]'' as well. They make cameo appearances in the episodes "Mindless" and "Juror in Court". Zok makes an appearance in "Peanut Puberty" ([[Phil Ken Sebben]] throws a graph chart at him). In the episode "Beyond the Valley of the Dinosaurs", Tundro fires his energy rocks at Phil Ken Sebben, who forgot to close the [[hot tub]] time portal to prehistoric times. In "Evolutionary War", Tara appears on the evolution chart—in between [[Fred Flintstone]] and [[Race Bannon]].

''The Herculoids'' is mentioned in an episode of ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'', where an old "fan letter" of Dr. Venture to the show is discovered. Upon reading, the letter is revealed to be more akin to [[hate mail]]; young Rusty Venture called the Herculoids hippies for not fighting in Vietnam.

Tundro and Gloop appear in "[[8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter]]", a fourth-season episode of ''[[Family Guy]]''. In the scene, Gloop fails to get a babysitting job from Lois. In protest, Tundro shows up and fires his energy rocks at Lois. Gloop and Gleep appeared in a cameo as captured prisoners of a hostile alien race in the ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' episode "Mis-Placed in Space".

[[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred Jones]], [[Daphne Blake]] and [[Velma Dinkley]] disguise themselves as Zandor, Tara and Igoo at one point in the film ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon]]''.

Igoo, Gloop and Gleep make cameo appearances in ''[[Space Jam: A New Legacy]]''. They are among the Warner Bros. 3000 Server-Verse inhabitants that watch the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad.

Igoo appeared in the [[HBO Max]] series ''[[Jellystone!]]'' episode "Jelly Wrestle Rumble" as a wrestler. Zandor and Gleep appeared in the season 2 episode "Bleep!". Gleep is portrayed as a female in a TV show where she is seen being hugged by Zandor. As for Gloop, he appears in "Heroes and Capes" as an enormous creature from the sewers.

The Herculoids appear in issue #50 of the comic book ''[[New Mutants]]'' when [[Professor X]] is searching for [[Magik (Illyana Rasputina)|Magik]] on a planet in the [[Shi'ar]] galaxy.

==Episodes==
===Original series===
Each show featured two Herculoids episodes.

{{Episode table |background=#0000A0 |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1a
| Title = The Pirates
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| ShortSummary = After killing two creatures with a treasure chest, pirates bury it on Amzot. When the Herculoids approach, Dorno is captured and held hostage.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1b
| Title = Sarko the Arkman
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| ShortSummary = Sarko (pronounced Arko in this episode) captures Igoo for unknown reasons, attacks Zandor with sleeping gas, and captures Dorno and Tundro as well.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2a
| Title = The Pod Creatures
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|16}}
| ShortSummary = An alien spacecraft hovers over Amzot, dropping mechanical pods onto the planet. Meanwhile, Dorno, Igoo and Gleep, on a mission to get firewood, see the robotic pod creatures as the pods open up and start attacking the trio.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2b
| Title = Mekkor
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|16}}
| ShortSummary = A group of powerful robots, led by a larger robot, attack the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3a
| Title = The Beaked People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|23}}
| ShortSummary = Krokar, leader of the Beaked People, stages an invasion on the Winged Monkeys, purposely letting one escape so he can capture Zandor and rule Amzot. '''Note:''' This was the only episode in the 1967 version where Dorno refers to Zandor and Tara as Dad and Mom; even in this episode Dorno reverts to calling Zandor by his name. In the 1981 revival series, Dorno refers to Zandor and Tara as Father and Mother.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3b
| Title = The Raiders
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|23}}
| ShortSummary = Sta-Lak (then unnamed) flew over Amzot; upon seeing Zandor and Zok, Sta-Lak turned his ship invisible to avoid detection, with the intent of taking Tara prisoner.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4a
| Title = The Mole Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|30}}
| ShortSummary = After being woken up by a bird, Zandor investigates Marcon and the Mole Men's plans to invade the surface world, saving a condemned prisoner in the process. Meanwhile, other Mole Men are attacking the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4b
| Title = The Lost Dorgyte
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|30}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor rescues a young boy from a vulture; the Herculoids then take the boy back to his heavily-shadowed home because he cannot live in sunlight. The insect-looking creatures attack the Herculoids on their way out.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5a
| Title = The Spider Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|7}}
| ShortSummary = A group of spider-like creatures kidnap Dorno, then try doing the same with Tara. Gloop saves her while Gleep blows a horn beckoning the Herculoids to action. Zandor briefly frees Dorno with his shield but is soon captured with Dorno. After a stalemate, Zandor calls the Herculoids to action for one concentrated attack. '''Note:''' this was the first time that the Herculoids were referred to by name within the episode.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5b
| Title = The Android People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|7}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor was captured by Gorvac, leader of the Android People, and created a giant evil clone of Zandor with plans to create an army of Zandor clones.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6a
| Title = Defeat of Ogron
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|14}}
| ShortSummary = Andropon and his robots invade Amzot, where the Herculoids easily defeat them. After Andropon continuously threatens to build replacement robot armies (and Zandor continuously vows to defeat said armies), Andropon pits his top warrior Ogron against Zandor and Zok.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6b
| Title = Prisoners of the Bubblemen
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|14}}
| ShortSummary = Brotak and his Bubblemen kidnap Zandor and Tara for the purpose of using them as scientific experiments.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7a
| Title = Mekkano, the Machine Master
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|21}}
| ShortSummary = Trained machines break Mekkano out of an intergalactic prison, where he vows to destroy the ones who put him in prison: Zandor and the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7b
| Title = Tiny World of Terror
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|21}}
| ShortSummary = Torrak shrinks the Herculoids down to microscopic size for the purpose of destroying them with his super-powered microorganisms and then enslaving the galaxy.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8a
| Title = The Gladiators of Kyanite
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|28}}
| ShortSummary = After destroying the last wild creature of Kyanite, Neron and his gladiators capture Tundro. Zandor and Zok, followed by the rest of the Herculoids, arrive at the arena to rescue Tundro and fight the gladiators.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8b
| Title = Temple of Trax
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|28}}
| ShortSummary = The unnamed high priest of Trax kidnaps Tara in order to use her as a sacrifice for the idol Trax, cutting off the Herculoids in their rescue attempt. Can Zandor and Zok, who are miles away, get to Trax in time?
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9a
| Title = The Time Creatures
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|4}}
| ShortSummary = Oton, leader of the Time Creatures, has determined that in order to rule Amzot in the future, he has to change its past, starting with destroying the Herculoids and altering time in his favor.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9b
| Title = The Raider Apes
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|4}}
| ShortSummary = Gotron and his Raider Apes burn a village in search of gold. The Herculoids come to the villagers' aid.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10a
| Title = The Zorbots
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|11}}
| ShortSummary = A terrible windstorm is raging on Amzot. However, Zandor notices that winds on the left side of a canyon are aiming right, while winds travel in the opposite direction on the right side. Zandor and the Herculoids investigate, and discover Konar is destroying Amzot's atmosphere to replace it with his own. Konar sends his henchmen, who are either killed or injured by the Herculoids. As Zandor confronts Konar, Konar brings out the giant Zorbots to take on the Herculoids. Zandor chooses to surrender in order to destroy the wind machine from within and, when successful, battle the Zorbots.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10b
| Title = Invasion of the Electrode Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|11}}
| ShortSummary = Volton and his Electrode Men fly into a volcanic crater, setting up a dome headquarters to take over Amzot. The Herculoids are easily defeating them until Volton takes Tara and Dorno prisoner. Zandor and the Herculoids have to wait until nightfall, when the Electrode Men's power is weakened.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11a
| Title = Destroyer Ants
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|18}}
| ShortSummary = A lightning storm causes a nest of giant ant eggs to hatch. The giant ants cause havoc and destruction and Zandor and the Herculoids must put an end to them.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11b
| Title = Swamp Monster
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|18}}
| ShortSummary = A hideous monster emerges from a swamp and goes on a rampage, destroying anything it comes in contact with by its radioactive touch. It eventually traps Dorno and Gleep in a cave, and it is up to Zandor and the rest of the Herculoids to rescue them and defeat the creature.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12a
| Title = Mission of the Amatons
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|25}}
| ShortSummary = Amak and the Amatons come to the planet and place control collars on some animals. When their efforts to enslave the Herculoids fail, Amak tries to kill them. Gloop and Gleep save the day by turning Amak's stun turret on him, causing his ship to crash.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12b
| Title = Queen Skorra
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|25}}
| ShortSummary = Queen Skorra unleashes a mud/lava creature which they eventually defeat, but Skorra plans to force them into exile by sending her drones to capture Gleep, Gloop, Tara, and Dorno. They defend themselves long enough for Zandor and the others to return and drive off the drones. Skorra launches a mega-shield missile and closes the mega-circle to destroy everyone, but Tundro creates a smokescreen while the others make a tunnel to escape and then send Skorra running.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13a
| Title = Laser Lancers
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|2}}
| ShortSummary = The story starts with Zandor knocked out by the Laser Lancers and the Herculoids coming to the rescue. Magoth and the Lancers send a new wave of attackers which the Herculoids repel, but it is a ploy to take Dorno and Tara hostage. With Gleep's help, they seal off the tunnel the Lancers used to sneak up and repel them once and for all.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13b
| Title = Attack of the Faceless People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|2}}
| ShortSummary = The princess Serena of the Sun People arrives on Amzot, being pursued by Darkon of the Faceless People. Darkon wants Serena so he can control her people. The Herculoids successfully drive him off, but not before he captures Tara. Zandor agrees to a trade but substitutes a berobed Gleep for Serena and they destroy Darkon's palace from the inside.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14a
| Title = The Mutoids
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|9}}
| ShortSummary = A ship crash-lands on Amzot with a sole occupant on board. Zandor offers assistance and the passenger turns out to be a Mutoid, a race who can change their appearance to anything. The Mutoids plan to use Amzot as a launching site for their missiles to fool their enemies. Can Zandor and the Herculoids stop them in time?
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14b
| Title = The Crystallites
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|9}}
| ShortSummary = A meteor crash-lands on Azmot and transforms into a giant crystalline object. Zandor investigates and is attacked by the Crystallites, while Tara and Dorno are captured in crystal cells. Zandor, Gloop, and Gleep steal uniforms sneak into the fortress and free Dorno and Tara. Gloop and Zok destroy Kryton's ship and he is defeated.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15a
| Title = Return of Sta-Lak
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|16}}
| ShortSummary = Sta-Lak returns to Amzot seeking vengeance and equipped with robot duplicates of Igoo, Zok, and Tundro. He captures Dorno, Tara and Zandor and the others are forced to go into his volcano lair. The robot duplicates prove no match to the originals, even though the robot Igoo can spin at high speeds and has multiple arms, and the robot Tundro can fly. Sta-Lak enters a bubble and flees into a volcanic lava hole.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15b
| Title = Revenge of the Pirates
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|16}}
| ShortSummary = The pirate captain and his crew from "The Pirates" return. Using an image transmitter, the captain immobilizes Zandor and the Herculoids and takes Dorno and Tara prisoner. Zok uses his neutralizing eye beams to free them, then Gloop finds the real Dorno and Tara from the transmitted images and the Herculoids launch a new assault. The captain tries to escape, but Gloop blocks his escape missile tube, causing the ship to explode.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16a
| Title = Ruler of the Reptons
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|23}}
| ShortSummary = Tara is captured by the Reptons, who place her in a mind control device to make her their evil queen. She orders her people to destroy Zandor and the Herculoids, who beat them and go to rescue Tara. The Reptons send the Destructo Bats after them, but they escape, recover Tara, free her from the machine's influence, and destroy the Reptons' underground lair.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16b
| Title = The Antidote
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|23}}
| ShortSummary = While investigating panic among the Monkey People, Zandor confronts a giant spider and is bitten and poisoned. Dorno must go to the six-legged mustachioed Spider People within the Endless Caves with the Herculoids to get the only known antidote. The Spider People capture Dorno to hold him hostage. The Herculoids eventually stage a rescue, get the antidote, and block the Spider People's caves to cover their escape.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17a
| Title = Attack from Space
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|30}}
| ShortSummary = Amzot is being bombarded by the planet Luvanuum. Zaygot and his henchmen are trying to destroy Azmot. The Herculoids travel to Luvanuum in a ship captured from Sarco. When they land, their ship is destroyed and they are attacked by winged sentries with deadly laser beams. The Herculoids destroy Zaygot's base and he escapes—they use Zaygot's ship to return to Amzot.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17b
| Title = The Return of Torrak
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|30}}
| ShortSummary = Torrak returns and sends out a giant fly to capture Tara. The Herculoids follow and discover that Torrak's warrior microorganisms are now larger and more formidable, but defeat them anyway.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18a
| Title = The Island of the Gravites
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1968|1|6}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor and Dorno rescue a man floating in the river who says he is from Gravite Island and tells them that a villain has taken over the island. The Herculoids go to investigate and are attacked by giant gravite creatures. The creatures are being created by Lotak, who wants the village because of its large deposits of gravite. Zok destroys the machine Lotak uses to make his creatures and Lotak is destroyed when his energy ray backfires.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18b
| Title = Malak and the Metal Apes
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1968|1|6}}
| ShortSummary = Malak sends his Metal Apes to attack the Sea People. Dorno is shot off of Zok by one of the creatures. Zandor and the Herculoids destroy the Metal Apes. A damaged Metal Ape returns to Malak's headquarters and is followed by the Herculoids. The Herculoids destroy the remaining Metal Apes and Zok causes a steel beam to fall on Malak and his assistant.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
}}

===''Space Stars'' revival===
{{Episode table |background=#500050 |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Ice Monster
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|12}}
| ShortSummary = Dorno is feeling depressed when Zandor treats him like a child because of his size and age. Meanwhile, an ancient indestructible robotic monster emerges from a block of ice.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The Purple Menace
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|19}}
| ShortSummary = Glowing purple rocks have brought to life purple vines which cause havoc.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Firebird
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|26}}
| ShortSummary = A volcano erupts, revealing a firebird who has taken up residency in the volcano's crater and threatens the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = The Energy Creature
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|3}}
| ShortSummary = A meteorite containing an energy creature lands on Quasar. When it imprisons creatures in its coils, it takes on their forms and properties also.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = The Snake Riders
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|10}}
| ShortSummary = Dorno and Gleep discover a plot by the Snake Riders to take over the planet. The Herculoids must stop their plans for planetary conquest.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = The Buccaneer
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|17}}
| ShortSummary = The Buccaneer and his band of pirates arrive on Quasar to look for buried treasure.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = The Thunderbolt
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|24}}
| ShortSummary = Saiju, a creature with a voracious appetite, comes upon some electrically-charged rocks and mutates into a living electrical monster after eating them. The Herculoids learn that the effects of those rocks are temporary and try to revert Saiju to normal.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Return of the Ancients
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|31}}
| ShortSummary = The descendants/survivors of a highly developed race that was wiped out on Quasar return to the planet after a 1,000-year absence, and they are ''not'' too happy to find out that their civilization is gone.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Space Trappers
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|7}}
| ShortSummary = Space Trappers arrive on Quasar and capture the Herculoids for their intergalactic circus.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = The Invisibles
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|14}}
| ShortSummary = A chunk of magnilite lands in the Lost Lake of Quasar. Before long, the Herculoids go up against enemies that they cannot see. Zandor soon learns from the Zelos King Zel that his son Eezo and his followers might be the culprits.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Mindbender
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|21}}
| ShortSummary = While playing, Dorno, Gloop, and Gleep discover and unearth a metal cylinder which contains a big-brained alien. When they release him, he reveals himself to be a member of a race that ruled Quasar thousands of years ago. The Herculoids try to recapture the Mindbender.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
}}

==Voices==
* [[Ted Eccles]] (originally), [[Sparky Marcus]] (in 1981) as Dorno
* [[Paul Frees]] as Sarko
* [[Virginia Gregg]] as Tara
* [[Don Messick]] as Gleep, Gloop
* [[Vic Perrin]] as Mekkor and the Captain of the Sky Pirates
* [[Mike Road]] as Zandor, Zok, Igoo, Tundro

==''The Herculoids'' in other languages==
* {{lang-fr|Les Défenseurs interplanétaires}}
* {{zh|宇宙泰山}} The show was introduced by ATV in Hong Kong as "宇宙泰山" in traditional Chinese or Cantonese, which stands for Tarzan in Space or Universe.
* {{lang-it|Gli Erculoidi}}
* {{lang-pt|Os Herculóides}}
* {{lang-es|Los Defensores Interplanetarios}} (The Interplanetary Defenders) or {{lang-es|Los Herculoides}} (The Herculoids)
* {{lang-hu|A Herkuloidák}}
* {{lang-ja|怪獣王ターガン}} ''Kaijû Ô Tâgan'' (Monster King Targan)
:*The characters' names in Japan were Targan (Zandor), Marmi (Tara), Kane (Dorno), Maryû (Zok), Rikira (Igoo), Tangurô (Tundro), Hyûhyû (Gloop) and Bôbô (Gleep).
* {{lang-cy|Sandor}}. The cartoon was dubbed into Welsh and transmitted during ''Yr Awr Fawr'' (The Big Hour) on Sunday mornings. Originally shown on [[BBC2 Wales]] and then [[BBC1 Wales]] in the late 1970s and 1980s, this was before the introduction of the [[Welsh-language]] channel [[S4C]] in 1982.

==Home media==
On June 14, 2011, [[Warner Archive Collection|Warner Archive]] released ''The Herculoids: The Complete Series'' on DVD in Region 1 as part of their [[Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection]]. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Herculoids - 'The Complete Series' DVDs: Packaging, Date, Cost and Extras|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Herculoids-The-Complete-Series/15371|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914223018/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Herculoids-The-Complete-Series/15371|archive-date=2011-09-14}}</ref>

On July 27, 2021, the complete series was released on Blu-ray. The Blu-ray includes the opening narration and the second-season alternate titles that were not released on the ''Complete Series'' DVD.

==In other media==

===Comic books===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width =

| image1 = Super tv heroes 1.jpg
| width1 = 120 | height1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = Herculoids.jpg
| width2 = 110 | height2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =

| image3 =
| width3 = 155 | height3 =
| alt3 =
| caption3 =

| footer = ''Super TV Heroes'' #1 (1968) and ''Cartoon Network Presents'' #17 (1999), featuring the Herculoids on their covers
}}

The Herculoids have appeared in various comic books through the years. They appear in issues #1–2 and 4–7 of the [[Gold Key Comics]] series ''Hanna-Barbera Super TV Heroes'' (1968–69). They appear in issue #3 of the [[Marvel Comics]] series ''TV Stars'' (1978). Between 1997 and 1999, they appear in issues #5, 9, 13 and 17 of the [[DC Comics]] series ''Cartoon Network Presents''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comics.org/character/name/Herculoids/sort/chrono/|title=Herculoids|format=characters search|work=[[Grand Comics Database]]|via=comics.org|date=May 18, 2016|access-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, the Herculoids play a major role in the DC Comics series ''[[Future Quest]]''. This series features characters from various Hanna-Barbera animated series such as ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]'', ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', ''[[Birdman and the Galaxy Trio]]'', ''[[Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles]]'', and ''[[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2016/05/18/future-quest|title=Future Quest|date=May 18, 2016|publisher=[[DC Comics]]|access-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref> They also featured in issues #9–11 of the spin-off title, ''[[Future Quest|Future Quest Presents]]'', in a story written by Rob Williams and illustrated by Aaron Lopresti.

In 2024, it was announced a Herculoids comic from [[Dynamite Entertainment]] is in the works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dynamite-herculoids-ben-10-captain-planet-dynomutt-blue-falcon/|title=Dynamite's Herculoids, Ben 10, Captain Planet, Dynomutt, Blue Falcon|date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Space Stars]]''
* [[List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions]]
* [[List of Hanna-Barbera characters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0061262}}
* [https://archive.today/20130117181727/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/G-J/The_Herculoids/ ''The Herculoids''] at the [[Big Cartoon DataBase]]
* [https://scoobydoocast.com/apnsd-episode-27-interview-with-aaron-lopresti Interview with ''Future Quest Presents'' artist, Aaron Lopresti], ''[http://www.scoobydoocast.com A Podcast Named Scooby-Doo!]'', October 2019

{{Hanna-Barbera Super Heroes}}
{{Children's programming on CBS in the 1960s}}
{{Children's programming on NBC in the 1980s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herculoids, The}}
[[Category:1960s American animated television series]]
[[Category:1980s American animated television series]]
[[Category:1967 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1967 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1969 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1981 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1981 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1982 American television series endings]]
[[Category:American children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated space adventure television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:Animated television series about dragons]]
[[Category:Animated television series about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Animated television series about families]]
[[Category:CBS original programming]]
[[Category:Characters created by Alex Toth]]
[[Category:DC Comics superheroes]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial superheroes]]
[[Category:Hanna-Barbera superheroes]]
[[Category:Television series by Hanna-Barbera]]
[[Category:Animated television series set on fictional planets]]
[[Category:CBS animated television series]]

Judy Harrow

2024-10-21T03:00:47Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Neopaganism */ revise

{{Short description|Author, counselor, lecturer, and Wiccan priestess}}
{{One source|date=December 2021}}
'''Judy Harrow''' (March 3, 1945 – March 20, 2014) was an author, counselor, lecturer, and [[Wicca]]n priestess.

Born Judith Harrow in [[the Bronx]], she lived most of her life in [[New York City]], only later moving to northern New Jersey.

== Education ==
Harrow graduated from [[Bronx High School of Science]] in 1962, earning a B.A. in American government from [[Western College for Women]] in 1966. She participated in the La Jolla program in group facilitation in 1977. Harrow graduated with honors from [[City College of New York]] Graduate School of Education with a M.S. in counseling in 1979.<ref name=Proteus>{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteuscoven.com/Biojh.htm|title=about Judy Harrow|website=www.proteuscoven.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Mainstream counseling work ==
Judy Harrow was a member of the [[Association for Humanistic Psychology]] and the [[American Counseling Association]] (ACA). Within the ACA, she was affiliated with the special interest divisions Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC), Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), and International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC). Harrow served as the President of New Jersey ASERVIC, and on the Book Review Board of the Family Journal, a publication of IAMFC.

Harrow served as a member of the National Advisory Board of the Consultation on Multifaith Education. She was also a member of the steering committee of the Interfaith Council of Greater New York. She managed the Council's email list and acted as their liaison with the United Religions Initiative. She served as the Council's Program Coordinator in 1996 and 1997.<ref name=Proteus />

The Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) division of ACA honored Harrow posthumously in 2015.<ref name="CHS-ACA-2015">{{cite web | title=American Counseling Association Honors Judy Harrow | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2015-03-14 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/newsroom/news-releases/american-counseling-association-honors-judy-harrow/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref>

== Neopaganism ==
Harrow began studying Witchcraft in 1976, and was initiated as a Priestess in September 1977. She founded the Inwood Study Group in June 1980. After Harrow received her third degree [[Gardnerian Wicca|Gardnerian]] initiation in November 1980, this group became Proteus Coven, which thereafter affiliated with [[Covenant of the Goddess]] in August 1981. She served as convening First Officer of Northeast Local Council of CoG in 1983, National First Officer of CoG in 1984, and Co-chair of CoG Grand Council in 1985. She has held various other positions on the CoG National and Local Boards of Directors, most recently National Public Information Officer from 1993-1995. In January 1985, Harrow became the first member of CoG to be legally registered as clergy in New York City, after a five-year effort requiring the assistance of the [[New York Civil Liberties Union]].

She founded the Pagan Pastoral Counseling Network in 1982, and served as the first editor of the Network's publication. She co-created a workshop series on Basic Counseling Skills for Coven Leaders, which has successfully run many times. This grew into a series of intensive workshops for Pagan elders on a range of topics. Harrow also founded the New York Area Coven Leaders' Peer Support Group. She served as Program Coordinator for the first Mid-Atlantic Pan Pagan Conference and Festival and for seven other Pagan gatherings.

Harrow was among the founding faculty of [[Cherry Hill Seminary]], serving as the Chair of the Pastoral Counseling Department.<ref name="CHS2014obit">{{cite web | title=Sad Farewell to CHS Teacher, Visionary, Friend | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2014-03-21 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/newsroom/lives-remembered-tributes/sad-farewell-chs-teacher-visionary-friend/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref> Cherry Hill Seminary named its library in honor of Harrow in June 2009.<ref name="CHS2009library">{{cite web | title=Cherry Hill Seminary Honors Judy Harrow by Library Naming | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2009-06-16 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/2009/06/16/cherry-hill-seminary-honors-judy-harrow-by-library-naming/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref>

For two years, Harrow produced ''Reconnections'', a weekly feature on the activities of religious progressives of all faiths, for [[WBAI]] radio in New York.

Harrow contributed two essays to ''Modern Rites of Passage'' (Book 2 in the "Witchcraft Today" anthology series), and one to the anthology ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft'', published in 1996 by SUNY Press. One of these essays has since been reprinted in ''The Paganism Reader'' (Routledge, 2004). She has also written for ''AHP Perspective'' (the Newsletter of the Association for Humanistic Psychology), ''Counseling and Values'' (the Journal of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling), ''Gnosis,'' and such small Pagan publications as ''Dayshift, Harvest,'' and the CoG Newsletter. Harrow was a regular contributor to ''PanGaia'', writing the "Mind and Magic" column.

In addition to her books ''Wicca Covens'' (1999) and ''Spiritual Mentoring'' (2002), Harrow edited (and contributed to) ''Devoted to You: Honoring Deity in Wiccan Practice'' (2003) and coordinated the 50th-anniversary reissue of ''[[Witchcraft Today]]'' by [[Gerald Gardner]] in 2004.

== Works ==
* 1999: ''Wicca Covens''. Citadel Press {{ISBN|0-8065-2035-3}}
* 2002: ''Spiritual Mentoring: A Pagan Guide''. ECW Press {{ISBN|1-55022-519-7}}
* 2003: ''Devoted to You: Honoring Deity in Wiccan Practice''. Citadel Press {{ISBN|0-8065-2392-1}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrow, Judy}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:American occultists]]
[[Category:American Wiccans]]
[[Category:People from the Bronx]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Wiccan priestesses]]
[[Category:Miami University alumni]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Wiccans of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]

Judy Harrow

2024-10-21T02:56:42Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Works */

{{Short description|Author, counselor, lecturer, and Wiccan priestess}}
{{One source|date=December 2021}}
'''Judy Harrow''' (March 3, 1945 – March 20, 2014) was an author, counselor, lecturer, and [[Wicca]]n priestess.

Born Judith Harrow in [[the Bronx]], she lived most of her life in [[New York City]], only later moving to northern New Jersey.

== Education ==
Harrow graduated from [[Bronx High School of Science]] in 1962, earning a B.A. in American government from [[Western College for Women]] in 1966. She participated in the La Jolla program in group facilitation in 1977. Harrow graduated with honors from [[City College of New York]] Graduate School of Education with a M.S. in counseling in 1979.<ref name=Proteus>{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteuscoven.com/Biojh.htm|title=about Judy Harrow|website=www.proteuscoven.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Mainstream counseling work ==
Judy Harrow was a member of the [[Association for Humanistic Psychology]] and the [[American Counseling Association]] (ACA). Within the ACA, she was affiliated with the special interest divisions Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC), Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), and International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC). Harrow served as the President of New Jersey ASERVIC, and on the Book Review Board of the Family Journal, a publication of IAMFC.

Harrow served as a member of the National Advisory Board of the Consultation on Multifaith Education. She was also a member of the steering committee of the Interfaith Council of Greater New York. She managed the Council's email list and acted as their liaison with the United Religions Initiative. She served as the Council's Program Coordinator in 1996 and 1997.<ref name=Proteus />

The Counselors for Social Justice (CSJ) division of ACA honored Harrow posthumously in 2015.<ref name="CHS-ACA-2015">{{cite web | title=American Counseling Association Honors Judy Harrow | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2015-03-14 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/newsroom/news-releases/american-counseling-association-honors-judy-harrow/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref>

== Neopaganism ==
Harrow began studying Witchcraft in 1976, and was initiated as a Priestess in September 1977. She founded the Inwood Study Group in June 1980. After Harrow received her third degree [[Gardnerian Wicca|Gardnerian]] initiation in November 1980, this group became Proteus Coven, which thereafter affiliated with [[Covenant of the Goddess]] in August 1981. She served as convening First Officer of Northeast Local Council of CoG in 1983, National First Officer of CoG in 1984, and Co-chair of CoG Grand Council in 1985. She has held various other positions on the CoG National and Local Boards of Directors, most recently National Public Information Officer from 1993-1995. In January 1985, Harrow became the first member of CoG to be legally registered as clergy in New York City, after a five-year effort requiring the assistance of the [[New York Civil Liberties Union]].

She founded the Pagan Pastoral Counseling Network in 1982, and served as the first editor of the Network's publication. She co-created a workshop series on Basic Counseling Skills for Coven Leaders, which has successfully run many times. This grew into a series of intensive workshops for Pagan elders on a range of topics. Harrow also founded the New York Area Coven Leaders' Peer Support Group. She served as Program Coordinator for the first Mid-Atlantic Pan Pagan Conference and Festival and for seven other Pagan gatherings.

Harrow was among the founding faculty of [[Cherry Hill Seminary]], serving as the Chair of the Pastoral Counseling Department.<ref name="CHS2014obit">{{cite web | title=Sad Farewell to CHS Teacher, Visionary, Friend | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2014-03-21 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/newsroom/lives-remembered-tributes/sad-farewell-chs-teacher-visionary-friend/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref> Cherry Hill Seminary named its library in honor of Harrow in June 2009.<ref name="CHS2009library">{{cite web | title=Cherry Hill Seminary Honors Judy Harrow by Library Naming | website=Cherry Hill Seminary | date=2009-06-16 | url=https://cherryhillseminary.org/2009/06/16/cherry-hill-seminary-honors-judy-harrow-by-library-naming/ | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref>

For two years, Harrow produced ''Reconnections'', a weekly feature on the activities of religious progressives of all faiths, for [[WBAI]] radio in New York.

Harrow contributed two essays to ''Modern Rites of Passage'' (Book 2 in the "Witchcraft Today" anthology series), and one to the anthology ''Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft'', published in 1996 by SUNY Press. One of these essays has since been reprinted in ''The Paganism Reader'' (Routledge, 2004). She has also written for ''AHP Perspective'' (the Newsletter of the Association for Humanistic Psychology), ''Counseling and Values'' (the Journal of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling), ''Gnosis,'' and such small Pagan publications as ''Dayshift, Harvest,'' and the CoG Newsletter. Harrow was a regular contributor to ''PanGaia'', writing the "Mind and Magic" column.

Her first book, ''Wicca Covens'', was published in 1999. Her second book, ''Spiritual Mentoring,'' was published in 2002. Harrow also edited (and contributed to) ''Devoted to You: Honoring Deity in Wiccan Practice,'' which was published in 2003, and coordinated the 50th-anniversary reissue of ''[[Witchcraft Today]]'' by [[Gerald Gardner]], published in 2004.

== Works ==
* 1999: ''Wicca Covens''. Citadel Press {{ISBN|0-8065-2035-3}}
* 2002: ''Spiritual Mentoring: A Pagan Guide''. ECW Press {{ISBN|1-55022-519-7}}
* 2003: ''Devoted to You: Honoring Deity in Wiccan Practice''. Citadel Press {{ISBN|0-8065-2392-1}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrow, Judy}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:American occultists]]
[[Category:American Wiccans]]
[[Category:People from the Bronx]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Wiccan priestesses]]
[[Category:Miami University alumni]]
[[Category:City College of New York alumni]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Wiccans of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]

Only Murders in the Building

2024-10-21T02:28:34Z

Hiplibrarianship: +wl

{{Short description|American mystery comedy-drama television series (2021–present)}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Only Murders logo.jpeg
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Comedy-drama]]
* [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]]
}}
| creator = [[Steve Martin]] & [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Steve Martin
* [[Martin Short]]
* [[Selena Gomez]]
* Aaron Dominguez
* [[Amy Ryan]]
* [[Cara Delevingne]]
* [[Adina Verson]]
* [[Michael Cyril Creighton]]

}}
| music = [[Siddhartha Khosla]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 38
| list_episodes = 
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dan Fogelman]]
* Jess Rosenthal
* [[Jamie Babbit]]
* Steve Martin
* Martin Short
* Selena Gomez
* John Hoffman
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Thembi Banks]]
* Jane Raab
* Nick Pavonetti
* Kristin Bernstein
* [[Madeleine George]]
* Sas Goldberg
* [[Tess Morris]]
* Jill Risk Wolfe
* Joshua Allen Griffith
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Chris Teague
* Dagmar Weaver-Madsen
* Kyle Wullschleger
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Julie Monroe]]
* JoAnne Yarrow
* Matthew Barbato
* David L. Bertman
* [[Shelly Westerman]]
* Peggy Tachdjian
* Payton Koch
}}
| runtime = 26–40 minutes
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rhode Island Ave. Productions]]
* [[Another Hoffman Story Productions]]
* [[40 Share Productions]]
* [[20th Television]]
}}
| network = [[Hulu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|8|31}}
| last_aired = {{End date|present}}
}}

'''''Only Murders in the Building''''', often abbreviated as '''''OMITB''''', is an American [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[comedy-drama]] television series created by [[Steve Martin]] and [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]]. The main plot focuses on a trio of strangers (played by Steve Martin, [[Martin Short]], and [[Selena Gomez]]), all with a shared interest in [[List of American crime podcasts|true crime podcasts]], who become friends while investigating a succession of suspicious murders in the Arconia, their affluent [[Upper West Side]] apartment building, and producing their own podcast about the cases, titled ''Only Murders in the Building''. Its four ten-episode seasons premiered on [[Hulu]] in August 2021, June 2022, August 2023, and August 2024. The series was renewed for a fifth season in September 2024.

The series has received critical acclaim since its debut, with reviewers highlighting its comedic approach to [[crime fiction]] as well as the cast performances. It has received nominations for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy]]. For their performances, Martin, Short, and Gomez have gained acting nominations at the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] and [[Golden Globe Awards]].

==Cast and characters==
===Main===

* [[Steve Martin]] as Charles-Haden Savage,<ref name="MainNames">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/only-murders-in-the-building-review/|title=Only Murders In the Building Is a Wry, Funny Take on True Crime Podcasts|website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]]|first=Josh|last=Bell|date=August 23, 2021|access-date=August 31, 2021|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028172235/https://www.cbr.com/only-murders-in-the-building-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> a misanthropic semi-retired actor who was the star of the popular 1990s crime drama, ''Brazzos'', and later, as a result of the podcast, its 2020s revival
** Matthew Lamb as young Charles (season 2)
* [[Martin Short]] as Oliver Putnam,<ref name="MainNames"/> an ambitious but financially struggling [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] director who spawns the idea of the podcast and becomes its director
** Samuel Farnsworth as young Oliver (season 2)
* [[Selena Gomez]] as Mabel Mora,<ref name="MainNames"/> a young artist living alone in her aunt's unit who was part of a quartet that solved pretend mysteries throughout her childhood and teenage years, which included her best friend Tim Kono, the first season's murder victim
** Madeleine Valencia (season 1) and Caroline Valencia (season 2) as young Mabel
* Aaron Dominguez as Oscar Torres (season 1), a friend of Mabel and Tim who was wrongfully convicted of the murder of their friend Zoe ten years earlier, has recently been released from prison, and dates Mabel for a while
* [[Amy Ryan]] as Jan Bellows (season 1; recurring season 2; guest season 4), a professional [[bassoon]]ist who begins dating Charles, and later his stunt double Sazz
* [[Cara Delevingne]] as Alice Banks (season 2),<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Canfield |first=David |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Inside the Mysterious, Meta New Season of 'Only Murders in the Building' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/05/awards-insider-only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-first-look |access-date=June 19, 2022 |magazine=Vanity Fair |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506071254/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/05/awards-insider-only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-first-look |url-status=live }}</ref> an artist and briefly Mabel's love interest.
* [[Adina Verson]] as Poppy White (season 2; guest season 1),{{efn|Verson is credited as starring for the final episode of season 2, after being credited as recurring in all her previous appearances.}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bucksbaum |first=Sydney |date=August 23, 2022 |title=''Only Murders in the Building'' season 2 killer reveals costars didn't know secret twist while filming |url=https://ew.com/tv/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-killer-finale/ |access-date=August 30, 2022 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006010222/https://ew.com/tv/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-killer-finale/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cinda's ambitious but abused assistant. She later reveals her true identity as Becky Butler, the subject of the ''All Is Not OK in Oklahoma'' crime podcast
* [[Michael Cyril Creighton]] as Howard Morris (season 3–present;<ref name="MichaelCCpromoted"/> recurring seasons 1–2), a cat-loving resident of the Arconia whose cat died the same night as Tim Kono. He becomes Oliver's assistant in season 3 for his play and becomes more invested in helping with the podcast during season 4.

===Special guest===
* [[Paul Rudd]]{{efn|name=S3SG|Rudd and Streep, when they appear, are credited as special guest stars during the opening credits in seasons 3 & 4 alongside the main cast.}} as:
** Ben Glenroy (season 3; guest season 2), a Hollywood actor who is murdered on the opening night of his first Broadway play<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/paul-rudd-only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-1235347859/y |title=Paul Rudd Cast in 'Only Murders in the Building' Season 3 |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=August 23, 2022 |website=Variety |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825142603/https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/paul-rudd-only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-1235347859/y |url-status=live}}</ref>
** Glen Stubbins (season 4), Ben Glenroy's Irish-born former stunt double.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2024 |title='Only Murders in the Building' EP Says Season 4's Doppelgänger Theme Opened the Door for Paul Rudd's Return: 'There's More to Come' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-paul-rudd-return/ |first=Lucas |last=Manfredi |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=TheWrap}}</ref>
* [[Meryl Streep]] as Loretta Durkin (season 3–present),{{efn|name=S3SG}} a struggling actress and Oliver's love interest, who stars in his Broadway play, and later its musical reinterpretation
* [[Zach Galifianakis]] (season 4)<ref name="ZachG"/>{{efn|name=S4SG}} as a fictionalized version of himself, portraying Oliver in the film adaptation of the podcast<ref name="tvline621"/>
* [[Eugene Levy]] (season 4)<ref name="EugeneL"/>{{efn|name=S4SG}} as a fictionalized version of himself, portraying Charles in the film adaptation of the podcast<ref name="tvline621"/>
* [[Eva Longoria]] (season 4)<ref name="EvaL"/>{{efn|name=S4SG|Galifianakis, Levy, and Longoria, when they appear, are credited as special guest stars during the opening credits in season 4 alongside the main cast, except for in the first episode of the season.}} as a fictionalized version of herself, portraying Mabel in the film adaptation of the podcast<ref name="tvline621">{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/casting-news/only-murders-in-the-building-levy-galifianakis-longoria-playing-charles-oliver-mabel-1235270027/|title=The ''Only Murders'' Trio Meet Their Movie Doppelgängers (!) in New Season 4 Photo|first=Matt Webb|last=Mitovich|work=TVLine|date=June 21, 2024|accessdate=June 21, 2024}}</ref>

===Recurring===

* [[Julian Cihi]] as Tim Kono (season 1), a resident of the Arconia who dies in the first episode. The mysterious circumstances surrounding his death spur Charles, Oliver, and Mabel to do their own investigation.
* [[Da'Vine Joy Randolph]] as Donna Williams, a detective who ends up becoming involved with each of the mysteries. She is introduced when she initially closes the Kono murder case but becomes interested again after her wife starts listening to the podcast.
* [[Tina Fey]] as Cinda Canning (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), the host of the true crime podcast ''All Is Not OK in Oklahoma'', a parody of [[Sarah Koenig]] and her true crime podcast ''[[Serial (podcast)|Serial]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/aug/31/only-murders-in-the-building-review-steve-martin-selena-gomez-martin-short|title=Only Murders in the Building review – Steve Martin's hit-and-miss whodunnit|website=[[The Guardian]]|first=Adrian|last=Horton|date=August 31, 2021|access-date=August 31, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116092444/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/aug/31/only-murders-in-the-building-review-steve-martin-selena-gomez-martin-short|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jackie Hoffman]] as Uma Heller, an ornery Arconia resident
* [[Jayne Houdyshell]] as Bunny Folger (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), the iron-fisted board president of the Arconia whose murder is investigated in the second season.
** Houdyshell also voices Mrs. Gambolini (season 2), Bunny's pet parrot
* [[Nathan Lane]] as Teddy Dimas (seasons 1–2), an old friend and patron of Oliver's family, who has ties to [[organized crime]] and agrees to sponsor the podcast.
* [[James Caverly]] as Theo Dimas (season 1; guest seasons 2–3), Teddy's son
* [[Ryan Broussard]] as Will Putnam (seasons 1–2; guest season 3), Oliver's son
* Teddy Coluca as Lester (seasons 1–2 & 4; guest season 3), the Arconia's doorman
* Vanessa Aspillaga as Ursula (seasons 1–2), the Arconia's [[Building management|building manager]]
* Russell G. Jones as Dr. Grover Stanley (seasons 1–2), a therapist who lives at the Arconia.
* [[Jaboukie Young-White]] as Sam, [[Daniel Oreskes]] as Marv, [[Ali Stroker]] as Paulette, and Orson Hong as Grant (seasons 1–2), enthusiastic fans of the ''Only Murders in the Building'' podcast.
* [[Zainab Jah]] as Ndidi Idoko (season 1), Tim Kono's next-door neighbor
* [[Maulik Pancholy]] as Arnav Kapoor (season 1), Charles' next-door neighbor
* Olivia Reis as Zoe Cassidy (season 1), a friend of Mabel, Tim, and Oscar who died ten years earlier after falling from the roof of the Arconia.
* [[Zoe Colletti]] as Lucy (season 2), the teenage daughter of Charles' ex-girlfriend, with whom Charles has a tenuous father–daughter relationship.
* [[Michael Rapaport]] as Detective Daniel Kreps (season 2), a police detective investigating Bunny's murder<ref name="MichaelR"/>
* [[Christine Ko]] as Nina Lin (season 2), Bunny's protégée and the Arconia's new board president
* Ariel Shafir as Ivan (season 2), a server at Bunny's regular diner
* [[Andrea Martin]] as Joy Payne (season 3; guest season 2), Charles' longtime makeup artist and love interest
* Jason Veasey as Jonathan Bridgecroft (season 3; guest season 2), Howard's neighbor and love interest, and an actor in Oliver's show
* [[Linda Emond]] as Donna DeMeo (season 3), a Broadway producer who funds Oliver's return to Broadway
* [[Ashley Park (actress)|Ashley Park]] as Kimber Min (season 3), a young actress and influencer who plays Ben's love interest in Oliver's show<ref name="AshleyP"/>
* [[Jeremy Shamos]] as Dickie Glenroy (season 3), Ben's adopted brother and manager<ref name="JeremyS, LindaE, and WesleyT"/>
* [[Wesley Taylor]] as Clifford "Cliff" DeMeo (season 3), Donna's clingy son who co-produces Oliver's play<ref>{{cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 3 Cast and Character Guide |url=https://www.thewrap.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-cast-characters/ |access-date=August 15, 2023 |website=TheWrap |date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919221017/https://www.thewrap.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-cast-characters/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jesse Williams (actor)|Jesse Williams]] as Tobert (season 3), a camera operator hired by Ben to make a documentary about his Broadway debut and briefly Mabel's love interest<ref name="JesseW"/>
* Don Darryl Rivera as Bobo Malone (season 3), an actor in Oliver's show
* Gerald Caesar as Ty Wessex (season 3), an actor in Oliver's show
* Allison Guinn as K. T. Knoblauer (season 3), the stage manager for Oliver's show
* Gerrard Lobo as Detective Biswas (season 3), a police detective investigating Ben's murder
* [[Jane Lynch]] as Sazz Pataki (season 4; guest seasons 1–3), Charles' stunt double, who dates everyone he dates after him, and whose popularity with their coworkers often surpasses his.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kang |first1=Esther |last2=Hardge |first2=Falen |date=May 10, 2024 |title=Jane Lynch Teases Only Murders in the Building's 4th Season After Her Character's Murder: 'I'm in It a Lot' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/jane-lynch-teases-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-after-characters-murder-exclusive-8646902 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105401/https://people.com/jane-lynch-teases-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-after-characters-murder-exclusive-8646902 |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |website=People}}</ref> She is shot dead by an unknown assailant at the end of the third season with a snipe ostensibly meant for Charles.
* [[Molly Shannon]]<ref name="MollyS"/> as Bev Melon (season 4), a producer at [[Paramount Studios]], intending to make a film adaptation from the podcast
* [[Catherine Cohen]]<ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH"/> as Trina Brothers (season 4), Tawny's twin sister and the co-director of the film adaptation of the podcast
* [[Jin Ha]]<ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH"/> as Marshall P. Pope (season 4), the screenwriter of the film adaptation of the podcast
* Siena Werber<ref name="DesminB, SienaW, and LilianR"/> as Tawny Brothers (season 4), Trina's twin sister and the co-director of the film adaptation of the podcast
* [[Desmin Borges]] as Alfonso (season 4),<ref name="DesminB, SienaW, and LilianR"/> the patriarch of a family living in the Archonia's west tower
* [[Richard Kind]] as Vince Fish (season 4),<ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH"/> a resident of the west tower who wears an eye patch
* [[Kumail Nanjiani]] as Rudy Thurber (season 4),<ref name="Kumail"/> a fitness influencer and resident of the west tower who decorates his apartment with [[Christmas]] decorations year-round as a result of a Christmas-centric video becoming a hit
* [[Daphne Rubin-Vega]] as Inez (season 4),<ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH"/> Alfonso's wife
* Lilian Rebelo as Ana (season 4),<ref name="DesminB, SienaW, and LilianR"/> Alfonso and Inez's daughter
* [[Melissa McCarthy]]<ref name="MM"/> as Doreen (season 4), Charles' sister who lives on [[Long Island]]<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The Roush Review – Only Murders in the Building|last=Roush|first=Matt|date=September 24, 2024|magazine=TV Guide|issue=#3766–3768|year=2024|orig-date=September 16 – October 6, 2024|volume=72|page=10}}</ref>

