Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Death Star (disambiguation)

2023-04-18T19:20:50Z

Honnis: I reordered the two listed instances chronologically. The original inventor and creator of a concept deserves to be listed first, not as a footnote.

{{TOC_right}}
The original '''Death Star''' is a fictional giant military space station in the 1965 movie "Attack from Space", best known for its superweapon that can destroy planets.

'''[[Death Star]]''' may also refer to: the identical concept with the identical name, replicated in another film 12 years later, which was a fictional giant military space station in the ''Star Wars'' universe, best known for its superweapon that can destroy planets.

==''Star Wars'' related==
* [[Death Star (novel)|''Death Star'' (novel)]], a 2007 ''Star Wars'' novel by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry
* [[Death Star (ILM)]], the render farm of Industrial Light and Magic

==Business==
* [[Death Star (business)]], a fraudulent business strategy used by Enron to manipulate California's energy markets
* "Death Star", nickname of the [[AT&T Corporation#Nicknames and branding|AT&T Globe Symbol]], the corporate logo designed by Saul Bass in 1983
* "Death Star", one of several nicknames for the Dallas Cowboys' [[AT&T Stadium]] in Arlington, Texas, U.S.
* "The Death Star", nickname for the Las Vegas Raiders' [[Allegiant Stadium]] in Paradise, Nevada, U.S.

==Science and technology==
===Astronomy===
* "Death Star", an episode of ''NOVA'' that discusses gamma ray bursts; see [[List of NOVA episodes#Season 29 .282002.29|List of NOVA episodes]]
* "Death Star", nickname of [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)]], a hypothetical star theorized to cause periodic extinctions on Earth
* "Death Star", nickname of [[Mimas (moon)]], a moon of Saturn which coincidentally resembles the fictional ''Star Wars'' space station
* "Death Star Galaxy", [[3C321]].

===Other science and technology===
* "Deathstar", nickname of IBM [[Deskstar]] hard drives, particularly the unreliable 75GXP and 60GXP models
* "Death Star", nickname of the target chamber of the [[National Ignition Facility]]

==Other==
* [[Deathstar (video game)|''Deathstar'' (video game)]] a 1984 video game for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers
* "Death Star", a nickname of Ghroth, one of the fictional [[Ramsey Campbell deities]] of the Cthulhu Mythos
* "Death Star", nickname of the British military base [[RAF Mount Pleasant]] in the Falkland Islands
* "Death Star", nickname of the [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]]

==Music==
* [[Deathstars]], a Swedish industrial metal band formed in 2000
* [[xDEATHSTARx]], an American Christian hardcore band formed in 2002
===Songs===
* [[Deathstar (Sevendust song)]], a 2007 song by Sevendust
* "Deth Star", a song by [[Tenacious D]]

==See also==
* [[Star Destroyer]]

{{disambig}}

TVR Speed Eight engine

2022-12-19T01:32:59Z

Honnis: "Normally-Aspirated" is a misnomer and clearly inaccurate. Forced induction may or may not be "normal". It's normality/commonality is irrelevant. The fact that forced induction introduces the engine to greater than NATURAL atmospheric pressures is the differentiating factor. Therefore, "normally aspirated" is technically so ambiguous as to be meaningless. The correct designation is "Naturally-Aspirated" to indicate induction my natural atmospheric pressure.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox engine
| name = TVR Speed Eight Engine
| image =
| caption =
| manufacturer = [[TVR]]
| aka = AJP8, AJP V8
| production = 1996 – 2003
| predecessor =
| successor = [[TVR Speed Six engine]]
| configuration = 75° [[Flat-plane crank|flat-plane]] [[V8 engine|V8]]<ref name="cerbera2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvr-eng.co.uk/cerbera.html|title=The Official TVR Website|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000617160038/http://www.tvr-eng.co.uk/cerbera.html|archive-date=7 June 2000}}</ref>
| displacement = {{convert|4185|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|4475|cc|cuin|0|abbr=on}}
| bore = {{convert|88|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} {{convert|91|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| stroke = {{convert|86|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
| block = [[Aluminium]] alloy
| head = [[Aluminium]] alloy
| valvetrain = [[SOHC]] 2 valves x cyl.
| timing =
| compression = 10:1,10.75:1
| operating principle =
| supercharger =
| turbocharger =
| turboboostpressure =
| fuelsystem = [[Indirect injection|Port fuel injection]]
| management =
| fueltype = [[Petrol]]
| oilsystem =
| coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
| idle =
| redline =
| power =
| specpower =
| torque =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| diameter =
| weight =
| emissions level =
| emissions control =
}}

The '''TVR Speed Eight''' is a naturally-aspirated V8 car engine designed by [[TVR]] and manufactured from 1996 to 2003. The engine was intended to power the [[TVR Griffith]] and the [[TVR Chimaera]], but delays in its production meant that it powered only the [[TVR Cerbera]] and the [[TVR Tuscan Challenge]].<ref name="hagerty">{{cite web|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/hagerty-marketplace/its-namesake-guarded-the-gates-of-hell-but-this-96-tvr-is-a-v-8-ticket-to-paradise/|title=Its namesake guarded the underworld, but this TVR Cerbera is a ticket to paradise|first=Adam|last=Wilcox|publisher=Hagerty Media|date=10 August 2022|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> It was first engine offered by TVR that was both designed and built in-house.<ref name="CT">{{cite web|url=https://www.carthrottle.com/post/what-makes-the-mental-tvr-cerbera-a-proper-90s-hero-car/|title=Why The Crazy TVR Cerbera Is A Proper 90s Hero Car|first=Graham|last=King|publisher=Car Throttle|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref> The reason behind the engine's development and production was that [[Rover Group|Rover]] was bought by [[BMW]] in 1994, and [[Peter Wheeler (TVR)|Peter Wheeler]], the owner of TVR at the time, feared that BMW would drop the [[Rover V8]] engine used in TVRs since the early 80's.<ref name="hagerty"/> Wheeler contracted [[Al Melling]] to design a brand-new V8 engine to power the [[TVR Cerbera]] that TVR could also sell to other car manufacturers. TVR ceased manufacturing the design when the Cerbera was discontinued in 2003.

The engine was designed by Melling, along with [[John Ravenscroft (engineer)|John Ravenscroft]] and Peter Wheeler. Its production code-name was "AJP8" (A=Al, J=John, P=Peter); this naming convention was subsequently used for the [[TVR Speed Six engine|Speed Six]] engine's "AJP6" code-name. The Speed Eight featured many aspects found in a racing engine, such as a flat plane crankshaft, a 75-degree angle between the cylinder banks,<ref name="perkins">{{cite web|url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a25685083/the-tvr-cerbera-used-a-truly-strange-v8/|title=The TVR Cerbera Used a Truly Strange V8|first=Chris|last=Perkins|work=Road and Track|location=US|date=18 December 2018|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> a SOHC arrangement operating two valves per cylinder, and sequential fuel injection.{{fact|date=November 2022}}

Two versions of the Speed Eight engine were offered by TVR, one displacing 4.2L and producing {{convert|360|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}}, and the other displacing 4.5L and producing {{convert|420|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}}.<ref name="perkins"/> A Red Rose conversion was made available that increased output to {{convert|440|bhp|kW PS|abbr=on}} when using fuel with a minimum octane rating of 97 RON. The Red Rose upgrade included reshaped intake and exhaust ports, higher compression, and an ECU that can be switched between two sets of fueling and ignition maps (for 95 RON and 97 RON fuel, respectively).<ref name="tvrclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvr-car-club.co.uk/tvr-cerbera.html|title=TVR Car Club - TVR Cerbera Details|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

The Speed Eight engine had a high specific output for a normally aspirated engine at the time, with 83.3 bhp/L for the 4.2L,<ref name="hagerty"/> 93.3 bhp/L for the 4.5L, and 97.7 bhp/L for the Red Rose-specification 4.5L engine. Another notable aspect is the weight of the engine, which is {{convert|121|kg|lb|abbr=on}} dry.<ref name="tvrblog">{{cite web|url=https://www.tvrblog.com/tvr-speed-eight-engine/|title=TVR: The AJP8 engine|first=Alvise Marco|last=Sena|date=1 March 2008|access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:TVR engines]]
[[Category:V8 engines]]

Lyra Belacqua

2022-11-01T01:40:35Z

Honnis: /* Background and life */Lyra isn't portrayed in books. She is described in books. She is portrayed on video by actresses who have either long wavy dirty blonde hair or short dark brown hair, so saying her hair is portrayed any one particular way isn't accurate. It makes sense to say she's described one way, the original way, in the books.

{{Redirect|Silvertongue|the novel|Stoneheart trilogy||Silver Tongue (disambiguation){{!}}Silver Tongue}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox character
| colour = #DEDEE2
| name = Lyra Belacqua / Lyra Silvertongue
| image = 
| caption =
| first = ''[[Northern Lights (Pullman novel)|Northern Lights]]''
| last = ''[[The Secret Commonwealth]]''
| gender = Female
| creator = [[Philip Pullman]]
| portrayer = [[Dakota Blue Richards]] (film) [[Dafne Keen]] (TV series) [[Anna Maxwell Martin]] (stage) [[Elaine Symons]] (stage) 
| voice = [[Jo Wyatt]] (audio) [[Lulu Popplewell]] (radio drama) [[Dakota Blue Richards]] (video game)
| family = [[Lord Asriel]] (father) [[Marisa Coulter]] (mother)
| significant_other = [[Will Parry (His Dark Materials)|Will Parry]] (''His Dark Materials'')

| nationality =
| lbl21 = Age
| data21 = Less than 1 (''[[La Belle Sauvage]]'') around 11–13 (''[[His Dark Materials]]'') 15 (''[[Lyra's Oxford]]'') 17–18 ([[Serpentine (book)|''Serpentine'']]) 20 (''[[The Secret Commonwealth]]'')
| lbl22 = Dæmon
| data22 = [[#Pantalaimon| Pantalaimon "Pan"]]
| lbl23 = Special gifts
| data23 = Ability to read the [[His Dark Materials#Terminology|alethiometer]] (a rare truth-telling device) and to lie convincingly
}}
'''Lyra Belacqua''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|r|ə|_|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|k|w|ə}}), also known as '''Lyra Silvertongue''', is the heroine of [[Philip Pullman]]'s trilogy ''[[His Dark Materials]]''. In ''His Dark Materials'' Lyra is a young girl who inhabits a universe parallel to our own. Brought up in the cloistered world of [[Jordan College, Oxford]], she finds herself embroiled in a cosmic war between [[Lord Asriel]] on one side, and a deity figure known as [[Characters of His Dark Materials#The Authority|The Authority]] and his Regent, [[Characters of His Dark Materials#Metatron|Metatron]], on the other. Lyra also features prominently in the subsequent trilogy ''[[The Book of Dust]]''.

==Background and life==
Lyra Belacqua, aged around eleven at the beginning of the trilogy, is the daughter of [[Lord Asriel]] and [[Marisa Coulter]] in a fictional Oxford, [[Oxford, England|similar to our own]]. She was brought up at Jordan College, where the scholars, professors and servants treat her as an adopted daughter. She was raised believing that her parents had died in an airship crash, and that Lord Asriel was her uncle, and later learned the truth from [[List of His Dark Materials and The Book of Dust characters#John Faa|John Faa]], leader of the [[Gyptians]]. Lyra spends much of her time socialising with other children of the city, sometimes harmoniously, frequently mock-violently, and often in order to avoid schoolwork. Her closest friend among the other children is a Jordan kitchen boy named [[Roger Parslow]], who disappears early in ''[[Northern Lights (Pullman novel)|Northern Lights]]''. The search to find Roger, and other children, is Lyra's motivation throughout much of ''Northern Lights''.

Lyra is described as having wavy dirty-blonde hair and pale-blue eyes, and is thin and short for her age. Lyra is unruly and [[tomboy]]ish and her complete disregard for her appearance and personal hygiene exasperates her adult carers. She receives a scant and haphazard education at the hands of Jordan scholars, being neither interested in study nor officially a student of the college. However, she is highly intelligent, and is particularly talented at deceiving others; she is capable of making up complex yet plausible lies on the spur of the moment. Initially she uses this talent to avoid punishment by her guardians, and to entertain and deceive other children, but later in the series employs it to save her own life and the lives of others. She deceives [[Iofur Raknison]], king of the panserbjørne ("armoured bears" in Danish) of [[Locations in His Dark Materials#Svalbard|Svalbard]], by suggesting that she can become his dæmon if Iofur defeats Iorek in combat. Tricking a panserbjørn was a feat that her friend [[Iorek Byrnison]] had believed to be impossible for a human, and her success prompts Iorek to informally christen her "Silvertongue", which is the surname by which she is known in [[The Secret Commonwealth]].

The character's first name comes from [[Lyra Davidica]], which means "harp of David." Lyra Davidica is the title of a hymnal collection, but Pullman mistook it for the author's name of an Easter hymn he liked, as it was printed under the number of the hymn. He later realized it wasn't actually a person’s name, though due to the popularity of the character, it has now become one.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/the-fallen-worlds-of-philip-pullman|title=The Fallen Worlds of Philip Pullman|last1=Schwartz|first1=Alexander|date=29 September 2019|work=The New Yorker|access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>

Lyra's original surname, Belacqua, is the name of a character in [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', a soul in the ante-purgatory, representing those who wait until the last opportunity before turning to God.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/purgatory/01antepurgatory.html |title=Dante's Purgatorio – Ante-Purgatory |publisher= danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu |access-date=7 February 2010}}</ref> The mood in the ante-purgatory is said to be one of helplessness, nostalgia, and yearning – Belacqua and the other souls in ante-purgatory are caught between two worlds and lack clear understanding of themselves.<ref>Strauss, Walter A. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1768359 "Dante's Belacqua and Beckett's Tramps"], ''Comparative Literature'' Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer 1959), University of Oregon, pp. 250–261.</ref> Whether this has any connection to Lyra is not known.

==Pantalaimon==
Lyra's [[Dæmon (His Dark Materials)|dæmon]], '''Pantalaimon''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|æ|n|t|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|m|ə|n}}, is her dearest companion, whom she calls "'''Pan'''". In common with dæmons of all children, he can take any animal form he pleases; he first appears in the story as a dark brown moth. His name in [[Greek language|Greek]] means "all-compassionate". He changes into many forms throughout the series, ranging from a [[dragon]] to an [[eagle]], but his favourite forms are a snow-white [[Stoat|ermine]], a [[moth]], a [[wildcat]], and a mouse. At the end of the trilogy, as Lyra is entering adulthood, Pantalaimon finds his final form when [[Will Parry (His Dark Materials)|Will Parry]] touches him, and is later described as a beautiful [[pine marten]], red-gold in colour with a "patch of cream-white fur"<ref>''[[The Secret Commonwealth]]'', chapter 1.</ref> on his throat.

Pantalaimon is portrayed as a cautious and level-headed counterpoint to Lyra's impulsive, inquisitive, and sometimes reckless character.

Lyra must separate from Pantalaimon when she enters the [[Locations in His Dark Materials#The Land of the Dead|Land of the Dead]] in ''[[The Amber Spyglass]]'', causing extreme pain to both of them; Pantalaimon avoids Lyra for a while afterwards. However, surviving this separation allows the two to move great distances from one another, an ability only [[Races and creatures in His Dark Materials#Witches|witches]] and shamans generally possess in her world.

==Role==
In the first novel of ''[[His Dark Materials]]'', ''[[Northern Lights (Pullman novel)|Northern Lights]]'' (known in US and some other countries as ''The Golden Compass''), [[Serafina Pekkala]] tells of the [[prophecy]] of a girl who is "destined to bring about the end of [[destiny]]". The witches' prophecy states that this girl will be able to pick the "correct" cloud-pine branch out of several, as indeed Lyra does. It transpires that Lyra's destiny is to be the second [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] and fall into the temptation of the serpent, represented by [[Mary Malone]]. [[Will Parry (His Dark Materials)|Will Parry]] and the [[Dust (His Dark Materials)|Dust]] in the abyss are corrected, and the [[universe]]s start to work in harmony. In order to ensure the stability of the universes and protect people from the creation of [[Spectre (His Dark Materials)|Spectres]], Will and Lyra must close all of the inter-world windows with the help of [[Races and creatures in His Dark Materials#Angels|angels]] and keep them closed forever – and since their dæmons cannot survive long outside of their own birth worlds, they must part forever. Despite this, they decide to sit on the same bench each year for an hour at noon on Midsummer's Day, in the [[University of Oxford Botanic Garden|Botanic Gardens]] in their separate Oxfords – so that they might feel themselves to be in each other's presence. She fulfils her destiny to "bring an end to death" by leading the ghosts out of the world of the dead.

In the most recent edition of ''[[The Amber Spyglass]]'' released in the UK, the post-script "Lantern Slides" section shows Lyra studying the [[His Dark Materials#Terminology used in the books|alethiometer]] (a rare truth-telling device) with Pantalaimon at age 18. She is excited to start recognising a pattern in the readings, and Pullman tells us that this discovery of a pattern is the "second thing she said to Will next day in the Botanic Garden", implying that the next day was Midsummer's Day, when she and Will would be sitting on the same bench in their separate worlds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hisdarkmaterials.org/cittagazze/viewtopic.php?t=7252 |title=His Dark Materials Lantern Slides |publisher=hisdarkmaterials.org |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>

Letters written by Lyra included in the companion book ''[[Once Upon a Time in the North]]'' reveal that Lyra is researching her dissertation for a M.Phil. in Economic History, showing she is still studying in her twenties. The title of her dissertation is ''Developments of patterns of trade in the European Arctic region with particular reference to independent balloon carriage (1950–1970)''. In the first letter, Lyra also mentions that she is continuing to study the alethiometer. Once she finishes her studies, she will be able to read the alethiometer not with grace, as she used to, but with certainty and knowledge.

==In other media==
In the 1999 unabridged audio production, Lyra was performed by the voice-over actress [[Jo Wyatt]] (as Joanna Wyatt).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bridgetothestars.net/index.php?d=adaptations&p=audiobooks|title=Audiobooks|publisher=bridgetothestars.net|access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

In a 2003 BBC radio adaptation, Lyra was voiced by child actress [[Lulu Popplewell]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/hisdarkmaterials/characters.shtml|title=BBC radio 4|publisher=BBC|access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

The [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] in London staged a [[His Dark Materials (play)|two-part, six-hour-long adaptation]] of the novels. The production ran in 2003 and 2004; Lyra was played by [[Anna Maxwell Martin]] in the first run and by [[Elaine Symons]] in the second.

In ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'', the film adaptation of the first book, Lyra is portrayed by [[Dakota Blue Richards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dakota Blue Richards: There is no excuse for all-male period dramas |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/endeavour-star-dakota-blue-richards-there-is-no-excuse-for-allmale-period-dramas-anymore-a3759366.html |website=Evening Standard |access-date=14 August 2020 |language=en |date=6 February 2018}}</ref> British singer/songwriter [[Kate Bush]] wrote and recorded a song, "[[Lyra (song)|Lyra]]", for the film which features choristers from [[Magdalen College School, Oxford|Magdalen College School]] in [[Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kate Bush sings for Pullman film |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/1837030.kate-bush-sings-pullman-film/ |website=Oxford Mail |access-date=14 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Dafne Keen]] plays Lyra in the BBC television adaptation.<ref name="Match2018D">{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/03/the-kings-speech-director-tom-hooper-logan-star-sign-up-for-his-dark-materials-adaptation-1202319285/|title='The King's Speech' Director Tom Hooper & 'Logan' Star Dafne Keen Sign Up For 'His Dark Materials' Adaptation|last1=White|first1=Peter|date=8 March 2018|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=7 August 2018|last2=Wiseman|first2=Andreas}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of His Dark Materials and The Book of Dust characters|List of ''His Dark Materials'' and ''The Book of Dust'' characters]]
* ''[[His Dark Materials]]''
* [[Races and creatures in His Dark Materials|Races and creatures in ''His Dark Materials'']]
* [[Locations in His Dark Materials|Locations in ''His Dark Materials'']]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{His Dark Materials}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belacqua, Lyra}}
[[Category:His Dark Materials characters]]
[[Category:Child characters in film]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:Child characters in literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in film]]
[[Category:Female characters in television]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature]]
[[Category:Orphan characters in film]]
[[Category:Orphan characters in television]]
[[Category:Orphan characters in literature]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1995]]
[[Category:Characters in British novels of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Characters in British novels of the 21st century]]
[[Category:Fictional University of Oxford people]]
[[Category:Teenage characters in literature]]

Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system

2022-10-15T17:55:04Z

Honnis: /* Stripe degrees */Belt color and stripes are not determined by comparing students to each other. Belt color and stripes represent what portion of the total curriculum the individual student has mastered.