===Guest===
* [[Adriane Lenox]] (season 1) and Marie-Francoise Theodore (season 2) as Roberta Putnam, Oliver's ex-wife
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] as a fictionalized version of himself (season 1), an Arconia resident who was at odds with Tim Kono<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/only-murders-building-1235000775/|title=Hulu's 'Only Murders in the Building': TV Review|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Daniel|last=Fienberg|date=August 25, 2021|access-date=August 30, 2021|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005010620/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/only-murders-building-1235000775/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Roy Wood Jr.]] as Vaughn and Jacob Ming-Trent as Lucian (season 1), hosts of a horticulture podcast who give Charles and Oliver a ride
* [[Jimmy Fallon]] as himself (season 1)
* [[Mandy Gonzalez]] as Silvia Mora (season 1), Mabel's mother
* [[Amy Schumer]] as a fictionalized version of herself (season 2), who moves into Sting's former apartment and proposes a TV series to Oliver based on their podcast<ref name="ShirleyMandAmyS"/>
* Ben Livingston as Charles' late father (season 2)
* [[Shirley MacLaine]] as Rose Cooper (season 2), Charles' father's lover and painter pretending to be Bunny's mother, Leonora Folger<ref name="ShirleyMandAmyS"/>
* [[Mark Consuelos]] as Mabel's late father (season 2)
* [[Noma Dumezweni]] as Maxine Spear (season 3), a theater critic
* [[Adrian Martinez (actor)|Adrian Martinez]] as Gregg Rivera (season 3), an obsessed fan of Ben's
* [[Peter Bartlett (actor)|Peter Bartlett]] as Jerry Blau, a washed-up Broadway director and an old colleague of Oliver's (season 3)
* [[Matthew Broderick]] as a fictionalized version of himself (season 3), who is briefly cast in Oliver's show as Charles' replacement
* [[Mel Brooks]] as himself (season 3)
* [[Scott Bakula]] as himself (season 4)
* [[John McEnroe]] as himself (season 4)
* [[Griffin Dunne]] as Prof. Dudenoff (season 4)
* [[Jason Kravits]] as Big Mike, Doreen's husband (season 4)

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| released = y

| color1 = #A42C17
| link1 = #Season 1 (2021)
| episodes1 = 10
| start1 = {{Start date|2021|8|31}}
| end1 = {{End date|2021|10|19}}

| color2 = #C08D02
| link2 = #Season 2 (2022)
| episodes2 = 10
| start2 = {{Start date|2022|6|28}}
| end2 = {{End date|2022|8|23}}

| color3 = #12474D
| link3 = #Season 3 (2023)
| episodes3 = 10
| start3 = {{Start date|2023|8|8}}
| end3 = {{End date|2023|10|3}}

| color4 = #29AC71
| link4 = #Season 4 (2024)
| episodes4 = 10<ref name="Futon"/>
| start4 = {{Start date|2024|8|27}}
| end4 = {{End date|2024|10|29}}<ref name="Futon"/>
}}

===Season 1 (2021)===
{{Main|Only Murders in the Building season 1}}
{{:Only Murders in the Building season 1}}

===Season 2 (2022)===
{{Main|Only Murders in the Building season 2}}
{{:Only Murders in the Building season 2}}

===Season 3 (2023)===
{{Main|Only Murders in the Building season 3}}
{{:Only Murders in the Building season 3}}

===Season 4 (2024)===
{{Main|Only Murders in the Building season 4}}
{{:Only Murders in the Building season 4}}

==Production==
===Development===
[[Steve Martin]] conceived of the idea for ''Only Murders in the Building'' ten years before its premiere. His original idea involved three elderly men who discover that they are all obsessed with solving crimes, but are too old and tired to go outside, so they decide to solve crimes that are only in the building. The idea later developed with one of the old men changed to a younger woman.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBETl15xpzE|title=An Idea In My Head For 10 Years – Steve Martin On Making "Murders" With Martin Short & Selena Gomez|website=YouTube|publisher=The Late Show with Stephen Colbert|date=September 8, 2021|access-date=August 14, 2023|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814150219/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBETl15xpzE|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2020, it was announced that Martin and [[Martin Short]] would star in the then untitled [[Hulu]] series, created by Martin and [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]], with Martin, Short, and Hoffman as executive producers, alongside [[Dan Fogelman]], with [[20th Television]] serving as the studio;<ref name="announcement">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/steve-martin-martin-short-comedy-series-dan-fogelman-hulu-1202833557/|title=Steve Martin & Martin Short Comedy Series From Dan Fogelman Ordered By Hulu|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=January 17, 2020|access-date=December 7, 2020|archive-date=January 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102145624/https://deadline.com/2020/01/steve-martin-martin-short-comedy-series-dan-fogelman-hulu-1202833557/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Selena Gomez]] would then join as the series' third main lead. On September 14, 2021, Hulu renewed the series for a second season.<ref name="S2Renewal">{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2021/09/14/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-season-2-hulu/|title=''Only Murders in the Building'' Renewed for Season 2 at Hulu|first=Ryan|last=Schwartz|work=TVLine|date=September 14, 2021|access-date=September 14, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029101919/https://tvline.com/2021/09/14/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-season-2-hulu/|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 11, 2022, the series was renewed for a third season.<ref name="S3Renewal">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-third-season-hulu-1235061298/|title=''Only Murders In The Building'' Renewed For Third Season By Hulu|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=July 11, 2022|access-date=July 11, 2022|archive-date=July 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712011047/https://deadline.com/2022/07/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-third-season-hulu-1235061298/|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 3, 2023, it was renewed for a fourth season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-fourth-season-hulu-1235562065/|title='Only Murders In The Building' Renewed For Fourth Season By Hulu|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Lynette|last=Rice|date=October 3, 2023|access-date=October 3, 2023|archive-date=October 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011224957/https://deadline.com/2023/10/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-fourth-season-hulu-1235562065/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2024, it was renewed for a fifth season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-season-5-hulu-1236130197/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Renewed for Season 5 at Hulu|website=Variety|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=September 4, 2024|access-date=September 4, 2024}}</ref>

===Casting===
Alongside the initial announcement, it was announced Martin and Short would star in the series.<ref name="announcement"/> In August 2020, Gomez joined the cast and also serves as an executive producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/selena-gomez-steve-martin-martin-short-hulu-only-murders-in-the-building-1234728682/|title=Selena Gomez Joins Steve Martin, Martin Short in Hulu Comedy 'Only Murders in the Building'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=August 7, 2020|access-date=December 7, 2020|archive-date=October 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020211929/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/selena-gomez-steve-martin-martin-short-hulu-only-murders-in-the-building-1234728682/|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, Aaron Dominguez joined the cast in a series regular role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/aaron-dominguez-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-hulu-comedy-series-1234615746/|title=Aaron Dominguez Joins Hulu Comedy Series 'Only Murders In the Building'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=November 16, 2020|access-date=December 7, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128033339/https://deadline.com/2020/11/aaron-dominguez-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-hulu-comedy-series-1234615746/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Amy Ryan]] joined the cast in a series regular role<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/amy-ryan-hulu-comedy-series-only-murders-in-the-building-1234665876/|title=Amy Ryan Joins Hulu Comedy Series 'Only Murders In The Building'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=January 6, 2021|access-date=January 6, 2021|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119003024/https://deadline.com/2021/01/amy-ryan-hulu-comedy-series-only-murders-in-the-building-1234665876/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nathan Lane]] joined the cast in a recurring role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/nathan-lane-hulu-only-murders-in-the-building-hbo-the-gilded-age-recurring-1234671628/|title=Nathan Lane Joins Hulu's 'Only Murders In The Building' & HBO's 'The Gilded Age' As Recurring|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=January 13, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123153313/https://deadline.com/2021/01/nathan-lane-hulu-only-murders-in-the-building-hbo-the-gilded-age-recurring-1234671628/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2021, it was reported that [[Cara Delevingne]] joined the cast as a series regular for the second season.<ref name="CaraD">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/only-murders-in-the-building-cara-delevingne-cast-hulu-season-2-1234882987/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Cara Delevingne Boards Hulu Comedy Series For Season 2|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=December 1, 2021|access-date=December 1, 2021|archive-date=January 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105032938/https://deadline.com/2021/12/only-murders-in-the-building-cara-delevingne-cast-hulu-season-2-1234882987/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2022, Short announced that [[Shirley MacLaine]] and [[Amy Schumer]] were cast to guest star for the second season.<ref name="ShirleyMandAmyS">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/only-murders-in-the-building-martin-short-teases-season-2-castings-1234909233/|title=''Only Murders In The Building'': Martin Short Teases Season 2 Roles For Shirley MacLaine & Amy Schumer, The Return Of Nathan Lane's Teddy Dimas As He Lands First SAG Award Nom|first=Matt|last=Grobar|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=January 12, 2022|access-date=January 12, 2022|archive-date=January 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112194022/https://deadline.com/2022/01/only-murders-in-the-building-martin-short-teases-season-2-castings-1234909233/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, [[Michael Rapaport]] joined the cast in a recurring role for the second season.<ref name="MichaelR">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/only-murders-in-the-building-michael-rapaport-hulu-comedy-series-1234931986/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Michael Rapaport Joins Hulu Comedy Series|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=February 11, 2022|access-date=February 11, 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619142639/https://deadline.com/2022/02/only-murders-in-the-building-michael-rapaport-hulu-comedy-series-1234931986/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2022, it was announced that [[Paul Rudd]] had joined the cast for the third season, after appearing in a cameo at the end of the second season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=2022-08-23 |title=Paul Rudd Cast in 'Only Murders in the Building' Season 3 |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/paul-rudd-only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-1235347859/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2022, [[Jesse Williams (actor)|Jesse Williams]] was cast in a recurring capacity for the third season.<ref name="JesseW">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/only-murders-in-the-building-jesse-williams-selena-gomez-1235154560/|title=Jesse Williams To Join Season 3 Of 'Only Murders In The Building'|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|date=October 25, 2022|access-date=October 25, 2022}}</ref> In January 2023, [[Meryl Streep]] was cast in an undisclosed capacity for the third season.<ref name="MerylS">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/meryl-streep-only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-hulu-1235489810/|title=Meryl Streep Cast in 'Only Murders in the Building' Season 3|website=Variety|first=Selome|last=Hailu|date=January 17, 2023|access-date=January 17, 2023|language=en-US|archive-date=January 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117212824/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/meryl-streep-only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-hulu-1235489810/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2023, [[Ashley Park (actress)|Ashley Park]] joined the cast in a recurring role for the third season.<ref name="AshleyP">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-ashley-park-season-3-1235269049/|title='Only Murders In The Building' Adds 'Emily In Paris' Star Ashley Park To Season 3|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=February 23, 2023|access-date=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223221647/https://deadline.com/2023/02/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-ashley-park-season-3-1235269049/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, [[Jeremy Shamos]], [[Linda Emond]], [[Wesley Taylor]], Don Darryl Rivera, Allison Guinn, and Gerald Caesar were cast in recurring capacities for the third season.<ref name="JeremyS, LindaE, and WesleyT">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/only-murders-in-the-building-jeremy-shamos-linda-emond-wesley-taylor-recur-season-3-1235307065/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Jeremy Shamos, Linda Emond & Wesley Taylor To Recur In Season 3|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=March 22, 2023|access-date=March 22, 2023|archive-date=March 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322195950/https://deadline.com/2023/03/only-murders-in-the-building-jeremy-shamos-linda-emond-wesley-taylor-recur-season-3-1235307065/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DonDR, AllisonG, and GeraldC">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/only-murders-in-the-building-don-darryl-rivera-allison-guinn-gerald-caesar-season-3-cast-1235312565/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Don Darryl Rivera, Allison Guinn & Gerald Caesar To Recur In Season 3|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=March 29, 2023|access-date=March 29, 2023|archive-date=March 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329152140/https://deadline.com/2023/03/only-murders-in-the-building-don-darryl-rivera-allison-guinn-gerald-caesar-season-3-cast-1235312565/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, [[Michael Cyril Creighton]] was promoted to series regular for the third season.<ref name="MichaelCCpromoted">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/only-murders-in-the-building-michael-cyril-creighton-series-regular-season-3-1235332812/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Michael Cyril Creighton Upped To Series Regular For Season 3|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=April 20, 2023|access-date=April 20, 2023|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420192552/https://deadline.com/2023/04/only-murders-in-the-building-michael-cyril-creighton-series-regular-season-3-1235332812/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, [[Molly Shannon]], [[Eva Longoria]] and [[Eugene Levy]] joined the cast in undisclosed recurring roles for the fourth season.<ref name="MollyS">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/molly-shannon-cast-only-murders-season-4-1235825267/|title=Molly Shannon Joins 'Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 As Recurring|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=February 14, 2024|access-date=February 15, 2024|archive-date=February 15, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215011639/https://deadline.com/2024/02/molly-shannon-cast-only-murders-season-4-1235825267/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EvaL">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/eva-longoria-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-1235833682/|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|title=Eva Longoria Joins 'Only Murders in the Building's Season 4 Cast|date=February 22, 2024|access-date=February 22, 2024|archive-date=May 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105456/https://deadline.com/2024/02/eva-longoria-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-1235833682/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EugeneL">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/eugene-levy-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-1235839290/|title=Eugene Levy Joins 'Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 As Recurring|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=February 27, 2024|access-date=February 27, 2024|archive-date=February 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227184902/https://deadline.com/2024/02/eugene-levy-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-1235839290/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kumail Nanjiani]] and [[Zach Galifianakis]] were added in undisclosed recurring roles in March 2024.<ref name="Kumail">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-kumail-nanjiani-1235929357/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 Casts Kumail Nanjiani (Exclusive)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=March 4, 2024|access-date=March 4, 2024|archive-date=March 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304181623/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-kumail-nanjiani-1235929357/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ZachG">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/zach-galifianakis-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-recurring-1235852655/|title=Zach Galifianakis Joins 'Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 As Recurring|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=March 10, 2024|access-date=March 10, 2024|archive-date=March 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310224612/https://deadline.com/2024/03/zach-galifianakis-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-recurring-1235852655/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2024, [[Desmin Borges]], Siena Werber, Lilian Rebelo, [[Richard Kind]], [[Daphne Rubin-Vega]], [[Catherine Cohen]], and [[Jin Ha]] joined the cast in recurring capacities.<ref name="DesminB, SienaW, and LilianR">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-desmin-borges-season-4-1235876847/|title='Only Murders In The Building' Adds Desmin Borges, Siena Werber, Lilian Rebelo As Recurring|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=April 5, 2024|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=April 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408210724/https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-desmin-borges-season-4-1235876847/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-richard-kind-daphne-rubin-vega-catherine-cohen-jin-ha-season-4-1235879115/|title='Only Murders In The Building' Adds Richard Kind, Daphne Rubin-Vega, Catherine Cohen & Jin Ha To Season 4|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Rosy|last=Cordero|date=April 9, 2024|access-date=April 9, 2024|archive-date=April 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409173808/https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-richard-kind-daphne-rubin-vega-catherine-cohen-jin-ha-season-4-1235879115/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, it was revealed that [[Melissa McCarthy]] joined the cast.<ref name="MM">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1235916354/|title='Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 Gets Premiere Date & Trailer With Melissa McCarthy Joining Cast|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|date=May 14, 2024|access-date=May 14, 2024}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:Belnord NYC Jun 2022 05.jpg|thumb|220px|[[The Belnord]] on West 86th Street on the [[Upper West Side]] is used for exterior shots of the fictional Arconia apartment building.]]
[[Principal photography]] for the first season began on December 3, 2020, in [[New York City]],<ref>{{cite tweet|user=SteveMartinToGo|first=Steve|last=Martin|number=1334573852748378113|title=Today is the first day of filming our new TV show, 'Only Murders in the Building,' in Manhattan. Starring the incredible Selena Gomez and the just okay Martin Short.|date=December 3, 2020|access-date=December 7, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118200513/https://twitter.com/SteveMartinToGo/status/1334573852748378113|url-status=live}}</ref> and concluded in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Steve [@SteveMartinToGo]|date=April 15, 2021|title=We just wrapped 'Only Murders in the Building,' a four month shoot with Marty, Selena and me. Protocols protected the crew and cast. Thank you Disney and Hulu for stringent, defensive measures that worked.|url=https://twitter.com/stevemartintogo/status/1382827902425821185|access-date=April 15, 2021|via=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=August 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831084249/https://twitter.com/SteveMartinToGo/status/1382827902425821185|url-status=live}}</ref> [[The Belnord]] was used for exterior shots of the Arconia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Michelle|date=August 31, 2021|title=Filming Locations for Only Murders in the Building|url=https://untappedcities.com/2021/08/31/filming-locations-only-murders-in-the-building/|access-date=October 12, 2021|website=Untapped New York|language=en-US|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129074910/https://untappedcities.com/2021/08/31/filming-locations-only-murders-in-the-building/|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming of the second season began on December 1, 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Romero |first=Chiara Elena |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 2 Cast Celebrates First Day of Filming With Group Photo |url=https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-cast-photo/ |website=Collider |date=December 2, 2021 |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-date=December 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231204335/https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-cast-photo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming for the third season began in January 2023<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Morris |first=Alex |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Selena Gomez Wasn't Sure She Was Ready To Tell This Story |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/selena-gomez-my-mind-and-me-documentary-new-music-only-murders-in-the-building-1234620268/ |access-date=November 5, 2022 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref> and concluded in late April.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://people.com/tv/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-everything-to-know/ |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 3: Everything to Know |website=People |first=Kelsie |last=Gibson |date=August 9, 2023 |access-date=September 14, 2023 |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920190129/https://people.com/tv/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-everything-to-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming for the fourth season began in March 2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-start/ |title=Selena Gomez Announces 'Only Murders In the Building' Season 4 Is Filming With Sweet Message |website=Collider |first=Rob |last=London |date=March 1, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324053603/https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-start/|url-status=live}}</ref> and concluded in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-wrapped/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 Wraps With Hilarious Set Video |website=Collider |first=Diego |last=Peralta |date=June 11, 2024 |access-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref>

===Music===
A digital album for the score was released on August 27, 2021, four days before the series' debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/08/26/soundtrack-album-for-hulus-only-murders-in-the-building-to-be-released/ |title=Soundtrack Album for Hulu's 'Only Murders in the Building' to Be Released |website=Film Music Reporter |date=August 26, 2021 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007181249/https://filmmusicreporter.com/2021/08/26/soundtrack-album-for-hulus-only-murders-in-the-building-to-be-released/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 15, 2022, the original song that was played briefly in the second season episode "Here's Looking at You", "Angel in Flip-Flops", was released online. It was performed by Steve Martin as his character Charles-Haden Savage, and written by Martin and [[Kirker Butler]], with [[Paul Shaffer]] as producer.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|title='Only Murders in the Building' Actually Released That 'Angel in Flip-Flops' Song|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/only-murders-in-the-building-angel-in-flip-flops-steve-martin-1383659/|date=July 15, 2022|access-date=July 16, 2022|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|archive-date=July 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716060345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/only-murders-in-the-building-angel-in-flip-flops-steve-martin-1383659/|url-status=live}}</ref> An album for the second season was released on August 12, 2022. An album for the third season was released on September 15, 2023, followed by a deluxe edition on October 4.

==Release==
''Only Murders in the Building'' premiered on August 31, 2021, on [[Hulu]] in the United States.<ref name="SeriesPremiere">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/only-murders-in-the-building-trailer-hulu-comedy-series-steve-martin-martin-short-selena-gomez-premiere-date/|title='Only Murders In The Building': Hulu Comedy Series Starring Steve Martin, Martin Short & Selena Gomez Unveils Trailer, Premiere Date|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=May 18, 2021|access-date=May 18, 2021|archive-date=May 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519102918/https://deadline.com/video/only-murders-in-the-building-trailer-hulu-comedy-series-steve-martin-martin-short-selena-gomez-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref> Internationally, the series premiered on the same day on [[Disney+]] under the dedicated streaming hub [[Star (Disney+)|Star]], as an [[List of Star (Disney+) original programming|original series]], and on [[Star+]] in Latin America. [[Disney+ Hotstar]] released the series in select territories on September 3, 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Disney+ Hotstar ID|user=DisneyPlusID|number=1420722162151813120|title=Tiga orang terobsesi dengan pembunuhan tiba-tiba terlibat dalam sebuah kasus. Apa yang akan terjadi? Only Murders in the Building Premier Ekslusif 3 September di #DisneyPlusHotstarID.|trans-title=Three people obsessed with true crimes suddenly find themselves wrapped up in one. What will happen? Only Murders in the Building premieres exclusively 3 September on #DisneyPlusHotstarID.|language=id|date=July 29, 2021|access-date=July 29, 2021}}</ref> On Disney+, Disney+ Hotstar, and Star+, ''Only Murders in the Building'' episodes were scheduled to debut on a weekly basis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The 2020 Investor Day Programming Fact Sheet |url=https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/documents/twdc_investor_day_programming_fact_sheet_ecbccd9a.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109030422/https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/documents/twdc_investor_day_programming_fact_sheet_ecbccd9a.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2020 |website=The Walt Disney Company}}</ref> The second season premiered on June 28, 2022.<ref name="S2Premiere">{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2022/03/25/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-release-date-june-28-hulu/|title=''Only Murders in the Building'' Season 2 Premiere Date Officially Revealed|website=TVLine|first=Ryan|last=Schwartz|date=March 25, 2022|access-date=March 25, 2022|archive-date=June 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614070530/https://tvline.com/2022/03/25/only-murders-in-the-building-season-2-release-date-june-28-hulu/|url-status=live}}</ref> The third season premiered on August 8, 2023.<ref name="S3Premiere">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-release-date-steve-martin-1235599137/ |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 3 Premiere Date Revealed by Steve Martin and Martin Short at Comedy Show (EXCLUSIVE) |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Clayton |last=Davis |date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003212101/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-3-release-date-steve-martin-1235599137/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The first season made its [[broadcast television]] premiere on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] on January 2, 2024; episodes were edited to meet [[Broadcast Standards and Practices|broadcast standards and practices]] and follow [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] rules.<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-abc-broadcast-january-1235815102/ |title='Only Murders in the Building' Gets Broadcast Run on ABC This January |website=Variety |first=Michael |last=Schneider |date=November 30, 2023 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201000606/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-abc-broadcast-january-1235815102/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The show was added to Disney+ in the United States via the Hulu hub beginning in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/disney-hulu-streaming-integration-december-2023-1235641656/ |title=Disney+, Hulu Integration Set to Begin in December |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Rick |last=Porter |date=November 8, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2024 |archive-date=March 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302230211/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/disney-hulu-streaming-integration-december-2023-1235641656/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth season premiered on August 27, 2024.<ref name="S4Premiere">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1236003496/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Heads to Hollywood in First Season 4 Teaser, Sets Premiere Date|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=May 14, 2024|access-date=May 14, 2024|archive-date=May 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514221203/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1236003496/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
{{Television critical response
| rotten_tomatoes1 = 100% (108 reviews)<ref name="S1RT">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=only_murders_in_the_building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=1|publisher_hide=y|access-date=June 21, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| metacritic1 = 76 (34 reviews)<ref name="S1MC">{{Cite Metacritic|id=only-murders-in-the-building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=1|publisher_hide=y|access-date=February 12, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

| rotten_tomatoes2 = 97% (119 reviews)<ref name="S2RT">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=only_murders_in_the_building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=2|publisher_hide=y|access-date=August 27, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| metacritic2 = 79 (25 reviews)<ref name="S2MC">{{Cite Metacritic|id=only-murders-in-the-building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=2|publisher_hide=y|access-date=February 12, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

| rotten_tomatoes3 = 96% (114 reviews)<ref name="S3RT">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=only_murders_in_the_building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=3|publisher_hide=y|access-date=January 15, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| metacritic3 = 77 (33 reviews)<ref name="S3MC">{{Cite Metacritic|id=only-murders-in-the-building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=3|publisher_hide=y|access-date=August 26, 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

| rotten_tomatoes4 = 93% (71 reviews)<ref name="S4RT">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=only_murders_in_the_building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=4|publisher_hide=y|access-date=October 13, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| metacritic4 = 78 (29 reviews)<ref name="S4MC">{{Cite Metacritic|id=only-murders-in-the-building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=4|publisher_hide=y|access-date=September 19, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

For the first season, [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8/10, based on 108 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "''Only Murders in the Building''{{'}}s silly approach to [[true crime]] obsessives is at once hilarious and insightful, thanks in large part to its extremely charming central trio."<ref name="S1RT" /> [[Metacritic]] gave the first season a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="S1MC" />

For the second season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% approval rating with an average rating of 8/10, based on 119 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus states, "''Only Murders in the Building'' gets a new lease on life with a knottier sophomore outing that retains the series' core charm and wit."<ref name="S2RT" /> Metacritic gave the second season a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on 25 critic reviews, signifying "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="S2MC" />

For the third season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96% approval rating with an average rating of 7.95/10, based on 114 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Relocating the action to the theatre, ''Only Murders in the Building'' can take a bow for yet another twisty mystery handled with a good-humored touch."<ref name="S3RT" /> Metacritic gave the third season a weighted average score of 77 out of 100 based on 33 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="S3MC" />

For the fourth season, Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 7.8/10, based on 71 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus states, "The gang is back together in a more metatextual season full of famous faces, continuing ''Only Murders in the Building''{{'}}s reign as one of television's most delightful comedies."<ref name="S4RT" /> Metacritic gave the fourth season a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 29 critic reviews, signifying "universal acclaim".<ref name="S4MC" />

===Accolades===
{{main|List of accolades received by Only Murders in the Building{{!}}List of accolades received by ''Only Murders in the Building''}}

{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
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| align = right
| total_width = 336
| image1 = Steve Martin 2011.jpg
| width1 = 380
| height1 = 500
| image2 = Martin Short at PaleyFest 2014 (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 380
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| image3 = Selena Gomez - Walmart Soundcheck Concert.jpg
| width3 = 380
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| footer = The performances of the main cast, namely (left to right) [[Steve Martin]], [[Martin Short]], and [[Selena Gomez]], have received critical acclaim.
}}

The series has received 49 [[Emmy]] nominations, with seven wins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/only-murders-building |title=Only Murders in the Building |website=Emmys.com |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=September 2, 2024}}</ref> The first season received 17 nominations at the [[74th Primetime Emmy Awards]], with three wins, including [[Nathan Lane]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series]]. Notable nominations included, [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series|Outstanding Comedy Series]], [[Steve Martin]] and [[Martin Short]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series]], [[Jamie Babbit]] and [[Cherien Dabis]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series|Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series]], and Martin and [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series|Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=September 4, 2022 |title=2022 Creative Arts Emmys: See full winners list |url=https://ew.com/awards/emmys/2022-creative-arts-emmys-winners-list/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905072515/https://ew.com/awards/emmys/2022-creative-arts-emmys-winners-list/ |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |access-date=January 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snierson |first=Dan |date=September 12, 2022 |title=See the full list of 2022 Emmy winners |url=https://ew.com/awards/emmys/emmys-2022-winners-list/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107214000/https://ew.com/awards/emmys/emmys-2022-winners-list/ |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |access-date=January 11, 2023}}</ref>

The second season received 11 nominations at the [[75th Primetime Emmy Awards]], with one win in a technical category. Notable nominations included Outstanding Comedy Series, Short for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, Lane for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, and one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/ |title=Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List |website=Variety |first1=Jordan |last1=Moreau |first2=Michael |last2=Schneider |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=September 2, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/2023-creative-arts-emmys-winners-list-1235696511/ |title=Creative Arts Emmys Nights 1 & 2: The Complete Winners List |website=Deadline |first1=Peter |last1=White |first2=Rosy |last2=Cordero |first3=Lynette |last3=Rice |first4=Armando |last4=Tinoco |date=January 7, 2024 |access-date=September 2, 2024}}</ref>

The third season received 21 nominations at the [[76th Primetime Emmy Awards]], with three wins at the [[76th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]. Notable nominations included Outstanding Comedy Series, Martin and Short for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, [[Selena Gomez]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series]], [[Paul Rudd]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series]], [[Meryl Streep]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series]], [[Matthew Broderick]] for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series, and [[Da'Vine Joy Randolph]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-nominations-2024-nominees-list-1235950616/ |title=Emmys 2024: List of Nominees |website=The Hollywood Reporter |first1=Hilary |last1=Lewis |first2=Kimberly |last2=Nordyke |date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=September 2, 2024}}</ref> The song "Which of the Pickwick Triplets Did It?", which was featured in the eighth episode of the third season, won the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Josephs |first=Brian |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Approach EGOT after 'Only Murders' Nod |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/17/arts/television/benj-pasek-justin-paul-egot.html |access-date=July 17, 2024 |magazine=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

Additionally, the series [[aftershow]] ''Only Murders in the Building: One Killer Question'' has received two Emmy nominations for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy, Drama or Variety Series|Outstanding Short Form Comedy, Drama or Variety Series]], winning once.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/only-murders-building-one-killer-question |title=Only Murders in the Building: One Killer Question |website=Emmys.com |publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]] |access-date=September 11, 2024}}</ref>

===Audience viewership===
On September 3, 2021, it was reported that ''Only Murders in the Building'' set a record for the most-watched comedy premiere in Hulu's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/only-murders-in-the-building-premiere-ratings-record-hulu-selena-gomez-exclusive/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Is the Most-Watched Comedy Premiere in Hulu History|work=The Wrap|first=Tony|last=Maglio|date=September 3, 2021|access-date=October 31, 2021|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202053105/https://www.thewrap.com/only-murders-in-the-building-premiere-ratings-record-hulu-selena-gomez-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref> On October 28, 2021, Hulu Originals president Craig Erwich said in an interview with ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'' that the show had become the most-watched comedy ever on Hulu "by a good measure." In the same article, ''Vulture'' reported that, according to Parrot Analytics, the show went from having around 16 times the audience demand in the U.S. as an average show when it debuted on August 31 to generating 37 times typical demand by the time the season 1 finale dropped on October 19. This meant that the day after the finale, the show ranked as high as 14th on the list of most in-demand shows in the U.S. and signaled a "massive" 135% growth rate that according to Erwich is mainly attributable to word of mouth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/only-murders-in-the-building-ratings-hit-hulu.html|title=Suspicion Confirmed: A Lot of People Watched ''Only Murders in the Building''|work=Vulture|first=Josef|last=Adalian|date=October 28, 2021|access-date=October 31, 2021|archive-date=December 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220034313/https://www.vulture.com/2021/10/only-murders-in-the-building-ratings-hit-hulu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the streaming aggregator [[JustWatch]], ''Only Murders in the Building'' was the most-streamed TV series across all U.S. platforms during the week ending October 24, 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=October 25, 2021 |title=JustWatch: Warner Bros. Pictures' 'Dune' Top-Streamed Movie Through Oct. 24 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-warner-bros-pictures-dune-top-streamed-movie-through-oct-24/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152221/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-warner-bros-pictures-dune-top-streamed-movie-through-oct-24/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and second during the week ending October 31, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=November 2, 2021 |title=JustWatch: 'Halloween,' 'Squid Game' Top October Streamed Movie, TV Show |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-halloween-squid-game-top-october-streamed-movie-tv-show/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031152221/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-halloween-squid-game-top-october-streamed-movie-tv-show/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Parrot Analytics, which looks at consumer engagement in consumer research, streaming, downloads, and on social media, ''Only Murders in the Building'' was the third-most in-demand streaming original series in the U.S. during the week of August 13 to 19, 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latchem |first=John |date=August 22, 2022 |title='Stranger Things' Keeps Top Spot on Parrot's Demand Chart Through Aug. 19 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/stranger-things-keeps-top-spot-on-parrots-demand-chart-through-aug-19/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031143458/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/stranger-things-keeps-top-spot-on-parrots-demand-chart-through-aug-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as during the week of August 20 to 26.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latchem |first=John |date=August 29, 2022 |title='She-Hulk' Jumps to No. 2 on Parrot's Demand Chart; 'Stranger Things' Still No. 1 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/she-hulk-jumps-to-no-2-on-parrots-demand-chart-stranger-things-still-no-1/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031143503/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/she-hulk-jumps-to-no-2-on-parrots-demand-chart-stranger-things-still-no-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Whip Media]]'s viewership tracking app [[TV Time]], it was the most-streamed TV series across all U.S. platforms during the week ending August 7, 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=August 9, 2022 |title=Hulu's 'Prey,' 'Only Murders in the Building' Top Weekly Whip Media Streaming Charts |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/hulus-prey-only-murders-in-the-building-top-weekly-whip-media-streaming-charts/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News}}</ref> and during the week of August 28.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Me Time,' 'Only Murders in the Building' Top Weekly Whip U.S. Streaming Charts |website=Media Play News |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/me-time-only-murders-in-the-building-top-weekly-whip-u-s-streaming-charts/ |first=Stephanie |last=Prange |date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005190721/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/me-time-only-murders-in-the-building-top-weekly-whip-u-s-streaming-charts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the streaming aggregator JustWatch, it was the third-most streamed TV series across all U.S. platforms during the week ending July 3, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruenwedel |first=Erik |date=July 5, 2022 |title=JustWatch: 'The Old Man,' 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Top Weekly Streaming |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-the-old-man-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-again-top-streaming-through-july-3/ |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=Media Play News |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031142320/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/justwatch-the-old-man-everything-everywhere-all-at-once-again-top-streaming-through-july-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Whip Media announced ''Only Murders in the Building'' was the fifth most-watched streaming original television series of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Stephanie |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Whip Media: 'The Mandalorian' Top Streaming Original of 2023 |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/whip-media-the-mandalorian-top-streaming-streaming-original-of-2023/ |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=[[Media Play News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109041402/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/whip-media-the-mandalorian-top-streaming-streaming-original-of-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bacon |first=Thomas |date=January 3, 2024 |title=The Mandalorian Ranked Most-Watched Streaming Original Of 2023, Beating Ted Lasso & The Witcher |url=https://screenrant.com/star-wars-the-mandalorian-most-watched-streaming-original-2023/ |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115210627/https://screenrant.com/star-wars-the-mandalorian-most-watched-streaming-original-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Companion podcast==
In collaboration with [[Hulu]], Straw Hut Media released an official [[behind-the-scenes]] companion [[podcast]], ''Only Murders in the Pod'', featuring interviews with cast, crew, and writers.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Only Murders in the Building Podcast' is the TV show companion we all need right now |url=https://podsauce.com/articles/listen-to-only-murders-in-the-building-podcast/ |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=Podsauce |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212809/https://podsauce.com/articles/listen-to-only-murders-in-the-building-podcast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While the first two seasons were hosted by Kevin Lawn and Elizabeth Keener,<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 9, 2022 |title=We Just Found Out Something Major About 'Only Murders in the Building' |url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a40558227/only-murders-in-the-building-hulu-podcast/ |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=Good Housekeeping |first=Adrianna |last=Freedman |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212807/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/entertainment/a40558227/only-murders-in-the-building-hulu-podcast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> due to the [[2023 SAG-AFTRA strike|SAG-AFTRA]] and [[2023 Writers Guild of America strike|Writers Guild of America]] strikes in 2023, producers Maggie Boles and Ryan Tillotson hosted season three and interviewed directors and other crew members. Notable guests on the podcast include John Hoffman, [[Martin Short]], [[Pasek and Paul]], [[Shirley MacLaine]], [[Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini]], [[Jackie Hoffman]], and [[Amy Ryan]].

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Hulu series}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://deadline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Only-Murders-In-The-Building-It-Starts-On-The-Page.pdf Official pilot screenplay]
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The Herculoids

2024-10-21T01:32:27Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Plot */ revise

{{short description|Animated television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Herculoid logo.jpg
| caption = Title card
| genre = [[Science fiction]]
| producer = [[William Hanna]] [[Joseph Barbera]]
| runtime = 22 min. – two 11-min. segments (1967–1969) 6-min. segments of ''[[Space Stars]]'' (1981–1982)
| creator = [[Alex Toth]]
| director = [[William Hanna]] [[Joseph Barbera]]
| voices = [[Mike Road]] [[Virginia Gregg]] [[Teddy Eccles]] [[Don Messick]]
| company = [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]]
| country = United States
| composer = [[Ted Nichols]]
| network = [[CBS]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1968|1|6}}
| num_episodes = 18 (36 segments, 1967–1969) 11 (1981–1982)
| related = ''[[Space Stars]]''
}}
'''''The Herculoids''''' is an American [[Saturday-morning cartoon|Saturday-morning animated-cartoon television series]], created and designed by [[Alex Toth]], that was produced by [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]]. The show debuted on September 9, 1967, on [[CBS]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.toonopedia.com/hercloid.htm|title= The Herculoids|first= Don|last= Markstein|year= 2007|publisher= [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120630115522/http://www.toonopedia.com/hercloid.htm|archive-date= June 30, 2012|url-status= live|quote= Like the majority of Hanna-Barbera's late '60s adventure characters... The Herculoids were created by designer Alex Toth.}}</ref> Hanna-Barbera produced one season for the original airing of the show, although the original 18 episodes were rerun during the 1968–69 television season, with ''The Herculoids'' ending its run on September 6, 1969.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=407–408}}</ref> Eleven new episodes were produced in 1981 as part of the ''[[Space Stars]]'' show.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Hal |title=Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 |date=2005 |edition=2nd |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-1476665993 |pages=771–772}}</ref> The plotlines are rooted in [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]].

==Plot==
On the planet Amzot (renamed Quasar in the revival), the space barbarian family Zandor, Tara, and son Dorno fight alongside their giant pets—laser dragon Zok, space rhinoceros Tundro, rock ape Igoo, and the shape-shifting duo Gloop and Gleep—to keep their planet safe from invaders. The Herculoids pets understood human speech and often displayed various emotions.<ref name=Perlmutter>{{cite book |last1=Perlmutter |first1=David |title=The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538103739 |page=279}}</ref> The Herculoids team battled against an endless stream of villains: invading robots, mad scientists, and mutants, including "the Faceless People, Destroyer Ants, Raider Apes, Mutoids, Arnoids, Zorbots, the Mekkano mechanical men and the Ogs, a strange form of vegetable life."<ref name=Woolery>{{cite book |last1=Woolery |first1=George W. |title=Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981 |date=1983 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-1557-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/childrenstelevis0000wool/page/138/mode/2up |access-date=14 March 2020 |pages=139–140}}</ref>

==Characters==
There are eight regular characters who make up the Herculoids:

===The Herculoids===

====Humans====
The three humans were the only ones who could communicate in English.
* Zandor (voiced by [[Mike Road]]) – The protector of Amzot/Quasar, and leader of The Herculoids.
* Tara (voiced by [[Virginia Gregg]]) – Zandor's wife.
* Dorno (voiced by [[Ted Eccles]] in the original series, [[Sparky Marcus]] in 1981) – Son of Zandor and Tara. Despite being their son, he still refers to them by their first names, rather than "Mother" and "Father". However, this changed in the 1980s revival of the series.

====Creatures====
The five creature characters of ''The Herculoids'' are:
* Zok (voiced by Mike Road) – A bat-winged laser dragon. He can emit [[laser]] beams from his eyes and tail. His eyes also produce a "nega-beam" that can neutralize certain energy attacks. Zok can survive in [[Outer space|space]] unaided, is capable of [[interstellar travel]], and can also breathe fire.
* Igoo (voiced by Mike Road) – A rock [[ape]]. An extremely large and powerful simian, he has extremely dense, rocklike skin and is nearly invulnerable to harm. In one episode, Igoo wades through a pond of molten [[lava]]. Igoo has a kind and gentle temperament, except when his loved ones or home are threatened, and displays great fondness of and devotion to Tara in particular.
* Tundro (voiced by Mike Road) – A ten-legged, four-horned [[rhinoceros]]/''[[Triceratops]]'' hybrid. He can shoot [[explosive]] energy rocks from his [[cannon]]-horn (Zandor, Tara and Dorno also occasionally shoot similar rocks with slingshots). His natural armor plating is exceptionally strong, similar to Igoo's rock skin. His legs have the ability to extend to a remarkable length, somewhat like [[stilts]]. He can also spin his head at blinding speed, allowing him to drill through solid rock, and has the ability to make magnificent leaps.
* Gloop and Gleep (both voiced by [[Don Messick]]) – Two [[protoplasm]]ic creatures. They are able to absorb and deflect energy blasts and laser beams, often placing themselves between attackers and other Herculoids to act as shields. They also possess the ability to shape-shift which they have used in numerous ways, including transforming into cushions, trampolines, or parachutes to break falls; stretching themselves between tree limbs or rocks to act as slingshots; and binding an attacker's limbs to restrain them, or, alternatively, encircling their entire body to squeeze and render them unconscious. They can also momentarily divide their body mass into separate portions under their full control when necessary until they quickly reunite. Gloop is the larger of the two and Gleep is the smaller.

==Production==
After the success of ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', [[CBS]]' head of daytime programming, [[Fred Silverman]], commissioned [[Hanna-Barbera]] to develop three new action-adventure series in the same vein for the [[1967–68 United States network television schedule (daytime)|1967–68 fall schedule]] consisting of ''The Herculoids'', ''[[Shazzan]]'', and ''[[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor]]''.<ref name="ArtofHB">{{cite book |title=The Art of Hanna-Barbera: Fifty Years of Creativity |date=October 30, 1989 |last=Sennett|first=Ted|publisher=Studio |pages=|isbn=978-0670829781}}</ref>

==Legacy==
After its initial run, ''The Herculoids'' was featured in several [[Anthology series|anthology]] [[wheel series]] produced by Hanna-Barbera including ''[[Hanna–Barbera's World of Super Adventure]]'', ''[[Space Stars]]'' (for which 11 additional episodes were created), Power Zone on Cartoon Network, and both the [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Boomerang (TV network)|Boomerang]] incarnations of ''Super Adventures''. The series has also influenced other artists of various mediums.

Award-winning video game designer [[David Crane (programmer)|David Crane]] has stated that he enjoyed the series as a child and that the character of Blobert from the ''[[A Boy and His Blob]]'' franchise was directly inspired by Gloop and Gleep.<ref name="crane">{{cite web|author=G4 staff|date=April 10, 2009|title=David Crane Interview Part 2: ''Pitfall'' and ''A Boy and His Blob'' in High Definition|url=http://g4tv.com/videos/37663/David-Crane-Interview-Part-2-Pitfall-and-A-Boy-and-His-Blob/|format=Flash video|publisher=[[G4 (U.S. TV channel)|G4]]|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Jamaican-American DJ [[DJ Kool Herc]] at one time employed a backing band which also drew its name from the show, fictionalized versions of which appear in the [[Netflix]] period series ''[[The Get Down]]''.

===Cameos===
Roughly contemporaneous to their own series premiere, the Herculoids made a crossover appearance in an episode of ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', "The Molten Monsters of Moltar" (sources are unclear and/or inconsistent as to exact airdates). In the "Council of Doom" story arc, [[Space Ghost]], while battling the combined might of all of his enemies, meets a number of Hanna-Barbera heroes just as they were debuting in their own respective series. Along with the Herculoids were [[Shazzan]], Moby Dick and the Mighty Mightor, the last two [[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor|sharing one series]].

Several episodes of ''[[Space Ghost Coast to Coast]]'' mention or show the Herculoids. In "Lawsuit", Space Ghost mentions the Herculoids' planet. In the episode "Sequel", he goes to their planet and refers to it as a "rotten [[hippie]] monster commune" after they demand he leaves while pelting him with stones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sequel|url=http://www.snard.com/sg/guide/?ep=72&fmt=0|via=snard.com|publisher=Mike Shawaluk|website=Ghost Planet Central: Space Ghost Coast to Coast Episode Guide|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

Gloop is featured prominently and is mentioned by name in the ''[[Sealab 2021]]'' episode "[[List of Sealab 2021 episodes#Hail Squishface|Hail, Squishface]]".

Gloop and Gleep make several guest appearances on ''[[Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law]]'' as well. They make cameo appearances in the episodes "Mindless" and "Juror in Court". Zok makes an appearance in "Peanut Puberty" ([[Phil Ken Sebben]] throws a graph chart at him). In the episode "Beyond the Valley of the Dinosaurs", Tundro fires his energy rocks at Phil Ken Sebben, who forgot to close the [[hot tub]] time portal to prehistoric times. In "Evolutionary War", Tara appears on the evolution chart—in between [[Fred Flintstone]] and [[Race Bannon]].