{{short description|Colored belts signifying a practitioner's skill level in Brazilian jiu-jitsu}}
{{see also|Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system}}
{{distinguish|Rank in Judo#Brazil}}
The '''[[brazilian jiu-jitsu|Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] ranking system''' signifies a practitioner's increasing level of technical knowledge and practical skill within the art. Colored belts worn as part of the [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi|uniform]] are awarded to the practitioner. The ranking system shares its origins with the [[Rank in Judo|judo belt-rank system]], but the Brazilian system incorporates some minor differences from Judo such as a division between youths and adults and the issuance of stripes and degrees. Some differences have become synonymous with [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu|the art]], such as a marked informality in promotional criteria, a focus on competitive demonstration of skill, and conservative promotion.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System">{{cite web|title=IBJJF Graduation system|url=https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016-IBJJF-Graduation-System-Poster.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230250/https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016-IBJJF-Graduation-System-Poster.pdf|archive-date=August 8, 2017|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gracie1">{{cite book|last1=Gracie|first1=Renzo and Royler|title=Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu: Theory and Technique|date=2001|publisher=Invisible Cities Press Llc|isbn=1-931229-08-2|page=304}}</ref>

==History==
In 1907, [[Kanō Jigorō]], the founder of [[judo]], introduced the use of belts (''[[Obi in martial arts|obi]]'') and [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi|gi]] (''[[judogi]]'') in the martial arts, replacing the practice of training in formal [[kimono]].<ref name=judoinfo1>{{cite web |author=Ohlenkamp, Neil |title=The Judo Rank System |date= January 5, 2009 |url=http://judoinfo.com/obi.htm |access-date=October 16, 2009}}</ref> In 1914, Kanō's pupil [[Mitsuyo Maeda]] arrived in Brazil, a journey which led to the development of [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]. At the time, Kanō used only white and black belts.<ref name="judoinfo1"/>

Some believe that [[Mikonosuke Kawaishi]] was the first to introduce additional colors in 1935 when he began teaching Judo in [[Paris]], ten years after [[Carlos Gracie]] opened his academy in Brazil. Kawaishi thought that a more structured system of colored belts would provide the student with visible rewards to show progress, increasing motivation and retention.<ref name="judoinfo1"/> However, written accounts from the archives of London's Budokwai judo club, founded in 1918, record the use of colored judo belts at the 1926 9th annual Budokwai Display, and a list of color-ranked judokas appears in the Budokwai Committee Minutes of June 1927. Kawaishi may have arrived in the UK by 1928, and appears to have first visited London and the Budokwai in 1931. From there he was probably inspired to bring the colored belt system to France.<ref name=coloredbelts>{{cite web
| last =Callan
| first =Mike
| title =History of the Grading System
| date = May 2015
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299604160
| access-date = 2020-03-06 }}
</ref> Since then, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo, and many other martial arts have adopted the use of colored belts to denote students' progression in the arts.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Comprehensive History of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu |url=http://www.onzuka.com/graciehistory.html |access-date=October 16, 2009}}</ref>

The first official belt ranking system was created in 1967 by the [[Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Guanabara]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Before those days, there were three belt colors in Brazilian jiu-jitsu that primarily distinguished instructors from students.<ref>{{cite web |title=GRACIE JIU-JITSU BELT PROMOTIONS SEMINARS CEREMONY |url=https://www.capitalmma.com/2019/11/25/gracie-jiu-jitsu-black-belt-virginia-maryland-washington-dc/ |access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref> The white belt was for students, light blue for instructors, and dark blue for masters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royce Gracie Explains Why He Wears a Blue Belt instead of a Coral Belt |url=https://www.bjjee.com/videos/royce-gracie-explains-why-he-wears-a-blue-belt-instead-of-a-coral-belt/ |access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref> The [[Sport Jiu Jitsu International Federation (SJJIF)]] and [[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]] implemented much of the current criteria and modern belt ranks.

==Adult belt ranks==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"
|+Adult belt colors (16 and older)
|-
|| White || style="brackground:white;" | [[File:GJJ White Belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Blue || style="background:white;" | [[File:GJJ Blue Belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Purple || style="background:white;" | [[File:GJJ Purple Belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Brown || style="background:white;" | [[File:GJJ Brown Belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Black 0–6 || style="background:white;" | [[File:GJJ BlackBelt.svg|75px]]|[[File:GJJ BlackBelt (asst instructor).svg|75px]]|[[File:GJJ_BlackBelt_(professor).svg|75px]]
|-
|| Coral 7 || style="background:white;" | [[File:BJJ black red belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Coral 8 || style="background:white;" | [[File:BJJ black red belt.svg|75px]]|[[File:BJJ red white belt.svg|75px]]
|-
|| Red 9–10 || style="background:white;" | [[File:BJJ Red Belt.svg|75px]]
|}

===White belt===
White belt is the beginning rank for all Brazilian jiu-jitsu students. The rank is held by any practitioner new to the art and has no prerequisite.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> Some instructors and other [[Saulo Ribeiro|high-level practitioners]] think that a white belt's training should emphasize escapes and defensive positioning since a white belt will often fight from inferior positions, especially when training with more experienced practitioners.<ref name="Saulo1">{{cite book
| last = Riberiro
| first = Saulo
| title = Jiu-Jitsu University
| publisher = Victory Belt Publishing
| year = 2008
| page = 368
| isbn = 978-0-9815044-3-8 }}</ref>

Most academies will additionally require that a white belt level practitioner works to obtain a well-rounded skills set, with a knowledge of basic offensive moves, such as common [[Grappling hold|submissions]] and [[Guard (grappling)|guard passes]].<ref name="harristest">{{cite web|author=Harris, Roy|date=February 7, 2006|title=Harris International Blue Belt Requirements|url=http://www.royharris.com/articles/?sec=6&id=1024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611140851/http://royharris.com/articles/?sec=6&id=1024|archive-date=June 11, 2008|access-date=October 16, 2009|website=royharris.com}}</ref><ref name="AllianceBJJ">{{cite web |title=Alliance Belt Requirements |url=http://www.alliancebjj.com/pdfs/belt_requirements.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123111259/http://www.alliancebjj.com/pdfs/belt_requirements.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Blue belt===
Blue belt is the second adult rank in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at schools that do not use yellow, orange, and green belts for adults.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> At the blue belt level, students gain a wide breadth of technical knowledge and undertake hundreds of hours of mat time to learn how to implement these moves efficiently.<ref name="harristest" /> Blue belt is often the rank at which the student learns a large number of techniques.<ref name="onthemat">{{cite web |author=Harris, Roy |title=Progression in Brazilian jiu-jitsu |date=October 12, 2005 |url=http://www.onthemat.com/articles/Progression_in_Brazilian_JiuJitsu_10_13_2005.html |access-date=October 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904134058/http://www.onthemat.com/articles/Progression_in_Brazilian_JiuJitsu_10_13_2005.html |archive-date=September 4, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a blue belt for a minimum of two years before progressing to purple.<ref name="IBJJFposter">{{cite web|title=IBJJF Graduation System|url=https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016-IBJJF-Graduation-System-Poster.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230250/https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016-IBJJF-Graduation-System-Poster.pdf|archive-date=August 8, 2017|access-date=February 11, 2019|work=IBJJF}}</ref>

Although many Brazilian jiu-jitsu organizations adhere to the IBJJF standard of awarding the yellow, orange, and green belt exclusively as part of a youth belt system (under 16 years of age), some supplement the time between white belt and blue belt with one or more belts of these colors with adult practitioners as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sistema de faixas|trans-title=Track system|url=http://www.jiujitsuminas.com.br/sistema-faixas.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209122125/http://www.jiujitsuminas.com.br/sistema-faixas.htm|archive-date=9 December 2007|access-date=4 December 2014|website=Federacao Mineira De jiu-jitsu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/97DisplaySchoolImages/5939.pdf |title=Five Rings Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu |website=A BJJ school's schedule showing different classes for adult yellow, orange, and green belts |access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation|IBJJF]] requires that a practitioner be at least 16 years old to receive a blue belt, thereby officially entering into the adult belt system.

===Purple belt===
Purple belt is the intermediate adult ranking in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> The purple belt level practitioner has gained a large amount of knowledge and purple belts are generally considered qualified to help instruct lower-ranked students.

The IBJJF requires students to be at least 16 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of two years ranked as a blue belt to be eligible for a purple belt, with slightly different requirements for those graduating directly from the youth belts.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> The IBJJF requires a practitioner remain a purple belt for a minimum of 18 months prior to achieving a brown belt.<ref name="IBJJFposter"/>

===Brown belt===
Brown belt is the highest ranking color belt below black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> Progressing from a beginner white belt through to a brown belt typically requires at least five years of dedicated training.<ref name="Gracie1"/> It is often thought of as a time for refining techniques.<ref name="bjjmap">{{cite web |author=Thornton, Matt |title=Exploring the map |date=February 13, 2007 |url=http://www.coloradobjj.com/exploring-the-map-jiu-jitsu-belts |access-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914071156/http://www.coloradobjj.com/exploring-the-map-jiu-jitsu-belts |archive-date=September 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The IBJJF requires that students be at least 18 years old and recommends they have spent a minimum of 18 months as a purple belt to be eligible for a brown belt.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> The IBJJF requires a practitioner to train at the brown belt level for a minimum of one year before ascending to black belt.<ref name="IBJJFposter"/>

===Black belt===
In Brazilian jiu-jitsu, the [[black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] denotes an expert level of technical and practical skill.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> BJJ black belts are often addressed within the art as "professor" or "coach", although some schools and organizations reserve these title for the more senior black belt instructors.<ref name="GracieRanks">{{cite web |url=http://www.gracie.com/riofed/beltranking.html |title=Official Federation Belt Rankings |year=2000 |access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="JonnyJJranks">{{cite web |url=http://jonnysjiujitsu.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/belts2.pdf |title=Recommended Standardized Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Belt Structure |date=March 2012 |access-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="TMWfaq">{{cite web |url=http://themartialway.com/faq/bjj-belt-faq/ |title=BJJ Belt Faq |access-date=November 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112001757/http://themartialway.com/faq/bjj-belt-faq/ |archive-date=January 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> To be eligible for a black belt, the IBJJF requires that a student be at least 19 years old and to have spent a minimum of a year as a brown belt. The black belt itself has nine different degrees of expertise, similar to the ''[[dan (rank)|dan]]'' in traditional [[Japanese martial arts]], with rankings at seventh degree and eighth degree commonly denoted by a coral belt, and the ninth degree represented with a red belt.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> The IBJJF requires a practitioner to practice and teach at the black belt level for a minimum of three years before progressing to the next rank for the first 3 ranks. Ranks 4, 5, and 6 require 5 years from the previous rank.<ref name="NewGradSys">{{cite web|title=General System of Graduation|url=http://ibjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/IBJJF-Graduation-System-v1-ENG.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703210755/http://ibjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/IBJJF-Graduation-System-v1-ENG.pdf|archive-date=July 3, 2014|access-date=October 8, 2015|page=8}}</ref>

As with most things in jiu-jitsu, there is no standardization from one academy or organization to another. This is also true for the black belt, as there is no set guidance from the IBJJF related to variations of the belt.<ref name="thefighthub">{{cite web |url=https://www.thefighthub.com/shop/bjj-black-belts/ |title= BJJ Black Belts |access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref> However, there are three common variations of a black belt, each of which has its own general meaning: a black belt with a white bar generally indicates a competitor or practitioner, while a black belt with a plain red bar is the standard black belt (but sometimes differentiates a coach from a professor), and a red bar with white borders on both ends sometimes comes after at least a year or more of teaching as a black belt and can differentiate a professor. [[Royce Gracie]] and the Valente brothers started a black belt with a blue bar to honor the legacy of [[Hélio Gracie]], but this has not been widely adopted.<ref name="thebluebar">{{cite web |url=http://fighttowindenver.blogspot.com/2016/12/the-blue-bar.html |title=The Blue Bar |access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref> Royce Gracie now wears a navy blue belt without rank insignia following the death of his father.

===Red / Black belt (Coral belt)===
When a Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt reaches the seventh degree, he or she is awarded an alternating red-and-black belt similar to the one awarded fourth degree black belt by very few [[rank in Judo|judo]] bodies such as the USJA.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/><ref name=judoinfo1/> This belt is commonly known as a coral belt, after the [[coral snake]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.submissioncontrol.com/main/2011/05/a-day-with-a-brazilian-jiu-jitsu-coral-belt/ |title=A Day With A Brazilian jiu-jitsu Coral Belt |date=May 27, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joemoreirabjj.com/ |title=Joe Moreira BJJ |access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Coral belts are very experienced practitioners, most of whom have made a large impact on Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and are often addressed within the art by the title ''master''.<ref name="GracieRanks"/><ref name="JonnyJJranks"/><ref name="TMWfaq"/> The IBJJF requires a minimum of 7 years of training and teaching at the black and red belt level before progressing to the next rank.<ref name="NewGradSys"/>

===Red / White belt (Coral belt)===
The International Brazilian jiu-jitsu Federation in 2013, amended the graduation guidelines with respect to the transition between seventh degree and eighth degree black belt. In short, a practitioner who has achieved the rank of 8th degree black belt will wear a red and white belt similar to the one worn on formal occasions by sixth to eighth degree holders in [[rank in Judo|judo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/IBJJF-Graduation-System-v1-ENG.pdf |title= IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION |access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> which is also commonly called a coral belt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiujitsutimes.com/tag/red-and-white-coral-belt/ |title= RED AND WHITE CORAL BELT ARCHIVES |access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref> The IBJJF requires a minimum of 10 years of teaching and training at the red and white belt level before progressing to the next rank.<ref name="NewGradSys"/>

===Red belt===
[[File:GRAND MASTER FRANCISCO MANSOR.jpg|thumb|Francisco Mansor wears his 9th degree red belt|175px]]

According to [[Renzo Gracie|Renzo]] and [[Royler Gracie]], in Brazilian jiu-jitsu the red belt is reserved "for those whose influence and fame takes them to the pinnacle of art".<ref name="Gracie1"/> It is awarded in lieu of a ninth and tenth degree black belt. If a practitioner receives his or her black belt at 19 years old, the earliest they could expect to receive a ninth degree red belt would be at the age of 67.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> Brazilian jiu-jitsu red belt holders are often addressed within the art by the title ''[[Grandmaster (martial arts)|grandmaster]]''. The 10th degree was given only to the pioneers of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and the [[Gracie family|Gracie]] brothers: [[Carlos Gracie|Carlos]], Oswaldo, George, Gaston and [[Helio Gracie|Helio]].<ref name="GracieRanks"/><ref name="JonnyJJranks"/><ref name="TMWfaq"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/IBJJF-Graduation-System-v1-ENG.pdf |title= IBJJF GENERAL SYSTEM OF GRADUATION |access-date=April 11, 2013}}</ref> The highest ranking living practitioners are 9th degree red belts, as there are no living 10th degree red belts.<ref name="NewGradSys"/>

==Youth belt ranks==
Children between 4 and 15 years old can receive belt colors that reward progress after a white belt but before earning a blue belt, which can only be awarded to people 16 years or older.<ref name="crazy88mma">{{cite web |title=How do Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Belt Promotions Work? |url=https://www.crazy88mma.com/2016/06/10/brazilian-jiu-jitsu-belt-promotions-work/ | access-date=November 29, 2019 }}</ref> In 2015, the [[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]] specified 13 belts for competitors aged 4 through 15. The group of three gray belts are for competitors aged 4 through 15 years old. The group of three yellow belts are for competitors 7 through 15 years old. The group of orange belts are for competitors 10 through 15 years old. The group of three green belts are for competitors 13 through 15 years old.

When a competitor turns 16, they must move to the adult system of belts according to the belt that they have at the time. White belts remain at white belts. Gray, yellow or orange belts can turn to white or blue belt at the professor's decision. Green belt can turn to white, blue or purple belt according to the professor's decision.<ref name="IBJJfgrad">{{cite web |title=IBJJF Graduation System |url=https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/20150210_GraduationIBJJF_EN_vs2.pdf |access-date=November 28, 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Youth belt colors (under 16)
|-
|| White || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k01_white.png|75px]]
|-
|| Gray-White || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k02_graywhite.png|75px]]
|-
|| Gray || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k03_gray.png|75px]]
|-
|| Gray-Black || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k04_grayblack.png|75px]]
|-
|| Yellow-White || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k05_yellowwhite.png|75px]]
|-
|| Yellow || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k06_yellow.png|75px]]
|-
|| Yellow-Black || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k07_yellowblack.png|75px]]
|-
|| Orange-White || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k08_orangewhite.png|75px]]
|-
|| Orange || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k09_orange.png|75px]]
|-
|| Orange-Black || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k10_orangeblack.png|75px]]
|-
|| Green-White || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k11_greenwhite.png|75px]]
|-
|| Green || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k12_green.png|75px]]
|-
|| Green-Black || style="background:white;" | [[File:ibjjf_k13_greenblack.png|75px]]
|}

==Conversion between youth belt systems==

The table below shows an approximate conversion between the [[Gracie jiu-jitsu ranking system]] and the [[International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation]] system, including striped sub-ranking within each belt. These are the two most common systems for kids belts in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Both systems span practitioners from 4 years old through 15 years old.<ref name="IBJJfgrad">{{cite web |title=IBJJF Graduation System |url=https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/20150210_GraduationIBJJF_EN_vs2.pdf |access-date=November 28, 2019 }}</ref>

{{wide image|IBJJF Gracie BJJ Kids Belt Conversion.png|800px|align-cap=center|Youth belt approximate conversion.}}

==Promotion criteria==

Few published guidelines or standards determine when a practitioner is ready for a promotion; the criterion is generally determined by individual instructors and/or academies.<ref name="tookie">{{cite web |title=Team Tookie belt requirements |url=http://www.teamtooke.com/brazilianjiujitsu-beltrequirements.html |access-date=October 27, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716195630/http://www.teamtooke.com/brazilianjiujitsu-beltrequirements.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="BJJinformal">{{cite web |title=History & Ranking |url=http://harrisburgbjjandjudo.com/history--ranking.html |access-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802023924/http://harrisburgbjjandjudo.com/history--ranking.html |archive-date=August 2, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The IBJJF maintains an extensive graduation system that takes into account time-in-grade and membership standing, but makes no mention of specific performance or skill requirements.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/> When instructors or academies comment on the criteria for promotion, the most widely accepted measures are the amount of technical and conceptual knowledge a practitioner can demonstrate, and;<ref name="tnbjj">{{cite web |title=BJJ Promotions Through Tennessee BJJ Club |url=http://www.tnbjj.com/linkedpages/promotions.html |access-date=November 2, 2009}}</ref> performance in grappling (''[[randori]]'') within the academy and/or competition.<ref name="bjjfaq">{{cite web |title=Brazilian jiu-jitsu FAQ |url=http://www.bcbjj.org/page/page/3247053.htm |access-date=October 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725045553/http://www.bcbjj.org/page/page/3247053.htm |archive-date=2011-07-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Technical and conceptual knowledge are judged by the number of techniques a student can perform, and the level of skill with which they are performed in live grappling, allowing smaller and older practitioners to be recognized for their knowledge, although they may not be the strongest fighters in the school. Brazilian jiu-jitsu is a distinctly individual sport, and practitioners are encouraged to adapt the techniques to their body type, strategic preferences, and level of athleticism. The ultimate criterion for promotion is the ability to execute the techniques successfully, rather than strict stylistic compliance.<ref name="Gracie1" />

===Formal testing===

Brazilian jiu-jitsu has had an informal approach to belt promotions, in which one or more instructors subjectively agree that a given student is ready for the next rank.<ref name="Gracie1"/><ref name="BJJinformal" /> Some academies have moved toward a more systematic, formal testing approach, especially true for lower ranked students, where the decision to promote is arguably the least contentious.<ref name="kioto">{{cite web |title=Matt Hudson |url=http://www.kiotobjjny.com/quogue.html |access-date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828233659/http://www.kiotobjjny.com/quogue.html |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> One of the first instructors to publicly publish formal testing criteria was Roy Harris, who has formalized his promotion tests from white belt to black belt.<ref name="harristests">{{cite web |author=Harris, Roy |title=Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Belt Promotions |date=April 1, 2009 |url=http://www.royharris.com/corner/?id=1162 |access-date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425035113/http://www.royharris.com/corner/?id=1162 |archive-date=April 25, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Formal testing is now becoming commonplace in many [[Gracie family|Gracie Academies]] and organizations such as [[Alliance Jiu Jitsu|Alliance]].<ref name="AllianceBJJ">{{cite web |title=Alliance Belt Requirements |url=http://www.alliancebjj.com/pdfs/belt_requirements.pdf |access-date=July 31, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123111259/http://www.alliancebjj.com/pdfs/belt_requirements.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some Gracie systems have introduced formal online testing where the student can upload his or her qualification videos to qualify for promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gracieacademy.com/training_programs.asp |title=Training Programs |year=2011 |access-date=April 6, 2011 }}</ref> Formal tests are generally based around the same elements as a normal promotion, such as the student's technical and conceptual knowledge and the ability to apply those techniques against a resisting opponent. Some tests take other aspects, such as a student's personal character or a basic knowledge of the history of the art, into account.<ref name="tookie"/> Formal testing may require the payment of testing fees and a require a minimum of pre-testing private lessons with the instructor.<ref name="harristest"/>

===Competitions===
Students are generally encouraged to compete, as this can help them gain experience. Competition allows instructors to gauge students' abilities while grappling with a fully resisting opponent, and it is common for a promotion to follow a good competition performance. In most academies, competing is not essential for promotion, but in a minority of schools, competing is not only endorsed but is required.<ref name="tnbjj"/>

==Stripe degrees==

[[File:BJJStripeBelt.jpg|thumb|A blue belt with three stripes.]]