''The Herculoids'' is mentioned in an episode of ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'', where an old "fan letter" of Dr. Venture to the show is discovered. Upon reading, the letter is revealed to be more akin to [[hate mail]]; young Rusty Venture called the Herculoids hippies for not fighting in Vietnam.

Tundro and Gloop appear in "[[8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter]]", a fourth-season episode of ''[[Family Guy]]''. In the scene, Gloop fails to get a babysitting job from Lois. In protest, Tundro shows up and fires his energy rocks at Lois. Gloop and Gleep appeared in a cameo as captured prisoners of a hostile alien race in the ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' episode "Mis-Placed in Space".

[[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred Jones]], [[Daphne Blake]] and [[Velma Dinkley]] disguise themselves as Zandor, Tara and Igoo at one point in the film ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon]]''.

Igoo, Gloop and Gleep make cameo appearances in ''[[Space Jam: A New Legacy]]''. They are among the Warner Bros. 3000 Server-Verse inhabitants that watch the basketball game between the Tune Squad and the Goon Squad.

Igoo appeared in the [[HBO Max]] series ''[[Jellystone!]]'' episode "Jelly Wrestle Rumble" as a wrestler. Zandor and Gleep appeared in the season 2 episode "Bleep!". Gleep is portrayed as a female in a TV show where she is seen being hugged by Zandor. As for Gloop, he appears in "Heroes and Capes" as an enormous creature from the sewers.

The Herculoids appear in issue #50 of the comic book ''[[New Mutants]]'' when [[Professor X]] is searching for [[Magik (Illyana Rasputina)|Magik]] on a planet in the [[Shi'ar]] galaxy.

==Episodes==
===Original series===
Each show featured two Herculoids episodes.

{{Episode table |background=#0000A0 |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1a
| Title = The Pirates
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| ShortSummary = After killing two creatures with a treasure chest, pirates bury it on Amzot. When the Herculoids approach, Dorno is captured and held hostage.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1b
| Title = Sarko the Arkman
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|9}}
| ShortSummary = Sarko (pronounced Arko in this episode) captures Igoo for unknown reasons, attacks Zandor with sleeping gas, and captures Dorno and Tundro as well.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2a
| Title = The Pod Creatures
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|16}}
| ShortSummary = An alien spacecraft hovers over Amzot, dropping mechanical pods onto the planet. Meanwhile, Dorno, Igoo and Gleep, on a mission to get firewood, see the robotic pod creatures as the pods open up and start attacking the trio.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2b
| Title = Mekkor
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|16}}
| ShortSummary = A group of powerful robots, led by a larger robot, attack the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3a
| Title = The Beaked People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|23}}
| ShortSummary = Krokar, leader of the Beaked People, stages an invasion on the Winged Monkeys, purposely letting one escape so he can capture Zandor and rule Amzot. '''Note:''' This was the only episode in the 1967 version where Dorno refers to Zandor and Tara as Dad and Mom; even in this episode Dorno reverts to calling Zandor by his name. In the 1981 revival series, Dorno refers to Zandor and Tara as Father and Mother.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3b
| Title = The Raiders
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|23}}
| ShortSummary = Sta-Lak (then unnamed) flew over Amzot; upon seeing Zandor and Zok, Sta-Lak turned his ship invisible to avoid detection, with the intent of taking Tara prisoner.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4a
| Title = The Mole Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|30}}
| ShortSummary = After being woken up by a bird, Zandor investigates Marcon and the Mole Men's plans to invade the surface world, saving a condemned prisoner in the process. Meanwhile, other Mole Men are attacking the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4b
| Title = The Lost Dorgyte
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|9|30}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor rescues a young boy from a vulture; the Herculoids then take the boy back to his heavily-shadowed home because he cannot live in sunlight. The insect-looking creatures attack the Herculoids on their way out.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5a
| Title = The Spider Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|7}}
| ShortSummary = A group of spider-like creatures kidnap Dorno, then try doing the same with Tara. Gloop saves her while Gleep blows a horn beckoning the Herculoids to action. Zandor briefly frees Dorno with his shield but is soon captured with Dorno. After a stalemate, Zandor calls the Herculoids to action for one concentrated attack. '''Note:''' this was the first time that the Herculoids were referred to by name within the episode.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5b
| Title = The Android People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|7}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor was captured by Gorvac, leader of the Android People, and created a giant evil clone of Zandor with plans to create an army of Zandor clones.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6a
| Title = Defeat of Ogron
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|14}}
| ShortSummary = Andropon and his robots invade Amzot, where the Herculoids easily defeat them. After Andropon continuously threatens to build replacement robot armies (and Zandor continuously vows to defeat said armies), Andropon pits his top warrior Ogron against Zandor and Zok.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6b
| Title = Prisoners of the Bubblemen
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|14}}
| ShortSummary = Brotak and his Bubblemen kidnap Zandor and Tara for the purpose of using them as scientific experiments.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7a
| Title = Mekkano, the Machine Master
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|21}}
| ShortSummary = Trained machines break Mekkano out of an intergalactic prison, where he vows to destroy the ones who put him in prison: Zandor and the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7b
| Title = Tiny World of Terror
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|21}}
| ShortSummary = Torrak shrinks the Herculoids down to microscopic size for the purpose of destroying them with his super-powered microorganisms and then enslaving the galaxy.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8a
| Title = The Gladiators of Kyanite
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|28}}
| ShortSummary = After destroying the last wild creature of Kyanite, Neron and his gladiators capture Tundro. Zandor and Zok, followed by the rest of the Herculoids, arrive at the arena to rescue Tundro and fight the gladiators.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8b
| Title = Temple of Trax
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|10|28}}
| ShortSummary = The unnamed high priest of Trax kidnaps Tara in order to use her as a sacrifice for the idol Trax, cutting off the Herculoids in their rescue attempt. Can Zandor and Zok, who are miles away, get to Trax in time?
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9a
| Title = The Time Creatures
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|4}}
| ShortSummary = Oton, leader of the Time Creatures, has determined that in order to rule Amzot in the future, he has to change its past, starting with destroying the Herculoids and altering time in his favor.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9b
| Title = The Raider Apes
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|4}}
| ShortSummary = Gotron and his Raider Apes burn a village in search of gold. The Herculoids come to the villagers' aid.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10a
| Title = The Zorbots
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|11}}
| ShortSummary = A terrible windstorm is raging on Amzot. However, Zandor notices that winds on the left side of a canyon are aiming right, while winds travel in the opposite direction on the right side. Zandor and the Herculoids investigate, and discover Konar is destroying Amzot's atmosphere to replace it with his own. Konar sends his henchmen, who are either killed or injured by the Herculoids. As Zandor confronts Konar, Konar brings out the giant Zorbots to take on the Herculoids. Zandor chooses to surrender in order to destroy the wind machine from within and, when successful, battle the Zorbots.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10b
| Title = Invasion of the Electrode Men
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|11}}
| ShortSummary = Volton and his Electrode Men fly into a volcanic crater, setting up a dome headquarters to take over Amzot. The Herculoids are easily defeating them until Volton takes Tara and Dorno prisoner. Zandor and the Herculoids have to wait until nightfall, when the Electrode Men's power is weakened.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11a
| Title = Destroyer Ants
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|18}}
| ShortSummary = A lightning storm causes a nest of giant ant eggs to hatch. The giant ants cause havoc and destruction and Zandor and the Herculoids must put an end to them.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11b
| Title = Swamp Monster
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|18}}
| ShortSummary = A hideous monster emerges from a swamp and goes on a rampage, destroying anything it comes in contact with by its radioactive touch. It eventually traps Dorno and Gleep in a cave, and it is up to Zandor and the rest of the Herculoids to rescue them and defeat the creature.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12a
| Title = Mission of the Amatons
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|25}}
| ShortSummary = Amak and the Amatons come to the planet and place control collars on some animals. When their efforts to enslave the Herculoids fail, Amak tries to kill them. Gloop and Gleep save the day by turning Amak's stun turret on him, causing his ship to crash.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 12b
| Title = Queen Skorra
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|11|25}}
| ShortSummary = Queen Skorra unleashes a mud/lava creature which they eventually defeat, but Skorra plans to force them into exile by sending her drones to capture Gleep, Gloop, Tara, and Dorno. They defend themselves long enough for Zandor and the others to return and drive off the drones. Skorra launches a mega-shield missile and closes the mega-circle to destroy everyone, but Tundro creates a smokescreen while the others make a tunnel to escape and then send Skorra running.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13a
| Title = Laser Lancers
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|2}}
| ShortSummary = The story starts with Zandor knocked out by the Laser Lancers and the Herculoids coming to the rescue. Magoth and the Lancers send a new wave of attackers which the Herculoids repel, but it is a ploy to take Dorno and Tara hostage. With Gleep's help, they seal off the tunnel the Lancers used to sneak up and repel them once and for all.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 13b
| Title = Attack of the Faceless People
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|2}}
| ShortSummary = The princess Serena of the Sun People arrives on Amzot, being pursued by Darkon of the Faceless People. Darkon wants Serena so he can control her people. The Herculoids successfully drive him off, but not before he captures Tara. Zandor agrees to a trade but substitutes a berobed Gleep for Serena and they destroy Darkon's palace from the inside.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14a
| Title = The Mutoids
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|9}}
| ShortSummary = A ship crash-lands on Amzot with a sole occupant on board. Zandor offers assistance and the passenger turns out to be a Mutoid, a race who can change their appearance to anything. The Mutoids plan to use Amzot as a launching site for their missiles to fool their enemies. Can Zandor and the Herculoids stop them in time?
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 14b
| Title = The Crystallites
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|9}}
| ShortSummary = A meteor crash-lands on Azmot and transforms into a giant crystalline object. Zandor investigates and is attacked by the Crystallites, while Tara and Dorno are captured in crystal cells. Zandor, Gloop, and Gleep steal uniforms sneak into the fortress and free Dorno and Tara. Gloop and Zok destroy Kryton's ship and he is defeated.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15a
| Title = Return of Sta-Lak
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|16}}
| ShortSummary = Sta-Lak returns to Amzot seeking vengeance and equipped with robot duplicates of Igoo, Zok, and Tundro. He captures Dorno, Tara and Zandor and the others are forced to go into his volcano lair. The robot duplicates prove no match to the originals, even though the robot Igoo can spin at high speeds and has multiple arms, and the robot Tundro can fly. Sta-Lak enters a bubble and flees into a volcanic lava hole.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 15b
| Title = Revenge of the Pirates
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|16}}
| ShortSummary = The pirate captain and his crew from "The Pirates" return. Using an image transmitter, the captain immobilizes Zandor and the Herculoids and takes Dorno and Tara prisoner. Zok uses his neutralizing eye beams to free them, then Gloop finds the real Dorno and Tara from the transmitted images and the Herculoids launch a new assault. The captain tries to escape, but Gloop blocks his escape missile tube, causing the ship to explode.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16a
| Title = Ruler of the Reptons
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|23}}
| ShortSummary = Tara is captured by the Reptons, who place her in a mind control device to make her their evil queen. She orders her people to destroy Zandor and the Herculoids, who beat them and go to rescue Tara. The Reptons send the Destructo Bats after them, but they escape, recover Tara, free her from the machine's influence, and destroy the Reptons' underground lair.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 16b
| Title = The Antidote
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|23}}
| ShortSummary = While investigating panic among the Monkey People, Zandor confronts a giant spider and is bitten and poisoned. Dorno must go to the six-legged mustachioed Spider People within the Endless Caves with the Herculoids to get the only known antidote. The Spider People capture Dorno to hold him hostage. The Herculoids eventually stage a rescue, get the antidote, and block the Spider People's caves to cover their escape.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17a
| Title = Attack from Space
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|30}}
| ShortSummary = Amzot is being bombarded by the planet Luvanuum. Zaygot and his henchmen are trying to destroy Azmot. The Herculoids travel to Luvanuum in a ship captured from Sarco. When they land, their ship is destroyed and they are attacked by winged sentries with deadly laser beams. The Herculoids destroy Zaygot's base and he escapes—they use Zaygot's ship to return to Amzot.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 17b
| Title = The Return of Torrak
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1967|12|30}}
| ShortSummary = Torrak returns and sends out a giant fly to capture Tara. The Herculoids follow and discover that Torrak's warrior microorganisms are now larger and more formidable, but defeat them anyway.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18a
| Title = The Island of the Gravites
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1968|1|6}}
| ShortSummary = Zandor and Dorno rescue a man floating in the river who says he is from Gravite Island and tells them that a villain has taken over the island. The Herculoids go to investigate and are attacked by giant gravite creatures. The creatures are being created by Lotak, who wants the village because of its large deposits of gravite. Zok destroys the machine Lotak uses to make his creatures and Lotak is destroyed when his energy ray backfires.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 18b
| Title = Malak and the Metal Apes
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1968|1|6}}
| ShortSummary = Malak sends his Metal Apes to attack the Sea People. Dorno is shot off of Zok by one of the creatures. Zandor and the Herculoids destroy the Metal Apes. A damaged Metal Ape returns to Malak's headquarters and is followed by the Herculoids. The Herculoids destroy the remaining Metal Apes and Zok causes a steel beam to fall on Malak and his assistant.
| LineColor = 0000A0
}}
}}

===''Space Stars'' revival===
{{Episode table |background=#500050 |overall= |title= |airdate= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Ice Monster
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|12}}
| ShortSummary = Dorno is feeling depressed when Zandor treats him like a child because of his size and age. Meanwhile, an ancient indestructible robotic monster emerges from a block of ice.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The Purple Menace
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|19}}
| ShortSummary = Glowing purple rocks have brought to life purple vines which cause havoc.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Firebird
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|9|26}}
| ShortSummary = A volcano erupts, revealing a firebird who has taken up residency in the volcano's crater and threatens the Herculoids.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = The Energy Creature
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|3}}
| ShortSummary = A meteorite containing an energy creature lands on Quasar. When it imprisons creatures in its coils, it takes on their forms and properties also.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = The Snake Riders
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|10}}
| ShortSummary = Dorno and Gleep discover a plot by the Snake Riders to take over the planet. The Herculoids must stop their plans for planetary conquest.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = The Buccaneer
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|17}}
| ShortSummary = The Buccaneer and his band of pirates arrive on Quasar to look for buried treasure.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = The Thunderbolt
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|24}}
| ShortSummary = Saiju, a creature with a voracious appetite, comes upon some electrically-charged rocks and mutates into a living electrical monster after eating them. The Herculoids learn that the effects of those rocks are temporary and try to revert Saiju to normal.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Return of the Ancients
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|10|31}}
| ShortSummary = The descendants/survivors of a highly developed race that was wiped out on Quasar return to the planet after a 1,000-year absence, and they are ''not'' too happy to find out that their civilization is gone.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Space Trappers
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|7}}
| ShortSummary = Space Trappers arrive on Quasar and capture the Herculoids for their intergalactic circus.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| Title = The Invisibles
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|14}}
| ShortSummary = A chunk of magnilite lands in the Lost Lake of Quasar. Before long, the Herculoids go up against enemies that they cannot see. Zandor soon learns from the Zelos King Zel that his son Eezo and his followers might be the culprits.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| Title = Mindbender
| OriginalAirDate = {{start date|1981|11|21}}
| ShortSummary = While playing, Dorno, Gloop, and Gleep discover and unearth a metal cylinder which contains a big-brained alien. When they release him, he reveals himself to be a member of a race that ruled Quasar thousands of years ago. The Herculoids try to recapture the Mindbender.
| LineColor = 500050
}}
}}

==Voices==
* [[Ted Eccles]] (originally), [[Sparky Marcus]] (in 1981) as Dorno
* [[Paul Frees]] as Sarko
* [[Virginia Gregg]] as Tara
* [[Don Messick]] as Gleep, Gloop
* [[Vic Perrin]] as Mekkor and the Captain of the Sky Pirates
* [[Mike Road]] as Zandor, Zok, Igoo, Tundro

==''The Herculoids'' in other languages==
* {{lang-fr|Les Défenseurs interplanétaires}}
* {{zh|宇宙泰山}} The show was introduced by ATV in Hong Kong as "宇宙泰山" in traditional Chinese or Cantonese, which stands for Tarzan in Space or Universe.
* {{lang-it|Gli Erculoidi}}
* {{lang-pt|Os Herculóides}}
* {{lang-es|Los Defensores Interplanetarios}} (The Interplanetary Defenders) or {{lang-es|Los Herculoides}} (The Herculoids)
* {{lang-hu|A Herkuloidák}}
* {{lang-ja|怪獣王ターガン}} ''Kaijû Ô Tâgan'' (Monster King Targan)
:*The characters' names in Japan were Targan (Zandor), Marmi (Tara), Kane (Dorno), Maryû (Zok), Rikira (Igoo), Tangurô (Tundro), Hyûhyû (Gloop) and Bôbô (Gleep).
* {{lang-cy|Sandor}}. The cartoon was dubbed into Welsh and transmitted during ''Yr Awr Fawr'' (The Big Hour) on Sunday mornings. Originally shown on [[BBC2 Wales]] and then [[BBC1 Wales]] in the late 1970s and 1980s, this was before the introduction of the [[Welsh-language]] channel [[S4C]] in 1982.

==Home media==
On June 14, 2011, [[Warner Archive Collection|Warner Archive]] released ''The Herculoids: The Complete Series'' on DVD in Region 1 as part of their [[Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection]]. This is a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Herculoids - 'The Complete Series' DVDs: Packaging, Date, Cost and Extras|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Herculoids-The-Complete-Series/15371|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914223018/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Herculoids-The-Complete-Series/15371|archive-date=2011-09-14}}</ref>

On July 27, 2021, the complete series was released on Blu-ray. The Blu-ray includes the opening narration and the second-season alternate titles that were not released on the ''Complete Series'' DVD.

==In other media==

===Comic books===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width =

| image1 = Super tv heroes 1.jpg
| width1 = 120 | height1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = Herculoids.jpg
| width2 = 110 | height2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =

| image3 =
| width3 = 155 | height3 =
| alt3 =
| caption3 =

| footer = ''Super TV Heroes'' #1 (1968) and ''Cartoon Network Presents'' #17 (1999), featuring the Herculoids on their covers
}}

The Herculoids have appeared in various comic books through the years. They appear in issues #1–2 and 4–7 of the [[Gold Key Comics]] series ''Hanna-Barbera Super TV Heroes'' (1968–69). They appear in issue #3 of the [[Marvel Comics]] series ''TV Stars'' (1978). Between 1997 and 1999, they appear in issues #5, 9, 13 and 17 of the [[DC Comics]] series ''Cartoon Network Presents''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comics.org/character/name/Herculoids/sort/chrono/|title=Herculoids|format=characters search|work=[[Grand Comics Database]]|via=comics.org|date=May 18, 2016|access-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, the Herculoids play a major role in the DC Comics series ''[[Future Quest]]''. This series features characters from various Hanna-Barbera animated series such as ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]'', ''[[Space Ghost (TV series)|Space Ghost]]'', ''[[Birdman and the Galaxy Trio]]'', ''[[Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles]]'', and ''[[Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dccomics.com/blog/2016/05/18/future-quest|title=Future Quest|date=May 18, 2016|publisher=[[DC Comics]]|access-date=August 2, 2021}}</ref> They also featured in issues #9–11 of the spin-off title, ''[[Future Quest|Future Quest Presents]]'', in a story written by Rob Williams and illustrated by Aaron Lopresti.

In 2024, it was announced a Herculoids comic from [[Dynamite Entertainment]] is in the works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dynamite-herculoids-ben-10-captain-planet-dynomutt-blue-falcon/|title=Dynamite's Herculoids, Ben 10, Captain Planet, Dynomutt, Blue Falcon|date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Space Stars]]''
* [[List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions]]
* [[List of Hanna-Barbera characters]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0061262}}
* [https://archive.today/20130117181727/http://www.bcdb.com/cartoons/Hanna-Barbera_Studios/G-J/The_Herculoids/ ''The Herculoids''] at the [[Big Cartoon DataBase]]
* [https://scoobydoocast.com/apnsd-episode-27-interview-with-aaron-lopresti Interview with ''Future Quest Presents'' artist, Aaron Lopresti], ''[http://www.scoobydoocast.com A Podcast Named Scooby-Doo!]'', October 2019

{{Hanna-Barbera Super Heroes}}
{{Children's programming on CBS in the 1960s}}
{{Children's programming on NBC in the 1980s}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herculoids, The}}
[[Category:1960s American animated television series]]
[[Category:1980s American animated television series]]
[[Category:1967 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1967 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1969 American television series endings]]
[[Category:1981 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1981 animated television series debuts]]
[[Category:1982 American television series endings]]
[[Category:American children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated space adventure television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:Animated television series about dragons]]
[[Category:Animated television series about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Animated television series about families]]
[[Category:CBS original programming]]
[[Category:Characters created by Alex Toth]]
[[Category:DC Comics superheroes]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Extraterrestrial superheroes]]
[[Category:Hanna-Barbera superheroes]]
[[Category:Television series by Hanna-Barbera]]
[[Category:Animated television series set on fictional planets]]
[[Category:CBS animated television series]]

Only Murders in the Building season 4

2024-10-21T01:07:00Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{Short description|Season of television series}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #29AC71
| season_number = 4
| image = OMITB season 4.jpeg
| image_upright =
| caption = Promotional poster
| showrunner =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Steve Martin]]
* [[Martin Short]]
* [[Selena Gomez]]
* [[Michael Cyril Creighton]]
}}
| num_episodes = 8
| network = [[Hulu]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|8|27}}
| last_aired = present
}}

The fourth season of the American [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] [[comedy-drama]] television series ''[[Only Murders in the Building]]'' (''OMITB'') premiered August 27, 2024, on [[Hulu]]. Stars [[Steve Martin]], [[Martin Short]], and [[Selena Gomez]] are a trio of friends producing [[true crime]] [[podcast]]s that investigate murder cases in their apartment building.

[[Michael Cyril Creighton]], [[Paul Rudd]], and [[Meryl Streep]] return from [[Only Murders in the Building season 3|the previous season]]. New additions [[Zach Galifianakis]], [[Eugene Levy]], and [[Eva Longoria]] appear as caricatures of themselves. The season consists of ten episodes.

== Cast and characters ==

===Main===
* [[Steve Martin]] as Charles-Haden Savage
* [[Martin Short]] as Oliver Putnam
* [[Selena Gomez]] as Mabel Mora
* [[Michael Cyril Creighton]] as Howard Morris

===Special guest===
* [[Paul Rudd]] as Glen Stubbins
* [[Meryl Streep]] as Loretta Durkin
* [[Zach Galifianakis]]{{efn|name=S4SG}} as a fictionalized version of himself
* [[Eugene Levy]]{{efn|name=S4SG}} as a fictionalized version of himself
* [[Eva Longoria]]{{efn|name=S4SG|Galifianakis, Levy, and Longoria, when they appear, are credited as special guest stars during the opening credits in the season alongside the main cast, except for in the first episode of the season.}} as a fictionalized version of herself

===Recurring===
* [[Da'Vine Joy Randolph]] as Donna Williams
* [[Jackie Hoffman]] as Uma Heller
* Teddy Coluca as Lester
* [[Jane Lynch]] as Sazz Pataki
* [[Molly Shannon]] as Bev Melon
* [[Catherine Cohen]] as Trina Brothers
* [[Jin Ha]] as Marshall P. Pope
* Siena Werber as Tawny Brothers
* [[Desmin Borges]] as Alfonso
* [[Richard Kind]] as Vince Fish
* [[Kumail Nanjiani]] as Rudy Thurber
* [[Daphne Rubin-Vega]] as Inez
* Lilian Rebelo as Ana
* [[Melissa McCarthy]] as Doreen

===Guest===
* [[Amy Ryan]] as Jan Bellows
* [[Scott Bakula]] as himself
* [[John McEnroe]] as himself
* [[Griffin Dunne]] as Prof. Dudenoff
* [[Jason Kravits]] as Big Mike
* Alexandra Templer as Helga

== Episodes ==
<onlyinclude>{{Episode table |background=#29AC71 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=23 |director=14 |writer=27 |airdate=19 |released=y |prodcode=7 |titleR=<ref name="HuluPress">{{cite web |url=https://press.hulu.com/shows/only-murders-in-the-building/ |title=Only Murders in the Building |website=Hulu Press |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hulu.com/series/only-murders-in-the-building-ef31c7e1-cd0f-4e07-848d-1cbfedb50ddf |title=Watch Only Murders in the Building Streaming Online |website=Hulu |access-date=October 19, 2024}}</ref> |directorR=<ref name="HuluPress"/> |writerR=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://directories.wga.org/project/1213352/only-murders-in-the-building/ |title=Only Murders in the Building - WGA Directory |website=Writers Guild of America West |access-date=August 17, 2024}}</ref> |airdateR=<ref name="Futon">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/only-murders-in-the-building/listings/ |title=Shows A-Z - Only Murders in the Building on Hulu |website=The Futon Critic |access-date=August 26, 2024}}</ref> |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 31
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Once Upon a Time in the West
|DirectedBy = [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]]
|WrittenBy = John Hoffman & Joshua Allen Griffith
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|8|27}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB01
|ShortSummary = After finishing the podcast's latest season, the trio goes to Charles' apartment to celebrate, unaware of Sazz's murder as the body has already disappeared. The next morning, Charles texts Sazz and receives a reply that she had to fly to L.A. to double for [[Scott Bakula]]. The trio is approached by Bev Melon of [[Paramount Pictures]] with a proposal for a film adaptation of their podcast, and they fly to L.A. to discuss the deal. At a party thrown by the studio, they meet the actors who will play them, namely [[Eugene Levy]], [[Zach Galifianakis]], and [[Eva Longoria]], with the latter advising a reluctant Mabel to use the money for her life rights to build something on her own. Charles runs into Bakula, who says Sazz never showed up on set, and upon visiting her Hollywood apartment, the trio finds miscellaneous notes revolving around Charles. Returning to New York, they discover blood prints and a bullet hole in Charles' window before locating Sazz's ashes and prosthetic parts in the Arconia's incinerator, while the person texting in Sazz's name sends an open threat to them.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 32
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = Gates of Heaven
|DirectedBy = John Hoffman
|WrittenBy = Kristin Newman
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|3}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB02
|ShortSummary = Suspecting the shot that killed Sazz came from one of the apartments on the west side of the Arconia, Oliver and Mabel investigate some of its residents. They meet Vince Fish, a friendly eye-patch-wearing man, and a Hispanic family of three, Alfonzo, Inez, and Ana, who invite them to a card game called [[Oh hell]] and tell them about an always locked apartment belonging to someone only known as "Dudenoff". Mabel discovers that one of Sazz's notes contains the code numbers for the apartment's lockbox, so they break in and find a pig in the bathtub and a [[Amateur radio|ham radio]]. Meanwhile, as Charles mourns Sazz, he is visited by Jan, who broke out of prison and tells him that Sazz was poking around the building recently, fearing that another murderer might be targeting Charles. Jan escapes before the police arrive for her, and Charles reports Sazz's murder to them. While they investigate the incinerator, the trio uses [[luminol]] to locate where Sazz's body fell. They find that Sazz wrote "Tap in" on the floor with her blood, while Oliver realizes the code numbers spell "Oh hell" upside down.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 33
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Two for the Road
|DirectedBy = [[Chris Koch (director)|Chris Koch]]
|WrittenBy = Ben Smith & Pete Swanson
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|10}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB03
|ShortSummary = With the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] taking over Sazz's case, Detective Williams decides to help the trio's investigation, providing them with information about the gun the sniper used. Concurrently, Eugene, Zach, and Eva arrive to study the trio's characteristics for the film. Spending the day with Oliver, Zach views him only as a narcissist until Howard tells him about Oliver's fighting spirit despite his failures, giving Zach a new perspective on the character's depths. Meanwhile, Mabel and Eva investigate Rudy Thurber, a Christmas-loving resident, after finding a piece of tinsel in Dudenoff's apartment. Under Eva's provocation, Rudy admits he actually hates Christmas, only uses the theme for his bodybuilder videos, and reveals that the piece they have found is not tinsel as it is non-flammable. Elsewhere, Charles and Eugene discover that Vince has a group photo of his neighbors, with one of them holding a pig and having their face crossed out. Mabel decides to use [[Adverse possession|squatter's rights]] to stay in Dudenoff's apartment and force them to come back. Later, the trio discovers a frequency on the ham radio and makes contact with someone who warns them to stop their investigation.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 34
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Stunt Man
|DirectedBy = Chris Koch
|WrittenBy = [[Madeleine George]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|17}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB04
|ShortSummary = The trio learns that Sazz visited a bar for [[stunt performer]]s on the night of her murder, so they go there to ask some questions. With the help of Glen Stubbins, Ben Glenroy's former stunt double, Charles meets the bar's chiropractor, Dr. Maggie, who tells him that Sazz was planning to retire from stunt working. Meanwhile, after attempting to evict Mabel from Dudenoff's apartment, the residents of the West Tower confess to her that they are illegal tenants as all the west apartments are rented by Professor Milton Dudenoff, who resides in Portugal, but lets them live in the Arconia for $200 a month. They also reveal the person who warned the trio on the ham radio was just Rudy's paranoid ex-girlfriend, Helga, and that none of them had ever met Sazz. Charles performs as Sazz's double so that her stunt double friends can hold a proper funeral for her, and remembers Sazz's dream of opening a training camp for stunt performers after her retirement. As the trio goes to the location Sazz wanted for the camp, they are surprised to find Bev there, who points a gun at them.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 35
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Adaptation
|DirectedBy = [[Jessica Yu]]
|WrittenBy = [[J. J. Philbin]] & Ella Robinson Brooks
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|9|24}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB05
|ShortSummary = Bev explains to the trio that she was trying to investigate Sazz's death because Sazz left her an unsettling voicemail about some problem with the film. Suspecting the killer is someone on the film, the trio interrogates screenwriter Marshall P. Pope, who is revealed to have been faking his appearance to look more like a creditable writer. Marshall proves he has an alibi for the night of the murder and questions Charles' theory that the murder and the disposal of the crime scene could be done in 12 minutes. After Oliver fails to reenact the murder in that amount of time, Mabel discovers that, on the photos they took of the film crew, someone has the same shoeprint they saw in Dudenoff's apartment. On a photoshoot with the cast and crew, Eva helps the trio set a trap with tacky mats so that the shoeprints can be visible, while Charles realizes the murder is, in fact, feasible in 12 minutes if two people are involved. As the trio discovers that directors Tawny and Trina Brothers have those shoeprints they are searching for, the lights suddenly go out and a gun is fired.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 36
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Blow-Up
|DirectedBy = Jessica Yu
|WrittenBy = Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|1}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB06
|ShortSummary = With Zach having been shot, the trio deduces that Oliver was the intended target and that the killer is after the three of them. Detective Williams informs them that Dudenoff is not even in Portugal, and they learn that he was the film professor of the Brothers sisters. Williams sends Sazz's remains to Charles, who discovers there are two left [[shoulder joints]] in the box, leading them to believe that there was another murder in the building, which Sazz could have found out. The trio confronts the Brothers sisters, who admit that they were in Dudenoff's apartment on the night of Sazz's murder, but only to visit him and to place hidden cameras in the building for behind-the-scenes footage of the film. They become devastated when Mabel reveals that, according to Williams' identification, the other shoulder joint was Dudenoff's. The trio later simultaneously receives "I'm watching you" text messages from Sazz's phone and footage of themselves from the last few days. Realizing the killer has been monitoring their every move, they leave the Arconia in fear to find a safe place.
----'''Note''': The episode was filmed in [[Found footage (film technique)|found footage]], showing all scenes as they were recorded by different types of cameras. The story is also split into a four-act narrative and presented in a mockumentary style by the Brothers sisters.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 37
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Valley of the Dolls
|DirectedBy = [[Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini|Shari Springer Berman & Robert Pulcini]]
|WrittenBy = Matteo Borghese & Rob Turbovsky
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|8}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB07
|ShortSummary = The trio hides on [[Long Island]] at Doreen's, Charles' extravagant sister's house. Bev and the actors later visit them, much to Mabel's chagrin, who wants to focus on the case. Loretta also visits and ends up in a brawl with Doreen due to the latter's crush on Oliver and her emotional overwhelm developed by her estranged relationship with Charles. While Doreen and Charles make amends, promising to visit each other more often, Loretta and Oliver talk about the future of their relationship, and Loretta accepts Oliver's marriage proposal. Wanting to help the investigation, the actors point out that the killer is possibly the mysterious person who left threatening letters in the Arconia throughout the podcast's first season and that the clues on Sazz's notes seem to confirm this theory. Later, Howard calls the trio and reports his discovery that the residents of the West Tower are individually cashing social security checks in Dudenoff's name.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 38
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Lifeboat
|DirectedBy = Shari Springer Berman & Robert Pulcini
|WrittenBy = Kristin Newman & Jake Schnesel
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|15}}
|ProdCode = 4DWB08
|ShortSummary = The West Tower residents arrange a meeting with the trio and the actors to clear their names in the murder investigation. They tell how they became friends with and got financial help from Dudenoff before he moved to Portugal a few years earlier. Doubting they tell the truth, Mabel brings in Helga after identifying her on Vince's group photo as another one of Dudenoff's friends, and she tells how suspicious the others have become after the ''Only Murders in the Building'' podcast began. They then show a video made by Dudenoff that reveals the whole story: Dudenoff found out he was terminally ill, so he committed suicide, but asked his friends to hide his death from Helga and the authorities for the sake of all of their well-beings. Out of sympathy, Mabel decides to not use this information in their podcast, even if it leaves them without a lead. Helga, however, informs them that Sazz contacted her during her investigation and mentioned that her former stunt double protégé turned out to be dangerous. Based on Helga's description, the trio realizes it was Glen Stubbins.
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 39
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Escape from Planet Klongo
|DirectedBy = [[Jamie Babbit]]
|WrittenBy = Ben Smith & Alex Bigelow
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|22}}
|ProdCode =
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Only Murders in the Building season 4
|EpisodeNumber = 40
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = My Best Friend's Wedding
|DirectedBy =
|WrittenBy = John Hoffman
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|29}}
|ProdCode =
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 29AC71
}}
}}</onlyinclude>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On October 3, 2023, the day the final episode of the [[Only Murders in the Building season 3|third season]] was released, [[Hulu]] renewed ''[[Only Murders in the Building]]'' for a ten-episode fourth season. The season was announced with co-creators [[Steve Martin]] and [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]] serving as executive producers, along with stars [[Martin Short]] and [[Selena Gomez]], and [[Dan Fogelman]] and Jess Rosenthal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Lynette |date=October 3, 2023 |title='Only Murders In The Building' Renewed For Fourth Season By Hulu |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-fourth-season-hulu-1235562065/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011224957/https://deadline.com/2023/10/only-murders-in-the-building-renewed-fourth-season-hulu-1235562065/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=October 3, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Eugene Levy (6815600492).jpg
| image2 = Zach Galifianakis 2012 (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Eva Longoria SZ9 1450 (52476848986) (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Eugene Levy]], [[Zach Galifianakis]] and [[Eva Longoria]] joined the cast for the season as special guest stars, and portray fictionalized versions of themselves.
| total_width = 350
}}
Martin, Short, Gomez, and [[Michael Cyril Creighton]] all return from the previous season, making this season the first to not add any new actors to the main cast. In February 2024, [[Molly Shannon]], [[Eva Longoria]], and [[Eugene Levy]] joined the cast in undisclosed recurring roles for the fourth season.<ref name="MollyS">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Molly Shannon Joins 'Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 As Recurring |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/molly-shannon-cast-only-murders-season-4-1235825267/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215011639/https://deadline.com/2024/02/molly-shannon-cast-only-murders-season-4-1235825267/ |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=February 15, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref name="EvaL">{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=February 22, 2024 |title=Eva Longoria Joins 'Only Murders in the Building's Season 4 Cast |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/eva-longoria-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-1235833682/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511105456/https://deadline.com/2024/02/eva-longoria-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-1235833682/ |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |access-date=February 22, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref name="EugeneL">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=February 27, 2024 |title=Eugene Levy Joins 'Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 As Recurring |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/eugene-levy-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-1235839290/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227184902/https://deadline.com/2024/02/eugene-levy-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-1235839290/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> [[Kumail Nanjiani]] and [[Zach Galifianakis]] were added in undisclosed recurring roles in March 2024.<ref name="Kumail">{{cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=March 4, 2024 |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 Casts Kumail Nanjiani (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-kumail-nanjiani-1235929357/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304181623/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-cast-kumail-nanjiani-1235929357/ |archive-date=March 4, 2024 |access-date=March 4, 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name="ZachG">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=March 10, 2024 |title=Zach Galifianakis Joins 'Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 As Recurring |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/zach-galifianakis-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-recurring-1235852655/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310224612/https://deadline.com/2024/03/zach-galifianakis-cast-only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-recurring-1235852655/ |archive-date=March 10, 2024 |access-date=March 10, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> In April 2024, [[Desmin Borges]], Siena Werber, Lilian Rebelo, [[Richard Kind]], [[Daphne Rubin-Vega]], [[Catherine Cohen]], and [[Jin Ha]] joined the cast in recurring capacities.<ref name="DesminB, SienaW, and LilianR">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=April 5, 2024 |title='Only Murders In The Building' Adds Desmin Borges, Siena Werber, Lilian Rebelo As Recurring |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-desmin-borges-season-4-1235876847/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408210724/https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-desmin-borges-season-4-1235876847/ |archive-date=April 8, 2024 |access-date=April 9, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref name="RichardK, DaphneRV, CatherineC, and JinH">{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=April 9, 2024 |title='Only Murders In The Building' Adds Richard Kind, Daphne Rubin-Vega, Catherine Cohen & Jin Ha To Season 4 |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-richard-kind-daphne-rubin-vega-catherine-cohen-jin-ha-season-4-1235879115/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409173808/https://deadline.com/2024/04/only-murders-in-the-building-cast-richard-kind-daphne-rubin-vega-catherine-cohen-jin-ha-season-4-1235879115/ |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |access-date=April 9, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> In May 2024, it was revealed that [[Melissa McCarthy]] joined the cast.<ref name="MM">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=May 14, 2024 |title='Only Murders In The Building' Season 4 Gets Premiere Date & Trailer With Melissa McCarthy Joining Cast |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1235916354/ |access-date=May 14, 2024 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
The episodes in the season were written by [[John Robert Hoffman|John Hoffman]], Joshua Allen Griffith, Kristin Newman, Ben Smith, Pete Swanson, [[Madeleine George]], [[J. J. Philbin]], Ella Robinson Brooks, Rick Wiener, Kenny Schwartz, Matteo Borghese, Rob Turbovsky, Jake Schnesel, Alex Bigelow, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Only Murders In The Building |url=https://press.hulu.com/shows/only-murders-in-the-building/ |access-date=September 20, 2024 |website=Hulu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming for the fourth season began in March 2024 in [[New York City]],<ref>{{cite web |last=London |first=Rob |date=March 1, 2024 |title=Selena Gomez Announces 'Only Murders In the Building' Season 4 Is Filming With Sweet Message |url=https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-start/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324053603/https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-start/ |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=Collider}}</ref> and concluded in June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peralta |first=Diego |date=June 11, 2024 |title='Only Murders in the Building' Season 4 Wraps With Hilarious Set Video |url=https://collider.com/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-filming-wrapped/ |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=Collider}}</ref>

== Release ==
The fourth season premiered on August 27, 2024, on [[Hulu]]. Subsequent episodes will release weekly until the season finale on October 29, 2024.<ref name="S4Premiere">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1236003496/|title='Only Murders in the Building' Heads to Hollywood in First Season 4 Teaser, Sets Premiere Date|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Joe|last=Otterson|date=May 14, 2024|access-date=May 14, 2024|archive-date=May 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514221203/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/only-murders-in-the-building-season-4-premiere-date-trailer-1236003496/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==


For the fourth season, the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 7.8/10, based on 71 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus states, "The gang is back together in a more metatextual season full of famous faces, continuing ''Only Murders in the Building''{{'}}s reign as one of television's most delightful comedies."<ref name="S4RT">{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes|id=only_murders_in_the_building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=4|publisher_hide=y|access-date=October 13, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gave the fourth season a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 29 critic reviews, signifying "universal acclaim".<ref name="S4MC">{{Cite Metacritic|id=only-murders-in-the-building|title=Only Murders in the Building|type=tv|season=4|publisher_hide=y|access-date=September 19, 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.hulu.com/series/ef31c7e1-cd0f-4e07-848d-1cbfedb50ddf}}
* {{IMDb episodes|11691774}}

{{Only Murders in the Building}}

[[Category:2024 American television seasons]]
[[Category:Only Murders in the Building]]

The Virginian (novel)

2024-10-15T04:42:24Z

Hiplibrarianship: Fixed grammar

{{short description|1902 novel set in the Wild West, by American author Owen Wister}}
{{about|the 1902 novel|other uses (including film adaptations)|The Virginian (disambiguation){{!}}The Virginian}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Virginian
| title_orig = The Virginian
| translator =
| image = The Virginian 1902.jpg
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Owen Wister]], (1860–1938)
| illustrator =
| country = United States
| language = English
| genre = [[Western fiction|Western]]
| publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
| release_date = 1902
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback)
| oclc = 65699996
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| wikisource = The Virginian, Macmillan Co, 1902
}}

'''''The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains''''' is a 1902 novel by American author [[Owen Wister]] (1860–1938), set in [[Wyoming Territory]] during the 1880s. Detailing the life of a cowboy on a cattle ranch, the novel was a landmark in the evolution of the western genre, as distinguished from earlier short stories and pulp dime novels. ''The Virginian'' paved the way for westerns by authors such as [[Zane Grey]], [[Max Brand]], [[Louis L'Amour]], and others.
The novel was adapted from several short stories published in ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' and ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' between Nov 1893 and May 1902.

==Fictional character==
The Virginian is a ranch hand at the Sunk Creek Ranch, located outside of [[Medicine Bow, Wyoming]]. His friend Steve calls him "Jeff" presumably after [[Jefferson Davis]], but he is always referred to as the Virginian, and no name is mentioned throughout the story. He is described as a tall, dark, slim, young giant, with a deep personality. At first, he is only a cowboy, but halfway through the book, he is signed on as the full-time foreman. He is Judge Henry's most trusted worker. Several times throughout the book, he is offered the chance to run down his enemy, Trampas, behind his back, but each time he refuses the temptation, until Trampas challenges the Virginian to a duel. It is made clear that he will not use his official position as foreman to crush any of his employees. One of the main plots is the Virginian's ongoing romance with the newly appointed "schoolmarm" of Bear Creek School, Miss Molly Stark Wood. Being from the East, she is not used to the wild West, and the Virginian is a perfect gentleman to her, intending to make her "love him before we get through."<ref>Wister, Owen (1902). ''The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains.'' New York: Gramercy Books. {{ISBN|0-517-12278-2}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
[[File:P_029--Virginian--when_you_call_me_that,_smile.jpg|200px|thumb|"When you call me that, ''smile!''"]]
The novel begins with an unnamed narrator's arrival in [[Medicine Bow, Wyoming]], from "back East" and his encounter with an impressively tall and handsome stranger. The stranger proves adept at roping horses, as well as facing down a gambler, Trampas, who calls him a "son of a bitch." The stranger lays a pistol on the table and gently threatens, "When you call me that, smile!" Known only as the Virginian, the stranger turns out to be the narrator's escort to Judge Henry's ranch in Sunk Creek, Wyoming. As the two travel the 263 miles to the ranch, the narrator, who is nicknamed the Tenderfoot, and the Virginian come to know one another as the Tenderfoot slowly begins to understand the nature of life in the West, which is very different from what he expected. This meeting is the beginning of a lifelong friendship and the starting point of the narrator's recounting of key episodes in the life of the Virginian.

The novel revolves around the Virginian and the life he lives. As well as describing the Virginian's conflict with his enemy, Trampas, and his romance with the pretty schoolteacher, Molly Stark Wood, Wister weaves a tale of action, violence, hate, revenge, love, and friendship. In one scene, the Virginian is forced to participate in the hanging of Steve, an admitted [[Cattle raiding#American Old West|cattle thief]] who had been his close friend. The hanging is represented as a necessary response to the government's [[Johnson County War|corruption and lack of action]], but the Virginian feels it to be a horrible duty. He is especially stricken by the bravery with which the thief faces his fate, and the heavy burden that the act places on his heart forms the emotional core of the story.

A fatal shootout resolves the ongoing conflict with Trampas after five years of hate. After Trampas shoots first in a duel, the Virginian shoots Trampas in self defense and leaves to marry his young bride. The Virginian and Molly ride off together to spend a month in the mountains and then journey back East to [[Vermont]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Wister|first=Owen|title=The Virginian|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, NY|isbn=0-19-283226-3|page=48}}</ref> to meet her family. They are received a bit stiffly by the immediate Wood family, but warmly by Molly's great-aunt. The new couple returns to [[Wyoming]], and the Virginian is made a partner of Judge Henry's ranch. The book ends noting that the Virginian became an important man in the territory with a happy family.