In addition to the belt system, many academies award stripes as a form of intra-belt recognition of progress and skill.<ref name="sbg1">{{cite web |title=SBG Belt Testing |url=http://www.straightblastgym.com/bjjtesting.htm |access-date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152033/http://www.straightblastgym.com/bjjtesting.htm |archive-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Within each of the belts, students have the opportunity to earn up to generally 4 stripes on their belt, indicating progress within that belt. The cumulative number of stripes earned serves as an indication of the student's skill level relative to the total curriculum of that belt color.<ref name="3river">{{cite web |title= Royce Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Network Official Belt Ranking System |url= http://www.threeriversacademy.com/pdf/belt_system.pdf |access-date= November 3, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110812094424/http://threeriversacademy.com/pdf/belt_system.pdf |archive-date= 2011-08-12 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Stripes may consist of small pieces of cloth sewn onto the sleeve of the belt, or simple pieces of [[athletic tape]] applied to it. Although the exact application, such as the number of stripes allowed for each belt, varies between institutions, the [[IBJJF]] sets out a general system under which four stripes can be added before the student may be considered for promotion to the next belt rank.<ref>[https://www.attacktheback.com/brazilian-jiu-jitsu-belts-progression/ BJJ belt]</ref><ref name="IBJJF Graduation System" /> Stripes are only used for ranks prior to black belt. After black belt is achieved, the markings are known as ''degrees'' and are awarded more formally and far less frequently. Time-in-grade and skill level are both important factors. Stripes are not used in every academy, and, where they are used, they may not be applied consistently.<ref name="IBJJF Graduation System"/>

==''Passar no corredor''==
In some schools [[running the gauntlet]] ("passar no corredor" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is practiced immediately after a promotion.<ref name="gringabjj">{{cite web |author=Goldberg, Elyse |title=Jiu Jitsu, Anthropology, Societies, Rituals |date=May 11, 2009 |url=http://gringabjj.blogspot.com |access-date=November 2, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820160209/http://gringabjj.blogspot.com/ |archive-date=August 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This generally follows one of two basic patterns. The newly promoted student is hit on their back with belts—once by each of their fellow practitioners—as he or she walks or runs past ("faixada" in Portuguese), or he or she may be thrown by each instructor and sometimes also by each student in the academy of equal or higher grade.<ref name="bacoming">{{cite web|author=Burosh, Matt |title=Becoming a black belt |date=June 2009 |url=http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/mma-article.asp?aid=298&issid=22 |access-date=November 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711002412/http://www.fightmagazine.com/mma-magazine/mma-article.asp?aid=298&issid=22 |archive-date=July 11, 2011 }}</ref> Advocates for the custom argue that "running the gauntlet" serves as a method of team building and reinforces [[camaraderie]] between classmates.<ref name="gringabjj"/>

Other initiation customs may involve being [[O goshi|hip thrown]] by the instructor.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

==See also==
*[[List of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners]]
*[[Jiu-Jitsu Federation of Rio de Janeiro]]
*[[Black belt (martial arts)]]
*[[Sandbagging (grappling)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://ibjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016-IBJJF-Graduation-System-Poster.pdf IBJJF Graduation System] (PDF)

{{martial arts}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brazilian jiu-jitsu Ranking System}}
[[Category:Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]
[[Category:Martial arts ranking]]

[[pt:Brazilian jiu jitsu#Gradua.C3.A7.C3.A3o]]

Street fighting

2021-05-18T15:22:16Z

Honnis: I removed several obviously inane sentences, which were clearly blatantly false due to the fact that street fighting, sport fighting, and self-defense often coincide with each other. For example, if I get attacked in the street, I may need to defend myself, and engage in street fighting for self-defense; or I may choose to agree to a challenge to a sport fight in the street, and engage in an illegal street fight for sporting purposes rather than for self-defense; or I may engage in a typical...

{{Other uses|Street Fight (disambiguation){{!}}Street Fight|Street Fighter (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
[[File:A Man Interfering in a Street Fight, from Images of Spain Album (F), 82 MET DP800232 crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Francisco Goya|Goya]], ''Man Interfering in a Street Fight'' (1812{{ndash}}20)]]

'''Street fighting''' is [[hand-to-hand combat]] in public places, between individuals or groups of people.<ref name="kungfumagazine">{{cite news |title=Reality Fighting, Street Fighting & Self Defense |work=[[Kung Fu Tai Chi|Kung Fu Magazine]] |url=http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.php?article=552 |access-date=2010-02-07}}</ref> The venue is usually a public place (e.g. a street) and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or occasionally even death.<ref>White, Rob. et al (2007). 'Youth Gangs, Violence and Anti-Social Behaviour''. Australian Research and Alliance Club. pp. 18, 29.</ref><ref name="kungfumagazine" /> Some street fights can be [[Organized crime|gang-related]].<ref>White, Rob (2007). ''Youth Gangs, Violence and Anti-Social Behaviour''. Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth. pp. 18, 29.</ref>

A typical situation might involve two men arguing in a [[bar (establishment)|bar]], then one suggests stepping outside, where the fight commences. Thus, it is often possible to avoid the fight by backing off, while in self-defense, a person is actively trying to escape the situation, using force if necessary to ensure their own safety.<ref name="kungfumagazine" />

In some [[martial arts]] communities, street fighting and self-defense are often considered synonymous.<ref name="kungfumagazine" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://skbu.cz/co-umime/street-fight/|title=Street fight – practical self defence|website=skbu.cz|language=cs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122020524/http://skbu.cz/co-umime/street-fight/|archive-date=January 22, 2013|access-date=2010-09-15}}</ref>

__TOC__

== History ==
The earliest human violence happened 430,000 years ago in [[Spain]] between a group of people where interpersonal violence is an underlying motive to the lethal attack.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=2015-05-28|title=Evidence of 430,000-year-old human violence found|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32890697|access-date=2021-05-17}}</ref> Another record of the earliest human fight is one that happened 9500–10500 years ago in [[Nataruk]] – Kenya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lahr|first=M. Mirazón|last2=Rivera|first2=F.|last3=Power|first3=R. K.|last4=Mounier|first4=A.|last5=Copsey|first5=B.|last6=Crivellaro|first6=F.|last7=Edung|first7=J. E.|last8=Fernandez|first8=J. M. Maillo|last9=Kiarie|first9=C.|last10=Lawrence|first10=J.|last11=Leakey|first11=A.|date=January 2016|title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16477|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=529|issue=7586|pages=394–398|doi=10.1038/nature16477|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> The hunter-gathers fight was a group fight involving both males and females as well as children.<ref name=":0" /> They were armed with bladelets and arrow projectiles. The fight was either to protect their valuables such as lands, food and water resources and their tribes or families or mortally respond to the threat from the encounter between 2 groups of people.<ref name=":0" />

Along with the evolution of human beings, street fighting has also evolved. The purpose of street fight has evolved beyond survival, but to fulfil additional wants. Advanced weapons like guns or swords were introduced, making the severity of the fights more fatal.

== Characteristic ==
Street fights can be planned ahead or occurred suddenly, regardless of location and time. The frequency of physical assaults is based on crime rates, level of poverty and accessibility to weapons.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Rivara|first=Frederick|last2=Adhia|first2=Avanti|last3=Lyons|first3=Vivian|last4=Massey|first4=Anne|last5=Mills|first5=Brianna|last6=Morgan|first6=Erin|last7=Simckes|first7=Maayan|last8=Rowhani-Rahbar|first8=Ali|date=2019-10-01|title=The Effects Of Violence On Health|url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00480|journal=Health Affairs|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1622–1629|doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00480|issn=0278-2715}}</ref> In street fights, everyone can be opponents, including friends, relatives or even strangers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Hauser|first=Thomas|date=2019-01-17|title=Street fights: Stories of violence outside the ring|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/boxing/news/street-fights-stories-of-violence-outside-the-ring/1azv1pr2wwvge1qax2ibjlsz8g|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.sportingnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Street fights are usually started with an outbreak of emotion such as anger, fear and indignation.<ref name=":2" /> Street fights do not last long, usually run for minutes or even seconds. The outcome of the fight is unpredictable due to the fact that participants are unlikely to know others’ abilities, strengths or weaknesses.<ref name=":2" /> For example, a slim looking man might not be as weak as he seems, or a robust man might not be as strong as expected. Participants should not underestimate their opponents based on their appearance as they might acquire more experience, which increases their chance of winning. Street fight is the combination of survival tactics, thought-provoking plans and utilisation of the surroundings. However, luck is one of the elements that should be taken into account in street fighting. There is no certainty to ensure that one is more advanced than the other, yet winners are strategically better than losers.

The scene can go beyond expectation with the introduction to [[Weapon|weapons]] or the participation of someone from the crowd whether it is intentional or unintentional. In the past, only when the opponents died could the other participant be considered as the winner. Similarly, at present, the match is only over when one surrenders, or both are unable to continue, or one dies. Despite the brutal and life-threatening consequences, people’s willingness to commit [[violence]] have increased overtime, escalating the danger of street fights.<ref name=":2" />

== Types of street fight ==
=== Weaponed ===

* Guns
* Swords
* Knives
* Bats

=== Martial arts ===

* [[Kung Fu]]
* [[Taekwondo]]
* [[Karate]]
* [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu|Jiu jitsu]]
* Mix martial art

=== Others ===

* Objects lying around
* Beer bottles

== Causes ==
The causes of street fighting are varied. Originally, street fighting was a way of defending oneself. In the stone age, fights were mostly aimed for survival purposes – protected territory, secured resources and protected families. According to Mike Martin, a London lecturer in war studies, “Humans fight to achieve status and belonging. They do so because, in evolutionary terms, these are the surest routes to survival and increased reproduction”.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Humphreys|first=Joe|date=2018-05-29|title=Is fighting in our genes? A biological theory of warfare|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/is-fighting-in-our-genes-a-biological-theory-of-warfare-1.3505451|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref>

As humans evolve, new conflicts arise in order to gratify more sophisticated wants. The purposes of street fighting shifted to solve [[Interpersonal conflict|interpersonal conflicts]]. These conflicts could be stratification, misunderstanding, hate speech or even retaliation. For instance, in areas that are not under policy surveillance and criminally dominated, violence is believed to be the substantiation of superior reputation and pride.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Weenink|first=Don|date=2015|title=Contesting Dominance and Performing Badness: A Micro-Sociological Analysis of the Forms, Situational Asymmetry, and Severity of Street Violence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43653972|journal=Sociological Forum|volume=30|issue=1|pages=83–102|issn=0884-8971}}</ref> In other words, people take part in street fights to obtain dominance because of social status given to the ruler.<ref name=":3" /> For another instance, men showed off their value in the sense that opponents’ self-esteem are on the verge of being destroyed from their insults, humiliation and vilification to which violence is the go-to resort.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, some fights are driven by alcohol. Alcohol itself does not directly lead to violence but it acts as a catalyst, allowing cheers from the crowds or provocation from opponents to ignite the fight between fighters.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Monico|first=Nicolle|date=2020-06-04|title=Drinking Alcohol and The Risk of Violence|url=https://www.alcohol.org/effects/drinking-and-fighting/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Alcohol.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Since the consumption of alcohol negatively impacts the brain function, drunk people fail to assess the situation which often results in overreacting and unpredictable fights.<ref name=":4" />

== Effects ==
Humans have evolved over time to better defend themselves from the severity of street fighting. Biologically, jaw adductor muscles have evolved to protect the mandible when being punched.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Carrier|first=David R.|last2=Morgan|first2=Michael H.|date=2015|title=Protective buttressing of the hominin face|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12112|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=90|issue=1|pages=330–346|doi=10.1111/brv.12112|issn=1469-185X}}</ref> The jaw adductors stretch as a means to absorb energy from the punch in order to reduce the likelihood of jaw dislocation and prevent fracture.<ref name=":5" /> The teeth were also evolved to be larger and thicker so as to allow the energy from the punch to be transferred from the jaw to the skull.<ref name=":5" /> Besides, the proportion of human hands have evolved in order to allow it to be a more dangerous weapon and reduce the risk of having injuries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Michael H.|last2=Carrier|first2=David R.|date=2013-01-15|title=Protective buttressing of the human fist and the evolution of hominin hands|url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.075713|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=216|issue=2|pages=236–244|doi=10.1242/jeb.075713|issn=0022-0949}}</ref>

The consequence of street fighting is undeniably dangerous and critical. Both sides of the fighters are exposed to either short-term or long-term physical health issues. Such poor health includes temporary and permanent disabilities, fracture, partial body parts losses and severe injuries and yet the most lethal one – death. For instance, faces, other parts of head and neck and thorax are the most targeted parts in the body, which account for 83%, 4% and 2% of fractures, respectively, amongst all injuries.<ref name=":5" /> Aside from physical health, mental illnesses also result from direct engagement in physical assaults, namely, post-traumatic stress symptoms, [[substance abuse]] and [[depression]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bailey|first=Kylie A.|last2=Baker|first2=Amanda L.|last3=McElduff|first3=Patrick|last4=Jones|first4=Mark A.|last5=Oldmeadow|first5=Christopher|last6=Kavanagh|first6=David J.|date=July 2017|title=Effects of Assault Type on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Coexisting Depression and Alcohol Misuse|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/6/7/72|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|language=en|volume=6|issue=7|pages=72|doi=10.3390/jcm6070072|pmc=5532580|pmid=28753976}}</ref> In extreme cases, perpetrators may find guilty and commit suicide.<ref name=":1" />

Not only does the involvement in street fights affect the participants, it also collaterally influences the participants’ family members and friends, especially small children.<ref name=":1" /> Traumatic expose in small children to such negative experience often leads to post-traumatic stress reactions such as fear, sadness, numbness, timidness, moodiness, eating disorders, difficult sleeping, nightmares.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Eyuboglu|first=Murat|last2=Eyuboglu|first2=Damla|last3=Sahin|first3=Birgul|last4=Fidan|first4=Esra|date=2019-09-01|title=Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosocial difficulties among children living in a conflict area of the Southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey|url=https://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=2019;volume=61;issue=5;spage=496;epage=502;aulast=Eyuboglu;type=0|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|language=en|volume=61|issue=5|pages=496|doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_165_18|issn=0019-5545|pmc=6767824|pmid=31579176}}</ref> Adults also have the high probability of coping with trauma even though they do not suffer from any direct injuries.<ref name=":1" /> Street fight can also lead to negative influence on witnesses and society with an increase in preterm birth, increase in mortality rate and communal trauma.<ref name=":1" /> Such exposure to violence can result in cumulative influences on physical condition which customised treatment is required to access all aspects of violent experience.<ref name=":1" />

Involving in a street fight will result in public disorder. Any groups with more than two people that involve in a fight and cause fright to any citizens will be charged by the police for the offences of Array with the maximum punishment of ten-year custody.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Group assaults|url=https://www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au/publications/factsheets-and-resources/burn-movie/group-assaults|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> If any injuries are caused during the fight, the severity of the injury will determine the penalty of the participants.<ref name=":6" /> Intentional injuries, especially, will result in extreme stiff penalty.<ref name=":6" /> One still has to take responsibilities for the injuries of the victim even though the injuries are not directly caused by that person but by another participating in the fight.<ref name=":6" /> In case the victim dies, all members in the group that are involved in the assault will be accused of murdering no matter who directly harm the victim.<ref name=":6" /> Self-defence is not considered as an assault only if no retaliation to anther’s provocation is being done.<ref name=":6" /> Depending on each country’s laws and gravity of the situation, participants will have to face either a fine or be imprisoned. In the US, each local has their own regulations. The penalty therefore varies from state to state. In Australia, the maximum penalty for offence of fighting in public is a $1,250 fine or 3 months of imprisons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fighting in a Public Place {{!}} Possible Defences, Likely Penalties|url=https://www.caldicottlawyers.com.au/criminal-offences/assault-violence/fighting-in-a-public-place|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Caldicott Lawyers|language=en-US}}</ref>

In terms of economics, street fights result in damage to social infrastructure. In 2000, a fund worth approximately 9 million euros was spent in order to repair previous three-year demolition done by street fighters.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=de la Calle Robles|first=Luis|date=2007-06-01|title=Fighting for Local Control: Street Violence in the Basque Country|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00458.x|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=51|issue=2|pages=431–455|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2478.2007.00458.x|issn=0020-8833}}</ref> In 1995 in Basque city, the destruction of public transport resulting from street fights cost 2.5 million euros.<ref name=":7" />

== Underground street fight clubs ==
[[File:MenFight.jpg|thumb|Fight between 2 men]]
Street fights used to happen in the dark, out of communal sight.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Hauser|first=Thomas|title=Underground Fight Clubs and The New York State Athletic Commission|url=https://www.boxingscene.com/underground-fight-clubs-new-york-state-athletic-commission--148236|access-date=2021-05-17|website=BoxingScene.com|language=en-us}}</ref> With the exposure to social media, however, street fights have become more transparent.<ref name=":10" /> Organisers that help with professional street fight setup are known as clubs, which are run on a money-oriented basis.<ref name=":10" /> Some street fight clubs even obtain authoritative approval, meaning these sanctioning entities are running under the supervision of a certified regulator.<ref name=":10" /> Any fights that are not in compliance with the authoriser rules and regulations is considered illegal and the participants will have to face legal penalty.<ref name=":10" /> The venue of the fight is changed every time for confidential protection and will be announced on the fight day.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Delgado|first=David|date=2018-03-15|title=Step into the ring at an underground fight club|url=https://theundefeated.com/features/rumble-in-the-bronx-underground-fight-club-photos/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=The Undefeated|language=en-US}}</ref> Amongst incentives that draw people into underground street fights, money oriented and intention seeking are the two most fundamental one.<ref name=":10" /> In order to qualify for the fight, attendees have to go through a registration process.<ref name=":11" /> The fight is either between two randomly matched applicants whose identity will be kept until the matching day<ref name=":10" /> or between two attendees with unresolved conflicts.<ref name=":11" /> Attendees are required to comply with the rules set by the club.<ref name=":11" /> The grant price is usually given to the winner only, but sometimes both people can be paid.<ref name=":10" /> The club is funded by entrance tickets sold to audiences with undisclosed amounts.<ref name=":10" /> The audience may have to go through a security check for weapons as it is not allowed inside the venue.<ref name=":11" /> On several occasions, the audience gamble on the result of the fight, particularly, they place their bet on one of the attendees that they expect to win in the hope of a worthy return.<ref name=":10" /> The fight lasts for three rounds, sometimes an additional round is conducted for the reason that the crowd’s provocation fuels the combativeness of the attendees.<ref name=":10" />

== Street fighters ==

* [[Bruce Lee]]: A martial artist who is well-known for his achievement in Kung Fu. With his respect to the spirit and aesthetics of the original Kung Fu, he criticised the impracticality of academic Kung Fu, saying it is unsuitable for real street fight.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Lopez|first=Delano|title=The Original Street Fighting Man {{!}} Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective|url=https://origins.osu.edu/review/original-street-fighting-man|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-17|website=origins.osu.edu}}</ref> Therefore, he brought Kung Fu from practice into actual street fighting, emphasising the dynamic side of street fight – alive and unpredictable. Based on his research and analyses, he came up with his own Jeet Kune Do, publicising the visibility of Kung Fu to America.<ref name=":12" />
* [[Kimbo Slice|Kevin Ferguson]]: He is better known as “Kimbo Slice”. He started his career as a street fighter fighting in underground street fight.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Kimbo Slice {{!}} MMA Fighter Page|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/kimbo-slice|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Tapology|language=en}}</ref> He gained public recognition after the footage of him defeating his opponents went viral on the Internet.<ref name=":13" /> The nickname “Kimbo Slice” was given to him after his Youtube opponent’s face got a slash.<ref name=":13" />
* [[Tank Abbott]]: He engaged in many street fights before began his professional career at UFC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Abbott ("Tank") {{!}} MMA Fighter Page|url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/david-abbott-tank|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Tapology|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chuck Wepner]]: A retired professional boxer. He was once a street fighter and took part in multiple street fights from a young age.<ref name=":2" />

== Bar fights ==
{{See also|Drinking culture}}
A ''bar fight'', sometimes known as a ''pub brawl'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Man guilty of clerk's murder in pub brawl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-50463252 |access-date=3 January 2020 |date=18 November 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref> is a type of street fight that happens in [[Bar (establishment)|bar]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leary |first1=James P. |title=Fists and Foul Mouths: Fights and Fight Stories in Contemporary Rural American Bars |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=1976 |volume=89 |issue=351 |pages=27–39 |doi=10.2307/539544 |language=en|jstor=539544 }}</ref> [[pub]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berthelot |first1=Emily R. |last2=Brown |first2=Timothy C. |last3=Drawve |first3=Grant |last4=Burgason |first4=Kyle A. |title=The Southern Pub Crawl and Brawl: An Examination of the Alcohol–Violence Nexus in a Southern City |journal=Deviant Behavior |date=25 March 2015 |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=605–624 |doi=10.1080/01639625.2014.951575 |language=en}}</ref> and [[tavern]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bar fight leads to three arrests in Southington |url=https://www.myrecordjournal.com/News/Southington/Southington-News/Bar-fight-in-Plantsville-section-of-Southington-leads-to-three-arrests,-minor-injuries.html |access-date=3 January 2020 |work=Meriden Record-Journal |date=15 October 2019 |location=Southington, CT |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mutual combat]]
* [[Gouging (fighting style)]]
* [[Jailhouse rock (fighting style)]]
* [[Streetbeefs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Combat]]
[[Category:Martial arts terminology]]
[[Category:Riots]]
[[Category:Street culture|Fighting]]
[[Category:Violence]]

Direct impingement

2020-07-19T23:27:36Z

Honnis: Gas traveling directly from the cartridge to the bolt would not travel through the barrel or the gas block or the gas tube or the gaskey. This is a very indirect route that the gas takes from the cartridge to the bolt. The usage of the word "direct" in the term "direct impingement" is a good example of a common misnomer. A less common but more accurate term to describe this system is "gas impingement".

'''Direct impingement''' is a type of [[gas-operated|gas operation]] for a [[firearm]] that directs gas from a fired [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] indirectly (through the barrel, through a gas block, and then through a gas tube) into the [[Bolt (firearms)|bolt]] carrier or slide assembly to cycle the [[action (firearms)|action]].

== Evaluation ==

{{undue weight|date=May 2016}}

Firearms featuring a direct impingement design tend to be lighter and shorter, but are also dirtier, due to the exposure of the firearm's internal moving parts to fouling from cartridge propellant gases. Such firearms are thus potentially less reliable as a result.