Although fiction, the novel's story was based on real events, such as the [[Johnson County War]].<ref name="Lam">Frances McElrath, ''The Rustler: A Tale of Love and War in Wyoming'', Bison Books (2002). xii. {{ISBN|978-0803282841}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wister |first=Owen |title=The Virginian |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-283226-3 |location=Oxford, NY |page=48}}</ref>

== Cultural influence ==
The 1902 novel had an enormous influence on publishing, and later movies and television, establishing the Western genre and especially the cowboy ideal as an American icon. Its climactic gun duel is the first "showdown" in fiction.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Virginian-novel-by-Wister The Virginian]", ''Britannica.com''; accessed 2020.08.25.</ref>

The novel is also the first known use of the phrase: "When you call me that, smile!"<ref>"[https://www.ultimatewyoming.com/sectionpages/sec5/extras/owenwister.html Owen Wister "When you say that, smile"], Ultimate Wyoming; accessed 2020.08.25.</ref> This line, in many versions, became common in later Western works, from movies to music.

Twenty-first century scholars of [[Western fiction]] debate whether ''The Virginian'' should be considered as the first cowboy novel outside the dime novel tradition. Victoria Lamont, for example, argues that this distinction belongs to ''The Administratrix'' by [[Emma Ghent Curtis]] ([[John B. Alden]] Publishing, 1889), which was published thirteen years earlier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lamont|first=Victoria|chapter=Western Violence and the Limits of Sentimental Power|title=Westerns: A Women's History|pages=11–30|publisher=UNP – Nebraska|isbn=978-0803290334|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1d8h8m1.6|year=2016}}</ref> However, ''The Administratrix'' did not command the breadth of popular appeal of ''The Virginian''.

==Adaptations==
[[File:The Virginian by Owen Wister and Kirke La Shelle. LCCN2014636748.jpg|thumb|Poster for the Broadway production of ''The Virginian'', adapted by Wister and [[Kirke La Shelle]] (1904)]]

===Stage===
Wister and [[Kirke La Shelle]] adapted the novel for a stage production. ''The Virginian'' opened at the [[Manhattan Theatre]] on January 5, 1904, and ran until May 1904. It was reprised in October 1905 for 16 performances at the [[Academy of Music (New York City)|Academy of Music]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/the-virginian-9110 |title=The Virginian |publisher=[[Internet Broadway Database]] |access-date=January 3, 2019 }}</ref>

In 2022 playwrights L.C Bernadine and Spencer Huffman newly adapted the novel for [[City Lit Theater]] in Chicago. The production opened on January 16, 2022 for a 5-week run.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chicagoreader.com/arts-culture/theater-review/city-lit-stages-the-og-of-westerns/ |title=CityLit Stages the OG of Westerns |date=January 19, 2022 |publisher=[[Chicago Reader]] | access-date=January 29, 2022 }}</ref>

===Films===
*''[[The Virginian (1914 film)|The Virginian]]'' (1914 film) directed by [[Cecil B. DeMille]], with [[Dustin Farnum]]
*''[[The Virginian (1923 film)|The Virginian]]'' (1923 film) with [[Kenneth Harlan]] and [[Florence Vidor]]
*''[[The Virginian (1929 film)|The Virginian]]'' (1929 film) with [[Gary Cooper]] and [[Walter Huston]]
*''[[The Virginian (1946 film)|The Virginian]]'' (1946 film) with [[Joel McCrea]] and [[Brian Donlevy]]
*''[[The Virginian (2014 film)|The Virginian]]'' (2014 film) with [[Trace Adkins]] and [[Victoria Pratt]]

===Television===
*The novel was loosely adapted for the NBC TV series ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'' (1962–1971).
*''[[The Virginian (2000 film)|The Virginian]]'' (2000 TV film) with [[Bill Pullman]] and [[Diane Lane]]

=== Comics ===
The novel was adapted into comic form in ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' #150.<ref>[https://www.comics.org/issue/515343/ Classics Illustrated #150 [O<nowiki>]</nowiki> - The Virginian ]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/ClassicsIllustrated150TheVirginian/mode/2up Classics Illustrated -150- The Virginian ]</ref> In 1963 [[Gold Key Comics]] published a single issue tie in with the television series.<ref>[https://www.comics.org/series/14632/ The Virginian Western, 1963 Series]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Graulich, Melody; Tatum, Stephen. ''Reading the Virginian in the New West''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8032-7104-2}}
* The Pittsburgh Press, Nov 3, 1911
* The Scranton Republican, Dec 1, 1908

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline|The Virginian (novel)|''The Virginian'' (novel)}}
*{{wikisource-inline|The Virginian, Macmillan Co, 1902|''The Virginian''|single=true}}
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv180537/op=fstyle.aspx?t=k&q=00290 Owen Wister Papers] at the [[American Heritage Center]]
*''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006602328 Fifty years of The Virginian, 1902-1952]'' Laramie, University of Wyoming Library Associates, 1952.
{{Gutenberg book|no=1298|name=The Virginian}}
*[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL106175W/The_Virginian ''The Virginian''] at [[Open Library]]
* {{Librivox book | title=The Virginian | author=Owen WISTER}}
* Manuscript of ''The Virginian'' is preserved at the [[American Heritage Center]]

{{The Virginian}}
{{Owen Wister}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virginian, The}}
[[Category:1902 American novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Owen Wister]]
[[Category:Western (genre) novels]]
[[Category:Macmillan Publishers books]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1880s]]
[[Category:Novels set in Wyoming]]
[[Category:Novels set in Vermont]]
[[Category:Fictional cowboys and cowgirls]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1902]]

Gunsmoke

2024-10-15T03:31:10Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Syndication */revise, +wl

{{short description|American radio and television Western drama series (1952–1975)}}
{{About|the radio and television series|other uses|Gun Smoke (disambiguation){{!}}Gun Smoke}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=September 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}

'''''Gunsmoke''''' is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director [[Norman Macdonnell]] and writer [[John Meston]]. It centered on [[Dodge City, Kansas]], in the 1870s, during the settlement of the American West. The central character is lawman [[Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)|Marshal Matt Dillon]], played by [[William Conrad]] on radio and [[James Arness]] on television.

The radio series ran from 1952 to 1961. [[John Dunning (detective fiction author)|John Dunning]] wrote that, among radio drama enthusiasts, "''Gunsmoke'' is routinely placed among the best shows of any kind and any time."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dunning |first=John |author-link=John Dunning (detective fiction author) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22Gunsmoke,+western+drama%22&pg=PA302 |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |date=1998-05-07 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |pages=302–306 |access-date=July 19, 2023 |via=[[Google Books]] |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719145015/https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22Gunsmoke,+western+drama%22&pg=PA302 |url-status=live }}</ref> It ran unsponsored for its first few years, with CBS funding its production.

In 1955, the series was adapted for television and ran for 20 seasons. It ran for half-hour episodes from 1955 to 1961, and one-hour episodes from 1961 to 1975. A total of 635 episodes were aired over its 20 year run. At the end of its run in 1975, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' columnist [[Cecil Smith (writer)|Cecil Smith]] wrote: "''Gunsmoke'' was the dramatization of the American epic legend of the west. Our own ''Iliad'' and ''Odyssey'', created from standard elements of the dime novel and the pulp Western as romanticized by [[Ned Buntline|Buntline]], [[Bret Harte|Harte]], and [[Mark Twain|Twain]]. It was ever the stuff of legend."<ref>{{cite news |first=Cecil |last=Smith |title=Gunsmoke |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 1975}}</ref>

Five made-for-TV movies were produced after its 20-year run. The show won 15 [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] as well as other accolades. It was frequently well received, holding a top-10 spot in the [[Nielsen ratings]] for several seasons.

The United Kingdom series was initially titled '''''Gun Law'''''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mills |first=Nicholaus |date=June 8, 2011 |title=James Arness, symbol of power with restraint |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/james-arness-gunsmoke |access-date=October 10, 2014 |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108094922/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/jun/08/james-arness-gunsmoke |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Radio series (1952–1961) ==
{{Infobox radio show
| image = Gunsmoke22.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Publicity photo from ''Gunsmoke''{{'}}s radio version (photo from 1954)
| format = [[Western (genre)|Western]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| television = [[#Television version|Gunsmoke]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[William Conrad]]
* [[Parley Baer]]
* [[Howard McNear]]
* [[Georgia Ellis]]
}}
| announcer = George Walsh
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Norman Macdonnell]]
* [[John Meston]]
}}
| producer = Norman Macdonnell
| first_aired = {{Start date|1952|4|26}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1961|6|18}}
| num_series = 9
| num_episodes = 480 ([[List of Gunsmoke radio episodes|List of episodes]])
| audio_format = Monaural
}}

In the late 1940s, [[CBS]] chairman [[William S. Paley]], a fan of the ''[[Philip Marlowe]]'' radio series, asked his programming chief, Hubell Robinson, to develop a hardcore Western series, about a "Philip Marlowe of the Old West". Robinson delegated this to his West Coast CBS vice president, [[Harry Ackerman]], who had developed the ''Philip Marlowe'' series.<ref name=BigBroadcast>{{cite news |last1=Horwitz |first1=Murray |title=The Big Broadcast (radio show) |url=https://wamu.org/show/the-big-broadcast/ |access-date=April 5, 2019 |work=[[WAMU]] |date=March 31, 2019 |author1-link=Murray Horwitz |archive-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405023436/https://wamu.org/show/the-big-broadcast/ |url-status=live }} At exactly one hour into the four hour show. At one hour and thirty minutes host Horwitz cites interviews conducted on The Big Broadcast by former host John Hickman as his source for this information.</ref>

Ackerman and his scriptwriters, [[Morton Fine|Mort Fine]] and [[David Friedkin]], created an audition script called "Mark Dillon Goes to Gouge Eye" based on one of their [[Michael Shayne]] radio scripts, "The Case of the Crooked Wheel", from mid-1948. Two versions were recorded. The first, recorded in June 1949, was very much like a hardcore detective series and starred [[Michael Rye]] (credited as Rye Billsbury) as Dillon;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/4pTJkv4h9IngjwUpQ09PzV|title=Mark Dillon Goes To Gouge Eye {Rye Billsbury} – Gunsmoke (06-11-49) – Gunsmoke – OTRWesterns.com|website=Spotify}}</ref><ref name="BigBroadcast" /> the second, recorded in July 1949, starred ''[[Straight Arrow]]'' actor [[Howard Culver]] in a more Western, lighter version of the same script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/3NGrKyv5wM4trxcDEULOm7|title=Mark Dillon Goes To Gouge Eye {Howard Culver} – Gunsmoke (07-13-49) – Gunsmoke – OTRWesterns.com|website=Spotify}}</ref><ref>Both versions included [[June Foray]], [[Gerald Mohr]], [[Vic Perrin]] and [[Jay Novello]] in the cast.</ref> CBS liked the Culver version better, and Ackerman was told to proceed.

A complication arose when Culver's contract as the star of ''Straight Arrow'' would not allow him to do another Western series. The project was suspended for three years, when producer Norman Macdonnell and writer John Meston discovered it while creating an adult Western series of their own.<ref>''Gunsmoke'' 2 Volume Set: A Complete History and Analysis of the Legendary Broadcast Series with a Comprehensive Episode-By-Episode Guide to Both the Radio and Television Programs – Suzanne Barabas and Gabor Barabas</ref>

Macdonnell and Meston wanted to create a radio Western for adults, in contrast to the prevailing juvenile fare such as ''[[The Lone Ranger]]'' and ''[[The Cisco Kid]]''. ''Gunsmoke'' was set in Dodge City, Kansas, during the thriving cattle days of the 1870s. Dunning notes, "The show drew critical acclaim for unprecedented realism."<ref name=":0" />

=== Episodes ===
{{Main|List of Gunsmoke (radio series) episodes}}

=== Cast ===
The radio series first aired on CBS on April 26, 1952, with the episode "Billy the Kid", written by [[Walter Newman (screenwriter)|Walter Newman]], and ended on June 18, 1961. The show stars [[William Conrad]] as Marshal Matt Dillon, [[Howard McNear]] as Doc Charles Adams, [[Georgia Ellis]] as Kitty Russell, and [[Parley Baer]] as Dillon's assistant, Chester Wesley Proudfoot.

==== Matt Dillon ====
[[File:William Conrad 1952.JPG|thumb|right|[[William Conrad]] in 1952, when Matt Dillon was created on radio]]
[[Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)|Matt Dillon]] was played on radio by William Conrad and on television by James Arness. Two versions of the same pilot episode titled "Mark Dillon Goes to Gouge Eye" were produced with Rye Billsbury and Howard Culver playing Marshal Mark Dillon as the lead, not yet played by Conrad. Conrad was one of the last actors to audition for the role of Marshal Dillon. With a resonantly powerful and distinctive voice, Conrad was already one of radio's busiest actors. Though Meston championed him, Macdonnell thought Conrad might be overexposed. During his audition, however, Conrad won over Macdonnell after reading only a few lines. Dillon, as portrayed by Conrad, was a lonely, isolated man, toughened by a hard life. Macdonnell later claimed, "Much of Matt Dillon's character grew out of Bill Conrad."<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/79-WilliamDillon.htm "Matt Dillon's character grew out of Bill Conrad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928104923/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/79-WilliamDillon.htm |date=September 28, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref>

Meston relished the upending of cherished Western fiction clichés and said that few Westerns gave any inkling of how brutal the Old West was in reality. Many episodes were based on man's cruelty to man and woman, inasmuch as the prairie woman's life and the painful treatment of women as [[Personal property|chattels]] were touched on well ahead of the time of most media. As originally pitched to CBS executives, this was to be an adult Western, not a grown-up ''[[Hopalong Cassidy]]''.

Dunning writes that Meston was especially disgusted by the archetypal Western hero and set out "to destroy [that type of] character he loathed". In Meston's view, "Dillon was almost as scarred as the homicidal psychopaths who drifted into Dodge from all directions."<ref name=":0" />

==== Doc Adams ====
Howard McNear starred as Dr. Charles Adams in the radio series, and [[Milburn Stone]] portrayed Dr. Galen Adams in the television version. In the radio series, "Doc" Adams was initially a self-interested and somewhat dark character with a predilection for constantly attempting to increase his revenue through the procurement of autopsy fees. He was acerbic, somewhat mercenary, and borderline alcoholic, in the program's early years. His real name was Dr. Calvin Moore.<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/76-DocsRealName.htm "On radio's ''Gunsmoke'', Doc Adams' real name was Dr. Calvin Moore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927094947/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/76-DocsRealName.htm |date=September 27, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> He came west and changed his name to escape a charge of murder. However, McNear's performances steadily became more warm-hearted and sympathetic. Doc wandered throughout the territories until he settled in Dodge City 17 years later under the name of Charles Adams. Conrad borrowed the surname from cartoonist [[Charles Addams]] as a testament to Doc's initially ghoulish comportment. Milburn Stone was given free rein to choose the character's first name, and chose that of the ancient Greek physician and medical researcher [[Galen]].

==== Miss Kitty ====
Kitty was played by actress Georgia Ellis on radio, and by [[Amanda Blake]] on television. Ellis first appeared in the radio episode "Billy the Kid" (April 26, 1952) as "Francie Richards" – a former girlfriend of Matt Dillon's and the widow of a criminal, but the character of "Miss Kitty" did not appear until the May 10, 1952, episode "Jaliscoe". Sometime in 1959, Ellis was billed as Georgia Hawkins instead of Georgia Ellis. Amanda Blake appeared in over 500 episodes of the television series, with her last being the April 1, 1974, episode titled, "The Disciple".

In the radio series, Kitty's profession was hinted at, but never explicit; in a 1953 interview with ''Time'', Macdonnell declared, "Kitty is just someone Matt has to visit every once in a while".<ref name=":0" /> The magazine observed that she is "obviously not selling [[chocolate bar]]s".<ref name="sixgungalahad">{{Cite magazine |date=March 30, 1959 |title=The Six-Gun Galahad |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892441,00.html?internalid=ACA |magazine=Time |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214134022/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892441,00.html |archive-date=February 14, 2008}}</ref> The television show first portrayed Kitty as a saloon dance hall employee, then from season two, episode 36 ("Daddy-O"), as half-owner of the [[Long Branch Saloon]].

Dillon and Kitty clearly have a close personal relationship.

=== Distinction from other radio Westerns ===
[[File:Long Branch Saloon interior.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of the real [[Long Branch Saloon]] in [[Dodge City, Kansas]], photographed between 1870 and 1885]]
''Gunsmoke'' is often a somber program, particularly in its early years. Dunning writes that Dillon "played his hand and often lost. He arrived too late to prevent a lynching. He amputated a dying man's leg and lost the patient anyway. He saved a girl from brutal rapists, then found himself unable to offer her what she needed to stop her from moving into ... life as a prostitute."<ref name=":0" /> Some listeners, such as Dunning, argue the radio version was more realistic. Episodes were aimed at adults with some of the most explicit content of their time, including violent crimes, [[scalping]]s, [[wikt:massacre|massacres]], and [[opium]] addicts. Many episodes end on a somber note, and villains often get away with their crimes.

The program was set after the arrival of the railroad in Dodge City (1872), and Kansas had been a state since 1861. In reality, a U.S. Marshal (actually a deputy marshal, because only the senior officer in the district holds the title "marshal") would not be based in Dodge City and would not be involved in local law enforcement.

Apart from the doleful tone, ''Gunsmoke'' is distinct from other radio Westerns, as the dialogue is often slow and halting, and the outstanding [[sound effect]]s give a palpable sense of the prairie setting. The effects are subtle but multilayered, giving the show a spacious feel. [[John Dunning (detective fiction author)|John Dunning]] wrote, "The listener heard extraneous dialogue in the background, just above the muted shouts of kids playing in an alley. He heard noises from the next block, too, where the inevitable dog was barking."<ref name=":0" />

''Gunsmoke'' is unique from other Westerns in that it was unsponsored in the first few years of production. The program was funded by CBS in the first two years. Series producers said that if the show were sponsored, they would have to "clean the show up".<ref>''Time'', 1953</ref> The producers wanted to find a sponsor that would allow them to keep the show the way it was.<ref>{{cite news |title=Weeks of Prestige |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=March 23, 1953 |page=106}}</ref>

=== Television proposal ===
Not long after the radio show began, talk began of adapting it to television. Privately, Macdonnell had a guarded interest in taking the show to television, but publicly, he declared, "our show is perfect for radio", and he feared, as Dunning writes, "''Gunsmoke'' confined by a picture could not possibly be as authentic or attentive to detail. ... In the end, CBS simply took it away from Macdonnell and began preparing for the television version."<ref name=":0" />

Conrad and the others were given auditions, but they were little more than token efforts{{snd}}especially in Conrad's case, due to his obesity. However, Meston was kept as the main writer. In the early years, most of the television episodes were adapted from the radio scripts, often using identical scenes and dialogue. Dunning wrote, "That radio fans considered the TV show a sham and its players impostors should surprise no one. That the TV show was not a sham is due in no small part to the continued strength of Meston's scripts."<ref name=":0" />

Macdonnell and Meston continued the radio version of ''Gunsmoke'' until 1961, making it one of the most enduring vintage radio dramas.

Conrad directed two television episodes, in 1963 and 1971, and McNear appeared on six, playing characters other than Doc, including three times as storekeeper Howard Rudd.

== Television series (1955–1975) and TV movies ==
{{Infobox television
| image = Gunsmoke (CBS 1955 -1975 television series logo).png
| developer = [[Charles Marquis Warren]]
| genre = [[Western (genre)|Western]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Gunsmoke''|[[John Meston]]|[[Norman Macdonnell]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[James Arness]]
* [[Milburn Stone]]
* [[Amanda Blake]]
* [[Dennis Weaver]]
* [[Burt Reynolds]]
* [[Ken Curtis]]
* [[Roger Ewing]]
* [[Buck Taylor]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist|
* Rex Koury
* Glenn Spencer
}}
| country = United States
| num_seasons = {{Plainlist|
* 6 (''Marshal Dillon'', syndication retitling of half-hour episodes)
* 14 (''Gunsmoke''),
* 20 (total seasons)
}}
| num_episodes = {{Plainlist|
* 233 (''Marshal Dillon'', syndication retitling of half-hour episodes)
* 402 (''Gunsmoke'')
* 635 (total episodes)
}}
| list_episodes = List of Gunsmoke television episodes
| runtime = {{Plainlist|
* 26 minutes (1955–1961)
* 50 minutes (1961–1975)
}}
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[CBS Productions]]
* Filmaster Productions
* [[James Arness|Arness and Company]]
* (1959–1961)
* [[James Arness|The Arness Production Company]]
* (1961–1964)
}}
| network = [[CBS]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1955|9|10}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1975|3|31}}
}}

The television series ran from September 10, 1955, to March 31, 1975, on CBS, with 635 total episodes. It is the second [[Westerns on television|Western television series]] written for adults, premiering on September 10, 1955, four days after ''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burris |first1=Joe |title=The Eastern Earps |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/2005/05/10/the-eastern-earps/ |access-date=October 20, 2014 |date=May 10, 2005 |work=Baltimore Sun |archive-date=December 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216151656/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-05-10/features/0505100100_1_wyatt-earp-genealogy-indentured |url-status=live }}</ref> The first 12 seasons aired Saturdays at 10 pm, seasons 13 through 16 aired Mondays at 7:30 pm, and the last four seasons aired Mondays at 8 pm. During its second season in 1956, the program joined the list of the top-10 television programs broadcast in the United States. It quickly moved to number one and stayed there until 1961. It remained among the top-20 programs until 1964.<ref>[http://www.museum.tv/eotv/gunsmoke.htm ''Gunsmoke''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005327/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/gunsmoke.htm |date=October 22, 2014 }} Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved October 23, 2014</ref>

==Premise==
Set in Dodge City, Kansas during the years following the [[American Civil War]], the series follows the lives of U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon and the citizens he is sworn to protect. Among them are his deputies, Chester Goode, and later Festus Hagen, town physician Galen “Doc” Adams, and saloon owner, Miss Kitty Russell. Most episodes involve disruptions caused by those arriving from outside Dodge City. Since Dillon’s authority extends beyond town, some episodes focus on his travels, while other plots revolve around mishaps occurring while Dillon is gone. Both deputies are shown to be loyal, but often inept or indecisive at handling problems when Dillon is not around. Although Dillon and Miss Kitty are never portrayed in a romantic relationship, it is apparent they care deeply for each other. Doc Adams is portrayed as a very competent and caring physician, but his conservative treatment methods often frustrate his patients who expect a quick recovery. Doc and both deputies are often used as comic relief over the course of the series.

=== Transition from radio to TV ===
When ''Gunsmoke'' was adapted for television in 1955, contrary to a campaign to persuade the network, the network was not interested in bringing either Conrad or his radio costars to the television medium. Conrad's weight was rumored to be a deciding factor. [[Denver Pyle]] was also considered for the role, as was [[Raymond Burr]], who was ultimately also seen as too heavy for the part. [[Charles Marquis Warren|Charles Warren]], television ''Gunsmoke''{{'}}s first director, said, "His voice was fine, but he was too big. When he stood up, his chair stood with him."<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/91-MattBurr.htm "Raymond Burr auditioned for the role of television's Matt Dillon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927230131/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/91-MattBurr.htm |date=September 27, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> It has long been rumored that [[John Wayne]] was offered the role of Matt Dillon; according to Dennis Weaver's comments on the 50th Anniversary DVD, disc one, episode "Hack Prine", John Wayne was never even considered for the role; to have done so would have been preposterous, since Wayne was a top movie leading man. The belief that Wayne was asked to star is disputed by Warren. Although he agrees Wayne encouraged Arness to take the role, Warren says, "I hired Jim Arness on the strength of a picture he's done for me ... I never thought for a moment of offering it to Wayne."<ref name="Wayne" />

According to Thomas "Duke" Miller, a television and movie celebrity expert, this story was told to him by legendary actor [[James Stewart]]: "Jimmy said he was in the office with Charles Warren when Mr. Wayne came in. Mr. Warren asked Wayne if he knew James Arness, and Mr. Wayne said yes. Mr. Warren told Mr. Wayne about the transition of the show from radio to television, and Mr. Wayne readily agreed that James Arness would be a terrific choice for the part of Matt Dillon. I have no reason to doubt the story, because Jimmy absolutely knew everybody."

In the end, the primary roles were all recast, with Arness as Marshal Matt Dillon (on the recommendation of Wayne, who also introduced the pilot), Dennis Weaver as Chester Goode, Milburn Stone as Dr. G. "Doc" Adams (the G. later specified as standing for Galen), and Amanda Blake as Miss Kitty Russell. Macdonnell became the associate producer of the television show and later the producer. Meston was head writer.

The series was filmed at the present site of [[California Lutheran University]] (CLU) and nearby [[Wildwood Regional Park]] in [[Thousand Oaks, California]].<ref>Stone, Robert (2011). ''Day Hikes Around Ventura County''. Day Hike Books. p. 216. {{ISBN|978-1573420624}}.</ref><ref>Maulhardt, Jeffrey Wayne (2010). ''Conejo Valley''. Arcadia Publishing. p. 56. {{ISBN|978-0738580395}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://archive.vcstar.com/news/local/conejo-valley/locally-filmed-westerns-butch-cassidy-gunsmoke-part-of-conejo-film-fest-ep-1367023848-351101171.html|title =Locally filmed Westerns 'Butch Cassidy,' 'Gunsmoke' part of Conejo film fest|access-date =July 26, 2018|archive-date =August 18, 2018|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180818202628/http://archive.vcstar.com/news/local/conejo-valley/locally-filmed-westerns-butch-cassidy-gunsmoke-part-of-conejo-film-fest-ep-1367023848-351101171.html|url-status =live}}</ref>

In 1975, CBS made the decision not to renew ''Gunsmoke'' for a 21st season, without making any public announcement or informing the producers or cast members ahead of time. The entire cast was stunned by the cancellation, as they were unaware that CBS was considering it. According to Arness:<blockquote>We didn't do a final, wrap-up show. We finished the 20th year, we all expected to go on for another season, or two or three. The (network) never told anybody they were thinking of cancelling.</blockquote>The cast and crew read the news in the trade papers.<ref>Associated Press, July 2, 2002, Bob Thomas.</ref>

===Cast===
{{Main|List of Gunsmoke cast members}}
* [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] [[Marshal Matt Dillon|Matt Dillon]] (1955–1975): [[James Arness]]
* Galen "Doc" Adams (1955–1975): [[Milburn Stone]]
* Kathleen "Kitty" Russell (1955–1974): [[Amanda Blake]]
* Chester B. Goode (1955–1964): [[Dennis Weaver]]
* Festus Haggen (1964–1975): [[Ken Curtis]]

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6">
File:James Arness Matt Dillon Gunsmoke 1969.JPG|Matt Dillon, 1969
File:Gunsmoke supporting cast 1960.JPG|Chester, Doc, and Kitty, 1960
File:Amanda Blake Milburn Stone Gunsmoke 1958.jpg|Kitty and Doc, 1958
File:Amanda Blake Kitty Gunsmoke 1966.JPG|Miss Kitty Russell, 1966
File:Dennis Weaver Chester Gunsmoke 1960.JPG|Chester Goode
File:Ken Curtis Milburn Stone Gunsmoke 1974.JPG|Festus Haggen and Doc Adams, 1974
</gallery>
[[File:Gunsmoke cast 1963.JPG|thumb|right|1963 cast with Burt Reynolds]]
[[File:Ken Curtis James Arness Gunsmoke 1968.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ken Curtis]] as Festus and Arness as Dillon, 1968]]
[[File:Gunsmoke main cast 1967.JPG|right|thumb|Clockwise from top: Ken Curtis (Festus), James Arness (Matt), Amanda Blake (Kitty), and Milburn Stone (Doc) in 1968]]
[[File:Dennis Weaver Mariette Hartley Gunsmoke 1962.JPG|thumb|right|Dennis Weaver and [[Mariette Hartley]], 1962]]
Chester and Festus Haggen are Dillon's [[sidekick]]s, though others became acting deputies for {{frac|2|1|2}}- to {{frac|7|1|2}}-year stints: Quint Asper ([[Burt Reynolds]]) (1962–65), Thad Greenwood (Roger Ewing) (1965–67), and Newly O'Brien (Buck Taylor) (1967–75), who served as both back-up deputy and doctor-in-training, having some studies in medicine through his uncle, which then continued under Doc Adams. Initially on the fringes of Dodge society, Festus Haggen was slowly phased in as a reliable sidekick and part-time deputy to Matt Dillon when Reynolds left in 1965. When Milburn Stone temporarily left for heart bypass surgery in 1971, [[Pat Hingle]] played Dr. John Chapman for several episodes.
* Sam Noonan (bartender; 1955–1959): Bert Rumsey
* Clem (bartender; 1959–1961): Clem Fuller
* Sam Noonan (bartender; 1961–1973): [[Glenn Strange]]
* Jim Buck (stagecoach driver; 1957–1962) and Floyd (bartender; 1974–75): [[Robert Brubaker]]
* Quint Asper (blacksmith; 1962–1965): [[Burt Reynolds]]
* Deputy Marshal Clayton Thaddeus "Thad" Greenwood (1965–1967): [[Roger Ewing]]
* Newly O'Brian (gunsmith/Deputy Marshal; 1967–1975): [[Buck Taylor]]
* Wilbur Jonas (storekeeper, 1955–1963): [[Dabbs Greer]]
* Howie Uzzell (hotel clerk, 1955–1975): [[Howard Culver]]
* Moss Grimmick (stableman; 1955–1963): [[George Selk]]
* Bill Pence (Long Branch owner/co-owner 1955?–56–?): [[Judson Pratt]]
* Bill Pence, (1958–1961): [[Barney Phillips]]
* Louie Pheeters (town drunk; 1961–1970): [[James Nusser]]
* Ma Smalley (boardinghouse owner; 1961–1972): [[Sarah Selby]]
* Hank Miller (stableman; 1963–1975): [[Hank Patterson]]
* Mr. Bodkin (banker; 1963–1970): [[Roy Roberts]]
* Barney Danches (telegraph agent; 1965–1974): [[Charles Seel]]
* Roy (townsperson; 1965–1969): [[Roy Barcroft]]
* Halligan (rancher; 1966–1975): [[Charles Wagenheim]]
* Mr. Lathrop (storekeeper; 1966–1975): [[Woodrow Chambliss|Woody Chambliss]]
* Nathan Burke (freight agent; 1966–1975): [[Ted Jordan]]
* Percy Crump (undertaker; 1966–1972): [[Kelton Garwood]] (also credited as Jonathan Harper)
* Ed O'Connor (rancher; 1968–1972): [[Tom Brown (actor)|Tom Brown]]
* Judge Brooker (1970–1975): [[Herb Vigran]]
* John Chapman (1971): [[Pat Hingle]]
* Miss Hannah (saloon owner; 1974–75): [[Fran Ryan]]

===Music===
The ''Gunsmoke'' radio theme song and later television theme is titled "Old Trails", also known as "Boothill". The ''Gunsmoke'' theme was composed by Rex Koury.<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/71-Lyrics.htm "The ''Gunsmoke'' Theme"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927163144/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/71-Lyrics.htm |date=September 27, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> The original radio version was conducted by Koury. The television version was thought to have been first conducted by CBS west coast music director [[Lud Gluskin]]. The lyrics of the theme, never aired on the radio or television show, were recorded and released by [[Tex Ritter]] in 1955. Ritter was backed on that Capitol record by Rex Koury and the radio ''Gunsmoke'' orchestra.<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/Music/Ritter.htm "Tex Ritter sings ''Gunsmoke''"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124113447/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/Music/Ritter.htm |date=November 24, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref>

Other notable composers included:
* [[Elmer Bernstein]]
* [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
* [[Bernard Herrmann]]
* [[Jerome Moross]]
* [[Franz Waxman]]

=== Format ===
From 1955 to 1961, ''Gunsmoke'' was a half-hour show, retitled ''Marshal Dillon'' in syndication. It then went to an hour-long format. The series was retitled ''Gun Law'' in the UK. The ''Marshal Dillon'' syndicated reruns of half-hour episodes lasted from 1961 until 1964 on CBS, originally on Tuesday nights within its time in reruns.

=== Episodes ===
{{Main|List of Gunsmoke (TV series) episodes}}
{{:List of Gunsmoke (TV series) episodes}}
{{notelist}}

=== Syndication ===
In syndication, the entire 20-year run of ''Gunsmoke'' is separated into three packages by [[CBS Television Distribution]]:
* '''1955–1961 half-hour episodes''': These episodes are sometimes seen in their original format and sometimes in the ''Marshal Dillon'' format. When first-run, prime-time episodes of ''Gunsmoke'' expanded to an hour in fall 1961, CBS-TV reran the half-hour episodes as ''Marshal Dillon'' on the network on Tuesday nights from 1961 through 1964. These were later rerun in syndication. General syndication ended in the 1980s, but they do air occasionally on cable television. Local stations would show the retitled ''Marshal Dillon'' version of the series, while the series under the original ''Gunsmoke'' title (with some episodes under the ''Marshal Dillon'' retitling) were seen in the late 1990s on [[TV Land]] and later [[Hallmark Channel]]. STARZ! [[Encore (TV channel)#Channels|Westerns]] Channel aired this version under the ''Marshal Dillon'' title. [[RetroPlex]] also aired two half-hour episodes under the original ''Gunsmoke'' title, although the episodes are advertised as ''Marshal Dillon'', on Saturday nights from 8 to 9 pm Eastern time. [[MeTV]] announced that it would begin the half-hour black-and-white episodes beginning on January 2, 2017.
* '''1961–1966 one-hour black-and-white episodes''': These episodes have not been widely seen in regular syndication since the 1980s, although selected episodes did air from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s on [[Freeform (TV channel)|CBN Cable/The Family Channel]], and later on Encore Westerns on a three-year contract that ended around 2006. As of January 2010, Encore Westerns was again airing the episodes. In October 2015, MeTV announced that it would begin airing the one-hour black-and-white episodes on October 26.<ref>[http://www.metv.com/lists/6-classic-black-and-white-episodes-of-gunsmoke Classic black and white episodes of ''Gunsmoke''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021235705/http://metv.com/lists/6-classic-black-and-white-episodes-of-gunsmoke |date=October 21, 2015 }} at MeTV.com</ref>
* '''1966–1975 one-hour color episodes''': The last nine seasons of the Western, the most widely syndicated episodes of the entire series run, are still aired on some local stations, and nationally on TV Land and MeTV.

The program currently airs on four major venues: [[TV Land]], which has carried the show since its inception in 1996, [[Encore Westerns]], [[INSP (TV network)|INSP]], and [[Weigel Broadcasting]]'s [[MeTV]] [[digital subchannel]] network. Individual stations such as [[KFWD]] in Dallas also carry the series in their markets. It has also been shown on satellite channel CBS Action in the UK, Ireland, and Poland. The series also appears intermittently on MeTV's themed sister network [[Decades (TV network)|Decades]].

===Home media===
In 2006, as part of ''Gunsmoke''{{'}}s 50th anniversary on television, selected episodes were released on DVD in three different box sets. Twelve episodes, from 1955 to 1964, were selected for the ''Gunsmoke: Volume I'' box set, and another twelve episodes, from 1964 to 1975, were selected for the ''Gunsmoke: Volume II'' box set. Both sets are also available as a combined single "Gift Box Set". A third unique DVD box set, known as ''Gunsmoke: The Directors Collection'', was also released with 10 selected episodes from certain seasons throughout the series' 20-year history. All of these box sets are available on Region 1 DVD from [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] and [[CBS Home Entertainment|CBS DVD]].

Additionally, Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS DVD have released the series in its entirety on DVD for 13 years between 2007 and 2020 in Region 1 (all of the seasons except for season one and seasons sixteen through twenty were split into two volumes). A complete series box set was released on May 5, 2020. All DVDs have been released with English audio and close captioning from season 1 to 5 and starting season 6 English SDH.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ DVD releases – Seasons 1–20
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable"
!
! DVD Name
! Ep #
! Release Date
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#663300" |
| The First Season
| align="center"|39
| July 17, 2007
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#336699" |
| The Second Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|20
| January 8, 2008
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#336699" |
| The Second Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|19
| May 27, 2008
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#666667" |
| The Third Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|19
| December 9, 2008
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#666667" |
| The Third Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|20
| May 26, 2009
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#38B0DE" |
| The Fourth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|19
| October 5, 2010
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#38B0DE" |
| The Fourth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|20
| December 14, 2010
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#996600" |
| The Fifth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|20
| October 11, 2011
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#996600" |
| The Fifth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|19
| December 13, 2011
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#336666" |
| The Sixth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|19
| August 7, 2012
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#336666" |
| The Sixth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|19
| October 16, 2012
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#7fff00" |
| The Seventh Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|17
| December 11, 2012
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#7fff00" |
| The Seventh Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|17
| February 5, 2013
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#333333" |
| The Eighth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|19
| May 7, 2013
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#773433" |
| The Eighth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|19
| May 7, 2013
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#cd6660" |
| The Ninth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|18
| August 6, 2013
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#cd6560" |
| The Ninth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|18
| August 6, 2013
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!
!DVD Name
!Ep #
!Release Date
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#0000ff" |
| The Tenth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|18
| August 12, 2014
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#0000ff" |
| The Tenth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|18
| August 12, 2014
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#ffff00" |
| The Eleventh Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|16
| December 2, 2014
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#ffff00" |
| The Eleventh Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|16
| December 2, 2014
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#23238E" |
| The Twelfth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|15
| September 20, 2016
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#23238E" |
| The Twelfth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|14
| September 20, 2016
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#776660" |
| The Thirteenth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|15
| May 22, 2018
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="776660" |
| The Thirteenth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|10
| May 22, 2018
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#green" |
| The Fourteenth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|15
| February 5, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#green" |
| The Fourteenth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|11
| February 5, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#800080" |
| The Fifteenth Season, Volume 1
| align="center"|15
| October 1, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#800080" |
| The Fifteenth Season, Volume 2
| align="center"|11
| October 1, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#FF0000" |
| The Sixteenth Season
| align="center"|24
| December 10, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#800000" |
| The Seventeenth Season
| align="center"|24
| December 10, 2019
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#FFD700" |
| The Eighteenth Season
| align="center"|24
| February 4, 2020
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#FAFAD2" |
| The Nineteenth Season
| align="center"|24
| February 4, 2020
|-
| width="15" bgcolor="#663300" |
| The Final Season
| align="center"|24
| May 5, 2020
|}
|}

=== TV movies ===
In 1987, CBS commissioned a reunion movie titled ''[[Gunsmoke: Return to Dodge]]''. James Arness and Amanda Blake returned in their iconic roles of Matt Dillon and Miss Kitty, with Fran Ryan returning as Kitty's friend and saloon-owner Hannah and Buck Taylor as Newly O'Brian. Doc Adams and Festus Haggen were not featured in the film. Milburn Stone had died seven years earlier in 1980 and the role of Doc was not recast. Ken Curtis balked at the salary offer he received and said that he should be paid based on Festus's importance in the character hierarchy. The screenwriters responded to Curtis's absence by making Newly the new Dodge City marshal. The film, shot in [[Alberta]], features a now-retired Marshal Dillon being attacked and a vengeful former rival returning to Dodge City to entrap him.

In 1990, the second telefilm, ''[[Gunsmoke: The Last Apache]]'', premiered. Because Amanda Blake had died the year before, the writers revisited a 1973 episode for the movie. The episode was based on "Matt's Love Story". In the episode, Matt loses his memory and his heart during a brief [[affair|liaison]] with "Mike" Yardner (played by [[Michael Learned]], better known for playing Olivia in ''[[The Waltons]]''). In the film, Learned returns as Mike, who reveals to Marshal Dillon that he is the father of their daughter,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ohio.com/akron/entertainment/tv/heldenfels-mailbag-the-little-couple-jean-peters-game-show-prizes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011436/https://www.ohio.com/akron/entertainment/tv/heldenfels-mailbag-the-little-couple-jean-peters-game-show-prizes |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |title=Heldenfels' Mailbag: 'The Little Couple,' Jean Peters, game show prizes |last=Heldenfels |first=Rich |work=[[Akron Beacon-Journal]] |date=July 23, 2017 |access-date=September 30, 2018}}</ref> Beth (played by [[Amy Stock-Poynton]]) and asks him for help in saving her from a band on Apaches. Other films included ''[[Gunsmoke: To the Last Man]]'' (1992), ''[[Gunsmoke: The Long Ride]]'' (1993), and ''[[Gunsmoke: One Man's Justice]]'' (1994). Arness stars in all five made-for-television movies.

==Reception==
[[File:Amanda Blake Jack Albertson Gunsmoke 1969.JPG|thumb|Amanda Blake and Jack Albertson, 1969]]
[[File:James Arness Amanda Blake Bette Davis Gunsmoke 1966.JPG|thumb|Guest star Bette Davis, 1966]]
[[File:Anne Helm John Drew Barrymore 1964.JPG|thumb|Guest stars [[Anne Helm]] and [[John Drew Barrymore]], 1964]]

===Primetime Emmy===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:5%;" | Year{{efn|Indicates the year of ceremony.}}
! scope="col" style="width:31%;" | Category
! scope="col" style="width:34%;" | Nominee(s) / Work
! scope="col" style="width:8%;" | Result
! scope="col" style="width:4%;" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
| [[8th Primetime Emmy Awards|1956]]
| Best Action or Adventure Series
| Gunsmoke
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
| [[9th Primetime Emmy Awards|1957]]
| Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic Series
| James Arness
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[10th Primetime Emmy Awards|1958]]
| Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series
| James Arness
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="5" |
|-
| Best Continuing Supporting Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic or Comedy Series
| Dennis Weaver
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters
| ''Gunsmoke''
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Editing of a Film for Television
| Mike Pozen for "How to Kill a Woman"
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Teleplay Writing (Half-Hour or Less)
| John Meston for "Born to Hang"
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[11th Primetime Emmy Awards|1959]]
| Best Actor in a Leading Role (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series
| James Arness
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| Best Supporting Actor (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series
| Dennis Weaver
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress (Continuing Character) in a Dramatic Series
| Amanda Blake
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Western Series
| ''Gunsmoke''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| [[18th Primetime Emmy Awards|1966]]
| Individual Achievements in Music - Composition
| Morton Stevens for "Seven Hours to Dawn"
| {{Nominated}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[20th Primetime Emmy Awards|1968]]
| Outstanding Achievement in Musical Composition
| Morton Stevens for "Major Glory"
| {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama
| Milburn Stone
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[22nd Primetime Emmy Awards|1970]]
| Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing
| Norman Karlin and Richard E. Raderman
| {{Won}}{{efn|Tied with Alex Bamattre, Michael Colgan, Douglas H. Grindstaff, Joe Kavigan, Bill Lee, and Josef E. Von Stroheim for ABC Movie of the Week: The Immortal}}
|
|}
{{notelist}}

===Accolades===
* In ''[[TV Guide]]''′s April 17, 1993, issue celebrating 40 years of television, the all-time-best-TV programs were chosen. "No contest, this [''Gunsmoke''] was ''the'' TV Western."<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/20-THE.htm April 17 – 23, 1993, issue of ''TV Guide''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425235355/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/20-THE.htm |date=April 25, 2016 }} that celebrated the 40th anniversary of television and the best television programs of all time.</ref>
* ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' (February 19, 1999, issue) ranked the premiere of ''Gunsmoke'' as No. 47 in the "100 Greatest Moments in Television".<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/70-47InGreatness.htm "100 Greatest Moments in Television"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928081920/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/70-47InGreatness.htm |date=September 28, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com</ref>
* ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', in 1998, ranked ''Gunsmoke'' as No. 16 in The 100 Greatest TV Shows of all time.<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/57-etw.htm "The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831005417/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/57-etw.htm |date=August 31, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref>
* In a 1998 ''[[TV Guide]]'' poll of 50,000, ''Gunsmoke'' was ranked as CBS's best Western and James Arness was ranked as CBS's best "Gunslinger".<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/55-tvgd98.htm "CBS's best western"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928034516/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/55-tvgd98.htm |date=September 28, 2010 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref>
* In 1997, the episode "The Jailer" was ranked No. 28 on [[TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time|''TV Guide''{{'}}s 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time |work=[[TV Guide]] |date=June 28 – July 4, 1997}}</ref>
* In 2002, ''[[TV Guide]]'' ranked ''Gunsmoke'' as No. 40 in the 50 greatest television shows of all time.<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/TVGuide/TV-Guide-020504/index.htm "''TV Guide'' Names Top 50 Shows"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426002053/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/TVGuide/TV-Guide-020504/index.htm |date=April 26, 2016 }}, ''TV Guide'', May 4, 2002.</ref>
* In 2013, ''TV Guide'' ranked it as #27 on their list of the 60 Best Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/news/tv-guide-magazine-60-best-series-1074962/|title=TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time|date=December 23, 2013|website=TV Guide|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=September 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906075520/http://www.tvguide.com/news/tv-guide-magazine-60-best-series-1074962/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2013, the [[Writers Guild of America]] ranked ''Gunsmoke'' – and ''[[The Defenders (1961 TV series)|The Defenders]]'' – #84 on their list of the 101 Best Written TV Series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-best-written-tv-series/list|title=101 Best Written TV Series|website=Writers Guild of America West|date=June 2, 2013|access-date=June 13, 2023|archive-date=April 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429170702/https://www.wga.org/writers-room/101-best-lists/101-best-written-tv-series/list|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2019, the radio episode "The Cabin" was selected by the [[Library of Congress]] for preservation in the [[National Recording Registry]] for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref>{{cite news |last=Andrews |first=Travis M. |date=March 20, 2019 |title=Jay-Z, a speech by Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and 'Schoolhouse Rock!' among recordings deemed classics by Library of Congress |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/jay-z-a-speech-by-sen-robert-f-kennedy-and-schoolhouse-rock-among-recordings-deemed-classics-by-library-of-congress/2019/03/19/f7eb08ea-4a58-11e9-9663-00ac73f49662_story.html? |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406000403/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/jay-z-a-speech-by-sen-robert-f-kennedy-and-schoolhouse-rock-among-recordings-deemed-classics-by-library-of-congress/2019/03/19/f7eb08ea-4a58-11e9-9663-00ac73f49662_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Viewer reception ===
''Gunsmoke'' was television's number one ranked show from 1957 to 1961, then it expanded to one hour and slipped into a decline. CBS planned to cancel the series in 1967 after the twelfth season, but widespread viewer reaction prevented its demise, including a mention in Congress and pressure from [[Babe Paley]], the wife of CBS's longtime president William S. Paley. ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'' producer [[Sherwood Schwartz]] states that Babe pressured her husband not to cancel ''Gunsmoke'' in 1967, so the network cut ''Gilligan's Island'', instead. The show continued in its new time slot at 8 pm on Mondays. This scheduling move led to a spike in ratings that had it once again rally to the top 10 in the [[Nielsen ratings]], which again saved the series when CBS [[Rural purge|purged most of its rural content]] in 1971. The series remained in the top 10 until the 1973–74 television season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://classictvguide.com/tvratings/1973.htm |title=ClassicTVguide.com: TV Ratings > 1970's |access-date=April 20, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203011147/https://classictvguide.com/tvratings/1973.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After its last original airing on March 31, 1975, ''Gunsmoke'' was canceled after a 20-year run (with reruns continuing to air until September), even though it still ranked among the top 30 programs in the ratings; the ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show|Mary Tyler Moore]]'' spin-offs ''[[Rhoda]]'' (which was going into its second year in the Fall-1975 season) and ''[[Phyllis (TV series)|Phyllis]]'' (a fall-1975 freshman) would be scheduled for the 8 pm hour previously occupied by ''Gunsmoke'' that fall. Thirty television Westerns came and went during its 20-year tenure, and ''Gunsmoke'' was the sole survivor, with ''[[Alias Smith and Jones]]'' and ''[[Bonanza]]'' both leaving the airwaves {{frac|2|1|2}} years earlier in January 1973.