Unlike conventional [[Gas-operated reloading|gas-operated firearms]], direct impingement does away with a separate gas cylinder, piston, and operating rod assembly. High-pressure gas acts directly upon the bolt and carrier, thereby saving weight, lowering manufacturing costs, and reducing the mass of the operating parts, and thereby the wear on mechanical parts due to movement. By removing the gas piston, the potential amount of moving mass is lowered, thus decreasing the potential for a disrupted sight picture.
[[File:DIRECTM16.gif|250px|thumb|left|direct impingement]]

The main disadvantage of direct impingement is that the [[breech-loading weapon|breech]] of the firearm's firing mechanism becomes fouled more quickly due to being exposed to the residues of the burned cartridge propellant. This is caused by particles suspended in high-temperature gas [[condense|condensing]] on the bolt face and primary operating mechanism. The combustion gases contain vaporized metals, carbon, and impurities in a gaseous state until they contact the relatively cooler operating parts. These deposits increase friction on the bolt's camming system leading to malfunctions, so that frequent and thorough cleaning is required to ensure reliability. The amount of fouling depends upon the rifle's design as well as the type of propellant powder used. For example, the French MAS 44 and [[MAS 49]] series of rifles was known to have been successfully operated for years with corrosive-primed ammunition using ordinary field cleaning expedients such as gasoline (as solvent) and straight-grade motor oil (as lubricant).{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}.

A further disadvantage of direct impingement is that combustion gases heat the bolt and bolt carrier as the firearm operates. This heating causes essential lubricant to be "burned off". Lack of proper lubrication is the most common source of weapon malfunctions. These combined factors reduce service life of these parts, reliability, and [[mean time between failures]].<ref>Major Thomas P. Ehrhart Increasing Small Arms Lethality in Afghanistan: Taking Back the Infantry Half-Kilometer. US Army. 2009</ref>

The operation of the system is highly dependent on the length of both barrel and gas tube which transports gas from the barrel to the bolt. Using too short a gas tube can result in increased pressure inside the bolt assembly and increased rate of automatic fire, both of which can have detrimental effect on the weapon and accuracy of shots. The use of a [[suppressor]] also increases gas pressure, further aggravating the situation. The problem can be reduced by using a longer gas tube, moving the gas port on the barrel further forward, and/or by installing an adjustable gas block to provide the right amount of gas pressure depending on the desired operating mode.

==History==
The first experimental rifle using a direct impingement system was the French [[Rossignol ENT]] B1 automatic rifle followed by Rossignol's B2, B4 and B5. The first successful production weapon was the [[MAS-49 rifle|MAS 40 rifle]] adopted in March 1940. The Swedish [[Automatgevär m/42]] is another well-known example. Both the French and Swedish rifles use a simple system whereby the gas tube acts as a piston with a cylinder recess in the bolt carrier.

The original [[AR-10]] action (later developed into the [[ArmaLite AR-15]] and [[M16 rifle]]) designed by [[Eugene Stoner]] is commonly called a direct impingement system, but it does not utilize a conventional direct impingement system. In {{US Patent|2951424}}, the designer states: ″This invention is a true expanding gas system instead of the conventional impinging gas system.″ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents?id=ETJjAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Patent US2951424 - GAS OPERATED BOLT AND CARRIER SYSTEM |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-11}}</ref> Gas is routed from a port in the barrel through a gas tube, directly to a chamber inside the bolt carrier. The bolt within the bolt carrier is fitted with [[piston ring]]s to contain the gas. In effect, the bolt and carrier act as a gas piston and cylinder.

==See also==
*[[Glossary of firearms terminology]]
*[[Repeating rifle]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Centre des archives de l'armement, Châtellerault. National Armament Archives Center.
* Huon, Jean. Proud Promise—French Semiautomatic Rifles: 1898-1979, Collector Grade Publications,1995,{{ISBN|0-88935-186-4}}
* United States Patent Office, Patent No. 2951424 - Gas Operated Bolt and Carrier System, Sep 6 1960.

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_JbH38dXjg How Does It Work: Direct Gas Impingement] Forgotten Weapons

[[Category:Firearm actions]]

Death Star

2020-06-15T10:16:48Z

Honnis: Added a word to make my previous edit fit more accurately with the original sentence structure.

{{Other uses}}
{{short description|Fictional moon-sized space station and superweapon}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox fictional vehicle
| name = Death Star
| image = Death star1.png
| alt = A spherical space station suspended in space
| caption = Original Death Star
| first = {{plain list|*''[[Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker]]'' (1976 novelization)
*''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977 theatrical film)}}
| last = ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019)
| affiliation = [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]
| launched = n/a, constructed in space.
| class = Space Battle Station
| max_speed = Faster than light speed
| fighters = TIE Fighters
| armaments = Superlaser
| defense = Turbolasers, Laser cannons, Tractor beams, and Ion cannons
| propulsion = Imperial Hyperdrive
| power = Able to destroy a [[planet]] with one shot of the superlaser.
| width = 120 km (Death Star I); 160 km to 900 km (Death Star II, varies depending on source and not mentioned in films)
}}
The '''Death Star''' is a fictional mobile [[space station]] and galactic [[Weapon of mass destruction|superweapon]] featured in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[Space opera|space-opera]] franchise. The first giant planet-killing space station known as the "Death Star" appeared on the 1965 film "Attack from Space". Both the concept and name were plagiarized in the [[Star Wars (film)|original ''Star Wars'' film]],{{EpIV}}. The first Star Wars version is stated to be more than {{convert|120|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=}} in diameter, and is crewed by an estimated 1.7 million military personnel and 400,000 [[Droid (Star Wars)|droids]].<ref name="Star Wars: Complete Locations">Star Wars: Complete Locations</ref><ref name="Star Wars: Death Star Battles">{{cite book|last1=Beecroft|first1=Simon|title=Star Wars: Death Star Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/starwars0000beec|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London, UK}}</ref> The second Death Star, which appears in ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', is significantly larger at between {{convert|160|km|mi}} to {{convert|900|km|mi}} in diameter, and technologically more powerful than its predecessor.

==Origin and design==
Although details, such as the superlaser's location, shifted between different concept models during production of [[Star Wars (film)|''Star Wars'']],{{EpIV}} the notion of the Death Star being a large, spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter was consistent in all of them.<ref name="dsbts">{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=bts|title=Death Star (Behind the Scenes)|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|work=Star Wars Databank|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041406/http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=bts|archivedate=June 29, 2011|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> George Lucas gave the original task of designing a "Death Star" to concept artist and spaceship modeler Colin Cantwell,<ref name=cnetcantwell/> who had collaborated with [[Stanley Kubrick]] on the 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name=sfgate16>{{Citation
| last =Pereira
| first =Alyssa
| date = September 27, 2016
| title ='Star Wars' star ships designer reveals inspiration behind Death Star, X-wing, and TIE fighter
| publisher =[[SFGate]]
| location =
| page =
| url =http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Star-Wars-star-ships-designer-reveals-9306807.php
| accessdate =January 14, 2017
}}</ref> In a 2016 interview, Cantwell related that "I didn't originally plan for the Death Star to have a trench, but when I was working with the mold, I noticed the two halves had shrunk at the point where they met across the middle." As it "would have taken a week of work just to fill and sand and refill this depression," Cantwell suggested a trench to Lucas to save the labor. Lucas liked the idea,<ref name=cnetcantwell>{{Citation
| last =Fashingbauer Cooper
| first =Gael
| date =September 29, 2016
| title =Star Wars Death Star's famed feature was a complete accident
| publisher =[[CNET]]
| url =https://www.cnet.com/news/star-wars-death-star-colin-cantwell-reddit-ama/
| accessdate =January 14, 2017
}}</ref><ref name=sfgate16/> and the Death Star model was created by [[John Stears]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/nyregion/john-stears-64-dies-film-effects-wizard.html "John Stears, 64, Dies; Film-Effects Wizard"]. New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013</ref><ref>[https://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/05/news/mn-53161 John Stears; Special Effects Genius Behind 007 and R2-D2""]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013</ref> The buzzing sound counting down to the Death Star firing its superlaser comes from the ''[[Flash Gordon]]'' serials.<ref name="sosw">{{cite book|title=The Sounds of Star Wars|first=J. W.|last=Rinzler|isbn=978-0-8118-7546-2|date=2010-09-01|publisher=Chronicle Books|page=82}}</ref> Portraying an incomplete yet powerful space station posed a problem for [[Industrial Light & Magic]]'s modelmakers for ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''.<ref name="ds2bts">{{cite web
|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstarii/?id=bts|title=Death Star II (Behind the Scenes)
|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|work=Star Wars Databank
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041415/http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstarii/?id=bts|archivedate=June 29, 2011|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> Only the front side of the 137-centimeter model was completed, and the image was flipped horizontally for the final film.<ref name="ds2bts" /> Both Death Stars were depicted by a combination of complete and sectional models and [[matte painting]]s.<ref name="dsbts" /><ref name="ds2bts" />

===Special effects===
[[File:Starwars explosion.jpg|thumb|The explosion special effect depicted in the 2004 Special Edition of ''A New Hope'']]
The Death Star explosions featured in the Special Edition of ''A New Hope'' and in ''Return of the Jedi'' are rendered with a [[Praxis effect]], wherein a flat ring of matter erupts from the explosion.

The grid plan animations shown during the Rebel briefing for the attack on the Death Star late in ''A New Hope'' were an actual computer-graphics simulation from the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] made by [[Larry Cuba]] and [[Gary Imhoff]] as part of a [[CalArts]] project, and had been included during filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/news/death-star-plans-are-in-the-main-computer-and-special-postcard|title=The Death Star Plans ARE in the Main Computer - StarWars.com|date=11 December 2014|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>

After filming was complete, the original model, as well as one of the surface setpieces, were to be thrown out; however, they were salvaged.<ref name="saving-the-death-star">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/saving-the-death-star-how-the-original-model-was-lost-and-found|title=Saving the Death Star: How the Original Model Was Lost and Found|author=Gus Lopez|work=StarWars.com|date=December 10, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="screenrant-original-model">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/original-death-star-model-saved-star-wars/|title=How the Original Death Star Model Nearly Ended Up in the Trash|author=Kevin Yeoman|work=ScreenRant|date=December 19, 2016|accessdate=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=ThrownOut>{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/ebay-is-auctioning-off-an-original-piece-of-the-death-s-1826358222|title=Ebay is Auctioning Off an Original Piece of the Death Star|author=Julie Muncy|work=io9|date=May 18, 2018|accessdate=January 19, 2019}}</ref>

==Depiction==
The original Death Star was introduced in the original ''Star Wars'' film, which later had elements of its backstory explored in ''[[Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Revenge of the Sith]]'', ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|The Clone Wars]]'', ''[[Star Wars Rebels|Rebels]]'', and ''[[Rogue One]]''. The second Death Star appears in ''Return of the Jedi'' and ''[[The Rise of Skywalker]]'', and a similar superweapon, the Starkiller Base, appears in ''[[The Force Awakens]]''. Both the original and second Death Star were [[Natural satellite|moon]]-sized and designed for massive [[Power projection|power-projection]] capabilities, capable of destroying an entire planet with a 6.2x1032 J/s power output blast from their superlasers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/g1638/death-star-physics-how-much-energy-does-it-take-to-blow-up-a-planet/|title=Death Star Physics: How Much Energy Does It Take to Blow Up a Planet?|first=John|last=Brandon|publisher=PopularMechanics.com|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=November 23, 2016}}</ref>

===Original Death Star===
[[File:Vaderrots.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Emperor Palpatine]] (left) and [[Darth Vader]] (right) oversee the First Death Star construction in ''[[Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]]''.]]

The original Death Star's completed form appears in the [[Star Wars (film)|original ''Star Wars'' film]],{{EpIV}} known as the '''''DS-1'' Orbital Battle Station''', or '''Project Stardust''' in ''Rogue One''; before learning the true name of the weapon, the Rebel Alliance referred to it as the "Planet Killer".<ref name="rogue-one-film" /> Commanded by [[Grand Moff Tarkin|Governor Tarkin]], it is the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]'s "ultimate weapon",{{efn|The space station is also called "Ultimate Weapon" by the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS), who commissioned the original designs.}} a huge spherical battle station 120 kilometers in diameter capable of destroying a planet with one shot of its superlaser. The film opens with [[Princess Leia]] transporting the station's [[schematics]] to the [[Rebel Alliance]] to aid them in destroying the Death Star. To mark the Death Star being fully operational, Tarkin orders the Death Star to destroy Leia's home world of [[Alderaan]] in an attempt to press her into giving him the location of the secret Rebel headquarters; she gives them the location of [[Dantooine]] which housed a now-deserted Rebel base, but Tarkin has Alderaan destroyed anyway as a demonstration of the Empire's resolve. Later, [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Han Solo]], [[Chewbacca]], [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]], [[C-3PO]], and [[R2-D2]] are pulled aboard the station by a [[tractor beam]], where they discover and manage to rescue Princess Leia. As they make their escape, Obi-Wan sacrifices himself whilst duelling [[Darth Vader]], enabling the others to flee the station. Later, Luke returns as part of a fighter force to attack its only weak point: a ray-shielded particle exhaust vent leading straight from the surface directly into its reactor core. Luke is able to successfully launch his [[X-wing fighter]]'s torpedoes into the vent, impacting the core and triggering a catastrophic explosion, which destroys the station before it can use its superlaser weapon to annihilate the Rebel base on Yavin 4.<ref name="star wars 4">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1977|medium=DVD|edition=2004}}</ref>

The first Death Star's schematics are visible in the scenes on [[Geonosis]] in ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'' showcasing the early development of the Death Star prototype. The Death Star plans were designed by [[Geonosian]]s led by Archduke [[Poggle the Lesser]], a member of the [[Confederacy of Independent Systems]],<ref name="star wars 2">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 16, 2002}}</ref> and is shown early in construction at the end of ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]''.<ref name="star wars 3">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 19, 2005}}</ref> The Death Star plans are a central plot-point in the 2016 film ''Rogue One'' and the original 1977 film ''Star Wars''.<ref name="rogue-one-film">{{cite AV media|people=Edwards, Gareth (Director)|title=[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|date=December 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="star wars 4-quote">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1977|quote='''General Tagge:''' If the Rebels have obtained a complete technical readout of this station, it is possible, however unlikely, that they might find a weakness and exploit it.}}</ref>
The Death Star began as a Geonosian design,<ref name="star wars 2" /> but became operational after nearly two decades of work by a team of brilliant scientists sequestered on the rainswept world of [[Eadu]]. Led by a reluctant [[Galen Erso]], the Death Star scientists seek to fuse [[kyber crystal]] shards into larger structures and use those crystals to amplify energy into a stable beam powerful enough to destroy an entire planet.<ref name="rogue-one-catalyst-novel">{{cite book |last=Luceno |first=James |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel |publisher=Del Rey Books |page= |isbn=978-0-345-51149-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/catalystrogueone00luce }}</ref>{{Pages needed|date=April 2019}}

''The Clone Wars'' Legacy story reel from the unfinished ''Crystal Crisis on Utapau'' episodes revealed that [[General Grievous]] went to Utapau prior to ''Revenge of the Sith'' in order to acquire an enormous kyber crystal, which was required to power the Death Star's super laser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/video/star-wars-the-clone-wars-story-reel-a-death-on-utapau|title=Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Story Reel: A Death on Utapau - Star Wars: The Clone Wars|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>

A hologram from the original Death Star is briefly visible in a scene at the Resistance base in ''The Force Awakens'' and used as a means of comparison with one from the [[First Order (Star Wars)|First Order]]'s own superweapon, Starkiller Base.<ref name="star wars 7">{{cite AV media|people=Abrams, J.J. (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|date=December 18, 2015}}</ref> (The Planet Ilum)

In the animated series ''Star Wars Rebels'', the two-part episode "Ghost of Geonosis" hinted that the Geonosians were nearly wiped out to extinction out of the Empire's need for secrecy. [[Saw Gerrera]], having been sent to Geonosis to investigate, deduced the Empire possesses a superweapon and resolved to discover the Death Star as depicted in the final season two-parter "In the Name of the Rebellion." Though it was a dead-end, finding only scientists being abducted by the Empire, Saw learned the weapon is powered by kyber crystals taken from the Jedha system.

The [[Star Wars#Anthology films|anthology film]] ''[[Rogue One]]'' focuses on a band of Rebels stealing the plans for the first Death Star prior to the events of ''A New Hope''. The Death Star project was overseen by [[Orson Krennic]], the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military. Under Krennic's supervision, the project was beset by constant delays, and he forcibly recruited weapons designer Galen Erso (the father of Jyn Erso, the movie's main protagonist) to complete the design; nevertheless, it was another fifteen years before the Death Star was operational. The Death Star's primary laser was powered by kyber crystals mined from the desert moon of [[Jedha]], and is first used to destroy Jedha City both as a response to a violent insurgency on the planet, and as a display of the Death Star's operational status to restore the Empire's confidence in the project. Grand Moff Tarkin assumes control over the Death Star while Krennic investigates security breaches in the design project. It is subsequently revealed that Galen discreetly sabotaged the design by building a vulnerability into the reactor. This is the same vulnerability that Luke Skywalker takes advantage of during the events of ''A New Hope''. After the Death Star plans are stolen from the Scarif vault, Tarkin fires the Death Star's superlaser on the base killing Krennic, as well as Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor.<ref name="rogue-one-film" /> ''Rogue One'' also reveals that the Death Star's superlaser is powered by multiple reactors, allowing it to vary its destructive power depending on the target. Skeptical of the station's power, Tarkin ordered that it first be tested on Jedha City using a single reactor. Near the end of ''Rogue One'', a second single-reactor test would destroy their installation on Scarif, along with the Rebel strike force who had successfully stolen the station's plans. This is consistent with the canon continuity in ''Star Wars'', since the destruction of the planet Alderaan would be the first time the Death Star fired the superlaser with ''all'' reactors employed so Tarkin could declare the battlestation "fully operational".

The canonical population of the first Death Star was 1.7 million military personnel, 400,000 maintenance droids, and 250,000 civilians/ associated contractors.<ref name="Star Wars: Complete Locations"/><ref name="Star Wars: Death Star Battles"/>
The first Death Star was defended by thousands of turbolasers, ion cannons and laser cannons, plus a complement of seven to nine thousand TIE fighters, along with tens of thousands of support craft. It also had several massive docking bays, including dry docks capable of accommodating Star Destroyers.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

The 2014 book ''[[Star Wars: Tarkin]]'' detailed the life of Grand Moff Tarkin, and prominently featured the first Death Star. The theme of the construction of the Death Star is continued in the 2016 book, ''[[Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel]]'', which tells the story of the development of the Death Star's superweapon by the scientist, Galen Erso and Krennic's deception of him. It also reveals how Poggle worked with Krennic on the Project but then turned on him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star|url=http://movieweb.com/star-wars-rogue-one-prequel-novel-death-star-origins/|accessdate=21 September 2016|agency=MovieWeb.com|date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

===Second Death Star===
[[File:DeathStar2.jpg|thumb|alt=The second Death Star|The second Death Star]]

''Return of the Jedi'' features a second Death Star still under construction as it orbits the forest moon of the planet [[Endor (Star Wars)|Endor]]. Besides it being larger, it also fixed the flaws found in its predecessor, so the Rebel Alliance's only hope is to destroy it prior to its completion. [[Emperor Palpatine]] and Darth Vader send the Rebels false information that the station's weapons systems are not yet operational in order to lure the Alliance fleet into a trap, resulting in the decisive Battle of Endor. Compared to its predecessor, the second Death Star's superlaser is more advanced as it can be fired every few minutes instead of needing 24 hours to recharge, while improved targeting computers could track smaller targets such as capital ships. The unfinished battle station had been protected by a planetary shield projector deployed on the forest moon of Endor, but this was taken out by a ground assault team led by Han Solo with the help of the native [[Ewok]]s. Rebel pilots [[Wedge Antilles]] and [[Lando Calrissian]] flew into the reactor core, with Antilles in his X-wing first taking out the power regulator with proton torpedoes, and Calrissian in the ''[[Millennium Falcon]]'' (co-piloted by [[Nien Nunb]]) striking the main reactor with concussion missiles, setting off a chain reaction that destroyed the battle station.<ref name="star wars 6">{{cite AV media|people=Marquand, Richard (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1983|medium=DVD|edition=2004}}</ref>

An early draft of the film featured two Death Stars at various stages of completion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-star-wars-ret-1383276948|title=10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Star Wars: Return of the Jedi|last=Anders|first=Charlie Jane|website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=April 16, 2019}}</ref>

The second Death Star is featured in the cover of the book ''[[Star Wars: Aftermath]]'' (2015), which also features many flashbacks to the destruction of the second Death Star, as well as the events directly after its destruction. One of the main characters in the story personally escaped the explosion of the Death Star. The destruction of the second Death Star was also shown in holograms in the book.{{citation needed|date=June 2017|reason=Star Wars Aftermath novel}} The 2015 comic book ''[[Star Wars: Shattered Empire]]'' also explores the days following the destruction of the second Death Star from the perspective of [[Poe Dameron]]'s parents, who were pilots during the event. The video game ''[[Star Wars: Uprising]]'' also takes place during the aftermath of the second Death Star's destruction, and features a hologram of its description on multiple occasions in and out of cutscenes.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The wreckage of the second Death Star makes an appearance in ''[[The Rise of Skywalker]]'', on the ocean moon [[Kef Bir]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bankhurst |first=Adam |title=Star Wars: Location Where Death Star II Crashed Identified |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/10/23/star-wars-location-where-death-star-ii-crashed-identified |accessdate=October 23, 2019 |date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

===Similar superweapons===
The 2019 comic ''[[Star Wars (2015 comic book)|Star Wars]]'' #68 reveals that the Rebels considered creating their own version of a Death Star by luring [[Star Destroyer]]s to a [[Plate tectonics|tectonically]] unstable planet and setting it off with proton detonators.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dyce |first=Andrew |title=Star Wars Reveals The REBELS' Version of The Death Star |url=https://screenrant.com/star-wars-rebels-death-star-planet-comic/ |website=Screen Rant |accessdate=October 6, 2019 |date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>

====Starkiller Base====
''The Force Awakens'' features '''Starkiller Base''', the [[kyber crystal]] rich planet called Ilum converted into a superweapon built by the First Order. Significantly larger than either the first or second Death Star, and unlike either of those cost-prohibitive space stations, this superweapon cut costs by [[terraforming]] an existing planet.{{efn|Speculated to be [[Ilum (Star Wars)|Ilum]] from [[The Gathering (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)]] episode, as official reference guides state both the planet and Starkiller Base to be {{convert|660|km|mi}} in diameter. Additionally, the video game ''[[Jedi: Fallen Order]]'' depicts the planet with a giant trench resembling the superweapon's appearance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goslin |first=Austen |title=Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order may confirm a long-held fan theory about Force Awakens |url=https://www.polygon.com/star-wars/2019/11/21/20974456/star-wars-jedi-fallen-starkiller-base-ilum-planet |website=Polygon |accessdate=December 5, 2019 |date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>}} The base draws its raw firepower directly from a star but it requires time to draw enough energy—this stored energy is enough to obliterate multiple planets at once,<ref>{{cite web |title=Starkiller Base |url=https://www.starwars.com/databank/starkiller-base |website=StarWars.com |accessdate=22 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> making it a far deadlier superweapon than the Death Star.