==Legacy==
=== Longevity records ===
The television series was the longest-running, primetime, live-action television series at 20 seasons, until September 2019 with the 21st-season premiere of ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|title=Law & Order: SVU Renewed for Season 21 at NBC, Will Become Longest-Running Live-Action Series in History|url=https://tvline.com/2019/03/29/law-order-svu-renewed-season-21-record-longest-tv-show-history/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=March 29, 2019|access-date=March 29, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329171520/https://tvline.com/2019/03/29/law-order-svu-renewed-season-21-record-longest-tv-show-history/|archive-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> The original ''[[Law & Order (franchise)|Law & Order]]'', which was canceled in 2010 after tying ''Gunsmoke''{{'}}s longevity record for a live-action, primetime television series, began its 21st season in February 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2022/02/24/law-and-order-returns-sam-waterston-jack-mccoy/6929127001/|title='Law & Order' returns: Sam Waterston on what to expect, and losing coveted TV record to 'SVU'|first=Bryan|last=Alexander|publisher=USA Today|date=February 24, 2022|accessdate=February 24, 2022|archive-date=March 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301193306/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2022/02/24/law-and-order-returns-sam-waterston-jack-mccoy/6929127001/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2017}}, it had the highest number of scripted episodes for any U.S. primetime, commercial, live-action television series. On April 29, 2018, ''[[The Simpsons]]'' surpassed the show for the most scripted episodes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wgntv.com/2016/11/06/the-simpsons-set-to-be-the-longest-running-scripted-tv-show-ever/| title='The Simpsons' set to be the longest-running scripted TV show ever| date=November 6, 2016| website=wgntv.com| access-date=August 10, 2017| archive-date=September 30, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930115645/https://wgntv.com/2016/11/06/the-simpsons-set-to-be-the-longest-running-scripted-tv-show-ever/| url-status=live}}</ref> Some foreign-made programs have been broadcast in the U.S. and contend for the position as the longest-running prime-time series. {{As of|2016}}, ''Gunsmoke'' was rated fourth globally, after ''[[Doctor Who]]'' (1963–present), ''[[Taggart (series)|Taggart]]'' (1983–2010),<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13374238| title=Taggart police drama axed by ITV| work=BBC News| access-date=April 20, 2015| archive-date=May 13, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513062542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-13374238| url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[The Bill]]'' (1984–2010).

=== Character longevity ===
James Arness and Milburn Stone portrayed their ''Gunsmoke'' characters for 20 consecutive years, a feat later matched by [[Kelsey Grammer]] as the character [[Frasier Crane]], but over two half-hour sitcoms (''[[Cheers]]'' and ''[[Frasier]]'').<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/107_FrasierDillon.htm "What do Frasier (Kelsey Grammer), Matt Dillon (James Arness) and Doc Adams (Milburn Stone) have in common?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813070457/https://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/107_FrasierDillon.htm |date=August 13, 2022 }} GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> This was surpassed by [[Mariska Hargitay]] and [[Ice-T]], who have portrayed the characters [[Olivia Benson]] and [[Fin Tutuola]] on ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' for over 25 and 24 consecutive years to date, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nellie|last=Andreeva|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/law-order-svu-renewed-season-21-beats-gunsmoke-record-mariska-hargitay-dick-wolf-history-nbc-1202584991/|title='Law & Order: SVU' Renewed For Record-Breaking 21st Season By NBC As Dick Wolf & Mariska Hargitay Write TV History|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date=March 29, 2019|access-date=April 22, 2020|archive-date=March 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303153756/https://deadline.com/2019/03/law-order-svu-renewed-season-21-beats-gunsmoke-record-mariska-hargitay-dick-wolf-history-nbc-1202584991/|url-status=live}}</ref> George Walsh, the announcer for ''Gunsmoke'', began in 1952 on the radio series and continued until the television series was canceled in 1975.<ref name="Wayne">{{cite magazine | magazine=[[TV Guide]] | first=Bill | last=O'Hallaren | title=When Chester Forgot to Limp, and other fond recollections of 20 years of Gunsmoke | url=https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/Interviews/TVGuide750823.pdf | date=August 23, 1975 | access-date=June 26, 2022 | archive-date=November 27, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127181555/https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/Interviews/TVGuide750823.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

James Arness, Milburn Stone, Ken Curtis, Dennis Weaver, and Amanda Blake are all inductees of the [[National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum]].<ref>[http://www.nationalcowboymuseum.org/info/awards-hof/Western-Performers.aspx "The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101225647/http://nationalcowboymuseum.org/info/awards-hof/Western-Performers.aspx |date=November 1, 2010 }}, www.nationalcowboymuseum.org.</ref>

===In popular culture===
[[Dodge City]]'s Boot Hill Museum has a tribute to ''Gunsmoke'', including set furniture from the 1960s and an old television tuned to the show. Signed photographs from the show's actors and other memorabilia are on display including a vest worn by Sam the bartender and a dress worn by Miss Kitty.<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/105_DodgeCity.htm "Today's Dodge City"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218075107/https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/105_DodgeCity.htm |date=December 18, 2023 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> In 2015, several of the surviving staff reunited at Wild West Fest in Dodge City, including stars [[Burt Reynolds]], [[Buck Taylor]], [[Jess Walton]], [[Bruce Boxleitner]], and writer Jim Byrnes.<ref>{{cite news | newspaper=[[The Wichita Eagle]] | first=Beccy | last=Tanner | date=August 14, 2015 | title=Surviving 'Gunsmoke' cast to reunite in Dodge City six decades after show's start | url=https://www.kansas.com/news/local/article31061226.html | access-date=June 26, 2022 | archive-date=June 29, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629080118/https://www.kansas.com/news/local/article31061226.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===In media===
A fight scene between Arness and guest star [[John Anderson (actor)|John Anderson]] from the 1958 episode "Buffalo Man" appears in the educational film ''Film Editing: Interpretation and Value,'' produced by [[American Cinema Editors]]. Footage from the scene is used in editing classes in many [[film schools]] in the United States.

The ''Gunsmoke'' brand was used to endorse numerous products, including cottage cheese<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/72-CottageCheese.htm "''Gunsmoke'' was used to sell cottage cheese"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071756/https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/72-CottageCheese.htm |date=January 6, 2024 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> and cigarettes.

The Hartland toy company included an 8" ({{Frac|1|9th}} scale) plastic Matt Dillion figure and his horse Old Faithful Buck in their line of famous TV cowboys and horses during the 1950s.

Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corporation ("It's a Lowell Game") issued ''Gunsmoke'' as game No. 822.<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/64-BoardGame.htm "''Gunsmoke'' board games"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525194952/https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/64-BoardGame.htm |date=May 25, 2024 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref> Other products include ''Gunsmoke'' puzzles,<ref>[http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/66-Puzzles.html "''Gunsmoke'' puzzles were popular in 1950s"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103094906/https://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/shots/66-Puzzles.html |date=January 3, 2024 }}, GunsmokeNet.com.</ref>

==== Comics ====
* [[Dell Comics]] published numerous issues of their ''[[Four Color]]'' comics series on ''Gunsmoke''<ref name="Comix">{{cite web|url=http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/comics-.htm|title=GunsmokeNet.com|access-date=April 20, 2015|archive-date=May 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506012457/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/comics-.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (including issues #679, 720, 769, 797, 844 and, in 1958–1962, #6–27).<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Jun59/home.htm Gunsmoke Dell Comic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224220706/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Jun59/home.htm |date=February 24, 2010 }} #15, June–July 1959, "Masked Vigilantes".</ref>
* [[Gold Key Comics]] continued with issues #1–6 in 1969–70.<ref name="Comix" /><ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Feb70/home.htm ''Gunsmoke'' Gold Key Comic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502195544/https://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Feb70/home.htm |date=May 2, 2024 }}, February–March 1970, "The Prophet" "The Guilty One"</ref>
* A comic strip version of the series ran in British newspapers for several years under the show's UK title, ''Gun Law''.
* Hardcover comic ''BBC Gunsmoke Annuals'' were marketed in Great Britain under the authority of the [[BBC]] which had broadcasting rights there.<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/1974/index.htm ''Gunsmoke Annual 1974''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224222005/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/1974/index.htm |date=February 24, 2010 }}, Comic Collection.</ref>
* ''Gunsmoke'' comics in Spanish were published under the title ''Aventura la ley del revolver''<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Dec60-s/index.htm ''Aventura la ley del revolver''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224220652/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Comix/Dec60-s/index.htm |date=February 24, 2010 }}, ''Gunsmoke'' comic book in Spanish, December 1960.</ref> (''Gun-Law Adventures'').

==== Books ====
* In 1957, [[Ballantine Books]] published a collection of short stories.<ref>Don Ward, [http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Books/Gunsmoke57/Gunsmoke57.htm ''Gunsmoke – Adventures of Marshal Matt Dillon''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428074245/http://www.gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Books/Gunsmoke57/Gunsmoke57.htm |date=April 28, 2010 }}, Ballantine Books, 1957. (Second edition released in 1960.)</ref> Each story is based on a half-hour ''Gunsmoke'' episode. Although a photo of James Arness and the CBS TV logo are on the book cover, in at least one story Matt introduces Chester as "Chester Proudfoot", an indication that the stories are actually adapted from radio scripts.
* Whitman Books published
** ''Gunsmoke'' by Robert Turner in 1958, and
** ''Gunsmoke: "Showdown on Front Street"''<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Books/Showdown/HomeShowdown.htm*Paul S. Newman, ''Showdown on Front Street'']{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Whitman Books, 1969.</ref> by Paul S. Newman in 1969 ...
* In 1970, Popular Library published the following paperback book written by Chris Stratton:
** ''Gunsmoke''
* In 1974, Award Books published the following paperback books written by Jackson Flynn based on the television series:
** ''Gunsmoke #1: "The Renegades"<ref>[http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Books/Gunsmoke74%20The%20Renegades/home.htm Jackson Flynn, ''The Renegades''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006042836/http://gunsmokenet.com/GunsmokeTGAW/Marks-Stuff/Gunsmoke/collectables/Books/Gunsmoke74%20The%20Renegades/home.htm |date=October 6, 2010 }}, Award Books, 1974.</ref>
** ''Gunsmoke #2: "Shootout"''
** ''Gunsmoke #3: "Duel at Dodge City"''
** ''Gunsmoke #4: "Cheyenne Vengeance"''
* In 1998, Boulevard Books published the following paperbacks written by Gary McCarthy based on the TV series:
** ''Gunsmoke''
** ''Gunsmoke: "Dead Man's Witness"''
** ''Gunsmoke: "Marshal Festus"''
* A series of novels based upon the television series written by Joseph A. West with forewords by [[James Arness]] was published by Signet:
** ''Gunsmoke: "Blood, Bullets and Buckskin"'', January 2005 ({{ISBN|0-451-21348-3}})
** ''Gunsmoke: "The Last Dog Soldier"'', May 2005 ({{ISBN|0-451-21491-9}})
** ''Gunsmoke: "Blizzard of Lead"'', September 2005 ({{ISBN|0-451-21633-4}})
** ''Gunsmoke: "The Reckless Gun"'', May 2006 ({{ISBN|0-451-21923-6}})
** ''Gunsmoke: "Dodge the Devil"'', October 2006 ({{ISBN|0-451-21972-4}})
** ''Gunsmoke: "The Day of the Gunfighter"'', January 2007 ({{ISBN|0-451-22015-3}})
** "Gunsmoke: An American Institution, Celebrating 50 Years of Television's Best Western" Written by Ben Costello, Foreword by Jim Byrnes, and Introduction by Jon Voight and published by Five Star Publications, Inc.(now Story Monsters LLC) Published 1 edition (December 22, 2012), {{ISBN|978-1589852228}}

Independent e-book

* ''Gunsmoke: Battlefield Dodge'', June 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://battlefielddodge.com/|title=Home|date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419213521/http://battlefielddodge.com/|archive-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref>

==== Music ====
* On February 12, 1993, country music artist [[Toby Keith]] released his debut single ''[[Should've Been a Cowboy]]''. The first verse of the song references the main characters of ''Gunsmoke'', in which Marshal Dillon never settled down with his love interest Miss Kitty.

== Explanatory notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* SuzAnn Barabas & Gabor Barabas, ''Gunsmoke: A Complete History and Analysis of the Legendary Broadcast Series'', McFarland & Company, Inc., 1990. {{ISBN|0899504183}}
* Bill Carter, "NBC Will Bring Back All Three ''Law & Order'' Shows", ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 14, 2007.
* David R. Greenland, ''The Gunsmoke Chronicles: A New History of Television's Greatest Western'', BearManor Media, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1593938765}}.
* {{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=J. Fred |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9VkAAAAMAAJ |title=Who Shot the Sheriff?: The Rise and Fall of the Television Western |date=1987 |publisher=[[Praeger Paperback|Praeger]] |isbn=978-0-275-92326-6 |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0047736}}
* [http://www.wrcwradio.com/ Listen to the entire ''Gunsmoke'' radio series]
* [http://www.otrwesterns.com/westerns/gunsmoke/ Listen to the complete series of the radio version of ''Gunsmoke'']
* [http://zootradio.com/Gunsmoke.php Zoot Radio, over 450 free ''Gunsmoke'' radio shows]
* [https://www.otroutlaws.com/gunsmoke.html Gunsmoke radio show on Old Time Radio Outlaws]
* [http://oldclassicradio.com/show/gunsmoke/ Listen to radio ''Gunsmoke'' at OldClassicRadio]

{{sister bar|display=''Gunsmoke''|d=Q29641|c=category:Gunsmoke|auto=1}}
{{Gunsmoke}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Awards for ''Gunsmoke''
|list=
{{EmmyAward DramaSeries 1951-1975}}
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}}
{{TopUSTVShows}}

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Elizabeth Levy

2024-10-14T02:10:24Z

Hiplibrarianship: revise lede

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{short description|American novelist}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Élisabeth Lévy]]}}
{{Infobox writer 
|image =
|
| name = Elizabeth Levy
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|4|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Buffalo, New York]], U.S.
| occupation = {{Plainlist}}
*Author
*Artist
{{endplainlist}}
| period = 1973–present
| genre = Children's and Young Adult Literature
| subject =
| movement =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|www.elizabethlevy.com/}}
}}

'''Elizabeth Levy''' (born April 4, 1942) is an American author who has written over eighty children's books in a variety of genres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.childrensliteraturenetwork.org/birthbios/brthpage/04apr/4-4levy.html |title=Birthday bios: Elizabeth Levy |accessdate=March 10, 2010 |publisher=Children's Literature Network |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718151906/http://www.childrensliteraturenetwork.org/birthbios/brthpage/04apr/4-4levy.html |archivedate=July 18, 2011 }}</ref> Born in Buffalo, New York, she is currently living in New York City. She has appeared as a contestant on ''[[Billy on the Street]]'' on [[TruTV]]. Her cousin is children's author [[Robie Harris]].

==Writing career==
She has written a long-running series of mystery novels for youngsters under the ''[[Something Queer is Going On]]'' banner (''Something Queer at the Library, Something Queer at the Haunted School,'' etc.). She is also responsible for the ''[[Horrible Histories]]'' spin-off series ''[[America's Funny But True History]]''. Levy wrote several novelizations of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' episode ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==Selected works==
*''Something Queer is Going On'', with [[Mordicai Gerstein]] (illustrator), (1973), [[Delacorte Press]], {{ISBN|978-0385289597}} – first in the ''Something Queer'' series
*''The Computer That Said Steal Me'' (1983), [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]], {{ISBN|0-590-32636-8}}
*''Keep Ms. Sugarman in the Fourth Grade'', with Dave Henderson (illustrator) (1992), [[HarperCollins]], {{ISBN|978-0-06-020426-6}}
*''Cheater, Cheater'', (1993), [[Scholastic Corporation|Scholastic]], {{ISBN|978-0-590-45865-8}}
*''School Spirit Sabotage: A Brian and Pea Brain Mystery'', George Ulrich (Illustrator), George M. Ulrich (Photographer), (1994), HarperCollins, {{ISBN|978-0-06-023407-2}}
*''My Life as a Fifth-Grade Comedian'', (1997), HarperCollins, {{ISBN|978-0-06-026602-8}}
*''Seventh Grade Tango'', (2000), [[Disney Publishing Worldwide|Hyperion Books for Children]], {{ISBN|978-0-7868-0498-6}}
*''Who are you Calling a Woolly Mammoth?: Prehistoric America'', Daniel McFeeley (illustrator), J.R. Havlan (additional material), (2000), Scholastic, {{ISBN|978-0-590-12938-1}} – first in the ''America's Funny But True History'' series
*''Danger & Diamonds: a mystery at sea'', Mordicai Gerstein (illustrator), (2010), [[Roaring Brook Press]], {{ISBN|978-1-59643-462-2}}
*''Paula Danziger's Amber Brown is Tickled Pink'', [[Bruce Coville]] (co-author), [[Tony Ross]] (illustrator), [[Paula Danziger]] (inspiration), (2012), [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]], {{ISBN|978-0-399-25656-1}} – a continuation of Danziger's ''Amber Brown'' series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal |Children's literature}}
* {{official website}}
* {{LCAuth|n78091251|Elizabeth Levy|90|}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Levy, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:American children's writers]]
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[[Category:Jewish American children's writers]]
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[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:Jews from New York (state)]]

Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration

2024-10-08T01:21:00Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Performances */

{{Short description|Virtual concert in 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Musical benefit concert
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Paul Wontorek]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Prologue" from ''[[Follies]]''
| endtheme = "I'm Still Here" from ''[[Follies]]''
| composer = [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plain list|
*Mary-Mitchell Campbell
*Bill Curran
*Raúl Esparza
*Paul Wontorek
}}
| producer = Raúl Esparza
| location = Virtual
| cinematography =
| animator = Ryan Casey
| editor = {{Plain list|
*Jim Cocoliato
*Alexander Goyco
*Mike Karns
*Nick Shakra
*Ryan Simmons
}}
| camera = Single-camera
| runtime = 143 minutes
| company = [[Broadway.com]]
| budget =
| network = [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|04|26}}
| related = ''[[Sondheim! The Birthday Concert]]''
}}
'''''Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration''''' was a virtual concert celebrating the 90th birthday of Broadway composer [[Stephen Sondheim]]. The event also served as a fundraiser for Artists Striving to End Poverty (ASTEP).<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/take-me-world-a-sondheim-90th-birthday-celebration-watch-live-1291510 |title=Watch Live: Meryl Streep, Patti LuPone and More Stars Pay Tribute to Stephen Sondheim |last=Real |first=Evan |date=April 26, 2020 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group |access-date=April 27, 2020 }}</ref>

Hosted by [[Raúl Esparza]],<ref name="THR"/> whose appearances were curtailed due to technical difficulties, the concert featured many celebrities with ties to Sondheim singing his songs, alongside others offering birthday greetings between performances.<ref>{{cite news | last=Willman | first=Chris | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski, Audra McDonald and More Salute Stephen Sondheim in Birthday Tribute | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/stephen-sondheim-birthday-celebration-jake-gyllenhaal-meryl-streep-1234590377/ | access-date=May 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=McNulty | first=Charles | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Stephen Sondheim's 90th birthday bash reminds us why his music remains so radical | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-04-27/stephen-sondheim-90th-birthday-celebration | access-date=May 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Brantley | first=Ben | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Review: For Sondheim's 90th Birthday, a Collage of Aching Voices | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/theater/take-me-to-the-world-sondheim-review.html | access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref>

==Context and timing==
The April 26, 2020 [[Live streaming|livestream]] date coincided with the 50th anniversary of the opening night of the original Broadway production of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''. The 2020 Broadway revival of that show, originally slated to open March 22 on Sondheim's birthday proper, had been scuttled by the closure of all Broadway productions due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|coronavirus pandemic]].

==Performances==
''In order of appearance''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Performer(s)
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Significance
|-
|[[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]]
|"Prologue"
|''[[Follies]]''
|Fellow Broadway composer
|-
|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[musician]]s
|"Overture"
|''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
|{{N/a}}
|-
|[[Sutton Foster]]
|"There Won't Be Trumpets"
|''Anyone Can Whistle''
|Nurse Fay Apple in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' The Baker's Wife in ''[[Into the Woods]]'' at the [[Hollywood Bowl]]
|-
|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]
|"Prologue" {{Small|(The Witch's rap)}}
|''[[Into the Woods]]''
|[[Lee Harvey Oswald]] / The Balladeer in the original Broadway production of ''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' Bobby in the 2011 [[New York Philharmonic]] concert of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' Tobias Ragg in the [[San Francisco Symphony|San Francisco Symphony Orchestra]] concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Charles in the 2001 recording of ''Evening Primrose''
|-
|[[Kelli O'Hara]]
|"What More Do I Need?"
|''[[Saturday Night (musical)|Saturday Night]]''
|Young Hattie/Ensemble in the Broadway revival production of ''[[Follies]]''
|-
|[[Judy Kuhn]]
|"What Can You Lose?"
|''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]'' {{Small|(film)}}
|Fosca in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''
|-
|[[Katrina Lenk]]
|"Johanna"
|''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]''
|Bobbie in the third Broadway revival production of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|-
|[[Aaron Tveit]]
|"Marry Me a Little"
|''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|[[John Wilkes Booth]] in the West End revival production of ''Assassins'' Bobby in the [[Barrington Stage Company]] production of ''Company''
|-
|[[Beanie Feldstein]] and [[Ben Platt]]
|"It Takes Two"
|''Into the Woods''
|Mary Flynn and Charley Kringas respectively in the [[Merrily We Roll Along (film)|upcoming film adaptation]] of ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
|-
|[[Brandon Uranowitz]]
|"With So Little to Be Sure Of"
|''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]''
|Addison Mizner in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Melissa Errico]]
|"Children and Art"
|''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]''
|Dot/Marie in the Washington, D.C. production of ''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]'' Clara in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]'' Leona Samish in [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Do I Hear a Waltz?]]'' Her 2018 recording ''Sondheim Sublime''
|-
|[[Randy Rainbow]]
|"By the Sea"
|''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|Adapted musical parodies of ''Into the Woods'' "Prologue" and ''Follies'' "God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues" for political satire
|-
|[[Elizabeth Stanley (actress)|Elizabeth Stanley]]
|"The Miller's Son"
|''[[A Little Night Music]]''
|April in the second Broadway revival of ''Company'' Gussie Carnegie in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Mandy Patinkin]]
|"Lesson #8"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|[[Georges Seurat]]/George in the original Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Buddy Plummer in Lincoln Center's Follies in Concert
|-
|[[Maria Friedman]]
|"Broadway Baby"
|''Follies''
|Dot/Marie in the original West End production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Fosca in the original West End production of ''Passion'' Mary Flynn in a London production of ''Merrily We Roll Along'' Directed the West End revival of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]
|"Giants in the Sky"
|''Into the Woods''
|Fellow Broadway composer Charley Kringas in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Lea Salonga]]
|"Loving You"
|''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''
|The Witch in the Singaporean production of ''Into the Woods'' Mrs. Lovett in the Philippines production of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|-
|[[Laura Benanti]]
|"I Remember"
|''[[Evening Primrose (musical)|Evening Primrose]]''
|[[Cinderella]] in the Broadway revival production of ''Into the Woods'' Louise in the fourth Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Anne in the [[Los Angeles Opera]] production of ''A Little Night Music''
|-
|[[Chip Zien]]
|"No More"
|''Into the Woods''
|The Baker in the original Broadway production of ''Into the Woods'' The Mysterious Man in the Central Park production of ''Into the Woods''
|-
|[[Josh Groban]]
|"Children Will Listen" / "[[Not While I'm Around (song)|Not While I'm Around]]"
|''Into the Woods'' / ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|Covered the aforementioned songs on his album ''[[Stages (Josh Groban album)|Stages]]''
|-
|[[Brian Stokes Mitchell]]
|"The Flag Song"
|''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' {{Small|(cut song)}}
|[[Sweeney Todd]] in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Cast member in Library of Congress concert version of ''The Frogs''
|-
|[[Michael Cerveris]]
|"Finishing the Hat"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|John Wilkes Booth in the original Broadway production of ''Assassins'' Sweeney Todd in the second Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Wilson Mizner in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Linda Lavin]]
|"[[The Boy From...]]"
|''[[The Mad Show]]''
|Cast member of ''[[The Mad Show]]'' Rose (replacement) in the second Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Hattie Walker in Kennedy Center production of ''Follies''
|-
|[[Alexander Gemignani]]
|"Buddy's Blues"
|''Follies''
|[[John Hinckley Jr.|John Hinckley]] in the original Broadway production of ''Assassins'' Beadle Bamford in the second Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Addison Mizner in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Ann Harada]], Austin Ku, Kelvin Moon Loh, and Thom Sesma
|"Someone In a Tree"
|''[[Pacific Overtures]]''
|Cast members of the Off-Broadway revival cast of ''[[Pacific Overtures]]''
|-
|[[Raúl Esparza]]
|"Take Me to the World"
|''Evening Primrose''
|Georges Seurat/George in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Charley Kringas in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Merrily We Roll Along'' Bobby in the second Broadway revival production of ''Company'' Hapgood in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' Wilson Mizner in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Donna Murphy]]
|"[[Send In the Clowns]]"
|''A Little Night Music''
|Fosca in the original Broadway production of ''Passion'' Phyllis Rogers Stone in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies'' Mayoress in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' The Witch in the Central Park production of ''Into the Woods''
|-
|[[Christine Baranski]], [[Meryl Streep]], and [[Audra McDonald]]
|"[[The Ladies Who Lunch (song)|The Ladies Who Lunch]]"
|''Company''
|'''Baranski:''' Clarisse in the original Off-Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George''; [[Mrs. Lovett]] in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''; Cinderella's Stepmother in the film adaptation of ''[[Into the Woods (film)|Into the Woods]]''; Phyllis in the London production of ''Follies''; Carlotta Campion in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies'' '''Streep:''' The Witch in the film adaptation of ''Into the Woods,'' Ensemble member in original production of ''[[The Frogs (musical)|The Frogs]]'' '''McDonald:''' Clara in the ''Live from Lincoln Center'' production of ''Passion''; Beggar Woman in the ''Live from Lincoln Center'' production and New York Philharmonic concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''; Clara and Nurse Fay Apple at the Ravinia Festival Concerts of ''Passion'' and ''Anyone Can Whistle'' respectively
|-
|[[Jake Gyllenhaal]] and [[Annaleigh Ashford]]
|"Move On"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|Georges Seurat/George and Dot/Marie, respectively, in the second Broadway revival of ''Sunday in the Park with George''
|-
|[[Patti LuPone]]
|"Anyone Can Whistle"
|''Anyone Can Whistle''
|Mrs. Lovett in the New York Philharmonic concert and third Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Fosca in the [[Live from Lincoln Center]] production of ''Passion'' Rose in the fourth Broadway revival of ''[[Gypsy (musical)|Gypsy]]'' Joanne in the New York Philharmonic concert, second West End, and third Broadway revivals of ''Company'' Mrs. Lovett, Desiree Armfeldt, Fosca, Yvonne, Cora Hoover Hooper, and Rose in the [[Ravinia Festival]] concerts of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'', ''A Little Night Music'', ''Passion'', ''Sunday in the Park with George'', ''Anyone Can Whistle'', and ''Gypsy'' respectively
|-
|[[Bernadette Peters]]
|"[[No One Is Alone (song)|No One Is Alone]]"
|''Into the Woods''
|Dot/Marie in the original Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' The Witch in the original Broadway production of ''Into the Woods'' Fay in the 1995 Carnegie Hall concert of ''Anyone Can Whistle'' Rose in the third Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Desiree (second replacement) in the second Broadway revival of ''A Little Night Music'' Sally in the third Broadway revival of ''Follies'' Recorded the albums ''Sondheim, Etc. – Bernadette Peters Live At Carnegie Hall'' and ''Sondheim Etc., Etc. Live At Carnegie Hall: The Rest of It''
|-
|Company
|"[[I'm Still Here (Follies song)|I'm Still Here]]"
|''Follies''
|{{N/a}}
|}

==Other appearances==
''In order of first appearance''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Individual
! scope="col" | Significance
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|Emily Dale Griffin
|[[Sutton Foster]]'s daughter
|
|-
|Gideon Scott Burtka-Harris
|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]'s son
|Featured in The Witch's rap
|-
|Harper Grace Burtka-Harris
|Neil Patrick Harris's daughter
|Featured in The Witch's rap
|-
|[[Victor Garber]]
|Anthony Hope in original Broadway production of ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' [[John Wilkes Booth]] in the original Off-Broadway production of ''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' Ben Stone in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies''
|
|-
|[[Iain Armitage]]
|{{N/A}}
|
|-
|[[Steven Spielberg]]
|Director of film adaptation of ''[[West Side Story (2020 film)|West Side Story]]''
|
|-
|[[Lonny Price]]
|Charley Kringas in the original Broadway production of ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]'' Director of productions of ''Sweeney Todd'', ''Company'', ''Passion'', ''Sunday in the Park with George'', and ''Anyone Can Whistle''
|
|-
|[[Joanna Gleason]]
|Baker's Wife in original Broadway production of ''[[Into the Woods]]''
|
|-
|[[John Weidman]]
|Librettist of ''[[Pacific Overtures]]'', ''Assassins'', and ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|
|-
|[[Jason Alexander]]
|Joe Josephson in original Broadway production of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|
|-
|[[Nathan Lane]]
|Co-librettist of and Dionysus in ''[[The Frogs (musical)|The Frogs]]'', Pseudolus in the Broadway revival of ''[[A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|A92wZIvEUAw|Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}

[[Category:2020 concerts]]
[[Category:Benefit concerts]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic benefit concerts]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry]]
[[Category:Cultural responses to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration

2024-10-08T01:19:40Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Performances */ remove anachronisms & excessive details

{{Short description|Virtual concert in 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Musical benefit concert
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = [[Paul Wontorek]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = "Prologue" from ''[[Follies]]''
| endtheme = "I'm Still Here" from ''[[Follies]]''
| composer = [[Stephen Sondheim]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plain list|
*Mary-Mitchell Campbell
*Bill Curran
*Raúl Esparza
*Paul Wontorek
}}
| producer = Raúl Esparza
| location = Virtual
| cinematography =
| animator = Ryan Casey
| editor = {{Plain list|
*Jim Cocoliato
*Alexander Goyco
*Mike Karns
*Nick Shakra
*Ryan Simmons
}}
| camera = Single-camera
| runtime = 143 minutes
| company = [[Broadway.com]]
| budget =
| network = [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]
| released = {{Start date|2020|04|26}}
| related = ''[[Sondheim! The Birthday Concert]]''
}}
'''''Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration''''' was a virtual concert celebrating the 90th birthday of Broadway composer [[Stephen Sondheim]]. The event also served as a fundraiser for Artists Striving to End Poverty (ASTEP).<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/take-me-world-a-sondheim-90th-birthday-celebration-watch-live-1291510 |title=Watch Live: Meryl Streep, Patti LuPone and More Stars Pay Tribute to Stephen Sondheim |last=Real |first=Evan |date=April 26, 2020 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group |access-date=April 27, 2020 }}</ref>

Hosted by [[Raúl Esparza]],<ref name="THR"/> whose appearances were curtailed due to technical difficulties, the concert featured many celebrities with ties to Sondheim singing his songs, alongside others offering birthday greetings between performances.<ref>{{cite news | last=Willman | first=Chris | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Meryl Streep, Christine Baranski, Audra McDonald and More Salute Stephen Sondheim in Birthday Tribute | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | url=https://variety.com/2020/music/news/stephen-sondheim-birthday-celebration-jake-gyllenhaal-meryl-streep-1234590377/ | access-date=May 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=McNulty | first=Charles | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Stephen Sondheim's 90th birthday bash reminds us why his music remains so radical | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-04-27/stephen-sondheim-90th-birthday-celebration | access-date=May 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Brantley | first=Ben | date=April 27, 2020 | title=Review: For Sondheim's 90th Birthday, a Collage of Aching Voices | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/theater/take-me-to-the-world-sondheim-review.html | access-date=May 1, 2020}}</ref>

==Context and timing==
The April 26, 2020 [[Live streaming|livestream]] date coincided with the 50th anniversary of the opening night of the original Broadway production of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''. The 2020 Broadway revival of that show, originally slated to open March 22 on Sondheim's birthday proper, had been scuttled by the closure of all Broadway productions due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|coronavirus pandemic]].

==Performances==
''In order of appearance''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Performer(s)
! scope="col" | Song
! scope="col" | Show
! scope="col" | Significance
|-
|[[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]]
|"Prologue"
|''[[Follies]]''
|Fellow Broadway composer
|-
|[[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[musician]]s
|"Overture"
|''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
|{{N/a}}
|-
|[[Sutton Foster]]
|"There Won't Be Trumpets"
|''Anyone Can Whistle''
|Nurse Fay Apple in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' The Baker's Wife in ''[[Into the Woods]]'' at the [[Hollywood Bowl]]
|-
|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]
|"Prologue" {{Small|(The Witch's rap)}}
|''[[Into the Woods]]''
|[[Lee Harvey Oswald]] / The Balladeer in the original Broadway production of ''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' Bobby in the 2011 [[New York Philharmonic]] concert of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]'' Tobias Ragg in the [[San Francisco Symphony|San Francisco Symphony Orchestra]] concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Charles in the 2001 recording of ''Evening Primrose''
|-
|[[Kelli O'Hara]]
|"What More Do I Need?"
|''[[Saturday Night (musical)|Saturday Night]]''
|Young Hattie/Ensemble in the Broadway revival production of ''[[Follies]]''
|-
|[[Judy Kuhn]]
|"What Can You Lose?"
|''[[Dick Tracy (1990 film)|Dick Tracy]]'' {{Small|(film)}}
|Fosca in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''
|-
|[[Katrina Lenk]]
|"Johanna"
|''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]''
|Bobbie in the third Broadway revival production of ''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|-
|[[Aaron Tveit]]
|"Marry Me a Little"
|''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|[[John Wilkes Booth]] in the West End revival production of ''Assassins'' Bobby in the [[Barrington Stage Company]] production of ''Company''
|-
|[[Beanie Feldstein]] and [[Ben Platt]]
|"It Takes Two"
|''Into the Woods''
|Mary Flynn and Charley Kringas respectively in the [[Merrily We Roll Along (film)|upcoming film adaptation]] of ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
|-
|[[Brandon Uranowitz]]
|"With So Little to Be Sure Of"
|''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]''
|Addison Mizner in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Melissa Errico]]
|"Children and Art"
|''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]''
|Dot/Marie in the Washington, D.C. production of ''[[Sunday in the Park with George]]'' Clara in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]'' Leona Samish in [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Do I Hear a Waltz?]]'' Her 2018 recording ''Sondheim Sublime''
|-
|[[Randy Rainbow]]
|"By the Sea"
|''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|Adapted musical parodies of ''Into the Woods'' "Prologue" and ''Follies'' "God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues" for political satire
|-
|[[Elizabeth Stanley (actress)|Elizabeth Stanley]]
|"The Miller's Son"
|''[[A Little Night Music]]''
|April in the second Broadway revival of ''Company'' Gussie Carnegie in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Mandy Patinkin]]
|"Lesson #8"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|[[Georges Seurat]]/George in the original Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Buddy Plummer in Lincoln Center's Follies in Concert
|-
|[[Maria Friedman]]
|"Broadway Baby"
|''Follies''
|Dot/Marie in the original West End production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Fosca in the original West End production of ''Passion'' Mary Flynn in a London production of ''Merrily We Roll Along'' Directed the West End revival of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Lin-Manuel Miranda]]
|"Giants in the Sky"
|''Into the Woods''
|Fellow Broadway composer Charley Kringas in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|-
|[[Lea Salonga]]
|"Loving You"
|''[[Passion (musical)|Passion]]''
|The Witch in the Singaporean production of ''Into the Woods'' Mrs. Lovett in the Philippines production of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|-
|[[Laura Benanti]]
|"I Remember"
|''[[Evening Primrose (musical)|Evening Primrose]]''
|[[Cinderella]] in the Broadway revival production of ''Into the Woods'' Louise in the fourth Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Anne in the [[Los Angeles Opera]] production of ''A Little Night Music''
|-
|[[Chip Zien]]
|"No More"
|''Into the Woods''
|The Baker in the original Broadway production of ''Into the Woods'' The Mysterious Man in the Central Park production of ''Into the Woods''
|-
|[[Josh Groban]]
|"Children Will Listen" / "[[Not While I'm Around (song)|Not While I'm Around]]"
|''Into the Woods'' / ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''
|Covered the aforementioned songs on his album ''[[Stages (Josh Groban album)|Stages]]''
|-
|[[Brian Stokes Mitchell]]
|"The Flag Song"
|''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' {{Small|(cut song)}}
|[[Sweeney Todd]] in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Cast member in Library of Congress concert version of ''The Frogs''
|-
|[[Michael Cerveris]]
|"Finishing the Hat"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|John Wilkes Booth in the original Broadway production of ''Assassins'' Sweeney Todd in the second Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Wilson Mizner in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Linda Lavin]]
|"[[The Boy From...]]"
|''[[The Mad Show]]''
|Cast member of ''[[The Mad Show]]'' Rose (replacement) in the second Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Hattie Walker in Kennedy Center production of ''Follies''
|-
|[[Alexander Gemignani]]
|"Buddy's Blues"
|''Follies''
|[[John Hinckley Jr.|John Hinckley]] in the original Broadway production of ''Assassins'' Beadle Bamford in the second Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Addison Mizner in the Off-Broadway production of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Ann Harada]], Austin Ku, Kelvin Moon Loh, and Thom Sesma
|"Someone In a Tree"
|''[[Pacific Overtures]]''
|Cast members of the Off-Broadway revival cast of ''[[Pacific Overtures]]''
|-
|[[Raúl Esparza]]
|"Take Me to the World"
|''Evening Primrose''
|Georges Seurat/George in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' Charley Kringas in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Merrily We Roll Along'' Bobby in the second Broadway revival production of ''Company'' Hapgood in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' Wilson Mizner in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|-
|[[Donna Murphy]]
|"[[Send In the Clowns]]"
|''A Little Night Music''
|Fosca in the original Broadway production of ''Passion'' Phyllis Rogers Stone in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies'' Mayoress in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' The Witch in the Central Park production of ''Into the Woods''
|-
|[[Christine Baranski]], [[Meryl Streep]], and [[Audra McDonald]]
|"[[The Ladies Who Lunch (song)|The Ladies Who Lunch]]"
|''Company''
|'''Baranski:''' Clarisse in the original Off-Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George''; [[Mrs. Lovett]] in the Sondheim Celebration production of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''; Cinderella's Stepmother in the film adaptation of ''[[Into the Woods (film)|Into the Woods]]''; Phyllis in the London production of ''Follies''; Carlotta Campion in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies'' '''Streep:''' The Witch in the film adaptation of ''Into the Woods,'' Ensemble member in original production of [[The Frogs (musical)|The Frogs]] '''McDonald:''' Clara in the ''Live from Lincoln Center'' production of ''Passion''; Beggar Woman in the ''Live from Lincoln Center'' production and New York Philharmonic concert of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street''; Clara and Nurse Fay Apple at the Ravinia Festival Concerts of ''Passion'' and ''Anyone Can Whistle'' respectively
|-
|[[Jake Gyllenhaal]] and [[Annaleigh Ashford]]
|"Move On"
|''Sunday in the Park with George''
|Georges Seurat/George and Dot/Marie, respectively, in the second Broadway revival of ''Sunday in the Park with George''
|-
|[[Patti LuPone]]
|"Anyone Can Whistle"
|''Anyone Can Whistle''
|Mrs. Lovett in the New York Philharmonic concert and third Broadway revival of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' Fosca in the [[Live from Lincoln Center]] production of ''Passion'' Rose in the fourth Broadway revival of ''[[Gypsy (musical)|Gypsy]]'' Joanne in the New York Philharmonic concert, second West End, and third Broadway revivals of ''Company'' Mrs. Lovett, Desiree Armfeldt, Fosca, Yvonne, Cora Hoover Hooper, and Rose in the [[Ravinia Festival]] concerts of ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'', ''A Little Night Music'', ''Passion'', ''Sunday in the Park with George'', ''Anyone Can Whistle'', and ''Gypsy'' respectively
|-
|[[Bernadette Peters]]
|"[[No One Is Alone (song)|No One Is Alone]]"
|''Into the Woods''
|Dot/Marie in the original Broadway production of ''Sunday in the Park with George'' The Witch in the original Broadway production of ''Into the Woods'' Fay in the 1995 Carnegie Hall concert of ''Anyone Can Whistle'' Rose in the third Broadway revival of ''Gypsy'' Desiree (second replacement) in the second Broadway revival of ''A Little Night Music'' Sally in the third Broadway revival of ''Follies'' Recorded the albums ''Sondheim, Etc. – Bernadette Peters Live At Carnegie Hall'' and ''Sondheim Etc., Etc. Live At Carnegie Hall: The Rest of It''
|-
|Company
|"[[I'm Still Here (Follies song)|I'm Still Here]]"
|''Follies''
|{{N/a}}
|}

==Other appearances==
''In order of first appearance''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Individual
! scope="col" | Significance
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|Emily Dale Griffin
|[[Sutton Foster]]'s daughter
|
|-
|Gideon Scott Burtka-Harris
|[[Neil Patrick Harris]]'s son
|Featured in The Witch's rap
|-
|Harper Grace Burtka-Harris
|Neil Patrick Harris's daughter
|Featured in The Witch's rap
|-
|[[Victor Garber]]
|Anthony Hope in original Broadway production of ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' [[John Wilkes Booth]] in the original Off-Broadway production of ''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' Ben Stone in the [[Encores!]] concert of ''Follies''
|
|-
|[[Iain Armitage]]
|{{N/A}}
|
|-
|[[Steven Spielberg]]
|Director of film adaptation of ''[[West Side Story (2020 film)|West Side Story]]''
|
|-
|[[Lonny Price]]
|Charley Kringas in the original Broadway production of ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]'' Director of productions of ''Sweeney Todd'', ''Company'', ''Passion'', ''Sunday in the Park with George'', and ''Anyone Can Whistle''
|
|-
|[[Joanna Gleason]]
|Baker's Wife in original Broadway production of ''[[Into the Woods]]''
|
|-
|[[John Weidman]]
|Librettist of ''[[Pacific Overtures]]'', ''Assassins'', and ''[[Road Show (musical)|Road Show]]''
|
|-
|[[Jason Alexander]]
|Joe Josephson in original Broadway production of ''Merrily We Roll Along''
|
|-
|[[Nathan Lane]]
|Co-librettist of and Dionysus in ''[[The Frogs (musical)|The Frogs]]'', Pseudolus in the Broadway revival of ''[[A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum]]''
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|A92wZIvEUAw|Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration}}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}

[[Category:2020 concerts]]
[[Category:Benefit concerts]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic benefit concerts]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts]]
[[Category:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry]]
[[Category:Cultural responses to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Randy Rainbow

2024-10-08T00:44:28Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Filmography */ detailed above

{{short description|American comedian, singer, and YouTuber}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Randy Rainbow
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Huntington, New York]], U.S.
| years_active = 2010–present
| known_for = [[Political satire]], [[parody music]]
| occupation = Comedian, singer, [[YouTuber]]
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| honours =
| website = {{URL|randyrainbow.com}}
| module = {{Infobox YouTube personality
| embed = yes
| channel_display_name = Randy Rainbow
| channel_direct_url = @RandyRainbowOfficial
| genre = Commentary
| subscribers = 809K
| views = 164M
}}
}}

'''Randy Stewart Rainbow''' (born July 6, 1981) is an American comedian and singer. He is best known for spoof interviews that he uploads to YouTube that blend [[political satire]] and [[Parody music|musical parodies]] from a liberal perspective.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Bob|title=YouTube Star Randy Rainbow Brings Sass to His Trump Bashing|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/fashion/randy-rainbow-youtube-donald-trump.html|access-date=July 31, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731071813/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/fashion/randy-rainbow-youtube-donald-trump.html|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/11/27/randy-rainbow-youtube-political-parody|title=Randy Rainbow Has Built A Viral-Video Empire From His Queens Apartment|website=www.wbur.org|date=November 27, 2018 |language=en|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328203845/https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2018/11/27/randy-rainbow-youtube-political-parody|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Randy Rainbow was born to a Jewish family in [[Huntington, New York]]. Rainbow is his real last name. He grew up in [[Commack, New York]]. When he was 10 years old, his father, Gerry Rainbow ([[Surname|né]] Ribner<ref>[https://www.jewishtampa.com/jews-in-the-news/jews-in-the-news-pamela-adlon-matthew-broderick-and-debra-messing ''Jews in the News: Pamela Adlon, Matthew Broderick and Debra Messing'']. jewishtampa.com, 23 April 2020</ref>),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.classmates.com/people/Gerald-Gerry-Rainbow/8686377551|title=Gerald (Gerry) Rainbow, Class of 1953 - Monroe High School - Classmates|newspaper=Classmates.com|access-date=July 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717212914/http://www.classmates.com/people/Gerald-Gerry-Rainbow/8686377551|archive-date=July 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.levitt-weinstein.com/obituaries/Gerald-Ribner/#!/Obituary |title=Obituaries - Levitt Weinstein Memorial Chapels & Cemeteries |website=www.levitt-weinstein.com |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126012710/http://www.levitt-weinstein.com/obituaries/Gerald-Ribner/#!/Obituary |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Gerald-Ribner-104573106 |title=Gerald Ribner |website=tributes.com |department=Obituaries |access-date=July 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725003123/http://www.tributes.com/obituary/show/Gerald-Ribner-104573106 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> a musician and talent booker,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://people.com/politics/in-an-ugly-election-year-randy-rainbow-uses-musical-parody-to-bring-on-the-laughs/ |title=In an Ugly Election Year, Randy Rainbow Uses Musical Parody to Bring on the Laughs |newspaper=People |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030932/https://people.com/politics/in-an-ugly-election-year-randy-rainbow-uses-musical-parody-to-bring-on-the-laughs/ |archive-date=July 18, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> moved the family to [[Plantation, Florida]]. Rainbow credits his grandmother as his greatest comedic influence. In a 2017 interview with ''[[The New York Times]]'', he recalled, "It was really my grandmother who was the biggest influence because she'd talk back to the celebrities and politicians on TV. She was a combination of [[Joan Rivers]], [[Elaine Stritch]], [[Betty White]], and [[Bea Arthur]] rolled into one." After dropping out of community college in his early 20s, Rainbow moved back to New York to pursue a theatrical career. It was then he began blogging and making comedic videos.<ref name=NYT/>

== Career ==
=== Blog ===
Rainbow created his blog, ''The Randy Rainbow Bloggity BLAHg-BLAHg'', to document his theatrical experiences and "kvetch about my day-to-day as a single homo in the city."<ref name="advocate1">{{cite web |last=Voss |first=Brandon |url=http://www.advocate.com/Arts_and_Entertainment/Internet/Mel_Gibsons_Rainbow_Connection/ |title=Mel Gibsons Rainbow Connection |publisher=Advocate.com |date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214151843/http://www.advocate.com/Arts_and_Entertainment/Internet/Mel_Gibsons_Rainbow_Connection/ |archive-date=December 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://therandyrainbowblahg.blogspot.com/ |title=RandyRainbow.com |publisher=Therandyrainbowblahg.blogspot.com |date=March 20, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207155223/http://therandyrainbowblahg.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=February 7, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Celebrity videos ===
In his early work, Rainbow stages fake phone conversations with famous people by editing real audio clips of those celebrities. He posted his breakout video, "Randy Rainbow is Dating [[Mel Gibson]]" in 2010. It received more than 60,000 views in one week and has since surpassed 280,000 views. Subsequent videos include "Randy Rainbow Calls [[Lindsay Lohan]]", "Randy Rainbow Calls [[Dr. Laura]]", "The Morning After Chelsea's Wedding", "Randy Rainbow Gets a Job (from [[Rachel Zoe]]?)", "Randy Rainbow Kicks It with [[Kanye West]]", and "Randy Rainbow Spends Christmas with Mel Gibson". [[Michael Urie]] appeared as himself in "Randy Rainbow Getting Married?" [[Tituss Burgess]] appeared as himself in "Randy Rainbow Stars in a Show!" [[Brent Corrigan]] appeared as himself in "Randy Rainbow Makes a Sex Tape (w/Mel Gibson)". Rainbow's cat Mushi has also appeared in some of his videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/Tday4U |title=Randy Rainbow |publisher=YouTube |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523224003/http://www.youtube.com/user/Tday4U |archive-date=May 23, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rainbow's videos have been featured on a number of [[blogs]]. Popular [[LGBT]] blogs ''[[Towleroad]]'' and ''[[Queerty]]'' have reposted many of his videos since "Randy Rainbow is Dating Mel Gibson".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mandell|first1=Sean|title=Randy Rainbow Spells It Out: 'We Got Trump Trouble, America'|url=http://www.towleroad.com/randy-rainbow/|website=Towleroad|access-date=July 31, 2017|date=July 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316210529/http://www.towleroad.com/randy-rainbow/|archive-date=March 16, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Randy Rainbow News and Photos|url=http://www.queerty.com/tag/randy-rainbow/|website=Queerty|access-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731153016/https://www.queerty.com/tag/randy-rainbow|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His Lohan clip was featured by [[Perez Hilton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ICYMI: Will & Grace Cast Sparked Even More Reunion Rumors With This Broadway-Style Hillary Clinton Support Song!|url=http://perezhilton.com/2016-11-01-hillary-clinton-will-and-grace-reunion-debra-messing-eric-mccormack-megan-mullaly-sean-hayes-nbc-song-video|website=Perez Hilton|access-date=July 31, 2017|date=November 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731074941/http://perezhilton.com/2016-11-01-hillary-clinton-will-and-grace-reunion-debra-messing-eric-mccormack-megan-mullaly-sean-hayes-nbc-song-video|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Rainbow made a guest appearance in Tituss and the Tightass Band, a 2010 benefit concert for [[The Trevor Project]] at [[New World Stages]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hetrick|first1=Adam|title=Tituss Burgess Performs Trevor Project Benefit Concert Oct. 30|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/tituss-burgess-performs-trevor-project-benefit-concert-oct-30-com-172823|website=Playbill|access-date=July 31, 2017|date=October 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731072751/http://www.playbill.com/article/tituss-burgess-performs-trevor-project-benefit-concert-oct-30-com-172823|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He also made a guest appearance in the third annual Living for Today benefit concert at the [[Laurie Beechman Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hetrick|first1=Adam|title=Jill Paice and Kate Jennings Grant Added to Living for Today Concert|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/jill-paice-and-kate-jennings-grant-added-to-living-for-today-concert-com-172955|website=Playbill|access-date=July 31, 2017|date=October 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731104002/http://www.playbill.com/article/jill-paice-and-kate-jennings-grant-added-to-living-for-today-concert-com-172955|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Rainbow appeared on the cover of ''[[Out Front Colorado]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Compton|first1=Julie|title=Comedian Randy Rainbow brings humor to tense election year|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/outfront-randy-rainbow-brings-humor-tense-election-year-n665721|work=NBC News|access-date=July 31, 2017|language=en|date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731065234/http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/outfront-randy-rainbow-brings-humor-tense-election-year-n665721|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political videos ===
Rainbow gained a larger audience and shifted focus during the 2016 American presidential campaign, with a series of spoof interviews and musical parodies skewering the election process and the candidates, especially [[Donald Trump]], who became Rainbow's primary subject following his nomination by the Republican party and subsequent election. Among the musical parodies he has done about politics are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youtube.com/c/RandyRainbowOfficial/videos/|title=Randy Rainbow Videos|website=YouTube |access-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Title of parody
!Release date
!Original song
!Original production or performer
|-
|"[[Carly Fiorina]]: GOP Dropout"
|Feb 13, 2016
|"[[Beauty School Dropout]]"
|[[Grease (musical)|''Grease'']]
|-
|"[[Jeb Bush]]: GOP Dropout"
|Feb 22, 2016
|"Beauty School Dropout"
|''Grease''
|-
|"[[Ben Carson]]: GOP Dropout"
|March 5, 2016
|"Beauty School Dropout"
|''Grease''
|-
|"[[Marco Rubio]]: GOP Dropout"
|March 17, 2016
|"Beauty School Dropout"
|''Grease''
|-
|"Just In Love (with [[Ted Cruz]])"
|April 30, 2016
|"[[You're Just in Love]]"
|[[Call Me Madam|''Call Me Madam'']]
|-
|"[[John Kasich]]: GOP Dropout"
|May 5, 2016
|"Beauty School Dropout"
|''Grease''
|-
|"Ted Cruz: GOP Dropout"
|May 5, 2016
|"Beauty School Dropout"
|''Grease''
|-
|"Ya Got [[Donald Trump|Trump]] Trouble!"
|Jul 26, 2016
|"[[Ya Got Trouble|(Ya Got) Trouble]]"
|''[[The Music Man]]''
|-
|"Extra Braggadocious"
|Sep 26, 2016
|"[[Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious]]"
|[[Mary Poppins (film)|''Mary Poppins'']]
|-
|"The Nasty Woman"
|October 24, 2016
|"[[The Lonely Goatherd]]"
|''[[The Sound of Music]]''
|-
|"[[Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|Trump-Pence]], Trump-Pence"
|November 7, 2016
|"[[Feed the Birds]]"
|''Mary Poppins''
|-
|"[[Hillary Clinton|Hillary]] Wins!?!? - Randy Rainbow's American Dream"
|November 11, 2016
|"Thoroughly Modern Millie"
|''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie]]''
|-
|"Donald Trump, Grow Up!"
|November 23, 2016
|"[[You'll Be Back]]"
|''[[Hamilton (musical)|Hamilton]]''
|-
|"Tweets, Tweets, And Nothing But Tweets"
|January 12, 2017
|"Prologue: Into the Woods" (Witch's rap: Greens,Greens)
|''[[Into the Woods]]''
|-
|"[[Alternative facts|Alternative Facts]]"
|January 24, 2017
|"[[Jellicle cats|Prologue: Jellicle Songs for Jellicle Cats]]"
|''[[Cats (musical)|Cats]]''
|-
|"Fact Checker, Fact Checker"
|February 6, 2017
|"[[Matchmaker, Matchmaker]]"
|''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''
|-
|"You're Making Things Up Again, Donald"
|February 22, 2017
|"[[Making Things Up Again]]"
|''[[The Book of Mormon (musical)|The Book of Mormon]]''
|-
|"Putin and the Ritz"
|March 7, 2017
|"[[Puttin' On the Ritz]]"
|''[[Puttin' On the Ritz (film)|Puttin' On the Ritz]]''
|-
|"Microwaves (Are Watching You!)"
|March 16, 2017
|"[[Private Eyes (song)|Private Eyes]]"
|[[Hall & Oates]]
|-
|"Kill The Release"
|March 19, 2017
|"[[The Mob Song]]"
|''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''
|-
|"Just My [[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill (O'Reilly)]]"
|April 22, 2017
|"[[Bill (song)|Bill]]"
|''[[Show Boat]]''
|-
|"Unpopular"
|April 29, 2017
| "[[Popular (Wicked song)|Popular]]"
| ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]''
|-
|"The Russian Connection"
|May 15, 2017
|"[[Rainbow Connection]]"
|''[[The Muppet Movie]]''
|-
|"Donald Trump's Mango Tour!"
|May 31, 2017
|"Rainbow Tour"
|''[[Evita (musical)|Evita]]''
|-
|"The [[Covfefe]] Broadway Medley"
|June 2, 2017
|Various:
*"[[Chim Chim Cher-ee]]"
*"[[Let's Call the Whole Thing Off]]"
*"[[Shipoopi]]"
*"[[Memory (Cats song)|Memory]]"
*"[[Consider Yourself]]"
*"[[Maria (West Side Story song)|Maria]]"
*"[[Oklahoma (Rodgers and Hammerstein song)|Oklahoma]]"
|Various:
*''Mary Poppins''
*[[Shall We Dance (1937 film)|''Shall We Dance'']]
*''The Music Man''
*''Cats''
*''[[Oliver!]]''
*''[[West Side Story]]''
*''[[Oklahoma!]]''
|-
|"Russia Ties"
|June 17, 2017
|"[[Summer Nights (Grease song)|Summer Nights]]"
|''Grease''
|-
|"Before He Tweets"
|July 5, 2017
|[[Before He Cheats]]
|[[Carrie Underwood]]
|-
|"The Room Where It Happened"
|July 21, 2017
|"[[The Room Where It Happens]]"
|''Hamilton''
|-
|"The Sycophant Italiano"
|August 1, 2017
|"[[Cinema Italiano]]"
|''[[Nine (2009 live-action film)|Nine]]''
|-
|"Yes! We Have No [[Steve Bannon]]"
|August 22, 2017
|"[[Yes! We Have No Bananas]]"
|[[Billy Jones (singer, born 1889)|Billy Jones]]
|-
|"[[DACA]] Shame"
|September 7, 2017
|"[[Danke Schoen]]"
|Wayne Newton
|-
|"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Korea?"
|September 25, 2017
|"[[Maria (Rodgers and Hammerstein song)|Maria]]" / "[[Rocket Man (song)|Rocket Man]]"
|''The Sound of Music'' / [[Elton John]]
|-
|"Desperate Cheeto"
|October 11, 2017
|"[[Despacito]]"
|[[Luis Fonsi]] featuring [[Daddy Yankee]]
|-
|"Sweet Indictment"
|November 1, 2017
|"[[Sweet Transvestite]]"
|''[[The Rocky Horror Show]]''
|-
|"Those Were the Good Old Days"
|November 14, 2017
|"Those Were the Good Old Days"
|''[[Damn Yankees]]''
|-
|"She Was 16 Going on 17 ([[Roy Moore]] Was 32)"
|December 11, 2017
|"[[Sixteen Going on Seventeen]]"
|''The Sound of Music''
|-
|"Buttons!"
|January 9, 2018
|"The Patty Duke Show Theme Song"
|''[[The Patty Duke Show]]''
|-
|"All About His Base"
|January 29, 2018
|"[[All About That Bass]]/[[Lips Are Movin]]"
|[[Meghan Trainor]]
|-
|"Stand By Your Man (Donald Trump)"
|February 14, 2018
|"[[Stand by Your Man]]"
|[[Tammy Wynette]]
|-
|"KIDS!"
|March 5, 2018
|"Kids"
|''[[Bye Bye Birdie]]''
|-
|"You Can't Stop His Tweets"
|April 9, 2018
|"[[You Can't Stop the Beat]]"
| ''[[Hairspray (musical)|Hairspray]]''
|-
|"[[Rudy Giuliani|Rudy]] and The Beast"
|May 7, 2018
|"[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]"
|''Beauty and the Beast''
|-
|"Commander of Cheese!"
|June 9, 2018
|"It Sucks to Be Me"
|''[[Avenue Q]]''
|-
|"WTF, You Guys!?"
|June 22, 2018
|"Omigod You Guys"
|''[[Legally Blonde (musical)|Legally Blonde]]''
|-
|"A Very Stable Genius"
|July 16, 2018
|"[[Major-General's Song]]"
| ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]''
|-
|"[[Omarosa Manigault Newman|Omarosa]]"
|August 21, 2018
|"[[Oklahoma! (song)|Oklahoma!]]"
|''[[Oklahoma!]]''
|-
|"If You Ever Got Impeached"
|August 27, 2018
|"[[If I Only Had a Brain]]"
|''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''
|-
|"[[Brett Kavanaugh|Kavanaugh]]"
|September 24, 2018
|"[[Camelot (musical)#Musical numbers|Camelot]]"
|''[[Camelot (musical)|Camelot]]''
|-
|"Just [[Be Best]]"
|October 15, 2018
|"[[Be Our Guest]]"
|''Beauty and the Beast''
|-
|"Voting!"
|November 6, 2018
|"[[What Is This Feeling?]]"
|''Wicked''
|-
|"Trump's Favorite Things"
|December 5, 2018
|"[[My Favorite Things (song)|My Favorite Things]]"
| ''The Sound of Music''
|-
|"There Is Nothin' Like a Wall"
|January 14, 2019
|"[[There Is Nothing Like a Dame]]"
|''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]''
|-
|"The Donald Trump Cell Block Tango (Part 1)"
|January 28, 2019
|"[[Cell Block Tango]]"
|''[[Chicago (musical)|Chicago]]''
|-
|"Border Lies"
|February 20, 2019
|"[[Borderline (Madonna song)|Borderline]]"
|[[Madonna]]
|-
|"He's in Love (And We're all Gonna Die)"
|March 7, 2019
|"[[I'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy|A Wonderful Guy]]"
|''South Pacific''
|-
|"The [[Robert Mueller|Mueller]] Blues"
|March 29, 2019
|"The God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues"
|''[[Follies]]''
|-
|"Cruella [[Betsy DeVos|DeVos]]"
|April 5, 2019
|"[[Cruella DeVil (song)|Cruella de vil]]"
|''[[101 Dalmatians (1961 film)|101 Dalmatians]]''
|-
|"[[William Barr|Barr!]]"
|April 29, 2019
|"[[Belle (Disney song)|Belle]]"
|''Beauty and the Beast''
|-
|"Just Impeach Him"
|May 28, 2019
|"[[Breathin]]"
|[[Ariana Grande]]
|-
|"Suckers"
|July 22, 2019
|"[[Sucker (song)|Sucker]]"
||[[The Jonas Brothers]]
|-
|"Cheeto Christ Stupid-Czar"
|August 29, 2019
|"[[Superstar (Jesus Christ Superstar song)|Superstar]]"
| ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''
|-
|"[[Rudy Giuliani|GIULIANI!]] (Here He Goes Again)"
|October 17, 2019
|"[[Mamma Mia (ABBA song)|Mamma Mia]]"
|[[ABBA]]
|-
|"He's Just a GURL Who'll QUID PRO QUO!"
|November 22, 2019
|"[[I Cain't Say No]]"
| ''Oklahoma!''
|-
|"That Don!"
|January 20, 2020
|"[[Gaston (song)|Gaston]]"
|''Beauty and the Beast''
|-
|"No Rules For Donald"
|February 18, 2020
|"[[New Rules]]"
|[[Dua Lipa]]
|-
|"Any Dem Will Do"
|March 3, 2020
|"[[Any Dream Will Do (song)|Any Dream Will Do]]"
|''[[Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat]]''
|-
|"The [[Coronavirus]] Lament"
|March 14, 2020
|"[[Adelaide's Lament]]"
|''[[Guys and Dolls]]''
|-
|"Social Distance"
|March 22, 2020
|"[[Go the Distance]]"
|''[[Hercules (1997 film)|Hercules]]''
|-
|"[[Andrew Cuomo|Andy]]"
|April 6, 2020
|"[[Sandy (Grease song)|Sandy]]"
|''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]''
|-
|"A Spoonful of [[Clorox]]"
|April 25, 2020
|"[[A Spoonful of Sugar]]"
|''Mary Poppins''
|-
|"Distraction"
|May 19, 2020
|"[[Tradition (song)|Tradition]]"
|''Fiddler on the Roof''
|-
|"The Bunker Boy"
|June 7, 2020
|"[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)#Deleted songs|The Jitterbug]]"
|''The Wizard of Oz''
|-
|"Cover Your Freakin' Face"
|June 9, 2020
|"[[Put On a Happy Face (song)|Put On a Happy Face]]"
|''Bye Bye Birdie''
|-
|"Poor Deplorable Troll"
|July 6, 2020
|"[[Poor Unfortunate Souls]]"
|''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]''
|-
|"Gee, [[Anthony Fauci]]"
|July 22, 2020
|"[[Gee, Officer Krupke]]"
|''[[West Side Story]]''
|-
|"[[Kamala Harris|Kamala]]!"
|August 17, 2020
|"Camelot" (reprised)
| ''Camelot''
|-
|"I Won't Vote Trump"
|September 13, 2020
|"[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)#Musical numbers|I Won't Grow Up]]"
|''[[Peter Pan (1954 musical)|Peter Pan]]''
|-
|"If Donald Got Fired" {{small|(featuring [[Patti LuPone]])}}
|October 7, 2020
|"[[If Momma Was Married]]"
|''[[Gypsy (musical)|Gypsy]]''
|-
|"How Will You Vote?"
|October 30, 2020
|"[[That's How You Know (Disney song)|That's How You Know]]"
|''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]''
|-
|"Don't Tell Donald He's NOT RE-ELECTED TODAY!"
|November 17, 2020
|"[[Getting Married Today (song)|Getting Married Today]]"
|''[[Company (musical)|Company]]''
|-
|"[[Rudy Giuliani|Rudolph]] the Leaky Lawyer"
|December 15, 2020
|"[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)|Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]]"
|[[Gene Autry]]
|-
|"Sedition!"
|January 8, 2021
|"Tradition" (repeated by popular request)
|''Fiddler on the Roof''
|-
|"Seasons of Trump"
|January 19, 2021
|"[[Seasons of Love]]"
|''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]''
|-
|"[[Marjorie Taylor Greene]]"
|February 3, 2021
|"[[Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)|Evergreen]]"
|''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]''
|-
|"Mr. [[Joe Biden|Biden]], Bring My Vaccine"
|March 9, 2021
|"[[Mr. Sandman]]"
|[[The Chordettes]]
|-
|"[[Ted Cruz|Ted]] and [[Lindsey Graham|Lindsey]]"
|April 5, 2021
|"[[Kansas City (Oklahoma!)|Kansas City]]"
|''Oklahoma!''
|-
|"Clang, Clang, Clang Went [[Josh Hawley]]"
|May 10, 2021
|"[[The Trolley Song]]"
|''[[Meet Me in St. Louis]]''
|-
|"The Tango: Vaccine"
|February 7, 2022
|"The Tango Maureen"
|''Rent''
|-
|"Gurl, You're a Karen"
|March 14, 2022
|"Dentist!"
|''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical)|Little Shop of Horrors]]''
|-
|"Gay!"
|April 4, 2022
|"Shy"
|''[[Once Upon a Mattress]]''
|-
|"Thoughts and Prayers"
|August 4, 2022
|"Dance: Ten; Looks: Three"
|''[[A Chorus Line]]''
|-
|"Lock Him Up Yesterday"
|August 18, 2022
|"[[Yesterday (Beatles song)|Yesterday]]"
|[[The Beatles]]
|-
|"Speaker of the House"
|January 23, 2023
|"Master of the House"
|''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]''
|-
|"Life's a F***ing Fantasy for [[George Santos|Santos]]"
|March 15, 2023
|"[[Jolly Holiday]]" / "[[Georgy Girl (song)|Georgy Girl]]"
|''Mary Poppins'' / [[The Seekers]]
|-
|"Grumpy Trumpy Felon from Jamaica in Queens"
|April 3, 2023
|"[[Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy]]"
|[[The Andrews Sisters]]
|-
|"Welcome to [[Ron DeSantis|DeSantis]]"
|May 15, 2023
|"[[Welcome to the 60's]]"
|''Hairspray''
|-
|"Donald [[Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)|in the John with Boxes]]"
|June 23, 2023
|"[[Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds]]"
|The Beatles
|-
|"Don't Arraign on His Parade"
|August 22, 2023
|"[[Don't Rain on My Parade]]" / "[[I'm So Excited]]"
|''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' / [[The Pointer Sisters]]
|-
|"Forty-Five"
|May 20, 2024
|"[[9 to 5 (Dolly Parton song)|9 to 5]]"
|[[Dolly Parton]]
|-
|"Look At Me, I'm [[Marjorie Taylor Greene|MTG]]"
|May 30, 2024
|"[[Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee]]"
|''Grease''
|-
|"The Lawyer or the Conman"
|August 12, 2024
|"The Farmer and the Cowman"
|''Oklahoma!''
|-
|"[[JD Vance|JD, JD]]... (Married Lady)"
|August 26, 2024
|"Sadie, Sadie"
|''Funny Girl''
|-
|"Blank Space (Donald's Version)"
|September 30, 2024
|"[[Blank Space]]"
|[[Taylor Swift]]
|}

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2018 || ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race season 10|RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' || Special Guest || Episode: "[[Breastworld]]"
|-
|2020 || ''[[Better Things (TV series)|Better Things]]'' || Andrew || Episode: "New Orleans"
|-
|2020 || ''[[Take Me to the World: A Sondheim 90th Birthday Celebration]]'' || Performer (song: "[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street|By the Sea]]") || [[Streaming television]] special
|-
|}

=== Musical career ===
Rainbow has released several recordings on [[Broadway Records (2012)|Broadway Records]]. He released three singles in August 2012: an original jingle for [[Chick-fil-A]] written while he was employed there,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-02|title=WATCH Randy Rainbow Serves Chick fil A to Sarah Palin|url=http://www.advocate.com/comedy/2012/08/02/watch-randy-rainbow-serves-chick-fil-sarah-palin|access-date=2021-06-22|website=www.advocate.com|language=en}}</ref> a cover of "[[Old Fashioned Wedding|An Old-Fashioned Wedding]]," and a parody of "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" called "Born This Gay."

He released the holiday EP ''Hey Gurl, It's Christmas!'' on November 8, 2019, featuring a studio version of "Trump's Favorite Things"; the title track is an original song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.randyrainbow.com/recordings|title=Randy Rainbow — Recordings|website=Randy Rainbow|language=en-US|access-date=March 28, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328203845/https://www.randyrainbow.com/recordings|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the launch of his Pink Glasses Tour,<ref>{{Cite web|title=@RandyRainbow|url=https://twitter.com/RandyRainbow/status/1401933529894825987|date=2021-06-07|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> Rainbow released his debut studio album ''A Little Brains, A Little Talent'' on October 29, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=RANDY RAINBOW'S 'A LITTLE BRAINS, A LITTLE TALENT'|url=https://lifeentertainmentnews.com/randy-rainbow-a-little-brains-a-little-talent/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Life Entertainment|language=en-US}}</ref> The album includes several studio versions of his YouTube parodies, plus the two original songs "Pink Glasses," and "Randy Rainbow For President!" both co-written by Rainbow.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randy Rainbow: A Little Brains, A Little Talent CD 2021|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/recordings/randy-rainbowa-little-brainsa-little-talent-2021-broadway-records|access-date=2021-11-30|website=www.broadwayworld.com}}</ref> The album also features a studio version of "The Jitterbug," a scrapped song from ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', and two bonus tracks: "If [[Donald Trump|Donald]] Got Fired" (featuring [[Patti LuPone]]) and "Mr. [[Joe Biden|Biden]] (Bring My Vaccine)."

== Awards and nominations ==
Rainbow was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series|Outstanding Short Form Variety Series]] in 2019<ref>{{cite web|title=Emmys 2019: List of Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/emmys-2019-nominations-complete-list-1203268665/|website=Variety|access-date=July 17, 2019|date=July 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718164802/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/emmys-2019-nominations-complete-list-1203268665/|archive-date=July 18, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=72nd Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners?page=12 |website=Emmys.com |publisher=Emmy's |access-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728213532/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners?page=12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After [[Primetime Emmy Award]] categories were combined starting in 2021 to form the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy, Drama or Variety Series|Outstanding Short Form Comedy, Drama or Variety Series]], ''The Randy Rainbow Show'' was nominated in 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lieber |first1=Sarah Jae |title=HAMILTON, Cynthia Erivo, Bernadette Peters & More Earn 2021 Emmy Nominations - See the Full List! |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/XXXX-XXXX-More-Lead-2021-Emmy-Nominations-See-the-Full-List-20010101 |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=Broadway World |date=13 July 2021}}</ref> and again in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Outstanding Short Form Comedy Or Drama Series Nominees / Winners 2022|url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2022/outstanding-short-form-comedy-or-drama-series|access-date=August 6, 2022|archive-date=July 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714213132/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2022/outstanding-short-form-comedy-or-drama-series|url-status=live}}</ref>

The album "A Little Brains, A Little Talent" was nominated for the [[Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album]] at the [[65th Annual Grammy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grammy Awards (2023) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000301/2023/1/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rainbow is Jewish and openly gay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/music/2019/12/13/randy-rainbow-gay-jewish-crooner-christmas-season|title=Randy Rainbow Is the Gay Jewish Crooner of the Christmas Season|date=December 13, 2019|website=www.advocate.com|access-date=April 25, 2020|archive-date=December 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214161010/https://www.advocate.com/music/2019/12/13/randy-rainbow-gay-jewish-crooner-christmas-season|url-status=live}}</ref> He was born on [[Long Island]], lived in [[Queens]] for 17 years, attended community college in [[Plantation, Florida]], and since July 2019 has resided in [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=mike|date=July 15, 2019|title=Randy Rainbow Moves To Upper West Side|url=https://ilovetheupperwestside.com/randy-rainbow-moves-to-upper-west-side/|access-date=November 11, 2020|website=I Love The Upper West Side|language=en-US|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918072523/https://ilovetheupperwestside.com/randy-rainbow-moves-to-upper-west-side/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=AuthorPam|date=July 17, 2019|title=Huntington Native Randy Rainbow Nominated for Emmy|url=https://huntingtonnow.com/randy-rainbow/|access-date=November 11, 2020|website=HuntingtonNow.com|language=en-US|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029193122/https://huntingtonnow.com/randy-rainbow/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 19, 2022, Rainbow published a memoir, ''Playing With Myself'', which tells the story of his personal life and rise to internet fame.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rainbow |first=Randy |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268205789 |title=Playing with myself |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-250-27625-4 |edition=First |location=New York |oclc=1268205789}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
In mid-August 2020, critics of Randy Rainbow circulated several dozen of his [[Twitter|tweets]], all but a few published between 2010 and 2012, featuring jokes widely described as racist and transphobic.<ref name="LGBTQNation">{{cite web|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/08/randy-rainbows-racist-transphobic-tweets-resurface-dozens/|title=Randy Rainbow's racist & transphobic tweets resurface. There are dozens.|first=Alex|last=Bollinger|publisher=LGBTQNation|date=August 19, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825005016/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2020/08/randy-rainbows-racist-transphobic-tweets-resurface-dozens/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rainbow apologized on August 20, 2020, in an interview with ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]''.<ref name="Apology">{{cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/comedy/2020/8/20/randy-rainbow-emmy-nom-and-resurfaced-racist-transphobic-tweets|title=Randy Rainbow on Emmy Nom and Resurfaced Racist, Transphobic Tweets|first=David|last=Artavia|date=August 20, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825005128/https://www.advocate.com/comedy/2020/8/20/randy-rainbow-emmy-nom-and-resurfaced-racist-transphobic-tweets|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.randyrainbow.com/}}
* {{YouTube|u=TDay4U|Randy Rainbow}}
* {{IMDb name|8810489}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rainbow, Randy}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Jews]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century American male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American gay musicians]]
[[Category:American gay writers]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ comedians]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ singers]]
[[Category:American male comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Florida]]
[[Category:Comedians from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Gay comedians]]
[[Category:Gay Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish American comedians]]
[[Category:Jewish male comedians]]
[[Category:Jewish singers]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Florida]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from New York (state)]]
[[Category:LGBTQ YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Long Island]]
[[Category:People from Plantation, Florida]]
[[Category:Singers from Florida]]
[[Category:Singers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American political satire]]

WALL-E

2024-10-07T04:15:50Z

Hiplibrarianship: /* Music */ revise caption

{{Short description|2008 film by Andrew Stanton}}
{{About|the animated film|the title character|WALL-E (character)|other uses|WALL-E (disambiguation)|and|Walle (disambiguation){{!}}Walle}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = WALL•E
| image = WALL-E poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Andrew Stanton]]
| producer = [[Jim Morris (film producer)|Jim Morris]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Andrew Stanton
* [[Jim Reardon]]
}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Andrew Stanton
* [[Pete Docter]]
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ben Burtt]]
* [[Elissa Knight]]
* [[Jeff Garlin]]
* [[Fred Willard]]
* [[John Ratzenberger]]
* [[Kathy Najimy]]
* [[Sigourney Weaver]]
}}
| music = [[Thomas Newman]]
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Jeremy Lasky
* [[Danielle Feinberg]]
}}
| editing = [[Stephen Schaffer]]
| production_companies = [[Pixar Animation Studios]]
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]{{efn|name=Disney|Distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] through the [[Walt Disney Pictures]] banner}}
| released = {{Film date|2008|6|23|[[Greek Theatre (Los Angeles)|Greek Theatre]]|2008|6|27|United States}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/55499-WALL-E?sid=8f622ebf-dcd2-4b1f-8a28-be9c4d211c86&sr=4.0206413&cp=1&pos=4|title=WALL-E|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|access-date=March 11, 2019|archive-date=December 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222081924/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/55499-WALL-E?sid=8f622ebf-dcd2-4b1f-8a28-be9c4d211c86&sr=4.0206413&cp=1&pos=4|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $180 million<ref>{{cite news|author=Brooks Barnes|title=Disney and Pixar: The Power of the Prenup|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 1, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/business/media/01pixar.html|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129133239/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/business/media/01pixar.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = $532.5 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wall-e.htm|title=WALL-E (2008)|publisher=Box Office Mojo|access-date=December 30, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806015631/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wall-e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/WALL-E#tab=summary|title=WALL-E|publisher=The Numbers|access-date=December 1, 2017|archive-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154257/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/WALL-E#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}


'''''WALL-E''''' (stylized with an [[interpunct]] as '''''WALL·E''''') is a 2008 American animated [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[science fiction film]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wall-E Review: One of the Best Sci-Fi Movies in Years, Disguised as a Cartoon|url=https://gizmodo.com/wall-e-review-one-of-the-best-sci-fi-movies-in-years-5020237|date=June 27, 2008|website=gizmodo.com|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=July 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701135011/https://gizmodo.com/wall-e-review-one-of-the-best-sci-fi-movies-in-years-5020237|url-status=live}}</ref> produced by [[Pixar Animation Studios]] for [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The film was directed by [[Andrew Stanton]], produced by [[Jim Morris (film producer)|Jim Morris]], and written by Stanton and [[Jim Reardon]]. It stars the voices of [[Ben Burtt]], [[Elissa Knight]], [[Jeff Garlin]], [[John Ratzenberger]], [[Kathy Najimy]], with [[Sigourney Weaver]] and [[Fred Willard]]. The film follows a solitary robot named [[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]] on a [[Future of Earth|future]], [[Planetary habitability|uninhabitable]], deserted [[Earth]] in 2805, left to clean up garbage. He is visited by a robot called EVE sent from the [[starship]] ''Axiom'', with whom he falls in love and pursues across the galaxy.

After directing ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', Stanton felt Pixar had created believable simulations of underwater physics and was willing to direct a film set largely in space. ''WALL-E'' has minimal dialogue in its early sequences; many of the characters in the film do not have voices, but instead communicate with [[body language]] and robotic sounds that were designed by Burtt. The film incorporates various topics including [[consumerism]], [[corporatocracy]], [[nostalgia]], [[waste management]], [[human impact on the environment|human environmental impact and concerns]], [[obesity]]/[[sedentary lifestyle]]s, and [[global catastrophic risk]].<ref name="Murray and Heumann, 2009">{{cite journal|last=Murray|first=Robin L.|author2=Heumann, Joseph K.|title=WALL-E: From Environmental Adaptation to Sentimental Nostalgia|journal=Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media|date=Spring 2009|series=No. 51|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/WallE/text.html|access-date=November 16, 2012|archive-date=October 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021222552/http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc51.2009/WallE/text.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also Pixar's first animated film with segments featuring live-action characters. [[Thomas Newman]] composed the film's musical score. The film cost $180 million to produce, a record-breaking sum for an animated film at the time. Following Pixar tradition, ''WALL-E'' was paired with a short film titled ''[[Presto (film)|Presto]]'' for its theatrical release.

''WALL-E'' was released in the United States on June 27, 2008. The film received critical acclaim for its animation, story, voice acting, characters, visuals, score, sound design, screenplay, use of minimal dialogue, and scenes of romance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-16|title=WALL-E: No 15 best romantic film of all time|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/wall-e-romance|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=December 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210040846/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/wall-e-romance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hodgson|first=Claire|date=2014-04-27|title=Why Pixar's WALL-E is the greatest love story ever told in 11 heart warming GIFs|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/pixars-wall-e-greatest-love-story-3439138|access-date=2020-09-20|website=mirror|archive-date=April 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424233114/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/pixars-wall-e-greatest-love-story-3439138|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also commercially successful, grossing $521.3 million worldwide and becoming the [[2008 in film#Highest-grossing films|ninth-highest grossing film of 2008]]. It won the 2008 [[Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film]], the 2009 [[Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation#Long Form|Hugo Award for Best Long Form Dramatic Presentation]],<ref name="Hugo">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/ |title=2009 Hugo Awards |publisher=The Hugo Awards |access-date=April 22, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164818/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/ |archive-date=May 7, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> the final [[Nebula Award for Best Script]],<ref name="Nebula">{{cite web|url=http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Nebula2009.html |title=Nebula Award winners for 2008 announced |publisher=LOCUS |access-date=September 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231125/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Nebula2009.html |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> the [[Saturn Award for Best Animated Film]] and the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] with five additional Oscar nominations. The film was widely named by critics and organizations, including the [[National Board of Review]] and [[American Film Institute]], as one of the best films of 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://criticstop10.com/best-of-2008/|title=Best of 2008|website=Criticstop10.com|date=January 7, 2013 |access-date=November 26, 2018|archive-date=August 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819221541/https://criticstop10.com/best-of-2008/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 100 Animation Movies – Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_animation_movies/|access-date=2020-11-03|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609084412/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_animation_movies/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is considered among [[List of films considered the best#Animation (shorts and features)|the greatest animated films ever made]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url = https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-lists/40-greatest-animated-movies-ever-19817/pixar-wall-e-2008-208968/|title = 40 Greatest Animated Movies Ever|magazine = [[Rolling Stone]]|date = October 13, 2019|access-date = December 15, 2021|archive-date = September 23, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923142416/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=www.rollingstone.com|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/4609386/best-animated-films/|title=The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films|access-date=December 15, 2021|archive-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210926104304/https://time.com/4609386/best-animated-films/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stacker.com/stories/2471/best-animated-films-all-time-according-critics|title=Best animated films of all time, according to critics|access-date=December 15, 2021|archive-date=September 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923142333/https://stacker.com/movies/best-animated-films-all-time-according-critics|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, ''WALL-E'' became the second Pixar feature film (after ''[[Toy Story]]'') to be selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref name="Tartaglione">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/national-film-registry-2021-list-star-wars-return-of-the-jedi-fellowship-of-the-ring-sounder-nightmare-on-elm-street-wall-e-1234890666/|title=National Film Registry Adds ''Return Of The Jedi'', ''Fellowship Of The Ring'', ''Strangers On A Train'', ''Sounder'', ''WALL-E'' & More|date=December 14, 2021|first=Nancy|last=Tartaglione|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|access-date=December 14, 2021|archive-date=July 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702231423/https://deadline.com/2021/12/national-film-registry-2021-list-star-wars-return-of-the-jedi-fellowship-of-the-ring-sounder-nightmare-on-elm-street-wall-e-1234890666/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2022, at the request of Stanton, Disney licensed ''WALL-E'' to [[The Criterion Collection]], which re-released the film as a special edition [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K Blu-Ray]]-standard [[Blu-ray]] combo pack on November 22, 2022, marking the first Pixar film to ever receive such an honor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Mitchell |date=2022-09-10 |title=WALL-E is rolling his way into the Criterion Collection |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/10/23345385/wall-e-criterion-collection-4k-blu-ray |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923142332/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/10/23345385/wall-e-criterion-collection-4k-blu-ray |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WALL·E |url=https://www.criterion.com/films/33246-walle |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=The Criterion Collection |language=en |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104074048/https://www.criterion.com/films/33246-walle |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==

In the 29th century, Earth is a garbage-strewn wasteland due to an [[ecocide]] caused by rampant [[consumerism]], corporate greed, and environmental neglect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narine |first=Anil |title=Eco-trauma cinema |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis group |isbn=978-1-138-79139-8 |series=Routledge advances in film studies |location=New York London |chapter=Love in the Times of Ecocide, Environmental Trauma and Comic Relief in Andrew Stanton's WALL-E}}</ref> Humanity was evacuated to space by the [[megacorporation]] Buy n Large (BnL) on giant [[Generation ship|starliners]] 700 years prior, leaving [[trash compactor|trash-compacting]] robots to clean up the planet. All but one of the trash-compacting robots on Earth have stopped functioning; the last remaining active robot, known as [[WALL-E (character)|Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Earth-class]] (WALL·E), has developed a personality. WALL·E remains active by salvaging parts from other inactive robots and lives with his pet [[cockroach]] as his only companion.

WALL·E's routine of compressing trash and [[Waste picker|collecting interesting objects]] is broken by the arrival of an unmanned rocket probe carrying an egg-shaped robot called an Extraterrestrial Vegetation Evaluator (EVE), which scans the planet for signs of sustainable life. WALL·E is smitten by the sleek, otherworldly robot, and the two begin to connect, until EVE goes into [[standby mode]] when WALL·E shows her his most recent find: a living [[seedling]]. The probe ship returns and collects EVE and the plant, with WALL·E clinging to the ship in fear of losing her. The probe ship returns to its mothership, the starliner ''Axiom''.

In the centuries since the ''Axiom'' left Earth, its passengers have degenerated into helpless [[obesity]] due to [[microgravity]] and [[laziness]], with robots catering to their every whim. Even Captain B. McCrea is used to sitting back while his robotic [[Artificial Intelligence|AI]] autopilot helm, nicknamed AUTO, pilots the ship. McCrea is unprepared to receive the positive probe response, but discovers that placing the plant in the ship's Holo-Detector will trigger a [[warp drive|hyperjump]] back to Earth so that humanity can begin recolonization. When McCrea inspects EVE's storage compartment, the plant is missing, with EVE blaming WALL·E for its disappearance.

EVE is deemed faulty and taken to diagnostics. Mistaking the process for torture, WALL·E intervenes and inadvertently releases the other faulty bots, causing him and EVE to be designated as rogue robots. Frustrated, EVE tries to send WALL·E home in an [[escape pod]], but the two witness McCrea's first mate robot, GO-4, stowing the plant in a pod set to [[self-destruct]], revealing that WALL·E did not steal the plant. WALL·E enters the pod to retrieve the plant just as it launches, and he and the plant survive the destruction of the pod. EVE catches up to him and they reconcile, celebrating with a dance in space around the ''Axiom''.

EVE brings the plant to McCrea, who watches her recordings of Earth, concluding that they must save it. AUTO reveals that he has been ordered to not return to Earth by a secret no-return directive [[A113]], issued by BnL CEO Shelby Forthright on account of rising toxicity levels making Earth unlivable; GO-4 attempted to dispose of the plant on AUTO's instruction. When McCrea goes against Directive A113, AUTO electrocutes WALL·E, forces EVE into standby mode, throws them both down a garbage chute, and confines McCrea to his quarters. EVE (having been reactivated by several mouse-like robots) and WALL·E are nearly ejected into space with the ''Axiom's'' refuse, but Microbe Obliterator (M-O), a cleaning robot who was following WALL·E's dirt trail across the ship, inadvertently jams the airlock and saves the two, prompting the Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Axiom-class (WALL·A) garbage bots to abort the ejection. As humans and robots help in securing the plant, McCrea and AUTO fight for control of the ''Axiom''. AUTO crushes WALL·E using the Holo-Detector in a last-ditch attempt to keep the human passengers in space, but McCrea overpowers and deactivates AUTO. EVE inserts the plant into the Holo-Detector, initiating the hyperjump back to Earth.