In the film, the weapon is used to simultaneously destroy five New Republic planets within the same [[star system]]. [[General Hux]] gives an incendiary speech while Starkiller Base demonstrates its lethality by obliterating the five planets of the [[Hosnian Prime]] system (at that time the location of the New Republic's government, which rotated every few years). After [[Rey (Star Wars)|Rey]] was captured by [[Kylo Ren]], he interrogated her within the base. Han, Chewbacca and [[Finn (Star Wars)|Finn]] approached the base at light-speed because Starkiller's shield kept out anything going under the speed of light. They found Rey and successfully lowered the protective shields, enabling an X-wing assault led by [[Poe Dameron]] and Nien Nunb to destroy the superweapon, with Poe firing the crucial, destructive shots.<ref>{{cite web |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=It's the Resistance! |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/its-the-resistance |website=StarWars.com |accessdate=April 14, 2019 |date=May 2, 2016}}</ref> As the Resistance forces flee, the base implodes, forming a star.

The name Starkiller Base pays homage to the early drafts of the original ''Star Wars'' film, referring to Luke Skywalker's original surname.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars--a-new-hope/chewbacca-peter-mayhew-original-script/|title=The Adventures Of Luke Starkiller': Peter Mayhew releases pages from his 1976 Star Wars script|last=Hawkes|first=Rebecca|date=February 18, 2016|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/3914183/star-wars-original-script/|title=Original Star Wars Script Found, Solves Long-Running Mystery|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=June 9, 2015|website=Time|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> Coincidentally, the name "[[Starkiller]]" is an alias given to Galen Marek by Darth Vader in the 2008 game, ''[[Star Wars: The Force Unleashed]]''. During early concept development, artist [[Doug Chiang]] envisioned the superweapon's gun as set inside a volcano, which X-wings would have to enter in a maneuver similar to the trench run on the Death Star in the original film.<ref>{{cite book|last=Szostak|first=Phil|title=The Art of 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens'|year=2015|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-1-4197-1780-2|page=58}}</ref>

====Sith Eternal fleet====
In ''The Rise of Skywalker'', the ninth installment in the series, the resurrected Emperor Palpatine is revealed to have created a shadow empire on the hidden planet of Exegol, where his servants constructed thousands of ''Xyston''-class Star Destroyers. Each of these vessels was armed with an axial superlaser that could destroy planets; one of these ships was deployed ahead of the main fleet and used to destroy a planet known to harbor Resistance members. Later, a small force of Resistance ships was forced to confront the entire fleet of Star Destroyers; at the moment before they would be overwhelmed, however, reinforcements led by Lando Calrissian arrived and wiped out the fleet of planet-killers.

===''Legends''===
Both Death Stars and similar superweapons appear throughout the non-canonical [[Star Wars expanded to other media|''Star Wars'' Legends]] continuity.
[[National Public Radio]]'s [[Star Wars (radio)|''A New Hope'' adaptation]] (1981) portrays Leia (Ann Sachs) and [[Bail Organa]]'s ([[Stephen Elliott (actor)|Stephen Elliott]]) discovery of the Death Star's existence and how Leia obtained its schematics. The [[Star Wars (1983 video game)|1983 ''Star Wars'' arcade game]] and numerous [[LucasArts]] titles recreate the movies' attacks on the Death Stars.

[[Kevin J. Anderson]]'s ''[[Jedi Academy trilogy|Jedi Academy]]'' trilogy (1994) introduces the Maw Cluster of [[black hole]]s that protect a laboratory where the Death Star prototype was built (consisting of the superstructure, power core, and superlaser).{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The first level of LucasArts' ''[[Dark Forces]]'' (1995) gives mercenary [[Kyle Katarn]] the role of stealing the plans which are subsequently given to Leia. [[Steve Perry (author)|Steve Perry]]'s novel ''[[Shadows of the Empire (novel)|Shadows of the Empire]]'' (1996) describes a mission that leads to the Rebels learning of the second Death Star's existence, and that mission is playable in LucasArts' ''[[X-Wing Alliance]]'' [[combat flight simulator]] (1999). The Death Star itself is a controllable weapon for the Empire in the ''[[Star Wars: Rebellion (video game)|Rebellion]]'' (1998) and ''[[Empire at War]]'' (2006) strategy game.{{efn|In ''Empire at War'', if the Imperial fleet defending the Death Star is defeated and the hero unit of Red Squadron is present, the Death Star will be destroyed.}} In ''[[Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)|Battlefront II]]'' (2005), the player participates in a mission to secure crystals used in the Death Star's superlaser.<ref name="battlefront-ii-2005">{{cite video game |title=[[Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)|Star Wars: Battlefront II]] |developer=Pandemic Studios|publisher=LucasArts |date=November 1, 2005 |level=Fall of the Old Republic - 501st Journal - Mygeeto: Amongst the Ruins|quote=What Ki-Adi-Mundi didn't know, however, was that our unit of the 501st was really after an experimental Mygeetan power source, that the Chancellor [Palpatine] wanted for his superlaser.}}</ref> Another mission in the game tasks the player with acting as a [[Imperial stormtrooper|stormtrooper]] or Darth Vader in an attempt to recover the plans and capture Leia. The first Death Star under construction acts as the final stage in the video game ''[[The Force Unleashed]]'' (2008).<ref name="the-force-unleashed">{{cite video game |title=[[Star Wars: The Force Unleashed]] |developer=LucasArts |date=September 16, 2008}}</ref>

The first Death Star's construction is the subject of [[Michael Reaves]] and Steve Perry's novel ''Death Star'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |last=Stuever |first=Hank |date=November 11, 2007 |title='I've always thought that Luke felt pretty bad for a few days after it was over.': Good Morning, Mr. Vader! Author Michael Reaves Ponders the Death Star as a Truly Hostile Workplace |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/09/AR2007110900610.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 13, 2019}}</ref> which depicts the many politics and hidden agendas behind the massive project, from its construction up until its final destruction. The hardcover edition charted on the US bestsellers list in its first week after release.<ref>(October 29, 2007). "Hardcover Bestsellers: Fiction", ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' '''254''' (43): 12.</ref>

The first Death Star is depicted in various sources of having a crew of 265,675, as well as 52,276 gunners, 607,360 troops, 30,984 stormtroopers, 42,782 ship support staff, and 180,216 pilots and support crew.<ref name="dseu">{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=eu|title=Death Star (Expanded Universe)|work=Star Wars Databank|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref> Its hangars contain assault shuttles, blastboats, Strike cruisers, land vehicles, support ships, and 7,293 [[TIE fighter]]s.<ref name="dstc">{{cite book|title=Death Star Technical Companion|publisher=[[West End Games]]|first=Bill|last=Slavicsek|date=1991-06-01}}</ref> It is also protected by 10,000 turbolaser batteries, 2,600 [[ion cannon]]s, and at least 768 tractor beam projectors.<ref name="dstc" /> Various sources state that the first Death Star has a [[diameter]] of between 140 and 160 kilometers.<ref name="dseu" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57380925-1/finally-a-cost-estimate-for-building-a-real-death-star/|title=Finally, a cost estimate for building a real Death Star|last=Mack|first=Eric|date=19 February 2012|work=[[CNET]]|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars, Episodes IV, V & VI: The Ultimate Guide to Star Wars Vehicles and Spacecraft|first=David|last=Reynolds|isbn=0-7894-3480-6|publisher=DK Children|date=1998-10-05}}</ref> There is a broader range of figures for the second Death Star's diameter, ranging from 160 to 900 kilometers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slavicsek |first=Bill |authorlink1=Bill Slavicsek |title=A Guide to the Star Wars Universe |date=1994 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=9780345386250 |edition=rev. and expanded |p=120}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inside the Worlds of Star Wars, Episodes IV, V, & VI: The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations|publisher=DK Children|date=2004-08-16|isbn=0-7566-0307-2}}{{pn|date=April 2020}}</ref>

====DS-X Prototype Battle Station====
In the ''Legends'' works ''Death Star'' (2007), ''[[Dark Empire II]]'', ''Jedi Search'' and ''[[Champions of the Force]]'', an experimental Death Star prototype, '''DS-X''' (a durasteel frame surrounding a reactor core, superlaser, engines and a control room) was conceived by Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin as a test bed for the first Death Star. It was constructed by Bevel Lemelisk and his engineers at the Empire's secret Maw Installation. The prototype measured 120 kilometers in diameter. Its superlaser was only powerful enough to destroy a planet's core, rendering it an uninhabitable "dead planet". The targeting system on the prototype was never calibrated and the superlaser was inefficient, leaving the weapon's batteries drained. The prototype had no interior except a slave-linked control room, hyperdrive engines and other components; the station operated with skeleton-crew of 75 personnel.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Although ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] confirmed that the plans featured in ''Attack of the Clones'' and the under-construction facility in ''Revenge of the Sith'' was the original Death Star,{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} ''Star Wars: The New Essential Chronology'' [[retcon]]ned the DS-X prototype into being separate from the main Death Star.

====Death Star III====
In the Disney attraction ''[[Star Tours - The Adventures Continue]]'', guests can travel inside an incomplete Death Star during one of the randomized ride sequences. In the original Star Tours, a '''''Death Star III''''' is seen and destroyed during the ride sequence by the New Republic. [[Leland Chee]] originally created the third Death Star to explain why a Death Star is present on the ''[[Star Tours]]'' ride when both of the stations in the movies were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/news/convenient-daily-departures-the-history-of-star-tours|title=Convenient Daily Departures: The History of Star Tours - StarWars.com|date=22 August 2013|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> The station being built near the Forest Moon of Endor like the second Death Star before. It is similar to an original concept for ''Return of the Jedi'', where two Death Stars would have been built near Had Abbadon (then the Imperial capital world). The ''Habitation'' spheres, based on the Imperials' suspicious claims that they were designed strictly for peaceful purposes, were suggested by some fans to have been the origin for the Death Star III. This was later revealed to be the case in Part 2 of the StarWars.com Blog series ''The Imperial Warlords: Despoilers of an Empire''. In the ''Legends'' game ''[[Star Wars: Tiny Death Star]]'', a random HoloNet entry states that one of the residents of the Death Star is simply staying there until he can afford to stay at the third Death Star.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

====Other superweapons====
A prototype version of the Death Star can be found in Kevin J. Anderson's novel ''[[Jedi Search]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Kevin J.|title=Jedi Search|year=1994|isbn=0-553-29798-8|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSbTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271}}</ref> It was kept at the Maw Installation, an Imperial research institute in a cluster of black holes, and later deployed by Tol Sivron after the Maw Installation was invaded by the New Republic. The prototype was ineffective, missing its target and instead destroying an Imperial garrison moon the sole time it was fired in combat. After this, the prototype was later destroyed when it was led into the black holes of the cluster.

In the original Marvel [[Star Wars (1977 comic book)|''Star Wars'' comic series]], a superweapon called "The Tarkin" is built. It is described as being similar to the Death Star but with more energy. Darth Vader commands it and Luke, Leia, Chewbacca, {{nowrap|C-3PO}}, and R2-D2 sabotage it with Lando's help. It is finally destroyed by an Imperial officer attempting to use an ionic weapon to both attack the escaping Rebels and assassinate Vader.

In the ''[[Dark Empire]]'' comic series (1991–95), the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagships ''Eclipse'' and ''Eclipse II'' Super Star Destroyers (Star Dreadnoughts) have a miniaturized version of the Death Star superlaser.<ref>https://www.theforce.net/jedicouncil/interview/saxton.asp</ref> The first ''Eclipse'' was under construction at the time of the Emperor's death at Endor; shortly thereafter, it was briefly captured by pirates, who quickly abandoned it as an obvious target for the Rebels. The vessel was retrieved by remnants of the Empire and completed, and later served as the flagship of the resurrected Palpatine. It was destroyed by a Force storm enhanced by Luke and Leia, who had been brought aboard by the Emperor in hopes that they could be converted to the dark side. The ''Eclipse II'' was mostly identical to its predecessor save for a handful of visual changes, and fulfilled the same purpose. It was later destroyed when an errant projectile from the destroyed Galaxy Gun, another superweapon developed under the returned Palpatine, fell onto the ship and caused a massive explosion that destroyed not only the ship and its accompanying fleet, but also the nearby Imperial citadel of [[Byss]].

In Kevin J. Anderson's novel ''[[Darksaber (novel)|Darksaber]]'' (1995), Death Star designer Bevel Lemelisk is recruited by the Hutts to build a superlaser weapon. Due to their refusal to sufficiently fund and supply the project, the resultant 'superweapon' is quickly destroyed by a combination of the tumultuous Hoth asteroid field in which it was built and the efforts of the New Republic. Lemelisk is captured and incarcerated by the Republic, and is later executed for his hand in the design and construction of Imperial superweapons.

The novel ''[[Children of the Jedi]]'' (1995) involves the return of ''Eye of Palpatine'', a "colossal, asteroid-shaped" super dreadnaught constructed at the behest of Emperor Palpatine during the second year of the Galactic Civil War. The Imperials lost control of the ''Eye'' when a Jedi used the Force to hijack the main computer with their spirits.

==Cultural influence==
{{Main|Cultural impact of Star Wars}}
The Death Star placed ninth in a 2008 [[20th Century Fox]] poll of the most popular movie weapons.<ref>{{cite news | author = Sophie Borland | title = Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2008-01-21 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576154/Lightsabre-wins-the-battle-of-movie-weapons.html | accessdate=2015-04-16 | location=London}}</ref>

It has been referred to outside of the ''Star Wars'' context in such examples as:

* [[AT&T Corporation]]'s logo introduced in 1982 is [[AT&T Information Systems|informally referred to as the "Death Star"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/bell_logos.html |title=Bell System Memorial- Bell Logo History |website= beatriceco.com|publisher=Porticus.org |date= |accessdate=January 13, 2018|quote= sterling silver American Bell logo (which we recognize as the post-divestiture AT&T "death star" logo)}}</ref> ''[[Ars Technica]]'' referred to "the AT&T Death Star" in an article criticizing a company data policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/att-have-you-no-shame/2/|page=2|title=AT&T, have you no shame?|first=Nate|last=Anderson|date=2012-08-23|accessdate=2012-08-23|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> Competitor [[T-Mobile]] mocked AT&T's "Death Star" logo and "Empire-like reputation" in a press release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consumerist.com/2014/01/29/t-mobile-claims-att-dismantles-death-star-in-mocking-press-release/|title=T-Mobile Claims "AT&T Dismantles Death Star" In Mocking Press Release|first=Chris|last=Morran|date=January 29, 2014|accessdate=January 29, 2014|work=[[The Consumerist]]|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]}}</ref>
* In [[Kevin Smith]]'s first feature film, ''[[Clerks]]'' (1994), one of the main characters points out that many independent contractors would have been killed in the second Death Star's destruction.<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Brett |title='Clerks' Changed the Way We Talk About Pop Culture with Its Iconic 'Star Wars' Convo |url=https://decider.com/2018/08/02/clerks-star-wars-contractors-kevin-smith/ |website=Decider |accessdate=September 13, 2019 |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> In the DVD [[audio commentary]] for ''Attack of the Clones'', George Lucas says that the inclusion of the holographic Death Star in the film implies that the Geonosians were the contractors discussed by "[[Jay and Silent Bob]]".<ref>{{cite av media|last=Lucas|first=George|title=Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones ''audio commentary''|medium=DVD |publisher=[[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]]|year=2002|time=121}}</ref>
* [[KTCK (AM)|KTCK]] (SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket) in Dallas were the first to use the term "Death Star" to describe the new mammoth Cowboys Stadium, now [[AT&T Stadium]], in [[Arlington, Texas]]. The term has since spread to local media and is generally accepted as a nickname for the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theunticket.com/the-new-death-star-stadium-texas-stadium/|title=The New Death Star Stadium – Texas Stadium|publisher=theunticket.com}}</ref>
* The [[Death Star (business)|Death Star strategy]] was the name [[Enron]] gave to one of their fraudulent business practices for manipulating California's [[energy market]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1020718637382274400|title=New Documents Show Enron Traders Manipulated California Energy Costs|first=Kathryn|last=Kranhold |author2=Bryan Lee |author3=Mitchel Benson|date=2002-05-07|accessdate=2008-08-21|work=Free Preview|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
* In the novels of the [[Bridge Trilogy]], the San Francisco Police Department admonishes its officers to stop referring to their surveillance satellite as the "Death Star".
* The video game ''[[Sonic The Hedgehog 2]]'', features a parody of the Death Star known as the Death Egg, a battle station created by [[Dr. Eggman]] that serves as the final level.
* The [[Trump 2020]] campaign calls itself the "Death Star".<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/05/07/trump-campaign-proclaims-death-star-biden-team-notes-got-blown-up/3088176001</ref>

[[File:Mimas PIA06258.jpg|thumb|upright|The large crater ([[Herschel (Mimantean crater)|Herschel]]) of the [[Saturn]]ian moon [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]] gives it a resemblance to the Death Star.]]

===Science===
{{see also|Physics and Star Wars}}
In 1981, following the ''[[Voyager program|Voyager]]'' spacecraft's flight past [[Saturn]], scientists noticed a resemblance between one of the planet's moons, [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], and the Death Star.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6999|title=Saturn's moon is Death Star's twin|date=2005-02-11|accessdate=2008-08-21|magazine=[[New Scientist]]|first=Kelly|last=Young|quote=Saturn's diminutive moon, Mimas, poses as the Death Star — the planet-destroying space station from the movie Star Wars — in an image recently captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft.}}</ref> Additionally, a few [[Astronomy|astronomers]]{{Who|date=January 2015}} sometimes use the term "Death Star" to describe [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)|Nemesis]], a hypothetical [[star]] postulated in 1984 to be responsible for [[gravitation]]ally forcing [[comet]]s and [[asteroid]]s from the [[Oort cloud]] toward [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/nemesis_010320-1.html|title=Nemesis: Does the Sun Have a 'Companion'?|publisher=[[Space.com]]|date=2001-04-03|accessdate=2008-08-21|first=Robert Roy|last=Britt|quote=Any one of them could be the Death Star, as Nemesis has come to be called by some.}}</ref>

===Merchandise===
[[Kenner Products|Kenner]] and [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]] created a playset and a model, respectively, of the first Death Star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=8976&cat=3383 |title=Death Star Space Station|work=SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery|publisher=[[Steve Sansweet]]|accessdate=2007-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165256/http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=8976&cat=3383 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=7909&cat=2967 |title=Death Star|work=SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery|publisher=[[Steve Sansweet]]|accessdate=2007-09-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165251/http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=7909&cat=2967 |archive-date=2007-10-13|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> In 2005 and 2008, [[Lego]] released models of [[List of Lego Star Wars sets#Episode VI: Return of the Jedi|Death Star II]] and [[List of Lego Star Wars sets#Episode IV: A New Hope|Death Star I]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/18167 |title=LEGO Death Star 10188 & 10143|work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |accessdate=2007-09-09 |publisher=[[Lucasfilm]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909150739/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/18167 |archivedate=2007-09-09 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://technabob.com/blog/2011/10/07/lego-star-wars-death-star-landing-bay-diorama |title=LEGO Star Wars Death Star Landing Bay Diorama Made from Over 30,000 Bricks |accessdate=2011-10-07 |date=2011-10-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008030058/http://technabob.com/blog/2011/10/07/lego-star-wars-death-star-landing-bay-diorama/ |archivedate=October 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="thebricklife.com">{{cite web | url=http://thebricklife.com/lego-death-star-review-set-10188/ | title=Lego Death Star – Review (Set 10188) |date=August 11, 2011 |access-date=2019-02-15 |author= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="fbtb.net">{{cite web | url=https://www.fbtb.net/lego-star-wars/2005/08/25/review-10143-death-star-ii/ | title=Review: 10143 Death Star II - FBTB |date=August 25, 2005 |access-date=2019-02-15 |author= |quote= }}</ref>
In 1979, [[Palitoy]] created a heavy card version of the Death Star as a playset for the vintage range of action figures in the UK, Australia and Canada. Both Death Stars are part of different [[Micro Machines]] three-packs.<ref>{{cite web |title=#X: T-16 Skyhopper, Lars Family Landspeeder, Death Star II (1996) |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11803 |publisher=Lucasfilm |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164951/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11803 |archivedate=2007-10-13 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=#XIV: Landing Craft, Death Star, Speeder Swoop (1998) |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11799 |publisher=Lucasfilm |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164946/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11799 |archivedate=2007-10-13 |df= }}</ref> The Death Stars and locations in them are cards in [[Decipher, Inc.]]'s and [[Wizards of the Coast]]'s [[Star Wars Customizable Card Game]] and [[Star Wars Trading Card Game]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.decipher.com/starwars/cardlists/swallcards.pdf |title=Star Wars Customizable Card Game Complete Card List |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher=[[Decipher, Inc.]] |date=2001-08-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014432/http://www.decipher.com/starwars/cardlists/swallcards.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-28 |df= }}</ref> [[Hasbro]] released a Death Star model that [[Transformers (toy line)|transforms]] into a Darth Vader [[mecha|mech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=browse&product_id=19856 |title=Star Wars TRANSFORMERS Darth Vader Death Star|accessdate=2008-01-05|publisher=[[Hasbro]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071221220850/http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=browse&product_id=19856  |archivedate = 2007-12-21}}</ref> [[Estes Industries]] released a flying model rocket version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udisco.com/hobbies/inv/ESTES.HTM |accessdate=2008-08-21 |title=ESTES INDUSTRIES INC. Model Rockets and Engines, #2143 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007003920/http://www.udisco.com/hobbies/inv/ESTES.HTM |archivedate=2008-10-07 |df= }}</ref>

A Death Star trinket box was also released by [[Royal Selangor]] in 2015, in conjunction with the December screening of ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' that year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalselangor.com/products/trinket-box-death-star-016808r |title=Royal Selangor - Pewter - Products - Trinket Box, Death Star |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120206/http://www.royalselangor.com/products/trinket-box-death-star-016808r |archivedate=2015-12-08 |df= }}</ref> and in 2016, Plox released the official levitating Death Star Speaker<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninjabox.com.au/collections/star-wars/products/plox-star-wars-death-star-levitating-bluetooth-speaker |title=Official Star Wars Levitating Death Star Bluetooth Speaker by Plox|last=Accessories|first=Ninjabox Australia {{!}} Latest Tech Gadgets &|website=Ninjabox Australia {{!}} Latest Tech Gadgets & Accessories|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210643/https://www.ninjabox.com.au/collections/star-wars/products/plox-star-wars-death-star-levitating-bluetooth-speaker |archive-date=2016-11-12|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> in anticipation of that year's screening of ''[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]''.

===Petitions===
In 2012–13, a proposal on the [[White House]]'s website urging the United States government to build a real Death Star as an economic stimulus and job creation measure gained more than 30,000 signatures, enough to qualify for an official response. The official ([[tongue-in-cheek]]) response was released in January 2013:<ref name="Wired-20130111">{{cite magazine |last=Shawcross |first=Paul |title=This Isn't the Petition Response You're Looking For |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/01/white-house-death-star/ |date=January 11, 2013 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=January 13, 2013 }}</ref> the cost of building a real Death Star has been estimated at $850 quadrillion by the [[Lehigh University]], or about 13,000 times the amount of mineable resources on [[Earth]], while the ''[[International Business Times]]'' cited a Centives economics blog calculation that, at current rates of steel production, the Death Star would not be ready for more than 833,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/white-house-rejects-death-star-petition-doomsday-devices-us-could-build-instead-1014682|title=White House Rejects Death Star Petition: Doomsday Devices US Could Build Instead|author=Roxanne Palmer|date=15 January 2013|work=International Business Times}}</ref> The White House response also stated "the Administration does not support blowing up planets," and questioned funding a weapon "with a fundamental flaw that can be exploited by a one-man starship" as reasons for denying the petition.<ref name="Wired-20130111" /><ref name="deathstar">{{cite web|title=It's a trap! Petition to build Death Star will spark White House response|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/13/15889626-its-a-trap-petition-to-build-death-star-will-spark-white-house-response}}</ref><ref name="BBCdeathstar">{{cite news|title=US shoots down Death Star superlaser petition |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20997144 | work=BBC News | date=2013-01-12}}</ref>

The Luxembourgish magician Christian Lavey (born as Christian Kies) submitted a petition for the construction of a Death Star to the Luxemburgish parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/community/32573-petition-for-luxembourg-to-join-dark-side-build-death-star|title=Luxembourg Times - Community - Petition for Luxembourg to join dark side, build Death Star|website=luxtimes.lu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> However, on an interview with a local radio station Lavey admitted that this petition was just a joke and some kind of protest against the space plans of the government.

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction|Film}}
* {{Star Wars Databank|subject=death-star|text=Death Star}}
* {{Wookieepedia}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151224011233/http://stgist.com/2015/12/nasa-engineer-says-its-easier-to-build-a-death-star-on-asteroid-6052 NASA Engineer Says It Would Be Easier To Build A Death Star On Asteroid]

{{Star Wars universe|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Fictional space stations]]
[[Category:Megastructures]]
[[Category:Star Wars spacecraft]]
[[Category:Star Wars weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of mass destruction in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional castles and fortresses]]
[[Category:Star Wars locations]]
[[Category:Fictional energy weapons]]
[[Category:Fictional doomsday devices]]

[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1977]]

Death Star

2020-06-15T10:14:19Z

Honnis: Corrected misidentification of the first Death Star. The first Death Star was from the 1965 film "Attack from Space".

{{Other uses}}
{{short description|Fictional moon-sized space station and superweapon}}
{{use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox fictional vehicle
| name = Death Star
| image = Death star1.png
| alt = A spherical space station suspended in space
| caption = Original Death Star
| first = {{plain list|*''[[Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker]]'' (1976 novelization)
*''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977 theatrical film)}}
| last = ''[[Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker]]'' (2019)
| affiliation = [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]
| launched = n/a, constructed in space.
| class = Space Battle Station
| max_speed = Faster than light speed
| fighters = TIE Fighters
| armaments = Superlaser
| defense = Turbolasers, Laser cannons, Tractor beams, and Ion cannons
| propulsion = Imperial Hyperdrive
| power = Able to destroy a [[planet]] with one shot of the superlaser.
| width = 120 km (Death Star I); 160 km to 900 km (Death Star II, varies depending on source and not mentioned in films)
}}
The '''Death Star''' is a fictional mobile [[space station]] and galactic [[Weapon of mass destruction|superweapon]] featured in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[Space opera|space-opera]] franchise. The first giant planet-killing space station known as the "Death Star" appeared on the 1965 film "Attack from Space". Both the concept and name were plagiarized in the [[Star Wars (film)|original ''Star Wars'' film]],{{EpIV}}. The Star Wars version is stated to be more than {{convert|120|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=}} in diameter, and is crewed by an estimated 1.7 million military personnel and 400,000 [[Droid (Star Wars)|droids]].<ref name="Star Wars: Complete Locations">Star Wars: Complete Locations</ref><ref name="Star Wars: Death Star Battles">{{cite book|last1=Beecroft|first1=Simon|title=Star Wars: Death Star Battles|url=https://archive.org/details/starwars0000beec|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London, UK}}</ref> The second Death Star, which appears in ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', is significantly larger at between {{convert|160|km|mi}} to {{convert|900|km|mi}} in diameter, and technologically more powerful than its predecessor.

==Origin and design==
Although details, such as the superlaser's location, shifted between different concept models during production of [[Star Wars (film)|''Star Wars'']],{{EpIV}} the notion of the Death Star being a large, spherical space station over 100 kilometers in diameter was consistent in all of them.<ref name="dsbts">{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=bts|title=Death Star (Behind the Scenes)|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|work=Star Wars Databank|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041406/http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=bts|archivedate=June 29, 2011|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> George Lucas gave the original task of designing a "Death Star" to concept artist and spaceship modeler Colin Cantwell,<ref name=cnetcantwell/> who had collaborated with [[Stanley Kubrick]] on the 1968 film ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''.<ref name=sfgate16>{{Citation
| last =Pereira
| first =Alyssa
| date = September 27, 2016
| title ='Star Wars' star ships designer reveals inspiration behind Death Star, X-wing, and TIE fighter
| publisher =[[SFGate]]
| location =
| page =
| url =http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Star-Wars-star-ships-designer-reveals-9306807.php
| accessdate =January 14, 2017
}}</ref> In a 2016 interview, Cantwell related that "I didn't originally plan for the Death Star to have a trench, but when I was working with the mold, I noticed the two halves had shrunk at the point where they met across the middle." As it "would have taken a week of work just to fill and sand and refill this depression," Cantwell suggested a trench to Lucas to save the labor. Lucas liked the idea,<ref name=cnetcantwell>{{Citation
| last =Fashingbauer Cooper
| first =Gael
| date =September 29, 2016
| title =Star Wars Death Star's famed feature was a complete accident
| publisher =[[CNET]]
| url =https://www.cnet.com/news/star-wars-death-star-colin-cantwell-reddit-ama/
| accessdate =January 14, 2017
}}</ref><ref name=sfgate16/> and the Death Star model was created by [[John Stears]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/04/nyregion/john-stears-64-dies-film-effects-wizard.html "John Stears, 64, Dies; Film-Effects Wizard"]. New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013</ref><ref>[https://articles.latimes.com/1999/jul/05/news/mn-53161 John Stears; Special Effects Genius Behind 007 and R2-D2""]. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 28, 2013</ref> The buzzing sound counting down to the Death Star firing its superlaser comes from the ''[[Flash Gordon]]'' serials.<ref name="sosw">{{cite book|title=The Sounds of Star Wars|first=J. W.|last=Rinzler|isbn=978-0-8118-7546-2|date=2010-09-01|publisher=Chronicle Books|page=82}}</ref> Portraying an incomplete yet powerful space station posed a problem for [[Industrial Light & Magic]]'s modelmakers for ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''.<ref name="ds2bts">{{cite web
|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstarii/?id=bts|title=Death Star II (Behind the Scenes)
|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|work=Star Wars Databank
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629041415/http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstarii/?id=bts|archivedate=June 29, 2011|accessdate=2007-09-08}}</ref> Only the front side of the 137-centimeter model was completed, and the image was flipped horizontally for the final film.<ref name="ds2bts" /> Both Death Stars were depicted by a combination of complete and sectional models and [[matte painting]]s.<ref name="dsbts" /><ref name="ds2bts" />

===Special effects===
[[File:Starwars explosion.jpg|thumb|The explosion special effect depicted in the 2004 Special Edition of ''A New Hope'']]
The Death Star explosions featured in the Special Edition of ''A New Hope'' and in ''Return of the Jedi'' are rendered with a [[Praxis effect]], wherein a flat ring of matter erupts from the explosion.

The grid plan animations shown during the Rebel briefing for the attack on the Death Star late in ''A New Hope'' were an actual computer-graphics simulation from the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] made by [[Larry Cuba]] and [[Gary Imhoff]] as part of a [[CalArts]] project, and had been included during filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/news/death-star-plans-are-in-the-main-computer-and-special-postcard|title=The Death Star Plans ARE in the Main Computer - StarWars.com|date=11 December 2014|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>

After filming was complete, the original model, as well as one of the surface setpieces, were to be thrown out; however, they were salvaged.<ref name="saving-the-death-star">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/saving-the-death-star-how-the-original-model-was-lost-and-found|title=Saving the Death Star: How the Original Model Was Lost and Found|author=Gus Lopez|work=StarWars.com|date=December 10, 2015|accessdate=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="screenrant-original-model">{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/original-death-star-model-saved-star-wars/|title=How the Original Death Star Model Nearly Ended Up in the Trash|author=Kevin Yeoman|work=ScreenRant|date=December 19, 2016|accessdate=November 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name=ThrownOut>{{cite web|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/ebay-is-auctioning-off-an-original-piece-of-the-death-s-1826358222|title=Ebay is Auctioning Off an Original Piece of the Death Star|author=Julie Muncy|work=io9|date=May 18, 2018|accessdate=January 19, 2019}}</ref>

==Depiction==
The original Death Star was introduced in the original ''Star Wars'' film, which later had elements of its backstory explored in ''[[Attack of the Clones]]'', ''[[Revenge of the Sith]]'', ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|The Clone Wars]]'', ''[[Star Wars Rebels|Rebels]]'', and ''[[Rogue One]]''. The second Death Star appears in ''Return of the Jedi'' and ''[[The Rise of Skywalker]]'', and a similar superweapon, the Starkiller Base, appears in ''[[The Force Awakens]]''. Both the original and second Death Star were [[Natural satellite|moon]]-sized and designed for massive [[Power projection|power-projection]] capabilities, capable of destroying an entire planet with a 6.2x1032 J/s power output blast from their superlasers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/movies/g1638/death-star-physics-how-much-energy-does-it-take-to-blow-up-a-planet/|title=Death Star Physics: How Much Energy Does It Take to Blow Up a Planet?|first=John|last=Brandon|publisher=PopularMechanics.com|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=November 23, 2016}}</ref>

===Original Death Star===
[[File:Vaderrots.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Emperor Palpatine]] (left) and [[Darth Vader]] (right) oversee the First Death Star construction in ''[[Episode III: Revenge of the Sith]]''.]]

The original Death Star's completed form appears in the [[Star Wars (film)|original ''Star Wars'' film]],{{EpIV}} known as the '''''DS-1'' Orbital Battle Station''', or '''Project Stardust''' in ''Rogue One''; before learning the true name of the weapon, the Rebel Alliance referred to it as the "Planet Killer".<ref name="rogue-one-film" /> Commanded by [[Grand Moff Tarkin|Governor Tarkin]], it is the [[Galactic Empire (Star Wars)|Galactic Empire]]'s "ultimate weapon",{{efn|The space station is also called "Ultimate Weapon" by the Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS), who commissioned the original designs.}} a huge spherical battle station 120 kilometers in diameter capable of destroying a planet with one shot of its superlaser. The film opens with [[Princess Leia]] transporting the station's [[schematics]] to the [[Rebel Alliance]] to aid them in destroying the Death Star. To mark the Death Star being fully operational, Tarkin orders the Death Star to destroy Leia's home world of [[Alderaan]] in an attempt to press her into giving him the location of the secret Rebel headquarters; she gives them the location of [[Dantooine]] which housed a now-deserted Rebel base, but Tarkin has Alderaan destroyed anyway as a demonstration of the Empire's resolve. Later, [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Han Solo]], [[Chewbacca]], [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]], [[C-3PO]], and [[R2-D2]] are pulled aboard the station by a [[tractor beam]], where they discover and manage to rescue Princess Leia. As they make their escape, Obi-Wan sacrifices himself whilst duelling [[Darth Vader]], enabling the others to flee the station. Later, Luke returns as part of a fighter force to attack its only weak point: a ray-shielded particle exhaust vent leading straight from the surface directly into its reactor core. Luke is able to successfully launch his [[X-wing fighter]]'s torpedoes into the vent, impacting the core and triggering a catastrophic explosion, which destroys the station before it can use its superlaser weapon to annihilate the Rebel base on Yavin 4.<ref name="star wars 4">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1977|medium=DVD|edition=2004}}</ref>

The first Death Star's schematics are visible in the scenes on [[Geonosis]] in ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]'' showcasing the early development of the Death Star prototype. The Death Star plans were designed by [[Geonosian]]s led by Archduke [[Poggle the Lesser]], a member of the [[Confederacy of Independent Systems]],<ref name="star wars 2">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 16, 2002}}</ref> and is shown early in construction at the end of ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]''.<ref name="star wars 3">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 19, 2005}}</ref> The Death Star plans are a central plot-point in the 2016 film ''Rogue One'' and the original 1977 film ''Star Wars''.<ref name="rogue-one-film">{{cite AV media|people=Edwards, Gareth (Director)|title=[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|date=December 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="star wars 4-quote">{{cite AV media|people=Lucas, George (Director)|title=[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1977|quote='''General Tagge:''' If the Rebels have obtained a complete technical readout of this station, it is possible, however unlikely, that they might find a weakness and exploit it.}}</ref>
The Death Star began as a Geonosian design,<ref name="star wars 2" /> but became operational after nearly two decades of work by a team of brilliant scientists sequestered on the rainswept world of [[Eadu]]. Led by a reluctant [[Galen Erso]], the Death Star scientists seek to fuse [[kyber crystal]] shards into larger structures and use those crystals to amplify energy into a stable beam powerful enough to destroy an entire planet.<ref name="rogue-one-catalyst-novel">{{cite book |last=Luceno |first=James |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel |publisher=Del Rey Books |page= |isbn=978-0-345-51149-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/catalystrogueone00luce }}</ref>{{Pages needed|date=April 2019}}

''The Clone Wars'' Legacy story reel from the unfinished ''Crystal Crisis on Utapau'' episodes revealed that [[General Grievous]] went to Utapau prior to ''Revenge of the Sith'' in order to acquire an enormous kyber crystal, which was required to power the Death Star's super laser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/video/star-wars-the-clone-wars-story-reel-a-death-on-utapau|title=Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Story Reel: A Death on Utapau - Star Wars: The Clone Wars|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref>

A hologram from the original Death Star is briefly visible in a scene at the Resistance base in ''The Force Awakens'' and used as a means of comparison with one from the [[First Order (Star Wars)|First Order]]'s own superweapon, Starkiller Base.<ref name="star wars 7">{{cite AV media|people=Abrams, J.J. (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|date=December 18, 2015}}</ref> (The Planet Ilum)

In the animated series ''Star Wars Rebels'', the two-part episode "Ghost of Geonosis" hinted that the Geonosians were nearly wiped out to extinction out of the Empire's need for secrecy. [[Saw Gerrera]], having been sent to Geonosis to investigate, deduced the Empire possesses a superweapon and resolved to discover the Death Star as depicted in the final season two-parter "In the Name of the Rebellion." Though it was a dead-end, finding only scientists being abducted by the Empire, Saw learned the weapon is powered by kyber crystals taken from the Jedha system.

The [[Star Wars#Anthology films|anthology film]] ''[[Rogue One]]'' focuses on a band of Rebels stealing the plans for the first Death Star prior to the events of ''A New Hope''. The Death Star project was overseen by [[Orson Krennic]], the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military. Under Krennic's supervision, the project was beset by constant delays, and he forcibly recruited weapons designer Galen Erso (the father of Jyn Erso, the movie's main protagonist) to complete the design; nevertheless, it was another fifteen years before the Death Star was operational. The Death Star's primary laser was powered by kyber crystals mined from the desert moon of [[Jedha]], and is first used to destroy Jedha City both as a response to a violent insurgency on the planet, and as a display of the Death Star's operational status to restore the Empire's confidence in the project. Grand Moff Tarkin assumes control over the Death Star while Krennic investigates security breaches in the design project. It is subsequently revealed that Galen discreetly sabotaged the design by building a vulnerability into the reactor. This is the same vulnerability that Luke Skywalker takes advantage of during the events of ''A New Hope''. After the Death Star plans are stolen from the Scarif vault, Tarkin fires the Death Star's superlaser on the base killing Krennic, as well as Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor.<ref name="rogue-one-film" /> ''Rogue One'' also reveals that the Death Star's superlaser is powered by multiple reactors, allowing it to vary its destructive power depending on the target. Skeptical of the station's power, Tarkin ordered that it first be tested on Jedha City using a single reactor. Near the end of ''Rogue One'', a second single-reactor test would destroy their installation on Scarif, along with the Rebel strike force who had successfully stolen the station's plans. This is consistent with the canon continuity in ''Star Wars'', since the destruction of the planet Alderaan would be the first time the Death Star fired the superlaser with ''all'' reactors employed so Tarkin could declare the battlestation "fully operational".