After arriving on Earth, EVE repairs WALL·E, but finds that his memory and personality have been erased. Heartbroken, EVE gives WALL·E a goodbye "kiss", which releases a [[static electricity]] shock, restoring him. WALL·E and EVE reunite as the ''Axiom'' inhabitants take their first steps on Earth. Humans and robots turn the ravaged planet into a paradise, and the plant grows into a mighty tree, which WALL·E and EVE rest beneath.

== Cast ==
=== Voice cast ===
* [[Ben Burtt]] as [[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]] (Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Earth-class),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1813964,00.html|title=WALL-E: Pixar's Biggest Gamble|last=Corliss|first=Richard|date=June 12, 2008|magazine=Time|access-date=September 23, 2017|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=October 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002025914/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1813964,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a compactor robot who has achieved [[sentience]], he is the only one still functioning on Earth. He is a small mobile compactor box accompanied by his cockroach friend Hal. He collects trinkets from the garbage and displays them at his home, where he watches a [[video cassette]] of 20th Century Studios' ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', mimicking the dance sequences.
** Burtt also voices M-O (Microbe-Obliterator), a cleaning robot.
* [[Elissa Knight]] as EVE (Extraterrestrial Vegetation Evaluator),<ref name=":0" /> a glossy white egg-shaped probe robot with blue LED eyes, whose directive is to verify the habitability of planets for humans. She moves using [[antigravity]] and is equipped with scanners, specimen storage, and a [[Plasma weapon (fiction)|cannon]] which she is quick to use.
* [[Jeff Garlin]] as Captain B. McCrea, the captain of the ''Axiom''. (While McCrea's name was never spoken, it does appear on a portrait of him in his quarters. He is only ever referred to as the Captain.)
* [[PlainTalk|MacInTalk]], the text-to-speech program for Apple [[Macintosh]] computers, is the voice of AUTO, the ''Axiom''{{'}}s villainous [[artificial intelligence|AI]] autopilot which handles command functions of the ship. Loyal only to directive [[A113]], he and GO-4 are the only computers not influenced by WALL·E.
* [[John Ratzenberger]] and [[Kathy Najimy]] as John and Mary, who live on the ''Axiom'', so dependent on their automatic services as to be oblivious to their surroundings. They are brought out of their trances by encounters with WALL·E and [[Love at first sight|fall in love]] with each other.
* [[Sigourney Weaver]] as the ''Axiom''{{'}}s computer. Stanton joked to Weaver: "You realize you get to be 'Mother' now?"<ref name=notes /><ref name="dvd-mother">DVD. Scene 16. "Captain on Deck". Audio commentary by Director Andrew Stanton. 52:01–52:09.</ref> referring to the ship's computer in the film ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]'', starring Weaver.<ref name="dvd-mother" />

=== Live-action cast ===
* [[Fred Willard]] as Shelby Forthright, CEO of the Buy n Large Corporation and President of Earth. The only major live-action character, appearing only in videos recorded around the time of the ''Axiom''{{'}}s launch in the 22nd century. Forthright proposed the plan to evacuate Earth's population and then clean up the planet so they could return within five years. Discovering that Earth had become too toxic to support life, the cleanup and recolonization were abandoned. Forthright issued directive [[A113]] preventing anyone from returning to Earth. As of {{currentyear}}, Forthright is the only live-action character with a speaking role in any Pixar film.
* [[Michael Crawford]] and [[Marianne McAndrew]] appear in an archival recording performing "It Only Takes a Moment" from ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]''.

== Production ==
=== Writing ===
{{quote box|<poem>
BACK ON M-O AND WALLY{{sic}}

M-O just finishes cleaning the floor.
Wally is fascinated.
Impishly makes another mark.
M-O compulsively cleans it. Can't resist.

::::::::::::M-O (bleeps):
:::::::[Look, it stays clean. You got that?]

Wally wipes the bottom of his tread on M-O's face.
M-O loses it.
Scrubs his own face.</poem>|source= —Stanton wrote the screenplay to focus on the visuals and as a guide to what the sound effects needed to convey<ref name=screenplay />}}

As depicted in the teaser trailer, Andrew Stanton conceived ''WALL-E'' during a lunch with fellow writers [[John Lasseter]], [[Pete Docter]], and [[Joe Ranft]] in 1994. ''[[Toy Story]]'' was near completion and the writers brainstormed ideas for their next projects—''[[A Bug's Life]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', and ''[[Finding Nemo]]''—at this lunch. Stanton asked, "What if mankind had to leave Earth and somebody forgot to turn off the last robot?"<ref name=notes>{{cite web|title=Production notes|url=http://adisney.go.com/disneyvideos/animatedfilms/wall-e/media/downloads/WALLEProductionNotes.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103245/http://adisney.go.com/disneyvideos/animatedfilms/wall-e/media/downloads/WALLEProductionNotes.pdf|publisher=[[Walt Disney Pictures]]|access-date=July 19, 2008|archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> Having struggled for many years with making the characters in ''Toy Story'' appealing, Stanton found his simple ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''-esque idea of a lonely robot on a deserted planet strong.<ref name=awn>{{cite news|author=Bill Desowitz |title=Stanton Powers Up WALL•E |work=[[Animation World Network]] |date=April 7, 2008 |url=http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&article_no=3601&page=1 |access-date=November 23, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301043642/http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=pageone&article_no=3601&page=1 |archive-date=March 1, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=avclub>{{cite news|url=https://www.avclub.com/content/interview/andrew_stanton |title=Andrew Stanton |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |author=Tasha Robinson |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=November 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908045321/http://www.avclub.com/content/interview/andrew_stanton |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |df=mdy }}</ref> Stanton made [[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]] a [[waste collector]] as the idea was instantly understandable, and because it was a low-status menial job that made him sympathetic.<ref name=world /> Stanton also liked the imagery of stacked cubes of garbage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=398f8b3e-09c9-45e1-b705-c0ba4691bc47 |author=Jamie Portman |title=The last robot left has to put out the trash |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=July 21, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702061126/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/arts/story.html?id=398f8b3e-09c9-45e1-b705-c0ba4691bc47 |archive-date=July 2, 2008 }}</ref> He did not find the idea dark because having a planet covered in garbage was for him a childish imagining of disaster.<ref name=screenwriting>{{cite web|url=http://creativescreenwritingmagazine.blogspot.com/2008/12/andrew-stanton-wall-e-q.html|title=Andrew Stanton: Wall-E Q&A|work=Creative Screenwriting|date=December 16, 2008|format=QuickTime audio|access-date=January 4, 2009|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123257/http://creativescreenwritingmagazine.blogspot.com/2008/12/andrew-stanton-wall-e-q.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Stanton and Docter developed the film under the title of ''Trash Planet'' for two months in 1995, but they did not know how to develop the story and Docter chose to direct ''Monsters, Inc.'' instead.<ref name=total>{{cite news | author = James White | title = How We Made WALL-E | work = [[Total Film]] | date = April 2008 | pages=113–116}}</ref><ref name=hauser11>Hauser, p. 11.</ref> Stanton came up with the idea of WALL·E finding a plant, because his life as the sole inhabitant on a deserted world reminded Stanton of a plant growing among pavements.<ref name=ball>{{cite news|author=Sarah Ball |title=Mr. Oscar, Tear Down This Wall! Andrew Stanton on How Animated Films are Pigeonholed – and How Wall-E Is Every Man |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=January 23, 2009 |url=http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/01/23/breaking-out-of-the-box-wall-e-director-andrew-stanton-on-the-oscars-the-blurring-of-the-line-between-animation-and-film-and-writing-strong-female-characters.aspx |access-date=January 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204034311/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/popvox/archive/2009/01/23/breaking-out-of-the-box-wall-e-director-andrew-stanton-on-the-oscars-the-blurring-of-the-line-between-animation-and-film-and-writing-strong-female-characters.aspx |archive-date=February 4, 2009 }}</ref> Before they turned their attention to other projects, Stanton and Lasseter thought about having WALL·E fall in love, as it was the necessary progression away from loneliness.<ref name=screenwriting /> Stanton started writing ''WALL-E'' again in 2002 while completing ''Finding Nemo''.<ref name=usatoday>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-06-24-wall-e-main_N.htm|author=Marco R. della Cava|title='WALL-E' focuses on its hero's heart|work=[[USA Today]]|date=June 24, 2008|access-date=July 21, 2008|archive-date=August 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820043315/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-06-24-wall-e-main_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Stanton formatted his script in a manner reminiscent of [[Dan O'Bannon]]'s ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]''. O'Bannon wrote his script in a manner Stanton found reminded him of ''[[haiku]]'', where visual descriptions were done in continuous lines of a few words. Stanton wrote his robot "dialogue" conventionally, but placed them in brackets.<ref name=avclub /> In late 2003, Stanton and a few others created a [[story reel]] of the first twenty minutes of the film. Lasseter and [[Steve Jobs]] were impressed and officially began development,<ref>{{cite news|author=Alex Billington|publisher=FirstShowing.net|date=June 23, 2008|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2008/06/23/interview-wall-es-writer-and-director-andrew-stanton/|title=Interview: Wall-E's Writer and Director Andrew Stanton|access-date=November 22, 2008|archive-date=May 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515235428/http://www.firstshowing.net/2008/06/23/interview-wall-es-writer-and-director-andrew-stanton/|url-status=live}}</ref> though Jobs stated he did not like the title, originally spelled "''W.A.L.-E.''"<ref>''Title Animation Test'', 2008 DVD, [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]</ref>

While the first act of ''WALL-E'' "fell out of the sky" for Stanton,<ref name=screenwriting /> he had originally wanted aliens to plant EVE to explore Earth and the rest of the film was different. When WALL·E comes to the ''Axiom'', he incites a ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''-style rebellion by the robots against the remnants of the human race, which were cruel alien Gels (completely devolved, gelatinous, boneless, legless, see-through, green creatures that resemble [[Jell-O]]). James Hicks, a physiologist, mentioned to Stanton the concept of [[atrophy]] and the effects prolonged [[weightlessness]] would have on humans living in space for an inordinately extended time period.<ref name=notes /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://cinechew.com/the-science-of-wall-e/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208013846/http://cinechew.com/the-science-of-wall-e/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2015|title=The Science of 'Wall-E'|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=February 7, 2015|author=James Hicks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.today.uci.edu/Features/profile_detail.asp?key=369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726230400/http://today.uci.edu/Features/profile_detail.asp?key=369 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 26, 2008 |title=James Hicks, Ecology & evolutionary biology professor |publisher=Today@UCI |date=July 23, 2008 |access-date=January 14, 2009 |df=mdy }}</ref> Therefore, this was the inspiration of the humans degenerating into the alien Gels,<ref name=deleted>Deleted scenes with introductions by Andrew Stanton, 2008 DVD, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</ref> and their ancestry would have been revealed in a ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''-style ending.<ref name=newsarama2 /> The Gels also spoke a made-up gibberish language, but Stanton scrapped this idea because he thought it would be too complicated for the audience to understand and they could easily be driven off from the storyline.<ref name=evolution>''Captain's Log: The Evolution of Humans'', 2008 DVD featurette, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</ref> The Gels had a royal family, who host a dance in a castle on a lake in the back of the ship, and the ''Axiom'' curled up into a ball when returning to Earth in this incarnation of the story.<ref name=evolution /> Stanton decided this was too bizarre and unengaging, and conceived humanity as "big babies".<ref name=newsarama2 /> Stanton developed the metaphorical theme of the humans learning to stand again and "grow[ing] up",<ref name=newsarama2>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsarama.com/film/080704-wall-e-stanton-2.html|author=Steve Fritz|title=How Andrew Stanton & Pixar Created ''WALL*E'' – Part II|work=[[Newsarama]]|date=July 4, 2008|access-date=November 4, 2008|archive-date=November 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122092351/http://www.newsarama.com/film/080704-wall-e-stanton-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>DVD. Scene 16. "Captain on Deck". Audio commentary by Director Andrew Stanton. 48:56–50:37.</ref> wanting WALL·E and EVE's relationship to inspire humanity because he felt few films explore how [[utopia]]n societies come to exist.<ref name=aicn>{{cite news|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/37209|author=Steve "Capone" Prokopy|title=Andrew Stanton Gives Up the Goods on WALL-E and JOHN CARTER to Capone!|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=June 24, 2008|access-date=November 22, 2008|archive-date=December 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219171619/https://www.aintitcool.com/node/37209|url-status=live}}</ref> The process of depicting the descendants of humanity as the way they appear in the movie was slow. Stanton first decided to put a nose and ears on the Gels so the audience could recognize them. Eventually, fingers, legs, clothes, and other characteristics were added until they arrived at the concept of being fetus-like to allow the audience to see themselves in the characters.<ref name="evolution" />

In a later version of the film, AUTO comes to the docking bay to retrieve EVE's plant. The film would have its first cutaway to the captain, but Stanton moved that as he found it too early to begin moving away from WALL·E's point-of-view. As an homage to ''[[Get Smart]]'',<ref name=comingsoon>{{cite news|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=45885|author=Joshua Starnes|title=WALL•E Writer/Director Andrew Stanton|publisher=ComingSoon.net|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=November 22, 2008|archive-date=August 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817131043/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=45885|url-status=live}}</ref> AUTO takes the plant and goes into the bowels of the ship into a room resembling a brain where he watches videos of Buy n Large's scheme to clean up the Earth falling apart through the years. Stanton removed this to keep some mystery as to why the plant is taken from EVE. The captain appears to be unintelligent, but Stanton wanted him to just be unchallenged; otherwise he would have not been sympathetic.<ref name=deleted /> One example of how unintelligent the captain was depicted initially is that he was seen to wear his hat upside-down, only to fix it before he challenges AUTO. In the finished film, he merely wears it casually atop his head, tightening it when he really takes command of the ''Axiom''.<ref name=evolution />

Stanton also moved the moment where WALL·E reveals his plant (which he had snatched from the self-destructing escape pod) from producing it from a closet to immediately after his escape, as it made EVE happier and gave them stronger motivation to dance around the ship. Originally, EVE would have been electrocuted by AUTO, and then be quickly saved from ejection at the hands of the ''Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Axiom-class'' (WALL·A) robots, by WALL·E. He would have then revived her by replacing her power unit with a cigarette lighter he brought from Earth. Stanton reversed this following a 2007 test screening, as he wanted to show EVE replacing her directive of bringing the plant to the captain with repairing WALL·E, and it made WALL·E even more heroic if he held the holo-detector open despite being badly hurt.<ref name=deleted /> The idea of WALL·E losing his memory and personality came after the braintrust team abandoned a scene where EVE had been shot in her heart battery and WALL·E gave her his own battery instead.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/17/second-act-twist |title=Second-Act Twist |magazine=The New Yorker |date=October 10, 2011 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208065947/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/17/second-act-twist |url-status=live |last1=Friend |first1=Tad }}</ref> Stanton felt half the audience at the screening believed the humans would be unable to cope with living on Earth and would have died out after the film's end. [[Jim Capobianco]], director of the ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' short film ''[[Your Friend the Rat]]'', created an end credits animation that continued the story—and stylized in different artistic movements throughout history—to clarify an optimistic tone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andrew Stanton and Ben Burtt talk WALL-E |author=Joanna Cohen |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=September 17, 2008 |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1756410/rt_au_interview_andrew_stanton_and_ben_burtt_talk_wall_e |access-date=November 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311134949/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1756410/rt_au_interview_andrew_stanton_and_ben_burtt_talk_wall_e |archive-date=March 11, 2009 }}</ref>

=== Design ===
''WALL-E'' was the most complex Pixar production since ''Monsters, Inc.'' because of the world and the history that had to be conveyed.<ref name=awn /> Whereas most Pixar films have up to 75,000 [[storyboard]]s, ''WALL-E'' required 125,000.<ref>{{cite news|author=Derek Thompson |title=The Storyboards of ''WALL-E'' |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=July 17, 2008 |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1741889/2/exclusive_the_storyboards_of_wall_e |access-date=November 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301120838/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1741889/2/exclusive_the_storyboards_of_wall_e |archive-date=March 1, 2009 }}</ref> [[Production designer]] [[Ralph Eggleston]] wanted the lighting of the first act on Earth to be romantic, and that of the second act on the ''Axiom'' to be cold and sterile. During the third act, the romantic lighting is slowly introduced into the ''Axiom'' environment.<ref name=notes /> Pixar studied [[Chernobyl]] and the city of [[Sofia]] to create the ruined world; art director Anthony Christov was from [[Bulgaria]] and recalled Sofia used to have problems storing its garbage.<ref>Hauser, p. 39.</ref><ref>Hauser, p. 71.</ref> Eggleston bleached out the whites on Earth to make WALL·E feel vulnerable. The overexposed light makes the location look more vast. Because of the haziness, the cubes making up the towers of garbage had to be large, otherwise they would have lost shape (in turn, this helped save rendering time). The dull tans of Earth subtly become soft pinks and blues when EVE arrives. When WALL·E shows EVE all his collected items, all the lights he has collected light up to give an inviting atmosphere, like a [[Christmas tree]]. Eggleston tried to avoid the colors yellow and green so WALL·E—who was made yellow to emulate a tractor—would not blend into the deserted Earth, and to make the plant more prominent.<ref name=eggleston />

[[File:Wall-E lighting.png|thumb|left|alt=WALL-E holding a bra|[[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]] finds a bra. [[Roger Deakins]] and [[Dennis Muren]] were consulted on realistic lighting including backgrounds that are less focused than foregrounds.]]

Stanton also wanted the lighting to look realistic and evoke the science fiction films of his youth. He thought that Pixar captured the physics of being underwater with ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' and so for ''WALL·E'', he wanted to push that for air. While rewatching some of his favorite science fiction films, he realized that Pixar's other movies had lacked the look of [[70 mm film]] and its barrel [[distortion (optics)|distortion]], [[lens flare]], and [[racking focus]].<ref name=awn /> Producer Jim Morris invited [[Roger Deakins]] and [[Dennis Muren]] to advise on lighting and atmosphere. Muren spent several months with Pixar, while Deakins hosted one talk and was requested to stay on for another two weeks. Stanton said Muren's experience came from integrating computer animation into live-action settings, while Deakins helped them understand not to overly complicate their camerawork and lighting.<ref name=aicn /> 1970s [[Panavision cameras]] were used to help the animators understand and replicate handheld imperfections like unfocused backgrounds in digital environments.<ref name=notes /> The first lighting test included building a three-dimensional replica of WALL·E, filming it with a 70 mm camera, and then trying to replicate that in the computer.<ref name=ign>{{cite news | author1 = Steven Horn | author2 = Eric Moro | name-list-style = amp | title = Wall•E Preview | work = [[IGN]] | date = April 7, 2008 | url = http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/865/865021p1.html | access-date = November 23, 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080412104219/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/865/865021p1.html | archive-date = April 12, 2008 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> Stanton cited the shallow lens work of [[Gus Van Sant]]'s films as an influence, as it created intimacy in each close-up. Stanton chose angles for the virtual cameras that a live-action filmmaker would choose if filming on a set.<ref name=screenwriting />

Stanton wanted the ''Axiom''{{'}}s interior to resemble Shanghai and [[Dubai]].<ref name=awn /> Eggleston studied 1960s NASA paintings and the original concept art for [[Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)|Tomorrowland]] for the ''Axiom'', to reflect that era's sense of optimism.<ref name=notes /> Stanton remarked "We are all probably very similar in our backgrounds here [at Pixar] in that we all miss the Tomorrowland that was promised us from the heyday of [[Disneyland]]," and wanted a "[[jet pack]]" feel.<ref name=awn /> Pixar also studied the [[Disney Cruise Line]] and visited [[Las Vegas]], which was helpful in understanding artificial lighting.<ref name=notes /> Eggleston based his ''Axiom'' designs on the futuristic architecture of [[Santiago Calatrava]]. Eggleston divided the inside of the ship into three sections; the rear's economy class has a basic gray concrete texture with graphics keeping to the red, blue, and white of the BnL logo. The coach class with living/shopping spaces has "S" shapes as people are always looking for "what's around the corner". Stanton intended to have many colorful signs, but he realized this would overwhelm the audience and went with Eggleston's original idea of a small number of larger signs. The premier class is a large [[Zen]]-like spa with colors limited to turquoise, cream, and tan, and leads on to the captain's warm carpeted and wooded quarters and the sleek dark bridge.<ref name=eggleston>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationartconservation.com/?c=art&p=wall_e_design_with_a_purpose|title=Design With a Purpose: An interview with Ralph Eggleston|work=Animation Art Conservation|author=Ron Barbagallo|date=January 2009|access-date=February 12, 2009|archive-date=April 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414150036/http://www.animationartconservation.com/?c=art&p=wall_e_design_with_a_purpose|url-status=live}}</ref> In keeping with the artificial ''Axiom'', camera movements were modeled after those of the [[steadicam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mag.awn.com/article_view.php?id=3682&page=all|format=Printable version|date=June 27, 2008|title=Hello, WALL•E!: Pixar Reaches for the Stars|work=[[Animation World Network]]|author=Bill Desowitz|access-date=February 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720073659/http://mag.awn.com/article_view.php?id=3682&page=all|archive-date=July 20, 2009}}</ref>

The use of live action was a stepping stone for Pixar, as Stanton was planning to make ''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter of Mars]]'' his next project.<ref name=awn /> Storyboarder Derek Thompson noted introducing live action meant that they would make the rest of the film look even more realistic.<ref name=ripple /> Eggleston added that if the historical humans had been animated and slightly caricaturized, the audience then would not have been able to recognize how serious their devolution was.<ref name=eggleston /> Stanton cast [[Fred Willard]] as the historical Buy n Large CEO because "[h]e's the most friendly and insincere car salesman I could think of."<ref name=newsarama2 /> The CEO says "[[stay the course]]", which Stanton used because he thought it was funny and a "natural thing to say at the time".<ref name=moviesonline /> [[Industrial Light & Magic]] did the visual effects for these shots.<ref name=notes />

=== Animation ===
''WALL·E'' went undeveloped during the 1990s partly because Stanton and Pixar were not confident enough yet to have a feature-length film with a main character that behaved like [[Luxo Jr. (character)|Luxo Jr.]], the [[Balanced-arm lamp|Pixar lamp]] or [[R2-D2]].<ref name=avclub /> Stanton explained there are two types of robots in cinema: "human[s] with metal skin", like the [[Tin Woodman|Tin Man]], or "machine[s] with function" like Luxo and R2. He found the latter idea "powerful" because it allowed the audience to project personalities onto the characters, as they do with babies and pets: "You're compelled … you almost can't stop yourself from finishing the sentence 'Oh, I think it likes me! I think it's hungry! I think it wants to go for a walk!'"<ref name=newsarama1>{{cite news|author=Steve Fritz|title=How Andrew Stanton & Pixar Created ''WALL*E'' – Part I|work=[[Newsarama]]|date=July 1, 2008|url=http://www.newsarama.com/film/080701-wall-e-lasseter.html|access-date=November 4, 2008|archive-date=May 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520045734/http://www.newsarama.com/film/080701-wall-e-lasseter.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He added, "We wanted the audience to believe they were witnessing a machine that has come to life."<ref name=notes /> The animators visited recycling stations to study machinery, and also met robot designers, visited [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] to study robots, watched a recording of a [[Mars rover]],<ref name=usatoday /> and borrowed a [[Remote control vehicle#Military and law enforcement|bomb detecting robot]] from the [[San Francisco Police Department]]. Simplicity was preferred in their performances as giving them too many movements would make them feel human.<ref name=notes />

Stanton wanted WALL·E to be a box and EVE to be like an egg.<ref name=duo>''WALL-E and EVE'', 2008 DVD, [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]</ref> WALL·E's eyes were inspired by a pair of [[binoculars]] Stanton was given when watching the [[Oakland Athletics]] play against the [[Boston Red Sox]]. He "missed the entire inning" because he was distracted by them.<ref name=planet>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/25/DDEN11CQ3M.DTL&type=movies|author=Peter Hartlaub|title=Planet WALL-E|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=June 25, 2008|access-date=November 3, 2008|archive-date=March 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315222638/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F06%2F25%2FDDEN11CQ3M.DTL&type=movies|url-status=live}}</ref> The director was reminded of [[Buster Keaton]] and decided the robot would not need a nose or mouth.<ref name=nydn /> Stanton added a [[zoom lens]] to make WALL·E more sympathetic.<ref name=nydn /> [[Ralph Eggleston]] noted this feature gave the animators more to work with and gave the robot a childlike quality.<ref name=eggleston /> Pixar's studies of trash [[compactor]]s during their visits to recycling stations inspired his body.<ref name=notes /> His tank treads were inspired by a wheelchair someone had developed that used treads instead of wheels.<ref name=duo /> The animators wanted him to have elbows, but realized this was unrealistic because he is only designed to pull garbage into his body.<ref name=notes /> His arms also looked flimsy when they did a test of him waving.<ref name=duo /> Animation director Angus MacLane suggested they attach his arms to a track on the sides of his body to move them around, based on the [[inkjet printer]]s his father designed. This arm design contributed to creating the character's posture, so if they wanted him to be nervous, they would lower them.<ref name=better>{{cite news|author=Peter Debruge|title=How to build a better robot|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 18, 2008|url=http://variety.com/2008/digital/news/how-to-build-a-better-robot-1117987668/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107045937/http://variety.com/2008/digital/news/how-to-build-a-better-robot-1117987668/|archive-date=November 7, 2015}}</ref> Stanton was unaware of the similarities between WALL·E and Johnny 5 from ''[[Short Circuit (1986 film)|Short Circuit]]'' until others pointed it out to him.<ref name=avclub />

Stanton wanted EVE to be at the higher end of technology, and asked [[iPod]] designer [[Jonathan Ive]] to inspect her design. He was very impressed.<ref name=awn /> Her eyes are modelled on [[Lite-Brite]] toys,<ref name=nydn /> but Pixar chose not to make them overly expressive as it would be too easy to have her eyes turn into hearts to express love or something similar.<ref name=duo /> Her limited design meant the animators had to treat her like a drawing, relying on posing her body to express emotion.<ref name=notes /> They also found her similar to a [[manatee]] or a [[narwhal]] because her floating body resembled an underwater creature.<ref name=duo /> Auto was a conscious homage to [[HAL 9000]] from ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'',<ref name=avclub /> and the usage of ''[[The Blue Danube]]'' when Captain McCrea observes his daily tasks, also [[Also sprach Zarathustra (Strauss)|''Also sprach Zarathustra'']] for the showdown between Captain McCrea and Auto furthers that.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/wall-e-easter-eggs-enrich-movie-1122455 |title='Wall-E' References That Need to Be Revisited |author=Richard Newby |date=June 27, 2018 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034703/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/wall-e-easter-eggs-enrich-movie-1122455 |url-status=live }}</ref> The manner in which he hangs from a wall or ceiling gives him a threatening feel, like a spider.<ref name=robot>''Robo-everything'', 2008 DVD featurette, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</ref> Originally, Auto was designed entirely differently, resembling EVE, but masculine and authoritative and SECUR-T was also a more aggressive patrol steward robot.<ref name=deleted /> The majority of the robot cast were formed with the Build-a-bot program, where different heads, arms and treads were combined in over a hundred variations.<ref name=notes /> The humans were modelled on sea lions due to their [[blubber]]y bodies,<ref name=eggleston /> as well as babies. The filmmakers noticed baby fat is a lot tighter than adult fat and copied that texture for the film's humans.<ref>Hauser, p. 132.</ref>

To animate their robots, the film's story crew and animation crew watched a Keaton and a [[Charlie Chaplin]] film every day for almost a year, and occasionally a [[Harold Lloyd]] picture.<ref name=avclub /> Afterwards, the filmmakers knew all emotions could be conveyed silently. Stanton cited Keaton's "great stone face" as giving them perseverance in animating a character with an unchanging expression.<ref name=nydn>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2008/06/22/2008-06-22_walle_is_a_real_character.html|author=Joe Strike|title='WALL-E' is a real character|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|date=June 22, 2008|access-date=July 19, 2008|archive-date=March 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310213845/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2008/06/22/2008-06-22_walle_is_a_real_character.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As he rewatched these, Stanton felt that filmmakers—since the advent of sound—relied on dialogue too much to convey exposition.<ref name=avclub /> The filmmakers dubbed the cockroach WALL·E keeps as a pet "Hal", in reference to silent film producer [[Hal Roach]] (as well as being an additional reference to HAL 9000).<ref name=notes /> They also watched ''2001: A Space Odyssey'', ''[[The Black Stallion (film)|The Black Stallion]]'' and ''[[Never Cry Wolf (film)|Never Cry Wolf]]'', films that had sound but were not reliant on dialogue.<ref name=ripple>{{cite news|author=Joe Utichi |title=The World of WALL-E |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=July 16, 2008 |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1741516/exclusive_the_world_of_wall_e |access-date=November 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201043530/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1741516/exclusive_the_world_of_wall_e |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref> Stanton acknowledged ''[[Silent Running]]'' as an influence because its silent robots were a forerunner to the likes of R2-D2,<ref name=aicn /> and that the "hopeless romantic" [[Woody Allen]] also inspired WALL·E.<ref name=total />

=== Sound ===
Producer Jim Morris recommended [[Ben Burtt]] as [[sound design]]er for ''WALL-E'' because Stanton kept using [[R2-D2]] as the benchmark for the robots.<ref name=comingsoon /> Burtt had completed ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]'' and told his wife he would no longer work on films with robots, but found ''WALL-E'' and its substitution of voices with sound "fresh and exciting".<ref name=notes /> He recorded 2,500 sounds for the film, which was twice the average number for a ''[[Star Wars]]'' film,<ref name=usatoday /> and a record in his career.<ref name=notes /> Burtt began work in 2005,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-30-et-burtt30-story.html|title=Ben Burtt: The man behind R2-D2 and Wall-E's beeps|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Tom Russo|date=June 30, 2008|access-date=November 3, 2008|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085638/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/30/entertainment/et-burtt30|url-status=live}}</ref> and experimented with filtering his voice for two years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/theampersand/archive/2008/07/03/bob-thompson-bet-on-burtt-to-get-the-right-wall-e-sounds.aspx|author=Bob Thompson|title=Bet on Burtt to get the right Wall-E sounds|work=[[National Post]]|date=July 3, 2008|access-date=November 3, 2008|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110722163841/http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/theampersand/archive/2008/07/03/bob-thompson-bet-on-burtt-to-get-the-right-wall-e-sounds.aspx|archive-date=July 22, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Burtt described the robot voices as "like a [[toddler]] … [[universal language]] of [[intonation (linguistics)|intonation]]. 'Oh', 'Hm?', 'Huh!', you know?"<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Associated Press]]|title=Voice of 'WALL-E': Robot sounds toddler-inspired|work=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=June 28, 2008|url=https://www.azcentral.com/ent/movies/articles/2008/06/28/20080628wallevoice.html|access-date=November 3, 2008|archive-date=August 3, 2021|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210803075337/https://help.azcentral.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During production Burtt had the opportunity to look at the items used by [[Jimmy MacDonald (sound effects artist)|Jimmy MacDonald]], Disney's in-house sound designer for many of their classic films. Burtt used many of MacDonald's items on ''WALL-E''. Because Burtt was not simply adding sound effects in post-production, the animators were always evaluating his new creations and ideas, which Burtt found an unusual experience.<ref name=sound>''Animation Sound Design: Building Worlds From The Sound Up'' featurette, 2008 DVD featurette, [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]]</ref> He worked in sync with the animators, returning their animation after adding the sounds to give them more ideas.<ref name=notes /> Burtt would choose scientifically accurate sounds for each character, but if he could not find one that worked, he would choose a dramatic and unrealistic noise.<ref name=sound /> Burtt would find hundreds of sounds by looking at concept art of characters, before he and Stanton pared it down to a distinct few for each robot.<ref name=awn />

Burtt saw a hand-cranked electrical generator while watching ''[[Island in the Sky (1953 film)|Island in the Sky]]'', and bought an identical, unpacked device from 1950 on [[eBay]] to use for WALL·E moving around.<ref>{{cite news|title=Q&A With WALL•E's Ben Burtt|publisher=Pixar Planet|date=November 13, 2008|url=http://pixarplanet.com/blog/qa-with-walles-ben-burtt|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-date=July 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722083818/http://pixarplanet.com/blog/qa-with-walles-ben-burtt/|url-status=live}}</ref> Burtt also used an [[Starter (engine)|automobile self-starter]] for when WALL·E goes fast,<ref name=sound /> and the sound of cars being wrecked at a [[demolition derby]] provided for WALL·E's compressing trash in his body.<ref name=shot /> The [[Macintosh]] computer [[Chime (Macintosh)|chime]] was used to signify when WALL·E has fully recharged his battery. For EVE, Burtt wanted her humming to have a musical quality.<ref name=sound /> Burtt was only able to provide neutral or masculine voices, so Pixar employee Elissa Knight was asked to provide her voice for Burtt to electronically modify. Stanton deemed the sound effect good enough to properly cast her in the role.<ref name=moviesonline>{{cite web | url=http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_14899.html | title= Andrew Stanton Interview, WALL-E | author= Sheila Roberts | work=MoviesOnline | access-date=January 12, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080626061223/http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_14899.html  |archive-date = June 26, 2008}}</ref> Burtt recorded a flying {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} radio-controlled jet plane for EVE's flying,<ref name=notes /> and for her plasma cannon, Burtt hit a [[slinky]] hung from a ladder with a [[timpani]] stick. He described it as a "cousin" to the [[blaster (Star Wars)|blaster]] noise from ''Star Wars''.<ref name=slinky>{{cite news|author=Ben Burtt |title=WALL-E Sound Masterclass |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=July 18, 2008 |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1742259/2/exclusive_ben_burtts_wall_e_sound_masterclass |access-date=November 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305025521/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e/news/1742259/2/exclusive_ben_burtts_wall_e_sound_masterclass |archive-date=March 5, 2009}}</ref>

[[PlainTalk|MacInTalk]] was used because Stanton "wanted Auto to be the epitome of a robot, cold, zeros & ones, calculating, and soulless [and] [[Stephen Hawking]]'s kind of voice I thought was perfect."<ref name=aicn /> Additional sounds for the character were meant to give him a clockwork feel, to show he is always thinking and calculating.<ref name=sound />

Burtt had visited [[Niagara Falls]] in 1987 and used his recordings from his trip for the sounds of wind,<ref name=shot>''List of a Shot: Deconstructing the Pixar Process'', 2008 DVD featurette, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment</ref> and ran around a hall with a [[canvas]] bag up to record the sandstorm.<ref name=notes /> For the scene where WALL·E flees from falling shopping carts, Burtt and his daughter went to a supermarket and placed a recorder in their cart. They crashed it around the parking lot and then let it tumble down a hill.<ref name=ears>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/27/PKA711B9NF.DTL|author=Peter Hartlaub|title=All Ears on 'WALL-E'|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=June 29, 2008|access-date=November 3, 2008|archive-date=March 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223244/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F06%2F27%2FPKA711B9NF.DTL|url-status=live}}</ref> To create Hal (WALL·E's pet cockroach)'s skittering, he recorded the clicking caused by taking apart and reassembling [[handcuffs]].<ref name=notes />

=== Music ===
{{See also|WALL-E (soundtrack)|l1=''WALL-E'' (soundtrack)}}

[[Thomas Newman]] recollaborated with Stanton on ''WALL-E'' since the two got along well on ''Finding Nemo'', which gave Newman the Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature. He began writing the score in 2005, in the hope that starting this task early would make him more involved with the finished film. But, Newman remarked that animation is so dependent on scheduling he should have begun work earlier on when Stanton and Reardon were writing the script. EVE's theme was arranged for the first time in October 2007. Her theme when played as she first flies around Earth originally used more orchestral elements, and Newman was encouraged to make it sound more feminine.<ref>{{cite news|title=ScoreKeeper Chats With Composer Thomas Newman!!|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=September 16, 2008|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/38356|access-date=September 17, 2008|archive-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919163255/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/38356|url-status=live}}</ref> Newman said Stanton had thought up many ideas for how he wanted the music to sound, and he generally followed them as he found scoring a partially silent film difficult. Stanton wanted the whole score to be orchestral, but Newman felt limited by this idea especially in scenes aboard the ''Axiom'', and used electronics too.<ref>{{cite news|author=Daniel Schweiger|title=E-notes: Thomas Newman gives a chilling workout in 'Revolutionary Road' and some robotic impulses in 'WALL-E'|work=iF Magazine|date=January 19, 2009|url=http://ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=3193|access-date=January 20, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102204821/http://ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=3193|archive-date=January 2, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:WALL-E-Only-Takes-a-Moment.jpg|thumb|left|alt=[[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]] watching a clip from Hello, Dolly!|A live-action clip from the ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'' song "It Only Takes a Moment" inspires WALL-E to hold hands with EVE]]
Stanton originally wanted to juxtapose the opening shots of space with 1930s French [[swing music]], but changed his mind after seeing ''[[The Triplets of Belleville]]'' (2003), not wanting to appear as if he were copying it.<ref name=EW /> Stanton then thought about the song "Put On Your Sunday Clothes" from ''[[Hello, Dolly! (film)|Hello, Dolly!]]'', since he had portrayed the sidekick Barnaby Tucker in a 1980 high school production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oscar.com/oscarnight/winners/?pn=detail&nominee=Wall-E%20-%20Best%20Animated%20Feature%20Film%20Nominee|title=Best Animated Feature Film Acceptance Speech|publisher=Oscar.com|access-date=January 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226054230/http://oscar.com/oscarnight/winners/?pn=detail&nominee=Wall-E%20-%20Best%20Animated%20Feature%20Film%20Nominee|archive-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref> Stanton found that the song was about two naive young men looking for love, which was similar to WALL·E's own hope for companionship. [[Jim Reardon]], storyboard supervisor for the film, suggested WALL·E find the film on video, and Stanton included "It Only Takes a Moment" and the clip of the actors holding hands, because he wanted a visual way to show how WALL·E understands love and conveys it to EVE. ''Hello, Dolly!'' composer [[Jerry Herman]] allowed the songs to be used without knowing what for; when he saw the film, he found its incorporation into the story "genius".<ref name=EW>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2008/07/14/wall-e-how-he-found-hello-dolly/|title=WALL-E Meets Dolly!|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|author=Chriss Willman|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=January 17, 2018|archive-date=January 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120150651/http://ew.com/article/2008/07/14/wall-e-how-he-found-hello-dolly/|url-status=live}}</ref> Coincidentally, Newman's uncle [[Lionel Newman|Lionel]] worked on ''Hello, Dolly!''<ref name=notes />

Newman travelled to London to compose the end credits song "[[Down to Earth (Peter Gabriel song)|Down to Earth]]" with [[Peter Gabriel]], who was one of Stanton's favorite musicians. Afterwards, Newman rescored some of the film to include the song's composition, so it would not sound intrusive when played.<ref name=notes /> [[Louis Armstrong]]'s rendition of "[[La Vie en rose]]" was used for a montage where WALL·E attempts to impress EVE on Earth. The script also specified using [[Bing Crosby]]'s "[[Stardust (1927 song)|Stardust]]" for when the two robots dance around the ''Axiom'',<ref name=screenplay>{{cite news|url=http://disneystudiosawards.movies.go.com/wall-e_script.pdf|publisher=Disney|title=WALL-E screenplay|access-date=June 1, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306103001/http://disneystudiosawards.movies.go.com/wall-e_script.pdf|archive-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> but Newman asked if he could score the scene himself. A similar switch occurred for the sequence in which WALL·E attempts to wake EVE up through various means; originally, the montage would play with the instrumental version of "[[Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head]]", but Newman wanted to challenge himself and scored an original piece for the sequence.<ref name=commentary>[[Andrew Stanton]]'s Blu-ray and DVD audio commentary, 2008, Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref>

== Themes ==
The film is recognized as a [[social criticism]]. Katherine Ellison asserts that "Americans produce nearly 400 million tons of [[solid waste]] per year but recycle less than a third of it, according to a recent Columbia University study." [[Landfill]]s were filling up very rapidly worldwide, and predictions were made that the UK could run out of landfill space by 2017.<ref name="Ellison, 2008">{{cite journal|last=Ellison|first=Katherine|title=Talking Trash|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=October 2008|volume=6| issue = 8|jstor=20440969|pages=456|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2008)6[456:TT]2.0.CO;2| issn=1540-9295}}</ref>

=== Environment, waste, and nostalgia ===
{{Further|Pollution}}
In the DVD commentary, Stanton said that he has been asked if it was his intention to make a movie about consumerism. His answer was it was not; it was a way to answer the question of how would the Earth get to the state where one robot would be left to continue the cleanup by itself. Nevertheless, some critics have noted an incongruity between the perceived pro-environmental and anti-consumerist messaging of the film, and the environmental impacts in the production and merchandising of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://governmentcheese.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14:test&catid=11&Itemid=111 |title=Wall-E (2008) and the Ecological Footprint of Animation Production |access-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064032/https://governmentcheese.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14:test&catid=11&Itemid=111 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In "''WALL-E'': from environmental adaption to sentimental [[nostalgia]]," Robin Murray and Joseph Heumann explain the important theme of nostalgia in this film. Nostalgia is clearly represented by human artifacts, left behind, that WALL·E collects and cherishes, for example [[Zippo]] lighters, hubcaps, and plastic sporks. These modern items that are used out of necessity are made sentimental through the lens of the bleak future of Earth. Nostalgia is also expressed through the musical score, as the film opens with a camera shot of outer space that slowly zooms into a waste filled Earth while playing "Put on Your Sunday Clothes", reflecting on simpler and happier times in human history. This film also expresses nostalgia through the longing of nature and the natural world, as it is the sight and feeling of soil, and the plant brought back to the space ship by EVE, that make the captain decide it is time for humans to move back to Earth. WALL·E expresses nostalgia also, by reflecting on romantic themes of older Disney and silent films.<ref name="Murray and Heumann, 2009" />

Stanton describes the theme of the film as "irrational love defeats life's programming":<ref name=newsarama2 />
<blockquote>I realized the point I was trying to push with these two programmed robots was the desire for them to try and figure out what the point of living was … It took these really irrational acts of love to sort of discover them against how they were built … I realized that that's a perfect metaphor for real life. We all fall into our habits, our routines and our ruts, consciously or unconsciously to avoid living. To avoid having to do the messy part. To avoid having relationships with other people or dealing with the person next to us. That's why we can all get on our cell phones and not have to deal with one another. I thought, 'That's a perfect amplification of the whole point of the movie.' I wanted to run with science in a way that would sort of logically project that.<ref name=newsarama2 /></blockquote>

=== Technology ===
Stanton noted many commentators placed emphasis on the environmental aspect of humanity's complacency in the film, because "that disconnection is going to be the cause, indirectly, of anything that happens in life that's bad for humanity or the planet".<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan L'Ecuyer |title=An Oscar shout-out |work=[[Gloucester Daily Times]] |url=http://gloucestertimes.com/punews/local_story_054221319.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527035746/http://gloucestertimes.com/punews/local_story_054221319.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |date=February 23, 2009 |access-date=March 3, 2009 }}</ref> Stanton said that by taking away effort to work, the robots also take away humanity's need to put effort into relationships.<ref name=robot /> Christian journalist [[Rod Dreher]] saw technology as the complicated villain of the film. The humans' artificial lifestyle on the ''Axiom'' has separated them from nature, making them "slaves of both technology and their own base appetites, and have lost what makes them human". Dreher contrasted the hardworking, dirt covered WALL·E with the sleek clean robots on the ship. However, it is the humans and not the robots who make themselves redundant. Humans on the ship and on Earth have overused robots and the ultra-modern technology. During the end credits, humans and robots are shown working alongside each other to renew the Earth. "''WALL·E'' is not a [[Luddite]] film," he said. "It doesn't demonize technology. It only argues that technology is properly used to help humans cultivate their true nature—that it must be subordinate to human flourishing, and help move that along."<ref name=dreher />

=== Religion ===
[[File:Dove Sent Forth from the Ark.png|thumb|upright|The ''Axiom'' and EVE have been compared to the legend of [[Noah's Ark]] and the dove that [[Noah]] sets forth from the Ark.]]