The canonical population of the first Death Star was 1.7 million military personnel, 400,000 maintenance droids, and 250,000 civilians/ associated contractors.<ref name="Star Wars: Complete Locations"/><ref name="Star Wars: Death Star Battles"/>
The first Death Star was defended by thousands of turbolasers, ion cannons and laser cannons, plus a complement of seven to nine thousand TIE fighters, along with tens of thousands of support craft. It also had several massive docking bays, including dry docks capable of accommodating Star Destroyers.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

The 2014 book ''[[Star Wars: Tarkin]]'' detailed the life of Grand Moff Tarkin, and prominently featured the first Death Star. The theme of the construction of the Death Star is continued in the 2016 book, ''[[Catalyst: A Rogue One Novel]]'', which tells the story of the development of the Death Star's superweapon by the scientist, Galen Erso and Krennic's deception of him. It also reveals how Poggle worked with Krennic on the Project but then turned on him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star|url=http://movieweb.com/star-wars-rogue-one-prequel-novel-death-star-origins/|accessdate=21 September 2016|agency=MovieWeb.com|date=1 September 2016}}</ref>

===Second Death Star===
[[File:DeathStar2.jpg|thumb|alt=The second Death Star|The second Death Star]]

''Return of the Jedi'' features a second Death Star still under construction as it orbits the forest moon of the planet [[Endor (Star Wars)|Endor]]. Besides it being larger, it also fixed the flaws found in its predecessor, so the Rebel Alliance's only hope is to destroy it prior to its completion. [[Emperor Palpatine]] and Darth Vader send the Rebels false information that the station's weapons systems are not yet operational in order to lure the Alliance fleet into a trap, resulting in the decisive Battle of Endor. Compared to its predecessor, the second Death Star's superlaser is more advanced as it can be fired every few minutes instead of needing 24 hours to recharge, while improved targeting computers could track smaller targets such as capital ships. The unfinished battle station had been protected by a planetary shield projector deployed on the forest moon of Endor, but this was taken out by a ground assault team led by Han Solo with the help of the native [[Ewok]]s. Rebel pilots [[Wedge Antilles]] and [[Lando Calrissian]] flew into the reactor core, with Antilles in his X-wing first taking out the power regulator with proton torpedoes, and Calrissian in the ''[[Millennium Falcon]]'' (co-piloted by [[Nien Nunb]]) striking the main reactor with concussion missiles, setting off a chain reaction that destroyed the battle station.<ref name="star wars 6">{{cite AV media|people=Marquand, Richard (Director)|title=[[Star Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi]]|publisher=[[20th Century Fox]]|date=May 25, 1983|medium=DVD|edition=2004}}</ref>

An early draft of the film featured two Death Stars at various stages of completion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-star-wars-ret-1383276948|title=10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Star Wars: Return of the Jedi|last=Anders|first=Charlie Jane|website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=April 16, 2019}}</ref>

The second Death Star is featured in the cover of the book ''[[Star Wars: Aftermath]]'' (2015), which also features many flashbacks to the destruction of the second Death Star, as well as the events directly after its destruction. One of the main characters in the story personally escaped the explosion of the Death Star. The destruction of the second Death Star was also shown in holograms in the book.{{citation needed|date=June 2017|reason=Star Wars Aftermath novel}} The 2015 comic book ''[[Star Wars: Shattered Empire]]'' also explores the days following the destruction of the second Death Star from the perspective of [[Poe Dameron]]'s parents, who were pilots during the event. The video game ''[[Star Wars: Uprising]]'' also takes place during the aftermath of the second Death Star's destruction, and features a hologram of its description on multiple occasions in and out of cutscenes.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The wreckage of the second Death Star makes an appearance in ''[[The Rise of Skywalker]]'', on the ocean moon [[Kef Bir]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bankhurst |first=Adam |title=Star Wars: Location Where Death Star II Crashed Identified |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/10/23/star-wars-location-where-death-star-ii-crashed-identified |accessdate=October 23, 2019 |date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

===Similar superweapons===
The 2019 comic ''[[Star Wars (2015 comic book)|Star Wars]]'' #68 reveals that the Rebels considered creating their own version of a Death Star by luring [[Star Destroyer]]s to a [[Plate tectonics|tectonically]] unstable planet and setting it off with proton detonators.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dyce |first=Andrew |title=Star Wars Reveals The REBELS' Version of The Death Star |url=https://screenrant.com/star-wars-rebels-death-star-planet-comic/ |website=Screen Rant |accessdate=October 6, 2019 |date=August 7, 2019}}</ref>

====Starkiller Base====
''The Force Awakens'' features '''Starkiller Base''', the [[kyber crystal]] rich planet called Ilum converted into a superweapon built by the First Order. Significantly larger than either the first or second Death Star, and unlike either of those cost-prohibitive space stations, this superweapon cut costs by [[terraforming]] an existing planet.{{efn|Speculated to be [[Ilum (Star Wars)|Ilum]] from [[The Gathering (Star Wars: The Clone Wars)]] episode, as official reference guides state both the planet and Starkiller Base to be {{convert|660|km|mi}} in diameter. Additionally, the video game ''[[Jedi: Fallen Order]]'' depicts the planet with a giant trench resembling the superweapon's appearance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goslin |first=Austen |title=Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order may confirm a long-held fan theory about Force Awakens |url=https://www.polygon.com/star-wars/2019/11/21/20974456/star-wars-jedi-fallen-starkiller-base-ilum-planet |website=Polygon |accessdate=December 5, 2019 |date=November 21, 2019}}</ref>}} The base draws its raw firepower directly from a star but it requires time to draw enough energy—this stored energy is enough to obliterate multiple planets at once,<ref>{{cite web |title=Starkiller Base |url=https://www.starwars.com/databank/starkiller-base |website=StarWars.com |accessdate=22 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> making it a far deadlier superweapon than the Death Star.

In the film, the weapon is used to simultaneously destroy five New Republic planets within the same [[star system]]. [[General Hux]] gives an incendiary speech while Starkiller Base demonstrates its lethality by obliterating the five planets of the [[Hosnian Prime]] system (at that time the location of the New Republic's government, which rotated every few years). After [[Rey (Star Wars)|Rey]] was captured by [[Kylo Ren]], he interrogated her within the base. Han, Chewbacca and [[Finn (Star Wars)|Finn]] approached the base at light-speed because Starkiller's shield kept out anything going under the speed of light. They found Rey and successfully lowered the protective shields, enabling an X-wing assault led by [[Poe Dameron]] and Nien Nunb to destroy the superweapon, with Poe firing the crucial, destructive shots.<ref>{{cite web |last=Veekhoven |first=Tim |title=It's the Resistance! |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/its-the-resistance |website=StarWars.com |accessdate=April 14, 2019 |date=May 2, 2016}}</ref> As the Resistance forces flee, the base implodes, forming a star.

The name Starkiller Base pays homage to the early drafts of the original ''Star Wars'' film, referring to Luke Skywalker's original surname.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars--a-new-hope/chewbacca-peter-mayhew-original-script/|title=The Adventures Of Luke Starkiller': Peter Mayhew releases pages from his 1976 Star Wars script|last=Hawkes|first=Rebecca|date=February 18, 2016|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/3914183/star-wars-original-script/|title=Original Star Wars Script Found, Solves Long-Running Mystery|last=Locker|first=Melissa|date=June 9, 2015|website=Time|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref> Coincidentally, the name "[[Starkiller]]" is an alias given to Galen Marek by Darth Vader in the 2008 game, ''[[Star Wars: The Force Unleashed]]''. During early concept development, artist [[Doug Chiang]] envisioned the superweapon's gun as set inside a volcano, which X-wings would have to enter in a maneuver similar to the trench run on the Death Star in the original film.<ref>{{cite book|last=Szostak|first=Phil|title=The Art of 'Star Wars: The Force Awakens'|year=2015|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|isbn=978-1-4197-1780-2|page=58}}</ref>

====Sith Eternal fleet====
In ''The Rise of Skywalker'', the ninth installment in the series, the resurrected Emperor Palpatine is revealed to have created a shadow empire on the hidden planet of Exegol, where his servants constructed thousands of ''Xyston''-class Star Destroyers. Each of these vessels was armed with an axial superlaser that could destroy planets; one of these ships was deployed ahead of the main fleet and used to destroy a planet known to harbor Resistance members. Later, a small force of Resistance ships was forced to confront the entire fleet of Star Destroyers; at the moment before they would be overwhelmed, however, reinforcements led by Lando Calrissian arrived and wiped out the fleet of planet-killers.

===''Legends''===
Both Death Stars and similar superweapons appear throughout the non-canonical [[Star Wars expanded to other media|''Star Wars'' Legends]] continuity.
[[National Public Radio]]'s [[Star Wars (radio)|''A New Hope'' adaptation]] (1981) portrays Leia (Ann Sachs) and [[Bail Organa]]'s ([[Stephen Elliott (actor)|Stephen Elliott]]) discovery of the Death Star's existence and how Leia obtained its schematics. The [[Star Wars (1983 video game)|1983 ''Star Wars'' arcade game]] and numerous [[LucasArts]] titles recreate the movies' attacks on the Death Stars.

[[Kevin J. Anderson]]'s ''[[Jedi Academy trilogy|Jedi Academy]]'' trilogy (1994) introduces the Maw Cluster of [[black hole]]s that protect a laboratory where the Death Star prototype was built (consisting of the superstructure, power core, and superlaser).{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} The first level of LucasArts' ''[[Dark Forces]]'' (1995) gives mercenary [[Kyle Katarn]] the role of stealing the plans which are subsequently given to Leia. [[Steve Perry (author)|Steve Perry]]'s novel ''[[Shadows of the Empire (novel)|Shadows of the Empire]]'' (1996) describes a mission that leads to the Rebels learning of the second Death Star's existence, and that mission is playable in LucasArts' ''[[X-Wing Alliance]]'' [[combat flight simulator]] (1999). The Death Star itself is a controllable weapon for the Empire in the ''[[Star Wars: Rebellion (video game)|Rebellion]]'' (1998) and ''[[Empire at War]]'' (2006) strategy game.{{efn|In ''Empire at War'', if the Imperial fleet defending the Death Star is defeated and the hero unit of Red Squadron is present, the Death Star will be destroyed.}} In ''[[Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)|Battlefront II]]'' (2005), the player participates in a mission to secure crystals used in the Death Star's superlaser.<ref name="battlefront-ii-2005">{{cite video game |title=[[Star Wars: Battlefront II (2005 video game)|Star Wars: Battlefront II]] |developer=Pandemic Studios|publisher=LucasArts |date=November 1, 2005 |level=Fall of the Old Republic - 501st Journal - Mygeeto: Amongst the Ruins|quote=What Ki-Adi-Mundi didn't know, however, was that our unit of the 501st was really after an experimental Mygeetan power source, that the Chancellor [Palpatine] wanted for his superlaser.}}</ref> Another mission in the game tasks the player with acting as a [[Imperial stormtrooper|stormtrooper]] or Darth Vader in an attempt to recover the plans and capture Leia. The first Death Star under construction acts as the final stage in the video game ''[[The Force Unleashed]]'' (2008).<ref name="the-force-unleashed">{{cite video game |title=[[Star Wars: The Force Unleashed]] |developer=LucasArts |date=September 16, 2008}}</ref>

The first Death Star's construction is the subject of [[Michael Reaves]] and Steve Perry's novel ''Death Star'' (2007),<ref>{{cite news |last=Stuever |first=Hank |date=November 11, 2007 |title='I've always thought that Luke felt pretty bad for a few days after it was over.': Good Morning, Mr. Vader! Author Michael Reaves Ponders the Death Star as a Truly Hostile Workplace |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/09/AR2007110900610.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=April 13, 2019}}</ref> which depicts the many politics and hidden agendas behind the massive project, from its construction up until its final destruction. The hardcover edition charted on the US bestsellers list in its first week after release.<ref>(October 29, 2007). "Hardcover Bestsellers: Fiction", ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' '''254''' (43): 12.</ref>

The first Death Star is depicted in various sources of having a crew of 265,675, as well as 52,276 gunners, 607,360 troops, 30,984 stormtroopers, 42,782 ship support staff, and 180,216 pilots and support crew.<ref name="dseu">{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/databank/location/deathstar/?id=eu|title=Death Star (Expanded Universe)|work=Star Wars Databank|publisher=[[Lucasfilm]]|accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref> Its hangars contain assault shuttles, blastboats, Strike cruisers, land vehicles, support ships, and 7,293 [[TIE fighter]]s.<ref name="dstc">{{cite book|title=Death Star Technical Companion|publisher=[[West End Games]]|first=Bill|last=Slavicsek|date=1991-06-01}}</ref> It is also protected by 10,000 turbolaser batteries, 2,600 [[ion cannon]]s, and at least 768 tractor beam projectors.<ref name="dstc" /> Various sources state that the first Death Star has a [[diameter]] of between 140 and 160 kilometers.<ref name="dseu" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57380925-1/finally-a-cost-estimate-for-building-a-real-death-star/|title=Finally, a cost estimate for building a real Death Star|last=Mack|first=Eric|date=19 February 2012|work=[[CNET]]|accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars, Episodes IV, V & VI: The Ultimate Guide to Star Wars Vehicles and Spacecraft|first=David|last=Reynolds|isbn=0-7894-3480-6|publisher=DK Children|date=1998-10-05}}</ref> There is a broader range of figures for the second Death Star's diameter, ranging from 160 to 900 kilometers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Slavicsek |first=Bill |authorlink1=Bill Slavicsek |title=A Guide to the Star Wars Universe |date=1994 |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=9780345386250 |edition=rev. and expanded |p=120}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Inside the Worlds of Star Wars, Episodes IV, V, & VI: The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations|publisher=DK Children|date=2004-08-16|isbn=0-7566-0307-2}}{{pn|date=April 2020}}</ref>

====DS-X Prototype Battle Station====
In the ''Legends'' works ''Death Star'' (2007), ''[[Dark Empire II]]'', ''Jedi Search'' and ''[[Champions of the Force]]'', an experimental Death Star prototype, '''DS-X''' (a durasteel frame surrounding a reactor core, superlaser, engines and a control room) was conceived by Grand Moff Wilhuff Tarkin as a test bed for the first Death Star. It was constructed by Bevel Lemelisk and his engineers at the Empire's secret Maw Installation. The prototype measured 120 kilometers in diameter. Its superlaser was only powerful enough to destroy a planet's core, rendering it an uninhabitable "dead planet". The targeting system on the prototype was never calibrated and the superlaser was inefficient, leaving the weapon's batteries drained. The prototype had no interior except a slave-linked control room, hyperdrive engines and other components; the station operated with skeleton-crew of 75 personnel.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

Although ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] confirmed that the plans featured in ''Attack of the Clones'' and the under-construction facility in ''Revenge of the Sith'' was the original Death Star,{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} ''Star Wars: The New Essential Chronology'' [[retcon]]ned the DS-X prototype into being separate from the main Death Star.

====Death Star III====
In the Disney attraction ''[[Star Tours - The Adventures Continue]]'', guests can travel inside an incomplete Death Star during one of the randomized ride sequences. In the original Star Tours, a '''''Death Star III''''' is seen and destroyed during the ride sequence by the New Republic. [[Leland Chee]] originally created the third Death Star to explain why a Death Star is present on the ''[[Star Tours]]'' ride when both of the stations in the movies were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwars.com/news/convenient-daily-departures-the-history-of-star-tours|title=Convenient Daily Departures: The History of Star Tours - StarWars.com|date=22 August 2013|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> The station being built near the Forest Moon of Endor like the second Death Star before. It is similar to an original concept for ''Return of the Jedi'', where two Death Stars would have been built near Had Abbadon (then the Imperial capital world). The ''Habitation'' spheres, based on the Imperials' suspicious claims that they were designed strictly for peaceful purposes, were suggested by some fans to have been the origin for the Death Star III. This was later revealed to be the case in Part 2 of the StarWars.com Blog series ''The Imperial Warlords: Despoilers of an Empire''. In the ''Legends'' game ''[[Star Wars: Tiny Death Star]]'', a random HoloNet entry states that one of the residents of the Death Star is simply staying there until he can afford to stay at the third Death Star.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

====Other superweapons====
A prototype version of the Death Star can be found in Kevin J. Anderson's novel ''[[Jedi Search]]'' (1994).<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Kevin J.|title=Jedi Search|year=1994|isbn=0-553-29798-8|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSbTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271}}</ref> It was kept at the Maw Installation, an Imperial research institute in a cluster of black holes, and later deployed by Tol Sivron after the Maw Installation was invaded by the New Republic. The prototype was ineffective, missing its target and instead destroying an Imperial garrison moon the sole time it was fired in combat. After this, the prototype was later destroyed when it was led into the black holes of the cluster.

In the original Marvel [[Star Wars (1977 comic book)|''Star Wars'' comic series]], a superweapon called "The Tarkin" is built. It is described as being similar to the Death Star but with more energy. Darth Vader commands it and Luke, Leia, Chewbacca, {{nowrap|C-3PO}}, and R2-D2 sabotage it with Lando's help. It is finally destroyed by an Imperial officer attempting to use an ionic weapon to both attack the escaping Rebels and assassinate Vader.

In the ''[[Dark Empire]]'' comic series (1991–95), the reborn Emperor Palpatine's flagships ''Eclipse'' and ''Eclipse II'' Super Star Destroyers (Star Dreadnoughts) have a miniaturized version of the Death Star superlaser.<ref>https://www.theforce.net/jedicouncil/interview/saxton.asp</ref> The first ''Eclipse'' was under construction at the time of the Emperor's death at Endor; shortly thereafter, it was briefly captured by pirates, who quickly abandoned it as an obvious target for the Rebels. The vessel was retrieved by remnants of the Empire and completed, and later served as the flagship of the resurrected Palpatine. It was destroyed by a Force storm enhanced by Luke and Leia, who had been brought aboard by the Emperor in hopes that they could be converted to the dark side. The ''Eclipse II'' was mostly identical to its predecessor save for a handful of visual changes, and fulfilled the same purpose. It was later destroyed when an errant projectile from the destroyed Galaxy Gun, another superweapon developed under the returned Palpatine, fell onto the ship and caused a massive explosion that destroyed not only the ship and its accompanying fleet, but also the nearby Imperial citadel of [[Byss]].

In Kevin J. Anderson's novel ''[[Darksaber (novel)|Darksaber]]'' (1995), Death Star designer Bevel Lemelisk is recruited by the Hutts to build a superlaser weapon. Due to their refusal to sufficiently fund and supply the project, the resultant 'superweapon' is quickly destroyed by a combination of the tumultuous Hoth asteroid field in which it was built and the efforts of the New Republic. Lemelisk is captured and incarcerated by the Republic, and is later executed for his hand in the design and construction of Imperial superweapons.

The novel ''[[Children of the Jedi]]'' (1995) involves the return of ''Eye of Palpatine'', a "colossal, asteroid-shaped" super dreadnaught constructed at the behest of Emperor Palpatine during the second year of the Galactic Civil War. The Imperials lost control of the ''Eye'' when a Jedi used the Force to hijack the main computer with their spirits.

==Cultural influence==
{{Main|Cultural impact of Star Wars}}
The Death Star placed ninth in a 2008 [[20th Century Fox]] poll of the most popular movie weapons.<ref>{{cite news | author = Sophie Borland | title = Lightsabre wins the battle of movie weapons | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2008-01-21 | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1576154/Lightsabre-wins-the-battle-of-movie-weapons.html | accessdate=2015-04-16 | location=London}}</ref>

It has been referred to outside of the ''Star Wars'' context in such examples as:

* [[AT&T Corporation]]'s logo introduced in 1982 is [[AT&T Information Systems|informally referred to as the "Death Star"]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatriceco.com/bti/porticus/bell/bell_logos.html |title=Bell System Memorial- Bell Logo History |website= beatriceco.com|publisher=Porticus.org |date= |accessdate=January 13, 2018|quote= sterling silver American Bell logo (which we recognize as the post-divestiture AT&T "death star" logo)}}</ref> ''[[Ars Technica]]'' referred to "the AT&T Death Star" in an article criticizing a company data policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/08/att-have-you-no-shame/2/|page=2|title=AT&T, have you no shame?|first=Nate|last=Anderson|date=2012-08-23|accessdate=2012-08-23|publisher=[[Condé Nast Publications]]|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> Competitor [[T-Mobile]] mocked AT&T's "Death Star" logo and "Empire-like reputation" in a press release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consumerist.com/2014/01/29/t-mobile-claims-att-dismantles-death-star-in-mocking-press-release/|title=T-Mobile Claims "AT&T Dismantles Death Star" In Mocking Press Release|first=Chris|last=Morran|date=January 29, 2014|accessdate=January 29, 2014|work=[[The Consumerist]]|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]}}</ref>
* In [[Kevin Smith]]'s first feature film, ''[[Clerks]]'' (1994), one of the main characters points out that many independent contractors would have been killed in the second Death Star's destruction.<ref>{{cite web |last=White |first=Brett |title='Clerks' Changed the Way We Talk About Pop Culture with Its Iconic 'Star Wars' Convo |url=https://decider.com/2018/08/02/clerks-star-wars-contractors-kevin-smith/ |website=Decider |accessdate=September 13, 2019 |date=August 2, 2018}}</ref> In the DVD [[audio commentary]] for ''Attack of the Clones'', George Lucas says that the inclusion of the holographic Death Star in the film implies that the Geonosians were the contractors discussed by "[[Jay and Silent Bob]]".<ref>{{cite av media|last=Lucas|first=George|title=Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones ''audio commentary''|medium=DVD |publisher=[[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]]|year=2002|time=121}}</ref>
* [[KTCK (AM)|KTCK]] (SportsRadio 1310 The Ticket) in Dallas were the first to use the term "Death Star" to describe the new mammoth Cowboys Stadium, now [[AT&T Stadium]], in [[Arlington, Texas]]. The term has since spread to local media and is generally accepted as a nickname for the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theunticket.com/the-new-death-star-stadium-texas-stadium/|title=The New Death Star Stadium – Texas Stadium|publisher=theunticket.com}}</ref>
* The [[Death Star (business)|Death Star strategy]] was the name [[Enron]] gave to one of their fraudulent business practices for manipulating California's [[energy market]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1020718637382274400|title=New Documents Show Enron Traders Manipulated California Energy Costs|first=Kathryn|last=Kranhold |author2=Bryan Lee |author3=Mitchel Benson|date=2002-05-07|accessdate=2008-08-21|work=Free Preview|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
* In the novels of the [[Bridge Trilogy]], the San Francisco Police Department admonishes its officers to stop referring to their surveillance satellite as the "Death Star".
* The video game ''[[Sonic The Hedgehog 2]]'', features a parody of the Death Star known as the Death Egg, a battle station created by [[Dr. Eggman]] that serves as the final level.
* The [[Trump 2020]] campaign calls itself the "Death Star".<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/05/07/trump-campaign-proclaims-death-star-biden-team-notes-got-blown-up/3088176001</ref>

[[File:Mimas PIA06258.jpg|thumb|upright|The large crater ([[Herschel (Mimantean crater)|Herschel]]) of the [[Saturn]]ian moon [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]] gives it a resemblance to the Death Star.]]

===Science===
{{see also|Physics and Star Wars}}
In 1981, following the ''[[Voyager program|Voyager]]'' spacecraft's flight past [[Saturn]], scientists noticed a resemblance between one of the planet's moons, [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], and the Death Star.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6999|title=Saturn's moon is Death Star's twin|date=2005-02-11|accessdate=2008-08-21|magazine=[[New Scientist]]|first=Kelly|last=Young|quote=Saturn's diminutive moon, Mimas, poses as the Death Star — the planet-destroying space station from the movie Star Wars — in an image recently captured by NASA's Cassini spacecraft.}}</ref> Additionally, a few [[Astronomy|astronomers]]{{Who|date=January 2015}} sometimes use the term "Death Star" to describe [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)|Nemesis]], a hypothetical [[star]] postulated in 1984 to be responsible for [[gravitation]]ally forcing [[comet]]s and [[asteroid]]s from the [[Oort cloud]] toward [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/nemesis_010320-1.html|title=Nemesis: Does the Sun Have a 'Companion'?|publisher=[[Space.com]]|date=2001-04-03|accessdate=2008-08-21|first=Robert Roy|last=Britt|quote=Any one of them could be the Death Star, as Nemesis has come to be called by some.}}</ref>

===Merchandise===
[[Kenner Products|Kenner]] and [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]] created a playset and a model, respectively, of the first Death Star.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=8976&cat=3383 |title=Death Star Space Station|work=SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery|publisher=[[Steve Sansweet]]|accessdate=2007-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165256/http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=8976&cat=3383 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |url-status=dead|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=7909&cat=2967 |title=Death Star|work=SirStevesGuide.com Photo Gallery|publisher=[[Steve Sansweet]]|accessdate=2007-09-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165251/http://photos.sirstevesguide.com/showphoto.php?photo=7909&cat=2967 |archive-date=2007-10-13|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> In 2005 and 2008, [[Lego]] released models of [[List of Lego Star Wars sets#Episode VI: Return of the Jedi|Death Star II]] and [[List of Lego Star Wars sets#Episode IV: A New Hope|Death Star I]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/18167 |title=LEGO Death Star 10188 & 10143|work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |accessdate=2007-09-09 |publisher=[[Lucasfilm]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909150739/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/18167 |archivedate=2007-09-09 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://technabob.com/blog/2011/10/07/lego-star-wars-death-star-landing-bay-diorama |title=LEGO Star Wars Death Star Landing Bay Diorama Made from Over 30,000 Bricks |accessdate=2011-10-07 |date=2011-10-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008030058/http://technabob.com/blog/2011/10/07/lego-star-wars-death-star-landing-bay-diorama/ |archivedate=October 8, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="thebricklife.com">{{cite web | url=http://thebricklife.com/lego-death-star-review-set-10188/ | title=Lego Death Star – Review (Set 10188) |date=August 11, 2011 |access-date=2019-02-15 |author= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="fbtb.net">{{cite web | url=https://www.fbtb.net/lego-star-wars/2005/08/25/review-10143-death-star-ii/ | title=Review: 10143 Death Star II - FBTB |date=August 25, 2005 |access-date=2019-02-15 |author= |quote= }}</ref>
In 1979, [[Palitoy]] created a heavy card version of the Death Star as a playset for the vintage range of action figures in the UK, Australia and Canada. Both Death Stars are part of different [[Micro Machines]] three-packs.<ref>{{cite web |title=#X: T-16 Skyhopper, Lars Family Landspeeder, Death Star II (1996) |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11803 |publisher=Lucasfilm |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164951/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11803 |archivedate=2007-10-13 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=#XIV: Landing Craft, Death Star, Speeder Swoop (1998) |url=http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11799 |publisher=Lucasfilm |accessdate=2007-09-09 |work=Star Wars Cargo Bay |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164946/http://cargobay.starwars.com/webapps/cargobay/item-detail/11799 |archivedate=2007-10-13 |df= }}</ref> The Death Stars and locations in them are cards in [[Decipher, Inc.]]'s and [[Wizards of the Coast]]'s [[Star Wars Customizable Card Game]] and [[Star Wars Trading Card Game]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.decipher.com/starwars/cardlists/swallcards.pdf |title=Star Wars Customizable Card Game Complete Card List |accessdate=2007-08-23 |publisher=[[Decipher, Inc.]] |date=2001-08-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014432/http://www.decipher.com/starwars/cardlists/swallcards.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-28 |df= }}</ref> [[Hasbro]] released a Death Star model that [[Transformers (toy line)|transforms]] into a Darth Vader [[mecha|mech]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=browse&product_id=19856 |title=Star Wars TRANSFORMERS Darth Vader Death Star|accessdate=2008-01-05|publisher=[[Hasbro]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071221220850/http://www.hasbro.com/default.cfm?page=browse&product_id=19856  |archivedate = 2007-12-21}}</ref> [[Estes Industries]] released a flying model rocket version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.udisco.com/hobbies/inv/ESTES.HTM |accessdate=2008-08-21 |title=ESTES INDUSTRIES INC. Model Rockets and Engines, #2143 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007003920/http://www.udisco.com/hobbies/inv/ESTES.HTM |archivedate=2008-10-07 |df= }}</ref>

A Death Star trinket box was also released by [[Royal Selangor]] in 2015, in conjunction with the December screening of ''[[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]]'' that year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalselangor.com/products/trinket-box-death-star-016808r |title=Royal Selangor - Pewter - Products - Trinket Box, Death Star |publisher= |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120206/http://www.royalselangor.com/products/trinket-box-death-star-016808r |archivedate=2015-12-08 |df= }}</ref> and in 2016, Plox released the official levitating Death Star Speaker<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninjabox.com.au/collections/star-wars/products/plox-star-wars-death-star-levitating-bluetooth-speaker |title=Official Star Wars Levitating Death Star Bluetooth Speaker by Plox|last=Accessories|first=Ninjabox Australia {{!}} Latest Tech Gadgets &|website=Ninjabox Australia {{!}} Latest Tech Gadgets & Accessories|access-date=2016-11-12|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210643/https://www.ninjabox.com.au/collections/star-wars/products/plox-star-wars-death-star-levitating-bluetooth-speaker |archive-date=2016-11-12|url-status=dead|df=}}</ref> in anticipation of that year's screening of ''[[Rogue One|Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]''.

===Petitions===
In 2012–13, a proposal on the [[White House]]'s website urging the United States government to build a real Death Star as an economic stimulus and job creation measure gained more than 30,000 signatures, enough to qualify for an official response. The official ([[tongue-in-cheek]]) response was released in January 2013:<ref name="Wired-20130111">{{cite magazine |last=Shawcross |first=Paul |title=This Isn't the Petition Response You're Looking For |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/01/white-house-death-star/ |date=January 11, 2013 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=January 13, 2013 }}</ref> the cost of building a real Death Star has been estimated at $850 quadrillion by the [[Lehigh University]], or about 13,000 times the amount of mineable resources on [[Earth]], while the ''[[International Business Times]]'' cited a Centives economics blog calculation that, at current rates of steel production, the Death Star would not be ready for more than 833,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/white-house-rejects-death-star-petition-doomsday-devices-us-could-build-instead-1014682|title=White House Rejects Death Star Petition: Doomsday Devices US Could Build Instead|author=Roxanne Palmer|date=15 January 2013|work=International Business Times}}</ref> The White House response also stated "the Administration does not support blowing up planets," and questioned funding a weapon "with a fundamental flaw that can be exploited by a one-man starship" as reasons for denying the petition.<ref name="Wired-20130111" /><ref name="deathstar">{{cite web|title=It's a trap! Petition to build Death Star will spark White House response|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/13/15889626-its-a-trap-petition-to-build-death-star-will-spark-white-house-response}}</ref><ref name="BBCdeathstar">{{cite news|title=US shoots down Death Star superlaser petition |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20997144 | work=BBC News | date=2013-01-12}}</ref>

The Luxembourgish magician Christian Lavey (born as Christian Kies) submitted a petition for the construction of a Death Star to the Luxemburgish parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/community/32573-petition-for-luxembourg-to-join-dark-side-build-death-star|title=Luxembourg Times - Community - Petition for Luxembourg to join dark side, build Death Star|website=luxtimes.lu|language=en|access-date=2018-02-09}}</ref> However, on an interview with a local radio station Lavey admitted that this petition was just a joke and some kind of protest against the space plans of the government.

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Speculative fiction|Film}}
* {{Star Wars Databank|subject=death-star|text=Death Star}}
* {{Wookieepedia}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151224011233/http://stgist.com/2015/12/nasa-engineer-says-its-easier-to-build-a-death-star-on-asteroid-6052 NASA Engineer Says It Would Be Easier To Build A Death Star On Asteroid]

{{Star Wars universe|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Fictional space stations]]
[[Category:Megastructures]]
[[Category:Star Wars spacecraft]]
[[Category:Star Wars weapons]]
[[Category:Weapons of mass destruction in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional castles and fortresses]]
[[Category:Star Wars locations]]
[[Category:Fictional energy weapons]]
[[Category:Fictional doomsday devices]]

[[Category:Fictional elements introduced in 1977]]

Death Star (disambiguation)

2020-06-15T10:06:51Z

Honnis: Added reference to original Death Star

{{TOC_right}}
The '''[[Death Star]]''' is a fictional giant military space station in the ''Star Wars'' universe, best known for its superweapon that can destroy planets.

'''Death Star''' may also refer to: The 1965 movie "Attack from Space" featured the original giant planet killing space station called the "Death Star".

==''Star Wars'' related==
* [[Death Star (novel)|''Death Star'' (novel)]], a 2007 ''Star Wars'' novel by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry
* [[Death Star (ILM)]], the render farm of Industrial Light and Magic

==Business==
* [[Death Star (business)]], a fraudulent business strategy used by Enron to manipulate California's energy markets
* "Death Star", nickname of the [[AT&T Corporation#Nicknames and branding|AT&T Globe Symbol]], the corporate logo designed by Saul Bass in 1983
* "Death Star", one of several nicknames for the Dallas Cowboys' [[AT&T Stadium]] in Arlington
==Science and technology==
===Astronomy===
* "Death Star", an episode of ''NOVA'' that discusses gamma ray bursts; see [[List of NOVA episodes#Season 29 .282002.29|List of NOVA episodes]]
* "Death Star", nickname of [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)]], a hypothetical star theorized to cause periodic extinctions on Earth
* "Death Star", nickname of [[Mimas (moon)]], a moon of Saturn which coincidentally resembles the fictional ''Star Wars'' space station
* "Death Star Galaxy", [[3C321]].

===Other science and technology===
* "Deathstar", nickname of IBM [[Deskstar]] hard drives, particularly the unreliable 75GXP and 60GXP models
* "Death Star", nickname of the target chamber of the [[National Ignition Facility]]

==Other==
* [[Deathstar (video game)|''Deathstar'' (video game)]] a 1984 video game for the BBC Micro and Acorn Electron computers.
* "Death Star", a nickname of Ghroth, one of the fictional [[Ramsey Campbell deities]] of the Cthulhu Mythos.
* "Death Star", nickname of the British military base [[RAF Mount Pleasant]] in the Falkland Islands.
* "Death Star", nickname of the [[Queen Elizabeth University Hospital]].

==Music==
* [[Deathstars]], a Swedish industrial metal band formed in 2000
* [[xDEATHSTARx]], an American Christian hardcore band formed in 2002
===Songs===
* [[Deathstar (Sevendust song)]], a 2007 song by Sevendust
* "Deth Star", a song by [[Tenacious D]]

==See also==
* [[Star Destroyer]]

{{disambig}}

Harley Rutledge

2020-05-14T23:40:40Z

Honnis: /* UFO Research */Velocity includes mass. Mass must be measured using scales, etc. It cannot be calculated from observation. Dr Rutledge may have allegedly calculated speed, but not mass or velocity.

{{Infobox person
| name = Harley D. Rutledge

| image_size = 300px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1926|1|10|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|6|5|1926|1|10|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]]
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Harley D. Rutledge''' (January 10, 1926 – June 5, 2006) was a [[United States of America|U.S.]] [[physics]] [[professor]], and [[ufology|ufologist]].

== Early life and career ==
In 1966, Rutledge completed his [[Ph.D.]] in [[solid state physics]] at the [[University of Missouri]]. He subsequently took the position of Professor and Chairman of the Physics Department at [[Southeast Missouri State University]]. He was Department Chairman from 1964 to 1982 and retired from teaching in 1992.

== UFO Research ==
Challenged to explain sightings of unidentified lights and luminous phenomena in the sky around Piedmont, Missouri, Rutledge decided to subject these reports to scientific analysis. He put together a team of observers with college training in the physical sciences, including a large array of equipment: RF spectrum analyzers, [[Reflecting telescope|Questar telescopes]], low-high frequency audio detectors, electromagnetic frequency analyzer, cameras, and a galvanometer to measure variations in the Earth's gravitational field.

The resulting [[Project identification|Project Identification]] commenced in April 1973, logging several hundred hours of observation time. This was the first [[Unidentified flying object|UFO]] scientific field study, able to monitor the phenomena in real-time, enabling Rutledge to calculate the objects' actual speed, course, position, distance, and size.

Observation of the unclouded night sky often revealed "pseudostars" - stationary lights camouflaged by familiar constellations. Some objects appeared to mimic the appearance of known aircraft; others violated the laws of physics. The most startling discovery was that on at least 32 recorded occasions, the movement of the lights synchronized with actions of the observers. They appeared to respond to a light being switched on and off, and to verbal or radio messages. The final results of this project were documented in the 1981 book, ''Project Identification: The first Scientific Study of UFO Phenomena''.

Rutledge died on Monday, June 5, 2006 at the [[Missouri]] Veterans Home aged 80.<ref>{{cite news | last =Greaney | first =TJ | title =Area UFO expert Dr. Harley Rutledge, 80, dies | work = | pages = | language = | publisher =[[semissourian]] | date =June 6, 2006 | url =http://www.semissourian.com/story/1155552.html | accessdate = 2007-02-26}}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''Project Identification: The first Scientific Study of UFO Phenomena''. Prentice-Hall 1981 {{ISBN|0-13-730713-6}} by Harley D. Rutledge, Ph.D.

== Research Papers ==
*''Project Identification: Thirteen Years and One-Hundred and Sixty Sightings Later'', Harley D. Rutledge, Ph.D. (presented at the 1986 MUFON symposium).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050524142856/http://www2.semo.edu/physics/faculty/hdr.html Southeast Missouri State University physics faculty: Dr. Harley D. Rutledge]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutledge, Harley}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American physicists]]
[[Category:Ufologists]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:Physicists from Missouri]]
[[Category:Scientists from Missouri]]

Gluteal muscles

2014-07-22T04:26:56Z

Honnis: /* Function */

[[Image:Gluteus maximus.png|thumb|200px|Gluteus maximus]]

The '''gluteal muscles''' are a group of four muscles. Three of these muscles make up the [[buttocks]]: the '''[[gluteus maximus muscle]]''', '''[[gluteus medius muscle]]''' and '''[[gluteus minimus muscle]]'''. The fourth and smallest of the muscles is the '''[[tensor fasciae latae muscle]]''', which is located anterior and lateral to the rest.

==Structure==

The gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal [[muscle]]s and one of the [[Muscle#The "strongest" human muscle|strongest muscles]] in the [[human]] [[human anatomy|body]]. It inserts at the [[iliotibial band]] and the gluteal [[tuberosity]] of the [[femur]]. Its action is to extend and to laterally rotate the hip, and also to extend the trunk. The bulk of the gluteal muscle mass contributes only partially to shape of the buttocks. The other major contributing factor is that of the panniculus adiposus of the buttocks, which is very well developed in this area, and gives the buttock its characteristic rounded shape. Although the gluteal muscle bulk and tone can be improved with exercise, it is the disposition of the overlying panniculus adiposus which may be responsible for the "sagging butt" phenomenon. Exercise in general (not only of the gluteal muscles but of the body in general) which can contribute to fat loss can lead to reduction of mass in subcutaneal fat storage locations on the body which includes the panniculus, so for leaner and more active individuals, the glutes will more predominantly contribute to the shape than someone less active with a fattier composition. The degree of body fat stored in various locations such as the panniculus is dictated by genetic and hormonal profiles.

==Function==
The muscles of the gluteal region can be broadly divided into two groups:

Superficial abductors and extenders - A group of large muscles that abduct and extend the femur. It includes the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.

Deep lateral rotators - A group of smaller muscles, that mainly laterally rotated the femur. It includes the quadratus femoris, piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior and obturator internus.

http://teachmeanatomy.info/lower-limb/muscles/gluteal-region/
<ref name=undefined />

==Clinical significance==

Sitting for long periods can lead to the gluteal muscles atrophying through constant pressure and disuse. This may be associated with (although not necessarily the cause of) lower back pain, difficulty with some movements that naturally require the gluteal muscles, such as rising from the seated position, and climbing stairs. Some{{who|date=November 2010}} attribute severe menstrual cycles including mood swings and irritability to gluteal muscle atrophy, however, there are a vast array of known contributors to [[dysmenorrhoea]], and currently clinical evidence of such a causative association is lacking.

Studies have shown that exercise and massage are effective at reversing and protecting against [[atrophy]] of these muscles. {{uncited|date=February 2014}}

Poisoning by eating [[Lathyrus sativus]] Indian Pea or khesari dhal will lead to emaciation of buttock muscles ([[Neurolathyrism]]). {{uncited|date=February 2014}}

==Society and culture==
===Exercise and stretching===
Any exercise that works and/or stretches the buttocks is suitable, for example [[Lunge (exercise)|lunges]], hip thrusts, climbing stairs, [[fencing]], [[bicycling]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[squat (exercise)|squat]]s, [[Glossary of ballet terms#Arabesque|arabesque]], [[aerobics]], and various specific exercises for the bottom.

[[Powerlifting]] exercises which are known to significantly strengthen the gluteal muscles include the [[squat (exercise)|squat]], [[deadlift]], [[leg press]], feet in squats (chin on chest & stick glutes out) and [[Good-morning|good mornings]] (bend over with a bar on the shoulders with a light amount of weight).

==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
[[Gluteal crease]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* McMinn, RMH (Ed) (1994) Last's Anatomy: Regional and applied (9th Ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-04662-X

==External links==
* [http://www.bartleby.com/107/128.html 8b. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh] Bartleby.com, Henry Gray, [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ Anatomy of the Human Body], 1918.

{{Muscles of lower limb}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gluteal Muscles}}
[[Category:Hip muscles]]
[[Category:Muscles of the gluteus]]
[[Category:Muscles of the lower limb]]

Gluteal muscles

2014-07-22T04:25:02Z

Honnis: /* Structure */

[[Image:Gluteus maximus.png|thumb|200px|Gluteus maximus]]

The '''gluteal muscles''' are a group of four muscles. Three of these muscles make up the [[buttocks]]: the '''[[gluteus maximus muscle]]''', '''[[gluteus medius muscle]]''' and '''[[gluteus minimus muscle]]'''. The fourth and smallest of the muscles is the '''[[tensor fasciae latae muscle]]''', which is located anterior and lateral to the rest.

==Structure==

The gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteal [[muscle]]s and one of the [[Muscle#The "strongest" human muscle|strongest muscles]] in the [[human]] [[human anatomy|body]]. It inserts at the [[iliotibial band]] and the gluteal [[tuberosity]] of the [[femur]]. Its action is to extend and to laterally rotate the hip, and also to extend the trunk. The bulk of the gluteal muscle mass contributes only partially to shape of the buttocks. The other major contributing factor is that of the panniculus adiposus of the buttocks, which is very well developed in this area, and gives the buttock its characteristic rounded shape. Although the gluteal muscle bulk and tone can be improved with exercise, it is the disposition of the overlying panniculus adiposus which may be responsible for the "sagging butt" phenomenon. Exercise in general (not only of the gluteal muscles but of the body in general) which can contribute to fat loss can lead to reduction of mass in subcutaneal fat storage locations on the body which includes the panniculus, so for leaner and more active individuals, the glutes will more predominantly contribute to the shape than someone less active with a fattier composition. The degree of body fat stored in various locations such as the panniculus is dictated by genetic and hormonal profiles.

==Function==
The bulk of the gluteal muscle mass contributes only partially to shape of the buttocks. The other major contributing factor is that of the [[panniculus adiposus]] of the buttocks, which is very well developed in this area, and gives the buttock its characteristic rounded shape. Although the gluteal muscle bulk and tone can be improved with exercise, it is the disposition of the overlying panniculus adiposus which may be responsible for the "sagging butt" phenomenon. Exercise in general (not only of the gluteal muscles but of the body in general) which can contribute to fat loss can lead to reduction of mass in subcutaneal fat storage locations on the body which includes the panniculus, so for leaner and more active individuals, the glutes will more predominantly contribute to the shape than someone less active with a fattier composition. The degree of body fat stored in various locations such as the panniculus is dictated by genetic and hormonal profiles.

==Clinical significance==

Sitting for long periods can lead to the gluteal muscles atrophying through constant pressure and disuse. This may be associated with (although not necessarily the cause of) lower back pain, difficulty with some movements that naturally require the gluteal muscles, such as rising from the seated position, and climbing stairs. Some{{who|date=November 2010}} attribute severe menstrual cycles including mood swings and irritability to gluteal muscle atrophy, however, there are a vast array of known contributors to [[dysmenorrhoea]], and currently clinical evidence of such a causative association is lacking.

Studies have shown that exercise and massage are effective at reversing and protecting against [[atrophy]] of these muscles. {{uncited|date=February 2014}}

Poisoning by eating [[Lathyrus sativus]] Indian Pea or khesari dhal will lead to emaciation of buttock muscles ([[Neurolathyrism]]). {{uncited|date=February 2014}}

==Society and culture==
===Exercise and stretching===
Any exercise that works and/or stretches the buttocks is suitable, for example [[Lunge (exercise)|lunges]], hip thrusts, climbing stairs, [[fencing]], [[bicycling]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], [[squat (exercise)|squat]]s, [[Glossary of ballet terms#Arabesque|arabesque]], [[aerobics]], and various specific exercises for the bottom.

[[Powerlifting]] exercises which are known to significantly strengthen the gluteal muscles include the [[squat (exercise)|squat]], [[deadlift]], [[leg press]], feet in squats (chin on chest & stick glutes out) and [[Good-morning|good mornings]] (bend over with a bar on the shoulders with a light amount of weight).

==See also==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
[[Gluteal crease]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* McMinn, RMH (Ed) (1994) Last's Anatomy: Regional and applied (9th Ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-04662-X

==External links==
* [http://www.bartleby.com/107/128.html 8b. The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh] Bartleby.com, Henry Gray, [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ Anatomy of the Human Body], 1918.

{{Muscles of lower limb}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gluteal Muscles}}
[[Category:Hip muscles]]
[[Category:Muscles of the gluteus]]
[[Category:Muscles of the lower limb]]