Stanton, who is a [[Christianity in the United States|Christian]],<ref name=world>{{cite news|author=[[Megan Basham]]|date=June 28, 2008|title=WALL-E world|work=[[World (magazine)|World]]|url=http://www.worldmag.com/articles/14127|access-date=February 19, 2009|archive-date=July 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703233252/http://www.worldmag.com/articles/14127|url-status=live}}</ref> named EVE after [[Eve|the Biblical figure]] because WALL·E's loneliness reminded him of [[Adam]], before God created his wife.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mark Moring|title=The Little Robot That Could|work=[[Christianity Today]]|date=June 24, 2008|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/andrewstanton.html|access-date=November 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080731105235/http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/andrewstanton.html |archive-date = July 31, 2008}}</ref> Dreher noted EVE's biblical namesake and saw her directive as an inversion of that story; EVE uses the plant to tell humanity to return to Earth and move away from the "[[false god]]" of BnL and the lazy lifestyle it offers. In cohesion with the classical Christian viewpoint, WALL-E shows that work is what makes humans human. Whereas other sources would say that laziness and pleasure is paradise, WALL-E tries to show that that is not true. Dreher emphasized the false god parallels to BnL in a scene where a robot teaches infants "B is for Buy n Large, your very best friend", which he compared to modern corporations such as [[McDonald's]] creating [[brand loyalty]] in children.<ref name="dreher">{{cite web | url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2008/07/walle-aristotelian-crunchy-con.html | title="Wall-E": Aristotelian, crunchy con | work=[[Beliefnet]] | date=July 5, 2008 | access-date=January 15, 2009 | author=Rod Dreher | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708131939/http://blog.beliefnet.com/crunchycon/2008/07/walle-aristotelian-crunchy-con.html | archive-date=July 8, 2008 | url-status=unfit}}</ref> Megan Basham of ''[[World (magazine)|World]]'' magazine felt the film criticizes the pursuit of leisure, whereas WALL-E in his [[stewardship]] learns to truly appreciate God's creation.<ref name=world />

During writing, a Pixar employee noted to [[Jim Reardon]] that EVE was reminiscent of the [[dove]] with the [[olive branch]] from the story of [[Noah's Ark]], and the story was reworked with EVE finding a plant to return humanity from its voyage.<ref>Hauser, p. 83.</ref> WALL·E himself has been compared to [[Prometheus]],<ref name=comingsoon /> [[Sisyphus]],<ref name=dreher /> and [[Butades]]: in an essay discussing WALL·E as representative of the artistic strive of Pixar itself, [[Hrag Vartanian]] compared WALL·E to Butades in a scene where the robot expresses his love for EVE by making a sculpture of her from spare parts. "The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] tradition associates the birth of art with a [[Corinth]]ian maiden who longing to preserve her lover's shadow traces it on the wall before he departed for war. The myth reminds us that art was born out of longing and often means more for the creator than the muse. In the same way Stanton and his Pixar team have told us a deeply personal story about their love of cinema and their vision for animation through the prism of all types of relationships."<ref>{{cite web|author=Hrag Vartanian|title="Wall-E" as a Return to the Promise of Animation|work=His blog|date=October 21, 2008|url=http://hragvartanian.com/2008/10/21/wall-e/|access-date=February 19, 2009|archive-date=July 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712230656/http://hragvartanian.com/2008/10/21/wall-e/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
''WALL-E'' premiered at the [[Greek Theatre (Los Angeles)|Greek Theatre]] in Los Angeles on June 23, 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney-Pixar's WALL-E World Premiere Saturday, June 21 at the Greek Theatre|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95494+20-Jun-2008+BW20080620|access-date=January 12, 2009|date=June 20, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304125730/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS95494+20-Jun-2008+BW20080620|archive-date=March 4, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Continuing a Pixar tradition, the film was paired with a [[short subject|short film]] for its theatrical release, ''[[Presto (film)|Presto]]''. The film is dedicated to [[Justin Wright]] (1981–2008), a Pixar animator who had worked on ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' and died of a heart attack before ''WALL-E''{{'}}s release.<ref name=notes />

[[Walt Disney Imagineering]] (WDI) built animatronic WALL·Es to promote the picture, which made appearances at [[Disneyland Resort]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Sciretta|title=Animatronic WALL-E Spotted in LA|date=May 14, 2008|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2008/05/14/must-watch-animatronic-wall-e-spotted-in-la/|access-date=November 4, 2008|work=/Film|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527035754/http://www.slashfilm.com/must-watch-animatronic-wall-e-spotted-in-la/|archive-date=May 27, 2012}}</ref> the [[Franklin Institute]], the [[Miami Science Museum]], the [[Seattle Center]], and the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]].<ref name=jim /> Due to safety concerns, the 318 kg robots were always strictly controlled and WDI always needed to know exactly what they were required to interact with. For this reason, they generally refused to have their puppets meet and greet children at the theme parks in case a WALL-E trod on a child's foot. Those who wanted to take a photograph with the character had to make do with a cardboard cutout.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jim Hill|title=Why For: isn't WALL•E rolling around the Disney theme parks yet?|work=Jim Hill Media|date=February 6, 2009|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hilll/archive/2009/02/06/test.aspx|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-date=March 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312070734/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hilll/archive/2009/02/06/test.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was denied a theatrical release in [[China]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zhou|first1=Zhao|title=《机器人总动员》无缘内地《木乃伊》档期待定 (Wall-E not allowed to be screened in China. Theatrical release for "Mummy" yet to be confirmed)|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/f/2008-06-27/11222077753.shtml|access-date=January 16, 2017|work=Sina.com (via Xinwen Wubao)|date=June 27, 2008|archive-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118032750/http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/f/2008-06-27/11222077753.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Jim Morris noted that the studio has no plans for a sequel, as they consider ''WALL-E'' a finished story with no need for continuation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1529870/why-wall-e-2-wont-happen-according-to-pixar|title=Why WALL-E 2 Won't Happen, According To Pixar|date=2016-07-02|website=CINEMABLEND|access-date=2019-12-09|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209132152/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1529870/why-wall-e-2-wont-happen-according-to-pixar|url-status=live}}</ref>

To promote the film, a website was created for Buy n Large, the featuring megacorporation. This website had fake press releases beginning in 2057, including "Wisconsin Mall Granted City Status," "BnL Announces Police Select." These fictional reports also quotes "analyst Richard Greenberg," which ''[[Multichannel News]]'' pointed said sounds like Richard Greenfield who has analysed Disney. Greenfield said that "I would be sincerely flattered if there is a connection between anything Pixar creates and our research work."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=14 July 2008 |title='Buy n Large' Spoof Trashes Cable News. |work=[[Multichannel News]] |url=https://www.nexttv.com/news/buy-n-large-spoof-trashes-cable-news-130165 |access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref>

=== Merchandise ===
Small quantities of merchandise were sold for ''WALL-E'', as ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' items were still popular, and many manufacturers were more interested in ''[[Speed Racer (film)|Speed Racer]]'', which was a successful product line despite the film's failure at the box office. Thinkway, which created the ''WALL·E'' toys, had previously made ''[[Toy Story]]'' dolls when other toy producers had not shown an interest.<ref name=jim>{{cite news|author=Jim Hill|title=When it comes to the retail world, Speed Racer whomps WALL-E|work=Jim Hill Media|date=June 18, 2008|url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2008/06/18/when-it-comes-to-the-retail-world-speed-racer-whomps-wall-e.aspx|access-date=November 4, 2008|archive-date=March 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312093232/http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2008/06/18/when-it-comes-to-the-retail-world-speed-racer-whomps-wall-e.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Among Thinkway's items were a WALL·E that danced when connected to a music player, a toy that could be taken apart and reassembled, and a groundbreaking remote control toy of him and EVE that had motion sensors that allowed them to interact with players.<ref name=penn>{{cite news|url=http://www.pennlive.com/entertainment/patriotnews/index.ssf?/base/entertainment/1213815343204660.xml&coll=1|author=Kira L. Schleiter|title=Off-the-wall gimmicks keep Wall-E in view|work=[[The Patriot-News]]|date=June 22, 2008|access-date=July 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301051914/http://www.pennlive.com/entertainment/patriotnews/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fentertainment%2F1213815343204660.xml&coll=1|archive-date=March 1, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> There were even plushies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2008/05/24/cool-stuff-thinkways-wall-e-toys/|author=Peter Sciretta|title=Cool Stuff: Thinkway's WALL-E Toys|work=/Film|date=May 24, 2008|access-date=January 13, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527035746/http://www.slashfilm.com/cool-stuff-thinkways-wall-e-toys/|archive-date=May 27, 2012}}</ref> The "Ultimate WALL·E" figures were not in stores until the film's home release in November 2008,<ref name=jim /> at a retail price of almost $200, leading ''The Patriot-News'' to deem it an item for "hard-core fans and collectors only".<ref name=penn /> On February 4, 2015, [[Lego]] announced that a WALL·E custom built by lead animator [[Angus MacLane]] was the latest design approved for mass production and release as part of [[Lego Ideas]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Lego Ideas|url=https://ideas.lego.com/blogs/1-blog/post/26|title=LEGO Ideas Second 2014 Review Results: Announcing LEGO Ideas #011 and #012|date=February 4, 2015|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-date=June 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604022907/https://ideas.lego.com/blogs/1-blog/post/26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Manga ===
A manga adaptation of the film was written by Shiro Shirai and was originally released on December 15, 2008 in Japan to tie in to the film's Japanese release and later on April 10, 2018 in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-05 |title=『ニモ』を超えるピクサー初日興収No.1の新作『WALL・E／ウォーリー』がお目見え |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/57068/full/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=「WALL・E／ウォーリー」監督が会見。「ピクサーのDNAが詰まった作品」 : 映画ニュース |url=https://eiga.com/news/20081009/1/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=映画.com |language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Manga: Pixar's WALL-E |url=https://tokyopop.com/products/9781427857743_disney-manga-pixars-wall-e |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=TOKYOPOP Store |language=en}}</ref>

=== Video game ===
A [[Platform game|platform]] [[video game]] based [[WALL-E (video game)|on the movie]], published by [[THQ]] and developed by [[Heavy Iron Studios]] for the [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii]] version, [[Asobo Studio]] for the [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Personal computer|PC]] version, [[Savage Entertainment]] for the [[PlayStation Portable]] version as well as a [[Nintendo DS]] game developed by [[Helixe]].<ref name="WALL·E video game">{{cite web |title=WALL·E 360 |url=http://www.thq.com/games/gameinfo.php?id=1321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022830/http://www.thq.com/games/gameinfo.php?id=1321 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2008-07-16 |publisher=THQ}}</ref> The PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 versions feature nine explorable levels. The Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions feature twenty-four levels, and the Nintendo DS features fourteen explorable worlds. The Wii is the only version of the game that features 3 head-to-head multiplayer modes,<ref name="WALL·E Wii">{{cite web |author=THQ |title=WALL-E (Wii) |url=http://www.thq.com/games/gameinfo.php?id=1321&upc=30145 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716022830/http://www.thq.com/games/gameinfo.php?id=1321&upc=30145 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=2008-07-16 |publisher=THQ}}</ref> while the Nintendo DS version features co-op modes playable as WALL·E or [[EVE (WALL-E)|EVE]]. As the player plays through the levels of the Nintendo DS version, they unlock clips from the movie viewable at any time. The Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions allow the player to use music to summon reject bots throughout the game. The story mode is based on an earlier version of the film with some creative liberties also taken, as the character's roles are different from the movie. GO-4 survives and tries to steal the plant when the Axiom lands on Earth, EVE is tasered by AUTO, WALL·E repairing EVE (EVE tries to repair WALL·E in the original) and WALL·E survives from getting crushed by the Holo-Detector. The reversal of EVE and WALL·E being damaged was actually intended to occur in the movie, but was later changed.<ref>{{Citation |title=Wall-E Deleted Scenes | date=February 25, 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm0XGKq3x-Q |access-date=2022-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225045358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fm0XGKq3x-Q |archive-date=2022-12-25 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] Disc and [[DVD-Video|DVD]] by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] on November 18, 2008. Various editions include the short film ''[[Presto (film)|Presto]]'', another short film ''[[BURN-E]]'', the [[Leslie Iwerks]] documentary film ''[[The Pixar Story]]'', shorts about the history of Buy n Large, behind-the-scenes special features, and a [[digital copy]] of the film that can be played through [[iTunes]] or [[Windows Media Player]]-compatible devices.<ref name="film">{{cite news|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2008/10/31/3-disc-special-edition-of-wall-e/|title=3-Disc Special Edition of WALL-E|author=Peter Sciretta|work=/Film|date=October 31, 2008|access-date=January 22, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104205224/http://www.slashfilm.com/3-disc-special-edition-of-wall-e/|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref> This release sold 9,042,054 DVD units ($142,633,974) in total becoming the second-best-selling animated DVD among those released in 2008 in units sold (behind ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]''), the best-selling animated feature in sales revenue, and the third-best-selling among all 2008 DVDs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/WALE-DVD.php|title=WALL-E|website=The Numbers|access-date=April 19, 2011|archive-date=September 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903152201/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/WALE-DVD.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

''WALL-E'' was released by Disney on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K Blu-ray]] on March 3, 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Emily |title=A bunch of Pixar movies, including Up and A Bug's Life, come to 4K Blu-ray |url=https://www.polygon.com/deals/2020/3/3/21162925/disney-pixar-4k-uhd-blu-ray-collectors-edition-amazon-best-buy-steelbook |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |access-date=April 22, 2021 |language=en |date=March 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304022027/https://www.polygon.com/deals/2020/3/3/21162925/disney-pixar-4k-uhd-blu-ray-collectors-edition-amazon-best-buy-steelbook |archive-date=March 4, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

At the request of Stanton, Disney licensed ''WALL-E'' to [[The Criterion Collection]] in September 2022, which created a special [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K Blu-ray]]-Blu-ray combo edition of the film that was released on November 22, 2022, featuring the same 4K digital master used for Disney's original 4K Blu-ray release, but now presented in [[Dolby Vision]] and [[HDR10+]] as approved by Stanton, along with additional special features. This makes it both the first Pixar and Walt Disney Pictures feature films released under the Criterion label.<ref name=":1" /> In its description for the release, Criterion viewed the film as an important work of both the animation medium and of cinema itself, saying that while "Transporting us simultaneously back to cinema’s silent origins and light-years into the future, ''WALL-E'' is a soaring ode to the power of love and art to heal a dying world."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.criterion.com/films/33246-wall-e|title=WALL-E (2008) – The Criterion Collection|website=criterion.com|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=September 8, 2022 |title='Wall-E' to Get 4K Blu-ray Release From Criterion |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/wall-e-criterion-4k-blu-ray-release-1235364680/ |access-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-date=September 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908170814/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/wall-e-criterion-4k-blu-ray-release-1235364680/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Andrew Stanton Remembers When 'Nobody Wanted to Make' Wall-E |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/11/wall-e-director-on-his-criterion-debut-and-john-carter.html |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122192513/https://www.vulture.com/2022/11/wall-e-director-on-his-criterion-debut-and-john-carter.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''WALL-E'' grossed $223.8 million in the United States and Canada and $308.7 million overseas, for a worldwide total of $532.5 million,<ref name="BOM" /> making it the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2008/ | title = 2008 Worldwide Box Office | publisher = Box Office Mojo | access-date = August 3, 2021 | archive-date = August 3, 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210803020549/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2008/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

In the US and Canada, ''WALL-E'' opened in 3,992 theaters on June 27, 2008.<ref name=BOMOpen>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=wall-e.htm |title=''WALL-E'' (2008) – Weekend Box Office Results |access-date=June 29, 2008 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=December 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217090015/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=wall-e.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film grossed $23.1 million on its opening day, the highest of all nine Pixar titles to date.<ref name=DeadlineOpen>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2008/06/wall-e-and-wanted-open-big-at-box-office-6180/ |author=Nikki Finke |title=Filmgoers Wild For 'Wall-E' And 'Wanted': Angelina Jolie Posts Best Opening Ever; Lonely Droid Debut Is Pixar's 3rd Biggest |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 27, 2008 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415024854/https://deadline.com/2008/06/wall-e-and-wanted-open-big-at-box-office-6180/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During its opening weekend, it topped the box office with $63,087,526.<ref name=BOMOpen /> This was the third-best opening weekend for a Pixar film after ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' and ''[[The Incredibles]]'', and the second-best opening weekend among films released in June, behind ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]''.<ref name=DeadlineOpen /> The film grossed $38 million the following weekend, losing its first place to ''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2008/07/will-smiths-hancock-soars-to-fast-start-6210/ |author=Nikki Finke |title=Will Smith's 'Hancock' Ups Its Fast Pace: Dramedy Speeds To $60.1M In 3.5 Days; Predicted $105M High For July 4th Wkd |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=July 2, 2008 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034703/https://deadline.com/2008/07/will-smiths-hancock-soars-to-fast-start-6210/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''WALL-E'' crossed the $200 million mark by August 3, during its sixth weekend.<ref>{{cite journal | last = McClintock | first = Pamela | title = Dark Knight" narrowly slays "Dragon | journal = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = August 3, 2008 | url = https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=print_story&articleid=VR1117989981&categoryid=13 | access-date = December 19, 2008 | archive-date = February 28, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228181917/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=print_story&articleid=VR1117989981&categoryid=13 | url-status = live }}</ref>

''WALL-E'' grossed over $10 million in Japan ($44,005,222), UK, Ireland and [[Malta]] ($41,215,600), France and the [[Maghreb]] region ($27,984,103), Germany ($24,130,400), [[Mexico]] ($17,679,805), Spain ($14,973,097), Australia ($14,165,390), Italy ($12,210,993), and Russia and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] ($11,694,482).<ref>{{cite web|title=''WALL-E'' (2008) – International Box Office Results|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=wall-e.htm|access-date=February 13, 2011|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032625/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=wall-e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===

The [[American Film Institute]] named ''WALL-E'' as one of the best films of 2008;<ref>{{cite web|title=AFI Awards 2008|url=http://www.afi.com/afiawards/AFIAwards08.aspx|publisher=American Film Institute|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-date=March 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316211706/http://afi.com/afiawards/AFIAwards08.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> the jury rationale states:

<blockquote>''WALL•E'' proves to this generation and beyond that the film medium's only true boundaries are the human imagination. Writer/director Andrew Stanton and his team have created a classic screen character from a metal trash compactor who rides to the rescue of a planet buried in the debris that embodies the broken promise of American life. Not since Chaplin's "[[The Tramp|Little Tramp]]" has so much story—so much emotion—been conveyed without words. When hope arrives in the form of a seedling, the film blossoms into one of the great screen romances as two robots remind audiences of the beating heart in all of us that yearns for humanity—and love—in the darkest of landscapes.</blockquote>

{{RT prose|95|8.6|262|''Wall-E''{{'}}s stellar visuals testify once again to Pixar's ingenuity, while its charming star will captivate younger viewers—and its timely story offers thought-provoking subtext.}}<ref name="rt">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e|title=WALL-E|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date={{RT data|access date}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629082955/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wall_e|archive-date=June 29, 2023|url-status=live}}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a normalized rating to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has an [[weighted mean|average]] score of 95 out of 100 based on 39 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="meta">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/wall-e | title=WALL-E: Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | access-date=July 28, 2017 | archive-date=August 17, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817035559/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/wall-e | url-status=live }}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average rating of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Rich |first1=Joshua |title='WALL-E' beeps and bops to the bank |url=https://ew.com/article/2008/06/29/wall-e-beeps-and-bops-bank/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 14, 2022 |date=June 29, 2008 |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614201317/https://ew.com/article/2008/06/29/wall-e-beeps-and-bops-bank/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[IndieWire]]'' named ''WALL-E'' the third-best film of the year based on their annual survey of 100 film critics, while Movie City News shows that ''WALL-E'' appeared in 162 different top 10 lists, out of 286 different critics lists surveyed, the most mentions on a top 10 list of any film released in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://moviecitynews.com/awards/2009/top_ten/00scoreboard.htm|year=2008|author=David Poland|title=The 2008 Movie City News Top Ten Awards|access-date=January 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206014238/http://moviecitynews.com/awards/2009/top_ten/00scoreboard.htm|archive-date=February 6, 2009}}</ref>

[[Richard Corliss]] of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named ''WALL-E'' his favorite film of 2008 (and later of the decade), noting the film succeeded in "connect[ing] with a huge audience" despite the main characters' lack of speech and "emotional signifiers like a mouth, eyebrows, shoulders, [and] elbows". It "evoke[d] the splendor of the movie past" and he also compared WALL-E and EVE's relationship to the chemistry of [[Spencer Tracy]] and [[Katharine Hepburn]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Richard Corliss|title=Top 10 Movies|magazine=Time|date=December 9, 2008|url=http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1855948_1863826_1863827,00.html|access-date=July 28, 2017|archive-date=April 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430152033/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1855948_1863826_1863827,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other critics who named ''WALL-E'' their favorite film of 2008 included Tom Charity of [[CNN]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Tom Charity|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/31/best.2008/|title=The best (and worst) films of 2008|publisher=CNN|date=December 31, 2008|access-date=January 8, 2009|archive-date=March 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304030448/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/31/best.2008/|url-status=live}}</ref> Michael Phillips of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', Lisa Schwarzbaum of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', [[A. O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Christopher Orr (film critic)|Christopher Orr]] of ''[[The New Republic]]'', [[Ty Burr]] and [[Wesley Morris]] of ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', [[Joe Morgenstern]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', and [[Anthony Lane]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |access-date=December 30, 2008 |publisher=Metacritic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224083805/http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml|archive-date=February 24, 2010}}</ref>

Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "Pixar's ninth consecutive wonder", saying it was imaginative yet straightforward. He said it pushed the boundaries of animation by balancing esoteric ideas with more immediately accessible ones, and that the main difference between the film and other science fiction projects rooted in an [[apocalypse]] was its optimism.<ref name="var">{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/VE1117937536.html |author=Todd McCarthy |title=WALL-E Review |work=Variety |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=June 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805073200/http://www.variety.com/VE1117937536.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kirk Honeycutt of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' declared that ''WALL-E'' surpassed the achievements of Pixar's previous eight features and probably their most original film to date. He said it had the "heart, soul, spirit and romance" of the best [[silent film]]s. Honeycutt said the film's definitive stroke of brilliance was in using a mix of archive film footage and computer graphics to trigger WALL·E's romantic leanings. He praised Burtt's sound design, saying "If there is such a thing as an aural sleight of hand, this is it."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/wall-e-review-2008-movie-1016979 |title=WALL-E |author=Kirk Honeycutt |date=June 25, 2008 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=June 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630095618/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=stXDLjWG25pv31dwl2yynPgffjhWyvSk96w52TwNp9jZphdLSkRG%21-209288430&&rid=11329 |archive-date=June 30, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' named ''WALL-E'' "an enthralling animated film, a visual wonderment, and a decent science-fiction story" and said the scarcity of dialogue would allow it to "cross language barriers" in a manner appropriate to the global theme, and noted it would appeal to adults and children. He praised the animation, describing the color palette as "bright and cheerful … and a little bit realistic", and that Pixar managed to generate a "curious" regard for the WALL·E, comparing his "rusty and hard-working and plucky" design favorably to more obvious attempts at creating "lovable" lead characters. He said ''WALL-E'' was concerned with ideas rather than spectacle, saying it would trigger stimulating "little thoughts for the younger viewers."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080626/REVIEWS/963071290 | title=WALL-E review | author=Roger Ebert | work=Chicago Sun-Times | date=June 26, 2008 | access-date=June 30, 2008 | archive-date=December 27, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227195358/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080626%2FREVIEWS%2F963071290 | url-status=live }}</ref> He named it as one of his twenty favorite films of 2008 and argued it was "the best science-fiction movie in years".<ref>{{cite news|author=Roger Ebert|title=The best films of 2008... and there were a lot of them|date=December 5, 2008|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-2008-and-there-were-a-lot-of-them|access-date=December 9, 2008|work=Chicago Sun-Times|archive-date=April 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423065240/http://www.rogerebert.com/rogers-journal/the-best-films-of-2008-and-there-were-a-lot-of-them|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was interpreted as tackling a topical, [[ecologically]]-minded agenda,<ref name="rt" /> though McCarthy said it did so with a lightness of touch that granted the viewer the ability to accept or ignore the message.<ref name="var" /> [[Kyle Smith (critic)|Kyle Smith]] of the ''[[New York Post]]'', wrote that by depicting future humans as "a flabby mass of peabrained idiots who are literally too fat to walk", ''WALL-E'' was darker and more cynical than any major Disney feature film he could recall. He compared the humans to the patrons of [[Disney Parks, Experiences and Products|Disney's theme parks and resorts]], adding, "I'm also not sure I've ever seen a major corporation spend so much money to issue an insult to its customers."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kylesmithonline.com/?p=1319 | title=Disney's "Wall-E": A $170 Million Art Film | author=Kyle Smith | publisher=kylesmithonline.com | date=June 26, 2008 | access-date=July 1, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511055731/http://kylesmithonline.com/?p=1319 | archive-date=May 11, 2011 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Maura Judkis of ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' questioned whether this depiction of "frighteningly obese humans" would resonate with children and make them prefer to "play outside rather than in front of the computer, to avoid a similar fate".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/fresh-greens/2008/6/30/will-wall-e-make-us-greener.html | title=Will 'WALL-E' Make Us Greener? | author=Maura Judkis | work=U.S. News & World Report | date=June 30, 2008 | access-date=July 2, 2008 | archive-date=July 3, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703193316/http://www.usnews.com/blogs/fresh-greens/2008/6/30/will-wall-e-make-us-greener.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

A few notable critics have argued that the film is vastly overrated,<ref name="forward.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/13740/|title=Thumbs Up for 'Wall-E'? Ed Kooch Dissents|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=October 6, 2009|author=Daniel Treiman|work=[[The Jewish Daily Forward]]|archive-date=December 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217093743/http://www.forward.com/articles/13740/|url-status=dead}}</ref> claiming it failed to "live up to such blinding, high-wattage enthusiasm",<ref name="ft.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/31d5fa26-539b-11dd-8dd2-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1 |title=Everyday tale of droid meets probe |work=Financial Times |date=July 17, 2008 |access-date=April 22, 2010 |archive-date=August 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824183755/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/31d5fa26-539b-11dd-8dd2-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that there were "chasms of boredom watching it", in particular "the second and third acts spiraled into the expected".<ref>{{cite web |title=Is 'Wall-E' overrated?|url=http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/mo/entries/2008/07/25/is_walle_overrated.html|author=Matthew Odam|access-date=October 6, 2009|date=July 25, 2008|publisher=[[Austin American-Statesman]] blogs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513214852/http://www.austin360.com/blogs/content/shared-gen/blogs/austin/mo/entries/2008/07/25/is_walle_overrated.html|archive-date=May 13, 2011}}</ref> Other labels included "preachy"<ref name="forward.com" /> and "too long".<ref name="ft.com" /> Child reviews sent into [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]] were mixed, some citing boredom and an inadequate storyline.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_7500000/newsid_7504500/7504559.stm|title=Film review: WALL-E|access-date=October 6, 2009|publisher=CBBC|date=October 1, 2008|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_7500000/newsid_7504500/7504559.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Several [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] commentators criticized the film. [[Shannen W. Coffin]] of ''[[National Review]]'' said that ''WALL-E'' is "leftist propaganda about the evils of mankind"''.'' [[Greg Pollowitz]] of ''National Review'' called the film "a 90-minute lecture on the dangers of over consumption, big corporations, and the destruction of the environment". [[Jonah Goldberg]] said that while the film was "fascinating and at-times brilliant", he added that it is also "[[Malthusianism|Malthusian]] fear mongering". [[Glenn Beck]] said that "I can't wait to teach my kids how we've destroyed the Earth … Pixar is teaching. I can't wait. You know if your kid has ever come home and said, 'Dad, how come we use so much [[styrofoam]],' oh, this is the movie for you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frick |first=Ali |date=2008-07-01 |title=Right-Wing Apoplectic Over Pixar's WALL-E: 'Malthusian Fear Mongering,' 'Fascistic Elements' |url=https://archive.thinkprogress.org/right-wing-apoplectic-over-pixars-wall-e-malthusian-fear-mongering-fascistic-elements-92e1523a8a6e/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=[[ThinkProgress]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127053048/https://archive.thinkprogress.org/right-wing-apoplectic-over-pixars-wall-e-malthusian-fear-mongering-fascistic-elements-92e1523a8a6e/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suellentrop |first=Chris |date=2008-06-30 |title=Another Brick in the 'WALL-E' |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/another-brick-in-the-wall-e/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=The New York Times Opinionator |language=en |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923142331/https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/30/another-brick-in-the-wall-e/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Patrick J. Ford of ''[[The American Conservative]]'' said ''WALL-E''{{'}}s conservative critics missed lessons in the film that he felt appealed to [[traditional conservatism]]. He argued that the mass [[consumerism]] in the film was not shown to be a product of [[big business]], but of too close a tie between big business and [[big government]]: "The government unilaterally provided its citizens with everything they needed, and this lack of variety led to Earth's downfall." Responding to Coffin's claim that the film points out the evils of mankind, Ford argued the only evils depicted were those that resulted from losing touch with our own humanity and that fundamental conservative representations such as the farm, the nuclear family unit, and "wholesome entertainment" were seen as "beautiful and desirable." by the human characters. He concluded, "By steering conservative families away from ''WALL-E'', these commentators are doing their readers a great disservice."<ref name="ford">{{cite journal | author = Patrick J. Ford | title = WALL-E's Conservative Critics | journal=The American Conservative | date =June 30, 2008 | url=http://www.amconmag.com/blog/2008/06/30/wall-es-conservative-critics/ | access-date=July 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514094858/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/2008/06/30/wall-es-conservative-critics/|archive-date=May 14, 2011}}</ref>

Director [[Terry Gilliam]] praised the film as "A stunning bit of work. The scenes on what was left of planet Earth are just so beautiful: one of the great silent movies. And the most stunning artwork! It says more about ecology and society than any live-action film—all the people on their loungers floating around, brilliant stuff. Their social comment was so smart and right on the button."<ref>[https://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8837/ Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: part 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011205928/http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8837/ |date=October 11, 2009 }}. ''Time Out London''.</ref>

Archaeologists have commented on the themes of human evolution that the film explores.<ref name="marwick">{{cite journal | author = Ben Marwick | title = Self-image, the long view and archaeological engagement with film: an animated case study | journal = World Archaeology | year = 2010 | url = http://faculty.washington.edu/bmarwick/PDFs/Marwick_2010_WA_Wall-E.pdf | doi = 10.1080/00438243.2010.497386 | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 394–404 | s2cid = 8949124 | access-date = September 18, 2016 | archive-date = October 24, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161024120147/http://faculty.washington.edu/bmarwick/PDFs/Marwick_2010_WA_Wall-E.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> Ben Marwick has written how the character of WALL-E resembles an archaeologist with his methodical collection and classification of quotidian human artefacts. He is shown facing a typological dilemma of classifying a [[spork]] as either a fork or spoon, and his nostalgic interest in the human past further demonstrated by his attachment to repeated viewings of the 1969 film [[Hello, Dolly! (film)|''Hello, Dolly!'']]. Marwick notes that the film features major human evolutionary transitions such as obligate bipedalism (captain of the spaceship struggles with the autopilot to gain control of the vessel) and the invention of agriculture, as part of watershed moments in the story of the film. According to Marwick, one prominent message of the film "appears to be that the envelopment by technology that the humans in ''WALL-E'' experience paradoxically results in physical and cultural devolution." Scholars such as [[Ian Tattersall]] and [[Steve Jones (biologist)|Steve Jones]] have similarly discussed scenarios where elements of modern technology (such as medicine) may have caused [[human evolution]] to slow or stop.

In 2021, the film was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref name="Tartaglione" />

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by WALL-E|l1=List of accolades received by ''WALL-E''}}
''WALL-E'' won the [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]] and was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]], [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]], [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]], [[Academy Award for Sound Editing|Sound Editing]], and [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Sound Mixing]] at the [[81st Academy Awards]].<ref name="Oscars2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/81st-winners.html |title=The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners |access-date=November 22, 2011 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101405/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/81st-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Oscars 2009: The nominees|work=[[BBC News]]|date=January 22, 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7842438.stm|access-date=January 22, 2009|archive-date=February 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215015708/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7842438.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Walt Disney Pictures also pushed for an [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] nomination,<ref>{{cite news|author1=Michael Cieply|author2=Brooks Barnes|title=Studios Are Pushing Box Office Winners as Oscar Contenders|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 27, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/28/movies/28stud.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|access-date=October 28, 2008|archive-date=May 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512094248/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/28/movies/28stud.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|url-status=live}}</ref> but it was not nominated, sparking controversy over whether the Academy deliberately restricted ''WALL-E'' to the Best Animated Feature category.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bandyk |first=Matthew |title=Academy Awards Controversy: Wall-E Gets Snubbed For Best Picture Oscar |url=https://www.usnews.com/blogs/risky-business/2009/01/22/academy-awards-controversy-wall-e-gets-snubbed-for-best-picture-oscar.html |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=January 22, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180938/http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/risky-business/2009/01/22/academy-awards-controversy-wall-e-gets-snubbed-for-best-picture-oscar |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Film critic [[Peter Travers]] remarked, "If there was ever a time where an animated feature deserved to be nominated for best picture it's ''Wall-E''."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Academy accused of snubbing Dark Knight, Wall-E |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/23/2473002.htm?section=entertainment |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=January 22, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2009 |archive-date=March 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302061451/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/23/2473002.htm?section=entertainment |url-status=live }}</ref> Only three animated films, 1991's ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' and Pixar's next two films, 2009's ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' and 2010's ''[[Toy Story 3]]'', have ever been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. A reflective Stanton stated he was not disappointed the film was restricted to the Best Animated Film nomination because he was overwhelmed by the film's positive reception, and eventually "The line [between live-action and animation] is just getting so blurry that I think with each proceeding year, it's going to be tougher and tougher to say what's an animated movie and what's not an animated movie."<ref name=ball />

''WALL-E'' made a healthy appearance at the various 2008 end-of-the-year awards circles, particularly in the Best Picture category, where animated films are often overlooked. It has won the award, or the equivalent of it, from the [[Boston Society of Film Critics]] (tied with ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''),<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Sciretta|title=AFI's Top 10 Movies of 2008; Boston Critics Name WALL-E and SlumDog Best Picture|work=/film|date=December 14, 2008|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2008/12/14/afis-top-10-movies-of-2008-boston-critics-name-wall-e-and-slumdog-best-picture/|access-date=December 15, 2008|archive-date=December 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216014614/http://www.slashfilm.com/2008/12/14/afis-top-10-movies-of-2008-boston-critics-name-wall-e-and-slumdog-best-picture/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Chicago Film Critics Association]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Chicago Film Critics Association|title=WALL-E Cleans Up Chicago Film Critics Awards|url=http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61:wall-e-cleans-up-chicago-film-critics-awards&catid=3:newsflash&Itemid=65|date=December 18, 2008|access-date=December 18, 2008|archive-date=May 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510001847/http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61%3Awall-e-cleans-up-chicago-film-critics-awards&catid=3%3Anewsflash&Itemid=65|url-status=live}}</ref> the Central Ohio Film Critics awards,<ref>{{cite news|author=Frank Gabrenya|title='WALL-E' picks up top honors|work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|date=January 10, 2009}}</ref> the [[Online Film Critics Society]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7839300.stm|title=Online film critics back Wall-E|work=BBC News|date=January 20, 2009|access-date=January 20, 2009|archive-date=February 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214073307/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7839300.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and most notably the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]], where it became the first animated feature to win the prestigious award.<ref>{{cite news|author=Justin Chang|title=L.A. critics wired for 'WALL-E'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=December 9, 2008|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997085.html?categoryid=13&ref=ra&cs=1|access-date=December 9, 2008|archive-date=December 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209093135/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997085.html?categoryid=13&ref=ra&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref> It was named as one of 2008's ten best films by the [[American Film Institute]] and the [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117996815.html?nav=news&categoryid=1983&cs=1|title=NBR names 'Slumdog' best of year|date=December 14, 2008|work=Variety|access-date=January 13, 2009 | first=Dade | last=Hayes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025115410/http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117996815.html?nav=news&categoryid=1983&cs=1|archive-date=October 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AFI Awards 2008|url=http://www.afi.com/tvevents/afiawards08/default.aspx|publisher=American Film Institute|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903044309/http://www.afi.com/tvevents/afiawards08/default.aspx|archive-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref>

It won Best Animated Feature Film at the [[66th Golden Globe Awards]], 81st Academy Awards, and the [[14th Critics' Choice Awards|Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2008]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/index.html|title=HFPA – Nominations and Winners|publisher=Goldenglobes.org|access-date=January 13, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303082505/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/index.html|archive-date=March 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997072.html?categoryId=13&cs=1|author=Dade Hayes|title=Critics Choice favors 'Milk,' 'Button'|work=Variety|date=December 9, 2008|access-date=December 9, 2008|archive-date=December 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219013335/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117997072.html?categoryId=13&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref> It was nominated for several awards at the 2009 [[Annie Award]]s, including Best Feature Film, Animated Effects, Character Animation, Direction, Production design, Storyboarding and Voice acting (for Ben Burtt);{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} but was beaten out by ''[[Kung Fu Panda (film)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' in every category.<ref>{{cite news|author=Pete DeBruge|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117999390.html|title='Kung Fu Panda' rules Annie Awards|work=Variety|date=January 30, 2009|access-date=January 31, 2009}}</ref> It won Best Animated Feature at the [[62nd British Academy Film Awards]] and was also nominated there for Best Music and Sound.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24160|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=February 8, 2009|title=Slumdog Bags The BAFTAs|author=Emily Phillips|access-date=February 8, 2009|archive-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119092603/http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=24160|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thomas Newman]] and [[Peter Gabriel]] won two [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] for "[[Down to Earth (Peter Gabriel song)|Down to Earth]]" and "Define Dancing".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx|title=51st Grammy Awards|publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences|access-date=February 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207085806/http://www.grammy.com/Grammy_Awards/51st_Show/list.aspx |archive-date=February 7, 2009}}</ref> It won all three awards it was nominated for by the [[Visual Effects Society]]: Best Animation, Best Character Animation (for WALL-E and EVE in the truck) and Best Effects in the Animated Motion Picture categories.<ref>{{cite news|author=Thomas J. McLean|title=Button, WALL•E Dominate VES Awards|work=Animation Magazine|date=February 22, 2009|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/article/9623|access-date=February 23, 2009|archive-date=June 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612004125/http://animationmagazine.net/article/9623|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the first animated film to win Best Editing for a Comedy or Musical from the [[American Cinema Editors]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ace-filmeditors.org/newace/eddieNominees.html|title=59th Annual ACE Eddie Awards|publisher=American Cinema Editors|access-date=February 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606034822/http://www.ace-filmeditors.org/newace/eddieNominees.html|archive-date=June 6, 2009}}</ref> In 2009, Stanton, Reardon, and Docter won the [[Nebula Award]], beating ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' and the ''[[Stargate Atlantis]]'' episode "[[The Shrine (Stargate Atlantis)|The Shrine]]".<ref>{{cite web
|title=2008 Nebula Award Ballot
|work=Nebula Award
|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/guest_blogs/2009_nebula_award_ballot/
|access-date=March 3, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011727/http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/guest_blogs/2009_nebula_award_ballot
|archive-date=March 4, 2009
|url-status=dead
|df=mdy
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Silver | first = Steven H | title = Nebula Winners | work = SF Site News | publisher = SF Site | date = April 26, 2009 | url = http://www.sfsite.com/news/2009/04/26/nebula-winners/ | access-date = April 27, 2009 | archive-date = May 15, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515071220/http://www.sfsite.com/news/2009/04/26/nebula-winners/ | url-status = live }}</ref> It won Best Animated Film and was nominated for Best Director at the [[Saturn Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html |title=Nominations for the 35th Annual Saturn Awards |publisher=Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films |access-date=March 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221234527/http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html |archive-date=February 21, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref>

At the British [[National Movie Awards]], which is voted for by the public, it won Best Family Film.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Movie Awards|url=http://www.nationalmovieawards.com/default.aspx?page=home|access-date=January 12, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822174013/http://www.nationalmovieawards.com/default.aspx?page=home |archive-date = August 22, 2008}}</ref> It was also voted Best Feature Film at the [[British Academy Children's Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations-childrens-awards-in-2008,593,BA.html |title=Children's Awards Winners – Children's – Awards – The BAFTA site |publisher=Bafta.org |access-date=January 8, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801081430/http://www.bafta.org/awards/childrens/nominations-childrens-awards-in-2008,593,BA.html |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> WALL·E was listed at No. 63 on ''Empire''{{'}}s online poll of the 100 greatest movie characters, conducted in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 100 Greatest Movie Characters|work=Empire|url=https://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=63|access-date=January 12, 2009|archive-date=September 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906073049/http://www.empireonline.com/100-greatest-movie-characters/default.asp?c=63|url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2010, ''Time'' ranked ''WALL-E'' No. 1 in "Best Movies of the Decade".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=December 29, 2009 |title=''WALL-E'' (2008) – Best Movies, TV, Books and Theater of the Decade |magazine=Time |url=http://entertainment.time.com/2009/12/29/the-10-best-movies-of-the-decade/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105516/http://entertainment.time.com/2009/12/29/the-10-best-movies-of-the-decade/ |archive-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> In ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' magazine's 2012 poll of the greatest films of all time, ''WALL-E'' is the second-highest-ranking animated film behind ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'' (1988), while tying with the film ''[[Spirited Away]]'' (2001) at 202nd overall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sight & Sound 2012 critics top 250 films |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/critics |website=BFI |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=January 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026034922/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/sightandsoundpolls/2012/critics |archive-date=October 26, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> In a 2016 [[BBC]] poll of international critics, it was voted the 29th-greatest film since 2000.<ref name="bbc100">{{cite web |date=August 23, 2016 |title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films |url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131124228/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |access-date=October 19, 2017 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

== Robotic recreations ==
In 2012, Mike McMaster,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/i-cant-believe-how-human-this-wall-e-robot-seems-1034289678|title=I Can't Believe How Human This Wall-E Robot Seems|first=Patricia|last=Hernandez|work=Kotaku|date=August 5, 2013|access-date=October 11, 2013|archive-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012051358/http://kotaku.com/i-cant-believe-how-human-this-wall-e-robot-seems-1034289678|url-status=live}}</ref> an American robotics hobbyist, began working on his own model of [[WALL-E (character)|WALL·E]]. The final product was built with more moving parts than the WALL·E which roams around [[Disneyland]]. McMaster's four-foot robot made an appearance at the [[Walt Disney Family Museum]] and was featured during the opening week of Tested.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomsguide.com/us/technology-robot-walle-mcmaster,news-17477.html|title=Pixar's Wall-E Brought to Life by California Farmer|website=Tom's Guide|first=Elizabeth|last=Palermo|date=September 2, 2013|access-date=October 11, 2013|archive-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012054635/http://www.tomsguide.com/us/technology-robot-walle-mcmaster,news-17477.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a project headed up by [[Jamie Hyneman]] and [[Adam Savage]] of ''[[MythBusters]]''. Since WALL·E's creation, Mike and the popular robot have made dozens of appearances at various events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.actuatorzone.com/Blog/post/2013/09/17/Mike-Sennas-Wall-E-Project-Using-Linear-Actuators-from-Progressive-Automations|title=Mike Senna's Wall-E Project|website=ActuatorZone|date=September 17, 2013|access-date=October 11, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012022114/http://www.actuatorzone.com/Blog/post/2013/09/17/Mike-Sennas-Wall-E-Project-Using-Linear-Actuators-from-Progressive-Automations|archive-date=October 12, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In the same year, Mike Senna completed his own WALL·E build.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2012/08/03/real-life-wall-e|title=An interview with Mike Senna, builder of a real-life Wall-E|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|first=Hillary|last=Busis|date=August 3, 2012|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809033922/http://www.ew.com/article/2012/08/03/real-life-wall-e|url-status=live}}</ref> He also created an EVE. They were present at a photo op at Disney's D23 Expo 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-d23-expo-walle-eve-interactive-photoop-sneak-peek-75722/|title=D23 EXPO: WALL-E and EVE Interactive Photo-Op Sneak Peek|website=Stitch Kingdom|date=August 12, 2015|access-date=May 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815081632/http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-d23-expo-walle-eve-interactive-photoop-sneak-peek-75722/|archive-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Robots (2005 film)|''Robots'' (2005 film)]]
* [[Mars Cube One]], consisting of two nanospacecraft, MarCO-A and MarCO-B, which are nicknamed WALL·E and EVE

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Hauser |first=Tim |title=The Art of WALL-E |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-8118-6235-6 |oclc=377889575 |year=2008}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mattie |first1=Sean |title=WALL·E on the Problem of Technology |journal=[[Perspectives on Political Science]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=12–20 |date=Winter 2014 |doi=10.1080/10457097.2013.784576 |s2cid=144206190 |issn=1045-7097 |df=mdy-all}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|display=''WALL-E''|d=Q104905|c=category:WALL-E|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/wall-e}}
* {{IMDb title|0910970}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{TCMDb title|662645}}
* {{AllMovie title|379342}}

{{Navboxes
|title = ''WALL-E''
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{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of accolades received by WALL-E|Awards for ''WALL-E'']]
|list =
{{Academy Award for Best Animated Feature}}
{{Animation Kobe Feature Film Award}}
{{Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Film}}
{{Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Feature}}
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film}}
{{Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form}}
{{Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Nebula Award for Best Script/Bradbury Award 2001–2020}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Picture}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Producers Guild of America Award for Best Animated Motion Picture}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Satellite Award Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Film}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Feature}}
}}
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